jenerik

S ‹ S T E M A T ‹ K

ANATOM‹

2. Baskı

Editör

Editör

Prof. Dr. Figen GÖVSA GÖKMEN

Prof. Ege Dr. Üniversitesi Figen GÖVSA Tıp Fakültesi GÖKMEN

Ege Anatomi Üniversitesi Ana Tıp Bilim Fakültesi Dalı

Anatomi İZMİR Anabilim Dalı

İSTANBUL NOBEL KİTABEVİ

NOBEL TIP KİTABEVLERİ

İÇİNDEKİLER

İÇİNDEKİLER

YAZARLAR

ÖNSÖZ

BÖLÜM 1 ANATOMİYE GİRİŞ VE TEMEL KAVRAMLAR Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR

Prof. Dr. Çağatay BARUT

ANATOMİ NEDİR .............................................................................................................................................................................1

ANATOMİNİN ALT DALLARI ...........................................................................................................................................................1

ANATOMİ ÖĞRENİM YÖNTEMLERİ.................................................................................................................................................2

İNSAN ANATOMİSİ İLE İLGİLİ DEĞİŞKENLER .................................................................................................................................3

ANATOMİNİN KISA TARİHÇESİ .......................................................................................................................................................4

ANATOMİDE KULLANILAN TERİMLER ...........................................................................................................................................5

ANATOMİK DURUŞ, DÜZLEM VE EKSENLER .................................................................................................................................7

VÜCUDUN BÖLÜMLERİ (PARTES CORPORIS HUMANI) ...............................................................................................................9

VÜCUT BOŞLUKLARI VE BU BOŞLUKLARDA BULUNAN ORGANLAR....................................................................................... 10

ANATOMİK YAPILARIN TANIMLANMASINDA KULLANILAN ÖN EKLER VE SON EKLER ......................................................... 12

ANATOMİDE SIK KULLANILAN DİĞER BAZI TERİMLER (KISA ANATOMİ SÖZLÜĞÜ) .............................................................. 15

BÖLÜM 2 HAREKET SİSTEMİ / KEMİKLER (OSSA) Prof. Dr. Figen GÖVSA GÖKMEN

Prof. Dr. Mete ERTÜRK

HAREKET SİSTEMİ ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18

KEMİKLER (OSSA) .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18

SKELETON AXIALE ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24

OMURGA (COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS) ............................................................................................................................................................. 24

OMURLARIN BÖLGESEL FARKLILIKLARI ........................................................................................................................................................ 26

COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS’İN EĞRİLİKLERİ ...................................................................................................................................................... 29

GÖĞÜS KEMİKLERİ (SKELETON THORACIS) ................................................................................................................................................. 30

KAFA İSKELETİ KEMİKLERİ (OSSA CRANII) .................................................................................................................................................... 34

OS TEMPORALE’DE BULUNAN KANAL VE DELİKLER ................................................................................................................................ 43

CRANIUM (KAFA İSKELETİ BÜTÜNÜ) .............................................................................................................................................................. 51

CRANIUM İLE İLGİLİ BAZI FORMÜLLER .......................................................................................................................................................... 52

CRANIUM’UN DIŞTAN İNCELENMESİ ............................................................................................................................................................. 52

CRANIUM’UN İÇ YÜZÜNÜN İNCELENMESİ .................................................................................................................................................. 58

CRANIUM’DA ANTROPOLOJİK ÖNEMİ BULUNAN NOKTALAR .............................................................................................................. 62

CRANIUM’DAKİ BAZI DELİKLER VE İÇİNDEN GEÇEN YAPILAR ............................................................................................................... 63

APPENDIKULER İSKELET (SKELETON APPENDICULARE) ......................................................................................................................... 63

OMUZ KUŞAĞI KEMİKLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................................. 63

(CINGULUM PECTORALE, CINGULUM MEMBRI SUPERIORIS) ................................................................................................................ 63

ÜST TARAF KEMİKLERİ (OSSA MEMBRI SUPERIORIS) ................................................................................................................................ 63

ÖN KOL KEMIKLERİ (OSSA ANTEBRACHII) .................................................................................................................................................... 68

EL İSKELETİ KEMİKLERİ (OSSA MANUS) ......................................................................................................................................................... 70

EL BİLEK KEMİKLERİ (OSSA CARPI) .................................................................................................................................................................. 70

EL TARAK KEMİKLERİ (OSSA METACARPI....................................................................................................................................................... 72

METAKARPAL KEMİKLERİN ÖZELLİKLERİ ...................................................................................................................................................... 72

EL PARMAK KEMİKLERİ (OSSA DIGITORUM: PHALANGES) ..................................................................................................................... 74

PELVIS KEMİKLERİ (CINGULUM MEMBRI INFERIORIS : CINGULUM PELVICUM) ............................................................................... 74

vi

İÇİNDEKİLER

ALT EKSTREMİTE KEMİKLERİ (OSSA MEMBRI INFERIORIS) ...................................................................................................................... 74

PELVİS ÇAPLARI ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78

PELVİSTEKİ CİNSİYET FARKLILIKLARI .............................................................................................................................................................. 80

ALT TARAF KEMİKLERİ (PARS LIBERA MEMBRI INFERIORIS) .................................................................................................................... 81

BACAK KEMİKLERİ (OSSA CRURIS) .................................................................................................................................................................. 83

AYAK İSKELETİ KEMİKLERİ (OSSA PEDIS) ....................................................................................................................................................... 86

AYAK BİLEGİ KEMİKLERİ (OSSA TARSI) ............................................................................................................................................................ 86

AYAK TARAK KEMİKLERİ (OSSA METATARSI I-V) .......................................................................................................................................... 89

AYAK PARMAK KEMIKLERI (PHALANGES, OSSA DIGITORUM PEDIS) .................................................................................................. 90

BÖLÜM 3 HAREKET SİSTEMİ , EKLEMLER (ARTICULATIONES) .................................................................................

