qarTuli gvar-saxelebi
qarTuli gvar-saxelebi
qarTuli gvar-saxelebi
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adri cxadaZe<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong><br />
zarnaZe<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2002
winasityvaobis magier<br />
mecnierebis komikuri aspeqtebi<br />
s a r C e v i<br />
Tavi pirveli<br />
Tavi meore<br />
1. komliIIkvamli (II kuabli), ojaxi<br />
2. Temi, adgilis deda, fuZis angelozi<br />
3. saxli, saxlikaci, saxliSvili<br />
4. <strong>gvar</strong>i, <strong>gvar</strong>iSvili, <strong>gvar</strong>iSviloba, <strong>gvar</strong>iskaci, <strong>gvar</strong>is maqiqi<br />
Tavi mesame<br />
1. adamianis sakuTari saxeli da metsaxeli<br />
2. <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis warmoSoba<br />
3. zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis warmomavlobisaTvis<br />
4. zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli qarTul mxatvrul teqstebSi<br />
5. zarnaZeebi zarnaZeebisave gadmocemebSi, zarnaZeTa genealogiuri Stoebi<br />
6. zarnaZeTa <strong>gvar</strong>iT dasaxlebul ZiriTad punqtTa (toponimTa) etimologiebi: a)<br />
alisubani, b) gurjaani, g) eweri, d) zaraTi, e) zestafoni, v) Terjola, z) kldeeTi,<br />
T) lagodexi, i) sazano, k) sviri, l) quTaisi, m) Cxari, n) winandali.<br />
ZiriTadi daskvnebi<br />
bolosityvaobis magier<br />
reziume rusul enaze<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi<br />
Semoklebani<br />
pirobiTi niSnebi<br />
danarTi<br />
a) personaliebi (zarnaZeTa <strong>gvar</strong>idan gamosuli mecnierebi da cnobili sazogado<br />
moRvaweni)<br />
b) zarnaZeTa <strong>gvar</strong>is telefonebi TbilisSi<br />
2
winasityvaobis magier<br />
cenzuris moSlis Semdeg, postsabWour saqarTveloSi, friad gavrcelda erTob<br />
ucenzuro enaTmecnieruli kvleva-Ziebani. etyoba, yvela juris mecnierebaze ambiciebis<br />
mqone profesionali Tu araprofesionali am dros eloda. da, aha, gaivso wignis bazari<br />
aTas<strong>gvar</strong>i interpretaciebiT, aRmoCenebiT, mignebebiT. zogi maTgani msoflio aRmoCenadac<br />
ki gasaRda (amaze qvemoT).<br />
gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs eris uZvelesi warmoSobis Teoriebi,<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>s “araCveulebrivad nayofieri” kvlevis Sedegebi ki gansacvifrebelia.<br />
qarTvelebi xom ikvleven da agneben samyaros RerZsac, noes kidobansac, samiaTas (megrul)<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>sac da Sumerul-raWul, Sumerul-svanur Sesatyvisobebsac; Tqven warmoidgineT,<br />
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi mcire erebis warmomadgenlebic warmatebiT gvbaZaven da<br />
grZeldeba postperestroikuli vai-Wkuisagan.<br />
ratomRac Seiqmna STabeWdileba, TiTqos enaTmecnieruli-etimologiuri kvleva<br />
mxolod intuiciaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba. arada aseT mecnierul kvlevas Tavisi<br />
mecnieruli meTodi da mravali aTeuli wlis mecnieruli wrTvna udevs safuZvlad.<br />
mkvlevarTa mier (prof. a. cagareli, akad. a. SaniZe, akad. iv. javaxiSvili, akad. s.<br />
janaSia, akad. n. berZeniSvili, akad. arn. Ciqobava...) udidesi da umZimesi Sromis Sedegad<br />
dadgenili bgeraTSesatyvisobanic gasaTvaliswinebelia, toponimikuri monacemebic<br />
Sesajerebeli da istoriuli analebis simwirec misagneb-gamosavleni.<br />
Tanamedrove kvleva-Ziebani <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelTa kuTxiT gansakuTrebuli<br />
produqtiuloboT gamoirCeva. Cans, aq ufro eiolebaT “amomwuravi” fantaziebis<br />
gamovlena. arada swored <strong>gvar</strong>is warmoqmna da warmoSoba aris urTulesi procesi,<br />
Tanabrad rom ierTebs istoriulsa da socialur-politikur mxares. gansakuTrebiT Cvens<br />
Tavad-aznaurobas uyvarda keklucoba adamamdeli winaprebiT da vrceldeboda versiebi,<br />
ambebi, anekdotebi. msgavs ambebs, romlebic mxolod zepir gadmocemebs efuZneba da<br />
cruqaqunobis nimuSebia, mravlad SexvdebiT adreul saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSic.<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>i eris simdidrea da misi socialur-politikuri da inteleqtualuri donis<br />
maCvenebeli. adamianTa <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelebSi kodirebulia tabu, miTi Tu axlo warsuli...<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>Si iSifreba yvelaze didi Rirsebebi da didi damarcxebebi; saxeli da <strong>gvar</strong>i magiur<br />
warmonaqmnadac miaCniaT arsebobis zogi dargis profesionalT.<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>isa da metsaxelis pirvelsawyisi kulturis pirvelsawyisebia; rac ufro metia<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>i, miT aRmatebulia eri da nacia. raoden samwuxaroa, rom “ucenzuroba” lamis<br />
TavSisacemad gagvxdia, radgan swored am SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis Jams enaTmecnierebs<br />
saanegdotod gagvixda saqme. yvela etimologobs, toponimistobs, ganmkiTxavi ki aravinaa.<br />
mecnieruli “ucenzurobani” walekviT emuqreba odesRac profesionalobiT da maRali<br />
kvlevis kulturiT gamorCeul qarTul sazogadoebas.<br />
3
Tavi I<br />
mecnierebis komikuri aspeqtebi<br />
“mecniereba aris erTi umecrebis meoriT<br />
Secvla”<br />
jorj gordon baironi<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> mecniereba da qarTveli mecnierebi yovelTvis gamoirCeodnen<br />
keTilsindisieri damokidebulebiT problemuri sakiTxebis rkvevisas. isini miukerZoeblad<br />
amxeldnen da akritikebdnen ama Tu im obieqturi faqtis Selamazebasa Tu damaxinjebas.<br />
am mxriv Tundac pavle ingoroyvas dasaxelebac ikmarebda nimuSad. samagierod Cveni<br />
mezobeli araqarTveli mkvlevrebis didi nawili utifrad “iCemebdnen da ayalbebdnen”<br />
qarTveli eris kulturis monapovrebs. mag., afxazebi (Salva inalifa da sxv.), osebi (gigo<br />
mamiTi da sxv.), somxebi (paruir muradiani da sxv.)<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi mecnieruli cdomilebani xSirad mecnierul niadagze iyo<br />
aRmocenebuli. mag., cnobili qarTveli mecnieri, genialuri mignebebisa da genialuri<br />
Secdomebis avtori akademikosi n. mari. igi jer kidev sankt-peterburgis universitetis<br />
studenti, ilia WavWavaZis “iveriis” furclebze acxadebda, rom SoTa rusTavelis poema<br />
“vefxistyaosani” ara<strong>qarTuli</strong>, araoriginaluri Zeglia, naTargmnia sparsulidano. mas<br />
poemis xelnaweri dedani Tu originali, inglisSi, kembrijis biblioTekaSi eguleboda.<br />
miuxedavad misi xelmZRvanelis rCevisa (prof. al. cagareli, qarTvelologi, peterburgis<br />
universitetis profesori), rom uareyo es yovlad mcdari mosazreba, studentma marma<br />
xelmZRvanels mainc ar daujera, rac SemdgomSi student-maswavleblis ganxeTqilebisa<br />
da urTierTgandgomis sagani Seiqna. al.cagarelma n.mari peterburgis universitetis<br />
damTavrebis Semdeg Tavis kaTedraze profesoris mosamzadeblad (maSin ase ewodeboda<br />
aspirantsa da xarisxis maZiebels) ar datova. n.mari armenologiis kaTedraze miiwvies.<br />
Tavis debulebas n. mari “vefxistyaosnis” im strofze afuZnebda, sadac naTqvamia:<br />
“ese ambavi sparsuli, qarTulad naTargmanebi,<br />
viT margaliti oboli, xelis-xel sagogmanebi;<br />
vpove da leqsad gardavTqvi, saqme vqmen saWoWmanebi,<br />
Cemman xel-mqmnelman dammarTos laRman da lamazma nebi [1]”.<br />
n. marma zemore strofi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gaigo. SoTa rusTavelma TiTqos<br />
“vefxistyaosani” sparsul enaze ipova, qarTulad Targmna, anu gadmoaqarTula, leqsad<br />
gardaTqva da amiT saWoWmano gaxada poemis warmomavloba. n.mari mTeli sicocxlis<br />
manZilze eZebda “vefxistyaosnis” sparsul dedans – pirvel wyaros, magram veras<br />
miakvlia. albaT Tavis Svilsac iuri marsac, Semdgom cnobil iranistsa da<br />
aRmosavleTmcodnes, specialurad daavala am sakiTxis kvleva da Svilmac mamis darigeba,<br />
rogorc Cans, yurad iRo da aRmosavleTmcodne-iranisti gaxda.<br />
n.mars “vefxistyaosnis” es adgili arapirdapiri, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT rom gaego,<br />
maSin es gaugebroba – cdomileba Tavidanve acilebuli iqneboda. am strofSi SoTa<br />
rusTaveli aRniSnavs, rom Cemi poemis ambavi anu siuJeti sparsuliao. sparsuli am<br />
SemTxvevaSi aRmosavluris tolfardia, sinonimia. aRmosavlur kulturas, maT Soris,<br />
mxatvrul literaturas, Cveni winaprebi xom sparsuli enis meSveobiT ecnobodnen.<br />
rogorc Cans, ambavi sparsuli aRmosavlur (an: aRmosavleTSi gavrcelebul) siuJets<br />
niSnavs. am ambavze, rogorc sagmiro-saraindo-saTavgadasavlo siuJetzea agebuli qarTul<br />
sinamdvileSi mose xonelis “amirandarejaniani”, sparsulSi-firdousis Sah-name da mravali<br />
sxv.<br />
n. maris meore umZimesi Secdoma is iyo, rom qarTveluri enebi (<strong>qarTuli</strong>, svanuri,<br />
megrul-Wanuri) semituri enebis monaTesaved aRiara da iafeturi enebi uwoda. amisda<br />
4
mixedviT, semituri enebis fuZeTa zegavleniT igi umarTebulod qarTul enebSi<br />
samTanxmovnian fuZeebs aRadgenda. amis Sesaxeb akad. arn. Ciqobava werda: “n. marisTvis<br />
zogad-Teoriuli win-namZRvari iyo: qarTveluri enebi enaTesavebian semitur enebs;<br />
qarTveluri plus zogierTi sxva enebi warmoadgens erT Stos: iafeturs; iafeturi<br />
korelatia semituris; isini Seadgenen erTi enobrivi ojaxis or Stos: SemdegSi iafeturi<br />
miCneul iqna TavisTavad calke ojaxad, romelic semitur enebs enaTesaveba [2, 287]. arn.<br />
Ciqobavas SefasebiT, n. maris “Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> gramatika” meTodologiur sakiTxebSic<br />
