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S ‹ S T E M A T ‹ K
ANATOM‹
2. Baskı
Editör
Editör
Prof. Dr. Figen GÖVSA GÖKMEN
Prof. Ege Dr. Üniversitesi Figen GÖVSA Tıp Fakültesi GÖKMEN
Ege Anatomi Üniversitesi Ana Tıp Bilim Fakültesi Dalı
Anatomi İZMİR Anabilim Dalı
İSTANBUL NOBEL KİTABEVİ
NOBEL TIP KİTABEVLERİ
İÇİNDEKİLER
İÇİNDEKİLER
YAZARLAR
ÖNSÖZ
BÖLÜM 1 ANATOMİYE GİRİŞ VE TEMEL KAVRAMLAR Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR
Prof. Dr. Çağatay BARUT
ANATOMİ NEDİR .............................................................................................................................................................................1
ANATOMİNİN ALT DALLARI ...........................................................................................................................................................1
ANATOMİ ÖĞRENİM YÖNTEMLERİ.................................................................................................................................................2
İNSAN ANATOMİSİ İLE İLGİLİ DEĞİŞKENLER .................................................................................................................................3
ANATOMİNİN KISA TARİHÇESİ .......................................................................................................................................................4
ANATOMİDE KULLANILAN TERİMLER ...........................................................................................................................................5
ANATOMİK DURUŞ, DÜZLEM VE EKSENLER .................................................................................................................................7
VÜCUDUN BÖLÜMLERİ (PARTES CORPORIS HUMANI) ...............................................................................................................9
VÜCUT BOŞLUKLARI VE BU BOŞLUKLARDA BULUNAN ORGANLAR....................................................................................... 10
ANATOMİK YAPILARIN TANIMLANMASINDA KULLANILAN ÖN EKLER VE SON EKLER ......................................................... 12
ANATOMİDE SIK KULLANILAN DİĞER BAZI TERİMLER (KISA ANATOMİ SÖZLÜĞÜ) .............................................................. 15
BÖLÜM 2 HAREKET SİSTEMİ / KEMİKLER (OSSA) Prof. Dr. Figen GÖVSA GÖKMEN
Prof. Dr. Mete ERTÜRK
HAREKET SİSTEMİ ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
KEMİKLER (OSSA) .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
SKELETON AXIALE ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
OMURGA (COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS) ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
OMURLARIN BÖLGESEL FARKLILIKLARI ........................................................................................................................................................ 26
COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS’İN EĞRİLİKLERİ ...................................................................................................................................................... 29
GÖĞÜS KEMİKLERİ (SKELETON THORACIS) ................................................................................................................................................. 30
KAFA İSKELETİ KEMİKLERİ (OSSA CRANII) .................................................................................................................................................... 34
OS TEMPORALE’DE BULUNAN KANAL VE DELİKLER ................................................................................................................................ 43
CRANIUM (KAFA İSKELETİ BÜTÜNÜ) .............................................................................................................................................................. 51
CRANIUM İLE İLGİLİ BAZI FORMÜLLER .......................................................................................................................................................... 52
CRANIUM’UN DIŞTAN İNCELENMESİ ............................................................................................................................................................. 52
CRANIUM’UN İÇ YÜZÜNÜN İNCELENMESİ .................................................................................................................................................. 58
CRANIUM’DA ANTROPOLOJİK ÖNEMİ BULUNAN NOKTALAR .............................................................................................................. 62
CRANIUM’DAKİ BAZI DELİKLER VE İÇİNDEN GEÇEN YAPILAR ............................................................................................................... 63
APPENDIKULER İSKELET (SKELETON APPENDICULARE) ......................................................................................................................... 63
OMUZ KUŞAĞI KEMİKLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................................. 63
(CINGULUM PECTORALE, CINGULUM MEMBRI SUPERIORIS) ................................................................................................................ 63
ÜST TARAF KEMİKLERİ (OSSA MEMBRI SUPERIORIS) ................................................................................................................................ 63
ÖN KOL KEMIKLERİ (OSSA ANTEBRACHII) .................................................................................................................................................... 68
EL İSKELETİ KEMİKLERİ (OSSA MANUS) ......................................................................................................................................................... 70
EL BİLEK KEMİKLERİ (OSSA CARPI) .................................................................................................................................................................. 70
EL TARAK KEMİKLERİ (OSSA METACARPI....................................................................................................................................................... 72
METAKARPAL KEMİKLERİN ÖZELLİKLERİ ...................................................................................................................................................... 72
EL PARMAK KEMİKLERİ (OSSA DIGITORUM: PHALANGES) ..................................................................................................................... 74
PELVIS KEMİKLERİ (CINGULUM MEMBRI INFERIORIS : CINGULUM PELVICUM) ............................................................................... 74
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ALT EKSTREMİTE KEMİKLERİ (OSSA MEMBRI INFERIORIS) ...................................................................................................................... 74
PELVİS ÇAPLARI ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78
PELVİSTEKİ CİNSİYET FARKLILIKLARI .............................................................................................................................................................. 80
ALT TARAF KEMİKLERİ (PARS LIBERA MEMBRI INFERIORIS) .................................................................................................................... 81
BACAK KEMİKLERİ (OSSA CRURIS) .................................................................................................................................................................. 83
AYAK İSKELETİ KEMİKLERİ (OSSA PEDIS) ....................................................................................................................................................... 86
AYAK BİLEGİ KEMİKLERİ (OSSA TARSI) ............................................................................................................................................................ 86
AYAK TARAK KEMİKLERİ (OSSA METATARSI I-V) .......................................................................................................................................... 89
AYAK PARMAK KEMIKLERI (PHALANGES, OSSA DIGITORUM PEDIS) .................................................................................................. 90
BÖLÜM 3 HAREKET SİSTEMİ , EKLEMLER (ARTICULATIONES) .................................................................................
