7=SINO-INDIAN phylosector - Le RÃ©pertoire de la linguasphÃ¨re

7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 525 

7=SINO-INDIAN phylosector 

édition princeps 

DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000 

publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012 

foundation edition 

THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 

published online & updated from November 2012 

 

This phylosector comprises 22 sets of languages spoken by communities in eastern Asia, from the Himalayas to 

Manchuria (Heilongjiang), constituting the Sino-Tibetan (or Sino-Indian) continental affinity. See note on 

nomenclature below. 

70= TIBETIC phylozone 71= HIMALAYIC phylozone 72= GARIC phylozone 

73= KUKIC phylozone 74= MIRIC phylozone 75= KACHINIC phylozone 

76= RUNGIC phylozone 77= IRRAWADDIC phylozone 78= KARENIC phylozone 

79= SINITIC phylozone 

This continental affinity is composed of two major parts: the disparate Tibeto-Burman affinity (zones 70= to 77=), 

spoken by relatively small communities (with the exception of 77=) in the Himalayas and adjacent regions; and the 

closely related Chinese languages of the Sinitic set and net (zone 79=), spoken in eastern Asia. The Karen 

languages of zone 78=, formerly considered part of the Tibeto-Burman grouping, are probably best regarded as a 

third component of Sino-Tibetan affinity. 

Zone 79=Sinitic includes the outer-language with the largest number of primary voices in the world, representing the 

most populous network of contiguous speech-communities at the end of the 20 th century ("Mainstream Chinese" or socalled 

'Mandarin', standardised under the name of Putonghua). 

This phylosector is named 7=Sino-Indian (rather than Sino-Tibetan) to maintain the broad geographic nomenclature of 

all ten sectors of the linguasphere, composed of the names of continental or sub-continental entities. The future 

nomenclature of the Sino-Tibetan affinity itself remains a matter for public debate and consensus, although it should 

be observed that languages from 8 of 10 zones in this phylosector are currently spoken in geographic India. More 

important, however, is the need for further geographic surveying and comparative analysis in this phylosector, which 

in Southeast Asia includes a number of geographically fragmented and interspersed speech communities. 

Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One 

Les données supplémentaires ou améliorées sur les langues 

et communautés traitées sous ce secteur seront accueillies 

ici : répertoire@linguasphere.info 

Additional or improved data on languages and 

communities covered by this sector will 

be welcomed here : register@linguasphere.info 

COLUMN 1 & 2 

layers of reference 

codes and reference-names 

COLUMN 3 

other nomenclature and notes 

COLUMNS 4 & 5 

nation-states 

scale of 

(+ provinces) and speakers 

70= TIBETIC 

phylozone 

covers the "Tibetan" or Phöke+ Kinnauri set, part of the 

"Tibeto-Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino- 

Indian") continental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 

25 outer languages) spoken by communities in Central Asia, 

on both sides of the Himalayas: 

70-A PHÖKE+ KINNAURI 

Bhutan; China; Nepal; adjacent 

India; Pakistan: 

6 

70-A PHÖKE+ KINNAURI 

set 

70-AA PHÖKE+ GURUNG* 

chain 

70-AAA PHÖKE+ LADAKHI 

net 

BODISH, "tibetan"+ kanauri 

from c.650: Tibetan script‣inter-relationships and ethnolinguistic 

nomenclature to be reviewed 

BHOTIA, bhote, tibate, huniya, kazi, lama, shalgno, dalai, xifan, hsifan, 

pohbetian, tebilian, "wider tibetan" 

70-AAA-a Phöke China (Tibet; Sichuan; Qinghai); 

Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal 

Pradesh; West Bengal; Sikkim; 

Uttar Pradesh; Himachal Pradesh; 

Jammu & Kashmir; migration> 

Karnataka); Pakistan 

70-AAA-aa phöke-L. classical-tibetan, "classical" phöke, "classical" bhotia, including 

"archaic literary tibetan"… "later classical tibetan" Tibetan script 

China (Tibet…) 

6

page 526 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition 

70-AAA-ab choni+ golog phöke-N., "non-tonal tibetan" Qinghai-S.+ Tibet-E.+ Yunnan-N. 

mountains 

70-AAA-aba choni cone, chone, chona (Tibet) 

70-AAA-abb golog ngolok, mgolog Golug (Tibet) 

70-AAA-abc zhong-dian chong-tien (Tibet) 

China-W. (Tibet; also Qinghai; 

Yunnan) 

70-AAA-abd ambo ngambo, amdo (Tibet); also India 

70-AAA-abe dpari dpalri, dparus (Tibet) 

70-AAA-abf rebkong (Tibet) 

70-AAA-abg banag banang, sbanag, panakha-panags Banag… (Tibet); India frontier 

70-AAA-abh wayen (Tibet…) 

70-AAA-abi horke (Tibet…) 

70-AAA-abj blabrang (Tibet…) 

70-AAA-ac utsang zang, phöke-C., part of "tonal tibetan" A China (Tibet); Nepal; Bhutan 

70-AAA-aca utsang-F. "modern literary tibetan", "cultivated spoken tibetan" (Tibet…) 

70-AAA-acb utsang-U. lhasa "city tibetan", dbus Lhasa… (Tibet: Lhasa ) 

70-AAA-acc utsang-V. "vehicular tibetan" (Tibet…) 

70-AAA-acd panang panags, panakha Phu-Chu+ Sankosh confluence: Punakha (Tibet) 

70-AAA-ace sotati-po (Tibet) 

70-AAA-acf lhomi lhoket, shing-saapa Lhoma* (Tibet); Nepal 

70-AAA-acg tseku (Tibet); Bhutan; Nepal 

70-AAA-ach kyerung (Tibet) 

70-AAA-aci kagate shuba, shyuba, kagate-bhotia, shigatse (Tibet) 

70-AAA-acj olangchung-gola (Tibet) 

70-AAA-ack naapa nawa-sherpa, naba, naapaa (Tibet) 

70-AAA-acl helambu-sherpa helambu-sharpa (Tibet) 

70-AAA-acm nyam-kat mnyam-skad (Tibet) 

70-AAA-acn aba apa, ba, batang (Tibet); India frontier… 

70-AAA-aco dartsemdo tatsienlu India frontier… 

70-AAA-acp dru India frontier… 

70-AAA-acq garhwal garhwal-bhotia, "tibetan" garhwali Garwhal district India (Uttar Pradesh) 

70-AAA-acr jad dzad, tehri-garhwal-bhotia India frontier… 

70-AAA-acs gtsang India frontier… 

70-AAA-act hanniu India frontier… 

70-AAA-acu bud-kat bod-skad (Tibet) 

70-AAA-acv sangyas sangs-rgyas, "upper" kanawar bhotia (Tibet) 

70-AAA-acw paraung paurong India frontier… 

70-AAA-acx kumaun Kumaun, Kumaon hills India (Uttar Pradesh) 

70-AAA-acy takpa dwags (Tibet); India frontier… 

70-AAA-ad kham-atuence phöke-E., part of "tonal tibetan" China (Tibet) 5 

70-AAA-ada kham khams, khams-yal, khams-bhotia, kam, chamdo Chamco* (Tibet) 

70-AAA-adb nyarong niarong (Tibet) 

70-AAA-adc atuence atuentse, ngan-shuen-kuan, an-shuen-kuan-nyarong, "tibetan"-SE. (Tibet); India frontier 

70-AAA-add sdedge (Tibet) 

70-AAA-ade mbathang (Tibet) 

70-AAA-ae sherpa "mountain" phöke, sharpa, xiaerba, serwa; sharpa-bhotia, part of "tonal 

tibetan" #sherpa =«eastener» 

70-AAA-aea sherpa-'nepal' Solu Khumbu district Nepal 

70-AAA-aeb sherpa-'sikkim' (Sikkim) 

Nepal; India (Sikkim; West Bengal) 4 

70-AAA-aec sherpa-'bengal' (West Bengal) 4 

70-AAA-af dolpo+ tichurong phöke-S., part of "tonal tibetan" Nepal 3 

70-AAA-afa dolpo phöke-dolpa, dolpa 2 Nepal 

70-AAA-afb tichurong ticherong Nepal 

70-AAA-afc mugali mngari Nepal 

70-AAA-afd mugali-kham Nepal 

70-AAA-afe humla humla-bhotia, dangali-phöke Nepal 

70-AAA-b Dzongkha+ Groma "Wider"-Tibetan-S., lho-ke, lho-ka, hloka, lho-skad, de-njong-ke, dandzong-ka 

#lho-ke, lho-ka = «southern language» 

China-W. (Tibet); Nepal; Bhutan; 

India (Sikkim; also Arunchal 

Pradesh*) 

70-AAA-ba jirel ziral, jiri Jiri valley transition < [70=] Phöke Nepal-E. 3 

70-AAA-bb sikkim-bhotia sikkimese, sikami, sikkim de-njong-ke, sikkim lho-ke Sikkim-N. 

mountains 

India (Sikkim) 3 

70-AAA-bc groma tromowa Chambi valley… Bhutan; China (Tibet); India 

(Sikkim) 

70-AAA-bca 'upper'-groma (Tibet); Bhutan; (Sikkim) 

70-AAA-bcb 'lower'-groma (Sikkim)… 

5 

4


70-AAA-bd spiti Lahul-Spiti district China (Tibet); India (Sikkim) 

70-AAA-be tomo chumba, chumbi, chambi Chumba China (Tibet)… 

70-AAA-bf dzongkha bhutanese, bhutan-bhotia, zongkhar, zonkar, jonkha, drukke, drukha, 

bhutan de-njong-ke, bhutan lho-ke 

A Bhutan 5 

70-AAA-bg tshalingpa tshali Bhutan 3 

70-AAA-bh dagpakha part of dakpa, dukpa-bhotia Bhutan; China (Tibet) 3 

70-AAA-bha dagpakha-S. Bhutan 

70-AAA-bhb dagpakha-N. (Tibet) 

70-AAA-bi padam #identity of ta-padam-teng in Bhutan and (adi-)padam in Arunachal 

Pradesh to be confirmed 

Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh) 4* 

70-AAA-bia ta-padam-teng Bhutan 3 

70-AAA-bib adi-padam padam (Arunachal Pradesh) 3 

70-AAA-bj laya-lingzhi "shepherds' bhutanese"-NW. Bhutan 2 

70-AAA-bja laya Bhutan 

70-AAA-bjb lingzhi Bhutan 

70-AAA-bk adap dap, "bhutanese"-CS. Bhutan 3 

70-AAA-bl sagtengpa* mira-sagtengpa, brokpa, part of dakpa, hutan Sakteng valley 

‣classification within this net to be confirmed 

Bhutan 3 

70-AAA-c Ladakhi+ Purik "Wider"-Tibetan-W. Pakistan (NWF); India (Jammu & 

Kashmir); China (Tibet) 