orive fexiT moikoWlebs... arn. Ciqobavasave mkacri daskvniT, “iafetidologiis kosmiuri<br />
hipoTezebisaTvis mebrZol akad. n. mars mecniereba aTaswil ufro mets madlobas<br />
uZRvnida, protoistoriuli adamianis daudegar cnobierebaSi SeuzRudveli TareSis<br />
nacvlad istoriul sinamdvileSi arsebuli faqtebis Sesaxeb – am faqtebiT gansazRvruli<br />
azrebi warmoedgina [2, 330].<br />
n. maris mesame umZimesi Secdoma is iyo, rom misi “enis stadiuri Teoriis” Tanaxmad<br />
faqtobriv uaryofil iqna enaTa naTesaoba. n. maris azriT, msoflioSi arsebuli Tu<br />
ararsebuli (mkvdari) enebi erTi enisagan momdinareobs, radganac misive TqmiT, nebismier<br />
enaSi gamoiyofa oTxi elementi (sar, roS, ber, Áon)... aq mJRavndeba n. maris, rogorc<br />
mecnierze gavlena Zveli berZeni filosofosebisa, romelTa azriT, samyaro oTxi<br />
elementisagan Sedgeba: wyali, miwa, cecxli, haeri. n. maris SecdomaTa rigs ganekuTvneba<br />
agreTve misi debuleba – enis klasobrivi xasiaTis Sesaxeb [3]. es, n. maris meoTxe, did<br />
Secdomad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. man, rogorc viciT, Tavisi axali lingvisturi moZRvrebis<br />
politizirebac moaxdina. n. maris (da misi momxre-mowafeebis) azriT, miseuli “enobrivi<br />
Teoria” maSindel sabWoTa (bolSevikur) enaTmecnierebad gasaRda. vinc am Teorias ar<br />
gaiziarebda, igi sabWouri wyobilebis mtrad cxaddeboda, amitom moxda, rom n. maris<br />
Teoriis argamziarebelni (iv. javaxiSvili, s.janaSia, arn. Ciqobava da sxv.) idevnebodnen.<br />
maT aviwrovebdnen. aspirantebs aspiranturas atovebinebdnen. zogi Rvawlmosili mecnieri<br />
30-ian wlebSi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetidanac ki gaaZeves.<br />
n. maris, rogorc mecnieris, Rirseba-damsaxurebas da yvela nakls, cxadia, aq ver<br />
CamovTvliT. aRsaniSnavia, rom mas, am mxriv, qarTul mecnierul sinamdvileSi winamorbedi<br />
hyavda. es iyo anton I kaTalikosi-bagrationi-Ze iese mefisa da erekle II-s mamidaSvili,<br />
saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli, didad ganaTlebuli da Tanac didad mSromeli<br />
kaci, romelmac bevri ram gaakeTa: moawesriga saeklesio saqmeebi, izruna swavlaganaTlebisaTvis,<br />
Targmna wignebi da dawera originaluri Txzulebani. magram, rogorc<br />
akad. a. SaniZe wers, antonma <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganviTareba ukan daxia, Tavisi xelovnuri,<br />
Zvels qarTuls mimsgavsebuli stilis gamo. misma moRvaweobam enobrivi politikis<br />
TvalsazrisiT is Sedegi moitana, rom `Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis Zeglebi Seiryvna, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
enis ganviTareba Seferxda, ena damZimda umarTebulo formebiT, ucxo konstruqciebiT da<br />
warimarTa mrudi gziT. antoni icqireboda ara win, aramed ukan da isic almacerad, da<br />
moxda is, rac ar unda momxdariyo: saliteraturo <strong>qarTuli</strong> ascda bunebrivi<br />
ganviTarebis gzas...~ [4, 79]. a. SaniZis daskvniT, `antonis gavlena qarTul saliteraturo<br />
enaze uaryofiTia, (xazi avtorisaa), bevrad ajobebda, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis enis<br />
bunebriv ganviTarebas da TandaTan daaxloebas sasaubro metyvelebasTan, rac agre<br />
gvaxarebs arCilisa, sulxanisa da daviTis nawerebSi, gzaze ar gadahRobeboda warsulis<br />
fiqriT Sepyrobil i da arasworad moazrovne goneba metad aqtiuri kacisa, romelsac<br />
mdgomareoba nebas aZlevda, advilad moexvia Tavze sxvebisaTvis Tavisi mcdari Teoriuli<br />
Sexedulebani. magram yvelaferi gasagebia im droindeli saqarTvelos viTarebaSi,<br />
gasagebia, rom ar aRmoCnda aravin, rom SehbrZoleboda saqarTvelos eklesiis patriarqis<br />
mrudsa da mavne politikas enis sferoSi. es is xana iyo, rodesac saqarTvelos ar ecala<br />
mSvidobiani da myudro cxovrebisaTvis, rodesac politikur dauZlurebas kulturuli<br />
dakninebac sdevda aCrdiliviT... anton kaTalikoss bevri momxre hyavda ara Tu Tavis<br />
5
sicocxleSi, aramed sikvdilis Semdegac... antonis gavlena gascda sasuliero wignebis<br />
farglebs da saero mwerlobaSic gavida. mere igi, marTalia, TandaTan Senelda, magram<br />
ar Sewyvetila me-19 saukunis I naxevarSi [4, 78-79], sanam samoRvaweo asparezze ilia<br />
WavWavaZe ar gamovida, romelmac aseTi enobrivi politika dagmo da qarTul anbansa Tu<br />
imdroindeli saliteraturo enidan Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> asoebi (Á,Â,À,Ã,Ä) ar gaaZeva.<br />
samwuxarod, aseTi tragi-komikuri situaciebi humanitarul mecnierebas arc axla<br />
aklia. qarTul enas, damwerlobis istorias Tu qarTveli eris istoriasa da qarTul<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>ebs mkvlevrebad araspecialistebic gamouCnda.<br />
cxadia, verc erT qarTvels ver aukrZalav ifiqros saqarTvelos istoriaze,<br />
damwerlobaze, qarTul enasa Tu qarTvelur <strong>gvar</strong>ebze, magram amas Tan mecnieruli<br />
pretenzia ar unda axldes. me-20 s-is 80-iani wlebidan gaCndnen, Tumca ganaTlebuli<br />
adamianebi sxvadasxva samecniero dargisa, magram sruliad umecarni lingvisturetimologiur<br />
resp. qarTvelologiur disciplinaTa TvalsazrisiT, imisaTvis, rom ikvlio,<br />
ar kmara enebis codna, arc istoriuli ganaTlebis mqoneoba, Ziebis survili, Tu<br />
meTodurad da meTodologiurad Camoyalibebuli specialisti ara xar. dasanania, rom<br />
aseTi `mecnierebi~ momravldnen. maTma wignebma lamis niaRvariviT walekos da<br />
gaaufasuros qarTvelologiuri miRwevebi, isini rogorRac (sxvadasxva gziT) axerxeben<br />
mravaltiraJiani, mravaltomiani da sqelydiani wignebis gamocemas, televiziiT<br />
gamosvlas, specialist-mkvlevarTa kritikul mosazrebebs ki arad agdeben. Tqmulis<br />
naTelsayofad davimowmebT zogierT avtors: erT wignSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
`iesu, qriste, mesia – erTmaneTis sinonimebia da gulisxmobs rogorc religiis, aseve<br />
damwerlobis istorias...~<br />
Turme `4598 wels qristes meore mosvlamde, anu dasabamidan 1006 wels lazebma<br />
gamoigones asomTavruli damwerloba, romelic safuZvelia yvela sxva damwerlobisa da<br />
mas `lazare~, anu enebis deda ewodeba [5,5]. avtoris – S. kitovanis wignis es adgili ase<br />
unda gavigoT: is damwerloba, romelic Cven gvaqvs, lazebs SeuqmniaT, romelic<br />
dasayrdeni gamxdara im damwerlobebisa, (ieroglifuri, lursmuli da a.S.), rac dRes<br />
msoflioSi arsebobs. kidev kargi, rom aseT `mecnierul aRmoCenas~ `didi ivane<br />
javaxiSvili ar moeswro, aseve absurdulia crumecnieris gamonaTqvami: `iesu, qriste,<br />
mesia gulisxmobs rogorc religiis, aseve damwerlobis istorias~...<br />
am wignis anotaciaSi weria: `didi saunjis saidumlos patara `gasaRebi~<br />
warmoadgens 800 gverdiani naSromis mokle reziumes~... afsus, rom avtorma maSin<br />
sponsori ver ipova da sawer manqanaze sqel ydaSi Sekruli ori 400-gverdiani `naSromi~<br />
ver gamosca, romlis gamoqveynebas werilobiT adasturebdnen cnobili mwerlebi,<br />
filosofosebi, mecnierebi, lingvistebic ki. wignis avtori maSin sabWouri mTavrobisagan<br />
iTxovda didi raodenobis Tanxas, romelsac moaxmarda Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> xelnawerebis<br />
aRmoCenas (misi azriT, mcxeTasTan axlos, Taboris mTa, Tu ar vcdebiT, 13-km-is siRrmeze<br />
unda gaTxriliyo). Cans, avtors Slimanobis wyurvili klavda. imave wignSi, imave mexuTe<br />
gverdze avtori gvauwyebs: `qristes meored mosvlamde, `lazares~ meSveobiTa da<br />
gamoyenebiT qarTvelma tomebma – iberebma, egriselebma da svanebma Seqmnes sami saxis<br />
damwerloba – berZnuli, romauli da ebrauli.~ Turme `maTve qristianuli moZRvrebis<br />
gerbad gamosaxes jvari. or enaze daiwera saxareba da 5 samociqulo.~ am konteqstis<br />
gverdiT albaT Zalze uferulad mogveCveneba <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis somxurisagan<br />
warmoSobilobis Teoria, riTac somxebi gvikiJinebdnen - <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbani Tqven ki ar<br />
SeqmeniT, qarTvelebma, somexma kacma, mesrop maStocma SegiqmnaTo. Tu Cven somexTagan ase<br />
davalebuli vyofilvarT, Turme ra didi Rvawli migviZRvis Cven msoflios winaSe, rom<br />
maT, kerZod, berZnebs, romaelebs da ebraelebs iberebma, egriselebma da svanebma<br />
Seuqmnes damwerlobao,- gaocebulma, gamWriaxi gonebis mkiTxvelma SesaZloa aqve<br />
gaifiqros, am striqonebis wakiTxvisas: Tu egriselebma da svanebma sxvebs Seuqmnes<br />
6
damwerloba da Tu Seqmnes, dRemde ratom ar moaRwiao. S.kitovanis `ugonieresi axsniT~<br />
`dasabamidan 36-e saukuneSi iSva qriste, romelic albaT abreviaturaa (sityvebis<br />
dasawyisi asoebiT Semoklebuli xelovnuri saxeli. Sdr. ssrk=sabWoTa socialisturi<br />
respublikebis kavSiri, mmaCis biuro=moqalaqeTa masobrivi aqtebis Caweris biuro) da<br />
niSnavs:PqarTvelis, raqilis, iberiis, svanebis, taoxebis erTianobas.<br />
rogorc Cans, avtoris gonebrivi varjiSi aseTi yofila:<br />
qParTveli<br />
r aqili<br />
i beria<br />
s vanebi<br />
t aoxebi<br />
e rTianoba<br />
aRmoCenac aseTi unda!<br />
misive TqmiT (imave gverdze!) `xuTi damwerlobis istoria aris mesia, romelic iSva<br />
47-e, 48-e saukuneebSi. sul qarTvelurma tomebma Seqmnes 19 saxis damwerloba. aqedan 16<br />
daakompleqtes, xolo sami ricxviTi <strong>saxelebi</strong>s aRmniSvnelia. xolo rac Seexeba<br />
ideologias, maTve Seqmnes qristianuli moZRvreba, romelsac uwodes – amen [5,5]. am<br />
striqonebis `mecnierul aRmoCenaze komentari, vfiqrobT, zedmetia. yovelive es SoTa<br />
kitovanis 62 gverdiani wignis (`didi saunjis saidumlos patara gasaRebi~) samgverdiani<br />