Prof. Dr. Mustafa GÜVENÇER
SYNARTHROSIS (HAREKETSİZ-OYNAMAZ EKLEMLER) ............................................................................................................................ 92
ARTICULATIONES FIBROSAE (FİBRÖZ EKLEMLER) ..................................................................................................................................... 92
ARTICULATIONES CARTILAGINEA (KIKIRDAKSI EKLEMLER) ................................................................................................................... 93
ARTICULATIONES SYNOVIALES (TAM HAREKETLİ EKLEMLER) .............................................................................................................. 93
BAŞ EKLEMLERİ (JUNCTURAE CRANII) .......................................................................................................................................................... 97
BAŞIN FİBRÖZ EKLEMLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................................. 97
BAŞIN HAREKETLİ EKLEMLERİ (ARTICULATIONES CRANII....................................................................................................................... 97
ARTICULATIO ATLANTOOCCIPITALIS ............................................................................................................................................................. 99
OMURGANIN EKLEMLERİ (JUNCTURAE COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS) ................................................................................................... 100
GÖĞÜS EKLEMLERİ (JUNCTURAE THORACIS) ........................................................................................................................................... 102
PELVIS EKLEMLERİ (JUNCTURAE PELVICI) .................................................................................................................................................. 104
ÜST EKSTREMİTE EKLEMLERİ (JUNCTURAE MEMBRI SUPERIORES) .................................................................................................. 106
ALT EKSTREMİTE EKLEMLERİ (JUNCTURAE MEMBRI INFERIORES) .................................................................................................... 112
BÖLÜM 4 HAREKET SİSTEMİ / KASLAR (MUSCULI) Prof. Dr. Figen GÖVSA GÖKMEN
Prof. Dr. Mete ERTÜRK
KASLAR (MUSCULI; SYSTEMA MUSCULARE............................................................................................................................................... 125
BAŞ KASLARI (MUSCULI CAPITIS) .................................................................................................................................................................. 129
MİMİK KASLARI (MUSCULI FACIEI) ................................................................................................................................................................ 129
ÇİĞNEME KASLARI (MUSCULI MASTICATORII) ......................................................................................................................................... 134
BOYUN KASLARI (MUSCULI COLLI [CERVICIS]) ......................................................................................................................................... 137
BOYUN FASYALARI VE YÜZEYEL KASLARI (FASCIAE CERVICALES [COLLI]) ..................................................................................... 137
BOYUN ÖN GRUP KASLARI .............................................................................................................................................................................. 140
HYOID ÜSTÜ KASLAR (MM. SUPRAHYOIDEI) ............................................................................................................................................ 140
HYOID ALTI KASLAR (MM. INFRAHYOIDEI) ................................................................................................................................................ 141
BOYUNDAKİ ÜÇGENLER ................................................................................................................................................................................... 142
BOYUN OMURLARININ ÖN TARAFINDAKİ KASLAR ................................................................................................................................. 143
BOYUN OMURLARININ DIŞ TARAFINDAKİ KASLAR ................................................................................................................................. 144
SIRT KASLARI (MUSCULI DORSI) .................................................................................................................................................................... 144
GÖĞÜS KASLARI (MUSCULI THORACIS) ..................................................................................................................................................... 151
INTERKOSTAL KASLAR (Mm. intercostales) ............................................................................................................................................... 154
KARIN KASLARI (MUSCULI ABDOMINIS) .................................................................................................................................................... 157
KARNIN ÖN VE YAN DUVARINDA YERLEŞİM GÖSTEREN KASLAR ...................................................................................................... 157
ÜST TARAF KASLARI (MUSCULI MEMBRI SUPERIORIS) .......................................................................................................................... 174
OMUZ KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 174
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KOL KASLARI ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 177
ANATOMİK ARALIKLAR ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 178
ÖN KOL KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 179
ÖN KOL ÖN YÜZ KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................ 179
ÖN KOL ARKA YÜZÜNDEKİ KASLAR ............................................................................................................................................................. 184
EL KASLARI ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 187
ELİN FONKSİYONU ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 192
ALT TARAF KASLARI (MUSCULI MEMBRI INFERIORIS) ............................................................................................................................ 193
KALÇA KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 193
UYLUK KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 198
BACAK KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 205
AYAK KASLARI ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 209
BÖLÜM 5 KİNEZİYOLOJİ Prof. Dr. Tuncay VAROL
KİNEZİYOLOJİ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 215
VÜCUT BÖLÜMLERİ ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 215
EKLEM HAREKETLERİ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 216
OSTEOKİNEMATİK ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 216
ARTROKİNEMATİK ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 218
EKLEM YÜZLERİNİN UYUMU ........................................................................................................................................................................... 219
KONVEKS-KONKAV KURALI ............................................................................................................................................................................. 220
TEMEL BİYOMEKANİK ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 220
KALDIRAÇ MEKANİĞİ ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 227
KAS VE EKLEM ETKİLEŞİMİ ............................................................................................................................................................................... 229
ARTICULATIO TEMPOROMANDIBULARIS BİYOMEKANİK VE KİNEZİYOLOJİSİ ................................................................................ 230
COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS BİYOMEKANİK VE KİNEZİYOLOJİSİ ............................................................................................................... 231
OMUZ KAVŞAĞI BİYOMEKANİK VE KİNEZYOLOJİSİ ................................................................................................................................. 236
PELVIS KUŞAĞI BİYOMEKANİK VE KİNEZİYOLOJİSİ................................................................................................................................... 240
ARTICULATIO COXAE BİYOMEKANİK VE KİNEZİYOLOJİSİ ...................................................................................................................... 242
ARTICULATIO GENU BİYOMEKANİK VE KİNEZİYOLOJİSİ ........................................................................................................................ 244
POSTÜR .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 247
YÜRÜMENİN KİNEZİYOLOJİSİ ......................................................................................................................................................................... 251
BÖLÜM 6 DOLAŞIM SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA CARDIOVASCULARE) Prof. Dr. Çiğdem İÇKE
DOLAŞIM SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA CARDIOVASCULARE) ............................................................................................................................... 256
KALP (COR) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 256
BÖLÜM 7 ARTERLER (ARTERIAE) Prof. Dr. Yelda PINAR
ARTERLER (ARTERIAE) ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 282
VÜCUT ARTERLERİ; KALPTEN ÇIKAN BÜYÜK DAMARLAR .................................................................................................................... 284
TRUNCUS PULMONALIS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 284
AORTA ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 285
PARS ASCENDENS AORTAE [AORTA ASCENDENS] .................................................................................................................................. 286
ARCUS AORTAE ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 286
TRUNCUS BRACHIOCEPHALICUS .................................................................................................................................................................. 287
ARTERIA CAROTIS COMMUNIS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 288
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ARTERIA CAROTIS EXTERNA ........................................................................................................................................................................... 290
ARTERIA CAROTIS INTERNA ............................................................................................................................................................................ 301
ARTERIA SUBCLAVIA .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 308
ÜST EKSTREMİTE ARTERLERİ (ARTERIAE MEMBRI SUPERIORIS) ......................................................................................................... 315
PARS DESCENDENS AORTAE [AORTA DESCENDENS] ............................................................................................................................. 327
