06. Thampalagamam - Neccdep.com

fiuNahu %yts tpguj;jpul;L – 2009 1 

cs;slf;fk; 

1. mwpKfk; .................................................................................................................... 3 

2. nra;Kiw .................................................................................................................. 5 

2.1 %yts Kfhikj;Jt fz;Nzhl;lk; ............................................................... 5 

2.2 gq;fspg;Gldhd fiuNahu %yts kjpg;gPl;Lr; nra;Kiw ........................... 6 

2.3 gq;fspg;Gldhd fiuNahu %yts kjpg;gPl;bd; ed;ikfs;.......................... 8 

3. gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphptpd; gpd;dzpAk; nghJthd tpguq;fSk; ..................... 10 

3.1 Gtpapay; miktplk; ........................................................................................ 10 

3.2 ngsjPf ,ay;Gfs; ........................................................................................... 10 

3.3 Fbrdg; guk;gy; ................................................................................................ 14 

3.4 tho;thjhuk; ....................................................................................................... 14 

4. fiuNahu thoplq;fs; ............................................................................................ 15 

4.1 flYk; fly; rhh;e;j tyaKk;........................................................................ 15 

4.1.1 flw;fiuNahu mikg;G ............................................................................. 15 

4.1.2 NrUk; flw; fiu ....................................................................................... 15 

4.2 fiuNahuj;jhtuk; ............................................................................................. 15 

4.2.1 fiuNahuj; jhtuj;jpd; gpd;dzpAk; jw;Nghija epiyikAk; ............ 15 

4.2.2 fiuNahuj;jhtu kPs; eLif .................................................................... 16 

4.3. fopKfq;fSk; fsg;GfSk; ............................................................................ 16 

4.4 rJg;G epyq;fs;................................................................................................. 19 

5. fiuNahu %ytsq;fs; ......................................................................................... 21 

5.1 fz;ly; jhtuk; ................................................................................................. 22 

5.2 flw;Gw; gLf;ifj; njhFjp .............................................................................. 27 

5.3 kPd;tsq;fs; ...................................................................................................... 27 

5.3.1.1 fiuNahu kPd;gpbapy; ngz;fspd;


6.2 rpg;gp Nrfhpj;jy; ................................................................................................ 35 

7 Rw;Wyh ..................................................................................................................... 36 

8. fiuNahu thoplq;fspdJk; %ytsq;fspdJk; gpur;rpidfs;.......................... 37 

8.1 fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpd; mj;JkPwpa FbNaw;wk; ........................................... 37 

8.2 jpz;kf;fopT nfhl;Ljy; .................................................................................. 38 

9. fiuNahu mdh;j;;jq;fs; ........................................................................................ 39 

9.1 #whtsp ............................................................................................................. 39 

9.2 nts;sg;ngUf;F my;yJ epyk; nts;sj;jpy; mkpo;tJ .............................. 39 

10. murhq;fj;jpdhy; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;s rl;lthf;fq;fs; .......................................... 40


1. mwpKfk; 

cyfpy; thOk; kf;fspy; 60–70% rjtPjkhNdhhpd; tho;thjhuk; fiuNahuj;jpYk;> 

fiuNahu %ytsq;fspYk; NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth jq;fp ,Uf;fpd;wJ. 

mjpYk; ,yq;if Nghd;w flyhy; #og;gl;l jPTfspy; thOk; kf;fs; $Ljyhf ,jpy; 

jq;fpAs;sdh;. ,jpy; kPd;gpb ePhpay;tsh;g;G> Rw;Wyh> fg;gy;Nghf;Ftuj;J, ifj;njhopy; 

Kjyhd gy;NtW eltbf;iffSf;Fk; fiuNahu tsk; %yjdkhf mikfpd;wJ. 

mNjNeuk; kdpjdpd; fl;Lg;ghlw;w efh;T fhuzkhfTk;> efu kakhf;fk;> msTf;F 

mjpfkhd Rw;whly; khRf;fis ntspNaw;Wjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhfTk; 

fiuNahu %ytsq;fs; rpijTf;Fs;shfp mopTw;Wk; mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfpAk; 

cs;sd. ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; xU xOq;fhd xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l fiuNahu 

%yts Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik fhzg;glhikAk;> eilKiwapYs;s %yts 

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpl;lq;fs; xOq;fhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glhikAkhFk;;. 

kw;iwa ehLfspy; cs;sJ Nghy ,yq;ifapYk; fiuNahu ghJfhg;G njhlh;ghd 

gy;NtWgl;l Neub> kiwKf rl;lq;fs; cs;sd. ,Ug;gpDk;, 1981Mk; Mz;bd; 

fiuNahu ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lNk Neubahd fiuNahu ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; 

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ. ,r; rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; fiuNahu 

ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk; epWtg;gl;L mjD}lhf rl;l eltbf;iffs; 

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. 

tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fs; jtph;e;j Vida khtl;lq;fspy; Vw;fdNt 

,j;jpizf;fsk; ,r;rl;lj;jpidg; gpd;gw;wp fiuNahu ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis 

Nkw;nfhz;LtUfpd;wJ. tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; fle;j fhyq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l 

Aj;j #o;epiy fhuzkhf fiuNahu %yts Kfhikj;Jt rl;lq;fis 

eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fhpa #oy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhf fiuNahu 

%ytsq;fs; mopTf;Fs;shfp> mjpy; jq;fp thOk; fiuNahu r%jhaj;jpd; 

tho;thjhuk; ghjpf;fg;gl;L> tUkhd kl;lk; Fiwtile;J tWik mjpfhpf;Fk; epiy 

Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; mz;ikapy; ,j;jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ,e;eltbf;iffs;; 

tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspYk; Jhpjkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,jdhy; 

tWikapy; cs;s kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;Fld,; ,yq;if 

murhq;fkhdJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; epjp cjtpAld; tlf;F fpof;Ff; 

fiuNahu rKjha mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;ij (nef;nlg;) cUthf;fp, mjD}lhf 

1. ePbj;j tho;thjhu Kd;Ndw;wk;, 

2. tpNrl Kfhikj;Jt gpuNjrq;fspd; tsKfhikj;Jtk;, 

3. fiuNahu ts jpl;lkply;, 

4. kPd;gpb mgptpUj;jp, 

5. jpl;lmKyhf;fy; mDruiz Mfpa Ie;J cl;gphpTfisf; nfhz;l 

nraw;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ.


,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %d;whtJ cl;gphpthdJ fpof;F khfhzj;jpw;Fhpa xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l 

fiuNahu %yts Kfhikj;Jt jpl;lk; jahhpj;jiy Kf;fpa Nehf;fhff; 

nfhz;Ls;sJ. fiuNahu %ytsq;fspd; jw;Nghija epiyikfis Muha;e;J 

Nkyjpfkhf mjDld; njhlh;Ggl;l Jizj;jfty;fSld; (Secondary data) 

xUq;fpizg;gjd; %yk; fiuNahu %yts Kfhikj;Jt jpl;lj;ijj; jahhpg;gjw;F 

nef;nlg; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Njitahd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. 

,jd; Muk;gNtiyahf gpuNjr nrayhsh; kl;lj;jpy; r%fq;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; 

fiuNahu %ytsq;fspd; tpguj;jpul;L xd;iw jahhpj;J, ,jd; %yk; jpl;lj;ij 

eilKiwg;gLj;j vz;zpAs;sJ. nef;nlg; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; epA+rpyhe;jpy; cs;s 

md;];nlf; (ANZDEC) epWtdKk; ,yq;ifapy; cs;s Mh;.B.rp (RDC) epWtdKk; 

,ize;J khfhz rigapd; xj;Jiog;Gld; ,r;nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,jd; 

mbg;gilapy; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kg;gj;jp,uz;L fiuNahu gpuNjr 

nrayhsh; gphpTfspYk; jdpj;jdpahf %yts tpguj;jpul;il jahhpj;J> mtw;wpypUe;J 

jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw khtl;lq;fSf;fhd khtl;l kl;l 

tpguj;jpul;Lf;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mj;Jld; ,k;%d;W khtl;lkl;lj;jpyhd 

fiuNahu %yts tpguq;fis xd;wpizj;J khfhzkl;lj;jpyhd xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l 

fiuNahu %yts Kfhikj;Jt jpl;lk; xd;W jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 

xt;nthU fiuNahu gpuNjr nrayhsh; gpuNjrj;jpYk; thOk; fiuNahu r%jha 

kf;fSf;F fiuNahu %ytsq;fs; gytopfspYk; tho;f;iff;F mj;jpahtrpakhfpd;wd. 

,t; tifapy; xt;nthU fiuNahu gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphptpYs;s kf;fSk;> jj;jkJ 

tho;thjhuj;jpw;F ,f;fiuNahutsq;fisNa ek;gp tho;fpd;wdh;. jw;NghJs;s tWik 

epiyapypUe;J tpLgl;L Kd;Ndw;wg; ghijia Nehf;fp efh;tjw;F ,f; fiuNahu 

%ytsq;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,e;j fiuNahu %ytsq;fs; ,aw;ifg; 

ghJfhg;G muzhf nray;gLtJld; ,it mfw;wg;gLk;nghOJ my;yJ Gjpa 

jpl;lq;fs;> Kaw;rpfs; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; nghOJ fiuNahu Rw;whly; gFjpf;F 

vjph;kiwahd jhf;fk; Vw;glyhk;. 

gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphpTf;Fl;gl;l Rw;whly; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;F xOq;fhd xU 

Kfhikj;Jt jpl;lk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; mbg;gbapy;> jw;NghJ jahhpf;fg;gLk; 

fiuNahu %ytstpguj;jpul;bd; %yk; gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphptpy; fhzg;gLk; Rw;whly; 

gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fz;L, mtw;Wf;fhd xU Kiwahd Kfhikj;Jtj;jpl;lj;ijj; 

jahhpj;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; ePz;lfhykhf fhzg;gLk; fiuNahu %yts 

gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPh;Tfhz KbAk;.