Prof. Dr. Mustafa GÜVENÇER

SYNARTHROSIS (HAREKETSİZ-OYNAMAZ EKLEMLER) ............................................................................................................................ 92

ARTICULATIONES FIBROSAE (FİBRÖZ EKLEMLER) ..................................................................................................................................... 92

ARTICULATIONES CARTILAGINEA (KIKIRDAKSI EKLEMLER) ................................................................................................................... 93

ARTICULATIONES SYNOVIALES (TAM HAREKETLİ EKLEMLER) .............................................................................................................. 93

BAŞ EKLEMLERİ (JUNCTURAE CRANII) .......................................................................................................................................................... 97

BAŞIN FİBRÖZ EKLEMLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................................. 97

BAŞIN HAREKETLİ EKLEMLERİ (ARTICULATIONES CRANII....................................................................................................................... 97

ARTICULATIO ATLANTOOCCIPITALIS ............................................................................................................................................................. 99

OMURGANIN EKLEMLERİ (JUNCTURAE COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS) ................................................................................................... 100

GÖĞÜS EKLEMLERİ (JUNCTURAE THORACIS) ........................................................................................................................................... 102

PELVIS EKLEMLERİ (JUNCTURAE PELVICI) .................................................................................................................................................. 104

ÜST EKSTREMİTE EKLEMLERİ (JUNCTURAE MEMBRI SUPERIORES) .................................................................................................. 106

ALT EKSTREMİTE EKLEMLERİ (JUNCTURAE MEMBRI INFERIORES) .................................................................................................... 112

BÖLÜM 4 HAREKET SİSTEMİ / KASLAR (MUSCULI) Prof. Dr. Figen GÖVSA GÖKMEN


KASLAR (MUSCULI; SYSTEMA MUSCULARE............................................................................................................................................... 125

BAŞ KASLARI (MUSCULI CAPITIS) .................................................................................................................................................................. 129

MİMİK KASLARI (MUSCULI FACIEI) ................................................................................................................................................................ 129

ÇİĞNEME KASLARI (MUSCULI MASTICATORII) ......................................................................................................................................... 134

BOYUN KASLARI (MUSCULI COLLI [CERVICIS]) ......................................................................................................................................... 137

BOYUN FASYALARI VE YÜZEYEL KASLARI (FASCIAE CERVICALES [COLLI]) ..................................................................................... 137

BOYUN ÖN GRUP KASLARI .............................................................................................................................................................................. 140

HYOID ÜSTÜ KASLAR (MM. SUPRAHYOIDEI) ............................................................................................................................................ 140

HYOID ALTI KASLAR (MM. INFRAHYOIDEI) ................................................................................................................................................ 141

BOYUNDAKİ ÜÇGENLER ................................................................................................................................................................................... 142

BOYUN OMURLARININ ÖN TARAFINDAKİ KASLAR ................................................................................................................................. 143

BOYUN OMURLARININ DIŞ TARAFINDAKİ KASLAR ................................................................................................................................. 144

SIRT KASLARI (MUSCULI DORSI) .................................................................................................................................................................... 144

GÖĞÜS KASLARI (MUSCULI THORACIS) ..................................................................................................................................................... 151

INTERKOSTAL KASLAR (Mm. intercostales) ............................................................................................................................................... 154

KARIN KASLARI (MUSCULI ABDOMINIS) .................................................................................................................................................... 157

KARNIN ÖN VE YAN DUVARINDA YERLEŞİM GÖSTEREN KASLAR ...................................................................................................... 157

ÜST TARAF KASLARI (MUSCULI MEMBRI SUPERIORIS) .......................................................................................................................... 174

OMUZ KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 174

İÇİNDEKİLER

vii

KOL KASLARI ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 177

ANATOMİK ARALIKLAR ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 178

ÖN KOL KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 179

ÖN KOL ÖN YÜZ KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................ 179

ÖN KOL ARKA YÜZÜNDEKİ KASLAR ............................................................................................................................................................. 184

EL KASLARI ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 187

ELİN FONKSİYONU ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 192

ALT TARAF KASLARI (MUSCULI MEMBRI INFERIORIS) ............................................................................................................................ 193

KALÇA KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 193

UYLUK KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 198

BACAK KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 205

AYAK KASLARI ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 209

BÖLÜM 5 KİNEZİYOLOJİ Prof. Dr. Tuncay VAROL

KİNEZİYOLOJİ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 215

VÜCUT BÖLÜMLERİ ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 215

EKLEM HAREKETLERİ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 216

OSTEOKİNEMATİK ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 216

ARTROKİNEMATİK ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 218

EKLEM YÜZLERİNİN UYUMU ........................................................................................................................................................................... 219

KONVEKS-KONKAV KURALI ............................................................................................................................................................................. 220

TEMEL BİYOMEKANİK ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 220

KALDIRAÇ MEKANİĞİ ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 227

KAS VE EKLEM ETKİLEŞİMİ ............................................................................................................................................................................... 229

ARTICULATIO TEMPOROMANDIBULARIS BİYOMEKANİK VE KİNEZİYOLOJİSİ ................................................................................ 230

COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS BİYOMEKANİK VE KİNEZİYOLOJİSİ ............................................................................................................... 231

OMUZ KAVŞAĞI BİYOMEKANİK VE KİNEZYOLOJİSİ ................................................................................................................................. 236

PELVIS KUŞAĞI BİYOMEKANİK VE KİNEZİYOLOJİSİ................................................................................................................................... 240

ARTICULATIO COXAE BİYOMEKANİK VE KİNEZİYOLOJİSİ ...................................................................................................................... 242

ARTICULATIO GENU BİYOMEKANİK VE KİNEZİYOLOJİSİ ........................................................................................................................ 244

POSTÜR .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 247

YÜRÜMENİN KİNEZİYOLOJİSİ ......................................................................................................................................................................... 251

BÖLÜM 6 DOLAŞIM SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA CARDIOVASCULARE) Prof. Dr. Çiğdem İÇKE

DOLAŞIM SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA CARDIOVASCULARE) ............................................................................................................................... 256

KALP (COR) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 256

BÖLÜM 7 ARTERLER (ARTERIAE) Prof. Dr. Yelda PINAR

ARTERLER (ARTERIAE) ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 282

VÜCUT ARTERLERİ; KALPTEN ÇIKAN BÜYÜK DAMARLAR .................................................................................................................... 284

TRUNCUS PULMONALIS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 284

AORTA ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 285

PARS ASCENDENS AORTAE [AORTA ASCENDENS] .................................................................................................................................. 286

ARCUS AORTAE ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 286

TRUNCUS BRACHIOCEPHALICUS .................................................................................................................................................................. 287

ARTERIA CAROTIS COMMUNIS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 288

viii

İÇİNDEKİLER

ARTERIA CAROTIS EXTERNA ........................................................................................................................................................................... 290

ARTERIA CAROTIS INTERNA ............................................................................................................................................................................ 301

ARTERIA SUBCLAVIA .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 308

ÜST EKSTREMİTE ARTERLERİ (ARTERIAE MEMBRI SUPERIORIS) ......................................................................................................... 315

PARS DESCENDENS AORTAE [AORTA DESCENDENS] ............................................................................................................................. 327

AORTA THORACICA [PARS THORACICA AORTAE] .................................................................................................................................... 327