Sesavlis mxolod pirvel gverdzea moTavsebuli. warmosadgenia, ra aRmoCenebze iqneba<br />
saubari wignis sxva gverdebze, anda mis 800 gverdian uzarmazar monografiaSi.<br />
melnisa da qaRaldis dazogvis mizniT am wignis komentirebas aq vwyvetT.<br />
Tu zemoT warmodgenili wigni, S. kitovanisa, mkacr sacenzuro droSi, sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris arsebobis periodSi gamoqveynda (1990 wels daustambavs gamomcemloba<br />
`saqarTvelos~, wigni ki, rogorc Cveni minaweridan Cans, 1991 wlis 1 marts SegviZenia),<br />
advili warmosadgenia, ucenzuro demokratiis pirobebSi rogori wignebi gamoqveyndeboda.<br />
erT-erTi aseTi gamorCeuli wigni gaxlavT mamuli neSumaSvilis 506 gverdiani<br />
naSromi `istoria da uflis Rimili~, romelic gamomcemloba `leTas~ 1997 wels<br />
daustambavs. wigni ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. qarTvelologTaTvis, enaTmecnierTaTvis<br />
saintereso da ufro sandoa wignis meore nawili (gv. 329-506), romelic warmoadgens<br />
udiur-qarTul leqsikons. wignis redaqtori Tamaz Caduneli redaqtoris winasityvaobaSi<br />
wers, rom `am wignis pirveli nawilic aucileblad sakamaTo iqneba. aq mkiTxvels bevri<br />
ram hipoTezurad miewodeba, zogierTi mosazreba advilad SesaZlebelia kritikosis<br />
qarcecxlSic moxvdes, magram mainc avtoris mizania am wignis gamocemiT momaval<br />
istorikosebs misces saSualeba axali kuTxiT ganixilon samyaros warmoqmnis, adamisa da<br />
evas STamomavlebis, noes epoqidan warmoSobili xalxis istoriuli genezisi [6,9].<br />
wigni qarTvelebis, iberiul-kavkasiuri xalxebis didi siyvaruliTa da<br />
`keTilsindisierebiTaa~ dawerili, avtori udiur (resp. udur, ufro sworia udiuri) enas<br />
noeiSur enas uwodebs da am enis monacemebiT cdilobs axsnas msoflio enebSi arsebuli<br />
nebismieri sityva:<br />
mag: 1. adamian leqsemas igi ase xsnis: adam+ian. niSnavs: `adami aq aris: (gv.31);<br />
1. adamis STamomaval enoqis saxeli asea axsnili: enoq=ukve cxeni (ukve raSi, ukve<br />
xomaldi), e.i. avtoris azriT, enoqim, adamis STamomavalma cxeni moiSinaura da<br />
gawvrTna;<br />
2. qalxeda qala xe da `(Ára”n) didi wylis zRva - `warRvnis~ zRva (gv.49) igi am<br />
sityvas aigivebs kolxTan;<br />
7
3. gibraltar geografiul saxels, romelic atlantidasa da eladas (xmelTaSua zRvas)<br />
akavSirebs, ase xsnis: gib,ralTargu“r+baral+Tar(aa), rac niSnavs: `SemWidroebulad<br />
swrafi nakadiT Camdinare mxare~.(gv.53);<br />
4. md. volga bolga `blomad adgili~ (gv.60);<br />
5. volxovbol+xe+b(in) blomad wyali Tavis (CrdiloeTis);<br />
6. md. dvinad(uzun)+bin+a(Wa) veli Tavis (CrdiloeTis) marjvena;<br />
7. md. peCorabe+Co+(a)r(i)+aWaTavis mxareze (CrdiloeTis) momdinare marjvena;<br />
8. baltika asea axsnili: zRva `balt~-i `bal+t(aRun) Tavis (CrdiloeTis) iqiTa<br />
mxareCrdiloeTis(zRva) iqiTa (gv.60);<br />
9. georgiage ari ga geon ari ga (mdinare) geonze daarsebuli qveyana (gv.123) da a.S.<br />
aseTi midgomiT Cvenc SegviZlia msoflioSi yovel<strong>gvar</strong>i sityva-geografiuli saxeli,<br />
metsaxeli Tu <strong>gvar</strong>i <strong>qarTuli</strong> eniT avxsnaT. mag.,<br />
1. varSava <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvaa, romelSic d Tanxmovani dakargula: varSavavar<br />
Savad. amrigad, toponimi <strong>qarTuli</strong>a, e.i. istoriulad aq qarTvelebs ucxovriaT;<br />
2. adis abeba, Sdr. `Camodis abeba~. esec <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvaa;<br />
3. nikaragua. aq megrel (qarTvel) nika raguas ucxovria, e.i. teritoria Cvenia<br />
istoriulad da a.S.<br />
amrigad, am wignsac araferi aqvs saerTo mecnierebasTan.<br />
Cveni yuradReba am mxriv kidev erTma `mecnierma~ miiqcia, romlis naSromebi tyupis<br />
caliviT hgavs dasaxelebul wignebs. es mkvlevar-gamomcemeli gaxlavT vladimer<br />
CubiniZe. mis mier erT-erT daarsebul gazeTs hqvia `damarxul ars enai <strong>qarTuli</strong>...~ iqve<br />
miuweria: `mTeli kacobriobis, rogorc erTi kacis gazeTi. #1, fasi 30 TeTri. ,,iqve<br />
moTavsebulia avtoris foto, romelic gamosaxulia pozaSi, TiTqos Tavis wigns<br />
kiTxulobdes [7]. avtoris gazeTis daniSnulebaa `scnaT WeSmariti da WeSmaritebaman<br />
gangaTavisuflnes Tqven.~ gazeTis pirvelsave gverdze avtori mogviwodebs WeSmaritebis<br />
Secnobisaken da iqve gvafrTxilebs, rom sityva `<strong>qarTuli</strong>~ - `codniT nabrun-nakeTebs~<br />
niSnavs (gv.1), e.i. WeSmaritebis codna kodirebuls da amdenad `enai <strong>qarTuli</strong>~-Si ara<br />
mxolod is ena igulisxmeba, ra enazec dRevandeli eTnikuri qarTveloba laparakobs,<br />
aramed – ena saerTod, rameTu, albaT, yvela dameTanxmebiT, rom yoveli ena anu masSi<br />
Semavali yoveli sityva, sruliad garkveul codna-informacias Seicavs. sxvanairad, ena<br />
anu igive sityva, ena anu sityva, aRar iqneboda da mxolod bgeraTa uazro gamoZaxilad<br />
aRiqmeboda. amitomac, vfiqrob, absoluturad swori unda iyos Cemi is gamokvleva, rom<br />
sityva `<strong>qarTuli</strong>~, rogorc zemoT mogaxseneT, `codniT nabrun-nakeTebs~ anu<br />
`WeSmaritebacodnakodirebuls~ niSnavs da amdenad Turme WeSmaritebadac yvela enac<br />
yofila `<strong>qarTuli</strong>~ anu `WeSmaritebacodnakodirebuli~. amis Sesaxebo, gvamcnobs avtori,<br />
`me ufro safuZvlianad Cems adre gamoqveynebul wignebSi `saswaul-~sa da ~WeSmariteba~-<br />
Si maqvs moxsenebuli~. iqve avtori Tavis naSroms reklamas uwevs da dasZens: `sxvaTa<br />
Soris msurvels SeuZlia SeiZinos aRniSnuli wignebi redaqciis misamarTze minimalur<br />
fasebSi~-o. es sxvaTaSoriso. Semdeg kvlav sityva `qarTuls~ ubrundeba. misi azriT,<br />
sityva `qarTvelic~-`WeSmaritebaSemecnebuls~ anu `ziarebuls~ unda niSnavdes. da<br />
amdenad, WeSmariti qarTveli swored WeSmaritebis codnaziarebuli adamiania, miuxedavad<br />
misi eTnikuri kuTvnilebisa, xolo `saqarTvelo~ ki, misi azriT, mTeli samyaroa da ara<br />
marto is mcire nawili dedamiwaze, romelsac Cven saxeldobr WeSmaritebis<br />
Seumecneblobis gamo, saqarTvelod movixseniebT~, magram amis Sesaxebac, ufro<br />
dawvrilebiT, Cems zemoxsenebul wignebSi sweriao,- dasZens moazrovne- mkvlevari. igi<br />
yvelas mogviwodebs, rom gavxdeT WeSmariti qarTvelebi anu WeSmaritebaziarebulebi,<br />
8
aki amis SesaZlebloba ukve mogecaT, Tuki seriozulad moekidebiT am gazeTisa da misi<br />
avtoris ganacxads da aqtiurad CaebmebiT masTan TanamSromlobaSio.<br />
`orgverdiani gazeTis meore gverdze avtori swavlas `cavla~ formiT cvlis da<br />
`RvTiur svlad~ xsnis.<br />
maS ase, vinc vladimer CubiniZis wigns ar SeiZens, masTan ar iTanamSromlebs da mis<br />
ideebs ar gaiziarebs, WeSmariti qarTveli ver iqneba.<br />
ismis kiTxva: mainc razea saubari mecnier - filosofosad movlenili vladimer<br />
CubiniZis `saswaul~-Si?<br />
wignis garekani [8] yuradrebas iqcevs im mxriv, rom oqrosferi asoebiT aweria<br />
`saswauli~, Semdgom asomTavruliT qvemoT `saswauli~ SecdomiT weria asomTavruli o,<br />
aklia? (u xom Zvel qarTulSi ori grafemiT (ou) gadmoicema). asomTavrulad dawerili<br />
saswaulis qveS avtori Tanamedrove mxedruliT aTavsebs mrgval asoebian sityvas<br />
`sascauli~. erTi sityviT, avtori wignis saTaurSive `filosofosobs~. igi wignis 562-e<br />
gverdze eTanxmeba SoTa kitovans, romelic im daskvnamde mivida, rom msoflios yoveli<br />
damwerloba Segnebulad iqnao Seqmnili qarTvelTa winaprebis mier da darigebuli<br />
sxvadasxva xalxebSi, rom maTi moTxovnileba daekmayofilebinaTo damwerlobisadmi<br />
(stili avtorisaa, b. cx.). igi aseve imowmebs da iziarebs cnobili crumecnieris Salva<br />
kaWaravas mignebebs da meTods [gv. 478].<br />
vl. CubiniZe `saqarTvelo~s ase Slis: ha (viTomc: ha codnao, harTeloba anu<br />
qarTveloba niSnavs ara adamianTa calkeul eTnikur jgufs, aramed mTeli ha codnis<br />
erTdroulad flobas erTi calkeuli adamianis mier... harTeli anu qarTvelia is, vinc<br />
samyaroseuli WeSmariti codnis mflobelia... [gv.479]. amrigad, misi azriT,<br />
harTlosi||qarTlosi, hanina niSnavs ha nina, anu codnis enas (aq mecnier –aRmomCeni<br />
megrulis codnasac amJRavnebs) da a.S. vl. CubiniZes saerTod warmodgena ara aqvs<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis bunebaze, enobriv procesebze, rom qarTulSi (ise rogorc megrul-Wanursa<br />
da svanurSi) hq an qp arasdros ar momxdara da arc moxdeba:aseTi `mecnieruli<br />
mignebebiTaa~ savse es wigni.<br />
rac Seexeba avtoris mesame wigns, romelic `saswaulis~ gagrZelebaa, aq ar<br />
ganvixilavT [9], radgan avtori zemore axsnebze da mecnieruli mignebebiT aRsavse miseul<br />
WeSmaritebaze gvesaubreba.<br />
samwuxarod, amda<strong>gvar</strong>i mcdari mecnieruli axsna-etimologiebiT savsea zogierTi<br />
qarTveli mwerlis nawerebi, kerZod, guri otobaias axali 896 gverdiani romani `roki~<br />
[10] (aq amis Sesaxeb aras vityviT, es calke Temaa).<br />
`mecnieruli mignebebiT~ aRsavsea zurab qafianiZis wigni `Sumerebis anbani~. avtorma<br />
igi 1990 wels gamosca im dros, roca sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo weli iwureboda.<br />
wigni uredaqtoroa, lurji da wiTeli feris flomasteriT naweri, naSromi winaTqmiT<br />
iwyeba, ar axlavs sarCevi, Tumca Tavebi Tu paragrafebi zogjer gamoyofili unda iyos.<br />
mag., wina Tqmas mosdevs saTauri: `asomTavrulis kulti raWaSi~. aRsaniSnavia, rom wigni<br />
Tavidan bolomde daunomravia, Cveni gamoTvliT, `monografia~ 146 gverds Seadgens.<br />
avtori mxolod ramdenime adgilas ramdenime mkvlevars (4) imowmebs: iv. javaxiSvils, r.<br />
patariZes, s.n. kramers, il. WavWavaZes.<br />
z. qafianiZe seriozul pretenzias acxadebs mecnierebaze. am urTules problebas –<br />