2. nra;Kiw 

,f; fiuNahu %yts tpguj;jpul;bd; Nehf;fk; xU gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphptpy; cs;s 

ngsjpf mikg;G> ngsjpf Gtpapay; ,ay;Gfs;> fiuNahu thoplq;fs;> fiuNahu 

%ytsq;fs;> fiuNahu %ytsq;fis Efh;Nthh>; fiuNahu mdh;j;jq;fs; vd;gdgw;wp 

tpghpg;gjhFk;. gpuNjr %yts> fiuNahu %yts kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F 

,k;%ytsj;jpul;L kpfTk; mtrpakhd xd;whFk;. ,jd;%yk; fiuNahu %ytsg; 

gpur;rpidfs;> eph;thfg; gpur;rpidfs;> rl;l hPjpahd gpur;ridfs; vd;gtw;iw 

,dq;fhz KbAk;. ,jd;%yk; %yts Efh;Nthh; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;j;J fiuNahu 

kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;ij Kd;Ndw;w KbAk;. 

2.1 %yts Kfhikj;Jt fz;Nzhl;lk; 

xU ntw;wpfukhd Kfhikj;Jtk; gy;Jiw fiuNahuj;jpy; 

fhzg;gLk; ,aw;if %ytsq;fshd mq;fpfs>; jdp ,dq;fs;> kPd;fs;> jhtuq;fs; 

vd;gdTk; mtw;iwj; jhq;fp epw;Fk; rpf;fyhd thoplq;fSk>; #oy; njhFjpfSk; 

MFk; (fsg;G> fopKfk;> flw;fiu> ghiwj;njhFjp> fly; rhh;gFjp) ,tw;Wld; Kf;fpa 

GijnghUs; Muha;r;rp tuyhw;W ,lq;fs>; Gdpj gpuNjrq;fs; vd;gdTk; mlq;Fk;. 

fiuNahu %ytsq;fspy; mjpcr;r gad;ghl;il miltjw;fhd Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; 

ngUk;gFjp kdpj elj;ijapYk;> kdpj nraw;ghLfspd; xOq;FgLj;jypYk; 

fl;Lg;gLj;jypYk; jq;fp cs;sJ. xU ntw;wpfukhd fiuNahu Kfhikj;Jtk; 

xOq;fhd gy;Jiw xj;Jiog;gpYk; cWjpahd r%f gq;fspg;gpYk; jq;fp cs;sJ. 

,yq;ifapd; Rw;whly; kw;Wk; fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lkhdJ kj;jpa murhq;f> 

khfhz fiuNahu Kfhikj;Jt rl;lq;fSf;F mikthf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. 

kj;jpa murhq;f> khfhz rig Kfth; ];jhgdq;fspDlhf fiuNahu %yts 

Kfhikj;Jtk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;Wld; jd;dhh;t epWtdq;fs,; 

Muha;r;rp epiyaq;fs;> jdpahh; tpahghu ];jhgdq;fs;> kPd;gpb Efh;Nthh; rq;fq;fs; 

vd;gdTk; ,jpy; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. 

fiuNahu %yts Kfhikj;JtkhdJ jfty; jpul;ly;> epWtd mgptpUj;jpj; 

jpl;lkply;> mKy;gLj;jy;, fz;fhzpj;jy; vd;w xU Row;rptl;lkhf cs;sJ. ,jd; 

xt;nthU mk;rKk; gy njhlh;ghd epfo;r;rpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; jfty; 

jpul;Ljy; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ. Vnddpy; kw;iwa %d;W mk;rq;fSk; ,jDld; 

gpd;dpg;gpize;Js;sd.


%ytsj;jpul;L jhahhpj;jypy; jfty; jpul;Ljy; Kf;fpakhdjhfTk; ehd;F 

njhopw;ghLfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Muk;g kjpg;gPl;bw;F ,it 

Kf;fpakhdJ. 

2.2 gq;fspg;Gldhd fiuNahu %yts kjpg;gPl;Lr; nra;Kiw 

xU ntw;wpfukhd fiuNahu %yts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd jpl;lkplypYk; 

mKy;gLj;jypYk;> %yts kjpg;gPL my;yJ %yts Ma;T my;yJ %yts Nehf;F 

kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,jd;%yk; gy jPh;khdq;fis vLf;f KbAk;. %yts 

kjpg;gPL vd;gJ Kfhikj;Jt gpuNjrj;jpy; jfty; jpul;LjYld; Ma;T nra;J 

Rw;whly;> #oypay; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu jfty;fis gpuNjrj;ijg; nghWj;J 

kjpg;gPL nra;jy; MFk;. gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fSf;fhf %yts kjpg;gPL kpfTk; 

Kf;fpakhdJ. Kfhikahsh;fs; %ytsq;fs; gw;wpa fle;jfhyk;> jw;Nghija epiy 

vd;gtw;Wld; tUq;fhyj;jpy; epfof;$ba jd;ikfisAk; tpsq;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. 

mj;Jld; re;jh;g;gq;fs;> tha;g;Gfs;, jilfs; vd;gtw;iw milahsk; fhzTk; KbAk;. 

kf;fs; gq;fspg;Gldhd fiuNahu %yts kjpg;gPL cs;Sh; kf;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; 

jhd; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. vdNt mth;fSf;F cs;Sh; %yts mwpT> jq;fSf;F vd;d 

Njit> vt;tsT vd;fpw tpguk; njhpAk;. NkYk; juTfis Muha;gth;fs; tpQ;Qhd 

mwpTld; Nrh;j;J MuhAk;nghOJ njspthd jfty;fs; fpilf;fg; ngwyhk;. ,J 

fiuNahu %yts Kfhikj;Jt Kfhikahsh;fSf;F cjTk;. ,jdhy; gpur;rpidfs; 

vd;dntd;W mwpe;J> jPh;Tfisf; fhz KbAk;.


kf;fs; gq;fspg;Gldhd fiuNahu %yts kjpg;gPL vd;gJ xU gd;Kfk; nfhz;l 

nra;Kiw. ,J gy xUq;fpize;j gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. mit gpd;tUkhW :- 

1. Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fs; jpul;ly;. 

2. cs;Sh; fiuNahu %ytsj; njhFjpia Neubahf mtjhdpj;Jk; gq;Fgw;wpAk; 

kjpg;gPL nra;jy;. 

3. cs;Sh; mwpTf;fhf kl;Lk; jfty; Nrfhpj;jiy Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Lk; 

Nrh;j;jYk; njhFj;jYk;. 

4. jfty; Nrfhpg;gpy; cs;Sh; %yts ghtpg;Nghiu Neubahf gpuRhpf;fg;gl;l E}y;fspypUe;Jk;> 

gpuRhpf;fg;glhj mwpf;iffs;, E}y;fs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;Jk; ngwg;gl;lit. ,j; 

Jizj;jfty;fshdit fiuNahu thoplj;njhFjp> fiuNahu %ytsq;fs;> ,tw;wpd; 

gad;ghL> ghJfhg;G Mfpa jiyg;Gfspy; njhFf;fg;gl;lit. 

Neubkjpg;gPL> Ma;T vd;gd kf;fspd; gq;fspg;Gldhd Kiw %yk; gpd;tUkhW 

nra;ag;gl;ld. jpl;l mYtyfj;jpy; gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphpT hPjpahd ntt;NtWgl;l 

msTfspyhd gpuNjrtiuglq;fs; gphptpd; gug;gsTf;F Vw;wthW tyaq;fshf 

gphpf;fg;gl;Lj; jahhpf;fg;gl;ld. 

gpd;G ,tw;wpd; tpguq;fisj; jpul;LKfkhf xt;nthU thoplq;fs;> %ytsq;fs; 

vd;gtw;Wf;Fj; jdpahd tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fs; jahhpf;fg;gl;L nef;nlg; jpl;lj;jpd; 

cjtpAld; cs;Sh; murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; jpl;lj;jpYs;s 

epGzh;fspdhy; Ma;Tkjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jw;nfd njhpTnra;agl;l FOtpdh; 

jpl;l epGzh;FOtpdhy; ed;F gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ldh;. 

gapw;rp tFg;gpy; %yts kjpg;gPL Ma;T nra;Ak;nghOJ nra;aNtz;ba nra;Kiwfs;, 

tiuglj; jahhpg;G> Fwpg;ngLj;jy;> vt;thW kf;fsplk; mZFjy; vd;gd Nghd;w 

tpguq;fs; ed;F gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld. 

jpl;lkpl;lgb murrhh;gw;w epWtdj;Jf;Fhpa kjpg;gPl;Lf; FOTf;F Kjy; gapw;rp 

(orientation) tFg;G elhj;jg;gl;L gpd;G gpuNjr nrayhsh;> jpl;lkply; mjpfhhp 

Nghd;Nwhhpd; cjtpAld; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; fpuhk mYtyh;fs; 

kpfTk; Kf;fpa gq;fhsh;fs; Mth;. ,th;fistpl nghJkf;fs>; rKjhaj;jiyth;fs; 

kw;Wk; kPdth; rq;fj;jiyth;fSk; Kf;fpa gq;fhsh;fhshf ,Ue;jhh;fs;. 

murrhh;gw;w epWtdf; FOtpdh; gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphptpy; cs;s ,lq;fSf;Fr; 

nrd;W, tpguq;fis fhiyapy; jpul;b, khiyapy; juTfisr;rPh;nra;J, gjpe;J 

,Wjpapy; %yts tpguq;fs; mlq;fpa tptuzf;Fwpg;G jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j


tptuzf; Fwpg;G %yk; %yts tpguj;jpul;L jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J mwpKfk; , gpuNjr 

nrayhsh; gphpT tpguk;> nra;Kiw> fiuNahu #oy; njhFjp> fiuNahu %ytsq;fs;> 

%ytsq;fspd; ghtid> tdtpyq;Ffs;> ePhpay;tsh;g;G njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfs;> 

fiuNahu mdh;j;jq;fs>; fiuNahu ts mf;fiwahsh;fs; vd;gd gw;wpa jfty;fisf; 

nfhz;ljhfj; jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j nray;KiwAld; NkYk; tpQ;Qhd 

El;gq;fshd caphpay;> r%ftpay;> nghUshjhuk; vd;gtw;iwAk; Nrh;j;J rpwe;j 

Mf;fj;ijg;; ngwyhk;. ,Wjpahf kpfr;rpwe;j tpidj;jpwdhd tpguj;jpul;L Xd;W kf;fs; 

gq;fspg;Gldhd fiuNahu %yts tpguj;jpul;lhf jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. 