AORTA THORACICA [PARS THORACICA AORTAE] .................................................................................................................................... 327
BÖLÜM 8 PARS ABDOMINALIS AORTAE (AORTA ABDOMINALIS) Prof. Dr. Z. Aslı AKTAN İKİZ
PARS ABDOMINALIS AORTAE [AORTA ABDOMINALIS] ......................................................................................................................... 330
ALT EKSTREMİTENİN ARTERLERİ (ARTERIAE MEMBRI INFERIORIS...................................................................................................... 348
BÖLÜM 9 VENLER (VENAE) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Asım ÖZER
VENLER (VENAE) ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 360
VENÖZ SİSTEM ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 361
PULMONER VENÖZ DOLAŞIM ........................................................................................................................................................................ 362
SİSTEMİK VENÖZ DOLAŞIM ............................................................................................................................................................................. 363
KALP VENLERİ (VENAE CORDIS) .................................................................................................................................................................... 363
BAŞ VE BOYUN VENLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................................... 364
CRANIUM VENLERİ ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 364
YÜZÜN VENLERİ .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 369
BOYUN VENLERİ .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 371
ÜST EKSTREMİTE VENLERİ (VENAE MEMBRI SUPERIORIS) .................................................................................................................... 374
GÖĞÜS BOŞLUĞU VENLERİ ............................................................................................................................................................................. 376
KARIN VE PELVIS VENLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................................ 380
ALT EKSTREMİTE VENLERİ (VENAE MEMBRI INFERIORIS) ...................................................................................................................... 383
PORTAL VENÖZ DOLAŞIM (V. PORTAE HEPATIS) ...................................................................................................................................... 387
PORTA KAVAL ANASTOMOZLAR ................................................................................................................................................................... 389
BÖLÜM 10 LENFATİK SİSTEM (SYSTEMA LYMPHOIDEUM) Prof. Dr. Hakan ÖZTÜRK
LENFATİK SİSTEM (SYSTEMA LYMPHOIDEUM) ......................................................................................................................................... 392
LENFATİK DOLAŞIMDA BÜYÜK DAMAR KÜTÜKLERİ (TRUNCI ET DUCTUS LYMPHATICI............................................................ 395
BÖLGESEL LENF AKIMI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ ........................................................................................................................................... 397
BAŞ BÖLGESİNİN LENF DAMARLARI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ ................................................................................................................. 397
BOYUN BÖLGESİNİN LENF DAMARLARI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ .......................................................................................................... 400
ÜST EKSTREMİTENİN LENF DAMARLARI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ .......................................................................................................... 402
GÖĞÜS BÖLGESİNİN LENF DAMARLARI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ .......................................................................................................... 405
KARIN BOŞLUĞU VE PELVIS’İN LENF DAMARLARI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ ........................................................................................ 409
PELVIS BOŞLUĞUNUN LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ (NODI LYMPHOIDEI PELVIS) ........................................................................................... 412
ÜRİNER ORGANLARIN LENF AKIMI ............................................................................................................................................................... 414
GENİTAL ORGANLARIN LENF AKIMI ............................................................................................................................................................. 415
ALT EKSTREMİTENİN LENF DAMARLARI VE LENF DÜĞÜMLERİ .......................................................................................................... 415
LENFOİD ORGANLAR ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 417
PRİMER LENFOİD ORGANLAR (ORGANA LYMPHOIDEA PRIMARIA) .................................................................................................. 417
SEKONDER LENFOİD ORGANLAR (ORGANA LYMPHOIDEA SECUNDARIA) .................................................................................... 418
DALAK (LIEN : SPLEN,) ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 419
İÇİNDEKİLER
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BÖLÜM 11 SOLUNUM SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA RESPIRATORIUM) Prof. Dr. Figen GÖVSA GÖKMEN
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Aslı Beril KARAKAŞ
SOLUNUM SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA RESPIRATORIUM) .................................................................................................................................... 422
BURUN (NASUS) .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 423
NASUS EXTERNUS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 423
BURUN BOŞLUĞU (CAVITAS NASI.................................................................................................................................................................. 424
BURUN MUKOZASI (TUNICA MUCOSA NASI) ........................................................................................................................................... 427
SINUS PARANASALES ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 430
SINUS MAXILLARIS (Cavum Higmore) ........................................................................................................................................................ 430
SINUS FRONTALIS ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 431
CELLULAE ETHMOIDALES ................................................................................................................................................................................ 431
SINUS SPHENOIDALIS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 432
PHARYNX (YUTAK) ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 432
LARYNX (GIRTLAK) ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 434
LARYNX’İN YAPISI ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 434
LARYNX KIKIRDAKLARI (CARTILAGINES LARYNGIS) ............................................................................................................................... 435
CARTILAGO THYROIDEA................................................................................................................................................................................... 435
CARTILAGO CRICOIDEA .................................................................................................................................................................................... 435
CARTILAGO EPIGLOTTICA ............................................................................................................................................................................... 435
CARTILAGO ARYTENOIDEA ............................................................................................................................................................................. 438
CARTILAGO CORNICULATA (SANTORINI) ................................................................................................................................................... 438
CARTILAGO CUNEIFORMIS (WRISBERG) ..................................................................................................................................................... 438
CARTILAGO SESAMOIDEA (TIRTICEA) ......................................................................................................................................................... 438
LARYNX’İN EKLEMLERİ (ARTICULATIONES LARYNGIS) .......................................................................................................................... 438
LARYNX’İN BAĞLARI .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 439
LARYNX BOŞLUĞU (CAVITAS LARYNGIS) .................................................................................................................................................... 440
MİZMAR ARALIĞI (RIMA GLOTTIDIS) ........................................................................................................................................................... 441
LARYNX KASLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 441
MUSCULUS CRICOTHYROIDEUS..................................................................................................................................................................... 442
MUSCULUS CRICOARYTENOIDEUS POSTERIOR (POSTICUS) .............................................................................................................. 442
MUSCULUS CRICOARYTENOIDEUS LATERALIS ........................................................................................................................................ 443
MUSCULUS THYROARYTENOIDEUS ............................................................................................................................................................. 443
MUSCULUS ARYTENOIDEUS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 443
TRACHEA (SOLUK BORUSU) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 448
BRONKUSLAR (BRONCHI) ................................................................................................................................................................................ 451
PULMO (AKCİĞER) .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 453
APEX PULMONIS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 454
BASIS PULMONIS [FACIES DIAPHRAGMATICA] ........................................................................................................................................ 455
FACIES COSTALIS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 455
FACIES MEDIASTINALIS .................................................................................................................................................................................... 455
AKCİĞER ASİNUSLARI ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 461
CAVITAS THORACICA [THORACIS] (GÖĞÜS BOŞLUĞU) ........................................................................................................................ 465