Sumerul (misi gamoTqmiT Sumerebis) anbans qarTul anbanTan aigivebs, rac imas niSnavs,<br />
rom Sumerebi igive qarTvelebia. Tqmulis dasamtkiceblad avtori naSroms raWaSi<br />
arsebuli baWuliTa da boxCuaniT iwyebs. misi TqmiT, `raWaSi sityva baWuli saerTo<br />
saxelia lobianis, xaWapuris, fxluanisa da ase Semdeg. xolo bavSvebisaTvis acxoben<br />
boxCuanebs, romlebic baWulis nairsaxeobaa, forma aqvs, tolgverda oTxkuTxedisa,<br />
tolferda da marTkuTxa samkuTxedisa, wrisa, - mziTa da jvrebiTaa moxatuli –<br />
asomTavrulis yvela saWiro formebi aqvs~ (stili daculia, b. cx.) [11]. amrigad,<br />
9
z.qafianiZe, mecnieris rangSi movlenili, SumerTa anbanis amoxsnas raWuli xaWapurebiT,<br />
boxCuanebiTa da baWulebiT cdilobs.<br />
wigni cudi, gaumarTavi <strong>qarTuli</strong>Taa naweri. mag., `yvela saWiro formebiT, sworia:<br />
yvela saWiro formiT, netai danarCenT ra formula aqvT? `netai~ dialeqtizmia,<br />
saliteraturo <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis normebis mixedviT ini zedmetia. `an ki aaqvT formula?<br />
aaqvT-Si erTi ani zedmetia. avtors Turme `erTxelac biqila dauxazavs da<br />
asomTavruliT miuweria biqila-boxCuani. daxazul biqilaSi mousurvebia daweril asoTa<br />
moTavseba... da... am dros momxdara saswauli.~ Semdeg ki erT biqilaSi mouTavsebia yvela<br />
aso-niSani da miuRia kidec formula . iqve wiTeli flomasteriT frCxilebSi<br />
mouTavsebia am mignebis pirvelwyaro: `adre asoniSnebs vaerTebdi da sul geometriul<br />
formebs viRebdi, aman mimagnebia... biqilas kuTxovnebs,~ dasZens am aRmoCeniT kmayofili<br />
mkvlevari. aqve unda SevniSnoT isic, rom Sumeruli anbani aq arafer SuaSia. mas arc<br />
erTi Sumeruli firfita ar waukiTxavs. Sumerul anbanSi igi Zvel qarTul mrgvlovans<br />
asoebs anu asomTavruls gulisxmobs. isic unda davumatoT, rom avtori asomTavruli<br />
asoebiT dawerisas biqilas q-s ratomRac asomTavruli jan-iT cvlis. iseTi STabeWdileba<br />
rCeba, rom z. qafianiZe Segnebulad `urevs~ q-s j-Si.<br />
mTeli wigni savsea flomasteriT Sesrulebul geometriul figurebSi Casmuli<br />
wreebiT erT-erT gverdze (gverds ver vasaxeleb, radgan avtors numeracia saerTod<br />
uaruyvia) SeniSnavs: biqilaSic lasis ricxvi Tormetiao da iqve ariTmetikulad<br />
waivarjiSebs: 1+2+3+4=12. saidan miiRo 12 da ara10, Cven ver amovxseniT: momdevno<br />
gverdze kvadratSi dRevandeli mxedruli n-ari Cauxazavs ratomRac. rogorc Cans,<br />
Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> asomTavruli n-ari am SemTxvevaSi daviwynia, an Segnebulad `aurevia~.<br />
Semdeg gverdze aseve kvadratSi asomTavruli Á Cauxazavs, iii grZeli –i-. aqac aseve<br />
iqceva: mokle i anu iota grZel i anu srul inad aqvs warmodgenili. asoTa dasaxeleba<br />
zogjer wrfelobiTi brunviT anu fuZis saxiTaa mocemuli, zogjer saxelobiT brunvaSia:<br />
mag; oni, par, jani. asomTavruli san-is n asomTavrulisave CinSi ereva asomTavrul uns<br />
onis gareSe wers. Cans, am SemTxvevaSi `gamorCenia~, daviwynia, rom Zvel qarTulSi<br />
asomTavrulad u xmovani ori aso-niSniT gadmoicemoda, iniT da viniT: `ov~ am ori aso<br />
niSnis SerwymiT, mas Semdeg, rac mrglovan ons Tavi Seexsna, igi TandaTan erT asod<br />
gadaiqca: ovu. mkvlevars aseve SeSlia asomTavruli xan-is dawerac.<br />
erT-erT gverdze aqadeb satomo saxels sworad xmarobs mr. ricxvSi, magram iqve or<br />
sityvaSi ori Secdoma mosdis: `igive aqadevebma~ (unda: imave aqadebma an `imave<br />
aqadelebma~), iqve wiTeli flomasteriT SemoklebiT miuwers `z. qafi~, rom misi naazrevi<br />
albaT aravin miiTvisos, aseT xelmoweras `z. qafi~ zedized urTavs momdevno ori<br />
gverdis bolos.<br />
Sumeruli anbanis aRmomCeni erT-erT gverdze TiTqos kiTxvas svams da iqve pasuxsac<br />
iZleva: `lursmul samyaroSi saidan gauCndaT semitebs aseTi asoniSani Tu ara biqiladan?<br />
Cans, avtors raWuli biqila ufro Zvelad miaCnia, vidre semituri modgma da maTi<br />
damwerloba. naSromis `meore nawilSi~ asomTavrulis nacvlad semitur – aqaduri<br />
anbanuri niSnebia Casmuli kvadratebSi.<br />
erTgan kvadratebSi moTavsebuli mrgvali figurebi asea dasaTaurebuli: baniaani,<br />
aniaani. gasarkvevia: ras niSnavs es terminebi? baniani, aniani Tu?... am gverdis winare<br />
gverdi avtors 107 raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT, lurji flomasteriT daunomravs.<br />
albaT 107 gverds aRniSnavs.<br />
erT-erT gverdze SeukumSavi formebia: `mTvaris kalendariT~, `mzis kalendariT~.<br />
(sworia: kalendriT).<br />
momdevno gverdebze aseTi uazro winadadeba dauweria: `saidan modis an sadunda<br />
veZioT anbanTa gasaidumloebis momentsa da saWiroebas?~ albaT unda daewera: `sad unda<br />
veZioT anbanTa gasaidumloebis momenti da misi saWiroeba~.<br />
10
erT adgilas Tavis originalur kiTxvaSi gamoxatul axsnas gvTavazobs: `ra<br />
lursmulidan SeiZleboda gadaeRoT semitebs aseTi asoebi Tu ara asomTavrulidan?~ am<br />
SemTxvevaSi friad pativcemuli mkvlevari gansxvavebul azrs gvTavazobs: Tu r. patariZe<br />
[12] qarTul damwerlobas uSualod semituri anbanisagan momdinared miiCnevs, z. qafianiZe<br />
piriqiT: <strong>qarTuli</strong> asomTavruli eguleba uZvelesad da misgan momdinared semituri anbani.<br />
erT-erT gverdze avtoriseuli azri isea gabundovanebuli winadadebis sintaqsurad<br />
gaumarTaobis gamo, rom Sinaarsis gamotana TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. ai isic: `ar SeiZleba<br />
asomTavruli gadmoRebuli iyos an mere Seqmniliyos, radgan-kbilidan-majidan-piridanankesidan-kedidan-semianTa<br />
anbanis saxeldebebia Seeqmna cnobilTa da RvTaebaTa anbani.<br />
kacobriobis, damwerlobis, istoriis vercerTi momenti amas arada ver dauSvebs da<br />
arc aqvs daSvebuli mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze!!!~ vfiqrobT, komentari zedmetia.<br />
boloswina mesame gverdi, rogorc Cans, bolosityvaa avtorisa, romelsac ase iwyebs:<br />
`+ + +<br />
azrovnebis zeTavisuflebas maZlevda ilia WavWavaZis miniSneba Zvel qarTul<br />
tomebze:<br />
- Sumerebze<br />
- kabadokielebze<br />
- xeTebze<br />
da – mcireazielebze.~<br />
mkvlevari istoriaSic srul umecrebas amJRavnebs:<br />
1. Sumerebi Zvel qarTul tomad miaCnia, maSin roca Sumerebi SavTavianebi iyvnen...<br />
qarTvelebi ki piriqiT, qera, cisfer da Taflisfer Tvalebiani... mTeli msoflio<br />
Tavs imtvrevs imaze, rom Sumerebi mosuli xalxia samxreTidan Tu samxreT<br />
aRmosavleTidan, Seerivnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas da ase Seqmnes Sumeruli<br />
civilizacia, rogor gaqrnen ar ician TiTqos semitebs Seerwynen, srulad ver<br />
iSifreba maTi warwerebi da firfitebi. z. qafianiZe ki, romelsac Sumerulad<br />
erTi winadadebis warmoTqma – wakiTxva ar SeuZlia, erTi xelis mosmiT am Zvel<br />
xalxs qarTvelebad asaRebs. Tu asea, maSin Sumerebi anu qarTvelebi<br />
araadgilobrivi, mosuli xalxia... logika aseTia!<br />
2. kabadokielebic mkvlevars, rogorc miseuli naweridan Cans, erT-erT qarTvel<br />
tomad miaCnia. sinamdvileSi kabadokielebi (kappadokia sparsuli sityvaa da<br />
`cxenebis qveyana~-s niSnavs. igi sparselebma Searqves Cvens tomebs dapyrobis<br />
Semdeg. albaT, savaraudoa, maT kargi, gamorCeuli jiSis cxenebi hyavdaT).<br />
mravalerovani da mravalenovani tomebi iyvnen...<br />
3. xeTebic avtors qarTvelebad miaCnia, sinamdvileSi isini indoevropuli<br />
modgmisani iyvnen, romelTac daipyres, daimorCiles protoxeTebi anu iberiul –<br />
kavkasiuri tomebi, moaxdines maTi asimilacia da maTive kulturas eziarnen...<br />
4. rac Seexeba mcireazielebs, isinic mravalerovani da mravalenovani tom-qveynebia,<br />
am SemTxvevaSic mkvlevari srul uvicobas amJRavnebs.<br />
iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom z. qafianiZis es wigni Tu wign – albomi avtors<br />
nabaxusevze dauweria, Torem aseTi `uneblie~ Secdomebi ar mouvidoda. wigns rom<br />
namdvili mecnier – redaqtori hyoloda, vfiqrobT, zemore moyvanil cdomlebaTa<br />
umetesoba mainc ar gaipareboda...<br />
SemdgomSi z. qafianiZem, rogorc `filologma Tu Jurnalistma, daaarsa da gamosca<br />
samecniero gazeTi `Sumeri~, plakatebi: kacobriobis anbanuri gavrcelebis axali cxrili~<br />
da `kacobriobis pirveli anbani, anbanuri mzisa da mTvaris kalendari~, daaarsa<br />
samecniero centri `Sumeri~. –vkiTxulobT T. mibCuanis TanaavtorobiT gamoqveynebuli<br />
wignis garekanis meore gverdze [13]. Turme man `40 wlis daZabuli muSaobis Sedegad<br />
11
axsna Zv.w. V–III aTaswleulebis Sumeruli Tixis firfitebi da beWdebi, Tixis Sumeruli<br />
WurWlis moxatuloba da sarkofagTa warwerebis xazobrivi sistema. aRmoaCina anbanis<br />
ricxvieri xazobrivi da kosmiuri sistemis formula, riTac cxadi gaxada uZvelesi<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> asomTavrulis Sumeruli warmomavloba, Camoayaliba kacobriobis pirveli<br />
anbanuri damwerlobis sistemebi da aRadgina Zveli welTaRricxvis 5604 wlis Sumeruli<br />
kalendari, romelSic yvelaferi wamebis sizustiTaa gansazRvruli, aris saqarTvelos<br />
saxalxo artisti, rusTavelis premiis laureati~, - weria imave mokle biografiul<br />
cnobarSi. Cven mis artistul ostatobaze veras vityviT, magram mis mecnierul<br />
aRmoCenebze, SeiZleba iTqvas, `Sumerebis anbanis~ gamocemamde araferi gvsmenia.<br />
ramdenadac viciT, mas samecniero konferenciebze raime mecnieruli gamokvleva Tu<br />
moxseneba ar waukiTxavs. Cveni azriT, misi mecnierebiT gataceba gamowveulia 1980 wels<br />
gamocemuli ramaz patariZis `<strong>qarTuli</strong> asomTavrulis~ wakiTxviTa da raWuli biqilaboxCuanebiT...<br />
dasaxelebuli wignis anotaciaSi vkiTxulobT (mogvyavs erTi nawyveti): `Sumeruli<br />
