Towards a Nation of Integrity - Transparency International Sri Lanka

fudag¾ r: ldlalka w;r isá yxi fèkqjla
uf.a jdykfha ,shdmosxÑ iy;slfha fuf;la mej;s tkacska wxlh bj;alr kj
wxlh Bg tlalsrSu i|yd ,smsf.dkq fudag¾ r: m%jdyk flduidrsia ld¾hd,hg bosrsm;a
lf úia;rh b;d
idjOdkj wid isá tu uy;añh ud yg f,dl= widOdrKhla isÿj we;s nj mjid
jdykfha fkdïurh wid ,smsf.dkqj ke;s j. okajk ,oS' túg tu uy;añh udyg
álla isák f,i okajd ;udu ,smsf.dkqj fiùug .shdh' ñks;a;= úiailska muK
,smsf.dkqjo /f.k tu uy;añh meñK mrs.Kl ud._fhka tys f;dr;=re fidhd
n,oaoS tu jdyk wxlh mrs.Klfhka bj;alr we;s nj udfj; oekaùh' bkamiq ud;a
iu. by< ks

iqms

m%:u uqøKh - 2006 fkdjeïn¾*
fojk uqøKh ^ixfYdaê;& 2008 wfm%a,a
Transparency International Sri Lanka
28/1, Bullers Lane,
Colombo 07, Sri Lanka
Tel : (094) 011 2501474
Fax : (094) 0112592287
E-mail : tisl@sltnet.lk
Web :www.tisrilanka.org
Printed By :
Kapila
Advertising
Kapila Advertising
B. 15, G3, Soysa Pura, Moratuwa.
Tel : 0112-636017
E-mail : kapila_patirana@yahoo.com
isú,a iudchg ÿieß ^¥IK& úfrdaë ±kqu ,nd§fï wOHdmksl jevuq¿
j,§ fkdñf,a fnod§u i`oyd iïmdÈ;hs'
* m%:u uqøKh cd;Hka;r ixj¾Okh ms

wmf.a oelau (
iqms

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a › ,xld hkq"
f,dalfha rgj,a 105 lg wêl m%udKhl foaYSh YdLdjka iys;" ¥IKhg tfrysj
igka josk m%Odk;u cd;Hka;r ixúOdk cd,h jk g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,ays Y% S ,dxlsl
ksfhdacs;dh;kh jkafka g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a • ,xld wdh;khhs' iyY% j¾Ih
wdrïNh;a iu. • ,xldfõ ia:dmkh jQ g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a • ,xld wdh;kh
iajlSh ih jirl .uka u. ;=

fmrjok
w,a,i yd ÿießh ^¥IKh& rg u .s,.;a jHikhla nj yeu fokdu okakd lreKla jQj;a
Bg tfrysj" th uevmeje;aùug wjYH ±kqu yd yelshdjka ys wvqmdvq mj;akd nj wmg
fmkSf.dia we;s lreKls' Y%S ,xldfõ mj;akd ÿießh u¾okhg wod, kS;s Í;s" wdh;k
/ila ;snqKo tlS m%;smdok yd wdh;k ms

mgqk
g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a • ,xld hkq iii
wmf.a oelau yd fufyjr v
g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a • ,xld úOdhl wOHlaIlf.ka vii
m

miajk mrsÉfPaoh - ÿießh ^¥IKh& ke;s lsrSu'
ÿießh ^¥IKh& je

iqms

iqms

ì|la fufiah'
tla tla l=¿Kq ksfhdackh lrk wdh;k yd tajdfha ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. j,ska
jHjia:dodhlh - idOdrK yd ksoyia ue;sjrK
úOdhlh - wdo¾Yu;aNdjh" n,h whq;= f,i Ndú;d fkdlsÍu
wêlrKh - iajdëk yd w§kNdjh" wmlaImd;S ùu
ú.Kdldêm;s - iajdëk ùu" n,mEï j,ska úhqla; ùu" újD;j
jd¾;d jd¾;d lsÍu
Tïnqâiauka - iajdëk;djh" jd¾;d l

l=¿Kq Yla;su;a ke;skï isÿjkafka l=ulao@
jHjia:dÿhlh
úOdhlh
wêlrKh
ú.Kldêm;s
hy md,kh
TïnQâiauka
wëCIK iqmÍlaIlhska lKavdhï
l=¿Kq Yla;su;a ke;skï mshiai u; we;s f.da, fmr,S ìug jeà iqkqúiqKq ù
hduhs' m%;sM,h foaYh úkdY ùuhs'
f,dalfha ÈhqKq hehs iïu; lsisu rgl iEu ld,hl§u fuu l=¿Kq iïmQ¾K
jYfhka Yla;su;aj msysgkafka ke;' l,ska l,g úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a whq;= l%shdldrlï
ta ta l=ˆKq ksfhdackh lrk wdh;khkays olakg ,efí' tkuq;a jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka
iEuúgu iudc idrO¾u yd ck;dj wjÈfhka isàu keue;s w;a;sjdru b;d Yla;su;aj
mej;Suhs' tneúka l=¿Kq lsysmhla ÿ¾j, jQj;a mshiai iudka;rj ;nd .ekSug
yelshdj ,eî we;s w;r whq;= mqoa.,hka bj;a lrùu u.ska l=ˆKq h:d ;;ajhg m;a
lsrSug uyck u;h m%n,h'
tfia fyhska idrO¾u imsß iudchl wjÈfhka hq;= ck;djla we;s lr .ekSfuka
iqms,smkak foaYhla f.dvke.Sug iúu;a w;a;sjdrula fjuq'
´kEu rgl ´kEu ld,hl ck;djf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j Wiia Ôjk uÜgulska
hq;=j iu.sfhka yd iudodkfhka Ôj;a ùuhs' ksùiekis,af,a Ôj;a jkjd f,i wm
iudcfha mjikafka fuh h' rgl ck;djf.a Ôjk uÜgu ukskq ,nkafka udkj
ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh u.sks' udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylhg mdol lr.kq ,nkafka Wmf;a§
wdhq wfmalaIdj" jeäysá idlaIr;djh" tAl mqoa., o< foaYSh ksIamdokh" wdhq wfmalaIdj"
wOHdmksl uÜgu hkd§ lreKqh'
13
rcH fiajh
ck udOH
isú,a iudch

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ixj¾Ok jevigyk u.ska rgj,a 170 la i|yd 2002
j¾Ih mdol fldg ms

ÿießh ^¥IKh& ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ uqo,a
fjk;a Èidjkag fhduq lsÍu u.ska ck;djf.a
uQ,sl wjYH;djhka iemhSug rch
wfmdfydi;a ùu" widOdrKhg bv ,eîu
yd úfoaY wdfhdack iy wdOdr ,eîug ndOd
meñKùu u.ska ÿmam;a ck;dj ±ä f,i
widOdrKhg ,la lrhs’'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uy f,alï fld*S wkka
úiska tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,fha§ tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾Ok m%{ma;sh bÈßm;a
lrñka lrk ,o m%ldYh'
by< uÜgfï foaYmd,lfhda;a Tjqkaf.a i.fhda;a
,efnk iEu wjia:djlskau jdis w;alr .ekSu
fkdlvjd lrf.k h;s' ÿieß ^¥Is;& jHdmdßlhka
yd tlaj Tjqyq ish¨u cd;Ska ÿ.S nfjys ysrlr ;nñka
tu rgj, mj;ajd .; yels ixj¾Okhg wjysr lr;s'
ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dalfha ÿ.S rgj, muKla fkdj
ÈhqKqjk rgj, wdfhdackh lrk iud.ï ysñ rgj,o
b;d wk;=reodhl f,i wêlj mj;S'
mSg¾ whs.ka g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kfha
wdrïNl iNdm;s' 2002 ÿieß ^¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylh
t

ÿießh ^¥IKh& hkq mejÍ we;s n,;, wksis f,i ;u fm!oa.,sl ,dN
m%fhdack i|yd fhdod .ekSuhs'
tu.ska"
� uyck iqN isoaêh fkdj fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack .ek is;d n,d ;SrK .ekSu
isÿ lrhs'
� m%cd;dka;%sl wdh;k ÿ¾j, lrñka wksis n, jHdma;sh we;s lrhs' tu.ska tu
wdh;k flfrys ck;d úYajdih iy iyfhda.h ì| jefÜ'
� ñ," .=Kd;aul Ndjh jeks idOl u; mokï jk idOdrK ;rÕldÍ;ajh
mfil oud" f.jkq ,nk fldñia uqo, u; ;SrKh jk fj

ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd ixj¾Okh
rgj,a lsysmhl rdcH kdhlhska úiska isÿlr we;s uyck uqo,a jxpdjkays
weia;fïka;= .; lrk ,o uqo,a jákdlu tu rfgys tal mqoa., wdodhu iu.
ixikaokh lsÍfuka ÿießh ^¥IKh& ksid rgl ixj¾Okhg isÿjk ydksh ms,sn|
wjfndaO lr.; yels fõ'
rg rdcH kdhlhd jxpdlr we;s uqo,
we't'c' fvd,¾
bkaÿkSishdj
ms,smSkh
ihf¾
khsÔßhdj
i ¾ ì h d $
hqf.diaf,daúhd
yhsÜ
fmare
hqlaf¾kh
ksl.=rejd
fudfyduâ iqy¾f;dackdêm;s-
1967-98
1' m¾äkkaä ud¾fldaiackdêm;s
-1972-86
2' fcdaYma tiag%dvd-ckdêm;s
1998-2001
fudnqgq fiiS fifldackdêm;s
1965-97
iekS wndpd-ckdêm;s1993-98
iaf,dfndvdka ñf,dafiúlackdêm;s
1989-2000
Ôka laf,daâ vq~je,sh¾ckdêm;s
1971-86
we,an¾fgda mshqcsfudßckdêm;s
1990-2000
meúfhda ,ei/kafldaw.ue;s
1996-97
wd¾fkda,aâ w,sudkackdêm;s
1997-2002
* fudnqgq úiska fidrlï lrk ,o uqo, ihf¾ rdcHfha iïmQ¾K úfoaY Kh
m%udKhg jvd jeäh'
* yhsÜ rdcHfha vqje,sh¾ úiska fidrlï lrk ,o uqo, rfÜ
jd¾Isl whjefhka 87] ls'
uQ,dY%h (- úYaj ÿießh ^¥IK& jd¾;dj 2004' g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a
17
ì,shk 15-35
ì,shk 5-10
ñ,shk 78-80
ì,shk 5
ì,shk 2-5
ì,shk 1
ñ,shk 300-800
ñ,shk 600
ñ,shk 114-200
ñ,shk 100
tAl mqoa.,
wdodhu ^2001&
we't'c' fvd,¾
695
912
99
319
okS$fkdokS
460
2051
766
490

• ,xldj o uE; b;sydih ;=, § rg ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd úúO jHdmD;s l%shd;aul
lrk ,o w;r fndfyda úg tajd foaYmd,k igka mdG f,i o Ndú;d lrk ,§'
tfy;a "
wm rgg ;sridr ixj¾Okhla ,nd.; fkdyels jQfha wehs@
mia wjqreÿ ie,eiau ^1972-1977& wid¾:l jqfka wehs@
ksjy,a O¾ñIag iudchla ^1977-1989& ìys fkdjqfka wehs@
ke;sneß wh" we;s yels wh ^1989-1993& lsrSug fkdyels jqfka wehs@
1994 ka miq rg fmrg fkd.sfha wehs@
2002 § rg msìoùug fkdyels jQfha wehs@
2005 ka miq w¿;a • ,xldjla ìys jqkdo@
fï ish,a,gu mssKh lrkq ,nhs' ¥IKh iudc yd
foaYmd,k Ôú;fha we;s ish¨ idOdrK foa ksYaM,
ld¾hhka njg m;a lrhs'
tu ksid wms ¥IKhg tfrysj cd;sl jHdmdrhla Èh;a
lruq' wmf.a foaYmd,ksl yd wd¾Ól l% shdldÍ;ajh
jeäfofkl=f.a hym;g fya;=jk wdldrhg mq¿,a
lsÍfï m%;sm;a;shg wj;S¾K fjuq' ish¨fokdu úiska
ms

w,a,i iy ¥IKh hkq iuia; rdcH foayfhau
we;s ms

w,a,i bx.%Sis NdIdfjka Bribe f,i fhfoa' Bribe hk jpkh merKs m%xY
NdIdfjka bx.%Sis NdIdjg tlajQ jpkhls' merKs m%xY NdIdjg wkqj ’Bribe¶ hk
jpkfha w¾:h ysÕkakdg fok mdka lene,a,ls'
m.dj hk jpkh mD;=.Sis NdIdfjka ,oaols' mD;=.Sis NdIdfjka mef.dajd
^pagova& hkqfjka yÿkajkafka ,enqfõ kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk fohla lr .ekSug i|yd
fokq ,enk uqo,ls'
m.dj Y%S ,dxlsl ck iudch ms

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj úiska 2002 j¾Ifha§ m%pdrh lrk ,o ±kaùuls'
21

ÿießh ^¥IKh& hkq l=ulao@
fojk mßÉfþoh
wms ÿießh ^¥IKh& yÿkd .ksuq
ÿießh ^¥IKh& hkq mejÍ we;s n,;, fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdackh i|yd
wh:d f,i mßyrKh lsÍuhs' (Corruption means abuse of entrusted power for personal
gain.)
ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& úúO wdldr -
w,a,i ^Bribery&
hï ld¾hhla lsÍu ms

n,y;aldrfhka w;am;alr .ekSu ^Extrotion&
;u ks,n,h kS;s úfrdaë f,i Ndú;d lrñka n,y;aldrh mEfuka ;ud fj;
jdishla ,nd .ekSu'
WodyrKh(- ;udg hï jdishla i,iajkafka ke;skï" uyck fi!LHhg wys;lr
h hk moku u;" fydag,hla mj;ajdf.k hdu ;ykï lsÍug lghq;= lrk nj"
uyck fi!Lh mÍlaIljrfhl= úiska fydag,fha whs;slreg mejiSu u.ska udia m;d
hï uqo,la ,nd §ug fm

wksis mlaImd;S;ajh ^Favouritism&
hï lreKla u; hï ;eke;af;l=g fyda lKavdhulg whq;= iy.; f,i
wkq.%yh oelaùu' fufia mlaI.%dyS ùfï§ i,ld n,kafka wd.u" cd;sh" Wmka m%foaYh"
foaYmd,k mlaImd;S;ajh wd§ ldrKd úh yel'
{d;s ix.%yh ^Nepotism&
;k;=re ,nd §fï§ fyda ;SrK .ekSfï§ ;udf.a {d;s ñ;%d§kag whq;= iy.;
jdis ie,fi mßÈ lghq;= lsÍu'
24

ÿießfha ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrK
j¾.SlrK
ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrKh
ÿießh ^¥IKh& uev,Sfï§ iqúfYaIS jYfhka jeo.;ajk ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& úúO
j¾.SlrKhka mßmd,k úoaj;=ka úiska y÷kdf.k we;' tu j¾.SlrKhkaf.ka lsysmhla
my;ska olajd we;'
uyd mßudK iy iq¿ mßudK ÿießh ^¥IKh& (
uyd mßudK ÿießh ^¥IKh& fkdfyd;a foaYmd,kuh ¥IKh ^Grand corruption/Political
corruption& hkakg rcfha by< uÜgfï isÿjk ÿießh ^¥IKh& we;=

iq¿ mßudKfha ÿießh ^¥IK& fkdfyd;a ks

ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj,ays ¥IKfha fmdÿ .=Kdx.
01' my< ;,fha muKla fkdj by< ;,fha o l% shd;aul fõ'
tneúka ixj¾Ok m%uqL;d m%;sm;a;s iy jHdmD;s j,g wod< uQ,sl ;SrK u;
úkdYldrS n,mEula we;s lrhs'
02' ¥IK uqo,a frdao fkdj ;gq ,nd we;'
oshqKQ rgl ¥IKfhkA Wmhk uqo,a fndfyda wjia:d j,oS wdfhdackh jkafka tu
rg ;=,uh' tkuq;a ol=Kq wdishdfõ ¥IKfhka Wmhk uqo,a fndfyda úg wdfhdackh
jkafka oshqKq rgj,a j,h'
03' isrf.h fkdj Wiiaùï ,nhs'
fndfyda úg ¥IK oe,g yiqjkafka f;dareka fudareka fkdj yd,aueiaikah' boysg
f;dare fudare yiq jQj;a l=uk fyda l%uhlska ovqjulska f;drj wjidkfhaoS
ksoyi ,nhs'
04' ñ,shk 515 lska iukaú; ÿmam;a ck.ykhla ;=< l% shd;aul fõ'
• ,xldfõ ÿmam;alfï f¾Ldfjka my," tkï osklg weurslka fvd,¾ follg
jvd wdodhula fkd,nk mjq,a 25] la we;'
¥IKh ukqIH;ajhg tfrys idmrdë jrols'
ol=Kq wdishdfõ ¥IK uev,Su hkq fmdÿ ckd;jf.a cSú; fírd.ekSuhs'
27