BÖLÜM 8 PARS ABDOMINALIS AORTAE (AORTA ABDOMINALIS) Prof. Dr. Z. Aslı AKTAN İKİZ

PARS ABDOMINALIS AORTAE [AORTA ABDOMINALIS] ......................................................................................................................... 330

ALT EKSTREMİTENİN ARTERLERİ (ARTERIAE MEMBRI INFERIORIS...................................................................................................... 348

BÖLÜM 9 VENLER (VENAE) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Asım ÖZER

VENLER (VENAE) ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 360

VENÖZ SİSTEM ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 361

PULMONER VENÖZ DOLAŞIM ........................................................................................................................................................................ 362

SİSTEMİK VENÖZ DOLAŞIM ............................................................................................................................................................................. 363

KALP VENLERİ (VENAE CORDIS) .................................................................................................................................................................... 363

BAŞ VE BOYUN VENLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................................... 364

CRANIUM VENLERİ ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 364

YÜZÜN VENLERİ .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 369

BOYUN VENLERİ .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 371

ÜST EKSTREMİTE VENLERİ (VENAE MEMBRI SUPERIORIS) .................................................................................................................... 374

GÖĞÜS BOŞLUĞU VENLERİ ............................................................................................................................................................................. 376

KARIN VE PELVIS VENLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................................ 380

ALT EKSTREMİTE VENLERİ (VENAE MEMBRI INFERIORIS) ...................................................................................................................... 383

PORTAL VENÖZ DOLAŞIM (V. PORTAE HEPATIS) ...................................................................................................................................... 387

PORTA KAVAL ANASTOMOZLAR ................................................................................................................................................................... 389

BÖLÜM 10 LENFATİK SİSTEM (SYSTEMA LYMPHOIDEUM) Prof. Dr. Hakan ÖZTÜRK

LENFATİK SİSTEM (SYSTEMA LYMPHOIDEUM) ......................................................................................................................................... 392

LENFATİK DOLAŞIMDA BÜYÜK DAMAR KÜTÜKLERİ (TRUNCI ET DUCTUS LYMPHATICI............................................................ 395

BÖLGESEL LENF AKIMI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ ........................................................................................................................................... 397

BAŞ BÖLGESİNİN LENF DAMARLARI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ ................................................................................................................. 397

BOYUN BÖLGESİNİN LENF DAMARLARI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ .......................................................................................................... 400

ÜST EKSTREMİTENİN LENF DAMARLARI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ .......................................................................................................... 402

GÖĞÜS BÖLGESİNİN LENF DAMARLARI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ .......................................................................................................... 405

KARIN BOŞLUĞU VE PELVIS’İN LENF DAMARLARI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ ........................................................................................ 409

PELVIS BOŞLUĞUNUN LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ (NODI LYMPHOIDEI PELVIS) ........................................................................................... 412

ÜRİNER ORGANLARIN LENF AKIMI ............................................................................................................................................................... 414

GENİTAL ORGANLARIN LENF AKIMI ............................................................................................................................................................. 415

ALT EKSTREMİTENİN LENF DAMARLARI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ .......................................................................................................... 415

LENFOİD ORGANLAR ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 417

PRİMER LENFOİD ORGANLAR (ORGANA LYMPHOIDEA PRIMARIA) .................................................................................................. 417

SEKONDER LENFOİD ORGANLAR (ORGANA LYMPHOIDEA SECUNDARIA) .................................................................................... 418

DALAK (LIEN : SPLEN,) ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 419

İÇİNDEKİLER

ix

BÖLÜM 11 SOLUNUM SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA RESPIRATORIUM) Prof. Dr. Figen GÖVSA GÖKMEN

Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Aslı Beril KARAKAŞ

SOLUNUM SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA RESPIRATORIUM) .................................................................................................................................... 422

BURUN (NASUS) .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 423

NASUS EXTERNUS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 423

BURUN BOŞLUĞU (CAVITAS NASI.................................................................................................................................................................. 424

BURUN MUKOZASI (TUNICA MUCOSA NASI) ........................................................................................................................................... 427

SINUS PARANASALES ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 430

SINUS MAXILLARIS (Cavum Higmore) ........................................................................................................................................................ 430

SINUS FRONTALIS ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 431

CELLULAE ETHMOIDALES ................................................................................................................................................................................ 431

SINUS SPHENOIDALIS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 432

PHARYNX (YUTAK) ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 432

LARYNX (GIRTLAK) ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 434

LARYNX’İN YAPISI ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 434

LARYNX KIKIRDAKLARI (CARTILAGINES LARYNGIS) ............................................................................................................................... 435

CARTILAGO THYROIDEA................................................................................................................................................................................... 435

CARTILAGO CRICOIDEA .................................................................................................................................................................................... 435

CARTILAGO EPIGLOTTICA ............................................................................................................................................................................... 435

CARTILAGO ARYTENOIDEA ............................................................................................................................................................................. 438

CARTILAGO CORNICULATA (SANTORINI) ................................................................................................................................................... 438

CARTILAGO CUNEIFORMIS (WRISBERG) ..................................................................................................................................................... 438

CARTILAGO SESAMOIDEA (TIRTICEA) ......................................................................................................................................................... 438

LARYNX’İN EKLEMLERİ (ARTICULATIONES LARYNGIS) .......................................................................................................................... 438

LARYNX’İN BAĞLARI .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 439

LARYNX BOŞLUĞU (CAVITAS LARYNGIS) .................................................................................................................................................... 440

MİZMAR ARALIĞI (RIMA GLOTTIDIS) ........................................................................................................................................................... 441

LARYNX KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 441

MUSCULUS CRICOTHYROIDEUS..................................................................................................................................................................... 442

MUSCULUS CRICOARYTENOIDEUS POSTERIOR (POSTICUS) .............................................................................................................. 442

MUSCULUS CRICOARYTENOIDEUS LATERALIS ........................................................................................................................................ 443

MUSCULUS THYROARYTENOIDEUS ............................................................................................................................................................. 443

MUSCULUS ARYTENOIDEUS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 443

TRACHEA (SOLUK BORUSU) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 448

BRONKUSLAR (BRONCHI) ................................................................................................................................................................................ 451

PULMO (AKCİĞER) .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 453

APEX PULMONIS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 454

BASIS PULMONIS [FACIES DIAPHRAGMATICA] ........................................................................................................................................ 455

FACIES COSTALIS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 455

FACIES MEDIASTINALIS .................................................................................................................................................................................... 455

AKCİĞER ASİNUSLARI ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 461

CAVITAS THORACICA [THORACIS] (GÖĞÜS BOŞLUĞU) ........................................................................................................................ 465