PLEURA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 466
RECESSUS PLEURALES (PLEVRAL ÇIKMAZLAR.......................................................................................................................................... 467
MEDIASTINUM ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 468
SOLUNUM DİNAMİĞİ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 470
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BÖLÜM 12 SİNDİRİM SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA DIGESTORIUM) Prof. Dr. Bülent Sabri CİGALI
SİNDİRİM SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA DIGESTORIUM) ........................................................................................................................................... 474
AĞIZ BOŞLUĞU (CAVITAS ORIS) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 474
VESTIBULUM ORIS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 474
DUDAKLAR (LABIA ORIS) ................................................................................................................................................................................. 475
YANAKLAR (BUCCAE) ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 476
CAVITAS ORIS PROPRIA .................................................................................................................................................................................... 476
DİŞ ETİ (GINGIVA) ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 476
DİŞLER (DENTES) ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 478
DENTES DECIDUI (SÜT DİŞLERİ) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 480
KALICI DİŞLER (DENTES PERMANENTES) ................................................................................................................................................... 480
DAMAK (PALATUM) ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 481
DİL (LINGUA, GLOSSA) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 484
TÜKÜRÜK BEZLERİ (GLANDULAE SALIVARES [ORIS]) ............................................................................................................................. 488
GLANDULA PAROTIDEA ................................................................................................................................................................................... 488
GLANDULA SUBMANDIBULARIS ................................................................................................................................................................... 490
GL.ANDULA SUBLINGUALIS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 491
TÜKÜRÜK (SALİVA) ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 491
BOĞAZ (FAUCES) ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 492
YUTAK (PHARYNX) .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 493
YEMEK BORUSU (OESOPHAGUS) .................................................................................................................................................................. 498
MİDE (GASTER, VENTRICULUS) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 501
İNCE BAĞIRSAK (INTESTINUM TENUE) ........................................................................................................................................................ 506
DUODENUM ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 506
JEJUNUM ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 509
ILEUM ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 509
KALIN BAĞIRSAK (INTESTINUM CRASSUM) ............................................................................................................................................... 512
CAECUM.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 513
COLON .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 516
COLON ASCENDENS .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 516
COLON TRANSVERSUM .................................................................................................................................................................................... 517
COLON DESCENDENS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 518
COLON SIGMOIDEUM ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 518
RECTUM ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 520
DEFEKASYON (DIŞKILAMA) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 524
KARACİĞER (HEPAR) .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 525
SAFRA YOLLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 533
SAFRA KESESİ (VESICA BILIARIS [FELLEA]) ................................................................................................................................................. 534
PANCREAS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 537
PERITONEUM ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 540
KARIN BOŞLUĞU (CAVITAS ABDOMINIS) .................................................................................................................................................... 547
BÖLÜM 13 ÜRİNER SİSTEM (SYSTEMA URINARUM) Prof. Dr. Nihal İÇTEN
ÜRİNER SİSTEM (SYSTEMA URINARUM) ...................................................................................................................................................... 550
BÖBREK (REN, NEPHROS) ................................................................................................................................................................................. 550
URETER ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 556
VESICA URINARIA (MESANE) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 558
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URETHRA ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 562
MİKSİYON............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 564
BÖLÜM 14 ERKEK GENİTAL SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA GENITALE MASCULINUM) Prof. Dr. Ahmet Hilmi YÜCEL
ERKEK GENİTAL SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA GENITALE MASCULINUM............................................................................................................ 566
SCROTUM .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 567
TESTIS [ORCHIS] .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 568
EPIDIDYMIS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 570
DUCTUS DEFERENS ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 571
FUNICULUS SPERMATICUS .............................................................................................................................................................................. 572
DUCTUS EJACULATORIUS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 573
URETHRA MASCULINA ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 573
ERKEK GENİTAL ORGANLARININ BEZLERİ .................................................................................................................................................. 575
GL. VESICULOSA (VESICULA SEMINALIS; GL. SEMINALIS) .................................................................................................................... 575
PROSTATA [GLANDULA POSTATICA] ............................................................................................................................................................ 575
GLANDULA BULBOURETHRALIS (COWPER BEZİ) .................................................................................................................................... 578
SEMEN .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 579
PENİS ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 579
EREKSİYON ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 581
EJAKÜLASYON ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 582
ERKEKTEKİ HORMONAL DÜZENLEME ......................................................................................................................................................... 583
BÖLÜM 15 KADIN GENİTAL SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA GENITALE FEMININUM) Prof. Dr. Oğuz TAŞKINALP
KADIN GENİTAL SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA GENITALE FEMININUM) .............................................................................................................. 584
KADIN İÇ GENİTAL ORGANLAR (ORGANA GENITALIA FEMININA INTERNA) .................................................................................. 584
OVARIUM ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 584
OVARIUM’UN TUTUNMA ARAÇLARI (BAĞLARI) ....................................................................................................................................... 585
TUBA UTERINA ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 588
UTERUS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 590
UTERUS’UN TUTUNMA ARAÇLARI ................................................................................................................................................................ 594
VAGINA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 599
VAGINA’YI DESTEKLEYEN YAPILAR ............................................................................................................................................................... 602
KADIN DIŞ GENİTAL ORGANLARI (ORGANA GENITALIA FEMININA EXTERNA) ............................................................................. 603
REGIO PERINEALIS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 606
BÖLÜM 16 İÇ SALGI BEZLERİ (GLANDULAE ENDOCRINAE) Prof. Dr. Mete EDİZER
İÇ SALGI BEZLERİ (GLANDULAE ENDOCRINAE) ....................................................................................................................................... 616
HORMON SALGILANMASININ DENETİMİ VE DÜZENLENMESİ ............................................................................................................ 617
GL. PITUITARIA (HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI) ...................................................................................................................................................... 617
GLANDULA THYROIDEA ................................................................................................................................................................................... 621
GLANDULA PARATHYROIDEA ........................................................................................................................................................................ 624
THYMUS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 625
GLANDULA SUPRARENALIS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 626
TESTIS...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 628
OVARIUM ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 629
GLANDULA PINEALIS (CORPUS PINEALE) .................................................................................................................................................. 630
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İÇİNDEKİLER
PLACENTA ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 630
GASTROİNTESTİNAL SİSTEM MUKOZASI .................................................................................................................................................... 630
ENDOKRİN PANKREAS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 630