ena, romelic daaxloebiT oTxi aTasi weli mkvdar enad iTvleba, kvlavac cocxlobs<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis uZveles svanur - megrul dialeqtebSi~. aq wignis avtorebs (z. qafianiZes,<br />
T. mibCuans) umZimesi Secdoma mosdiT: maT uZvelesi svanuri da megruli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis<br />
dialeqtebi hgoniaT. Tu svanuri da megruli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis dialeqtebia, maSin ra<br />
vuwodoT sinamdvileSi arsebul megrulis kiloebs-senakursa da zugdidur –<br />
samurzayanuls? ra vuwodoT svanuri enis kiloebs balszemours, balsqvemours,<br />
lentexurs, laSxurs, Coluruls? ratom gamotoves meoce saukunis udidesma<br />
aRmomCenebma Wanuri anu lazuri da misi kiloebi: xofuri, aTinuri da viwur-arqabuli?<br />
specialistebma rogor movixsenioT Tanamedrove <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis kiloebi anu dialeqtebi:<br />
qarTluri, kaxuri, ingilouri, TuSuri, xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli,<br />
fereidnuli, mesxur-javaxuri, aWaruli, guruli, imeruli, raWuli, tao-klarjullivanur-SavSuri?<br />
Cans, sworupovar mkvlevarT warmodgena ara aqvT qarTvelur enebsa da<br />
maT kiloebze, praqarTvelur enaze. es maT, rogorc Cans, ar sWirdebaT, radgan<br />
uamisodac TavianTi udidesi aRmoCeniT `araerT cxovrebiseul saidumloebas xdian<br />
fardas, raSic isini dedamiwis binadarTa Soris mSvidobis, TanamSromlobisa da<br />
erTianobis ideologiur iaraRsac~ xedaven, rac niadags gamoaclis yovel<strong>gvar</strong><br />
politikur, Tu religiur dapirispirebebs (ix. anotacia). isini, Tavadve, gaocebulni<br />
TavianTi aRmoCeniT, saerTo wignis mesame gverdze mimarTaven msoflios mecnierebs,<br />
aRmosavleTmcodneebs, mkvlevarebs, arqeologebs, anbanTmcodneebs, iuneskos, rom<br />
aRmoCenilia Sumerebis anbani, aRmoCenilia anbanis ricxvieri formula, romelic saocari<br />
zewesrigiT ganagebs asoTa moxazulobas, ricxvebs, maTematikas, geometrias, astronomias.<br />
z. qafianiZe istorikosobasa da paleograf – enaTmecnierobas ar sjerdeba, arc premiis<br />
laureatoba da saqarTvelos saxalxo artistoba itacebs, mas `Slimanoba~ mosurvebia<br />
qarTveluri enebis codnis gareSe. ariqa, gviSveleT, mouwodeben z. qafianiZe da istoriis<br />
mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. T. mibCuani, Sumerul sityvebs saocari sizustiT xsnis<br />
saqarTveloSi Semonaxuli enebi: megruli, svanuri da Tavad <strong>qarTuli</strong> (Wanuri kvlav<br />
gamorCeniaT, b. cx.). es enebi da xalxi, mkvdari da waSlili rom hgoniaT msoflios<br />
mecnierebs, aq, saqarTveloSi Semonaxuli da cocxalia (gv. 5). vis hgonia, amis Sesaxeb<br />
aras amboben. rogor, ucxoelma qarTvelologebma <strong>qarTuli</strong>, megruli da svanuris<br />
arseboba ar ician?... avtorebi maT arsebobas am SemTxvevaSi gangeb Cqmalaven. maT<br />
`Slimanoba~ moswyurebiaT.<br />
z. qafianiZis azriT, am gancxadebas safuZvlad daedo 24 gamokvleva, romelTagan 22<br />
avtoriseulia, 23-e iv. javaxiSvilis asoTmcdneoba-paleografiaa, 24-e r. patariZis wigni<br />
`<strong>qarTuli</strong> asomTavruli~. amrigad, 22 mignebis Tu gamokvlevis avtoria z. qafianiZe,<br />
romlis azriT, `anbani iwyeba Sumeridan da es anbani <strong>qarTuli</strong> asomTavruli, igive<br />
12
Sumerebis anbania, is anbani, romlisganac iswavla wera-kiTxva msofliom~ (xazi<br />
avtorisaa, b. cx.).<br />
amjerad am gverdebdanomrili wignis me-10 gverdze z. qafianiZe gakvirvebuli da<br />
imave dros Tavisi aRmoCenebiT aRfrTovanebuli SeniSnavs: `sainteresoa, aqamde vinmes<br />
azrad ratom ar mouvida, rom Seedarebina erTmaneTisaTvis es ori anbani?!~ (igulisxmeba<br />
Sumeruli da semituri).<br />
z. qafianiZis mecnierul mignebebze da msoflio aRmoCenebze aq vwyvetT mimoxilvas,<br />
radgan am wignSi igive weria, rac adre gamocemul `Sumerebis anbanSi~.<br />
T. mibCuani z. qafianiZis TanaavtorobiT gamoqveynebul wignSi Tavis statias `meoce<br />
saukunis udidesi aRmoCeniT~ asaTaurebs, romelsac mosdevs `refrenad~ warmZRvanebuli<br />
italieli filosofosis Tomaso kampanelas (1568-1639) aforizmi: `WeSmaritebis<br />
kriteriumia cda~, riTac mkvlevari migvaniSnebs imTaviTve z. qafianiZis ormocwliani<br />
dakvirvebis wyalobiT da maTematikuri sizustiT argumentirebul mecnierul pasuxebs<br />
SumerologTa winaSe dasmul kiTxvebze. avtors sjera, rom adre Tu gvian, didi<br />
saerTaSoriso aRiareba mohyveba z. qafianiZis `aRmoCenebs~, miuxedavad mosalodneli didi<br />
winaaRmdegobebisao~ (gv. 76). misi mtkicebiT, `am WeSmaritebis aRiarebiT dargobriv<br />
mecnierebebSi damkvidrebuli `feodalizmi~ SeiZleba xuxulasaviT daingres, samagierod<br />
mas mohyveba dedamiwaze arsebul inteleqtualur gonTa mobilizacia msoflio<br />
mniSvnelobis mecnieruli WeSmaritebis srulyofis mizniT, rac gaaaqtiurebs sakacobrio<br />
keTilSobiluri ideebis cxovelmyofelobasa da sicocxlisunarianobas~ (gv.76). misive<br />
eWvSeutaneli daskvniT, `erTi adamianis mier gaweuli es titanuri Sroma aRemateba<br />
zogierTi samecniero institutis mier wlebis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebul samuSaos.<br />
yvelaferi es SesaZlebeli gaxda <strong>qarTuli</strong> asomTavruli niSnebis Rrma filosofiur<br />
WrilSi wakiTxviTo...~ (gv.77). rogorc Cans, T. mibCuani ar kmayofildeba z. qafianiZis<br />
CvenTvis cnobili titulebiT (saqarTvelos saxalxo artisti, rusTavelis premiis<br />
laureati, astronomi, ariTmetikos-maTematikosi, geometriis ubadlo mcodne, 22 mignebis<br />
avtori) da SefarviT filosofoss uwodebs, radganac mas Turme ~<strong>qarTuli</strong> asomTavruli<br />
niSnebi Rrma filosofiur WrilSi~ waukiTxavs. Semdeg cnobili mkvlevari, istoriis<br />
mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tavis dakvirvebebsa da aRmoCenebze gvesaubreba. misi TqmiT,<br />
`sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom Sumerulsa da qarTvelurSi (svanurSi) aTeulobiT sityvaterminTa,<br />
rogorc fonetikur, ise Sinaarsobriv identurobasTan gvaqvs saqme~ (gv.83).<br />
13
Sumeruli<br />
mare<br />
Su<br />
melam<br />
guruS<br />
niciri<br />
adab<br />
aSgab<br />
ezen<br />
zeS<br />
da<br />
iere<br />
di<br />
qi<br />
sailustraciod mkvlevari CamoTvlis miseul mignebebs:<br />
svanuri<br />
mare<br />
Si<br />
melam<br />
guruS<br />
neciri<br />
dab<br />
aSgab<br />
ezer<br />
faSa<br />
Tal<br />
iere<br />
di<br />
gim<br />
14<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
kaci<br />
xeli<br />
ali<br />
mdabio<br />
warTxali<br />
yana<br />
dabaRi<br />
kargi<br />
daRla<br />
soli<br />
viRaca, mona<br />
deda, dideda<br />
miwa<br />
da sxva (gv.84).<br />
mkvlevari, Cvenis azriT, Sumeruls svanurs ufro udarebs, qarTuls ganze tovebs. mag.,<br />
Sum. mare, svan. mare, qarT. kaci. es ukanaskneli kac sityva sul sxva fuZea, megr-WanurSi mas<br />
koC Seesatyviseba, svanurSi Wa“S. qarTulSic mar(e) fuZe rom unda gvqonoda, amaze<br />
metyvelebs Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong>s samare // samari: aTi wlis winaT erT-erT Cvens naSromSi<br />
aRniSnuli gvaqvs, rom Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis teqstebSi ufro xSirad samare forma gvxvdeba,<br />
romelsac zog redaqciaSi enacvleba saflav leqsema, rac imaze unda migvaniSnebdes, rom es<br />
ori sityva samare da samari ori sxvadasxva dialeqtis kuTvnileba unda iyos [14, 69].<br />
oTxTavSi weria: sxdes winaSe samaresa mas (maTe 27, 61 C, DE-Sia: saflavsa).<br />
sayuradReboa, rom Zvel qarTulSi samare narTanian mravlobiTSi ar Segvxvedria,<br />
CvenTvis cnobilia mxolod eb-iani mravlobiTis formebi: romliTa saqmiTa daeflnian samarebsa.<br />
(Satb. 300, 38; ix. aseve: gamocx. 11, 9; fsalm. dav. 130, 29).<br />
radgan Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong>s teqstebSi `samareebi~ (ise rogorc sayureebi) forma ar<br />
Segvxvedria, vfiqrobT, samarebi mr. r. forma mxoloobiTSi unda gulisxmobdes samar-i formis<br />
arsebobas, rac marTlac dasturdeba Zvel da e.w. saSuali <strong>qarTuli</strong>s werilobiTs ZeglebSi:<br />
da aqunda yoveli gansasuenebeli da samari (nov. II. 134, 16-17); miwadve miqceulTaTÂs da Ts ~ sa<br />
mas dedasa Tana misrulTa, r ~ i igi uk ~ T ar y ~ Ta z ~ a iyo brZanebul xilulTa amaT samarTamca<br />
sadme iyo mwuxarebaÁ (A-1101, 160 À, 19); mjdomare iyvnen samarad monazonni xuTasni (mimoslva,<br />
26, 26); samari forma ixmareba `vefxistyaosanSic~: anu momec gankurneba, anu miwa me samari [1].<br />
samari gvxvdeba agreTve aRorZinebis xanis ZeglebSic: mokla man Cemad ugrZnoblad, miwa Zliv<br />
misca samarad (gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa, 702, 4); Seni sam ari, Seni samari<br />
sanatrelia, ra migabara (arCili, 1. mef. 51, 1) 1 .<br />
amrigad, radgan Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong>s teqstebSi na-mar/e (Sdr. samar/e), na-yur (sa – yur-i)<br />
formebi ar Segvxvedria, romelTa arseboba Zvel qarTulSi saeWvod ar migvaCnia, vvaraudobT,<br />
rom am sityvaSi sa- TavsarTi gaqvavebula, saxelis fuZis kuTvnileba gamxdara [14,70]. n.<br />
berZeniSvilis dakvirvebac cxadyofs, rom `saflavis~ sinonimuri cali `samari~ <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
(afiqsi sa) ena iyo iq, im dros, roca damarxva qvevrSi xdeboda [20, 57]. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
saflavi da samari Zvel qarTul werilobiTs ZeglebSi marTlac gverdigverd gvxvdeba: Tu<br />
erT redaqciaSi samaria, meoreSi saflavia damowmebuli.<br />
1 vsargeblobT `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis damdgeni saxelmwifo komisiis saleqsikono fondiT.