;=kajk mßÉfþoh
ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& m%;súmdl
ÿießh ^¥IKh&
� iudc" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,ksl w¾nqo we;s lrhs'
� ,laI ixLHd; ck;dj ÿlaÅ; ;;ajhg m;a lr id.skaorfhka ;nhs'
� kS;sh yd iudc ixysÈhdj ì| ouhs'
� udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh lrhs'
� iudc widOdrKh we;s lrhs'
� rfÜ ixj¾Okh i|yd fhdojk uqo,a mqoa., ixj¾Okhg fhoùu u.ska rfÜ
ixj¾Okh mud lrhs'
� ck;djf.a uQ,sl wjYH;djka jk wdydrmdk" bÿï ysgqï yd /lS rlaId iemhSug
rch wfmdfydi;a lrjhs'
� rcfha wdodhu wysñ lsÍu iy rdcH úhou jeä lsÍu u.ska NdKav ñ, by,
hdug i,iajhs'
� rfÜ Woaoukh jeä lrjhs'
� wmrdOlrejkag .e,ùug bvlv ie,eiaùu u.ska wmrdO jeä lrhs'
� úfoaY wdfhdack yd úfoaY wdOdr ,eîu j

ch flfrys uyck úYajdih ì|jeàu
ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& M,úmdlhla f,i rch flf¾ uyck úYajdih ìojeàfuka
iuia: iudchu wk;=rg m;aùfï wjodku lS¾;sOr jHdmdßlfhl= jk yegka keIk,a
nexl=fõ iNdm;s ßhkais úfÊ;s,l uy;d olsk whqre (-
’ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& yd n,h whq;= f,i fhoùfï úmdl wmf.a foaYmd,k
kdhl;ajh fkdmudj f;areï .ekSu rfÜ hym;g fya;=fõ' tfia fkdjkafka kï jerÈ
ud¾.hg fhduq l,d jQo" wkaOdkqldrfhka lghq;= l

ÿießh ^¥IKh& ñksia Ôú; ì,s.kakd whqre
;=¾ls fÄojdplh
1. The costs of corruption
by; oelafjkafka 1999 j¾Ifha ;=¾lsfha isÿ jq N+ñlïmdj ksid úkdY jQ uy,a ksjdi ixlS¾Khls' ta
wi,skau we;s uy,a f.dvke.s,a,g ydks ù ke;af;a N+ñlïmdj,g Tfrd;a;= fok ksis m%ñ;sfhka th
;kd we;s ksidh' kuq;a ydkshg m;a jQ uy,a ksjdi ixlS¾Kh ÿieß ^¥IK& l%shdjkaf.a m%;sM,hla f,i
ksis m%ñ;sfhka bÈlrk ,oaola fkdjk nj ;yjqre ù we;'
^uQ,dY%h - g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a úYaj ¥IK jd¾;dj- 2005&
ñksiaiq N+ñlïmd ksid fkduefrk kuq;a
lvdjefgk f.dvke.s,s ksid ñh h;s'
30

Èjhsk 2005'10'01
ck wjOdkhg t;rï ,la fkdjqKQ › ,xldfõ
fÄojdplhla'
Èjhsk
31
Èjhsk 2005'08'09

ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd ixj¾Okh
ÿießh ^¥IKh& rgl ixj¾Okh wvd, lrkjd muKla fkdj iuyr úgl§
ixj¾Ok wdmiq yrjd mßydksh lrd .uka lrùug fya;= ldrl fõ'
f,dalfha rgj,a ixj¾ê;" ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk yd W!k ixj¾ê; rgj,a
f,i j¾. ;=klg fnod we;s w;r fuu rgj,a j, ÿießh ^¥IKh& mej;Sfï uÜgu"
rfÜ ixj¾Ok uÜgu iu. ixikaokh lsÍfuka ÿießh ^¥IKh& u¾okh lr we;s
m%udKhg rg ixj¾Okh ù we;snj fydodldrju ±lsh yel'
rg
ixj¾ê; rgj,a
fkda¾fõ
iaùvkh
TiafÜ%,shdj
cmdkh
mska,ka;h
fydxfldx
isx.mamQrej
ol=Kq fldrshdj
ixj¾Okh
fjñka mj;sk
rgj,a
fulaisfldaj
uef,aishdj
refïkshdj
;dhs,ka;h
ms,smSkh
• ,xldj
bkaÿkSishdj
W!k ixj¾ê; rgj,a
nx.a,dfoaYh
khsÔßhdj
wekaf.da,dj
rgj,a ixLHdj
^¥IK ixLHd;
o¾Ylhg wod,&
udkj
ixj¾Ok
o¾Ylh
2002
1
2
3
9
13
23
25
28
53
59
69
76
83
96
111
138
151
166
170
tal mqoa.,
¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylh
ksIamdokh
we't'c'
fvd,¾ 2002 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
24,806
36,600
26,050
28,260
26,940
26,190
26,910
24,040
16,950
8,970
9,120
6,560
7,010
4,170
3,570
3,230
8.5(12)
9.3(5)
8.6(11)
7.1(20)
9.7(1)
8.2(14)
9.3(5)
4.5(40)
3.6(57)
4.9(33)
2.6(74)
3.2(64)
2.6(77)
3.7(52)
1.9(96)
uQ,dY%h (- • ,xldfõ iudc yd wd¾Ól o;a; 2004- • ,xld uy nexl=j'
ÿieß ^¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Yl-g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a
32
8.8(8) 8.9(8) 8.9(8)
9.3(6) 9.2(6) 9.2(6)
8.8(8) 8.8(9) 8.8(9)
7.0(21) 6.9(24) 7.3(21)
9.7(1) 9.7(1) 9.6(2)
8.0(14) 8.0(16) 8.3(15)
9.4(5) 9.3(5) 9.4(5)
4.3(50) 4.5(47) 5.0(40)
8.8(8)
9.2(6)
8.7(9)
7.6(17)
9.6(1)
8.3(15)
9.4(5)
5.1(42)
8.7(9)
9.3(4)
8.6(11)
7.5(17)
9.4(1)
8.3(14)
9.3(4)
5.1(43)
3.6(64) 3.6(64) 3.5(65) 3.3(70) 3.5(72)
5.2(37) 5.0(39) 5.1(39) 5.0(44) 5.1(43)
2.8(83) 2.9(87) 3.0(85) 3.1(84) 3.7(69)
3.3(70) 3.6(64) 3.8(59) 3.6(63) 3.3(84)
2.5(92) 2.6(102) 2.5(117) 2.5(121) 2.5(131)
3.4(66) 3.5(67) 3.2(78) 3.1(84) 3.2(94)
1.9(122) 2.0(133) 2.2(137) 2.4(130) 2.3(143)
1,700 1.2(102) 1.3(133) 1.5(145) 1.7(158) 2.0(156) 2.0(162)
860 1.6(101) 1.4(132) 1.5(144) 1.9(152) 2.2(142) 2.2(147)
2,730 1.7(98) 1.8(124) 2.0(133) 2.0(151) 2.2(142) 2.2(147)
102 133 145 158 163 179

gl }ie]h ^¥IK& uÜgu ukskafka flfiao@
hï rgl mj;sk ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& uÜgu uek ne,Su i|yd we;s o¾Ylh
g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a ys ÿieß ^¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylhhs' ^Corruption Perception
Index&' iólaIK l%u 10 la weiqfrka tla tla rfÜ ÿießh ^¥IKh& mej;Su ms

ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& Y% S ,xld uqyqKqjr
^2002$2003 ú.Kldêm;s jd¾;dj&
ud¾. ixj¾Okh wêldßh
weia;fïka;= .; lrk ,o m%udKh blaujd jeh lrk ,o remsh,a 143"914"306
la Khlrejka hg;g we;=,;a lr ;snqKo wdmiq ,nd .ekSug yelsfõo hkak iel
iys;h'
uQ,H m%ldYk j, yd wod, Wmf,aLk w;r remsh,a 14"674"037 l fjki
meyeÈ,s lr fkdue;'
Khlrejka 444 fofkl=f.ka remsh,a 15"777"354 la jir mylg jeä ld,hla
;siafia whlrf.k fkdue;'
f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;=j
2000 jir i|yd jk remsh,a 15"079"115 msßjegqï noao iy remsh,a 22"903"444
jk cd;sl wdrlaIl noao l¿;r yd .d,a, m%dfoaYSh ld¾hd, u.ska tl;= lr ke;'
cd;sl rlaIK ixia:dj
2002 jir ;=,§ cd;sl rlaIK ixia:dfõ fldgia m%d.aOkfha 39] úlsKsfï§
remsh,a ñ,shk 56'6 l mdvqjla lr we;'
kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh
1996 isg 2000 olajd ld,h ;=, remsh,a 429"450"000 uqo,la iud.ï 4 l
wdfhdackh lr ;snqKo 2003-02-31 olajd ta i|yd ,dNdxY lsisjla ,eî fkd;snqKs'
34

› ,xld uyje,s wêldßh
� iel lghq;= yd y÷kdfkd.;a yr yd ner fYaIhkaf.a uq¿ tl;=j ms

y;rjk mßÉfþoh
ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& fya;=
ÿießh ^¥IKh& isÿjkafka wehs@
l%shd;aul fõ'
yelsh'
ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& md¾Yj folls' b,a¨u yd iemhqu kHdh u; md¾Yjhka
b,ä u Demand
rdcH ks,OdrSka
foaYmd,k n,OdrSka
cd;Hka;r yd
foaYSh ks, ;ka;%hka
fuu tla tla ;eke;a;ka ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& fldgialrejka ùu úúOdldr úh
� Ôj;a ùug iß,k jegqmla fkd,nk rdcH fiajlfhl= ;u wd¾Ól ÿIalr;dj
ksidu fok fohla ndr .ekSug fm

� kS;s úfrdaë lghq;= lsÍfï§ we;s jk ndOd wju lsÍu i|yd ks¾f,daNSj
úhoï lsÍug leu;s iy ta ksidu ìh iel fkdue;sj wiSñ; ,dN ,eîug
lghq;= i,iajd .kakjqka isáh yel'
� n,Odßhd b,a,k foa fkdÿkafkd;a ;udg lsisjla fkd,efnk ksidfjka iy
l¿.,a j, T¿ ymamd .ekSug wlue;s fyhska w,a,ig wlue;af;ka fyda hg;a
jk wysxil ÿmam;=ka isáh yel'
� úúOdldr nÿ f.ùï j,oS" ks,Odßhdg ikaf;daiula §" wdKavqjg iq¿ .dKla
f.jd" ;udg f,dl= ,dNhla ;nd .ekSug ie§ meye§ isák jHdmdßlhka isáh
yel'
� yefudau .kakd ksid .kakd wh fukau yefudau §fuka jevlr .kakd ksid fok
who isáh yel'
37

ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd f,dal b;sydih
ÿießh ÿießh ^¥IKh& ^¥IKh& f,dal f,dal b;sydih b;sydih mqrdu mqrdu mej; mej; tkakls'
tkakls'
udkj YsIaGdpdrfha wdrïNh iu.u" ÿießh ^¥IKh& mej;s nj fukau ÿießhg
^¥IKhg& úreoaOj igka l, njg idOl" udkj b;sydih mqrdu yuqfõ'
� Ökfha .d´ ;d´ úiska idok ,o ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾Ok kS;s l% s'mQ' 46 isg 21 olajd
ld,h ;=, Ökfha Ishd rdcjxYh úiska l% shd;aul lrk ,§ ÿießhg ^¥IKhg&
ovqju jQfha k,f,a yxjvq .eySuhs'
� miq ld,Skj Ök rdcjxY OQrdj,sh ;=< ÿießhg ^¥IKhg&" jrfoa nrm;,lu wkqj
urKSh oKavkh mekjqKq w;r j;auka Ökho ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& urKSh
oKavKh l%shd;aul lrhs'
� neìf,dakshdfõ yuqrdì rc ^l% s'mQ'1792-1750& úiska ÿieß; ^¥Is;& rdcH ks,OdÍkag
ovqjï ,nd§u ms

fuu ft;sydisl idOl wkqj fmr~mr foÈ.u f,dal ck;dj ;u YsIaGdpdrh
wdrïNfha isgu ÿießh ^¥IKh& msgq ±lsh hq;= nrm;, jrola f,i i,lk ,o nj
fmkS hhs'
tfy;a ;ju;a wm w;ßka ÿießh ^¥IKh& ;=rka ù ke;af;a wehs@
ÿießh ^¥IKh& iudc ixisoaêhls' ÿießh ^¥IKh& mej;Sug fya;= my;
i|yka mßÈ j¾. lr ±laúh yel'
wd¾Ól fya;= -
� Ôjk úhoug iß,k jegqmla fkd,eîu
� lrkq ,nk fiajdjg iß,k jegqmla fkd,eîu
� wdodhï fn§hdfï úIu;djh
� oßø;dj ^ÿmam;alu&
foaYmd,k fya;= (-
� foaYmd,k taldêldrh
� rdcH wdh;k foaYmd,kSlrKh
� foaYmd,k wia:djrNdjh
� n,hg we;s lEorlu
� hqoaOh yd tys .kqfokq j, ryiHNdjh
� mgq foaYmd,k u;su;dka;r
� mj;akd ue;sjrK l%uh ;=, úhoï by,hdu
� úOdhlh" jHjia:dodhlh yd wêlrKh w;r wiunr in|;djh
mßmd,k fya;= (-
� rdcH fiajfha wld¾hlaIu nj
� Wkkaÿ lsÍï yd fm

kS;suh fya;= (-
� mj;sk kS;sfha wvqmdvq ;sîu
� kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh wld¾hlaIu ùu
� kS;sh ms

² lñgqj b;d blaukska mÍlaIKh iïmQ¾K l< w;r ks¾foaYh jQfha ÿieß
^¥IK& lghq;= fiùu i|yd fmd,Sisfhka mßndysrj iajdëk wdh;khla msysgqùug
lghq;= l< hq;= njh'
² ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrys iajdëk fldñiu ^ICAC&1 ia:dms; lrk ,oS' tf;la
fmd,Sish i;=j ;snQ ÿieß ^¥IK& úu¾Yk n,;, fldñiug ,enqKs'
² fydxfldx fg,sfldï iud.fï by, ;k;=r w;ay< cela ldg¾ ^Jack Carter&
iajdëk fldñiug flduidßiajrhd f,i iïnkaO úh'
² fmd,sia m%Odkshdg tfrysj lghq;= lsrSug fldñiug n,h ,enqKs'
² fmd,sia m%Odkshd tx.,ka;hg m

miajk mrsÉfPaoh
ÿießh ^¥IKh& ke;s lsrSu
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ m%ldYkhlska Wmqgd .kakd ,È'
}ie]h ^¥IKh& je

1982 fmdÿ foam< ms

uQ,H fr.=,dis
� rcfha uqo,a yd wfkl=;a foam< ksismrsos fhoùug wod, kS;s we;=

� mrSlaIK wjika jk;=re úfoaY .uka n,m;% w;a ysgqùug"
� foam, ysñlï udrelr ,shdmosxÉh je

iajdëk rdcH fiajd fldñiu
� 17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh u.ska ia:dms; wdh;khls'
� rdcH fiajfha iajdëk;ajh ;yjqre lsrSu uQ,sl wruqKh'
� rdcH fiajfha m;a lsrSï" Wiia lsrSï iy úkh md,kh iïnkaO n,;, fuh
i;=h'
� rdcH fiajlhkaf.a úkh úfrdaë l%shd iïnkaOfhka l%shd lsrSug n,h we;'
� ÿießh ^¥IKh& jro u; /lshdj wysñ lsrSfï n,h mjd ysñh'
� m

� w,a,i" ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd fmdÿ foam< wh:d mrsyrKh ms