BÖBREKLER ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 631
CHROMAFFIN SİSTEM ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 631
PARAGANGLIONLAR .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 631
CORPORA PARAAORTICA (PARAAORTİK CİSİMCİKLER VEYA GLOMERA AORTICA) ..................................................................... 632
GLOMUS CAROTICUM (KAROTİS CİSİMCİĞİ) ............................................................................................................................................. 632
GLOMUS JUGULARE (TİMPATİK CİSİM) ....................................................................................................................................................... 632
GLOMUS COCCYGEUM (CORPUS COCCYGEUM) ..................................................................................................................................... 632
BÖLÜM 17 SİNİR SİSTEMİNE GİRİŞ Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR
Doç. Dr. İlker M. KAFA
SİNİR SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA NERVOSUM) ........................................................................................................................................................ 633
SİNİR SİSTEMİ İLE İLGİLİ GENEL TANIMLAR ................................................................................................................................................ 634
SİNİR SİSTEMİ HÜCRELERİ ................................................................................................................................................................................ 636
DUYUSAL SİNİR SONLANMALARI (RESEPTÖRLER) .................................................................................................................................. 638
SİNİR SİSTEMİNİN BÖLÜMLERİ ....................................................................................................................................................................... 642
SİNİR SİSTEMİNİN EMBRİYOLOJİK GELİŞİMİ ............................................................................................................................................... 643
BÖLÜM 18 OMURİLİK (MEDULLA SPINALIS) Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR
Doç. Dr. İlker M. KAFA
OMURİLİK (MEDULLA SPINALIS) ................................................................................................................................................................... 646
MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN MAKROSKOPİK YAPISI .......................................................................................................................................... 646
MEDULLA SPINALIS’İ SARAN KILIFLAR ........................................................................................................................................................ 649
MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN İÇ YAPISI .................................................................................................................................................................... 650
GRİ MADDEDEKİ HÜCRE GRUPLARI ............................................................................................................................................................. 653
MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN AFFERENT YOLLARI ............................................................................................................................................... 656
MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN EFFERENT YOLLARI ............................................................................................................................................... 659
MEDULLA SPINALIS REFLEKSLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................. 662
BÖLÜM 19 MEDULLA OBLONGATA (MYELENCEPHALON, BULBUS, SOĞANİLİK) Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR
MEDULLA OBLONGATA (MYELENCEPHALON, BULBUS, SOĞANİLİK) ............................................................................................... 665
MEDULLA OBLONGATA’NIN MAKROSKOPİK YAPISI ................................................................................................................................ 665
MEDULLA OBLONGATA’NIN MİKROSKOPİK YAPISI ................................................................................................................................. 669
BÖLÜM 20 PONS (KÖPRÜ) Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR
Prof. Dr. Ayberk KURT
PONS (KÖPRÜ) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 675
PONS’UN MAKROSKOPİK YAPISI .................................................................................................................................................................... 675
PONS’UN MİKROSKOPİK YAPISI ..................................................................................................................................................................... 679
BÖLÜM 21 CEREBELLUM (BEYİNCİK) Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR
Prof. Dr. Senem ÖZDEMİR
CEREBELLUM (BEYİNCİK) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 687
CEREBELLUM’UN MAKROSKOPİK YAPISI .................................................................................................................................................... 688
İÇİNDEKİLER
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CEREBELLUM’UN MİKROSKOPİK YAPISI ...................................................................................................................................................... 691
CEREBELLUM’U ÇEVRE OLUŞUMLARA BAĞLAYAN YOLLAR ................................................................................................................. 692
CEREBELLUM’UN FONKSİYONEL ANATOMİSİ ........................................................................................................................................... 694
BÖLÜM 22 MESENCEPHALON (ORTA BEYİN) Prof. Dr. İlknur ARI
MESENCEPHALON (ORTA BEYİN) .................................................................................................................................................................. 697
MESENCEPHALON’UN MAKROSKOPİK YAPISI .......................................................................................................................................... 697
MESENCEPHALON’UN MİKROSKOPİK YAPISI ............................................................................................................................................ 698
MESENCEPHALON ÇEKİRDEKLERİ VE YOLLARI ......................................................................................................................................... 700
BÖLÜM 23 DIENCEPHALON (ARABEYİN) Prof. Dr. Rabet GÖZİL
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Güneş AYTAÇ
DIENCEPHALON (ARABEYİN) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 709
PARS DORSALIS DIENCEPHALI ....................................................................................................................................................................... 709
THALAMUS (THALAMUS DORSALIS) ........................................................................................................................................................... 709
MAKROSKOPİK ÖZELLİKLERİ .......................................................................................................................................................................... 709
THALAMUS’UN İÇ YAPISI .................................................................................................................................................................................. 709
THALAMUS’UN ÇEKİRDEKLERİ ....................................................................................................................................................................... 710
NUCLEI ANTERIORES THALAMI (ÖN GRUP ÇEKİRDEKLER ) .................................................................................................................. 710
NUCLEI MEDIALIS THALAMI (MEDIAL GRUP ÇEKİRDEKLER) ............................................................................................................... 710
NUCLEI LATERALES THALAMI (LATERAL GRUP ÇEKİRDEKLER) ........................................................................................................... 710
NUCLEI DORSALES THALAMI (DORSAL GRUP ÇEKİRDEKLER) ............................................................................................................ 710
NUCLEI VENTRALES THALAMI (VENTRAL GRUP ÇEKİRDEKLER) ......................................................................................................... 710
THALAMUS’UN İŞLEVLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................................ 714
TALAMİK SENDROM ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 714
PARS VENTRALIS DIENCEPHALI...................................................................................................................................................................... 714
SUBTHALAMUS (VENTRAL THALAMUS) ..................................................................................................................................................... 714
METATHALAMUS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 715
CORPUS GENICULATUM LATERALE .............................................................................................................................................................. 715
CORPUS GENICULATUM MEDIALE ............................................................................................................................................................... 716
EPITHALAMUS ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 716
BÖLÜM 24 HYPOTHALAMUS Prof. Dr. N. İlknur ARI
HYPOTHALAMUS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 718
HYPOTHALAMUS’UN ÇEKİRDEKLERİ VE BAĞLANTILARI ....................................................................................................................... 719
BÖLÜM 25 LİMBİK SİSTEM Prof. Dr. Rabet GÖZİL
Öğ.Gör. E. Deniz BARÇ
LİMBİK SİSTEM ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 728
RHINENCEPHALON (KOKU BEYNİ) ................................................................................................................................................................ 729
KOKU YOLLARI ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 729
KOKU RESEPTÖRLERİ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 729
BULBUS OLFACTORIUS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 729
TRACTUS OLFACTORIUS................................................................................................................................................................................... 730
SUBSTANTIA PERFORATA ANTERIOR ........................................................................................................................................................... 730
STRIAE OLFACTORIAE ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 730
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İÇİNDEKİLER
KOKU KORTEKSİ .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 730
LOBUS LIMBICUS (LİMBİK LOB) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 731
LİMBİK SİSTEM ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 731