70-AAA-ca ladakhi ladak, ladhakhi, ladwags Ladakh mountains… Indus upper valley 

Tibetan script 

India (Jammu & Kashmir) 4 

70-AAA-caa budhi Budhi (Jammu & Kashmir) 

70-AAA-cab bod-butun (Jammu & Kashmir) 

70-AAA-cac maryul (Jammu & Kashmir) 

70-AAA-cad hanu (Jammu & Kashmir) 

70-AAA-cae leh Leh (Jammu & Kashmir) 

70-AAA-caf sham (Jammu & Kashmir) 

70-AAA-cb changthang Indus upper valley India (Jammu & Kashmir) 

70-AAA-cba byan-skat (Jammu & Kashmir) 

70-AAA-cbb rong Henis park environs: Rong (Jammu & Kashmir) 

70-AAA-cbc rapshu (Jammu & Kashmir) 

70-AAA-cbd stotpa (Jammu & Kashmir) 

70-AAA-cc balti sbalti, sbalt, baltistani, baltistan bhotia Baltistan mountains Pakistan (NWF); India (Jammu & 

Kashmir) 

70-AAA-cd purik burig, purig, purig-skad, purik-bhotia, purig-pa, purki Himalaya-W. 

mountains 

(Kashmir) 5 

70-AAA-ce zangskari zanskari, zaskari Zaskar mountains (Kashmir); China (Tibet) 4 

70-AAA-d Larkye Gorka-N. district: Buri-gandalei valley Nepal 3 

70-AAA-da larkye kutang-bhotia Nepal 3 

70-AAA-e Loyu loya, mustang, dolpa 3 Dolpa district Nepal 4 

70-AAA-ea lo mustang "proper", lo-montang; lo-pa, lo-ba community Manthang, 

Mustang 

Nepal-CN. 

70-AAA-eb seke Nepal-CN. 

70-AAA-f Thudam-Bhotia* thudam Taplejung district Nepal (Mechi) 3* 

70-AAA-fa thudam-bhotia thudam-bhote ‣classification to be confirmed Nepal (Mechi) 3 

70-AAA-g Sherdukpen India (Arunachal Pradesh; Assam) 3 

70-AAA-ga sherdukpen India (Arunachal Pradesh; Assam) 3 

70-AAA-gaa sherdukpen-N. (Arunachal Pradesh) 

70-AAA-gab sherdukpen-S. (Assam) 

70-AAB 

GURUNG+ TAMANG 

net 

"WIDER"-GURUNG 

70-AAB-a Tamang+ Murmi Nepal; India (Sikkim; West Bengal; 

also migration> Uttar Pradesh) 

70-AAB-aa murmi tamang-NW. Nuwakot-N. mountains Terai plains Nepal 5 

70-AAB-aaa murmi-N. Nuwakot-N. mountains Nepal 

70-AAB-aab murmi-S. Terai plains Nepal 

70-AAB-ab tamang-SW. Nuwakot-S. mountains Terai plains Nepal-C. 5 

70-AAB-ac tamang-E. Nepal-E.; India (Sikkim) 5 

70-AAB-aca tamang-kathmandu Kathmandu>E. Nepal-E. 

70-AAB-acb tamang-sikkim (Sikkim) 

70-AAB-acc tamang-darjiling Darjiling & environs (West Bengal) 

70-AAB-b Gurung-N.+ 

Manangba 

Nepal 3 

70-AAB-ba manangba manangi Manang district Nepal (Gandaki) 3 

70-AAB-bb gurung-N. Nepal-C. 

5 

5 

5


70-AAB-c Gurung-SW. Nepal 5 

70-AAB-ca kaski-gurung gurung-W. Kaski district Nepal 4 

70-AAB-cb syangja-gurung gurung-S. Syangja district Nepal 4 

70-AAB-d Gurung-E. Nepal 4 

70-AAB-da lanjung lamjung Nepal 4 

70-AAB-daa daduwa Lanjung district: Daduwa & environs Nepal 

70-AAB-dab gorkha Gorkha district Nepal 

70-AAB-e Thakali+ Baragaunle MustangMustang valley Nepal 4 

70-AAB-ea thakali Nepal-N. 3 

70-AAB-eb baragaunle-1 Nepal-N. 3 

70-AAB-ec baragaunle-2 Nepal-N. 3 

70-AAB-f Ghale galle-gurung Nepal 4 

70-AAB-fa ghale West Gorkha district Nepal 4 

70-AAC 

70-AAC-a 

BUMTHANGKHA+ 

MANGDIKHA net 

Bumthangkha+ 

Mangdikha 

KEBUMTAMP 

70-AAC-aa mangdi-kha mandop Mangdi district: Tongsa environs Bhutan-C. 

70-AAC-ab gungde-kha Bhutan-C. 

70-AAC-ac khen-kha khen, keng Bhutan-C. 

Bhutan; also China (Tibet) 5 

70-AAC-ad bumthang-kha bumthang, bhumtang, bhumtam, bumtang-kha Bumtang-Tang Bhutan-C. 5 

70-AAC-ae tsamang-kha Kurto-NE. district Bhutan-C. 

70-AAC-af kurtopa-kha Kurto district… Bhutan-C. 

70-AAC-ag salabe-kha+ 

Yangtse… Tawang dsitricts… Tibet adjacent 

Bhutan-C.; also (Tibet) 

yangtsepa-kha 

70-AAC-aga salabe-kha Bhutan-C.… 

70-AAC-agb yangtsepa-kha Yangtse district… Bhutan-C.… 

70-AAD TSANGLA+ 

SHARCHAGPA net 

70-AAD-a Sharchagpa Uchan script Bhutan 5 

70-AAD-aa sharchagpa-kha sarchap-kha, sharchop-kha; shachop, sharchup person Tashigang… 

Dungsam districts 

Bhutan-E. 5 

70-AAD-ab monpa-kha Bhutan-E. 

70-AAD-b Tsangla Bhutan; China (Tibet) 4 

70-AAD-ba tsangla sangla Himalaya-E. mountains Bhutan; China (Tibet) 4 

70-AAD-baa tsangla-bhutan Bhutan-E. 

70-AAD-bab tsangla-tibet China (Tibet-S.) 

70-AAE TARALIKHAM net KAIKE 

70-AAE-a Tarali-kham Nepal (Kamali; Dhaulagiri) 3 

70-AAE-aa tarali-kham kaike Nepal (Kamali; Dhaulagiri) 3 

70-AAE-aaa dolpa Dolpa district (Karnali) 

70-AAE-aab dhaulagiri below Dhaulagiri massif (Dhaulagiri) 

70-AB 

70-ABA 

KINNAURI+ THAMI 

chain 

KINNAURI+ LAHULI 

net 

kanauri+ thami, himalayish 

kanauri+ lahuli Devanagari script; Tibetan script 

70-ABA-a Bunan+Thebor India (Himachal Pradesh; Jammu 

& Kashmir); China (Tibet) 

70-ABA-aa bunan Bhaga lower valley… India-NW.; China (Tibet-W.) 3 

70-ABA-aaa bunan-lahuli Bunan district (Himachal Pradesh) … 

70-ABA-aab gahri (Himachal Pradesh) and/or (Tibet) 

70-ABA-ab lippa India-NW.… 

70-ABA-ac zangram India-NW.… 

70-ABA-ad thebor India-NW.… 

70-ABA-ae sumchu sumtsu Sumchum Gömpa India (Jammu & Kashmir) 

70-ABA-af sungam India-NW.… 

70-ABA-ag kanam India-NW.… 

70-ABA-b Kinnauri+ Kanashi kanauri+ kanashi India; also China (Tibet) 4 

70-ABA-ba kanashi India (Himachal Pradesh) 3 

70-ABA-bb chitkhuli chitkuli, tsíhuli, tsitkhuli Sangla valley (Baspa river): Chitkul… 

Rakchham 

India (Himachal Pradesh) 

70-ABA-bc tukpa India (Himachal Pradesh) 

3


70-ABA-bd kinnauri kanauri, kanawari, tibas-skad Kinnaur… Lahul-Spiti… Mahasu-N. 

districts 

70-ABA-bda kinnauri-V. "lower" kanauri, kinnaurayanuskad, "vehicular" kinnauri, "standard" 

kinnauri 

India (Himachal Pradesh); adjacent 

China (Tibet) 

(Himachal Pradesh) 

70-ABA-bdb kinnauri-kalpa "upper" kanauri, harijan-kinnauri Kalpa environs (Himachal Pradesh) 

70-ABA-bdc malhesti (Himachal Pradesh) 

70-ABA-bdd minchhang* milchanang, minchhanang #or an alternative name for preceding (Himachal Pradesh) 

dialect (Malhesti) 

70-ABA-c Chamba-Lahuli part of lahauli, lahuli India (Himachal Pradesh); Nepal 3 

70-ABA-ca chamba Chamba district India (Himachal Pradesh) 3 

70-ABA-cb manchati manchad India (Himachal Pradesh) 

70-ABA-cc patni Patan Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh) 

70-ABA-d Tinan-Lahuli part of lahauli, lahuli India (Himachal Pradesh) 4 

70-ABA-da tinan Tinan valley India (Himachal Pradesh) 4 

70-ABA-db rangloi Rangloi valley India (Himachal Pradesh) 

70-ABA-dc gondla Chenab valley: Gondla India (Himachal Pradesh) 

70-ABB 

ALMORA net 

70-ABB-a Almora Almora… India (Uttar Pradesh); Nepal 

(Makhakali) 

70-ABB-aa rangkas India (Uttar Pradesh); Nepal 

(Makhakali) 

70-ABB-ab darmiya darimiya India (Uttar Pradesh); perhaps also 

Nepal (Makhakali) 

70-ABB-ac chaudangsi tsaudangsi India (Uttar Pradesh); perhaps also 

Nepal (Makhakali) 

70-ABB-ad byangsi Nepal (Makhakali) 3 

70-ABC THAMI+ BARAAMU 

net 

70-ABC-a Thami+ Baraamu Nepal (Awalia); China (Tibet) 4 

70-ABC-aa thami Dolakha & environs Nepal (Janakpur); China (Tibet-S.) 4 

70-ABC-ab baraamu barhamu, brahmu, bhramu Gorkha-N. district: Kumhali environs 

(Takhu…) 

Nepal (Gandaki) 2 

70-AC KUSANDA chain "tanahun hills" X 

70-ACA KUSANDA net X 

70-ACA-a Kusanda kusunda Tanahun hills: Kumhali environs Nepal 0 

70-ACA-aa kusanda extinct 1980's Nepal-W. 0 

70-AD 

70-ADA 

CHANTEL chain 

CHANTEL net 

70-ADA-a Chentel-Magar Kali-Gandaki valley Nepal 3 

70-ADA-aa chentel-magar chantel Nepal-C. 3 

4 

3 

2 

3 

3


71= HIMALAYIC 

phylozone 

covers the "East Himalayan+ Dhimal" grouping, part of the 

"Tibeto-Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino- 

Indian") continental affinity; comprising 3 sets of languages (= 

48 outer languages) spoken by communities in Central Asia, 

in the eastern Himalayan mountain-valleys and highlands: 

71-A NEWARI+ DOLKHALI 71-B MAGAR+ LORONGKHA 

71-C DHIMAL+TOTO 

Nepal; India; Bhutan; Tibet 

6 

71-A NEWARI+ 

"newaric"; part of "himalayan"-E. 