2.3 gq;fspg;Gldhd fiuNahu %yts kjpg;gPl;bd; ed;ikfs; 

1. Kf;fpakhd, ghuk;ghpa kw;Wk; jw;NghJ ghtidapy; cs;s tpQ;Qhdj; 

jfty;fs; ,jd;%yk; ngwg;gl;L ,it fiuNahu %yts Kfhikj;Jt 

jpl;lkplYf;F gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. 

2. fiuNahu %yts Kfhikj;Jt jpl;lkplypy; Neubahf Efh;Nthh; kw;Wk; 

cs;Sh; thrpfs;


2. ,k;Kiw%yk; fhykhw;wj;Jld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l cw;rtq;fs,; tpohf;fs;, 

gUtfhy khw;wq;fs; (gUtfhy kPd;gpb> mWtil) vd;gd gw;wp 

ntspaplj;J ty;Yeh;fshy; kjpg;gPL nra;a KbahJ. ,jid kf;fs; 

gq;fspg;Gldhd fiuNahu %yts kjpg;gPl;bd; Kyk; ngwKbAk;. 

3. epGzh;fshy; jug;gL;k; tpNrl jfty;fis kf;fs; gq;fspg;Gldhd 

fiuNahu %yts kjpg;gPl;bdhy; ngwyhk;. cjhuzkhf, fz;ly;jhtuq;fs; 

Kd;G ,Ue;J gpd;G ntl;b mopj;jik eLif nra;jik vd;gd 

,it%yk; mwpag;gLk;. 

4. Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l juTfs; tpidj;jpwdhd gapw;rpahsh;fshy; rhpghh;f;fg;gLk;. 

5. njhpahj> ntspf;nfhzug;glhj, Kf;fpakhd ghy;NtWghL> taJ 

NtWghLs;sth;fspd; ghtid> Efh;T vd;gd ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. NtW 

Kf;fpa njhpahj tplaq;fSk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. 

6. kw;w %ytsq;fspypUe;J njhpahj> mwpahj tplaq;fs; tPz; tpuak; 

Nghd;w %ytsq;fisg;gw;wpa cs;sPl;L tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk;.


3. gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphptpd; gpd;dzpAk; nghJthd tpguq;fSk; 

3.1 Gtpapay; miktplk; 

jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lkhdJ fpof;F khfhzj;jpy;; fhzg;gLk; 3 khtl;lq;fspy; 

xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ,k;khfhzj;jpd; tl jpirapy; mike;Js;sJ. 

,k;khtl;lk; tlkhfhzj;ijAk;> fpof;F khfhzj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; xU Kf;fpa 

khtl;lkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,k;khtl;lk; mjpfsthd fly; tsq;fisAk;> 

fhl;Ltsq;fisAk;> ePh;tsq;fisAk; nfhz;ljhd xU khtl;lkhff; fhzg;gLtNjhL 

,k;khtl;lj;jpy;; fpof;F khfhzrig> khfhz mikr;Rf;fs;> khfhz jpizf;fsq;fs; 

vd;gd mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wik xU tpNrl mk;rkhFk;. 

jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w 11 gpuNjr nrayfgphpTfspy; xd;whf 

jk;gyfhkk; gpuNjr nrayf gphpT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpd; 

Nkw;Fg; gf;fkhf jpUNfhzkiy efupypUe;;J Rkhh; 35 fpkP njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ> 

jk;gyfhkk; gpuNjr nrayf gphpthdJ 244.40 rJu fpkP gug;gsit nfhz;lJld; 

jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpd; 10 rjtPj epyg;gFjpiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jk;gyfhkk; 

,jd; vy;iyfshf tl vy;iyahf jpUNfhzkiy gl;lzKk; R+oiyAk;> nkhutit 

gpuNjr gpupTfisAk;> njw;F vy;iyahf fe;jsha; gFjpiaAk; fpof;F vy;iyahf 

fpz;zpah> %J}h; gpuNjr gphpTfisAk;; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,g;gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphpthdJ 

12 fpuhk nrayf gphpTfisAk;> 52 fpuhkq;fisAk; nfhz;like;Js;sJ. 

jk;gyfhkj;jpd; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wkhf jk;gyfhkk; gpuNjrrig fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 

2009 k; Mz;by; jk;gyfhkk; gpuNjr nrayf gpuptpd; nkhj;j rdj;njhifahdJ 33011 

MfTk; 8332 FLk;gq;fs; trpg;gjhfTk; fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. jk;gyfhkj;ij 

miltjw;F nfhOk;G – jpUNfhzkiyapUe;J V 6 tPjpia gad;gLj;JtJ 

,yFthdJ. 

3.2 ngsjPf ,ay;Gfs; 

,yq;ifapd; tuz;l tyakhff; fhzg;gLk; fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; fhyepiyf;F 

xj;jjhfNt jk;gyfhkj;jpd; fhyepiyAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ> ,jd; ruhrhp tUlhe;j 

ntg;gepiyahf 32.5 0 ;C fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (cah;e;j ntg;gepiyahd 37 0 ;C Mb khjk; 

njhlf;fk; Gul;lhjp khjk; tiuf;Fk; kpf Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyahd 29 0 C fhh;j;jpif 

khjk; njhlf;fk; ij khjk; tiu fhzg;gLk;) kio gUtfhy kioahff; 

fhzg;gLtJld; fhh;j;jpif khjk; njhlf;fk; ij khjk; tiuahd tlfpof;F 

gUtf;fhw;wpd; Clhf fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wJ> jk;gyfhkk; 1525 kpkP tUlhe;j ruhrhp 

kiotPo;r;rpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJld; Fiwe;j kiotPo;r;rpahd 35 kpkP ck; gq;Fdp 

khjk; njhlf;fk; Mtzpkhjk; tiuAk; kpf $ba kiotPo;r;rpahd 600 kpkP 

kiotPo;r;rpia fhHj;jpif khjj;jpYk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. 

jk;gyfhkk; gpuNjrj;jpy; KOepyg;gFjpAk; rkjiuahd Njhw;wj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJld; 

njd;Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; rpwpa cah;T fhzg;gLfp;d;wJ> ,q;F Kf;fpa 3 MWfshf


rptj;jghy; Xil MW> fl;il MW> ghyk;Nghl;l MW vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 

,g;gpuNjrkhdJ ngUk;ghYk; KOtJk; FbapUg;Gf; fl;blq;fisAk;> tay; 

epyq;fisAk; nfhz;like;Js;ssJ. jk;gyfhk efHg; gpuNjrk; tbfhy;fisf; 

nfhz;l gFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; rpwpa ePh;j;Njf;fq;fisAk; 

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;ePh;j;Njf;fq;fspypUe;J new;gaph;r;nra;iff;fhd ePiug; ngw;Wf; 

nfhs;tJld; kPd;gpbj;jYf;fhfTk; ,e; ePhj;;Njf;fq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfp;d;wd. vdpDk; 

jk;gyfhkg; gpuNjrkhdJ ePh;g;ghrdj;jpw;F Njitahd ePiu fe;jsha; ePh;j; Njf;fj;jpd; 

ClhfNt ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. 

ngUk; epyg;gFjpapy; fhLfs; fhzg;gLtJld; jk;gyfhkj;jpd; kj;jpa gFjpapYk; 

Nkw;Fg; gFjpapYk; tptrha epyq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. new;nra;if epyq;fshd njd; 

Nkw;Fg; gFjpfspy; rpwpa rpwpa epyg;gFjpapy; fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (3600 

n`f;laH Rkhh; 17% nkhj;j epyg;gFjpapy;). 

fiuNahug; gFjpahdJ fly;kzyhy; #og;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLtJld; Nrw;Wepyq;fshYk;> 

fz;ly;jhtuq;fshYk; #og;gl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jk;gyfhkj;jpy; Kf;fpakhf 5 

tifahd kz; tiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd 

• ngUk;ghYk; NrhNyhil]; NrhNyhNdhl;]; kz; vy;yhg; gFjpfspYk; 

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 

• jk;gyfhkk;> nfhl;bahh; Flh Mfpa fiuNahug; gFjpfspy; fsprhh;e;j kz;Zk; 

kw;Wk; flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; kz; NkLfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 

• jk;gyfhkj;jpd;; gFjpapd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapYk; fpz;zpah vy;iyg;gFjpapYk;> 

fspkz;Zk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 

• njd;Nkw;Fg; gFjpfspy; rpy epyj;Jz;Lfspy; nrt;tz;zkhd gOg;G epyq;fSk; 

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 

• njw;Nkw;Fg; gFjpfspy; rpy epyj;Jz;Lfspy; fw; Fd;WfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 

new;gaph;r; nra;iff;F kpfTk; cfe;j kz;zhf tz;ly;kz; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 

,e;j kz; ngUk;ghYk; fy;;nkl;bahit> nghw;;Nfzp> fy;nkl;baht tlf;F> 

fy;nkl;baht njw;F> Ks;spg;nghj;jhid fpof;F> Ks;spg;nghj;jhid tlf;F> 

kPuhefh; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ> jk;gyfhkk;> ghyk;Nghl;lhW Nghd;w 

gFjpfs; rJg;G epyq;fisAk; nfhz;like;Js;sd.

fiuNahu %yts tpguj;jpul;L – 2009 12



3.3 Fbrdg; guk;gy; 

2009 k; Mz;by; jk;gyfhkj;jpd; nkhj;j rdj;njhifahf 8332 FLk;gq;fisr; Nrh;e;j 

33>011 egu;fs; cs;sjhf fzf;nfLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,jpy; ghyk;Nghl;lhW gpuNjrj;jpy; 

564 FLk;gq;fSk;> jk;gyfhkk; gpuNjrj;jpy; 508 FLk;gq;fSk;> Ks;spg;nghj;jhid 

gpuNjrj;jpy; 1655 FLk;gq;fSk;> fs;nkl;baht njw;F gpuNjrj;jpy; 723 FLk;gq;fSk;> 

Ks;spg;nghj;jhid tlf;F gpuNjrj;jpy; 998 FLk;gq;fSk;> Ks;spg;nghj;jhid fpof;F 

gpuNjrj;jpy; 432 FLk;gq;fSk;> kPuhefh; gpuNjrj;jpy; 1282 FLk;gq;fSk;> nghw;Nfzp 

gpuNjrj;jpy; 355 FLk;gq;fSk;> GJf;FbapUg;G gpuNjrj;jpy; 284 FLk;gq;fSk;> 

fs;nkl;baht tlf;F gpuNjrj;jpy; 616 FLk;gq;fSk;> Nfhapybg; gpuNjrj;jpy; 254 

FLk;gq;fSk;> rpuh[;efh; gpuNjrj;jpy; 1281 FLk;gq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 

,q;F 2009 k; Mz;by; 17>260 K];ypk;fSk;> 6>617 jkpo; kf;fSk;> 9>134 rpq;fs 

kf;fSk;; tho;fpd;wdh;. 