ÿießh ^¥IKh& u¾okhg ck;d iyfhda.h ,eìh hq;= whqre
48
’fuu mk; j,x.= jQ úg ¥IK
l%shd .ek jerosldrhska jk
ish,a,kau w,a,d .ekSug wmg
n,h ,efnkq we;' fï rfÜ
iEu mqrjeisfhl=u iyfhda.h
fkdolajf;d;a fuu mk; kS;s
ix.%yhg we;=

ÿießh ^¥IKh& uevmeje;aùu iy kS;sfha l% shdldÍ;ajh
kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh ul=¿ ±,la jeks hehs merKs .%Sl lshukla we;' fuh
ul=¿ ±,a iy,laIKh ^Cob Web Syndrome& f,i yeÈkafõ' ul=¿ ±,la l=vd ueiaika
w,a,d.kakd kuq;a úYd, nUre" foUre jeks lDókag th myiqfjka lvdf.k hdug
bv i,id fohs' f,dalh mqrd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrysj kS;sh l%shd;aul jkafkao
fuf,ih hkqfjka fmdÿ ueisú,a,la mj;S' Y%S ,xldfõo w,a,ia yd ÿieß ^¥IK& ±,g
yd,a ueiaika yiqjk kuqÿ f;dare fudare yiqjkafka ke;s nj m%p,s; u;hls'
fuys§ nUreka yd foUreka fyda f;dareka yd fudareka f,i ck;dj olskafka
n,.;= mqoa.,hskah' tkï n,j;a foaYmd,k{hska iy Tjqkaf.a i.fhdah'
n,.;= mqoa.,hskag úreoaOj kS;sh l%shd;aul jQ wjia:d Y%s ,xldfõ o ±lsh
yel' bka iuyrla kS;sh yd foaYmd,ksl fyda wh;ksl iodpdrhg tfrysj lghq;=
lsÍu ksid kS;sfha yia;h ÈlajQ wjia:d jk w;r ;j;a iuyrla yqÿ foaYmd,ksl
fya;+ka u; u muKla fõ' foaYmd,ksl wjYH;d i|yd kS;sh ovóud lr .ekSu kS;sh
ms

hqfrdamSh uka;% Sjre 03 fofkl= jerÈlrejka njg ;SrKh lsÍu yd tA u; iuyrla
b,a,d wiaùu yd b,a,d wia fkdjQ wh fkrmd yeÍu'
1949 tï'ví'tÉ' o is,ajd fldñIka iNdj u.ska 1947fld

ÿießh ^¥IKh& je

1' f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh kS;s.; lsÍu'
uyck uqo,a yd foam< n,OdÍka úiska mßyrKh lrk wdldrh
±k.ekSug uyck;djg we;s whs;sh kS;sh u.ska ms

III' iyNd.S;aj mßmd,kh (Participatory Administration)
jdßhfmd, m%dfoaYSh iNdj u.ska id¾:l f,i w;ayod neÆ
l%uhls fuh' fuu jev ms

5' mqrjeis m%{ma;s (Citizens' Charters)
;ukaf.a whs;sjdislï ms

6' uyck wOHdmk yd f;dr;=re jevigyka
WÞyrK ( fydxfldxys iajdëk ¥IK úfrdaë fldñiu ^ICAC&
fydxfldx rdcHh ì%;dkHhka úiska md,kh lrk ,o ld,h ;=<
1974 fmnrjdß ui 15 Èk md,l uhqß uelaf,dfydia ^Murry Machehos& úiska
fydxfldx iajdëk ¥IK úfrdaë fldñiu ^ICAC& msysgqjk ,§' fydxfldxys wdKavqj
iy úfYaIfhkau tys rdclSh fmd,sia n,ldfha uq,aneif.k ;snQ ¥IKh uq,skqmqgd ±óu
tys wruqK úh' iajdëk ¥IK úfrdaë fldñifuys flduidßiajrhd úiska m%Odk;ajh
ork ,o uyck wOHdmk jevigyk uyck;djf.a wdl,amhka laIKhlska fjkia
l< fkdyels nj;a" ±kqj;aNdjh kexùfï§ tA ioyd ld,h iy bjiSu wjYH nj;a
;sridr m%;sM, ,Õd lr .ekSu ioyd wëIaGdkYs,S;ajh tlu u. nj;a fmkajd ÿks'
ICAC uyck wOHdmkh iy ±kqj;aNdjh kexùu flfrys jir 32 lg jvd jeä
ld,hla .;lr ;snqKs' ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;k iy fm!oa.,sl iy rdcH wxYhka w;r
iïnkaO;djh Yla;su;a lsÍug ICAC jd¾Islj ieis 2700 la mj;ajd ;snqKs' idudkHfhka
jirlg m%cd iïnkaO;d ks,OdÍka idlÉPd l%shdldrlï iy úfYaI jHdmD;s 800 la
yryd 200"000 la 300"000 la w;r ck;djla fj; hhs' uyck ieis" jevuq¿ mdi,a
yuq iy jHdmdßlhka iy jD;a;slhka ioyd iïuka;%K yryd ICAC ld¾h uKAv,h
jd¾Islj uyck;djf.ka 4] la 5] la w;r m%udKhla yuq jQy' óg wu;rj ICAC
ishqï f,i ck udOH fhdodf.k wjxl;ajfha ixialD;sh uyck;dj ;=

ÿießh ^¥IKh& .ek ñ;Hdj yd i;Hh
ñ;Hdj
ksoyia wd¾Ól rgdjla ;=, ÿießh ^¥IKh&
;sîu je

is;d n,kakg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''
úÿyf,a lS¾;skduh wkqj .e,fmk w,a,ila oS ckm% sh mdi,lg ;u orejd
we;=,;a lr .kakd fouõmshka ta .ek Woï wkk w;r mdif,a úÿy,am;s;=ud w,a,ia
.;af;a jQjo ;udg Wmldrhla l< wfhl= f,i i,lhs' tneúka ta ms

wkqrdOmqr hq.h
ksYaYxlu,,rc
b;sydi .; lreKq wkqj Y%S ,xldjdiS wmyg
ÿieß ^¥IKhg& bv ke;'
isxy,fha rdc kS;sh
frdnÜ fkdlaia
—i;r jdy,alv rka ߧ uq;= ue‚la msrjQ n÷ka i;rla
;nd jev lrkq ,enQ m%udKhg iß,k fia f.k hkakg
okka yg bv ie,iQ˜
rejka je,s uyd iE l¾udka;h
uyd jxYh
—w,a,i .kakjqka iy ¥IKfha fhfokakjqka B,Õ
wd;aufha§ n,a,ka iy lmqgka ù bmfokq we;˜
wU.uqj fi,a,smsh
—wh:d wkaoñka jia;=j /iafldg.;a rcfha
ks,ulaldrjrekaf.a foam< rdc ika;l lsÍu˜
—fidrlu isxy,fha fy

wfma rcacqrejkaj frdnÜ fkdlaia ÿgq yeá
fï rfÜ rgjeishka uyrcq fj; isrs;a mrsos mvqre mdlal=vï fkdfyd;a whnÿ
f.k tkafka w¨;a wjqreÿ ld,fhysh' uq,a wjosfhaoS rc;=ud fufia whnÿ ndr.ekSu
ks;H ksrka;rfhkau lrkak mqreÿj isáho" wmrNd.fhys rdc NdKavd.drh msrS b;srS
.sh fyhska" miq ld,fhys Tyq wh nÿ Ndr .;af;a b;d l,d;=rlsks' iaj,am jYfhks'
fï rcf;fï rgjeis ck;djf.a wh .ekSu ms

wms l=ula lruqo @
yhjk mrsÉfPaoh
wms l=ula lruqo
60
@
� wmf.a yelshdjka wkqj" hym;a mqrjeishka f,i iemj;a cSú;hla .; lsrSfï
whs;sh • ,xldjdiS iEu fokdgu we;af;ah' w,a,i yd ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka&
f;dr rdcH ;ka;%hla mj;ajd .ekSu wmf.a whs;shls'
� whs;sjdislï bfí my, jkafka ke;' whs;sjdislï b,a,d isáh hq;=hs' túg
,efnkq we;'
� w,a,i yd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& úreoaOj Tnf.a yv wjÈ lrkak' ÿießfhka
^¥IKfhka& f;dr rdcH ;ka;%hla b,a,d isákak' th wfma whs;shhs'
� uyck uqo,ska jegqma ,nk rcfha fiajlhdg;a" uyck uqo,ska hefmk
foaYmd,lhdg;a uyck uqo,a jxpd lsÍug;a kdia;s lsÍug;a bv fkd;nkak' ukao ta
wfma iy wfma orejkaf.a uqo,a neúks'

ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrysj ke.S isàu - ldf.a j.lSuo@
n¨ l=K * - wfcdald ;shg¾
l:dj
tla;rd k.rhl k.rjdiSka Wfoa kskafoka msìfokjd;a iu.u tys m%Odk ùosfha mdr ueo uereKq
n,af,l=f.a u< l=Kla olakg ;sìKS' fuu o¾Ykfhka Tjqka yeufofkla u uú;hg fukau wm%ikak
;;a;ajhg m;aù fï lrorldrS ’n¨ l=K¶ .ek ish woyia m, l

Wlg,S fkdjkak æ
±kqj;a jkak "
wjÈjkak ""
l% shd;aul jkak """
wka whj;a ±kqj;a lr wjÈ lrkak """"
ch.%yKh ksh;h """""
´kEu ÿr .ukl wdrïNh tla mqxÑ mshjrls'
62

wms f,dalh fjkia lruq æ
"To put the world in order, we must first put
the nation in order; to put the nation in order,
we must first put the family in order; to put the
family in order, we must first cultivate our personal
life; and to cultivate our personal life, we
must first set our hearts right"
Confucius
’f,dalh ms

zzfï .fia fndfyda meKs fodvï ;sfí
meys,d bos,d ìug keñ,d nrfj,d w;=
kx.sghs ughs f.ä folla we;s
jeäh lvk krl

ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka& msreKq wúpdrj;a
iudch Wvq hál=re lruq'
iqms

iqms

68
Wm .%ka:h 1
i fldgi
w,a,i yd ¥IKh iïnkaOj w,a,ia mkf;a
úêúOdk ir,j '''''''''
^1& m%( w,a,i hkq l=ulao@
W( rcfha fiajlfhl= úiska fyda rcfha fiajlfhl= fjkqfjka kS;Hdkql+,
fkdjk ;=gq mvqrla b,a,Su fyda ,nd .ekSu iy rcfha fiajlfhl=
fj; fyda Tyq fjkqfjka kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk ;=gq mvqrla msrskeóu fyda
msrskeóug ;e;a lsrSu w,a,ils'
^2& m%( w,a,i jrola jkafka flfiao@
W( ^i& ;=gq mvqr wheoSu" ,nd.ekSu" msrskeóu fyda msrskeóug ;e;a
lsrSu rcfha fiajlfhl=f.a ks, ld¾hhla bgq lsrSu i|yd fm

^4& m%( kS;sh fyda ;u rlaIdfõ fldkafoais wkqj rcfha fiajlfhl=g
,nd .ekSug n,h ,eî we;s mvqre ljrla úh yels o@
WodyrKhla fokak'
W( rcfha ffjoH ks,Odrsfhl=g hï hï fldkafoais j,g hg;aj fm!oa.,slj
;u jD;a;sfha fhoSug wjir ;sîu'
^5& m%( w,a,ila yd ;E.a.la w;r fjkila ;sfí o@ tfia kï ta
l=ulao@
W( ^w& w,a,i yd ;E.a. w;r meyeos,s fjkila we;'
^wd& ;E.a.la msrskeófïoS fyda Ndr.ekSfïoS t;ek lsisu whqrl jroldrS
woyila ke;' w,a,ila § iEuúgu jroldrS woyila we;' fuu
jroldrS woyi meyeos,sj fmfkkakg ;sfnk wjia:d fukau
ie.jqkq wjia:do we;'
^6& m%( jroldrS woyi ie.jqkq wjia:d fudkjdo@
W( WodyrKhla f,i rcfha fiajlfhl=g lsishï nexl=jla úiska tu
nexl=fõ .kqfokqlrejkag idudkHfhka n,mdk fldkafoais j,g jvd
,sys,a fldkafoais hgf;a Khla ,ndoSu'
^7& m%( rcfha fiajlhkag ;E.s ,nd.ekSug kS;suh ndOd we;so@
W( wdh;k ix.%yhg wkqj rcfha fiajlfhl=g kEoE ys;ñ;=rkaf.ka yqfolau
fm!oa.,sl ld¾hhka j,g wod

^iii& rcfha fiajlfhl=f.a ks, ld¾hhla bgq lrjd .ekSu i|yd tu
rcfha fiajlhdg fyda fjk;a rcfha fiajlfhl=g ke;fyd;a
w;rueosfhl=g w,a,ila msrskeófïoS tf,i msrskuk ;eke;a;d
úsiska (
^iv& by; jeros lsrSug ;e;a lrk" wkqn, fok iy l=uka;%Kh lrk
;eke;af;l= úiska (
^11& m%( w,a,ia mk;g wkqj rcfha fiajlhd hkafkka woyia lrkafka
ljqrekao@
W( w,a,ia mk;g wkqj my; i|yka wh rcfha fiajlhka fõ'
wud;H uKav,fha wud;Hjrfhl="
wud;H uKav,fha idudcslfhl= fkdjk wud;Hjrfhl="
l:dkdhl$ksfhdacH l:dkdhl$ldrl iNd ksfhdacH iNdm;s"
ksfhdacH wud;Hjrfhl="
m

^13& m%( w;rueoshl= u.ska w,a,ia f.k fuu jroska .e,úh yelso@
W( fkdyel'
hï ;eke;af;l=f.a oekqu fyda tlÕ;ajh fyda we;sj tlS ;eke;a;d fyda
fjkhï ;eke;af;l= fjkqfjka fyda wka whqrlska fyda ´kEu flfkla
w,a,ia jrola l

^20& m%( w,a,ila i|yd yqjudre úh hq;af;a uqo,a fyda uqo,ska w.h
uekshyels fjk;a foam,la fyda muKlao@
W( ke;' w,a,ila i|yd uqo,a" uqo,ska w.h ueksh yelsfohla fukau uqo,ska
w.h ueksh fkdyels fohla o yqjudre úh yel'
^21& m%( th meyeos,s lrkak'
W( w,a,ila i|yd yqjudre úhyels foa .ek b;d mq¿,aj w¾:l:kh lr we;'
mk;g wkqj w,a,ila"
^w& Khla" .dia;=jla fyda mdrsf;daIslhla fyda ,eîul wdldrfhka
úh yelsh'
^wd& hï OQrhla fyda rlaIdjla fyda ,ndoSul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'
^we& hï Khla fyda ne|Sula fyda ksoyia lsrSul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'
^wE& kvq mejrSulska fyda úkhuh l%shdud¾.hlska fyda wdrlaIdj
,eîul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'
^b& hï whs;sjdislula fyda ks,n,hla fyda l% shd;aul lsrSu fyda bka
je

^24& m%( fldñIka iNdj fj; f;dr;=re ,ndosh yelafla flfiao@
W( ^1& ÿrl:k wxl 011-2586258 iy 011-2584872 weu;Sfuka ke;fydla
laI‚l weu;=ï wxlh jk 1954 weu;Su
^2& wxl 36" u,,fialr udj;" fld

ii fldgi
1975 wxl 1 ork j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;a
lsÍfï mk; idrdxY.;j'
1' j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY bÈßm;a l< hq;= ;eke;a;ka
^w& md¾,sfïka;= uka;% Sjre iy m,d;a md,k wdh;k j, iNslhska"
^wd& ckdêm;s úiska m;a lrkq ,nk úksYaphldrjre ^tkï fY%aIaGdêlrK
wNshdpkdêlrK yd uydêlrK úksYaphldrjre& iy rdcH ks,OdÍka"
^we& wud;H uKav,h u.ska m;alrkq ,enQ rdcH ks,OdÍka"
^wE& wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj úiska m;alrkq ,enQ wêlrK ks,OdÍka
^Èia;%sla úksYaphldrjre" ufyaia;%d;ajre iy lïlre úksYaph iNd
iNdm;sjre& iy wêlrKhkays Wmf,aLk.; ks,OdÍka"
^b& wud;HdxY yd fomd¾;fïka;=j, udKav,sl ks,OdÍka"
^B& m

iii fldgi
2006 wxl 5 orK uqo,a úY+oaêlrKh je,elaùfï mk;
idrdxY.;j
hï foam

ks;r kef.k m%Yak j,g ms

isÿfkdjk wjia:do we;' ×;s ix.yh hkq" tfia lsisÿ uQ,H .KQfoKqjlska f;drj wksis
ie,lSula fyda wkq.%yhla ±laùuhs'
06& 06& rdcldßh rdcldßh bgq bgq lsÍu lsÍu fjkqfjka fjkqfjka ;Hd.hla ;Hd.hla ,nd.ekSu ,nd.ekSu ¥IKhlao@
¥IKhlao@
;Hd. §u yd ,nd .ekSu fndfyduhla iudc l%uhkays ms