DOLKHALI set 

71-AA NEWARI+ 

DOLKHALI chain 

71-AAA NEWARI+ 

DOLKHALI net 

71-AAA-a Newari+ Dolkhali Old-Nepalese Nepal; also India (Bihar) 5 

71-AAA-aa newari newar, including shiv-margi, hindu-margi… buddha-margi 

Devanagari script 

71-AAA-aaa newari-L. "archaic literary" newari Nepal… 

Nepal-C.; Nepal-E. 5 

71-AAA-aab newari-F. "modern literary" newari Nepal… 5 

71-AAA-aac kathmandu newari-C. Kathmandu valley… Nepal (Bagmati)… 

71-AAA-aad kirtipur Kirtipur Nepal (Bagmati) 

71-AAA-aae totali Nepal (Bagmati) 

71-AAA-aaf bhaktapur baktapur Bhaktapur Nepal (Bagmati) 

71-AAA-ab dolkhali dolakha Dolakha Nepal (Janakpur) 

71-AAA-ac pahri newar-pahari, sindhupalchok-pahari Sindhupalchok Nepal 

71-B MAGAR+ 

LORONGKHA set 

KIRANTI, including rai; part of "himalayan"-E. ‣a complex continuum 

of mountain-valley idioms, presented from west to east; treatment of 

idioms as inner-languages or dlalects is based on relative complexity 

of relationships within an outer-language; overall classification to be 

reviewed #kiranti and rai are overlapping cover-terms, used locally 

with a variety of interpretations 

71-BA MAGAR+ THULUNG KIRANTI-WEST 

chain 

71-BAA TAKALE+ GAMALE KHAM ‣or to be treated as 2 or more nets 

net 

71-BAA-a Raute Achham+ Surkhet districts Nepal (Seti; Bheri) 2 

71-BAA-aa raute nomadic ‣classification to be confirmed Nepal (Seti; Bheri) 2 

71-BAA-b Sheshi Rukum+ Rolpa districts Nepal (Rapti) 3 

71-BAA-ba sheshi sheshi-kham Nepal (Rapti) 3 

71-BAA-c Gamale Rukum+ Rolpa districts: Gam Khola Nepal (Rapti) 4 

71-BAA-ca gamale gamale-kham Nepal (Rapti) 4 

71-BAA-d Nisi Rukum+ Rolpa districts Nepal (Rapti) 3 

71-BAA-da nisi nisi-kham Nepal (Rapti) 3 

71-BAA-e Takale Rukum+ Rolpa districts: Taka-Shera… with transhumance between Nepal (Rapti) 4 

Dhaulagiri-W. massif (summer) and Rolpa-S. hills (winter) 

71-BAA-ea takale-A. "kham" proper, takale-kham, kham-magar, parbate Nepal (Rapti) 4 

71-BAA-eb wali Nepal (Rapti) 

71-BAA-f Maikoti Rukum+ Rolpa districts Nepal (Rapti) 3 

71-BAA-fa maikoti maikoti-kham Nepal (Rapti) 3 

71-BAB MAGAR+ RAJI net 

71-BAB-a Raji Nepal (Bheri; Seti); also India 3 

71-BAB-aa bardia Surkhet… Bardia districts Nepal (Bheri); India frontier 

71-BAB-ab banke-kailali Banke-Kailali district Nepal (Seti) 

71-BAB-b Magar-W. Nepal (Bheri; Rapti; Dhaulagiri; 

Lumbini; Gandaki) 

71-BAB-ba magar-W. Pokhara>W. Nepal (Bheri; Rapti; Dhaulagiri; 5 

Lumbini; Gandaki) 

71-BAB-c Magar-E. Baghmati upper valley>E. Nepal (Gandaki; Bagmati) 5 

71-BAB-ca magar-E. magari, manggar Baghmati upper valley>E.… Nawalparasi hills Nepal (Gandaki; Bagmati) 5 

5


71-BAC CHEPANG+ VAYU 

net 

71-BAC-a Chepang+ Gharti Nepal (Narayani) 4 

71-BAC-aa chepang tsepang Makwanpur-garhi & environs, Inner Terai foothills Nepal (Narayani) 4 

71-BAC-aaa chepang-W. (Narayani) 

71-BAC-aab chepang-E. (Narayani) 

71-BAC-ab bujhel bujal, gharti Yangchok environs, Chimkesori mountain>S. Nepal (Narayani) 

71-BAC-ac gharti-2 'slave' gharti Nepal (Narayani) 

71-BAC-b Vayu bilingual < [59=] Nepali Nepal (Janakpur) 3 

71-BAC-ba vayu wayu, hayu, wayo Ramechhap+ Sindhuli-garhi & environs, Sun-Kosi 

middle valley ; phonology, grammar and lexicon strongly influence < 

[59=] Nepali 

71-BAC-baa murajor (Janakpur) 

71-BAC-bab manedihi (Janakpur) 

Nepal (Janakpur) 3 

71-BAD BAHING+ SUNWAR 

net 

71-BAD-a Bahing+ Sunwar Nepal (Sagarmatha; Janakpur) 4 

71-BAD-aa bahing+ rokhung between Solu… Melung… Thatan rivers Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3 

71-BAD-aaa bahing baing, bainge-rai, banenge, including rumdali (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAD-aab namber-sacha (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAD-aac rokhung (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAD-aad khaling-2 ‣distinct from adjacent [71=] Khaling (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAD-aae dobo-lo (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAD-aaf proca-lo (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAD-ab sunwar sunuwar, sunbar, sunwari Everest massif>SW.: Ramechhap… 

Okhaldhunga-NW. districts ‣dialects to be confirmed 

71-BAD-aba mukhiya (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAD-abb kwoico-lo (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAD-abc surel (Sagarmatha) 

Nepal (Sagarmatha) 4 

71-BAE THULUNG+ DUMI 

net 

71-BAE-a Dumi+ Khaling Nepal (Sagarmatha) 4 

71-BAE-aa khaling khalinge-rai, kalenge-rai, khaling-brat, khäl-bra Solu Khumbu district Nepal (Sagarmatha) 4 

71-BAE-aaa khaling-A. (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-aab balurus (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-aac romlo (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-aad phuleli (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-ab dumi dumi-bo'o, dum-bro, ro'do-bro, lsi-rai, sotmali Khotang-N. district: 

Rawakhola-M. valley 

71-BAE-aba dumi-A. (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-abb brasmi (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-abc kharbari (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-abd lamdija (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-abe makpa (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-ac koi koyu, kohi, koyi, koi-bo'o, koyu-bo' excluding scattered speakers in 

other areas of Nepal, known as koi but speaking only [59=] Nepali 

Khotang district 

71-BAE-aca koi-A. (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-acb sungdel (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-acc behere (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-b Lingkhim* originally Dudkhosi valley; migrated to Ilam district: Sumbek 

panchayat (Yokpi) 



Nepal (Sagarmatha) 1* 

71-BAE-ba lingkhim limkhim, linkhim, lingkhim-rai only 1 speaker reported in 1991 (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-c Thulung+ 

Lannachyo 

Nepal; India (Bihar) 4 

71-BAE-ca thulung thulunge-rai Everest massif Nepal (Sagarmatha) 4 

71-BAE-caa solu-khumbu Solu Khumbu district (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-cab okhaldhunga Okhaldhunga district (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-cac thulung-bihar Ganges plain (Bihar) 

71-BAE-cb lannachyo lancho* (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-d Tilung+ Choskule* classification to be reviewed #possible relationship of name between 

Tilung and neighbouring Thulung to be examined 

71-BAE-da tilung tiling, tilling, tilung-blama Khotang-W. district: between Dudhkosi… 

Sunkhosi 


Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-db choskule Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAE-dc dorunkecha Nepal (Sagarmatha)


71-BAF CHOURASE+ 

JERUNG net 

71-BAF-a Chourase tsaurasya, chaurasia, chaurasya Dhankuta district Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3 

71-BAF-aa umbule* chourase "proper" Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAF-ab bonu Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAF-ac ubu Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAF-b Jerung jero, jerum, jerunge, jero-mala, zero, zerum, zero-mala Melungkhola 

lower valley 

71-BAF-ba jerung-A. jerung "proper" Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAF-bb madhavpur Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAF-bc balkhu-sisneri Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BAF-bd ratnawati sindhuli Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BB 

71-BBA 

KULURING+ 

BANTAWA chain 

KULURING+ 

SANGPANG net 

KIRANTI-CENTRAL 

71-BBA-a Nachereng-ra nachhereng, natshereng, nacering-ra, nachering, nachering-tüm, 

mathsereng, nachhering, nasring Khotang district: Lidim Khola 

headwaters… Aiselukharke 


71-BBA-aa bangdel-tüm bangdale, bangdile, including hachero, achero… hangkula Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3 

71-BBA-ab dimali Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-ac parali Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-ad hedangba "pseudo" sangpang nearly extinct Nepal (Sagarmatha) 1* 

71-BBA-ae kharlali Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-af rakheli Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-b Kuluring+ Sotaring KulungSolukhumbu district Nepal (Sagarmatha; Koshi) 4 

71-BBA-ba kulu-ring khulunge-rai, kulung, khulung, kholung ‣with vehicular extension 

eastwards 

Nepal (Sagarmatha; Koshi) 4 

71-BBA-bb pelmung* Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-bc maha-kulung Mahakulung Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-bd tamachchang Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-be pidisoi Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-bf chhapkoa Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-bg sota-ring sotang, sottaring Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-bh namlung Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-c Sangpang sampang, sampange-rai Bhojpur… Khotang districts: Dingla… 