3.4 tho;thjhuk; 

jk;gyfhkk; gpuNjrj;jpd; tho;thjhuj; Jiwfs; tsh;r;rpailahj gpd;jq;fpa 

JiwfshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F gpujhdkhd tho;thjhuq;fshf tptrhak;> 

kPd;gpb> rpW ifj;njhopy;> rpWtpahghuk; vd;gd tpsq;Ffpd;wd. mj;NjhL xU rpW 

njhifapdh; murhq;f> jdpahh; Jiwfspy; flik nra;tjDhlhf jq;fSila 

tho;thjhuj;ijngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,Ue;jNghJk; new;nra;if> Njhl;lg;gapu;r;nra;if 

vd;gd gpujhd ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wd.


4. fiuNahu thoplq;fs; 

4.1 flYk; fly; rhh;e;j tyaKk; 

flw;fiuf;F mg;ghYs;s fly; rhh;e;j gFjp fly; tyak; vdg;gLk;. ,J flw;fiuf;F 

mz;kpj;j gpuNjrk; (inshore)> mg;ghy; cs;s gpuNjrk; (offshore) vd ,Utifg;gLk; 

fly; rhh;e;j tyaj;jpy; flw;fiuNahuk;> kzy;$k;G> jLg;Gf;flw;fiu> Flhf;fs;> 

jiyKfq;fs;> ghiwf;flw;fiu vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 

4.1.1 flw;fiuNahu mikg;G 

jk;gyfhkk; gpuNjr rigg; gphptpy; flw;fiuNahuk; fpl;lj;jl;l 11 fpkP MFk;. ,J 

#uq;fy; Mw;wpypUe;J ghyk;Nghl;lhW tiu cs;s gFjp MFk;. ngUk;gFjpapy; Nrw;W 

epyq;fSk;> fz;ly; jhtuq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. flw;fiuapy; ghiwfNsh> 

ghiwj;jiyKfq;fNsh fpilahJ. ,q;F Fiwthd kz;zhpkhdNk fhzg;gLfpwJ. 

fhuzk; gRikahf tsh;e;J gue;Js;s fz;ly; jhtuq;fshFk;. ,it Rdhkpapd;NghJ 

ghJfhg;guzhf ,Ue;J nrhj;J> caph;fs; vd;gtw;iwAk; ghJfhj;Js;sd. 

4.1.2 NrUk; flw; fiu 

jk;gyfhkk; gpuNjr gFjpapy; xU NrUk; flw;fiu fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J 

fg;gy;JiwiaAk;> jk;gyfhkj;ijAk; gphpf;Fk; MW ghyk;Nghl;lhW Ke;jy; 

vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j fopKfj;jpypUe;J Rkhu; 20kP J}uj;jpy; kzw;jply; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 

,q;F brk;gh; fhyq;fspy; kio ePh; mjpfkhf Xb tUtjdhy; ,t;tplj;jpw;F 

mjpfkhd kziyf; nfhz;L te;J Nrh;f;fpwJ. 

,g;gFjpapypUe;J kf;fs; fl;bl eph;khz Ntiyf;F kzy; mfo;tjhYk>; ,e;j 

fopKfj;jpy; ePh;epiy khWtjhYk; ,jpy; Kd;gpUe;j caphpdq;fs; tUif> njhif 

,dtpUj;jp vd;gd ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jw;NghJ Kidg;gFjp Mokhf;fg;gl;L $ba ePh; 

tUtjhy; fly;tho; caphpdq;fspd; njhif mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. 

4.2 fiuNahuj;jhtuk; 

4.2.1 fiuNahuj; jhtuj;jpd; gpd;dzpAk; jw;Nghija epiyikAk; 

Muk;g fhyg;gFjpapypUe;J ,w;iwtiuf;Fk; ,g;gpuNjrf; fiuNahuj;jpy; mjpfkhf 

flw;fiuj;; jhtuq;fshd fs;sp (Euphorbia spp) JZf;fha;r;nrb> jpy;iy> kw;Wk; 

nfhbapdq;fshd mlk;gd;> ehh;f;nfhb> Nfhk;gof;nfhb> Fuq;Fjpd;dpf;nfhb NkYk; 

fPiutiffshd ckpup> gPQ;rh> fq;$d; Nghd;wd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it Rkhh; 

fiuapypUe;J 50 kP Jhuj;jpw;Fk;; 11fpkP ePsj;jpw;Fk;; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 

,q;Fs;s kf;fs; fPiutiffis czTf;fhfTk;> mlk;gd;nfhb> Nfhk;gof;nfhb 

Nghd;witfis khL> ML> Kay; Nghd;witfSf;;F czthfTk; gad;gLj;jp 

tUfpd;wdh;. ,f;fiuNahuj; jhtuq;fs; Nkw;$wpa gad;ghl;bdhy; mopf;fg;gl;lhYk;


,itfs; kPz;Lk; tsh;tjhf njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. ,it mopf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ 

tw;Wg;ngUf;Ff; fhyq;fspy; fly;ePu; FbapUg;G gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; CLUtf;$ba 

rhj;jpak; fhzg;gLtjhf gpuNjr kf;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. 

NkYk; ,j;jhtuq;fis tpahghu Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf md;wp czTf;fhf kl;LNk kf;fs; 

gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdu;. 

fiuNahu jhtuq;fs-; gj;jpdpGuk; 

jk;gyfhkk-; ntz;fz;ly; jhtuq;fs;; 

4.2.2 fiuNahuj;jhtu kPs; eLif 

A.vd;.b.gp epWtdj;jpd; mDruizA+lhf jk;gyfhkj;J fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;jh; gphptpy; 

mg;gpuNjr kf;fshy; 09>10/07/2007k; jpfjpfspy; fWg;G fz;lypdq;fs; kPs; eLif 

nra;ag;gl;ld. ,e;j kPs; eLifahdJ cupa gUt fhyj;jpy; elhikapdhy; ,r; 

nra;if ntw;wpaspf;ftpy;iy vd mk;kf;fs; njuptpj;jhu;fs;. NkYk; ,jid 

ghJfhg;;gjw;fhd eltbf;ifiaAk; me;;epWtdk; Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy vd 

njuptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 

4.3. fopKfq;fSk; fsg;GfSk; 

fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd thoplq;fshf fopKfq;fSk; fsg;GfSk; 

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jhtu> tpyq;Ffspd; gy;tifj;jd;ikf;F ,f;fopKfq;fSk; 

fsg;GfSk; kpfKf;fpakhditahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fopKfq;fs; flYld; 

RahjPdkhd njhlh;Gilait. ,j;njhlh;ghdJ tUlk; KOtJk; njhlh;r;rpahdjhfTk; 

,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ ,iltpl;l njhlh;GilajhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,NjNtis 

fsg;Gfs; ePz;lfhykhf flYld; njhlh;gw;w epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;. (CZMP 2007) 

Mdhy; kf;fs; fsg;igAk; fopKfj;ijAk; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; tpUk;gpathW 

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. 

jk;gyfhk gpuNjrj;jpy; %d;W fopKfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd 

1. rptj;jghy; Xil Mw;Wf; fopKfk; 

2. fl;il MwW;f; fopKfk; 

3. ghyk;Nghl;l MwW;f; fopKfk;


,t; thoplj;jpy; ePhpay; tsh;g;G (ez;L> ,why;) kw;Wk; tpNrl tsh;g;Gf;fSf;fhd 

rhj;jpak; cz;L. mNjNeuk; kdpjnray;ghl;bdhy; jpz;kf;fopT epug;gy>; khriljy;> 

nts;sg;gpur;rpid vd;gdtw;whYk; ,t;tpaw;ifr; #oYf;Fk; ghjpg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ. 

rptj;jghy; Xilf; fopKfk;- jk;gyfhkk;



4.4 rJg;G epyq;fs; 

rJg;G epyq;fs;; mjpfkhd caph;gy;tifikia nfhz;lit. ,it nts;s 

mghaj;jpypUe;J ghJfhf;fTk; #whtsp> Gay; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J ghJfhf;fTk; 

cjTfpd;wd. 

jk;gyfhk nrayfgpuptpy; jk;gyfhkk;> ghyk;Nghl;lhW> rpg;gpj;jply; Nghd;w gFjpfs; 

rJg;G epyq;fisf; nfhz;like;Js;sd. 

Nrw;W epy Chpfs;- rpg;gpj;jply;



5. fiuNahu %ytsq;fs; 

fiuNahu tho;tplq;fs; fiuNahu %ytsq;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sd. ,k; 

%ytsq;fSf;F ghJfhg;G> czT+l;ly;> tsh;r;rp> rpwe;j #oy; vd;gtw;iw thoplq;fs; 

toq;Ffpd;wd. fiuNahu %ytsq;fshf fz;ly;jhtuk;> gtsg;ghiw> flw;Gw;gLf;if> 

Nrw;W mbapYs;s rKjhaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw Kf;fpakhditahff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. 

fiuNahur; #oy; njhFjpahdJ rkfhyj;jpy; xd;W Nrh;e;Jk; xd;wpy; xd;W jq;fpAk; 

cs;s xU njhlh;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J ngsjPf> caphpay; rhh;e;j njhlh;ghFk;. 