PLEURA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 466

RECESSUS PLEURALES (PLEVRAL ÇIKMAZLAR.......................................................................................................................................... 467

MEDIASTINUM ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 468

SOLUNUM DİNAMİĞİ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 470

x

İÇİNDEKİLER

BÖLÜM 12 SİNDİRİM SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA DIGESTORIUM) Prof. Dr. Bülent Sabri CİGALI

SİNDİRİM SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA DIGESTORIUM) ........................................................................................................................................... 474

AĞIZ BOŞLUĞU (CAVITAS ORIS) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 474

VESTIBULUM ORIS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 474

DUDAKLAR (LABIA ORIS) ................................................................................................................................................................................. 475

YANAKLAR (BUCCAE) ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 476

CAVITAS ORIS PROPRIA .................................................................................................................................................................................... 476

DİŞ ETİ (GINGIVA) ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 476

DİŞLER (DENTES) ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 478

DENTES DECIDUI (SÜT DİŞLERİ) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 480

KALICI DİŞLER (DENTES PERMANENTES) ................................................................................................................................................... 480

DAMAK (PALATUM) ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 481

DİL (LINGUA, GLOSSA) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 484

TÜKÜRÜK BEZLERİ (GLANDULAE SALIVARES [ORIS]) ............................................................................................................................. 488

GLANDULA PAROTIDEA ................................................................................................................................................................................... 488

GLANDULA SUBMANDIBULARIS ................................................................................................................................................................... 490

GL.ANDULA SUBLINGUALIS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 491

TÜKÜRÜK (SALİVA) ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 491

BOĞAZ (FAUCES) ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 492

YUTAK (PHARYNX) .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 493

YEMEK BORUSU (OESOPHAGUS) .................................................................................................................................................................. 498

MİDE (GASTER, VENTRICULUS) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 501

İNCE BAĞIRSAK (INTESTINUM TENUE) ........................................................................................................................................................ 506

DUODENUM ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 506

JEJUNUM ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 509

ILEUM ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 509

KALIN BAĞIRSAK (INTESTINUM CRASSUM) ............................................................................................................................................... 512

CAECUM.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 513

COLON .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 516

COLON ASCENDENS .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 516

COLON TRANSVERSUM .................................................................................................................................................................................... 517

COLON DESCENDENS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 518

COLON SIGMOIDEUM ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 518

RECTUM ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 520

DEFEKASYON (DIŞKILAMA) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 524

KARACİĞER (HEPAR) .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 525

SAFRA YOLLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 533

SAFRA KESESİ (VESICA BILIARIS [FELLEA]) ................................................................................................................................................. 534

PANCREAS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 537

PERITONEUM ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 540

KARIN BOŞLUĞU (CAVITAS ABDOMINIS) .................................................................................................................................................... 547

BÖLÜM 13 ÜRİNER SİSTEM (SYSTEMA URINARUM) Prof. Dr. Nihal İÇTEN

ÜRİNER SİSTEM (SYSTEMA URINARUM) ...................................................................................................................................................... 550

BÖBREK (REN, NEPHROS) ................................................................................................................................................................................. 550

URETER ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 556

VESICA URINARIA (MESANE) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 558

İÇİNDEKİLER

xi

URETHRA ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 562

MİKSİYON............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 564

BÖLÜM 14 ERKEK GENİTAL SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA GENITALE MASCULINUM) Prof. Dr. Ahmet Hilmi YÜCEL

ERKEK GENİTAL SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA GENITALE MASCULINUM............................................................................................................ 566

SCROTUM .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 567

TESTIS [ORCHIS] .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 568

EPIDIDYMIS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 570

DUCTUS DEFERENS ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 571

FUNICULUS SPERMATICUS .............................................................................................................................................................................. 572

DUCTUS EJACULATORIUS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 573

URETHRA MASCULINA ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 573

ERKEK GENİTAL ORGANLARININ BEZLERİ .................................................................................................................................................. 575

GL. VESICULOSA (VESICULA SEMINALIS; GL. SEMINALIS) .................................................................................................................... 575

PROSTATA [GLANDULA POSTATICA] ............................................................................................................................................................ 575

GLANDULA BULBOURETHRALIS (COWPER BEZİ) .................................................................................................................................... 578

SEMEN .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 579

PENİS ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 579

EREKSİYON ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 581

EJAKÜLASYON ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 582

ERKEKTEKİ HORMONAL DÜZENLEME ......................................................................................................................................................... 583

BÖLÜM 15 KADIN GENİTAL SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA GENITALE FEMININUM) Prof. Dr. Oğuz TAŞKINALP

KADIN GENİTAL SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA GENITALE FEMININUM) .............................................................................................................. 584

KADIN İÇ GENİTAL ORGANLAR (ORGANA GENITALIA FEMININA INTERNA) .................................................................................. 584

OVARIUM ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 584

OVARIUM’UN TUTUNMA ARAÇLARI (BAĞLARI) ....................................................................................................................................... 585

TUBA UTERINA ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 588

UTERUS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 590

UTERUS’UN TUTUNMA ARAÇLARI ................................................................................................................................................................ 594

VAGINA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 599

VAGINA’YI DESTEKLEYEN YAPILAR ............................................................................................................................................................... 602

KADIN DIŞ GENİTAL ORGANLARI (ORGANA GENITALIA FEMININA EXTERNA) ............................................................................. 603

REGIO PERINEALIS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 606

BÖLÜM 16 İÇ SALGI BEZLERİ (GLANDULAE ENDOCRINAE) Prof. Dr. Mete EDİZER

İÇ SALGI BEZLERİ (GLANDULAE ENDOCRINAE) ....................................................................................................................................... 616

HORMON SALGILANMASININ DENETİMİ VE DÜZENLENMESİ ............................................................................................................ 617

GL. PITUITARIA (HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI) ...................................................................................................................................................... 617

GLANDULA THYROIDEA ................................................................................................................................................................................... 621

GLANDULA PARATHYROIDEA ........................................................................................................................................................................ 624

THYMUS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 625

GLANDULA SUPRARENALIS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 626

TESTIS...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 628

OVARIUM ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 629

GLANDULA PINEALIS (CORPUS PINEALE) .................................................................................................................................................. 630

xii

İÇİNDEKİLER

PLACENTA ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 630

GASTROİNTESTİNAL SİSTEM MUKOZASI .................................................................................................................................................... 630

ENDOKRİN PANKREAS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 630

BÖBREKLER ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 631

CHROMAFFIN SİSTEM ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 631

PARAGANGLIONLAR .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 631

CORPORA PARAAORTICA (PARAAORTİK CİSİMCİKLER VEYA GLOMERA AORTICA) ..................................................................... 632