Kharpa 


71-BBA-ca tana Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-cb halumbung wakchali Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-cc samarung Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-cd bhalu Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-ce tongeccha Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-cf phali Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-cg khartamche Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBA-ch khotang Khotang Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBB MEOHANG+ SAAM 

net 

71-BBB-a Meohang-W. newang-W., newange-rai-W., newahang-W., newahang-jimi-W., 

mewahang-W. Arun upper right-bank 


71-BBB-aa bala balali Bala Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBB-ab bumdemba Sishuwakhola panchayat Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBB-b Meohang-E. newang-E., newange-rai-E., newahang-E., newahang-jimi-E., 

mewahang-E. Arun upper left-bank: Sankhuwasawa… Sunsari 

districts 

71-BBB-ba sunsari Sunsari district: Bhaludhunga… Bishnupaduka panchayats Nepal (Koshi) 

71-BBB-bb dibum dibung Mangtewa panchayat Nepal (Koshi) 

71-BBB-bc mulgaon+ wangtang Yaphu panchayat Nepal (Koshi) 

71-BBB-c Saam saam-rai, samakha, saama-kha Ilam district submerged < [59=] 

Nepali and [71=] Bantawa only elderly speakers reported in 1990's 

71-BBB-ca bungla Nepal (Mechi) 

71-BBB-cb sambya Nepal (Mechi) 

71-BBC 

PONGYONG net 

Nepal (Koshi) 1* 

Nepal (Mechi) 3 

71-BBC-a Pongyong Ilam district: Kannyam panchayat (Ambikau) Nepal (Mechi) 1* 

71-BBC-aa pongyong ponyon-kulung, sama-kulung, kulung-pun nearly extinct Nepal (Mechi) 1* 

3


71-BBD 

CHUKWA net 

71-BBD-a Chukwa Bhojpur district: Kulung panchayat Nepal (Sagarmatha) 2* 

71-BBD-aa chukwa-ring Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBD-ab pohing-kha* #or an alternative name for Chukwa Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBE 

BANTAWA+ 

CHAMLING net 

71-BBE-a Waling* Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3 

71-BBE-aa waling walung, walüng Bhojpur district: Khairang panchayat… Waleng* 

probably extinct 

71-BBE-b 

Chamling+ 

Lambichong* 



71-BBE-ba chamling chamlinge-rai, camling, rodong Khotang district: Rawa valley Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBE-bb lambichong lambichhong, chhingtang, tshingtang Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBE-c Puma Nepal (Sagarmatha*) 3 

71-BBE-ca puma puma-pima, puma-la, puma-kala Nepal (Sagarmatha*) 3 

71-BBE-d Deosali Nepal (Sagarmatha*) 3 

71-BBE-da deosali Nepal (Sagarmatha*) 3 

71-BBE-e Bantawa+ Amchoke bantawa-rai, bantaba, bontawa, bantawa yüng, bantawa-yong, batawadum 

Khotang… Bhojpur… Dhankuta-W. districts ‣20 or more 

idioms to be added to the following 

Nepal (Sagarmatha; Koshi; Mechi) 4 

71-BBE-ea amchoke amchauke Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBE-eaa sorung Sorung Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBE-eab saharaja Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBE-eb bantawa-W. Khotang… Bhojpur… districts Nepal (Sagarmatha) 

71-BBE-ec dilpali bantawa-N. Nepal (Koshi*) 

71-BBE-ed hangkhim bantawa-S. Nepal (Koshi*) 

71-BBE-ee dhankuta bantawa-SE. Dhankuta-W. district Nepal (Koshi) 

71-BBE-ef chhintang Nepal 

71-BBE-eg rungchenbung Nepal 

71-BBE-eh yangma Nepal 

71-BBE-f Dungmali+ Khesang arthare+ khesang Nepal (Koshi) 3 

71-BBE-fa dungmali dungmali-pük, dungmali-bantawa, dunmali, arthare, part of kiranti 

"proper" ‣dialects to be confirmed Dhankuta district: Tamur valley 

71-BBE-faa chhinamkhang (Koshi) 

71-BBE-fab hangbang (Koshi) 

71-BBE-fac khandung (Koshi) 

71-BBE-fad pungwai (Koshi) 

71-BBE-fae roktulung (Koshi) 

71-BBE-faf tuncha (Koshi) 

71-BBE-fag waitpang (Koshi) 

71-BBE-fb khesang khesange, part of arthare+ khesang Nepal (Koshi) 

Nepal (Koshi) 3 

71-BBE-g Khambu* KIRANT Nepal (Mechi; perhaps also Koshi); 

also India (West Bengal) 

71-BBE-ga pallo-kirant khambu "further-kirant" (Mechi) 

71-BBE-gb majh khambu "middle-kirant" (Mechi) 

71-BBE-gc wallo-kirant khambu "hither-kirant" (Mechi) 

71-BBE-gd nolokh-kirant khambu-darjiling Darjiling India (West Bengal) 

71-BC 

71-BCA 

LORONGKHA+ 

MOINBA chain 

LORONGKHA+ 

MOINBA net 

KIRANTI-EAST 

71-BCA-a Lorongkha-N. lorong-N., lohorong-N., lohrung-N., sankhuwasawaEverest 

massif>SE.… Arun upper middle valley: Sankhuwasawa district 


71-BCA-aa lorong-kha-nawa Nepal (Koshi) 4 

71-BCA-ab biksit pidisoi, bikshi Nepal (Koshi) 

71-BCA-ac balali Nepal (Koshi) 

71-BCA-b Lorongkha-S. lorong-S., lohorong-S., lohrung-S., part of "pseudo" yakkha, part of 

"pseudo" yamphu Dhankuta district: Bodhe… Maunabuduke… 

Rajarani panchayats 


71-BCA-ba lorong-kha-te Nepal (Koshi) 3 

71-BCA-bb gess Nepal (Koshi) 

71-BCA-c Yamphekha yamphe, part of "pseudo" yamphu Arun upper middle valley: 

Sankhuwasawa-N. district (Makalu panchayat) 

71-BCA-ca newahang-yamphekha 


Nepal (Koshi) 

71-BCA-cb sibao-yamphe-kha Nepal (Koshi) 

71-BCA-cc pa-o Nepal (Koshi) 

4


71-BCA-d Yamphukha Arun upper middle valley: Sankhuwasawa district Nepal (Koshi) 3* 

71-BCA-da yamphu-kha yamphu, yamphu-rai, yanphu Nepal (Koshi) 

71-BCA-e Yakkhaba Nepal; India (Sikkim) 4 

71-BCA-ea yakkha-ba yakha, yakkhaba-cea, yakkhaba-sala, dewan-sala India (Sikkim) 4 

71-BCA-eaa yakkaba-arun Arun upper middle valley: Sankhuwasawa district (Koshi) 

71-BCA-eab yakkhaba-tamur Tamur valley: Dhankuta district (Terhathum) (Koshi) 

71-BCA-eac yakkhaba-sikkim Ranjitt valley (Sikkim-W.) 

71-BCA-eb lumba-yakkha yakkhaba-cea, lumba-yakha Dhankuta district: Lakhshmikhola 

environs 


71-BCA-f Lambicholong Arun upper middle left-bank: Mugakhola… Sinuwakhola Nepal (Koshi) 2 

71-BCA-fa lambicholong lambichong, lambitshong, part of "pseudo" yakkha, "pseudo" mugali Nepal (Koshi) 2 

71-BCA-g 

Chhülüngrüng+ 

Chhintangrüng 

Arun lower middle valley: Dhanguta district Nepal (Koshi) 3* 

71-BCA-ga chhülüng-rüng chulung, chülüng, chhulung, chholong, chhilling Ankhisalla… 

Chhintang panchayats 

71-BCA-gb chhintang-rüng chintang, chintang-rüng, chhintange, teli Chhintang… Sambhung… 

Pokhare… Ankhisalla panchayats 

Nepal (Koshi) 


71-BCA-h Phangduwali Dhankuta district: Phangduwa (near Mugakhola headwaters) Nepal (Koshi) 2* 

71-BCA-ha phangduwali phangduwali-poti Nepal (Koshi) 

71-BCA-i Belhariya Dhankuta district: Belhara Nepal (Koshi) 2 

71-BCA-ia belhariya "pseudo" athpariya Nepal (Koshi) 2 

71-BCA-j Athpariya Tamur right-bank: between Dhankutakhola… Tangkhuwa tributaries 

(Dhankuta district) 


71-BCA-ja athpariya athapre, athpare Nepal (Koshi) 3 

71-BCA-k Yakthungpan Limbu, yakthungba-pan, limbu "proper", limbo, lumbu Limbu script 

(from early 18 th cent.); Devanagari script; Latin script Arun valley 

eastwards 

Nepal (Koshi; Mechi); Tibet; India 

(Sikkim; West Bengal); also Bhutan 

5 

71-BCA-ka tajeng-pan "common" limbu Nepal (Koshi; Mechi)… 

71-BCA-kb mundum-ban "priestly" limbu, 'high' limbu Nepal (Koshi; Mechi)… 

71-BCA-kc taplejunge+ 

limbu-tamur Tamur valley: Taplejung… 

Nepal (Koshi; Mechi) 

phedappe 

71-BCA-kca taplejunge taplejung, part of taplejunge+ tamorkholea Nepal 

71-BCA-kcb tamorkholea part of taplejunge+ tamorkholea Nepal 

71-BCA-kcc phedappe Nepal 

71-BCA-kd panthare+ chaubise Nepal (Koshi and/or Mechi) 

71-BCA-kda panthare pantharey, panchthare, panchthar, part of panthare+ yanggrokke Nepal 

71-BCA-kdb yanggrokke part of panthare+ yanggrokke Nepal 

71-BCA-l Chhathare Dhanguta district Nepal (Koshi) 3* 

71-BCA-la chhathare chhathar, chhathar-limbu, chatthare, chhathare yathungba-pan Nepal (Koshi) 

71-BCA-m Moinba monba, mompa, monpa 2, momba, menpa, memba, cuona-menba, (China) Tibet; India (Arunachal 

Pradesh) 

71-BCA-ma moinba-N. Yarlung+ Zanbo valley: Medog… Nyinchi. Cona counties (China) Tibet-SE. 4 

71-BCA-mb moinba-S. India (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 

71-C DHIMAL+ TOTO set "dhimalic" 

71-CA DHIMAL+ TOTO 

chain 

71-CAA DHIMAL+ TOTO net 

71-CAA-a Dhimal+ Toto Jhapa district: Terai-E. plains Nepal (Mechi); also India (West 

Bengal) 

71-CAA-aa dhimal Nepal (Mechi); India frontier 3 

71-CAA-aaa biratnagar Biratnagar environs (Mechi) 

71-CAA-aab jhapa Jhapa & environs (Mechi) 

71-CAA-ab toto Nepal (Mechi); also India (West 

Bengal) 