09& 09& j.ùu j.ùu ^ ^^Accountabilty&
^
& hkq hkq l=ulao@ l=ulao@ th th jeo.;a jeo.;a jkafka jkafka ukao ukao @
@
PkaoÞhlhska fj; rdcH ks

13& ¥IKhg tfrysj igkajeÈh yels tlu l%uh tjeks jerÈ j,g tfrysj kvq
mejÍu muKlauo@
¥IKhg tfrysj M,ÞhS whqßka kvq mejÍu w;HdjYH jk kuq;a ¥IKhg tfrysj lghq;=
lsÍfï tlu l%ufõoh th muKla fkdfõ' kvq mejÍula id¾:l ùug kï ld¾hlaIu
úu¾Yk mámdáhla mej;sh hq;=uh' ksrka;r w;aolsk ;;ajhka ;=

flfia jQjo kS;sh u.skau muKla tjeks wdh;khla iajdëk l< fkdyel' iajdëk;ajh
rÞ mj;skafka tjeks wdh;khla fufyh jk mqoa.,hka u;h'
16& ¥IKh wju lsÍu ms‚i ú.Kldêm;sjrhdg l< yels ld¾hh l=ulao @
ú.Kldêm;s OQrh hkq" wdKAvql%u jHjia:dkql+j msysgqjkq ,en we;s" ish¨u rdcH wdh;k
ú.Kkh lsÍu ms‚i mj;ajkakd jQ rfÜ W;a;Í;r ú.Kk wdh;khhs' flfia fj;;a
ú.Kldêm;s úiska jd¾;d l< hq;= jkafka md¾,sfïka;=j fj;hs' iqúfYaIS wjia:djka
iSñ; m%udKhl§ yereKq fldg wêNdrhla whlsÍfï n,;, ú.Kldêm;sjrhdg ysñ
fkdfõ' ú.Kldêm;sf.a rdcldÍ lghq;= l% shd;aul lsÍfï§ rdcH wdh;k ;=< hï hï
isoaêuh fodaIhka fya;=fjka ¥IKhlg u.mdok nj fmkS hk úg fndfyduhla rgj,
tA ms

wfkl=;a wdh;k iu. idlÉPdjla meje;aúh yelsh' ^tjeks /iaùï wNsjDoaêÞhl
/iaùï f,i yeÈkafõ& tjeks /iaùula ;u wdh;kfha mj;sk ¥IK uÜgu ms

fõ' j;alï yd j.lSï fy

igka je§ug ,efnk msgqjy, l=ulao @
tjeks kS;shla mej;Su u.ska" f;dr;=re ±k.ekSug we;s yelshdj m%j¾Okh jk uÜgulg
ffk;sl" wdh;ksl yd ld¾hmámdál moku o Yla;su;a ùug u.mdohs' tfukau kshñ;
wjia:dfõ§ ksjerÈ f;dr;=re m%isoaO lsÍu u.ska" fmdÿ ck;djg ukdj f;dr;=re ,nd
foñka wdKavqj j.ùfuka l%shdlrk ;;ajhla iy;sl lsÍug o bjy,a fõ' f;dr;=re
myiqfjka yd ksoyfia ,nd.ekSug yels úg" ¥IKhg we;s m%jK;djhka miq.dó fõ'
uyck;dj f;dr;=rej,ska ikakoaO ùu fya;=fjka rdcH ks,OdÍka úiska .kq ,nk"
jerÈ yd ¥Is; ;SrK mskhls'
tfia fyhska" ¥IK lghq;= ioyd wdKavqjla yjq,a ùu u.ska" udkj ysñlï iqrlaIs; lsÍug
yd m%j¾Okhg rch fj; mj;sk j.lSu lv fõ' rdcH ks,OdÍka ¥Is; jk ;;ajhla ;=<
iuyr udkj ysñlï ;yjqre lsÍug bvla ,efnkafka ke;' ¥Is; fmd,sia ks,OdÍka
úiska" wi;H idlaIs ks¾udKh fldg lrk" w;awvx.=jg .ekSï yd r`ojd ;nd.ekSï
fya;=fjka" w;a;fkdau;sl f,i w;awvx.=jg .ekSfuka yd r`ojd .ekSï j,ska ñ§fï
ksoyi W,a,x>kh ùu tA iïnkaOfhka lÈu WÞyrKhls' i;H jYfhkau ÿIKhg
tfrys wr.,h yd udkj ysñlï /l.ekSu ioyd jQ wr.,h;a hk folu" b;du;a iómj
.uka lrk" ch.%yKh lsÍu wNsfhda.hlaj we;s wr., fõ'
27& udkj ysñlï flfrys ¥IKfha n,mEu flfiao@
¥IKh ksid ksr;=reju isÿjkakd jQ whqla;siy.; ;;ajhka fya;=fjka f,djmqrd fldaá
ixLHd; ck;djg udkj ysñlï wysñ fõ'
² udkj ysñlï w;am;a lr.ekSug ¥IKh u.ska ndOd t,a, fõ'
WÞ (- úÿy,am;sjrhdg w,a,ia fkd§fuka mdie,g we;=,;a ùug
fkdyelsjk orejdf.a whs;sjdislï W,a,x>k h fõ'
² ¥IKh ksid j.ùu ksis f,i bgq fkdfõ' uyck;djg ysñ foaYmd,ksl ysñlï
Ndú;fha bv m%ia:dj wysñ fõ'
WÞ (- foaYmd,k{hskag" wd¾Ól jdis ,nd§ Tjqkaf.a u;jdo fjkia
l< yels ùu'
fï u.ska m%cd;ka;%jdofha uQ,sl moku ìojefÜ'
² udkj ixy;sfha iudkd;au;djh yd rdcHh fj;ska iudk ie,l=ï ,eîfï
uQ,O¾uhka jkafka udkj ysñlïh'
83

¥IKh hkq fjkiafldg ie,lSfï w;sYh wk¾:ldÍ ;;ajhls' tA ;=

iy wld¾hlaIu;djhkao mj;sk neúka ixj¾Okh flfrys ¥IKfha n,mEu Rcqj
;SrKh lsÍu myiq fkdfõ' wdh;kj, mj;sk wld¾hlaIu;djhka iy j.ùfuka f;drj
lghq;= lsÍfï iajNdjhkag ¥IKh fya;=jla jkjd fukau tlS ;;ajhkaf.a m%;sM,hka
f,io ¥IKh yg.kakd ksid ¥IKh hkak úp,Hhla f,iska ixj¾Okhg lrk n,mEu
uekSu wmyiq fõ'
meyeÈ,sj ±l.; yels ldrKhla jkafka ÿ¾j, wd¾Ól j¾Okh ms‚i n,mdk wfkl=;a
wdh;ksl ÿn,;d w;f¾" ¥IKho tla fya;= ldrKdjla njhs' úfoaYSh fukau foaYSh
wdfhdack uÜgu my< ±óug ¥IKh b;du;a nrm;, f,iska n,mdk njg úYajdi
flf¾'
hï rgl Ñria:dhs ixj¾Ok jevms