,tw;wpy; Kf;fpakhf gtsg;ghiwj;njhFjp> flw;Gw; gLf;if> fz;ly;jhtuj; njhFjp 

Mfpa %d;Wk; xd;wpy; xd;W jq;fpAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W ed;ik nra;aTk; jkJ 

epiyia jf;fitf;fTNk $h;g;;gile;Js;sd. fhuzk;> ,it %d;Wk; xd;WNrh;e;;J 

fhzg;gLk; ,irTKiwjhd;. fiuNahu %yts Kfhikj;Jt gbKiw cj;jpfSk; 

,jw;Nfw;g mika Ntz;Lk;. gpd;tUk; glk; ,jid ed;F tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.


5.1 fz;ly; jhtuk; 

fz;ly; vd;gJ xU jhtukhFk;. ,J Nrw;W epy kz;iz mbj;jskhff;nfhz;l 

miyfspd; jhf;fk;; Fiwe;j fsg;G> fopKfk; kw;Wk; epoYs;s Flhf;fspd; 

fiufspYk; fhzg;gLk;. ,it mjpfkhf madkz;ly kw;Wk; cg madkz;ly 

gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it cz;ikahd fz;ly;jhtuq;fs; (True 

Mangrove) mjDld; thOk; cgfz;ly; jhtuq;fs; (Mangrove Associate) vd 

,Utifahf ghFgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. 

fz;ly;jhtu r%fk; jhd; thOk; ,lj;jpw;F nghpa cjtp nra;fpwJ. ,jpy; Kf;fpa 

gq;F ,jd; ,iy Fiofs; fPo;tpOe;J ePh;%yk; fsg;G/fopKfk; 

flw;fiug;gFjpfSf;F flj;jg;gl;L mq;Fs;s flw;Gw;gLf;if> gtsg;ghiw Mfpa 

$l;Lr;r%fj;jhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;Fjhd; kPd;> ,why;> ez;L ,dq;fs; jkJ 

,dg;ngUf;f ,lkhf gad;gLj;jp tho;fpd;wd. ,q;F ,dg;ngUf;fk;> ,sk; FQ;Rfspd; 

tsh;r;rp Nghd;wtw;Wf;F rpwe;j #oy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 

fhw;W> #whtsp Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; mopitj; jLf;f cjTfpd;wJ. nghJthf 

fz;ly;jhtuq;fs; fhw;W> Gay; Nghd;w mikjpapd;ikia jhq;fp ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. 

mjhtJ rf;jpia cwpQ;Rfpd;w jd;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 

,f;fopKfg;gFjpapy; mjpfkhd fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 27 

tifahd fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; ntz;fz;zh> fWg;Gf;fz;zh vd;gd 

,g;gFjpapy; mjpfkhf tsh;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kf;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb ,f;fz;ly;fs; 

midj;Jk; ,aw;ifahfNt tsh;tjhfTk; xU rpy ,lq;fspy; nghJ kf;fshy; 

elg;gLtjhfTk; njuptpf;Fk; ,th;fs; ,f;fz;ly;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; Vuhskhditahf 

fhzg;gl;ljhfTk; gpd;dh; mjid kf;fs; ntl;b mopj;jjhfTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. 

,g;gFjpapy; fz;ly;fs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;ljhy; mjid mz;b thOk; 

caphpdq;fshd kPd;> ez;L> kl;b> ,why; Nghd;witfs; cw;gj;jpahFtjhfTk; 

njuptpf;fpd;wdh;. ,f;fz;ly;fis ,q;Fs;s kf;fs; mjpfkhf gpuNahrdg;gLj;jp 

tUtNjhL mij tpwfpw;fhfTk;> Ntypf;fhfTk;> kw;Wk; tpw;gidf;fhfTk; 

Nrfupf;fpd;wdh;. NkYk; ,jid xU [PtNdhghaj; njhopyhfTk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. 

,t;thwhd nraw;ghl;lhy; ,q;Fs;s fz;ly;fs; moptiltNjhL mjNdhL Nrh;e;J 

fly; caphpdq;fSk; moptilfpd;wd. 

Muk;g fhyj;jpypUe;J ,g;gpuNjrf; flw;fiug; gug;Gfspy; fz;ly;fs; mjpfstpy; 

fhzg;gl;ljhfTk;> mjid nghJkf;fs; ghJfhj;J te;jjhfTk; vdpDk; ,jid 

ntspg;gpuNjrj;J kf;fs; mopj;J ntJg;gfj;jpw;F gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; jw;nghOJ 

Fiwtile;Js;sjhfTk; mq;Fs;s kf;fs; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. 

,g;gFjpapy; Rkhh; 5000 Vf;fh; epyg;gFjpapy; ,f;fz;lypdq;fs; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 

,q;F ehd;F tifahd fz;ly; jhtuq;fNs mlu;j;jpahfTk;> gRikahfTk;


fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitfshtd ntz;fz;ly;> fWg;Gf;fz;ly;> fPupf;fz;ly; kw;Wk; 

jpy;iyf;fz;ly;fshFk;. 

NkYk; mg;gpuNjr kf;fSf;F #whtsp> Gay; Nghd;w jhf;fq;fspypUe;J ,itfs; 

ghJfhg;gjhfTk; $wpdhu;fs;. ,Ue;Jk; ,itfis mopj;J ,q;Fs;s kf;fs; jkJ 

[PtNdhghaj;njhopiy elhj;Jfpd;wdh;. xU nghpa fl;il 300 &ghTf;Fk;> fjpahy; 

Nrhb 70 &ghTf;Fk; kw;Wk; fPhpf;fz;ly; Ntypf;fhf xU fpNyh (Cube) gr;ir 

fjpahy;fs; 700 &ghTf;Fk;> cyh;j;jg;gl;lJ 1500 &ghTf;Fk; tpw;gid 

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. 

NkYk; ,g;gFjp kf;fs; tpwFf;fhf Nkw;$wg;gl;l fz;lypdq;fis mopj;J tUtjdhy; 

,g;gFjp KOtJk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; fz;ly;fs; mw;w xU gpuNjrkhf khWtjw;fhd 

rhj;jpaq;fs; kl;Lkd;wp mq;F thOfpd;w ngUksthd caphpdq;fs; moptiltNjhL 

fly; tho; caphpdq;fshd kPd;> ez;L> ,why;> Chp> ej;ij> fz;ly;kl;b> er;rpg;G+r;rp 

mUfpg;NghFk; rhj;jpak; ,Ug;gjhfTk; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. 

,q;F Rkhh; 5000 Vf;fh; gug;gpy; fz;ly;fs; cs;sJld; ,it cs;Sh;> ntspA+h; 

kf;fspd; nraw;ghLfshy; mjpfkhf mopf;fg;gLtjhy;> ,g;gpuNjrj;jpw;fhd ,aw;if 

ghJfhg;G muz;fs; rpijtile;Jk;> flYapupdq;fs; moptile;Jk>; ez;L> ,why; 

gpbf;Fk; kPdth;fSf;fhd njhopy;fSk; ,y;yhky; NghFk; mghak; ,Ug;gjhf 

,q;Fs;s kf;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. 

fz;ly;jhtuk; gpujhdkhf ,aw;ifg;ghJfhg;G muzhf mikfpwJ. ,it 

,aw;ifahfNt miyePH; rj;jpia cwpQ;Rtjhy; mdh;j;jq;fshd #whtsp> Rdhkp> 

nts;sg;ngUf;F Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;G mspf;fpwJ. 

1990k; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpwF fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; ntl;b mopf;fg;gl;lJ kl;Lkd;wp 

,j;jhtuq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ljdhy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l fly;tho; caphpdq;fSk;; 

Fiwtile;JNghapd.


jk;gyfhkj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fz;lypdk; 

fz;ly;fspd; Ntu;fspd; fhl;rp - ghujpGuk; 

jk;gyfhkk; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fz;ly; ,dq;fs; 

,g;gFjpapYs;s mjpfkhd fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; nghJkf;fshy; ntl;b 

mopf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs;; [PtNdhghaj; njhopy;> mj;JkPwpa FbNaw;wk; 

Nghd;w eltbf;iffNs. ,f;fz;ly; mopg;G njhlh;e;Jk; ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. 

tpwFf;fhfTk;> fl;Lkhdj;jpw;fhfTk; ntl;ba fz;ly;jhtuq;fs; fhzg;gLtij 

glj;jpy;fhzyhk;. 

fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;l fhl;rp – jk;gyfhkk;


tpwFf;fhf ntl;lg;gl;l fz;ly;fs; 

$iufSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fz;lypdq;fs; 

mz;ikapy; murhq;fk; fhLfSf;Fr; nry;tij jLj;jjd; fhuzkhf ,g;gpuNjr 

kf;fs; fhLfSf;Fr; nrd;W tpwF vLg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf fz;lypdq;fis mopj;J 

tpwFf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;;fs;. ,tu;fs; ,f;fz;lypdq;fis Ntypf;F 

fl;ilfSf;fhfTk;> fhy;eilfSf;fhfTk;> Jk;Gj;;jbfSf;fhfTk; kw;Wk; $iu 

Nta;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;. ,jdhy; fz;ly; ,dq;fSk; 

Vida jhtuq;fSk; njhlHe;J mopf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. 

NkYk;> ,f;fz;lypdj;jhtuq;fspy; may>; Cu;> cs;Sh; thrpfshy; Rkhu; 50 

Vf;fUf;F Nkw;gl;l fz;ly;fs; ntl;baopf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,f;fz;ly; mopg;Gr; 

nraw;ghL njhlu;e;Jk; eilngw;W tUtjhfTk; ,jid jLg;gjw;fhd ve;jtpjkhd 

eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy vdTk; ,k;kf;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. 

1989-1990 tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapYk; 1999>2001k; Mz;Lg;gFjpapYk; ,f;fz;ly;fs; 

ghJfhg;Gf; fhuzq;fSf;fhf mopf;fg;gl;ld. jw;NghJ ,it mopf;fg;gLtJ 

Fiwtile;Js;sJ.