4 

3 

3


72= GARIC 

phylozone 

covers the Bodo+ Konyak grouping, part of the "Tibeto- 

Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") 

continental affinity; comprising 2 sets of languages (= 23 outer 

languages) spoken by communities in and around the 

Brahmaputra middle basin: 

72-A BODO+ GARO 72-B KONYAK+ AO 

India; Bangladesh; Burma 

6 

72-A BODO+ GARO set 

72-AA BODO+ TRIPURA 

chain 

72-AAA BODO+ DIMASA net 

72-AAA-a Bodo India (Assam; West Bengal; 

Nagaland; Meghalaya); also Nepal 

72-AAA-aa bodo-A. boro, bodi, bara, boroni; including bodo-kachari ‣apparently distinct 

from kachari below 

India (Assam) 6 

72-AAA-ab chote India (Assam and/or West Bengal) 

72-AAA-ac mech mechi, meche, meci India (West Bengal) 

72-AAA-b Dimasa+ Kachari including hajai India (Assam; also Nagaland); also 

Burma 

72-AAA-ba dimasa-A. dimasa "proper" India (Assam) 4 

72-AAA-bb hariamba India (Assam) 

72-AAA-bc kachari dimasa-kachari Cachar district… North Cachar hills India (Assam) 4 

72-AAA-bca 'assam'-kachari India (Assam) 

72-AAA-bcb 'burma'-kachari Burma-NW.; also India (Assam) 

72-AAB 

TRIPURI net 

72-AAB-a Tripuri tripura, tripra community India (Tripura; also Mizoram; 

Assam); Bangladesh 

72-AAB-aa kok-borok tripuri, tripri, kak-barak India (Tripura…); Bangladesh-E. 5 

72-AAB-aaa debbarma "royal" tripuri, "vehicular" tripuri (Tripura…) 

72-AAB-aab jamatia (Tripura…) 

72-AAB-aac noatia (Tripura…) 

72-AAB-aad halam (Tripura; Assam) 

72-AAB-aae usipi (Tripura…) 

72-AAB-aaf mrung (Tripura…) 

72-AAB-ab riang reang, kau-bru India (Tripura; Mizoram; Assam); 

Bangladesh-E. 

72-AAC LALUNG net "lalungic" 

72-AAC-a Lalung India (Assam; also Meghalaya) 4 

72-AAC-aa lalung India (Assam; also Meghalaya) 4 

72-AB 

72-ABA 

DEORI chain 

DEORI net 

72-ABA-a Deori Chutia, Chutiya… bilingual < [59=] Axamiya India (Assam; also Arunachal 


72-ABA-aa deori deuri, drori, chutiya India (Assam; also Arunachal 


72-AC 

GARO+ RABHA 

chain 

"garic" 

72-ACA GARO+ RABHA net garrow 

72-ACA-a Garo Bengali script India (Meghalaya; Assam; also 

Tripura); Bangladesh 

72-ACA-aa garo-F. "literary garo" Achick model India (Meghalaya; Assam) 

72-ACA-ab achik achick Garo hills India (Meghalaya…) 5 

72-ACA-ac abeng Mymensingh plains Bangladesh 4 

72-ACA-aca abengya Bangladesh 

72-ACA-acb ambeng Bangladesh 

72-ACA-ad awe India (Meghalaya and/or Assam) 

72-ACA-b Rabha+ Megam bilingual < [59=] Axamiya India (Assam; Meghalaya; also 

West Bengal); Bangladesh 

72-ACA-ba rabha rava Garo Hills India (Meghalaya; Assam) 5 

72-ACA-baa maitaria (Meghalaya…) 

72-ACA-bab rangdania (Meghalaya…) 

72-ACA-bb kamrup Kamrup district India (Assam) 

72-ACA-bc chisak India (Assam...); Bangladesh 

72-ACA-bd ganching India (Assam...); Bangladesh 

6 

4 

5 

5 

4 

4 

5 

5


72-ACA-be mande India (Assam...); Bangladesh 

72-ACA-bf matchi India (Assam...); Bangladesh 

72-ACA-bg atong India (Assam...); Bangladesh 

72-ACA-bh ruga India (Assam...); Bangladesh 

72-ACA-bi dacca Dacca Bangladesh 

72-ACA-bj megam migam Bangladesh 

72-ACA-c Koch "garic" koch ‣to be distinguished from the Koch dialects of [59=] 

Bangla in West Bengal 

Bangladesh; India (Meghalaya; 

Assam) 

72-ACA-ca koch-A. koch-E., koc, kocch, koce, koch-boli, konch Bangladesh; India (Meghalaya; 

Assam) 

72-ACA-cb banai Banai Bangladesh 

72-ACA-cc harigaya Bangladesh; India-NE. 

72-ACA-cd satpariya satbaria Satbaria Bangladesh 

72-ACA-ce tintekiya Bangladesh; India-NE. 

72-ACA-cf wanang Bangladesh; India-NE. 

72-B KONYAK+ AO set "konyakic", 'konyakic naga', part of 'naga' Latin script 

72-BA KONYAK+ AO chain 

72-BAA KONYAK+ WANCHO 

net 

72-BAA-a Konyak kanyak, konyak-'naga' India (Nagaland); Burma frontier 5 

72-BAA-aa tableng konyak "standard", konyak "vehicular" Wanching… Wakching… 

vehicular extension 

India (Nagaland) 

72-BAA-ab konyak-A. konyak "traditional" Mon district India (Nagaland-NE.); Burma 

frontier 

72-BAA-aba angphang (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abb chang-nyu (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abc chen Chen (Nagaland-NE.); Burma frontier 

72-BAA-abd chingkao+ chinglang (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abe choha (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abf gelekidoria (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abg hopao (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abh jakphang (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abi kongon (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abj longching+ longwa including longching longkhai longmein longwa (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abk mohung (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abl mon Mon (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abm mulung (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abn ngangching (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abo sang (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abp shanlang+ shengha including shanlang shengha sham-nyuyanga (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abq shu-nyuo (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abr sima (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abs sowa (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abt tabu (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abu tamkhung-nyuo Tamkhung (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abv tang (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abw tobu-nyuo (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-abx tolamlei-nyua (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-aby totok (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-b Wancho wancho-'naga' India (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 

72-BAA-ba wancho (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 

72-BAA-baa wancho-A. wancho "proper" (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAA-bab banpara banpara-'naga' (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAA-bac joboka (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAA-bad changnoi (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAA-bae bor-muthun bor-mutonia (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAA-baf horu-muthun (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAA-bag kulung-muthun mithan (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAA-c Phom+ Tamlu phom-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4 

72-BAA-ca phom+ tamlu (Nagaland-NE.) 4 

72-BAA-caa phom phon (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-cab tamlu tamlu-'naga' Tamlu (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-cac chingmengu (Nagaland-NE.) 

72-BAA-cad yongyasha (Nagaland-NE.) 

4 

4 

5


72-BAB 

CHANG net 

72-BAB-a Chang India (Nagaland-CE.) 4 

72-BAB-aa chang cham-'naga', mojung, machongrr, mochumi, mochungrr, changyanguh India (Nagaland-CE.) 4 

72-BAC 

TASE net 

72-BAC-a Tase tangsa, tangsa-'naga', tase-'naga' India (Arunachal Pradesh; also 

Assam); Burma-N. 

72-BAC-aa tase-W. India-NE. (Arunachal Pradesh); 

Burma-N. 

72-BAC-aaa tase-A. tangsa "proper", tasey (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aab rangpan (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aac chem-chang (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aad longphi lungphi (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aae yogli jugli (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aaf have havi (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aag khemsing kimsing (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aah lungchang (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aai lungri longri Lungri… (Arunachal Pradesh); Burma-N. 

72-BAC-aaj moklum muklum (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aak mosang (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aal ponthai (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aam rongrang ronrang (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aan sangwal (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aao taipi Taipi Duidam (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aap tikhak (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-aaq sanke shangge, sangche, sankey (Arunachal Pradesh); also Burma- 

N. 

72-BAC-aar yongkuk (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-ab tase-E. tangsa-E. Burma-N.; also India (Arunachal 


72-BAC-aba gashan Burma-N. 

72-BAC-abb hkaluk Hkalak Ga Burma-N. 

72-BAC-abc saukrang Burm a-N. 

72-BAC-abd langshin langchin Langchin Burma-N. 

72-BAC-abe mawrang morang Burma-N.; (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAC-abf myimu Burma-N. 

72-BAC-abg sangtai Burma-N. 

72-BAC-abh tulim tonglim ‣identity of tulim at Tulim in Burma and tonglim in Arunachal 

Pradesh to be confirmed Tulim… 

72-BAC-abi longri Burma-N. 

72-BAD 

MONSHANG+ 

MOYON net 

Burma-N.; (Arunachal Pradesh) 

72-BAD-a Monshang+ Moyon monsang+ moyon India (Manipur); also Burma 

(Sagaing) 

72-BAD-aa monshang moshang, monsang, mushang, mawshang India (Manipur); Burma border 3 

72-BAD-ab moyon mayon India (Manipur); Burma border 3 

72-BAE 

NOCTE net 

72-BAE-a Nocte nocte-'naga' India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh) 3 

72-BAE-aa nocte Lakhimpur… Tirap districts India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh) 3 

72-BAE-aaa borduria India-NE. 

72-BAE-aab jaipuria India-NE. 

72-BAE-aac paniduria India-NE. 

72-BAE-aad mohongia India-NE. 

72-BAE-aae namsangia India-NE. 

72-BAF AO+ YIMCHUNGRU 

net 

72-BAF-a Yimchungru yimchungru-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4 

72-BAF-aa yimchungru-N. Tuensang district India-NE. (Nagaland-N.) 4 

72-BAF-aaa tikhir (Nagaland-N.) 

72-BAF-aab wai (Nagaland-N.) 

72-BAF-aac chirr (Nagaland-N.) 

72-BAF-aad tozhuma (Nagaland-N.) 

72-BAF-ab yimchungru-S. Tuensang district India-NE. (Nagaland-N.) 4 

72-BAF-aba yimchungru-A. yimchunger, yimchungre, yachum (Nagaland-N.) 

72-BAF-abb minir (Nagaland-N.) 

72-BAF-abc pherrongre (Nagaland-N.) 

4 

3 

3 

3


72-BAF-b Sangtam+ Pochuri chakhesang-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4 

72-BAF-ba pochuri pochuri-'naga', pochury India (Nagaland-SE.) 4 

72-BAF-bb sangtam sangtam-'naga', isachanure India (Nagaland-SE.) 4 

72-BAF-bba lopho-mi (Nagaland-SE.) 

72-BAF-bbb pirr sangtam-N. (Nagaland-SE.) 

72-BAF-bbc phelongre (Nagaland-SE.) 

72-BAF-bbd thuku-mi sangtam-C. (Nagaland-SE.) 

