Advanced Genetics 2

Advanced
Genetics
Praenuen

special Pattern
of Inheritance
piwcwsgerneaking
fkillsbewsbaefnoyrefpression.
A
b
j L
!
PLEIOTROPY
a
÷÷÷÷÷÷. 5- bite
.is#::.esnlrespiratfrhfbtYeamct
EPITASIS
" Gene → cmhfnyactewsh.es
iii.
2 genes-D one alter another
Oi
( 3 characteristics )
POLYGENIC
addictive Iaccumulation
effect
of 2-1
genes

GENEREGU.uttIoNsbasstnenja@has.a :O: en.
µ¥?¥
.fm#aviermse::s:etm0pe.ron
f- OPERON -
1- Regulatory DNA -11- Structural DNA - I
g- promoter # Operator-Ip 'iAy ,
external
Etf .¥
activator
§y µµ
repressor

inducible
-
.
TYPES OF OPERON
-
LAC OPERON
-
/
Lac T Glut pr-m-ter.pe#
Little Tryptophan
crowd lots tryptophaṅ
Lack Glut ##r none
Lacd Glad none
TRYPTOPHAN OPERON
-
always off :
always on ,
repressible
t.pe#r Make
¥# aoems.n.at
Evatt Pressor)
/
- -
✓ a. glucose vi. lactose ✓ tryptophan exist .
X B glucose Xp lactose X tryptophan does not exist
Attenuation : the process of
stopping transcription from completion
.

How is it expressed ?
recall cell communication 3 Steps to response ( info Ddecision )
4
. .
÷÷eYm
-
nunt
i. 0¥
chesmiign.ae.

-
FACTORS
Cell Expression stage.
'
II chromatin .
Accessibility
-
eat:
panda!
Y¥ntermediate.
( how easy hard RNA polymerase
can attach)
2 Transcription
-
Li ::÷÷÷: ::::Ṣ
→ needed in eukaryotes
.. . . wansoription
train:¥÷
complex
a
sitar :¥÷:÷÷÷÷:
"
÷¥
wastes:
T
mediator proteins
1-
transcription
factor
T
combinatorial Gene Regulation

-
mRNA
-
3 RNA
Processing / Splicing 6 mRNA transport 6 Proteins processing / modification
-
;
•
RNA that leaves nucleus
change job ( active r non- active) t behavior
Pre
-
Adenine
-
Poly A tail may maybe not translated
change lifespan
-
HOW ? or add groups
'CAPYE.li#I/E/AAAA 5
.
3'
capping
5 ' CAEz/Ez/AAAA
5
-
-
mRNA
/qpqSP"
"
" " 9
#
3'
exon
Jpg
cytoplasm
=
intron
.
factors 1) Phosphorilation ( Pai)
Lego lifespan ( active - non- active) t behavior
-→ of time
ianmcoyursto ,
ribosome ready ? 2)
Ubiquitination
: tag proteins
tf
moves to Proteasome → broken down
p÷iBBns¥
change cellular location
s
change activity (promoter prevent interaction)
( important ) ( unimportant ) a5/ Translation 151T mRNA Degradation
• not random process
• •••
B
If
go.
helped by
MicroRNA
controlled by regulatory proteins
perfectly bind in degrade
•
diff cell type If ¥4
→ diff regulatory proteins
If
l B
¥ t
diff exons combination
diff proteins created
binds some Ir stops
translation
T
no
•8 8 •
(
someone blocks
the way !

EXPRESSION
STAGE
R
§
LIFE
Prokaryotes VS Eukaryotes
easier o need more
transcription factors
°
More information
°
determine fine tune expression level
how fast blow it is ?

IGOALE
n
1
• • gf
thcompl
Q
ete ear
mutation on
Genes
mutation on
Enhancer/Silencer
wrong proteins is created doesn't reach the goal amount I too much