5.2 flw;Gw; gLf;ifj; njhFjp 

ntg;gtya Mokw;w flw;fiufspYk; fhzg;gLk; xU tpNrlkhd $h;g;gile;j 

cz;ikahd G+f;Fk; jhtuk; flw;Gy; my;yJ flw;Gw;gLf;if MFk;. ,it fz;ly; 

jhtuj;jpypUe;J $h;g;gile;j fly;tho; jhtuq;fs.; Mok; Fiwe;j 

miyg;gpuNjrj;jpYk; thOk; ,it gy#o;epiyapYk; jg;gpg; gpiof;Fk;. ,it 

fopKfj;jpd; Nky;gFjpapypUe;J fly; tiuf;Fk; thOk; jFjpnfhz;lJ. nghJthf 60 

,dq;fs; 13 njhFjpfspy;;> 5 FLk;gq;fshf G+NfhshPjpahf gue;Js;sd. 

czTr;rq;fpypapy; cf;fy;> fopTg;nghUl;fis caphpay;jpzpthf khw;Wtjw;F gpujhd 

gq;if tfpf;fpwJ. ez;L Kjyhd fpuj;Njrpad;fSf;F czthf gad;gLk.; 

mNjNtis ,dg;ngUf;f thoplkhfTk; ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ. Gay;> ,aw;iff; 

fhuzq;fshYk; kdpj nraw;ghl;bdhYk; ,it moptilaf;$bait. 

nghJthff; fhzg;gLk; flw;Gw; gLf;iffs; 

,J gtsg;ghiwfSlDk; fz;ly;jhtuq;fSlDk; xd;whff; fye;J xz;wpize;J 

czTr;rq;fpyp> Nghrizg;nghUs; khw;wk; vd;gtw;wpy; ed;F gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;sJ. 

jk;gyfhkk;> ghyk;Nghl;lMW fiuNahug;gFjpapy; flw;Gw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Muk;g 

fhyq;fspy; mjpfkhd flw;Gw;fs; fhzg;gl;lld. Mdhy; jw;NghJ ,g;Gw;fs; Xh; 

mstpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;flw;Gw;fspd; Njitfs; (nghJkf;fSf;F) 

,y;yhjpUe;jhYk; ,g;Gw;fspy; mjpfkhd kPdpdq;fs;> ez;bdq;fs;> kl;bapdq;fs; 

,d;Wk; fhzg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. ,f;flw; Gw;fs; fiuapypUe;J 5m mstpy; 

fhzg;gLtjhfTk; ,jd; gug;ig fzpg;gpl KbahjjhfTk; ,g;Gw;fSf;F ,q;Fs;s 

kf;fshy; vt;tpjkhd ghjpg;Gk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy vdTk; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. 

5.3 kPd;tsq;fs; 

fiuNahu thoplq;fs;> fiuNahu %ytsq;fs;> caphpdq;fs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fs; 

vd;gtw;wpd; xUq;fpize;j nkhj;j ed;ikfspd; tpisTjhd; kPd;tsq;fs; MFk;. 

,yq;ifapd; fiuNahu tsq;fspy; kpf Kf;fpa tskhf kPd;tsk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ


5.3.1 fiuNahu kPd;gb 

,q;F fiuNahu kPdtu;fs; gFjp Neu kPdtu;fshfNt njhopw;gLfpwhu;fs;. Vnddpy; 

cs;ehl;Lg; gpur;rpid fhuzkhf ,g;gFjp kf;fs; ,lg;ngau;e;J nrd;wikapdhy; 

KONeu njhopypy; njhopDl;g Kiw uPjpahfNth vt;tpjkhd 

kPd;gpbAkpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; mtu;fs; cLtiy> tPr;Rtiy> mj;jhq;fply;> J}z;byply;> 

$u;f;fk;gp; Nghd;w cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpNa kPd; gpbf;fpwhu;fs;. Vnddpy; 

ghJfhg;;Gf; fhuzq;fSf;fhf kPd;gpbj; njhopyhdJ gFjp NeukhfNt ,lk;ngWfpwJ 

vdTk; gpbf;fg;gl;l kPdpdq;fis Nfhu;itfspy; Nrfupj;J mayth;fspd; tPLfSf;Fr; 

nrd;W kPdtu;fshy; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wjhfTk; mg;gFjp kf;fs; $Wfpd;whu;fs;. ,q;F 

kPd;gpbj;JiwKfNkh>eq;$ukpLkplNkh ,y;iy. 2004k; Mz;Lf;F Kd; ,g;gFjpapy; 

kPdth;fs; KONeu kPd;gpbapy; KONeu> gFjpNeu kPdth;fs; 

glfpd; jd;ik 

fiutiy 

NghLk; ,lk; 

,ae;jpukw;w 

fiutiy toikahd 

glFfs; 

,ae;jpuk; 

,ize;j 

glFfs; 

E}ypio 

tYg;gLj;jpa 

glFfs; 

cj;Njr njhif 

,y;iy ,y;iy 15 ,y;iy 05


fiuNahu kPd;gpbg; gUtfhy ml;ltiz 

,y kPd; ,dq;fs; msT/cgfuzk; 

ij 

khrp 

gq;Fdp 

rpj;jpiu 

itfhrp 

Mdp 

Mb 

Mtzp 

Gul;lhrp 

Ig;grp 

fhh;j;jpif 

khh;fop 

1 fhuy;kPd; 2x21/2 

2 fay;kPd; 11/2 ,11/4 

3 #il 5/8,31/4 

4 XuhkPd; 6.8 mq;Fyk; 

5 xl;bkPd; 4>3 mq;Fyk; 

6 nrk;kPd; 13/4>21/2 

7 nrg;gypkPd; 13/4>21/2 

8 nyj;jpkPd; 13/2>21/2 

9 ghiukPd; 11/2 

10 nruahy;kPd; 13/4 

11 13/4 

5.3.1.1 fiuNahu kPd;gpbapy; ngz;fspd; ,why;> kPdpdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpid neUg;gpy; 

cyu;j;jpAk;> gpd; gjdpl;L mitfisf; fUthLfshf;fpAk; fe;jsha;> fpz;zpah> 

jpUNfhzkiy> %Jhu; Nghd;w gFjpfSf;F tpw;gid nra;J tUfpd;wdu;. 

NkYk; gpbf;fg;gl;l ez;L> ,why; Nghd;witfis 

milj;J tpw;gid nra;fpd;wdh;. 

ngz;fNs gjdpl;L> nghjpfspy; 

ngz;fs; ,why; gpbf;Fk; fhl;rp- rptj;jg;ghyk;


5.3.2 fsg;G kPd;gpb 

fopKf kPd;gpb fopKfq;fspy; eilngWfpwJ. fopKfq;fspYk; fsg;Gf;fspYk; 

kPd;gpbapy; kpfTk; vspa tiyfs; glFfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. xt;nthU fopKfk;> 

fsg;gpy; gy ,wq;FJiwfs; cz;L. ,q;Fjhd; kPd;gpbg; nghUl;fs; Vw;wp 

,wf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 

jk;gyfhkg; gpuNjrg; gphptpy; fopKfk;> fsg;G kPd;gpb 

nkhj;j vz;zpf;if 

KONeu kPdth; 

gFjp Neu 

kPdth; 

KONeu ngz; 

kPdth; 

gFjp Neu 

ngz; kPdth; 

,y;iy 50f;F Nky; ,y;iy 25f;F Nky; 

nkhj;j vz;zpf;if 

tPr;R tiy 

ez;Lg;nghwp 

(ez;Lf;$L) 

fl;Lti 

y 

Njh 

zp 

kPd;fpis 

/kuf; 

nfhj;J 

3 5 ,y;iy 3 ,y;iy 

,g;gpuNjr kPdtu;fs; Muk;g fhyq;fspypUe;J ,w;iwtiuf;Fk; gioik tha;e;j 

fUtpfisf; nfhz;L kPdpdq;fisg; gpbj;J tUtjhfTk; mjpy; cLtiy> tPr;Rtiy> 

mj;jhq;F> $u;f;fk;gp Nghd;wd cs;slq;FtjhfTk; $wpdhu;fs;. 

NkYk; mg;gpuNjr fopKfg; gug;ghdJ Nrw;W epyq;fshf cs;sjhy; ,tu;fSf;F 

fopKf kPd;gpb fbdkhfTs;sjhfTk>; 20 tUl fhyq;fspy; vt;tpjkhd Kd;Ndw;wKk; 

,y;iy vdTk; ,k;kPdtu;fs; njuptpj;jhu;fs;. 

5.3.2.1 fsg;G kPd;gpbapy; ngz;fspd; fe;jsha;> jpUNfhzkiy Nghd;w gFjpfSf;F fUthLfshf 

mDg;Gfpd;whu;fs;.


5.3.3 kPd;gpbapy; Vl;gl;l khw;wq;fs; 

cs; ehl;Lg; Nghu; fhuzkhf 20 tUlq;fspy; fiuNahu kPd; gpbapy; vt;tpj 

Kd;Ndw;wKk; ,y;iy. Vnddpy;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; kf;fs; ,lk;ngau;e;J tpl;ljdhy; 

kPd;gpbapy; vt;tpj mgptpUj;jpAk; Vw;gltpy;iy. 2004k; Mz;L Vw;gl;l Rdhkp 

jhf;fj;jpdhYk; ,th;fSila kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fs; Kw;whf ghjpf;fg;gl;likahYk; 

kPd;gpbj;njhopiy tpl;L NtW njhopy;fshd Nkrd;Ntiy> jr;RNtiy> tptrhak; 

Nghd;w njhopy;fis nra;af;$ba epiyAk; ,q;F Vw;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;f 

mk;rkhFk;. 

5.3.4 ,wq;FJiwfSk; kPdt$l;LwTr;rq;fKk; 

5.3.4.1 fly; kPd;gpbr;rq;fk; 

kf;fspd; ,lg;ngau;T fhuzkhfTk;> cs;ehl;Lg; ghJfhg;Gf; fhuzkhfTk; kPdt 

rq;fk; gjpT nra;ag;gltpy;iy vdTk; jw;nghOJ kPdtrq;fj;ij gjpT nra;tjw;fhd 

Vw;ghLfs; eilngw;W tUtjhfTk; mg;gFjp kf;fs; njuptpj;jhu;fs;. kPdt rq;fj;ij 

gjpT nra;tjw;fhd eltbf;ifia jk;gyfhkj;J fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;jh; Nkw;nfhz;L 

tUfpwhh; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 

5.3.4.2 fsg;G kPd;gpbr;rq;fk; 

,q;F fsg;G kPd;gpbiag; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; kPdth; rq;fq;fs; Aj;j #o;epiy 

fhuzkhfTk; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; ,lg;ngah;T fhuzkhfTk; gjpag;gltpy;iy.