72-BAF-bbe photsi-mi (Nagaland-SE.) 

72-BAF-bbf purr sangtam-S. (Nagaland-SE.) 

72-BAF-bc kizare kizare-'naga', sangtam 2 Meluri>N. India (Nagaland-SE.) 

72-BAF-c Ao India-NE. (Nagaland) 5 

72-BAF-ca ao aorr, uri (Nagaland) 5 

72-BAF-caa pai-mi (Nagaland) 

72-BAF-cab hatigoria (Nagaland) 

72-BAF-cac nowgong (Nagaland) 

72-BAF-cad mongsen-khari mongsen (Nagaland) 

72-BAF-cae changki (Nagaland) 

72-BAF-caf chongli chungli (Nagaland) 

72-BAF-cag choli-mi (Nagaland) 

72-BAF-cah dordar (Nagaland) 

72-BAF-cai yacham (Nagaland) 

72-BAF-caj longla (Nagaland) 

72-BAF-cak tengsa ‣distinction from [72=] Tase / Tengsa to be confirmed (Nagaland) 

72-BAG MARING+ 

TANGKHUL net 

72-BAG-a Maring maring-'naga' India (Manipur) 4 

72-BAG-aa maring khoibu+ maring (Manipur-SE.) 4 

72-BAG-aaa maring-A. (Manipur-SE.) 

72-BAG-aab khoibu (Manipur-SE.) 

72-BAG-b Tangkhul tangkhul-'naga' India (Manipur) 5 

72-BAG-ba tangkhul tagkhul, thangkhulm (Manipur) 5 

72-BAG-baa ukhrul central tangkhul (Manipur) 

72-BAG-bab champhung (Manipur) 

72-BAG-bac luhuppa luppa (Manipur) 

72-BAG-bad somra (Manipur) 

72-BAG-bae khunggoi khangoi (Manipur) 

72-BAG-baf kupome (Manipur) 

72-BAG-bag phadang (Manipur) 

72-BAH 

CHOTHE net 

72-BAH-a Chothe chothe-'naga' India (Manipur); also Burma 

(Sagaing) 

72-BAH-aa chothe chote, chowte India (Manipur); Burma (Sagaing) 

frontier 

72-BAI 

TARAO net 

72-BAI-a Tarao tarao-'naga' India (Manipur) 2 

72-BAI-aa tarao-A. tarao "proper" (Manipur-SE.) 

72-BAI-ab tataotrong* (Manipur-SE.) 2 

72-BAJ 

MELURI net 

72-BAJ-a Meluri rengma-E., meluri-'naga' ‣distinct from [73=] Rengma India (Nagaland) 3 

72-BAJ-aa meluri (Nagaland) 3 

72-BAJ-aaa meluri-A. meluory (Nagaland) 

72-BAJ-aab anyo (Nagaland) 

3 

3


73= KUKIC 

phylozone 

covers the "Kuki+ Naga" grouping, part of the "Tibeto- 

Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") 

continental affinity; comprising 4 sets of languages (= 49 outer 

languages) spoken by communities in the highlands around 

the middle Brahmaputra valley: 

73-A LOTHA+ LIANGMAI 73-B MRUNG 

73-C MIKIRI+MEITHEI 73-D THADO+FALAM 

India; Burma; Bangladesh; also 

Nepal; China 

6 

73-A LOTHA+ LIANGMAI 'nagic', part of 'naga' Latin script 

set 

73-AA LOTHA+ NDRENG 

chain 

73-AAA LOTHA+ NDRENG 

net 

73-AAA-a Lotha+ Ndreng lotha-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4 

73-AAA-aa lotha hlota, lutha (Nagaland) 4 

73-AAA-ab chizi-ma (Nagaland) 

73-AAA-ac choi-mi (Nagaland) 

73-AAA-ad live (Nagaland) 

73-AAA-ae miklir (Nagaland) 

73-AAA-af tsindir (Nagaland) 

73-AAA-ag tsontsu tsontsii (Nagaland) 

73-AAA-ah ndreng (Nagaland) 

73-AAA-ai kyong kyo, kyon, kyou (Nagaland) 

73-AB RENGMA+ 

SEMASIMI chain 

73-ABA RENGMA+ AZONYU 

net 

73-ABA-a Rengma+ Azonyu part of 'naga' India (Nagaland; Assam) 4 

73-ABA-aa reng-ma-A. Rengma Pathar (Nagaland; Assam) 

73-ABA-ab mozhu-mi moiyui (Nagaland) 

73-ABA-ac rengma-mon (Nagaland) 

73-ABA-ad injang (Nagaland) 

73-ABA-ae keteneneyu (Nagaland) 

73-ABA-af azonyu nzonyu, unza, nzong, rengma-S. (Nagaland) 

73-ABB SEMASIMI+ MAO net 

73-ABB-a Semasimi+ Zumomi sema-'naga' India (Nagaland; also Assam) 5 

73-ABB-aa se-masi-mi (Nagaland…) 

73-ABB-ab dayang sema-W. Dayang valley (Nagaland…) 

73-ABB-ac lazem (Nagaland…) 

73-ABB-ad zhimo-mi (Nagaland…) 

73-ABB-ae zumo-mi (Nagaland…) 

73-ABB-b Mao+ Maikel mao-'naga' India (Manipur; also Nagaland) 4 

73-ABB-ba mao (Manipur…) 

73-ABB-bb pao-mata (Manipur…) 

73-ABB-bc spowa-ma sopvo-ma, sopfo-mo (Manipur…) 

73-ABB-bd maikel (Manipur…) 

73-ABB-be me-mi (Manipur…) 

73-ABB-c Angami+ Khezhama angami-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4 

73-ABB-ca anga-mi India (Nagaland) 4 

73-ABB-caa anga-mi-A. gna-mei, nga-mi (Nagaland) 

73-ABB-cab tsogha-mi tsugu-mi (Nagaland) 

73-ABB-cac monr (Nagaland) 

73-ABB-cad tsanglo (Nagaland) 

73-ABB-cae kohi-ma angami "standard" Kohima (Nagaland) 

73-ABB-caf dzuna (Nagaland) 

73-ABB-cag kehena (Nagaland) 

73-ABB-cah khono-ma (Nagaland) 

73-ABB-cai chakro-ma angami-W., chakru, chokri (Nagaland) 

73-ABB-caj mi-ma (Nagaland) 

73-ABB-cak nali (Nagaland)


73-ABB-cal mozo-me (Nagaland) 

73-ABB-cam tengi-ma (Nagaland) 

73-ABB-cb chokri-ma chokri-'naga', chakri-ma, chakru, angami-E., part of chakhesang-'naga' (Nagaland) 3 

73-ABB-cc khezha-ma kheza-'naga', keza-mi, part of chakhesang-'naga' Kohima district (Nagaland-E.) 4 

73-AC LIANGMAI+ 

RONGMAI chain 

73-ACA LIANGMAI+ 

RONGMAI net 

73-ACA-a Maram maram-'naga' India (Manipur) 3 

73-ACA-aa maram Barak Valley India (Manipur) 3 

73-ACA-b Liangmai India (Manipur; also Nagaland) 4 

73-ACA-ba liang-mai liangmai-'naga', part of zelian Barak upper valley India (Manipur) 4 

73-ACA-baa liang-mai-A. liang, liyang, lyeng-mai, liang-mei, lyang-may (Manipur) 

73-ACA-bab kwoireng quoireng, koirng, koireng 2 (Manipur) 3 

73-ACA-c Zemi+ Paren zemi-'naga', zeme-'naga', part of zelian Barak upper valley India (Assam; Manipur; Nagaland) 4 

73-ACA-ca ze-mi jeme, zeme India (Assam) 

73-ACA-caa kachcha kacha, kutcha community (Manipur) 

73-ACA-cab meza-ma India-NE. 

73-ACA-cac sangri-ma sengi-ma India-NE. 

73-ACA-cad arung India-NE. 

73-ACA-cae empui India-NE. 

73-ACA-cb paren India-NE. 

73-ACA-cc njauna India-NE. 

73-ACA-d Mzieme mzie-me-'naga' India (Nagaland-SW.) 4 

73-ACA-da mzie-me (Nagaland-SW.) 4 

73-ACA-e Rongmai rongmai-'naga', rong-mei, maruong-mai, nruangh-mei, rong-mai India (Manipur; Nagaland; Assam) 4 

73-ACA-ea songbu (Manipur; Nagaland) 4 

73-ACA-eb puiron (Manipur; Nagaland) 4 

73-ACA-eba puiron-A. impurion (Manipur; Nagaland) 

73-ACA-ebb kabui kapwi, koboi, kubai (Manipur; Nagaland; Assam) 

73-ACA-f Khoirao+ Thanggai khoirao-'naga' India (Manipur) 4 

73-ACA-fa khoirao (Manipur) 

73-ACA-fb kolya (Manipur) 

73-ACA-fc mayang-khang miyang-khang (Manipur) 

73-ACA-fd ngari (Manipur) 

73-ACA-fe thanggal thangal (Manipur) 

73-ACA-ff tukai-mi (Manipur) 

73-AD KHIAMNGAN chain 

73-ADA KHIAMNGAN net 

73-ADA-a Khiamngan khiamngan-'naga' India (Nagaland); Burma (Sagaing) 4 

73-ADA-aa khiamngan-W. Tuensang district (Nagaland) 4 

73-ADA-aaa khiamngan-A. khiamngan "proper", khemungan, khienmungan, kemmungam, 

khiemnungan 

(Nagaland) 

73-ADA-aab kalokengnyu (Nagaland) 

73-ADA-aac aoshedd (Nagaland) 

73-ADA-ab khiamngan-E. Burma (Sagaing) 4 

73-ADA-aba makware (Sagaing) 

73-ADA-abb nokaw (Sagaing) 

73-ADA-abc para (Sagaing) 

73-ADA-abd ponyo (Sagaing) 

73-ADA-abe welam (Sagaing) 

73-B MRUNG set "mruic" 

73-BA MRUNG chain 

73-BAA MRUNG net 

73-BAA-a Mrung Arakan+ Chin hills>W. Burma (Chin); Bangladesh; India 

(Mizoram) 

73-BAA-aa mrung muru, mru, mro Burma (Chin); Bangladesh; India 

(Mizoram) 

73-BAA-aaa mrung-A. Burma (Chin); Bangladesh; India 

(Mizoram) 

73-BAA-aab niopreng Burma (Chin)*… 

4 

4


73-C MIKIRI+ MEITHEI set 

73-CA MIKIRI+ MEITHEI 

chain 

73-CAA MEITHEI+ 

BISHNUPURIYA net 

73-CAA-a Meithei+ 

Bishnupuriya 

‣comprises the Manipuri/Meithei "scheduled language" in India (as 

included in the 8 th schedule to the Constitution of India since 1992) 