ogorc davrwmundiT, mar/e sityva ara marto svanurSi, Zvel qarTul enaSic gvqonia.<br />
samwuxarod, T. mibCuans Sum. mare, svan. mare leqsemebis Sedarebisas sruliad `dahviwynia~<br />
ZirZveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityva mar/e, samare. Tumca igi (T. mibCuani) 1989 wels gamocemul wignSi<br />
mares Sesaxeb srul da amomwurav pasuxs iZleva [18, 295-296].<br />
meore Sesadarebeli magaliTi mkvlevrisa- Sum. Su, svan. Si, qarT. xeli- am SemTxvevaSic<br />
mkvlevars TiTqos sagangebod <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis sxva fuZe auRia (xeli Sesadareblad). sjobda am<br />
SemTxvevaSi Si Tandebuli (da misi variantebi Sina, Siga, Sida...) Seedarebina. Sdr. saxlSi,<br />
saxlsa Sina, saxlsa Siga, saxlsa Sida; terminebi: Sida qarTli, Signikaxuri, SigTavsi, Sinauri<br />
da sxva. rogorc Cans, T. mibCuani mxolod Sumerul-svanuris saerTo monacemebiTaa garTuli,<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis identur masalaze arc ki fiqrobs.<br />
davimowmebT kidev mkvlevriseul erT Sedarebul magaliTs: Sum. adab, svan.dab, qarT.<br />
yana. aqac mkvlevars <strong>qarTuli</strong> Sesadarebeli masala aviwydeba. ratomRac yanas udarebs. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi Sum. adab, svan. dab-is analogiuri fuZea <strong>qarTuli</strong> dab, romelic gvaqvs daba,<br />
dabal//mdabal, udabur, udabno, mdabio//mdabur leqsemebSi.<br />
an kidev: Sum. da, svan. Tal, qarT. sol. es ukanaskneli sxva fuZea. mkvlevars sjobda<br />
guldasmiT eZia analogiuri <strong>qarTuli</strong> fuZe es ki igive Tal (//Tl) zmnuri fuZea, romelic<br />
Tla, gaTala, saTlel-Si gvaqvs.<br />
erTaderTi, sadac samive enis monacemi urTierTs emTxveva, aris Sum. di, svan. di, qarT.<br />
deda. avtors Sedarebisas aqac zereloba etyoba: svanurSi di-s gverdiT gvaqvs dia (qvemo<br />
svanuri...), megrulSic dia, romelSic donia dakarguli: deda didadiadi, Sdr.<br />
diadididadi. amrigad, svanuri di//dia meoreuli, gviandeli movlena Cans da deda<br />
arqetipisagan momdinareobs. miuxedavad aseTi, Cveneuli `Sesatyvisobisa~, sami enis mixedviT, es<br />
magaliTi mainc ar gamodgeba Sesadareblad, radgan es sityva warmoSobiT xmabaZviTia,<br />
xmabaZviTi sityvebi ki aramonaTesave enebSic fonetikurad da formobrivad xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
erTmaneTis msgavsia (Tu enebi fonematurad Zlier sxvaobas ar amJRavnebs). mag., deda<br />
rusulSic masalobrivad igivea, rac qarTvelur enebSi: svan. di//dia, megr, dia, qarT. deda,<br />
rus. ltl^ ltleirf&&&<br />
dabolos, T. mibCuani, iseve rogorc z. qafianiZe, Sumerul qi-s, svanur gim-s (z. qafianiZe-<br />
megr. qianasac=qveyana) erTmaneTs udarebs. T. mibCuans amjeradac umarTebulod Sesadarebel<br />
masalad <strong>qarTuli</strong> miwa mohyavs, sruliad sxva fuZe. sjobda mkvlevars meti yuradReba da<br />
mecnieruli alRo gamoeCina da miwis nacvlad <strong>qarTuli</strong> da megruli qve//qe//qo nawilaki<br />
Seedarebina, romelic gvaqvs iseT sityvebSi, rogoricaa qveyana (=miwisqveSa adgili, miwiani<br />
adgili) //qoyana, qve Seni Wirime (raW.), qe vici (imer.), qveviT, qveda, qveskneli, megr. qo: qo<br />
pateni (ki batono).<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom T. mibCuanis Sumerul-svanur-<strong>qarTuli</strong> aRmoCenebi Cven ganvamtkiceT<br />
Cveneuli argumentebiT, zemoTmoyvanili Sedarebuli masala mainc arafers gveubneba am enebis<br />
(Sumerulisa da svanur-<strong>qarTuli</strong>s) naTesaobis Sesaxeb.<br />
zemore sityvebis `axlouri~ damokidebuleba Sumerulisa da svanurisa, T. mibCuanis<br />
azriT, oras erTeulze metia, Tumca es orasi erTeuli (Tundac aTasi iyos) lingvisturi<br />
ZiebisaTvis arafers ar niSnavs. mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba swored imis Semdeg iwyeba, roca<br />
yvela sityvas SevkrebT, gavaanalizebT yvela metyvelebis nawilsa Tu enaSi moqmed kanonebs,<br />
davadgenT bgeraTSesatyvisobebs, Tu ver davadgenT, maSin ufro, safiqrebelia, sityvis an<br />
sityvebis sesxebasTan unda gvqondes saqme. Cven zemoT warmodgenili Sumerulis magaliTebi<br />
ufro nasesxoba gvgonia, vidre bgeraTSesatyvisoba. analogiuri, identuri sityvebi SesaZloa<br />
sxvadasxva tipisa da ojaxis enaSic ki gvqondes. mag., germanuli `lam~ (=WuWyi, nagavi) da<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> lami (igive Slami) masalobrivad identuria. Cven am SemTxvevaSi, T. mibCuanis<br />
poziciidan gamomdinare, warmatebiT SeiZleba vamtkicoT indoevropuli enis, germanulis da<br />
iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis, am SemTxvevaSi, qarTveluri enebis naTesaoba.<br />
T. mibCuanis imave naSromSi gvxvdeba iseTi gamoTqmebi, romlebic istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtoris xarisxis mqone pirovnebas namdvilad ar Seefereba. mag., mkvlevari erT adgilas<br />
15
wers: `rogorc didi berZeni filosofisti demokrite ambobda~ (gv.86). aseTi gamoTqma<br />
saliteraturo qarTul enaSi, miT ufro samecniero gamokvlevebSi, arsad ar gvxvdeba:<br />
demokrite filosofosi iyo da ara filosofisti. etyoba, T. mibCuans es termini sofistis<br />
analogiiT `Seuqmnia~.<br />
T. mibCuans imave wignSi meore statiac mouTavsebia, romelsac `Sumerul-qarTul<br />
(svanuri) paralelebi~ hqvia. Cven, samwuxarod, mis TiToeul aRmoCenas ver SevafasebT<br />
amjerad, radgan es did drosa da qaRaldis xarjvas moiTxovs. misi mimoxilvisgan erTi<br />
didtaniani wigni Seiqmneba. amjerad Cven mxolod am werilis erT adgils mivaqcevT<br />
yuradRebas: mkvlevari svanur da megruls <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis uZveles dialeqtebad miiCnevs, rac<br />
sruli umecrebaa (samecniero literaturis arcodnas vgulisxmobT), agreTve igi megruls<br />
zanur-WanurTan aigivebs, roca wers: `svanuri da megruli (zanur-Wanuri) <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis<br />
uZvelesi dialeqtebia~. amjeradac T. mibCuanma ar icis elementuri ram: 1. megrul-Wanuri<br />
zanuri enis dialeqtebia istoriulad; 2. Wanuri igive lazuria; 3. lazur-megruli anu Wanurmegruli<br />
kolxuri (a.SaniZis terminia), igive zanuria; 4. svanuri da megrul-Wanuri <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
enis uZvelesi dialeqtebi ki araa, aramed samive qarTveluri, moZme enaa, romlebic fuZe<br />
enidan anu winare qarTveluri (resp. praqarTveluri) enidan momdinareobs; 5. etyoba,<br />
mkvlevarma arc is genealogiuri sqema icis, romelic qarTveluri enebis mkvlevarma,<br />
svanuri ena<br />
megrul-Wanuri (zanuri||kolxuri)<br />
da <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
winare qarTveluri ena||resp.<br />
praqarTveluri ena anu fuZe ena<br />
germanelma qarTvelologma Grundschprache gerhardt deetersma (ix. misi Das kharthwelische verbum, leipzig,<br />
1930) SemogvTavaza, romelic mkvlevarTaTvis yvelaze sasurvel mecnierul genealogiur xed<br />
gaiazreba:<br />
6. T. mibCuanma, Cans, arc is icis, rom msoflioSi saqveynod cnobil lingvistTa gamokvlevebiT<br />
(akad. T. gamyreliZe, prof. t. gudava, prof. g. klimovi...) Tavdapirvelad deda praqarTvelur<br />
enas svanuri gamoeyo (daax. me-20 s.), xolo <strong>qarTuli</strong> da zanuri anu megrul-Wanuri erT enas<br />
16<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
ena<br />
zanuri ena<br />
Wanuri|lazuri<br />
megruli
warmoadgenda, maTi daSlis Semdeg (daaxloebiT me-10-12 Cv. wT. aR.-mde) gamoeyo zanuri<br />
qarTuls (anda piriqiT) 2 . n. berZeniSvilis samarTliani SeniSvniT, `Secdomaa, TiTqos is<br />
uZvelesi saerTo ena, saidanac ganviTarda <strong>qarTuli</strong>, megruli, svanuri iyo winare <strong>qarTuli</strong>.<br />
ara: is amdenadve iyo winaremegruli da winaresvanuri [20, 362], ase, rom am sam moZme enaTa<br />
deda-mSobeli winare qarTveluri praenaa. 7. SesaZlebelia T. mibCuanma arc is icodes, rom<br />
qarTvelologiaSi termini qarTveluri internacionaluri terminia, ar iTargmneba da rusul<br />
inglisur, germanul... enebze rfhndtkmcrbq^ kartvelian, kartvelisch iTqmis da iwereba [17,4] da Tu<br />
ar viciT, sjobda, jer martividan elementuridan dagvewyo da rTul, problematur sakiTxebs<br />
mere SevWidebodiT.<br />
rac Seexeba T. mibCuanis meore wigns, romelic dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTvel<br />
mTielTa, kerZod, svanTa eTnogenezs, gansaxlebasa da kulturas exeba, aqac avtori zog<br />
SemTxvevaSi sityvis Ziebisas mcdar da urTierTgamomricxav etimologiebs gvTavazobs.<br />
sanimuSod davimowmebT mxolod erT maTgans: eTnonimi megreli mkvlevars erT adgilas ase<br />
aqvs axsnili: `megre~ svanurad `msxvils niSnavs (Sdr. berZn. `makro-didi). ar aris<br />
gamoricxuli SesaZlebloba, rom berZnuli `makro~, svanuri `megre~ da termini ~megre-li~<br />
erTi warmomavlobis sityvebi iyos~ [18, 160 SeniSvna 49], megre-li aseTi lingvisturi<br />
procedura mcdaria, unada iyos: m-egr-el-i, Sdr. m-a-rg-ali, aq sruli Sesatyvisobaa daculi.<br />
ratomRac mkvlevars megrelis megr Ziri maincdamainc svanurad unda axsnas. sinamdvileSi am<br />
eTnonimSi gr//egr//egur Ziri gamoiyofa, rac egris, egur//engur, saegroÁ, guria, argo,<br />
argonavt, argveT, margv, margvel leqsemebSi gvaqvs [19, 172-186].<br />
da bolos T. mibCuani am naSromSi ratomRac Tavs aridebs zanuri enis-resp. megrul-<br />
Wanuris monacemebs. uamisod ki, rogori Tanxvedrac ar unda iyos, Sumerulisa da svanuri<br />
Sesatyvisobebis dadgenis cdac ki nebismier mkvlevars gauWirdeba. ratomRac z. qafianiZisa da<br />
T. mibCuanis erToblivi wignis redaqtorad literatori, filologi da mwerali akad. giorgi<br />
ciciaSvilia, romelsac specialobiT araferi ar aqvs saerTo SumerulTan da qarTveluri<br />
enebis kvlevasTan. ismis kiTxva: batoni giorgi rogor daiTanxmes wignis redaqtorad, Tu mis<br />
daukiTxavad miaweres wigns misi saxeli? aseTi ram axla am ucenzuro qveyanaSi xom<br />
Cveulebriv movlenad iqca?<br />
svanTa warmoSoba-sadaurobaze svanur-<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsikonis avtori a. lipartelianic<br />
mogviTxrobs. T mibCuanis msgavsad, isic svanebs Sumerebs ukavSirebs. uZveles droSi, a.<br />
lipartelianis azriT, `maT uwodebdnen `meSex-s~, rac svanurad Savs niSnavs da rac, SesaZloa<br />
ukeTes axsnas aZlevdes termin svaneTs. Sumerebi SavTavianebad iwodebian~ [65, IV]. mkvlevars<br />
ratomRac aviwydeba, rom svanebi anTropologiurad, `xorblisferi, iersaxis, Taflisfersani<br />
(Tvalebi, Tmebi) arian. svanis Savgvremanoba axalia, arasvanuria. svanuri meSxe, marTalia, Savs<br />
niSnavs, magram mas moZme enebSic moepoveba Sesatyvisebi: me-Sxe, me-Sex, <strong>qarTuli</strong> `Six~ (`wva~).<br />
aqedanaa miRebuli naxSiri (na-Six-ir.i), sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, lentexuri meSxe `Savi~<br />
zemo svanursa da laSxur kiloebSi e xmovnis gareSea warmodgenili: xo-mSx-a lent. xomSex-a<br />
*xomeSexa `uSavesi~; li-mSx-e *li-meSex-e, lent. li-meSex. `Saveba~ ... orsave<br />
zedsarTav saxelSi ar Cans ori e [82, 167]. mkvlevari agreTve haosebs ara somxebad, aramed<br />
svanebad miiCnevs [65, V], aseve Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi moxseniebul sivnielebs<br />
svanuri modgmis meomar tomad saxavs, ufro metic, `mTeli somxeTis teritoriaze<br />