GLOMUS CAROTICUM (KAROTİS CİSİMCİĞİ) ............................................................................................................................................. 632

GLOMUS JUGULARE (TİMPATİK CİSİM) ....................................................................................................................................................... 632

GLOMUS COCCYGEUM (CORPUS COCCYGEUM) ..................................................................................................................................... 632

BÖLÜM 17 SİNİR SİSTEMİNE GİRİŞ Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR

Doç. Dr. İlker M. KAFA

SİNİR SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA NERVOSUM) ........................................................................................................................................................ 633

SİNİR SİSTEMİ İLE İLGİLİ GENEL TANIMLAR ................................................................................................................................................ 634

SİNİR SİSTEMİ HÜCRELERİ ................................................................................................................................................................................ 636

DUYUSAL SİNİR SONLANMALARI (RESEPTÖRLER) .................................................................................................................................. 638

SİNİR SİSTEMİNİN BÖLÜMLERİ ....................................................................................................................................................................... 642

SİNİR SİSTEMİNİN EMBRİYOLOJİK GELİŞİMİ ............................................................................................................................................... 643

BÖLÜM 18 OMURİLİK (MEDULLA SPINALIS) Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR


OMURİLİK (MEDULLA SPINALIS) ................................................................................................................................................................... 646

MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN MAKROSKOPİK YAPISI .......................................................................................................................................... 646

MEDULLA SPINALIS’İ SARAN KILIFLAR ........................................................................................................................................................ 649

MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN İÇ YAPISI .................................................................................................................................................................... 650

GRİ MADDEDEKİ HÜCRE GRUPLARI ............................................................................................................................................................. 653

MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN AFFERENT YOLLARI ............................................................................................................................................... 656

MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN EFFERENT YOLLARI ............................................................................................................................................... 659

MEDULLA SPINALIS REFLEKSLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................. 662

BÖLÜM 19 MEDULLA OBLONGATA (MYELENCEPHALON, BULBUS, SOĞANİLİK) Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR

MEDULLA OBLONGATA (MYELENCEPHALON, BULBUS, SOĞANİLİK) ............................................................................................... 665

MEDULLA OBLONGATA’NIN MAKROSKOPİK YAPISI ................................................................................................................................ 665

MEDULLA OBLONGATA’NIN MİKROSKOPİK YAPISI ................................................................................................................................. 669

BÖLÜM 20 PONS (KÖPRÜ) Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR

Prof. Dr. Ayberk KURT

PONS (KÖPRÜ) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 675

PONS’UN MAKROSKOPİK YAPISI .................................................................................................................................................................... 675

PONS’UN MİKROSKOPİK YAPISI ..................................................................................................................................................................... 679

BÖLÜM 21 CEREBELLUM (BEYİNCİK) Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR

Prof. Dr. Senem ÖZDEMİR

CEREBELLUM (BEYİNCİK) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 687

CEREBELLUM’UN MAKROSKOPİK YAPISI .................................................................................................................................................... 688

İÇİNDEKİLER

xiii

CEREBELLUM’UN MİKROSKOPİK YAPISI ...................................................................................................................................................... 691

CEREBELLUM’U ÇEVRE OLUŞUMLARA BAĞLAYAN YOLLAR ................................................................................................................. 692

CEREBELLUM’UN FONKSİYONEL ANATOMİSİ ........................................................................................................................................... 694

BÖLÜM 22 MESENCEPHALON (ORTA BEYİN) Prof. Dr. İlknur ARI

MESENCEPHALON (ORTA BEYİN) .................................................................................................................................................................. 697

MESENCEPHALON’UN MAKROSKOPİK YAPISI .......................................................................................................................................... 697

MESENCEPHALON’UN MİKROSKOPİK YAPISI ............................................................................................................................................ 698

MESENCEPHALON ÇEKİRDEKLERİ VE YOLLARI ......................................................................................................................................... 700

BÖLÜM 23 DIENCEPHALON (ARABEYİN) Prof. Dr. Rabet GÖZİL

Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Güneş AYTAÇ

DIENCEPHALON (ARABEYİN) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 709

PARS DORSALIS DIENCEPHALI ....................................................................................................................................................................... 709

THALAMUS (THALAMUS DORSALIS) ........................................................................................................................................................... 709

MAKROSKOPİK ÖZELLİKLERİ .......................................................................................................................................................................... 709

THALAMUS’UN İÇ YAPISI .................................................................................................................................................................................. 709

THALAMUS’UN ÇEKİRDEKLERİ ....................................................................................................................................................................... 710

NUCLEI ANTERIORES THALAMI (ÖN GRUP ÇEKİRDEKLER ) .................................................................................................................. 710

NUCLEI MEDIALIS THALAMI (MEDIAL GRUP ÇEKİRDEKLER) ............................................................................................................... 710

NUCLEI LATERALES THALAMI (LATERAL GRUP ÇEKİRDEKLER) ........................................................................................................... 710

NUCLEI DORSALES THALAMI (DORSAL GRUP ÇEKİRDEKLER) ............................................................................................................ 710

NUCLEI VENTRALES THALAMI (VENTRAL GRUP ÇEKİRDEKLER) ......................................................................................................... 710

THALAMUS’UN İŞLEVLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................................ 714

TALAMİK SENDROM ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 714

PARS VENTRALIS DIENCEPHALI...................................................................................................................................................................... 714

SUBTHALAMUS (VENTRAL THALAMUS) ..................................................................................................................................................... 714

METATHALAMUS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 715

CORPUS GENICULATUM LATERALE .............................................................................................................................................................. 715

CORPUS GENICULATUM MEDIALE ............................................................................................................................................................... 716

EPITHALAMUS ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 716

BÖLÜM 24 HYPOTHALAMUS Prof. Dr. N. İlknur ARI

HYPOTHALAMUS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 718

HYPOTHALAMUS’UN ÇEKİRDEKLERİ VE BAĞLANTILARI ....................................................................................................................... 719

BÖLÜM 25 LİMBİK SİSTEM Prof. Dr. Rabet GÖZİL

Öğ.Gör. E. Deniz BARÇ

LİMBİK SİSTEM ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 728

RHINENCEPHALON (KOKU BEYNİ) ................................................................................................................................................................ 729

KOKU YOLLARI ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 729

KOKU RESEPTÖRLERİ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 729

BULBUS OLFACTORIUS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 729

TRACTUS OLFACTORIUS................................................................................................................................................................................... 730

SUBSTANTIA PERFORATA ANTERIOR ........................................................................................................................................................... 730

STRIAE OLFACTORIAE ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 730

xiv

İÇİNDEKİLER

KOKU KORTEKSİ .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 730

LOBUS LIMBICUS (LİMBİK LOB) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 731