73-CAA-aa meithei meithe, meitei, mitei, manipuri; india-NE. "vehicular" (formerly) 

Devanagari script; Bengali script 

India (A Manipur; Assam; Tripura; 

Mehgalaya; Arunachal Pradesh; 

Nagaland); Bangladesh; Burma 

India; Bangladesh; Burma (Chin) 

73-CAA-aaa meithei-F. "literary" meithei, "literary" manipuri, manipur "standard" (Manipur; Assam; Tripura); 

Bangladesh; (Chin) 

73-CAA-aab manipuri India (Manipur) 

73-CAA-aac kathe kathi (Manipur…) 

73-CAA-aad ponna (Manipur…) 

73-CAA-ab bishnupuriya bishnupriya Bishnupur India (West Bengal) 

73-CAB 

MIKIRI+ AMRI net 

73-CAB-a Mikiri+ Amri Mikir… Rengma hills India (Nagaland; Arunachal 

Pradesh; Meghalaya; Manipur; 

Assam) 

73-CAB-aa mikiri mikir India (Manipur; Assam…) 

73-CAB-aaa mikiri-A. (Manipur; Assam…) 

73-CAB-aab manchati (Manipur; Assam…) 

73-CAB-aac karbi (Manipur; Assam; Meghalaya; 

Nagaland; Arunachal Pradesh) 

73-CAB-ab amri India (Manipur; Assam…) 

73-CAB-ac arleng India (Manipur; Assam…) 

73-CAB-ad bhui India (Manipur; Assam…) 

73-CAB-ae rhengkitang India (Manipur; Assam…) 

73-D THADO+ FALAM set 'kuki+ chin' 

73-DA THADO+ PAITE 'kuki+ chin'-N. 

chain 

73-DAA THADO+ PAITE net wider zo-mi, wider zou 

73-DAA-a Ral-te Burma (Sagaing); India (Manipur) 4 

73-DAA-aa ral-te ‣assumed distinct from [73=] Ral-te-2 (in Lushai+ Mizo net); to be Burma (Sagaing); India (Assam; 4 

confirmed 

Mizoram; Manipur) 

73-DAA-b Zo-mi Burma (Sagaing); India (Manipur) 4 

73-DAA-ba zo-mi zou, zo, zorni, zo-me Chin+ Manipur Hills Burma (Sagaing); India (Manipur) 4 

73-DAA-c Yo-te Burma (Chin and/or Sagaing) 3 

73-DAA-ca yo-te yo, yos Burma (Chin and/or Sagaing) 3 

73-DAA-d Tiddim tiddim-'chin' Latin script Burma (Chin); India (Mizoram; 5 

Manipur) 

73-DAA-da tiddim tedim Chin hills northward Burma (Chin); India (Mizoram; 

Manipur) 

73-DAA-daa tiddim-A. tiddim "proper", chin-hills "vehicular" Burma (Chin); India 

73-DAA-dab sok-te Burma (Chin)*… 

73-DAA-dac kamhau kamhow, kamhao Burma (Chin)*… 

73-DAA-e Thado+ Gangte thado-'chin' India (Manipur; Assam; Mizoram); 

Burma (Sagaing) 

73-DAA-ea thado thadou, thado-ubiphei, thado-pao, kuki, kuki-thado (Manipur, Assam, Mizoram) 5 

73-DAA-eb bai-te (Manipur)… 

73-DAA-ec changsen jangshen (Manipur)… 

73-DAA-ed kaokeep (Manipur)… 

73-DAA-ee khongzai (Manipur)… 

73-DAA-ef kipgen (Manipur)… 

73-DAA-eg langiung (Manipur)… 

73-DAA-eh sairang (Manipur)… 

73-DAA-ei thangngen (Manipur)… 

73-DAA-ej hawkip (Manipur)… 

73-DAA-ek shithlou (Manipur)… 

73-DAA-el singson shingsol (Manipur)… 

73-DAA-em gang-te gan-te India (Assam; Manipur); Burma 4 

73-DAA-ema gang-te-'assam' (Assam) 

73-DAA-emb gang-te-'manipur' (Manipur) 

73-DAA-emc gang-te-'burma' Burma (Sagaing) 

73-DAA-en sim-te (Manipur-SW.) 3 

6 

5 

5 

5


73-DAA-f Paite+ Vuite paite-'chin' India (Manipur; Mizoram; Assam); 

Burma (Sagaing; Chin) 

73-DAA-fa pai-te pai-te "proper", pai-the, par-te, hai-the India (Manipur; Mizoram; Assam) 

Burma-NW. 

73-DAA-fb hai-te hai-the India-NE.; Burma-NW. 

73-DAA-fc vui-te India-NE.; Burma-NW. 

73-DAA-fd siyin siyang, sizang Burma-NW. 4 

73-DB CHIRU chain 'kuki+ chin'-W. 

73-DBA CHIRU net 

73-DBA-a Chiru India-NE. (Assam; Manipur; 

Nagaland) 

73-DBA-aa chiru-A. chhori India-NE. 3 

73-DBA-ab koi-reng* India-NE. 

73-DC 

73-DCA 

LUSHAI+ LANGET 

chain 

LUSHAI+ PANKHU 

net 

'kuki+ chin'-C. 

73-DCA-a Lushai+ Mizo* lusai, lushei, lukhai, lushai+ mizo, "wider" mizo; including hmar… 

tlau… tlanglang Mizo hills>N. Latin script 

India-NE. (A Mizoram; also 

Tripura; Assam; Manipur); Burma; 

also migration to China* 

73-DCA-aa lushai-F. "standard" lushai India (Mizoram; Tripura; Assam; 

Manipur) 

73-DCA-ab mizo India (Tripura…); Burma (Chin) 

73-DCA-ac fannai pannai India-NE.… 

73-DCA-ad ngen-te India-NE.; Burma (Chin) 

73-DCA-ae pang paang ‣perhaps corresponding to, or transition < , [73=] Pankhu in 

Burma 

India-NE.… 

73-DCA-af dulien dhulian-twang India (Mizoram); Burma (Chin) 

73-DCA-ag lusago India-NE.… 

73-DCA-ah sailau India-NE.… 

73-DCA-ai hualngo whelngo India-NE.… 

73-DCA-aj le India-NE.… 

73-DCA-ak ral-te-2 ‣assumed distinct from [73=] Ral-te (in Thado+ Paite net); to be India (Mizoram; Tripura) 

confirmed 

73-DCA-b Hmar India (Assam; Manipur) 4 

73-DCA-ba hmar hamar, mhar India (Assam; Manipur) 4 

73-DCA-c Pankhu* ‣perhaps corresponding to, or transition < , [73=] Lushai (Pang) in Burma (Chin) 3 

India 

73-DCA-ca pankhu pankho, panko Chin hills: Falam environs Burma (Chin) 3 

73-DCB 

HAKA+ SHONSHE 

net 

'chin'-C.+ "old chin-W. transitional" 

73-DCB-a Haka+ Shonshe haka-'chin' Latin script Burma (Chin); also Bangladesh; 

India (Mizoram) 

73-DCB-aa haka baungshe Haka district: Chin hills Burma (Chin).… 

73-DCB-ab lai lai-hawlh, pawai India (Mizoram) 

73-DCB-ac klangklang thlantlang Burma (Chin).… 

73-DCB-ad banjogi bandzhogi, bandzogi, zotung Zotung Burma (Chin).… 

73-DCB-ae zokhua Zokhua Burma (Chin).… 

73-DCB-af shonshe Burma (Chin).… 

73-DCC 

BAWM net 

73-DCC-a Bawm bawm-'chin' Bangladesh; India (Mizoram; 

Assam); Burma-NW. 

73-DCC-aa bawm bawng, bawn, bom Falam district: Chin hills Bangladesh; India (Mizoram; 

Assam); Burma-NW. 

73-DCD 

SENTHANG net 

73-DCD-a Senthang senthang-'chin' Burma (Chin) 4 

73-DCD-aa senthang hsemthang Chin hills Burma (Chin) 4 

73-DCE 

TAWR net 

73-DCE-a Tawr* tawr-'chin' Burma (Chin) 2 

73-DCE-aa tawr torr Chin hills Burma (Chin) 2 

73-DCF DARLONG net 

73-DCF-a Darlong darlong-'chin' Bangladesh; India (Tripura) 3 

73-DCF-aa darlong Bangladesh; India (Tripura) 3 

73-DCG 

LANGET net 

73-DCG-a Langet langet-'chin' India-NE. 3 

73-DCG-aa langet India-NE. 3 

4 

4 

3 

4 

4 

3 

3


73-DD FALAM+ KOM chain "old" 'kuki' 

73-DDA LAMKANG+ 

MONSHANG net 

73-DDA-a Lamkang lamkang-'naga' India (Manipur) 3 

73-DDA-aa lamkang lamgang, hiroi-lamgang India (Manipur) 3 

73-DDA-b Monshang+ Anal anal-'naga' India (Manipur); Burma (Sagaing) 4 

73-DDA-ba anal India (Manipur); Burma (Sagaing) 

73-DDA-bb namfau India (Manipur); Burma (Sagaing) 

73-DDA-bc mulsom India (Manipur); Burma 

73-DDA-bd moyon India (Manipur)… 2 

73-DDA-be monshang India (Manipur)… 3 

73-DDB KOM+ KOLHRENG 

net 

73-DDB-a Kom+ Kolhreng India (Manipur) 3 

73-DDB-aa kom kom-rem India (Manipur) 3 

73-DDB-ab kolh-reng India (Manipur) 3 

73-DDC PURUM+ AIMOL net "old" 'kuki'-C. 

73-DDC-a Purum Burma (Sagaing or Chin) 2 

73-DDC-aa purum puram Burma (Sagaing or Chin) 2 

73-DDC-b Aimol+ Langrong India (Assam; Manipur) 2 

73-DDC-ba aimol (Assam; Manipur) 2 

73-DDC-bb langrong (Assam; Manipur) 

73-DDD 

FALAM+ 

HRANGKHOL net 

"old" 'kuki'-W. 

73-DDD-a Hrangkhol+ Biete "old" 'kuki'-NW. India (Meghalaya; Mizoram); 

Burma-NW. 