5.5. kPd;tifay;yhj fly; czTfs; 

5.5.1 rpq;fp ,why; gpbj;jy; 

Mo;fly; kPd;gpb ,y;yhjjhy; ,q;F nghJthf rpq;fp ,why; gpbf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. 

5.5.2 Kj;Jr; rpg;gp 

czTf;fhf gpbf;fg;gLtJjhd; mjpfk;. jk;gyfhk gpuNjr rigg; gphptpy; ,it 

xusT Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 

5.5.3 flw;rhjhio 

,e;j tsh;g;G flypy; elhj;jg;gLk;. ,sk; jhtuf;fd;Wfis vLj;J xU fapw;wpy; 

,izj;J ,U kur;rl;lq;fspy; ,izj;J flypy; kpjf;f tplg;gLk;. ,q;F fly; 

ePh;kl;lj;jpw;F rw;Wf; fPNo flw;rhjhiof; fd;Wfs; Nfhh;j;J tplg;gLk;. ,it 

,aw;ifahf tsh;e;J 2 – 3 khjq;fspy; mWtil nra;ag;gLk;. ,J cyh;j;jg;gl;L 

Vf;fh; nra;a tpw;gid nra;ag;gL;k;. Vf;fh; thridg; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag; 

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. 

5.5.4 cg;G ,why; 

cg;G ,whypy; tpj;jp ciwfs; kPd; tsHg;;gpw;Fk; fpuj;Njrpad; FQ;Rnghhpf;Fk; 

epiyaq;fspd; tsh;g;gpw;Fk;; cahpa rj;Js;s czthFk;. ,J ,yq;ifapy; cg;G 

nra;Ak; ,lq;fshd ghyhtp (tlNky; khfzk;) mk;ghe;Njhl;il Nghd;wtw;wpy; 

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,jd; nfhOg;gkpyq;fs; cah; czTg;ngWkhdk; nfhz;lit. 

,yq;ifapy; ,J jw;nghOJ ngUk; me;epa nryhtzpapy; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 

,jid ,q;NfAs;s cg;gsq;fspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;. 

5.5.5 fly; ml;il 

czTf;fhfTk; kUe;Jf;fhfTk; ,J gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy gUtfhyq;fspy; ,J 

jk;gyfhkj;jpy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L cyh;j;jg;gl;L tpw;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 

5.5.7 rpg;gp mfo;T 

jk;gyfhk gpuNjrj;jpYs;s jply;fspy;; 1970k; Mz;L fg;gw;Jiw flw;gug;gpypUe;J 

kl;bfs; nfhz;L tug;gl;ljhfTk;> gpd; kl;bfisg; gjdpl;L mitfspd; XLfis 

mf;fiuNahuj; jply;fspy; gue;jstpy; Ftpf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; ,g;gpuNjrj;Jf;F 

rpg;gpj;jply; vd ngah; #l;lg;gl;ljhfTk; njhptpf;Fk; ,th;fs; 1990k; Mz;L Vw;gl;l 

,dg; gpur;rpid fhuzkhf ,j;njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;L nra;a Kbahj epiyf;F 

js;sg;gl;ldh;. 

5.6 rl;ltpNuhj kPd;gpb 

ntspkhtl;lj;jpypUe;J jw;fhypf kPd;gpbapy;


5.7 Vida fly;tho; caphpdq;fs; 

5.7.1 Mik 

Mikfspy; gy ,dq;fs; cs;sjhfTk; mit Xl;LMik> gr;ir epw Mik> fUg;G 

epw Mik vd gy;NtW tifapdjhFk; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ 

5.7.2 flw; Fjpiu 

tyak; 1> tyak; 2 fly; gFjpfspy; flw; Fjpiufs; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhfTk; ,jid 

mq;Fs;s kPdth;fs; gpbg;gjhfTk; ,jid ntapypy; cyh;j;jp kUe;JfSf;F. mjhtJ 

tapw;Wtyp> ,Og;G Neha;> Nghd;w Neha;fSf;F mjid ciuj;J vLj;J 

gad;gLj;JtjhfTk; ,th;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. 

5.8 ePhpay; tsh;g;G 

flypy; fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; tpyq;Ffs; gz;iz Kiwapy; tsh;j;jy; ,why;> ez;L> 

kPd;> fly;rhjhio vd;W ehd;Ftifahd tsh;g;Gfs; fpof;F flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; 

,lk;ngWfpd;wd. 

5.8.1 kPd;tsh;g;G 

,q;F kPd; tsh;g;G ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; rhj;jpak; cz;L vd ,g;gFjp kPdtHfs; 

njhptpf;fpd;wdH. 

5.8.2 ePhpay; tsh;g;gpy; ngz;fspd; ez;L>,why;>kl;b vd;gd mjpfkhf cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd. ,q;Fs;s ngz;fs; 

mjpfkhf ,why; gpbg;gjw;fhf Jzpfs;>njd;id xiy>tiy Nghd;wtw;iw 

nghwpfshfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. gfy;>,uT Neuq;fspy; #y;tpsf;F nfhz;L 

,j;njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. mj;NjhL ,g;ngz;fs; fopKfq;fspy; ,wq;fp 

iffshYk; ,why; gpbf;fpd;wdh;. ,t;thW gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wtw;iw tpw;W jkJ 

tho;f;ifr;nryTfis


6. fiuNahuf; ifj;njhopy; 

rpy ngz;fs; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;w gd;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gha;> ngl;b vd;gd nra;J 

cs;Supy; tpw;gid nra;fpd;wdu;. 

NkYk; kl;b mfo;jy;> ,why; gpbj;jy; Nghd;w njhopy;fSk; ,q;F ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. 

,q;F fz;ly; kl;b mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtjhy; ,jpy; ngz;fs; mjpfkhd


7 Rw;Wyh 

kzw;flw;fiuNah> miyj;jhf;fKs;s flw;gug;Ngh mw;w gFjpahf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,q;F 

Rw;WyhTf;Fhpa rhj;jpak; mhpjhf ,Ue;jhYk; ,aw;ifahd fz;ly;fis mlHj;jpahf 

nfhz;like;J fhzg;gLtjdhy; Rw;Wyhg;gazpfis ftuf;$ba ,lkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. 

NkYk; ,q;F gwitfshd kapy;> nfhf;F> kPd; nfhj;jpg;gwit> ePh;f;fhfk;> 

fhl;Lf;Nfhop> kpUfq;fshd gd;wp> ehp> Ks;sk;gd;wp> Kjiy KjyhditfSk; 

fhzg;gLtjhy; Rw;Wyhg;gazpfis ftuf;$ba xU gpuNjrkhf ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. 

,q;F Nfhapy;fs;…rka topghl;Lj;jyq;fs; kf;fis ftuf;$bajhf ,Ug;gjdhy; 

mjpfkhd cs;Sh; Rw;Wyhg;gazpfs; tUif jUfpd;wdH.


8. fiuNahu thoplq;fspdJk; %ytsq;fspdJk; gpur;rpidfs; 

nghJthf ,aw;ifahfj; Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfistpl kdpj nraw;ghl;bdhy; tUk; 

gpur;rpidfNs ghhpa #oy; ghjpg;Gf;fis #oYf;F Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; 

jpz;kf;fopT nfhl;Ljy;> mj;JkPwpa FbNaw;wk;> kzy; mfo;T Nghd;w kdpj 

nraw;ghLfs; Kf;fpa gq;Ftfpf;fpd;wd. 

jk;gyfhkj;jpy;; ,aw;ifahd Gtpapay; miktplk;> fiuNahuk;;> kpfTk; czh;T 

kpFjpahd #oy; njhFjpfshd fsg;Gfs;> fopKfq;fs>; rpWjPT> fz;ly;jhtuq;fs;> 

fhLfs; kw;Wk; kzw;ghq;fhd flw;fiufs; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gFjpapy; 

Rw;whly; #oy; njhFjpfs; kdpj nray;ghLfshy; kpfTk; ghjpg;Gw;Ws;sd. 

Rw;whly; gpur;rpid 

* + + * 0 * 0 * + * + + 0 + + + + + + 

jpz;kf;fopT Kfhikj;Jtk; 

ePh; khriljy; 

Mw;wq;fiu mhpg;G 

fiuNahu %ytsq;fspd; rPuopT 

nts;sk; 

caph; gy;tifikapd; ,og;G 

tsp khriljy; 

xsp khriljy; 

jk;gyfhkk; Kjyhd flw;fiug; gFjpfs; fiuNahuj;jhtuq;fisAk;> 

fz;ly; jhtuq;fisAk; mjpfkhff;nfhz;L fhzg;gLtjhy; ,t;T+h; kf;fs; mg;gFjp; 

flw;fiufis mj;JkPwp gpbg;gjw;fhd re;jh;g;gk; Vw;gltpy;iy.


8.2 jpz;kf;fopT nfhl;Ljy; 

,f;flw;fiug; gpuNjrk; FbapUg;Gg; gFjpahfTk;> ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrkhfTk; 

fhzg;gLtjhy; ,q;F jpz;kf;fopTfshd nghypj;jPd;> fljhrp> fz;zhbj;Jfs;fs; 

kw;Wk; kdpjf;fopTfs; vd;gd nghJkf;fshy; mfw;wg;gLtjdhy; flw;fiu 

khRgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J Rkhh; 100 kP mstpy; nfhl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; fly; 

mRj;jkiltNjhL fiuNahur;#oYk; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpd;wJ. NkYk; fly; tho; 

caphpdq;fshd kl;b> Chp> ej;ij> ez;L> kPd; vd;gd mUfp tUtjhfTk; 

njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. vdpDk; ,g;gpur;rpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ghjpg;gpid cz;Lgz;ztpy;iy.