LİMBİK SİSTEM ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 731

LOBUS LIMBICUS’U OLUŞTURAN YAPILAR ................................................................................................................................................. 731

AREA SUBCALLOSA ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 731

GYRUS CINGULI VE ISTHMUS GYRI CINGULI ............................................................................................................................................. 731

GYRUS PARAHIPPOCAMPALIS VE UNCUS .................................................................................................................................................. 731

FORMATIO HIPPOCAMPI .................................................................................................................................................................................. 731

FORNIX CEREBRI .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 733

AREA SEPTALIS .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 734

CORPUS AMYGDALOIDEUM ........................................................................................................................................................................... 735

BÖLÜM 26 TELENCEPHALON Prof. Dr. Ayberk KURT

TELENCEPHALON ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 739

BEYİN HEMİSFERLERİNİN TOPOGRAFİSİ ..................................................................................................................................................... 739

BEYİN YÜZEYLERİNDEKİ DERİN OLUKLAR (SULCI CEREBRI................................................................................................................... 739

BEYİN LOBLARI (LOBI CEREBRI) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 740

CORTEX CEREBRI ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 743

CORTEX CEREBRI’NİN HİSTOLOJİK YAPISI ................................................................................................................................................... 743

CORTEX CEREBRI’NİN FİLOGENETİK YAPISI VE LAMİNAR ORGANİZASYONU ................................................................................ 744

CORTEX CEREBRI’NİN FONKSİYONEL MERKEZLERİ ................................................................................................................................. 745

PARS BASALIS TELENCEPHALI (BASAL FOREBRAIN) ............................................................................................................................... 752

BEYİN HEMİSFERLERİNİN BEYAZ CEVHERİ (SUBSTANTIA ALBA ENCEPHALI) ................................................................................. 753

VENTRICULUS LATERALIS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 757

BÖLÜM 27 BASAL GANGLIONLAR (NUCLEI BASALES) Prof. Dr. Ayberk KURT

BASAL GANGLIONLAR (NUCLEI BASALES) ................................................................................................................................................ 759

BASAL GANGLIONLARIN BAĞLANTILARI ................................................................................................................................................... 761

BASAL GANGLIONLARIN FONKSİYONU ...................................................................................................................................................... 763

BÖLÜM 28 MERKEZİ SİNİR SİSTEMİNİN DAMARLARI Prof. Dr. Muzaffer SİNDEL

Prof. Dr. H. Timur SİNDEL

MERKEZİ SİNİR SİSTEMİNİN DAMARLARI .................................................................................................................................................... 765

MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN ARTERLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................ 765

ARTERIA VERTEBRALIS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 765

ARTERIA SPINALIS ANTERIOR ......................................................................................................................................................................... 765

ARTERIA SPINALIS POSTERIOR ....................................................................................................................................................................... 766

MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN VENLERİ .................................................................................................................................................................... 768

BEYNİN ARTERLERİ (ARTERIAE CEREBRI) .................................................................................................................................................... 769

ARTERIA CAROTIS INTERNA ............................................................................................................................................................................ 769

ARTERIA CEREBRI ANTERIOR .......................................................................................................................................................................... 772

ARTERIA CEREBRI MEDIA ................................................................................................................................................................................. 772

ARTERIA BASILARIS ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 773

ARTERIA CEREBRI POSTERIOR ........................................................................................................................................................................ 775

CEREBELLUM’UN ARTERLERİ .......................................................................................................................................................................... 777

CIRCULUS ARTERIOSUS CEREBRI .................................................................................................................................................................. 778

BEYNİN ARTERİYEL BESLENMESİNİN GENEL DAĞILIMI ......................................................................................................................... 778

İÇİNDEKİLER

xv

BEYİN ARTERLERİNİN ANASTOMOZLARI .................................................................................................................................................... 780

(EKSTRACRANIAL - INTRACRANIAL ANASTOMOZLAR .......................................................................................................................... 781

KAROTİS VERTEBRAL – BASILLAR ANASTOMOZLAR .............................................................................................................................. 781

BEYNİN VENLERİ (VENAE CEREBRI) ............................................................................................................................................................... 781

BEYNİN YÜZEYEL VENLERİ (VENAE SUPERFICIALES CEREBRI) ............................................................................................................ 781

BEYNİN DERİN VENLERİ (VENAE PROFUNDA CEREBRI) ......................................................................................................................... 782

SINUS DURAE MATRIS (DURA MATER SİNUSLARI) .................................................................................................................................. 783

BULBUS, PONS VE CEREBELLUM’UN VENLERİ (VENAE TRUNCI ENCEPHALI) ................................................................................. 785

VENAE CEREBELLI ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 786

MENINGES (ENCEPHALON VE MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN ZARLARI.......................................................................................................... 788

DURA MATER [PACHYMENINX] ...................................................................................................................................................................... 788

ARACHNOIDEA MATER ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 790

PIA MATER ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 790

CISTERNAE SUBARACHNOIDEAE .................................................................................................................................................................. 791

BEYİN VENTRİKÜLER SİSTEMİ .......................................................................................................................................................................... 792

VENTRICULUS LATERALIS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 793

VENTRICULUS TERTIUS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 794

VENTRICULUS QUARTUS .................................................................................................................................................................................. 794

LIQUOR CEREBROSPINALIS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 795

HİDROSEFALİ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 798

LUMBAL PONKSİYON ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 798

SİSTERNAL (SUBOKSİPİTAL) PONKSİYON ................................................................................................................................................... 798

EPİDURAL VE SPİNAL ANESTEZİ .................................................................................................................................................................... 798

Bölüm 29 PERİFERİK SİNİR SİSTEMİNE GİRİŞ (SYSTEMA NERVOSUM PERIPHERICUM) Prof. Dr. Salih Murat AKKIN

PERİFERİK SİNİR SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA NERVOSUM PERIPHERICUM) .................................................................................................... 801

Bölüm 30 KRANİYAL SİNİRLER (NERVI CRANIALES) Prof. Dr. Salih Murat AKKIN

KRANİYAL SİNİRLER (NERVI CRANIALES) .................................................................................................................................................... 807

NERVUS OLFACTORIUS [I] ................................................................................................................................................................................ 811

NERVUS OPTICUS [II] ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 812

NERVUS OCULOMOTORIUS [III] ..................................................................................................................................................................... 814

NERVUS TROCHLEARIS [IV] ............................................................................................................................................................................. 817

NERVUS TRIGEMINUS [V] ................................................................................................................................................................................. 818

NERVUS ABDUCENS [VI] .................................................................................................................................................................................. 824