73-DDD-aa hrangkhol rangkhol, hrangkhawl, hrangkhwal India-NE.; Burma-NW. 3 

73-DDD-ab hadem India-NE.… 

73-DDD-ac biete bete, biate, baite India (Meghalaya; Mizoram) 4 

73-DDD-b Falam+ Laizo "old" 'kuki'-SW. Chin hills (Falam district)… Chittagong lowlands Burma (Chin); India (Tripura; also 5 

Assam); Bangladesh (Chittagong) 

73-DDD-ba falam halam, fallam, hallam, halam-'chin', falam-'chin', hallam-'chin', tripura 

Chin hills: Falam district… Latin script 

Burma (Chin); India (Tripura…) 

73-DDD-bb zahao+ lyen-lyem Burma (Chin) 4 

73-DDD-bba zahao zahau, yahow, zahau-shimhrin Burma (Chin) 

73-DDD-bbb lyen-lyem Burma (Chin) 

73-DDD-bc zanniat Burma (Chin) 4 

73-DDD-bd tashon+ shunkla Burma (Chin) 3 

73-DDD-bda tashon tashom Burma (Chin) 

73-DDD-bdb shunkla sunkhla Burma (Chin) 

73-DDD-be laizo laiso, laizao, laizo-shimhrin Burma (Chin) 4 

73-DDD-bf khualshim kwelshin Burma (Chin) 3 

73-DDD-bg lente lyente Burma (Chin) 3 

73-DDD-bh chorei Burma (Chin); India (Tripura) 

73-DDD-bi chari-chong India (Tripura) 

73-DDD-bj kaipang kaipeng India (Tripura) 

73-DDD-bk kalai India (Tripura) 

73-DDD-bl khelma India (Tripura) 

73-DDD-bm mursum molsom India (Tripura) 

73-DDD-bn rupini India (Tripura) 

73-DDD-bo shekasip India (Tripura) 

73-DDD-bp luhuppa-S. luhupa, luhuppa 2 India (Tripura) 

73-DDE 

VAIPHEI net 

73-DDE-a Vaiphei vaiphei-'kuki' India (Assam; Manipur) 4 

73-DDE-aa vaiphei vaipei, veiphei, bhaipei India (Assam; Manipur) 4 

73-DDF 

KYAO net 

73-DDF-a Kyao kyao-'kuki' India-NE. 3 

73-DDF-aa kyao India-NE. 

4


73-DE MARA+ NGAWN 'kuki+ chin'-S. 

chain 

73-DEA KHUMIAWA+ KHAMI Latin script 

net 

73-DEA-a Khumiawa khumi-awa-'chin' Burma (Arakan) 4 

73-DEA-aa khumi-awa-E. Arakan hills Burma (Arakan) 

73-DEA-ab khumi-awa-W. Arakan coast Burma (Arakan) 

73-DEA-b Khami+ Khumi khumi-'chin' Burma (Arakan; Chin); also 

Bangladesh (Chittagong) 

73-DEA-ba khumi khuni Burma (Arakan…) 4 

73-DEA-bb khimi khweymi Burma (Arakan… 4 

73-DEA-bc yindi yindu Burma (Arakan…) 4 

73-DEA-bd khami kami Burma (Arakan…) 4 

73-DEA-be ngala Burma (Arakan…) 4 

73-DEA-bf matu matu-chin Burma (Arakan…) 4 

73-DEB 

MARA+ TLONGSAI 

net 

73-DEB-a Mara+ Tlongsai lakher, mara-'chin' India (Manipur; Mizoram); Burma 

(Sagaing; Chin) 

73-DEB-aa mara maram, mira Lushai hills India (Manipur) 

73-DEB-ab zao zou* India (Manipur) 

73-DEB-ac tlongsai Burma-NW.; India (Manipur) 

73-DEB-ad hlawthai hawthai Burma-NW.; India (Manipur) 

73-DEB-ae sabeu Burma-NW. 

73-DEC 

MÜN net 

73-DEC-a Mün mun-'chin' Burma-NW. 4 

73-DEC-aa mün 'chin-bok', 'tsin-bok', 'chin-me', 'chin-be' Burma-NW. 

73-DED DAAI net 

73-DED-a Daai daai-'chin', dau, m'kaang, "pseudo"-mün Burma (Chin) 4 

73-DED-aa kanpetlat Kanpetlet & environs (Chin) 

73-DED-ab paletwa Paletwa & environs (Chin-S.) 

73-DED-ac matupi Matupi & environs (Chin-S.) 

73-DEE 

ASHO net 

73-DEE-a Asho* asho-'chin', sho, qin Chittagong.… Lushai+ Chin hills… Irrawaddy 

upper basin… Yunnan-W. highlands Burmese script 

Burma; Bangladesh; India 

(Mizoram); China (Yunnan) 

73-DEE-aa chittagong-asho Chittagong district Bangladesh-W. 3 

73-DEE-ab shendu khyeng 2, khyen, khieng, shandu, sandu Lushai hills… Chittagong 

foothills 

India-NE. (Mizoram); Bangladesh 

(Chittagong) 

73-DEE-ac asho-A. ashu, shoa, ashö Burma-C. 4 

73-DEE-ad sandoway Arakan coast Burma-C. (Arakan) 

73-DEE-ae thayetmyo thayetmo Irrawaddy central valley: Thayetmyo Burma-C. (Magwe) 

73-DEE-af minbu Irrawaddy central valley: Minthu Burma-C. (Magwe) 

73-DEE-ag lemyo Burma-C. 

73-DEE-ah khyang khyeng, kyang Burma-N. 

73-DEE-ai saingbaun saingbaung-chin Irrawaddy upper basin Burma-N. (Sagaing…) 

73-DEE-aj asho-yunnan perhaps including the following ethnic communities: behma… 

bupeng… busa… chama… chidi… duchi… eechi… longren… 

sharen… woma… Yunnan highlands 

China (Yunnan-W.) 

73-DEF CHITBON+ NG'MEN 

net 

73-DEF-a Chitbon+ Ng'men chitbon-'chin', chinbon, sho 2 Burma (Chin) 4 

73-DEF-aa chitbon Paletwa+ Seidoutia+ Yaw+ Kanpetlet & environs, Chin-S. hills Burma (Chin) 4 

73-DEF-aaa chitbon-A. Burma (Chin) 

73-DEF-aab chindwin chindwin-chin Burma (Chin) 

73-DEF-aac ütbü chinbon, sho 2 Burma (Chin) 

73-DEF-ab ng'men transition < [73=] Mün Burma (Chin) 

73-DEG NGAWN net 

73-DEG-a Ngawn ngawn-'chin' Latin script Burma (Chin) 4 

73-DEG-aa ngawn ngorn Chin hills: Falam district Burma (Chin) 4 

5 

4 

4 

3


73-DF 

73-DFA 

LEPCHA chain 

LEPCHA net 

73-DFA-a Lepcha Lepcha script India (Sikkim; West Bengal); 

Bhutan; Nepal; also Bangladesh. 

73-DFA-aa lepcha-llammu lapcha, rong, rong-ke, rong-pa, nun-pa India (Sikkim; West Bengal); 

Bhutan 

73-DFA-aaa lepcha-L. "archaic literary" lepcha India (Sikkim; West Bengal); 

Bhutan 

73-DFA-aab lepcha-F. "modern literary" lepcha India (Sikkim; West Bengal); 

Bhutan 

73-DFA-aac lepcha-'sikkim' India (Sikkim) 

73-DFA-aad lepcha-kalimpong Kalimpong environs India (West Bengal) 

73-DFA-aae lepcha-'bhutan' West Bhutan lower valleys Bhutan 

73-DFA-ab ilam-mu Ilam environs Nepal-E. 

73-DFA-ac tamsang-mu India (Sikkim); Bhutan 

73-DFA-ad rengjong-mu India (Sikkim); Bhutan 

5 

5


74= MIRIC phylozone 

covers the "Mirish" or Nisi+ Miri set, part of the "Tibeto- 

Burman" affinity, within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") 

continental affinity; comprising a grouping of 1 set of 

languages (= 6 outer languages) spoken by communities in 

the mountain-valleys and highlands north of the middle 

Brahmaputra: 

74-A NISI+ MIRI 

India; China (Tibet) 

6 

74-A NISI+ MIRI set "mirish" 

74-AA NISI+ MIRI chain 

74-AAA NISI+ APATANI net 

74-AAA-a Nisi+ Apatani India (Arunachal Pradesh; also 

Assam) 

74-AAA-aa nisi nissi, nishi, nishang, nyising, nissi+ dafla (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 

74-AAA-aaa nisi-A. (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAA-aab dafla daphla (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAA-aac bangni (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAA-ab aka-lel aka, lel (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAA-ac apatani apa (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 

74-AAA-ad tagen tagin (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAA-ae tanang adi-tangam* (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAA-af sulung* (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAB 

MIRI+ ADI net 

74-AAB-a Miri arbor, ashing bilingual < [59=] Axamiya Latin script Brahmaputra 

upper plains & northern highlands 

India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh); 

China (Tibet) 

74-AAB-aa mishing (Arunachal Pradesh)… 

74-AAB-ab miri-N. "hill" miri (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAB-ac miri-S. "plains" miri (Assam) 

74-AAB-b Adi 'abor', adi-milang #'abor' (discontinued official name) =«unruly» 

‣including up to 6 further idioms 

India (Arunachal Pradesh); China 

(Tibet) 

74-AAB-ba adi-pasi India (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAB-bb adi-milang India (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAB-bc adi-minyong India (Arunachal Pradesh) 3 

74-AAB-bd adi-galong adi-galo, galo, gallo, gallong India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh) 4 

74-AAC YANO* net "yanoic" 

74-AAC-a Yano India (Arunachal Pradesh*) 3 

74-AAC-aa yano India (Arunachal Pradesh*) 3 

74-AAD 

LHO-BA* net 

74-AAD-a Lho-ba India (Arunachal Pradesh); China 

(Tibet) 

74-AAD-aa luo-ba lho-pa, hlopa, luoba, yidu India (Arunachal Pradesh); China 

(Tibet-SE.) 

74-AAD-aaa luo-ba-W. (Arunachal Pradesh-NW.) 

74-AAD-aab mailing Mailing county China (Tibet) 

74-AAD-aac luozha Luozha county China (Tibet) 

74-AAE DIGARU+ IDU net MISHMI 

74-AAE-a Digaru+ Idu Mishmi hills India (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 

74-AAE-aa digaru digaru-mishmi (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 

74-AAE-aaa digaru-A. digaro (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAE-aab taraong taraon, taaon (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAE-aac taying (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAE-ab miju miju-mishmi (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAE-aba miju-A. miji, midu, midhi (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAE-abb kaman (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAE-abc sajalong (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAE-ac idu ida, idu-mishmi Sikang valley (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAE-aca chulikata (Arunachal Pradesh) 

74-AAE-acb mithun (Arunachal Pradesh) 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5

7=SINO-INDIAN phylosector - Le RÃ©pertoire de la linguasphÃ¨re

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