gavrcelebulad Cans svanuri modgmis xalxi... erTi nakadi svanuri modgmisa egviptidan<br />
gamosulad gvesaxeba...~ [65, IX]. sxva adgilas a. liparteliani askvnis: `amrigad, naTlad Cans,<br />
rom svanTa tomebi amierkavkasiis teritoriaze upirvelesni arian - aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi<br />
canebi da siunelebi, samxreT saqarTveloSi kolaelni, anu igive canebi, igive klarjni,<br />
maxeloni, henioxebi. cxovrobdnen Tu ara svanebi dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi da ukidures<br />
2 axlaxan, 2001 wels gamocemul o. qajaias megrul-qarTul leqsikons TandarTul redaqtoriseul<br />
winasityvaobaSi prof. z. sarjvelaZe saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis daSlas daaxloebiT xuTi aTaswleulis winaT<br />
varaudobs [133,7.]<br />
17
dasavleTSi? ra Tqma unda, cxovrobdnen...~ avtoris msjelobidan ise gamodis, TiTqos mTeli<br />
amierkavkasia svanebs epyraT, sxva qarTvelur tomebs iq istoriulad cxovrebis adgili ar<br />
daurCaT.<br />
naSromis bolos aslan liparteliani mZime braldebas uyenebs qarTvelebs anu qarTul<br />
enaze molaparake tomebs. misi TqmiT, `saqarTvelos istoria Tamaris epoqamde iyo qarTvel<br />
tomTa Soris brZolis istoria, istoria im Zalebis Sexla-Semoxlisa, romlebic cdilobdnen<br />
SemorCenodnen eTnikuri duRilis zedapirze. erTmaneTs ebrZoda sami eTnikuri Zala: svanuri,<br />
megruli, gilxuri (?! b. cx.) aleqsandre makedonelamde mZlavri Zala iyo svanuri eTnosi. man<br />
Seqmna mwerloba sakuTari anbaniT – hqonda sakuTari sarwmunoeba gacisa da gaimisa. TviT<br />
aleqsandres mier dayenebulma mmarTvelma –azonmac ver Secvala es sarwmunoeba da matianis<br />
cnobiT irwmuna TavisianebTan erTad damxdurTa kerpebi. rogorc mateanidan irkveva, man<br />
moiyvana protaToselni anu iberielni da moaxdina saqarTvelos teritoriis iberizacia-<br />
gilxTa tomebi jer kidev ar Canan asparezze- iberizaciis procesi grZeldeboda arabobis<br />
dawyebamde. arabobis epoqaSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi moispo erTmaneTis moqiSpe svanuri<br />
tomebi da iberielni. maT adgilas safuZveli Caeyara mcire aziidan bagrationebis mier<br />
moyvanil gilxTa tomebis batonobas. maT moxerxebulad aiTvises svanuri tomebis kultura,<br />
ena da xelovneba. daiwyes Zveli materialuri faseulobebis gardaqmna im kvalis gaqrobiT,<br />
romelic Semdeg mainc gamouCenda av mesaflaves. <strong>qarTuli</strong> erovnebis Seqmnis procesi<br />
grZeldeba dRemde.<br />
qarTveli didebulebisaTvis arc warsulSi iyo veragi politikis gatareba ucxo xili<br />
da arc axla Cveni uSualo meTvalyureobis dros. imdenad gaborotebulni iyvnen, rom<br />
veragulad mospes svanuri kulturis Zeglebi da ara marto svanuri~... [65, XXI-XXII].<br />
marTlac Zalian didi braldebaa qarTvelebisadmi wayenebuli. qarTvelebma TiTqos<br />
svanebs mouspes sakuTari mwerloba, sakuTari anbani, sakuTari sarwmunoeba, gacisa da gaimisa...<br />
ukeTesad mteri ver dawerda: verc afsua-afxazi separatisti, verc somexi da verc alan-osi.<br />
samwuxaroa friad, rom qarTveli kaci oden svanuri kuTxiT zomavs da ikvlevs, afasebs<br />
saqarTvelos istorias svanur-megruli da <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis istoriul urTierTobebs. 3 lingvistur<br />
interess sakvlevi obieqtis mimarT, samwuxarod, zogierTi folkloristic avlens. am mxriv<br />
pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT folkloristi da mwerali, profesori gizo WeliZe,<br />
romelic <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri leqsis, baladisa, Tu siuJetisa qronologiis gansazRvrasa da<br />
dadgenas cdilobs, misi bolodroindeli naSromebi TrialeTis Tasis, svanuri liles<br />
`saZireebis~dadgenas exeba. mwerali Tu mecnier-folkloristi <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis (am SemTxvevaSi<br />
`liles~) dabadebis TariRad 3500 wels an .. 4000 wels miiCnevs [22]. raSia saqme? ratom<br />
mainca da mainc 3500wels an 4000 da ara 7000 wels? 4 lingvisturi monacemebiT, kerZod,<br />
lingvisturi TvalTaxedviT (glotoqronologiuri meTodis Tanaxmad) 3500 wels an 4000w.<br />
arc svanuri da arc megrul-Wanuri da arc <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena unda arsebuliyo. mkvlevarlingvistebs<br />
am droisaTvis qarTvelur enaTa winapari praqarTveluri anu winare fuZe ena<br />
egulebaT mxolod.<br />
agreTve zogi damwyebi qoreolog-qoreografi TrialeTSi aRmoCenili Tasis garSemo<br />
cekvis scenas oden qarTvelur-qarTul realobad aRiarebs da <strong>qarTuli</strong> qoreografiuli<br />
xelovnebis dasawyisad meore aTaswleulis anu Cv.w. aR.-mde 2500 wels miiCnevs, rac<br />
marTebuli araa! jer erTi, TrialeTSi napovni Tasi arqeologebs da sxva specialistebs ar<br />
ganusazRvravs dRevandeli qarTvelebis kuTvnilebad. sruliad SesaZlebelia igi sxva eris<br />
(tomTa) kuTvnileba iyos. meorec, <strong>qarTuli</strong> qoreografiuli xelovneba saTaves Cv.w. aR.-mde<br />
meore aTaswleulidan ki ar iRebs, aramed uxsovari droidan. roca pirvelyofili adamiani<br />
nadirobda da masTan dakavSirebul ritualSi cekvavda da mReroda. es iyo `acekvebuli<br />
3 rogorc Cemma erT-erTma kolegam zepir saubarSi ganmicxada, TiTqos es wigni `leninis moedanze~ dauwvavT<br />
gamoqveynebisTanave argavrcelebis mizniT... Cven es ar gvsmenia.<br />
4 rogorc Cans, mkvlevari `farulad~ Cven winaprad Sumerebs igulvebs da nawilobriv iziarebs z. qafianiZisa da<br />
T. mibCuanis azrs ...<br />
18
nadiroba~ anu monadireTa cekva, romlis drosac moZraobiTa da mimikiT gadmoicemoda<br />
nadirobis yvela stadia, pirvelyofili adamiani am dros namdvil sacekvao pantomimas qmnida<br />
[23, 5-6...] aseTive viTareba iyo sportuli, sabrZolo da SromiT-ritualuri cekvebis<br />
Sesrulebis drosac [24, 36]. qarTvelma arqeologebma Tavisi monapovriT 2000 wlis 12 maiss,<br />
friad avtoritetuli samecniero Jurnalis `saiensis~ furclebze, msoflios auwyes qarTveli<br />
mecnierebis 10 wlis winandeli mosazreba: dmaniseli adamianebis naSTebis asaki daaxloebiT 1<br />
milion 700 aTasi welia da dRevandeli monacemebiT is uZvelesia ara marto evropaSi, aramed<br />
afrikis gareTac...zogi specialistis varaudiT, es afrikeli adamiani unda yofiliyo, romelic<br />
kavkasiaSi moxvda... gazeT `figaros~ Tu verwmunebiT, saqarTvelos aRmoCenebma bolo mouRes<br />
espanur-italiur davas – vin iyo pirveli evropeli.~ cxadia, Cven Sors varT im azrisagan,<br />
rom dmanisSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi Tavis qala qarTvelTa winapris kuTvnileba iyos, magram<br />
dRevandeli mecnierebis komikuri situaciidan gamomdinare, sruliad ar gagvikvirdeba, rom<br />
vinmem-mecnierebasTan axlo myofma (da ara sakuTriv specialistma) daweros, rom es aRmoCena<br />
saqarTveloSi moxda da igi ekuTvnis qarTvelTa winapars (Tu, ra Tqma unda, aqamde vinmes ar<br />
dauweria).<br />
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: 1. arqeologebis aRmonaCeni srulebiT ar niSnavs imas, rom igi<br />
qarTul-kavkasiuris kuTvnileba iyos. 2. oden arqeologiuri monapovriT TrialeTis TasiT<br />
(sartyeli)ar unda vaxdendeT Tundac <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri qoreografiuli xelovnebis dbadebis<br />
gansazRvras: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri qoreografia ise Zvelia, rogorc qarTul-qarTveluri sityva,<br />
musika. Tu ZvelisZveli eri varT, maSin qarTul-qarTveluri kulturis individualuri niSani<br />
swored pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis droSia saZiebeli.<br />
rogorc Cans, zogi crumecnieri `Slimanobas~ mowyurebuli, saxels ki ar sZens<br />
qarTvelologiur mecnierebas, piriqiT – akninebs, amcirebs, saxels utexs arakompetenturi,<br />
aramecnieruli, gulubryvilo axsna-varaudebiT. msgavsi ram rusistikis, rusuli<br />
mecnierebisaTvisac ar yofila ucxo. Tanamedrove rus mkvlevarTa erTi nawili Tavis imperiul<br />
zraxvebze damyarebuli, cdilobs rusi eris xelovnurad daZvelebas: berZnul miTologiaSi<br />
arsebul hiperborelebs rusTa winaprad miiCneven, arsad ar axseneben eTnotermin slavs, mis<br />
nacvlad yvelgan Zveli rusia naxmari, imavdroulad misakuTrebulia indoevropelTa (indur,<br />
sparsul, osur, somxur, germanikul, romanul, slavur enebze molaparake azia-evropaSi<br />
mcxovrebTa winaprebis) arqeologiuri monapovari, da Zvel rusTa kuTvnilebad asaReben.<br />
yovelive es ise ostaturad da mecnieruli siRrmiTaa naTqvami, rom erTi SexedviT (an erTi<br />
wakiTxviT) nebismierma mkiTxvelma SeiZleba irwmunos. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs v.n. deminis wigni<br />
`Nfqyb heccrjuj yfhjlf~, romelsac marTlac Rrma mecnieruli safarveli udevs safuZvlad<br />
da namdvili mecnieris mieraa dawerili, Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, `velikorusuli~<br />
TvalTaxedviT [25].<br />
dasasruls, Cveni naSromis mizani – <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>s Seswavlis mdgomareobac<br />
mimovixiloT. mxolod erTi avtoris or wings SevexebiT. avtori n. jomidavaa, istoriis<br />
mecnierebaTa kandidati, xolo misi wignebi `kolxuri <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>~ [26] da `3000 megruli<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli~[27]. rogorc vTqviT, wignebis avtori 85 wels gadacilebuli afxazeTidan<br />
ltolvili, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriisa da eTnografiis institutis<br />
mecnier-TanamSromeli, Jurnalisti n. jomidavaa, romelsac aqamde <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelebze arasodes<br />
umuSavia. am wignebis Seqmnis mizezi, avtoris gancxadebiT, afxazTa-afsua separatistebis mier<br />
gaCaRebuli konfliqtia [27]. amrigad, mizezi ara mecniereba, aramed afxazTagan qarTvelTa<br />
gamodevna yofila. amTaviTve unda aRvniSnoT, rom baton n. jomidavas pirveli wignis `wignad<br />
gamarTvas~ oTxi Tve movandomeT, meore wignis gamocemasa Tu momzadeba- redaqtirebaSi<br />
araviTari wvlili ar migviZRvis. pirveli wignis gamocemisas avtors `davaTmobine~ iseTi<br />
<strong>gvar</strong><strong>saxelebi</strong>s qarTul-kolxuroba, rogoricaa arZinba (da misT.). arZinbaSi igi ba sufiqss<br />
gamoyofda, romelic Turqulad babas `mamas~ niSnavso. didi axsna-mtkicebiT avtors am<strong>gvar</strong>i<br />
cruetimologiebze (uazrobaze, rom araferi vTqvaT, Sdr. arZinba arZinbaba =arZinmama,<br />
rac marTlac uazrobaa), uari vaTqmevineT. wina gamocemul wigns avtorma kolxuri <strong>gvar</strong><strong>saxelebi</strong><br />
uwoda. Cveni daJinebuli moTxovniT Siga ydaze frCxilebSi megruli Cavasmevine,<br />
19
adgan kolxuri farTo mcnebaa da megrulis garda lazurs (resp. Wanurs)ac gulisxmobs.<br />
avtorma kompiuterSi Setanisas ara erTi <strong>gvar</strong>is, Cvems mier dawunebuli, gulubryvilo<br />
etimologia mainc Seitana, rogoc Cans, Tavis migneba-aRmoCenas ver Seelia. sxva <strong>gvar</strong>saxelebze<br />
rom araferi vTqvaT, sanimuSod Cvens <strong>gvar</strong>s davasaxelebT: pirvel wignSi, cxadaia<br />
asea ganmartebuli: `cxadaia cxad-i, daufaravi, aSkara qegl 6 ); cxadaia-moidanaxe (Cxor.r.),<br />
jvari (wal. r.) cxadisi (ambrol.r.) ufro sarwmunoa cxada metsaxelis mcxuedasagan<br />
momdinareoba. Sdr. cxvediani, cxvedaZe, cxadaZe, cxadiaSvili [26, 180]. <strong>gvar</strong>is ganmartebis<br />