9. fiuNahu mdh;j;;jq;fs; 

9.1 #whtsp 

tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhw;wKf;;fg; guty; ikag;gFjpapy; FiwthfTk; itspNa nry;y 

Rw;wpay; gFjpapy; FiwthfTk; xU gbKiw Vw;w ,af;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,e;j mKf;f 

rha;tpwf;fKk; nfhwpNahtpy; tpisTk; (Coriolises effect) Nrh;e;J G+kpapy; miu 

tl;lg;gug;gpy; njw;Fg;gFjpapy; ,lQ;Ropahf fhw;iw Row;Wk; tl miug;gFjpapy; 

tlg;gf;fj;jpy; tyQ;RopahfTk; Row;Wk;. ,J G+kpapy; Nkw;gug;gpy; ,U Row;rpfSk; 

re;jpf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; cuha;T tpir ,Oitia Vw;gLj;jp epy ePh; gug;gpy; Fiwe;j 

mKf;fg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J $ba mKf;fg;gFjpf;F Row;rptbtkhf RoUk;. ,t;thwhd 

cs;Nehf;fpa mKf;f khw;wk; kw;Wk; ntg;gepiy khw;wk; tphptiljy; vd;gd 

fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; Row;rp #whtsp vdg;gLk;. 

#whtsp jhf;fkhdJ ngUk;ghYk; kio$ba gUtfhyq;fspNyNa 

Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ brk;gu; khjq;fspNyNa #whtspj; jhf;fj;jpw;fhd 

rhj;jpaq;fs; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 2001 Mk; Mz;L 

fhyg;gFjpapy; rpwpa #whtspg; ghjpg;G ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; Vw;gl;ljhf jfty;fs; 

njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,jd;%yk; gy;NtW nrhj;J mopTfs; Vw;gl;ljhfTk; 

mg;gpuNjr kf;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. 

9.2 nts;sg;ngUf;F my;yJ epyk; nts;sj;jpy; mkpo;tJ 

nts;sg;ngUf;F my;yJ epyk; nts;sj;jpy; mkpo;tJ vd;gJ xU njhFjpePH; 

Nky;gha;r;ry; elj;JtjhFk;. nts;sg;ngUf;nfd;gJ mjpfkhd kiotPo;r;rpahYk; 

gdpg;glyk; cUFtjdhYk; my;yJ ,uz;L tpistpdhYk; ePh;gha;e;J toikahd 

jhq;Fk; mstpw;F Nkyhf MW fly; vd;gtw;wpy; gha;tJ MFk;. rhjhuzkhf gy 

rpW ejpfspypUe;J NknyOk; ePh; Nrh;e;J ghAk;NghJ Mw;wpd; ,UkUq;FfspYk; 

nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLk;. 

jk;gyfhkk; gpuNjrj;jpy; nghJthf gUtfhy kiotPo;r;rpapd;NghJ nts;sg;ngUf;F 

Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ khupfhyq;fspy; mjpfsT kiotPr;rp ngwg;gLkplj;J 

mg;gpuNjrq;fspy; Kiwahd tbfhy;fs; mikg;G ,d;ikapdhy; nts;sg;n;gUf;F 

Vw;gLfpwJ. ,t; mdu;j;jkhdJ ngUk;ghYk; jho; epyg;gFjpfspy; tUlhtUlk; Vw;gl;L 

nrhj;J mopTfisAk;> kf;fs; ,lg;ngau;itAk; Vw;gLj;JtNjhL gy;NtW Rfhjhuk; 

rk;ge;jkhd gpur;rpidfisAk; cz;Lgz;ZfpwJ. ,t;thNw fly; ePukl;lk; 

caUk;NghJ fly;ePu; fliy mz;ba gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; cl;GFtjdhYk; 

nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ.


10. murhq;fj;jpdhy; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;s rl;lthf;fq;fs; 

rl;lthf;fk; 

flw;fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gf; 

fl;lisr; rl;lk; th;j;jkhdp ,y – 

7710 (1929) 

tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs; ghJfhg;Gf; 

fl;lisr;rl;lk;. th;j;jkhdp ,y. 

8675 (1940) mj;Jld; 49k; ,yf;f 

(1993) jpUj;jr;rl;lk; Nghy gpd;te;j 

jpUj;jr;rl;lq;fs;. 

kPd;gpbfs; 

fl;lisr;rl;lk; 

th;j;jkhdp ,y. 12304 (1961) 

1996 k; Mz;bd; 2k; ,yf;f kPd;gpb 

kw;Wk; ePhpay; tsr;rl;lk; 

fiuNahu 

tya 

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpl;lk; 1991y; 

ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; Vw;G 

1968k; Mz;bd; 14k; ,yf;f 

cy;yhrg;gaz mgptpUj;jpr;rl;lk;. 

1980k; Mz;bd; ,aw;if kuGhpik 

kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Fr;rl;lk;. 

1988d; jpUj;jr;rl;lk;. 

1981k; Mz;bd; 54k; ,yf;f NjrPa 

ePhpay; ts Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; 

mgptpUj;jp Kftuhz;ikr; (NARA) 

rl;lk; 

rl;l Vw;ghLfs; 

gtsg;ghiw> kzy; Kjypad mfo;tjw;fhd 

jil. 

fly; Mikfs; mtw;wpd; nghhpf;Fk; $Lfs; 

cl;gl mr;RWj;jYf;Fk; gPjpf;FKs;shd 

tdtpyq;Ffisg;ghJfhj;jy;. ,r; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 

14.8.1998 md;W `pf;fLit ,aw;if xJf;fPL 

gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 

mopit cz;lhf;Fk; tiyg;ghtidf;Fj; jil. 

epiyNgwhd kPd;gpb eltbf;iffl;F cjtp. 

,jd; 33k; gphptpd;gb Kl;ilAld; $ba rpq;fp 

,whiy itj;jpUg;gJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 

vtUk; Rw;Wyhg; gFjpfspy; 

ghugl;rkhd kw;Wk; jpl;lkplg;glhj 

eltbf;iffisj; jilnra;jy;. 

#oy; ghjpg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa kjpg;gPl;il 

fl;lhag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; fhw;W> ePh; 

mj;Jld; my;yJ epyk; vd;gtw;wpid 

khrilar;nra;Ak; ifj;njhopy;fSk; mDkjp 

ngwg;gliyAk; typAWj;JfpwJ. 

flw;fiu> flw;gFjp vd;gd cl;gl 

ePh;g;gFjpthoplq;fspy; ePhpay; tsq;fspd; 

ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp> jfty; 

ntspg;gLj;Jif> MNyhrid toq;Fjy; 

Nghd;wtw;Wf;nfd NjrPa ePHpay; ts Muha;r;rp 

kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp (NARA) Kftuhz;ik 

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.


1981k; Mz;bd; 57Mk; ,yf;f 

fiuNahu ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk; (fghjp) 

1988k; Mz;bd; 64k; ,yf;f 

fiuNahug;ghJfhg;Gj;jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 

1945k; Mz;bd; 3k; ,yf;f fhLfs; 

rl;lk;> 1966k; Mz;bd; 13k; ,yf;f 

jpUj;jr;rl;lk;> 1988k; Mz;bd; 13k; 

,yf;fr;rl;lk;. 

fiuNahu tya Kfhikj;Jtj;jpl;lj;ij 

cUthf;fy;> XOq;FgLj;jy; ,it njhlh;ghd 

fiuNahu tya eltbf;iffis fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> 

fiuNahu ghJfhg;Gf; fUj;jpl;;lq;fis 

jahhpj;jYk; epiwNtw;WjYk; Mfpa gzpfs; 

fiuNahu ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;Jf;F (CCD) 

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fsg;Gf;fs;> fopKfq;fs; 

kw;Wk; MWfspd; vt;tsT gFjpfis fiuNahu 

tyaj;jpy; Nrh;g;gJ vd;gJ gw;wPAk; ,J 

jPh;khdpf;Fk;. jdpahh; kw;Wk; mur Jiwapduhy; 

Nkw;nfhs;sg;glTs;s mgptpUj;jpfs; njhlh;gpy; 

ghugl;rk; fhl;lhJ. ,th;fspd; tpz;zg;gq;fis 

mq;fPfhpg;gJ njhlh;gpy; nghJthd 

elgbKiwfis cUthf;fpAs;sJ. NkYk; 

fiuNahu tyaj;Js; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; 

mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspy; itj;jpUj;jy;> tpw;gid 

nra;jy;> nfhz;Lnry;yy; njhlh;ghf 

mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fis toq;Ftjw;Fk; 

Fw;wkpioj;NjhUf;F vjpuhf rl;l eltbf;iffs; 

vLf;fTk; ,r;rl;lk; Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ. fz;ly; 

fhLfs>; ,tw;iw ntl;Ljy; njhlh;gpYk; 

,r;rl;lk; Vw;GilajhFk;.


1981k; Mz;bd; 59k; ,yf;f fly; 

khriljy; jLg;Gr;rl;lk; 

1984k; Mz;bd; tpNrl 

cy;yhrg;gaz Nrit xOq;F 

tpjpf;Nfhit 

1980k; Mz;bd; 47k; ,yf;f NjrPa 

#oy; rl;lk; kw;Wk; 1988k; Mz;bd; 

56k; ,yf;f jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 

,r;rl;lkhdJ ,yq;ifapYs;s ePh;epiyfs; 

khriljiy jLf;f> Fiwf;f kw;Wk; 

fl;Lg;gLj;j fly; khriljy; jLg;G 

mjpfhurigf;F mjpfhukspf;fpwJ. 

Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy; mDkjp vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; 

mtw;wpid tifg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Vw;ghL 

nra;fpd;wJ. 

kj;jpa #oy; mjpfhu rigia (CEA) epWtpaJ. 

#oy;ghjpg;Gf;fspypUe;J #oy; ghJfhg;igAk; 

khriljiyj;jLj;jYk; fl;Lg;gLj;jYf;Fkhd 

Vw;ghLfs;. jpUj;jr;rl;lkhdJ ngUkstpyhd 

#oy; juf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F Vw;ghL nra;fpd;wJ.

06. Thampalagamam - Neccdep.com

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?