LOBUS LIMBICUS’U OLUŞTURAN YAPILAR ................................................................................................................................................. 731
AREA SUBCALLOSA ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 731
GYRUS CINGULI VE ISTHMUS GYRI CINGULI ............................................................................................................................................. 731
GYRUS PARAHIPPOCAMPALIS VE UNCUS .................................................................................................................................................. 731
FORMATIO HIPPOCAMPI .................................................................................................................................................................................. 731
FORNIX CEREBRI .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 733
AREA SEPTALIS .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 734
CORPUS AMYGDALOIDEUM ........................................................................................................................................................................... 735
BÖLÜM 26 TELENCEPHALON Prof. Dr. Ayberk KURT
TELENCEPHALON ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 739
BEYİN HEMİSFERLERİNİN TOPOGRAFİSİ ..................................................................................................................................................... 739
BEYİN YÜZEYLERİNDEKİ DERİN OLUKLAR (SULCI CEREBRI................................................................................................................... 739
BEYİN LOBLARI (LOBI CEREBRI) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 740
CORTEX CEREBRI ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 743
CORTEX CEREBRI’NİN HİSTOLOJİK YAPISI ................................................................................................................................................... 743
CORTEX CEREBRI’NİN FİLOGENETİK YAPISI VE LAMİNAR ORGANİZASYONU ................................................................................ 744
CORTEX CEREBRI’NİN FONKSİYONEL MERKEZLERİ ................................................................................................................................. 745
PARS BASALIS TELENCEPHALI (BASAL FOREBRAIN) ............................................................................................................................... 752
BEYİN HEMİSFERLERİNİN BEYAZ CEVHERİ (SUBSTANTIA ALBA ENCEPHALI) ................................................................................. 753
VENTRICULUS LATERALIS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 757
BÖLÜM 27 BASAL GANGLIONLAR (NUCLEI BASALES) Prof. Dr. Ayberk KURT
BASAL GANGLIONLAR (NUCLEI BASALES) ................................................................................................................................................ 759
BASAL GANGLIONLARIN BAĞLANTILARI ................................................................................................................................................... 761
BASAL GANGLIONLARIN FONKSİYONU ...................................................................................................................................................... 763
BÖLÜM 28 MERKEZİ SİNİR SİSTEMİNİN DAMARLARI Prof. Dr. Muzaffer SİNDEL
Prof. Dr. H. Timur SİNDEL
MERKEZİ SİNİR SİSTEMİNİN DAMARLARI .................................................................................................................................................... 765
MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN ARTERLERİ ................................................................................................................................................................ 765
ARTERIA VERTEBRALIS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 765
ARTERIA SPINALIS ANTERIOR ......................................................................................................................................................................... 765
ARTERIA SPINALIS POSTERIOR ....................................................................................................................................................................... 766
MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN VENLERİ .................................................................................................................................................................... 768
BEYNİN ARTERLERİ (ARTERIAE CEREBRI) .................................................................................................................................................... 769
ARTERIA CAROTIS INTERNA ............................................................................................................................................................................ 769
ARTERIA CEREBRI ANTERIOR .......................................................................................................................................................................... 772
ARTERIA CEREBRI MEDIA ................................................................................................................................................................................. 772
ARTERIA BASILARIS ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 773
ARTERIA CEREBRI POSTERIOR ........................................................................................................................................................................ 775
CEREBELLUM’UN ARTERLERİ .......................................................................................................................................................................... 777
CIRCULUS ARTERIOSUS CEREBRI .................................................................................................................................................................. 778
BEYNİN ARTERİYEL BESLENMESİNİN GENEL DAĞILIMI ......................................................................................................................... 778
İÇİNDEKİLER
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BEYİN ARTERLERİNİN ANASTOMOZLARI .................................................................................................................................................... 780
(EKSTRACRANIAL - INTRACRANIAL ANASTOMOZLAR .......................................................................................................................... 781
KAROTİS VERTEBRAL – BASILLAR ANASTOMOZLAR .............................................................................................................................. 781
BEYNİN VENLERİ (VENAE CEREBRI) ............................................................................................................................................................... 781
BEYNİN YÜZEYEL VENLERİ (VENAE SUPERFICIALES CEREBRI) ............................................................................................................ 781
BEYNİN DERİN VENLERİ (VENAE PROFUNDA CEREBRI) ......................................................................................................................... 782
SINUS DURAE MATRIS (DURA MATER SİNUSLARI) .................................................................................................................................. 783
BULBUS, PONS VE CEREBELLUM’UN VENLERİ (VENAE TRUNCI ENCEPHALI) ................................................................................. 785
VENAE CEREBELLI ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 786
MENINGES (ENCEPHALON VE MEDULLA SPINALIS’İN ZARLARI.......................................................................................................... 788
DURA MATER [PACHYMENINX] ...................................................................................................................................................................... 788
ARACHNOIDEA MATER ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 790
PIA MATER ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 790
CISTERNAE SUBARACHNOIDEAE .................................................................................................................................................................. 791
BEYİN VENTRİKÜLER SİSTEMİ .......................................................................................................................................................................... 792
VENTRICULUS LATERALIS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 793
VENTRICULUS TERTIUS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 794
VENTRICULUS QUARTUS .................................................................................................................................................................................. 794
LIQUOR CEREBROSPINALIS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 795
HİDROSEFALİ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 798
LUMBAL PONKSİYON ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 798
SİSTERNAL (SUBOKSİPİTAL) PONKSİYON ................................................................................................................................................... 798
EPİDURAL VE SPİNAL ANESTEZİ .................................................................................................................................................................... 798
Bölüm 29 PERİFERİK SİNİR SİSTEMİNE GİRİŞ (SYSTEMA NERVOSUM PERIPHERICUM) Prof. Dr. Salih Murat AKKIN
PERİFERİK SİNİR SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA NERVOSUM PERIPHERICUM) .................................................................................................... 801
Bölüm 30 KRANİYAL SİNİRLER (NERVI CRANIALES) Prof. Dr. Salih Murat AKKIN
KRANİYAL SİNİRLER (NERVI CRANIALES) .................................................................................................................................................... 807
NERVUS OLFACTORIUS [I] ................................................................................................................................................................................ 811
NERVUS OPTICUS [II] ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 812
NERVUS OCULOMOTORIUS [III] ..................................................................................................................................................................... 814
NERVUS TROCHLEARIS [IV] ............................................................................................................................................................................. 817
NERVUS TRIGEMINUS [V] ................................................................................................................................................................................. 818
NERVUS ABDUCENS [VI] .................................................................................................................................................................................. 824
NERVUS FACIALIS [VII] ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 824
NERVUS VESTIBULOCOCHLEARIS [VIII] ....................................................................................................................................................... 828