32& tAldêm;sjd§ md,k l%uhla ;=

l%shdjka ;=

88
Wm Wm .%ka:h .%ka:h 3
3
ÿießh ÿießh ^¥IKh& ^¥IKh& je

wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.h
kd.ßl n,h f.dvk.d we;af;a k.rdêm;s m%Odk ks,Odßhd f,i;a Tyqf.a ksfhdacH
k.rdêm;sjre jHjia:dodhl uKav,h f,i;a ie,lSfuks' k.riNd i|yd ;u n,m%foaY
j,ska ,efnk wdodhu úhoï lsÍu i|yd iïmQ¾K n,h yd ksoyi Tjqkg we;' fuu wdodhï
,nd.kafka foaYSh nÿ whlsÍu" ;Srenÿ iy uOHu rcfha uqo,a ,eîï j,sks' úOdhlh u.ska
fuu k.r iNdj, whjeh ms

fï i|yd ,nd .; yels jeäu ,l=Kq m%udKh 15 ls' fï ,l=Kq 15 ;=ka wdldrhlg
fnod tllg 5 ne.ska oSu lrkq ,nkafka my; oelafjk lreKq wkqj hñkah' ishhg úiailg
jvd jeäfhkaa tu fiajdfjka m%fhdack .kafka kï ,l=Kq 5 hs' tys ck.ykh 120"000 jvd
jeä kï ,l=Kq 5 hs" th ;ukaf.a b,a,Sï ,ehsia;=fõ m%uqL;djh f.k we;akï ,l=Kq 5 hs'
fojeks jgfha idlÉPdj cQ,s udifhaoS mj;ajkq ,nk w;r m%foaY 16 ka tllska
fofokd ne.ska f;dardm;a lr .kq ,efí' fï i|yd uq,ska i|ykal< miajeoEreï ud;Dld
Ndrj isák wh fjkqfjka oifofklao" isú,a fiajlhkaf.a iñ;s j,ska tla ksfhdað;hl=
ne.skao" wi,ajdiS ck;dj fjkqfjka ksfhdað;hka fofofkl= ne.skao mßÈ wh jeh ;SrKh
lsrSu i|yd tlaù /iafjk ljqkais,h" 44 la jQ ksfhdacs;hka f.ka iukaú;fõ' fuu ljqkais,h
ish¿ fokdu ksfhdackh fjk m%Odk ixúOdkh fõ' fuysoS fï ksfhdacs;fhda k.r iNdfõ
uqo,a mrsyrkh ms

j¾I 1986 g m%:u fuu k.rh uqo,a ;;ajh w;ska b;d WodiSk ;;ajhl miqjQ w;r
thg fya;=jqfha l¾udka; oshqKqjla fkdùu" msgia;r ckhd mosxÑh i|yd fuys meñKSu"
wêl Kh.e;s Ndjh iy wdodhï ud¾. ySk ùuh' tfy;a uQ,Huh m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul
ùfuka miq j¾I 1989-1991 ld,h ;=,oS b;d Wiia wdldrfha oshqKqjla fmkakqï lr we;'
fuhg fya;=ù we;af;a uyck;djf.a iyNd.sFjfhka we;slrk ,o whjeh ieliSfï l%shdj,sh
fõ' j¾I 1989 isg 1996 olajd ld,h ;=

;jo fu ks,OdÍka úiska bosßm;a lrkq ,enQ ;dCIKSl iy ta yd iudk fhdackd
ck;d lñgqj,ska m%;slafIam fldg tajd ck;djg .e,fmk wkaoñka ilialrjd .ekSï lrkq
,efí' fuu lghq;= fï wdldrfhka ilialr ;snqko ;ju;a fuu me,eka;sh ;uka f.a
woyia yqjd olajñka tajdu uyck;djg n,fhka ms,s.ekaùug lrk ,o W;aidyhkao ke;af;u
fkdfõ' fuu l%shdj,sh ms

isoaê isoaê wOHhkh wOHhkh II
iyNd.s;aj iyNd.s;aj ú.Kkh ú.Kkh ( ( hymd,kh hymd,kh ms

wjidkfha§ f,alïjrhd ;u ±ä ia:djrh ,sys,a l< w;r" jxl Ndjh iy wh:d yeisÍu .ek
jerÈlrejka njg m;a jQ rdcH ks,OdÍka 11 fofkl=f.a fiajh ;ykï lrk ,§ 1' thg
w;sf¾lj" fmdÿ lghq;= iy uydud¾. wud;HxYfha wen%dys m%Odk iy ksfhdacH m%Odk
bxðfkarejka fofokd jegqma rys;j fiajd w;aysgqùulg ,la fldg wkd.;fha lsisÿ Èkl
m

ld¾hfha m%;sM,h .ek úia;r l< ú.Kkh ms

isoaê isoaê wOHhkh wOHhkh III
jdßhfmd, m%dfoaYSh iNdfjka wdo¾Yhla ''''
nÿ whlr.ekSfï kjH l

.eg¨j
.eg¨j
ÿ¾j, wdodhï
jdrshfmd, m%dfoaYSh iNdj
wvq wdfhdack" ÿ¾j, fiajd ;;ajh
moku
iy nÿ f.ùug we;s W!k
m%jK;djh ÿ¾j, wdodhï moku
nÿ f.ùug we;s
wvq hk úIu pl%hg yiqùh' fuys
fkdleue;a;
wdfhdack oelafjk rEm igyk u.ska fuh
olajd we;' kd.rsl
ÿ¾j, fiajd
;;ajh
mosxÑlrejkaf.a fukau oskm;d
k.rhg neyerska meñfKk
ck;djf.a wjYH;d m%udKj;a
mrsos imqrd,Sug m%dfoaYsh iNdjg
mej;s fkdyelshdj fya;=fjka nÿ
uqo,a f.ùug ck;dj ;=< fkdleue;a;la mj;sk neúka nÿ uqo,a tl;= lr.ekSfï
ÿIalr;djhlg m%dfoaYSh iNdj uqyqK oS we;s w;r m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ lghq;= i|yd uyck
iyNd.S;ajh ,nd.ekSuo .eg¨ iy.; ù ;snqKs'
tlS lreKq fya;=fjka" uyck;dj úiska m%dfoaYSh iNdjg jeros lreKq jd¾;d
fldg nÿ uqo,a f.ùu meyer yerSu;a m%dfoaYSh iNdj iu. fyd| in|;djhla mj;ajd.ekSug
Wkkaÿ fkdùu;a olakg ,enqks' fuu lreKq ish,a,f.au fya;=fjka m%dfoaYSh iNdj
uOHu wdKAvqfõ wruqo,a u; hemSfï m%udKh by< .sfhah'
l%ufõoh
l%ufõoh
�
�
�
�
jdrshfmd, m

iNdfõ iydhg meñKsfha fuu ld,iSudj ;=

• jdßhfmd, m%dfoaYsh iNdfõ fuu kj l% shdldÍ ie,eiau TALG jevigyk u.ska
ms

ksjdrKh
100
Wm .%ka: 4
tlai;a tlai;a cd;Skaf.a cd;Skaf.a wka;¾ wka;¾ cd;sl cd;sl ¥IK ¥IK úfrdaë úfrdaë úfrdaë iïuq;sh iïuq;sh
iïuq;sh
^fulaisfldafõ ueßvd k.rfha§ 2003 foieïn¾ 09 Èk w;aika lrk ,§'&
iïuq;sfha uQ,sldx.
¥IK lghq;= isÿjQjdhska miqj Bg tfrys kS;suh mshjr .; yels kuq;a" Bg fmr
tu lghq;= j,lajd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu w;HjYHh' fuu iïuq;sh u.ska rdcH yd
fm!oa.,sl hk fowxYhgu wod, ¥IK flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'
rdcH wxYfhka .;a l,ays ¥IKhg tfrysj l% shd lrk wdh;k ia:dms; lsÍu yd
foaYmd,ksl uQ,H .kqfokq j, úksúo Ndjh ms

mqoa.,sl wxYfha ixia:dms; tallhka msysgqùug uQ,sl jkakka yd tajdfha l

j¾Okh Wfoid w;HdjYHu jkakd jQ iïm;a" by< fmf,a we;eï ¥Is; ks

¥IK úfrdaë lghq;= iïnkaO f;dr;=re
,nd.; yels jeo.;a fjí wvú'
♦ www.transparency.org
♦ www.tisrilanka.org
♦ www.worldbank.org
♦ www.oecd.org
♦ www.u4.no
♦ www.corisweb.org
♦ www.icac.org.hk
♦ www.unocd.org
♦ www.adb.org
♦ www.kicac.go.kr
♦ www.whistleblower.org
♦ www.ardcacp.com
103

we,sia ÿgq úiau,ka;h
• ,xldj b;d mqÿu iy.; f,i fjkia fjñka mj;S'
rg fld;rï fjkia ù weoao hkak ;jÿrg;a úia;r flfrk
mqj;la Bfha ^3 od& osjhsfka uq,a msgqfõ m< ù ;sfí' fld,a, l,a,shla
ux myrd" ux meyerSug ,la jQ msrsig lK.dgqj m< lsrSfï mqj;ls ta'
h

105