NERVUS FACIALIS [VII] ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 824

NERVUS VESTIBULOCOCHLEARIS [VIII] ....................................................................................................................................................... 828

NERVUS GLOSSOPHARYNGEUS [IX] ............................................................................................................................................................. 831

NERVUS VAGUS [X] ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 833

NERVUS ACCESSORIUS [XI] ............................................................................................................................................................................. 838

NERVUS HYPOGLOSSUS [XII] .......................................................................................................................................................................... 839

Bölüm 31 SPİNAL SİNİRLER (NERVI SPINALES) Prof. Dr. Ali İhsan SOYLUOĞLU

Prof. Dr. M. Selman DEMİRCİ

SPİNAL SİNİRLER (NERVI SPINALES) ............................................................................................................................................................. 841

PLEXUS CERVICALIS............................................................................................................................................................................................ 845

xvi

İÇİNDEKİLER

PLEXUS CERVICALIS’İN DALLARI ................................................................................................................................................................... 845

PLEXUS BRACHIALIS .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 847

PARS SUPRACLAVICULARIS DALLARI .......................................................................................................................................................... 849

PARS INFRACLAVICULARIS DALLARI ............................................................................................................................................................ 849

FASCICULUS POSTERIOR’DAN AYRILANLAR.............................................................................................................................................. 856

PLEXUS LUMBALIS ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 861

PLEXUS SACRALIS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 863

PLEXUS COCCYGEUS ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 869

BÖLÜM 32 OTONOM SİNİR SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA NERVOSUM AUTONOMICUM) Prof. Dr. Mustafa ORHAN

Doç. Dr. İlhan BAHŞİ

SOMATİK VE OTONOM SİNİR SİSTEMLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMASI ...................................................................................................... 870

OTONOM SİNİR SİSTEMİNİN BÖLÜMLERİ.................................................................................................................................................... 873

OTONOM GANGLION ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 873

SEMPATİK SİSTEM (PARS SYMPATHICA) ...................................................................................................................................................... 877

VÜCUT BÖLÜMLERİNİN SEMPATİK İNNERVASYONUNUN GENEL ÖZELLİKLERİ ............................................................................ 878

TRUNCUS SYMPATHICUS ................................................................................................................................................................................. 878

SEMPATİK SİSTEMİN BÖLÜMLERİ .................................................................................................................................................................. 881

SEMPATİK SİSTEMİN SERVİKAL BÖLÜMÜ (PARS CERVICALIS) ............................................................................................................. 882

SEMPATİK SİSTEMİN TORAKAL BÖLÜMÜ (PARS THORACALIS) ........................................................................................................... 884

SEMPATİK SİSTEMİN ABDOMİNAL BÖLÜMÜ [PARS ABDOMINALIS (LUMBALIS)] ......................................................................... 885

SEMPATİK SİSTEMİN PELVİK BÖLÜMÜ (PARS PELVICA) .......................................................................................................................... 885

PARASEMPATİK SİSTEM (PARS PARASYMPATHICA) ................................................................................................................................. 886

PARS CRANIALIS .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 886

PARS PELVICA (SACRALIS) ................................................................................................................................................................................ 887

ENTERİK SİNİR SİSTEMİ ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 888

OTONOM SİSTEME AİT PLEKSUSLAR (PLEXUS VISCERALIS) ................................................................................................................ 889

PARS THORACICA ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 889

PARS ABDOMINALIS .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 890

PARS PELVICA ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 891

ORGANLARIN OTONOM İNNERVASYONU ................................................................................................................................................. 892

OTONOM SİNİR SİSTEMİNİ KONTROL EDEN YÜKSEK MERKEZLER .................................................................................................... 896

VİSSERAL AĞRI ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 899

OTONOM (VİSSERAL) REFLEKSLER ............................................................................................................................................................... 900

BÖLÜM 33 DUYU ORGANLARI (ORGANA SENSUUM) Prof. Dr. Orhan TACAR

Prof. Dr. Ayda DEMİRANT

DUYU ORGANLARI (ORGANA SENSUUM) .................................................................................................................................................. 905

ORGANUM VISUS (GÖRME ORGANI) ........................................................................................................................................................... 905

GÖZ KÜRESİ (BULBUS OCULI) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 905

TUNICA FIBROSA BULBI .................................................................................................................................................................................... 906

SCLERA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 906

CORNEA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 907

TUNICA VASCULOSA BULBI (TRACTUS UVEALIS) .................................................................................................................................... 909

CHOROIDEA .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 909

CORPUS CILIARE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 909

IRIS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 911

İÇİNDEKİLER

xvii

TUNICA INTERNA [NERVOSA] BULBI (RETINA) ......................................................................................................................................... 913

IŞIĞI KIRAN YAPILAR .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 916

CORNEA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 916

CAMERAE BULBI (GÖZ KAMERALARI) ......................................................................................................................................................... 916

CAMERA ANTERIOR BULBI (ÖN KAMERA) .................................................................................................................................................. 916

CAMERA POSTERIOR BULBI (ARKA KAMERASI) ....................................................................................................................................... 916

CAMERA VITREA BULBI ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 916

LENS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 917

GÖRME YOLLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 918

GÖRME ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 919

GÖZÜN YARDIMCI OLUŞUMLARI (ORGANA OCULI ACCESSORIA) .................................................................................................... 920

GÖZ KASLARI (MUSCULI EXTERNI OCULI) ................................................................................................................................................. 922

GÖZ YAŞI KANAL SİSTEMİ (APPARATUS LACRIMALIS) ........................................................................................................................... 925

GÖRME İLE İLGİLİ REFLEKSLER ....................................................................................................................................................................... 927

KULAK: İŞİTME VE DENGE ORGANI (AURIS) ............................................................................................................................................... 928

AURIS (KULAK) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 928

AURIS EXTERNA (DIŞ KULAK) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 928

AURIS MEDIA (ORTA KULAK) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 930

KULAK KEMİKÇİKLERİ (OSSICULA AUDITUS) ............................................................................................................................................. 934

AURIS INTERNA (İÇ KULAK) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 937

İŞİTME VE DENGE YOLLARI .............................................................................................................................................................................. 942

TAT ORGANI (ORGANUM GUSTUS) [GUSTATORIUM] ............................................................................................................................. 943

KOKU ORGANI (ORGANUM OLFACTUS [OLFACTORIUM]) .................................................................................................................... 944

KOKU YOLLARI ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 945

KOKU BEYNİ (RHINENCEPHALON) ................................................................................................................................................................ 945

DOKUNMA ORGANI (ORGANUM TACTUS) ................................................................................................................................................ 946

INTEGUMENTUM COMMUNAE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 946

DERİ (CUTIS) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 946

EPIDERMIS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 946

DERMIS [CORIUM] .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 947

TELA SUBCUTANEA [HYPODERMIS] ............................................................................................................................................................. 948

DERİ İLE İLGİLİ OLUŞUMLAR ........................................................................................................................................................................... 949

KATKIDA BULUNANLAR

KİTABIN EDİTÖRÜ


Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.