NERVUS GLOSSOPHARYNGEUS [IX] ............................................................................................................................................................. 831
NERVUS VAGUS [X] ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 833
NERVUS ACCESSORIUS [XI] ............................................................................................................................................................................. 838
NERVUS HYPOGLOSSUS [XII] .......................................................................................................................................................................... 839
Bölüm 31 SPİNAL SİNİRLER (NERVI SPINALES) Prof. Dr. Ali İhsan SOYLUOĞLU
Prof. Dr. M. Selman DEMİRCİ
SPİNAL SİNİRLER (NERVI SPINALES) ............................................................................................................................................................. 841
PLEXUS CERVICALIS............................................................................................................................................................................................ 845
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İÇİNDEKİLER
PLEXUS CERVICALIS’İN DALLARI ................................................................................................................................................................... 845
PLEXUS BRACHIALIS .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 847
PARS SUPRACLAVICULARIS DALLARI .......................................................................................................................................................... 849
PARS INFRACLAVICULARIS DALLARI ............................................................................................................................................................ 849
FASCICULUS POSTERIOR’DAN AYRILANLAR.............................................................................................................................................. 856
PLEXUS LUMBALIS ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 861
PLEXUS SACRALIS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 863
PLEXUS COCCYGEUS ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 869
BÖLÜM 32 OTONOM SİNİR SİSTEMİ (SYSTEMA NERVOSUM AUTONOMICUM) Prof. Dr. Mustafa ORHAN
Doç. Dr. İlhan BAHŞİ
SOMATİK VE OTONOM SİNİR SİSTEMLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMASI ...................................................................................................... 870
OTONOM SİNİR SİSTEMİNİN BÖLÜMLERİ.................................................................................................................................................... 873
OTONOM GANGLION ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 873
SEMPATİK SİSTEM (PARS SYMPATHICA) ...................................................................................................................................................... 877
VÜCUT BÖLÜMLERİNİN SEMPATİK İNNERVASYONUNUN GENEL ÖZELLİKLERİ ............................................................................ 878
TRUNCUS SYMPATHICUS ................................................................................................................................................................................. 878
SEMPATİK SİSTEMİN BÖLÜMLERİ .................................................................................................................................................................. 881
SEMPATİK SİSTEMİN SERVİKAL BÖLÜMÜ (PARS CERVICALIS) ............................................................................................................. 882
SEMPATİK SİSTEMİN TORAKAL BÖLÜMÜ (PARS THORACALIS) ........................................................................................................... 884
SEMPATİK SİSTEMİN ABDOMİNAL BÖLÜMÜ [PARS ABDOMINALIS (LUMBALIS)] ......................................................................... 885
SEMPATİK SİSTEMİN PELVİK BÖLÜMÜ (PARS PELVICA) .......................................................................................................................... 885
PARASEMPATİK SİSTEM (PARS PARASYMPATHICA) ................................................................................................................................. 886
PARS CRANIALIS .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 886
PARS PELVICA (SACRALIS) ................................................................................................................................................................................ 887
ENTERİK SİNİR SİSTEMİ ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 888
OTONOM SİSTEME AİT PLEKSUSLAR (PLEXUS VISCERALIS) ................................................................................................................ 889
PARS THORACICA ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 889
PARS ABDOMINALIS .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 890
PARS PELVICA ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 891
ORGANLARIN OTONOM İNNERVASYONU ................................................................................................................................................. 892
OTONOM SİNİR SİSTEMİNİ KONTROL EDEN YÜKSEK MERKEZLER .................................................................................................... 896
VİSSERAL AĞRI ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 899
OTONOM (VİSSERAL) REFLEKSLER ............................................................................................................................................................... 900
BÖLÜM 33 DUYU ORGANLARI (ORGANA SENSUUM) Prof. Dr. Orhan TACAR
Prof. Dr. Ayda DEMİRANT
DUYU ORGANLARI (ORGANA SENSUUM) .................................................................................................................................................. 905
ORGANUM VISUS (GÖRME ORGANI) ........................................................................................................................................................... 905
GÖZ KÜRESİ (BULBUS OCULI) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 905
TUNICA FIBROSA BULBI .................................................................................................................................................................................... 906
SCLERA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 906
CORNEA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 907
TUNICA VASCULOSA BULBI (TRACTUS UVEALIS) .................................................................................................................................... 909
CHOROIDEA .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 909
CORPUS CILIARE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 909
IRIS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 911
İÇİNDEKİLER
xvii
TUNICA INTERNA [NERVOSA] BULBI (RETINA) ......................................................................................................................................... 913
IŞIĞI KIRAN YAPILAR .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 916
CORNEA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 916
CAMERAE BULBI (GÖZ KAMERALARI) ......................................................................................................................................................... 916
CAMERA ANTERIOR BULBI (ÖN KAMERA) .................................................................................................................................................. 916
CAMERA POSTERIOR BULBI (ARKA KAMERASI) ....................................................................................................................................... 916
CAMERA VITREA BULBI ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 916
LENS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 917
GÖRME YOLLARI ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 918
GÖRME ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 919
GÖZÜN YARDIMCI OLUŞUMLARI (ORGANA OCULI ACCESSORIA) .................................................................................................... 920
GÖZ KASLARI (MUSCULI EXTERNI OCULI) ................................................................................................................................................. 922
GÖZ YAŞI KANAL SİSTEMİ (APPARATUS LACRIMALIS) ........................................................................................................................... 925
GÖRME İLE İLGİLİ REFLEKSLER ....................................................................................................................................................................... 927
KULAK: İŞİTME VE DENGE ORGANI (AURIS) ............................................................................................................................................... 928
AURIS (KULAK) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 928
AURIS EXTERNA (DIŞ KULAK) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 928
AURIS MEDIA (ORTA KULAK) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 930
KULAK KEMİKÇİKLERİ (OSSICULA AUDITUS) ............................................................................................................................................. 934
AURIS INTERNA (İÇ KULAK) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 937
İŞİTME VE DENGE YOLLARI .............................................................................................................................................................................. 942
TAT ORGANI (ORGANUM GUSTUS) [GUSTATORIUM] ............................................................................................................................. 943
KOKU ORGANI (ORGANUM OLFACTUS [OLFACTORIUM]) .................................................................................................................... 944
KOKU YOLLARI ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 945
KOKU BEYNİ (RHINENCEPHALON) ................................................................................................................................................................ 945
DOKUNMA ORGANI (ORGANUM TACTUS) ................................................................................................................................................ 946
INTEGUMENTUM COMMUNAE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 946
DERİ (CUTIS) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 946
EPIDERMIS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 946
DERMIS [CORIUM] .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 947
TELA SUBCUTANEA [HYPODERMIS] ............................................................................................................................................................. 948
DERİ İLE İLGİLİ OLUŞUMLAR ........................................................................................................................................................................... 949
KATKIDA BULUNANLAR
KİTABIN EDİTÖRÜ
Prof. Dr. Figen GÖVSA GÖKMEN
Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
KİTABIN YAZARLARI
Prof. Dr. Salih Murat AKKIN
Sanko Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Gaziantep.
Prof. Dr. İlknur ARI
Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Bursa.
Prof. Dr. Çağatay BARUT
Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
Prof. Dr. N. Şimşek CANKUR
Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Bursa.
Prof. Dr. B. Sabri CİGALI
Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Edirne.
Prof. Dr. Ayda DEMİRANT
Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Diyarbakır.
Prof. Dr. Selman DEMİRCİ
İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
Prof. Dr. Mete EDİZER
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
Prof. Dr. Mete ERTÜRK
Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
Prof. Dr. Figen GÖVSA GÖKMEN
Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
Prof. Dr. Rabet GÖZİL
Yüksek İhtisas Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
Prof. Dr. Mustafa GÜVENÇER
İzmir Tınaztepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
Prof. Dr. Çiğdem İÇKE
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
Prof. Dr. Nihal İÇTEN
Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Samsun.
Prof. Dr. Z. Aslı AKTAN İKİZ
Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
Prof. Dr. M. Ayberk KURT
İstinye Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
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KATKIDA BULUNANLAR
Prof. Dr. Mustafa ORHAN
Gaziantep Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Gaziantep.
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Asım ÖZER
Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
Prof. Dr. Hakan ÖZTÜRK
Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Mersin.
Prof. Dr. Yelda PINAR
Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
Prof. Dr. Muzaffer SİNDEL
Akdeniz Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Antalya.
Prof. Dr. Hakkı Timur SİNDEL
Akdeniz Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Radyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Antalya.
Prof. Dr. Ali İhsan SOYLUOĞLU
İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
Prof. Dr. Orhan TACAR
Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Diyarbakır.
Prof. Dr. Oğuz TAŞKINALP
Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Edirne.
Prof. Dr. Tuncay VAROL
Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Manisa.
Prof. Dr. H. Ahmet YÜCEL
Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Adana.
Prof. Dr. Senem ÖZDEMİR
Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Bursa.
Doç. Dr. İlker M. KAFA
Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Bursa.
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Güneş AYTAÇ
Yüksek İhtisas Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Aslı Beril KARAKAŞ
Kafkas Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı, Kars.
Öğr. Gör. E. Deniz BARÇ
Yüksek İhtisas Üniversitesi, Ankara.
KİTABIN REDAKTÖRÜ
Araş. Gör. Hatice ŞİRİN
Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi
Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü, İzmir.
KİTABIN DESİNATÖRÜ
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Aslı Beril KARAKAŞ - Rabia ZEKİ
ÖNSÖZ
ÖNSÖZ
İnsan vücudunun anatomisi tıp eğitiminin en temel derslerinden birisidir. Çok uzun bir çalışma
sonucunda hazırlanan Sistematik Anatomi kitabı temel anatomi bilgisini sistematik düzende
vermektedir. Anatomik tanım ve komşuluklar; anlaşılır ve akıcı bir dille verilmeye çalışılırken,
terimler Terminologia Anatomica (1998) kurallarına bağlı kalınarak kullanılmıştır.
Klinik bilgi adı altında sunulan bilgiler klinik tanıya ulaşmada temel bilimlerinin önemini
algılama kolaylılığı sağlayacaktır. Verilen temel bilgilerin klinik problem çözmede önemini
ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Böylece kitabımız pratisyen hekimlerin meslek yaflantılarında
kullanılacak temel anatomi bilgisini, klinik ile bağlantısını da içermektedir.
Sistematik Anatomi kitabında konularının anlaşılmasında kolaylık sağlayacak şekiller çizilmiştir.
Ancak kitapta şekillerin varlığına rağmen temel bilgilerin anatomi atlası ile birlikte çalışma
gerekliliğini ortadan kaldırmaz.
Kitabın kullanılmasında büyük kolaylık sağlayan indeks kısmı oldukça geniş tutulmuştur.
Bu kitabın tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin insan vücudunu öğrenmelerine büyük katkı sağlayacağı
inancındayım. Kitabın yeterli olması amaçlanmasına rağmen kitaba yönelik yapıcı eleştiriniz ve
katkılarınızdan mutluluk duyacağım.
Birçok saygın tıp kitabının ülkemiz öğrenci ve hekimlerine kazandıran İzmir Güven Kitapevine,
büyük özveri ve prensiple çalışan Sayın Emre Karamustafaoğlu’na teşekkür ederim. Baskıda
emeği geçen herkese özellikle Güven Ofset Çalışanlarına şükranlarımızı sunarım.
Prof. Dr. Figen GÖVSA GÖKMEN
İzmir, 2003
İKİNCİ BASIMIN ÖNSÖZÜ
İkinci Basımın Önsözü
İnsan anatomisi, tıbbın temeli ve hekimin esas bilgisidir.
Sistematik Anatomi kitabı, tıp fakültesi öğrencilerimiz, anatomi bilgisini kullanan akademik
kariyerde yetişen tüm öğrencilerimize sistemli bir şekilde sunmaktadır. Organ ve yapıların
anatomisi anlaşılır ve akıcı bir dille tanımlanırken terimler Terminologia Anatomica
kurallarına göre kullanılmıştır.
Sistematik Anatomi kitabında, klinik bilgi adıyla tanıya ulaşmada anatomi bilgisinin algılama
kolaylığı sağladığı durumlar aktarılmıştır. Anatomik bilgi, klinik problemin çözümünde
önemli anahtar bağlantılar sağlar. Kitapta konularının daha kolay anlaşılmasını sağlayacak
şekiller çizilmiştir. Şekillerin varlığına rağmen temel bilgiler anatomi atlası ile birlikte
çalışmalıdır.
Sistematik Anatomi kitabında bölüm yazan bilgi ve tecrübelerini genç hekimlere aktaran
hocalarımıza şükranlarımı sunarım. Kitabımızda bölümü olan saygıdeğer hocamız Prof. Dr.
Ahmet Hilmi YÜCEL kitabın baskısı hazırlanırken ebediyete yürümüştür. Yolu ışıklarla
olsun.
Ülkemizdeki tıp fakültesi öğrenci ve hekimlerine birçok saygın tıp kitabını kazandıran
İstanbul Nobel Tıp Nobel Kitabevleri’ne, Kitabevine, büyük özveri ve ve prensiple çalışan, baskıda emeği geçen herkese
teşekkür ederim.
Prof. Dr. Figen GÖKMEN
İzmir, 2022
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