KİTABIN YAZARLARI

Prof. Dr. Salih Murat AKKIN

Sanko Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Gaziantep.

Prof. Dr. İlknur ARI

Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Bursa.

Prof. Dr. Çağatay BARUT

Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.

Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR


Prof. Dr. B. Sabri CİGALI

Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Edirne.

Prof. Dr. Ayda DEMİRANT

Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Diyarbakır.

Prof. Dr. Selman DEMİRCİ

İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.

Prof. Dr. Mete EDİZER

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.





Prof. Dr. Rabet GÖZİL

Yüksek İhtisas Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.

Prof. Dr. Mustafa GÜVENÇER

İzmir Tınaztepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.

Prof. Dr. Çiğdem İÇKE

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.

Prof. Dr. Nihal İÇTEN

Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Samsun.

Prof. Dr. Z. Aslı AKTAN İKİZ


Prof. Dr. M. Ayberk KURT

İstinye Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.

xx

KATKIDA BULUNANLAR

Prof. Dr. Mustafa ORHAN

Gaziantep Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Gaziantep.

Prof. Dr. Mehmet Asım ÖZER


Prof. Dr. Hakan ÖZTÜRK

Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Mersin.

Prof. Dr. Yelda PINAR


Prof. Dr. Muzaffer SİNDEL

Akdeniz Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Antalya.

Prof. Dr. Hakkı Timur SİNDEL

Akdeniz Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Radyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Antalya.

Prof. Dr. Ali İhsan SOYLUOĞLU

İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.

Prof. Dr. Orhan TACAR

Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Diyarbakır.

Prof. Dr. Oğuz TAŞKINALP

Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Edirne.

Prof. Dr. Tuncay VAROL

Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Manisa.

Prof. Dr. H. Ahmet YÜCEL

Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Adana.

Prof. Dr. Senem ÖZDEMİR




Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Güneş AYTAÇ

Yüksek İhtisas Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.

Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Aslı Beril KARAKAŞ

Kafkas Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Kars.

Öğr. Gör. E. Deniz BARÇ

Yüksek İhtisas Üniversitesi, Ankara.

KİTABIN REDAKTÖRÜ

Araş. Gör. Hatice ŞİRİN

Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi

Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü, İzmir.

KİTABIN DESİNATÖRÜ

Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Aslı Beril KARAKAŞ - Rabia ZEKİ

ÖNSÖZ

ÖNSÖZ

İnsan vücudunun anatomisi tıp eğitiminin en temel derslerinden birisidir. Çok uzun bir çalışma

sonucunda hazırlanan Sistematik Anatomi kitabı temel anatomi bilgisini sistematik düzende

vermektedir. Anatomik tanım ve komşuluklar; anlaşılır ve akıcı bir dille verilmeye çalışılırken,

terimler Terminologia Anatomica (1998) kurallarına bağlı kalınarak kullanılmıştır.

Klinik bilgi adı altında sunulan bilgiler klinik tanıya ulaşmada temel bilimlerinin önemini

algılama kolaylılığı sağlayacaktır. Verilen temel bilgilerin klinik problem çözmede önemini

ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Böylece kitabımız pratisyen hekimlerin meslek yaflantılarında

kullanılacak temel anatomi bilgisini, klinik ile bağlantısını da içermektedir.

Sistematik Anatomi kitabında konularının anlaşılmasında kolaylık sağlayacak şekiller çizilmiştir.

Ancak kitapta şekillerin varlığına rağmen temel bilgilerin anatomi atlası ile birlikte çalışma

gerekliliğini ortadan kaldırmaz.

Kitabın kullanılmasında büyük kolaylık sağlayan indeks kısmı oldukça geniş tutulmuştur.

Bu kitabın tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin insan vücudunu öğrenmelerine büyük katkı sağlayacağı

inancındayım. Kitabın yeterli olması amaçlanmasına rağmen kitaba yönelik yapıcı eleştiriniz ve

katkılarınızdan mutluluk duyacağım.

Birçok saygın tıp kitabının ülkemiz öğrenci ve hekimlerine kazandıran İzmir Güven Kitapevine,

büyük özveri ve prensiple çalışan Sayın Emre Karamustafaoğlu’na teşekkür ederim. Baskıda

emeği geçen herkese özellikle Güven Ofset Çalışanlarına şükranlarımızı sunarım.


İzmir, 2003

İKİNCİ BASIMIN ÖNSÖZÜ

İkinci Basımın Önsözü

İnsan anatomisi, tıbbın temeli ve hekimin esas bilgisidir.

Sistematik Anatomi kitabı, tıp fakültesi öğrencilerimiz, anatomi bilgisini kullanan akademik

kariyerde yetişen tüm öğrencilerimize sistemli bir şekilde sunmaktadır. Organ ve yapıların

anatomisi anlaşılır ve akıcı bir dille tanımlanırken terimler Terminologia Anatomica

kurallarına göre kullanılmıştır.

Sistematik Anatomi kitabında, klinik bilgi adıyla tanıya ulaşmada anatomi bilgisinin algılama

kolaylığı sağladığı durumlar aktarılmıştır. Anatomik bilgi, klinik problemin çözümünde

önemli anahtar bağlantılar sağlar. Kitapta konularının daha kolay anlaşılmasını sağlayacak

şekiller çizilmiştir. Şekillerin varlığına rağmen temel bilgiler anatomi atlası ile birlikte

çalışmalıdır.

Sistematik Anatomi kitabında bölüm yazan bilgi ve tecrübelerini genç hekimlere aktaran

hocalarımıza şükranlarımı sunarım. Kitabımızda bölümü olan saygıdeğer hocamız Prof. Dr.

Ahmet Hilmi YÜCEL kitabın baskısı hazırlanırken ebediyete yürümüştür. Yolu ışıklarla

olsun.

Ülkemizdeki tıp fakültesi öğrenci ve hekimlerine birçok saygın tıp kitabını kazandıran

İstanbul Nobel Tıp Nobel Kitabevleri’ne, Kitabevine, büyük özveri ve ve prensiple çalışan, baskıda emeği geçen herkese

teşekkür ederim.

Prof. Dr. Figen GÖKMEN

İzmir, 2022

jenerik

PDF'lerinizi Online dergiye dönüştürün ve gelirlerinizi artırın!

Delete template?

Save as template ?