pirveli naxevari mcdaria, umarTebuloa, es avtors TviTneburad Seutania. meore naxevari ki<br />
Cveneulia. Tqmuls imasac davumatebT, rom cxadaia//cxadaZis cxad Ziri, `tbeTis sulTa<br />
mateaneSi~ cxadaeT formacaa damowmebuli, romlis arqetipi, anu Tavdapirveli forma <strong>gvar</strong>is<br />
fuZisa fiqsirebulia giorgi merCules `grigol xancTelis cxovrebaSi~ `mcxuedas~ saxiT:<br />
mcxuedacxveda||cxada. am Zirs specialuri werili uZRvna enaTmecnierma, prof. baqar<br />
gigineiSvilma, romelmac cxad zanuris (megrul-Wanuris) kuTvnilebad cno, xolo mcxueda<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong>sad. samwuxarod, yovelive es wignis avtorma ar gaiziara arc meore wignSi [27, 412].<br />
rac Seexeba meore wigns - `3000 megrul <strong>gvar</strong>-saxels~, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mis<br />
redaqtirebaSi araviTari wvlili ar migviZRvis. Cven avtors kategoriuli uari vuTxariT im<br />
mosazrebiT, rac zemoT aRvniSneT. garda amisa, n. jomidavas `axali argumentacia~ ar<br />
gaviziareT: mkvlevars surda saerTo fuZisagan nawarmoebi <strong>gvar</strong>ebi kolxurad anu megrulad<br />
gaesaRebina. mag., abramia, Sdr. abramiZe, abramiSvili, abramaSvili, abramalaZe... Tu am princips<br />
gavyvebiT, maSin abramovi da abramianic megruli <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli gamova. meore wignSi amis<br />
saSiSroeba ar Cans, magram, samwuxarod, mkvlevars uamravi gulubryvilo etimologiiT auvsia<br />
Tavisi wigni, rac mecnieris dawerilis STabeWdilebas ar tovebs. 2000 wlis Tbilisobis<br />
dReebSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis saxelmwifo palatis Tavmjdomarem, Cvenma kolegam, enaTmecnierma levan<br />
Rvinjiliam n. jomidavas `3000 megrul <strong>gvar</strong>-saxels~ 3000 sircxvili uwoda, rac marTlac<br />
zedmiwevniT miesadageba am wignis <strong>gvar</strong>Ta ganmartebebs da maT Sinaarss 7 .<br />
meore wignis avtoriseul winasityvaobaSi bevri mcdari debulebaa. maT Soris sanimuSod<br />
erT-erTs davasaxelebT: `aia - kolxeTis Zveli saxelwodeba sufiqsad erTvis 200-ze met <strong>gvar</strong>saxels,<br />
rac sxva qarTveluri <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>saTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris~ [27,7]. didi<br />
Secdomaa. aq aia arafer SuaSia, aia sufiqsi ar arsebobs, arsebobs –ia, aia-s winamavali a-<br />
saxelis fuZiseulia, kninobiTi sufiqsi. mag., korZ-ikorZa (metsaxeli is, rac korZiania)<br />
korZaia||korZaZe. avtoriseul pirvel wigns Cven davurTeT gamokvleva <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong><strong>saxelebi</strong>s<br />
warmoebis Sesaxeb (esec ki ar gauTvaliswinebia an ar gauziarebia avtors), sadac<br />
yvela <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli, megrulic da svanuric, miCneuli gvaqvs qarTul daboloebad. megruli<br />
(garda skir ...) da svanuri -ia, -ian, an||a <strong>qarTuli</strong> evan||eaniania bolosarTis erT-erTi<br />
variantia [27, 4-12]. rogorc erT-erT adreul statiaSi vwerdiT, mag., miqael-ean‟s Zvel<br />
qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi sxvadasxva nusxis mixedviT moepoveba variantebi: miqeleani,<br />
miqelaiani, miqelaani [28,148]: ZeTa maTgan safastisTaÁ – zaqaria miqaeleani da mis Tana kacni<br />
sameocdaaTni (zor. A 85, 34; D-Sia: zaqaria mixailev, O-Si: miqeleani, F-Si: miqelaiani, S-Si:<br />
miqelaani). aqedan ki fonetikuri procesis gziT miviReT e.w. svanuri –an daboloeba miqelani<br />
(miqelaani da megruli *miqelaia an miqelava||miqaa-Sdr.miqia, miqaia, miqaZe,<br />
miqiaSvili...rogorc Cans, n. jomidavas da bevr sxva misTana mkvlevars warmodgena ara aqvs<br />
elementur lingvistur procedurebsa da fonetikur wesebze.<br />
am mxrivac SeiZleba davaskvnaT: qarTul-qarTveluri <strong>gvar</strong>ebis kvleva<br />
araprofesionalebis, an nakleb profesionalebis, diletantebis xelSia Cavardnili. swored<br />
aseT `mecnierebs~ gulisxmobda albaT cnobili inglisuri romantizmis warmomadgeneli,<br />
6 1 qegl= <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (rvatomeuli), akad. arn. Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT.<br />
7 rogorc axlaxan SevityveT, n. jomidava axal, mesame wignsac wers, romelSic ganxiluli iqneba Cvens welT<br />
aRricxvamdeli (II-I aTaswleuli) megruli <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>. rogorc Cans, mkvlevarma ar icis, rom<br />
adrefeodalizmamde ara Tu saqarTveloSi da aziaSi, mTel msoflioSi ar arsebobda adamianTa <strong>gvar</strong>ebi. amrigad,<br />
miseuli mesame wignis mecnierulobazec laparaki zedmetia . . .<br />
20
genialuri poeti jorj gordon baironi, roca werda: `mecniereba aris erTi umecrebis meoriT<br />
Secvla~.<br />
geniosebi ar tyuian . . .<br />
21
Tavi II<br />
1. komli| |kvamli (|| kuabli), ojaxi<br />
es fuZe ZvelisZvelia, romelSic gamoiyofa ko|ku: m (am) –am Temis niSnis naSTia, l ki<br />
oden Tanxmovniani sityvis sawarmoebeli bolosarTi komli||kuamli warmoSobiT nazmnari<br />
saxelia (mimReoba). koml||kvaml. ojaxis mniSvnelobiT e.w. saSuali <strong>qarTuli</strong>dan iRebs saTaves.<br />
jer kidev “vefxityaosanSi” komls “kvamlis, bolis” mniSvneloba aqvs:<br />
komli Seqnes laSqarTaTvis (v.t. 444,2(var. II 303;) ix. aseve: fanaskert. 351,40; komliTa<br />
daubneldes: Sahname prz, 410; Tofis komlisagan p. orbel. 430).<br />
<br />
amrigad, koml-is arqauli formaa kuaml: kuamli u kuomlikomli [86,303]. qarTul<br />
istoriul sabuTebSi kuoml gardamavali safexuric dasturdeba:<br />
kuomli (sabuT. 316, 1671 w), kuomlad (saq. siZv.II. 151. XVII ss), sakuomlo (sabuT. 343,<br />
1689 w).<br />
arqetipi ki kuamlkvaml formaa, romelic istoriul sabuTebSi araiSviaTad gvxvdeba.<br />
mag.,<br />
am samis kuamlis kacis begaraÁ ese aris (afxaz. davT. 3);<br />
giboZeT . . kvamli erTi sulaTaZe kotarai, sulaTaZe gogiai, jalaRania nasyidai,<br />
yiryizulaSvili xuWulai, sulaTaZe WuWulai, balaveZe maxarai, svianiZe nasyidai,<br />
TedoraSvili rostiai, WavWianiZis RmerTisias Svilebi (1570 w. wyalobis wigni giorgi mefisa<br />
daviT wulukiZisadmi) . . .<br />
Cuen . . saoxad SemogwireT sazanos sami kvamli glexi . . .(1619 wlis Sewirulobis wigni<br />
giorgi mefisa golgoTis monasters).<br />
Cven giboZeT wereTeli xosa xuTis kvamlis kaciTa (1639 wlis wyalobis wigni aleqsandre<br />
mefisa beJan wereTlisadmi).<br />
. . . glexi erT kvamlad biSnaraSvili xaxuta, erT kvamlad mamuka minanaSvili, erT<br />
kvamlad janeliZe maxarobeli, erT kvamlad JaJua jangavaZe, erT kvamlad maxeta<br />
samsoaSvili, erT kvamlad nasyida minanaSvili. (1660 wlis axlo, Sewirulobis wigni bagrat<br />
mefisa gelaTis monasters).<br />
giboZeT . . . ori kvamli kaci nadiraZeebi (1660-1681 ww. wyalobis wigni bagrat mefisa<br />
qaixosro wereTlisadmi).<br />
ori kvamli aznauri Tavisi ymebiT varxunas vaxtangs gasamyrelod aiRo (1725-1735 ww.<br />
brZaneba axalcixis faSisa mubaSirs) [85].<br />
kvamlis gverdiT istoriul sabuTebSi koml formac ixmareba: mag., giboZeT baraunaSi<br />
oTxi komli kaci (92,3).<br />
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am sityvaSi, istoriul dokumentebSi o|u monacvleobs: erTi kumli<br />
glexi (dok.I. 51, 1675-1682 ww.). amis Sesaxeb erT-erTma pirvelma yuradReba prof. i.<br />
qavTaraZem gaamaxvila. misive dakvirvebiT, komli||kuamli gadmonaSTia am dialeqtebSi<br />
(qarTluri, kaxuri, imeruli, mesxuri, raWuli....) Zvelad moqmedi fonetikuri kanonzomierebisa,<br />
rac yvelaze kargad da farTod saSuali <strong>qarTuli</strong>s sxvadasxva kuTxisa da sxvadasxva Janris<br />
teqstebma Semogvinaxes [86,300]. amitomac fonetikurad saxecvlilma formebma Tanaarsebobis<br />
pirobebSi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba SeiZines: kvamli, “bolis” mniSvnelobiT damkvidrda<br />
dRevandel qarTulSi, ise rogorc Zvelad iyo, xolo komli mosaxlis mniSvnelobiT<br />
mogvevlina.<br />
sa-o daniSnulebis afiqsebiT nawarmoebia sakvamlo sityvac:<br />
suramis WalaSi osieurissake ocdaaTi sakvamlo miwa da im napirs kacebi rome<br />
dasaxlebula . . . es miwac mouWer . . imiT ocdaaTis sakvamlosi SeuTave (1712-1717 ww.<br />
brZaneba vaxtang VI-isa vaxuSti abaSiZes) [85].<br />
giboZeT . . . erTi sakvamlo nuralaSvili Tavisis mamuliTa (1706 w. ymisa da mamulis<br />
wigni, micemuli Sahnavaz mefis mier alaverdi areSis-Svilisadmi)[93,131].<br />
22
imave istoriul sabuTebSi sakvamlos gverdiT misi dialeqturi varianti sakomloc<br />
dasturdeba:<br />
amisda giraod mogeciT sareks Cveni samkvidro yma mRdeli kutalaZe petre, amis ganayofi<br />
lekvia . . .bajiTs goSaZis sakomlo Tavisis partaxtiT (1760-iani wlebi. valis wigni sulTan<br />
jafariZisa zal falavandisSvilisadmi)[85].<br />
. . .kavTela Sua iyo da ori cxuari kavTelas aris. Tandila SelvaSvili, Tevdore,<br />
berua, eseni samaT arian erT sakomlozeda [92,6].<br />
Zvel istoriul dokumentebSi koml|kvaml-is gverdiT maTi fonetikuri, rigiT mesame<br />
saxeoba kombl formac dasturdeba: erTi kombli kaci (dok. II. 143, 1788 w.), komblze TiTo<br />
uremi (QQQd-7120. XVIII s), sakombloebi (HHQd-850, 1774 w), sakomblo (HHHd-2935): am leqsemas<br />
araferi saerTo aqvs kombal (mecxvaris iaraRi) sazogado saxelTan. kombl, sakomblo-Si b<br />
ganviTarebuli bgeraa. aq momxdara meoreuli movlena-homorganul-xSulTa disimilacia:<br />
komli-kombli-konbli||kvanbli (dok. I. 207, 1724-35 ww). aseTi formebi ara erTi aqvs<br />
damowmebuli prof. i. qavTaraZes [86,179]. 8<br />
garda zemore formebisa, Cven istoriul sabuTebSi davadastureT kobl formis arqauli<br />
varianti kuabl, romelic amosavlad kuamls gulisxmobs:<br />
Tqven gaCuqeT erTi kuabli nacvalaSvili moZRvara, SabaTa da meore kuabli qoniaSvili<br />
beri maTis SvilebiTa (1705-1728 ww. saCuqris wigni mocemuli aragvis erisTvis-Svilis<br />
avTandilis mier elisbar daviTiSvilisadmi) [93,129].<br />
amrigad, kvaml “bolis” mniSvnelobis sityvisagan mTel saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda<br />
mcxovrebis, ojaxis aRmniSvneli sityva (da misi variantebi) kvamli, kobli, kombli, kuabli.<br />
ismis kiTxva: gvaqvs Tu ara koml||kvaml sityvisagan nawarmoebi <strong>gvar</strong><strong>saxelebi</strong>? aseTi<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>ebi marTlac dasturdeba. mag, Ze sufiqsoidiani koml||kvaml fuZisagan nawarmoebi <strong>gvar</strong>ebia<br />
komliZe (komlis Ze) da kamlaZe (kvamalaZe). 9 1769 wlis 20 dekembris wyalobis wignSi<br />
(arCil batoniSvilisa buWua joxTaberiZisadmi) kamlaZeebis Sesaxeb naTqvamia:<br />
. . SegwyeriT da kvamlaZeebs garTmevdiT. mermeT moxvedi da Semogvexvewe . . .<br />
gviboZebia iseve kvamlaZeebi maTis yovlisferiT-saxl-kariT . . . (dok.I).<br />
amrigad, am <strong>gvar</strong>saxelSi v (||u) bgera dakargula: kuamlaZekvamlaZekamlaZe (Sdr.<br />
raWa-raW-ve-li, raWveliSvili . . . ), es unda momxdariyo maSin, roca kvamlaZe-Si odindeli<br />
kvaml (“boli”) sityvis mniSvneloba daviwyebas mieca da pirvandeli mniSvneloba dakarga. da<br />
bolos, davZenT: kvamlaZe <strong>gvar</strong>saxeli warmomdgaria kuamla||kvaml-a Serqmeuli saxelisagan<br />
(resp. metsaxelisagan), romelSic –a, bolosarTia (Sdr. Svindi-Svinda, qeri-qera...).<br />
rac Seexeba ojaxs, romelic, samwuxarod, dRevandel qarTvelTa yofaSi da oficialur<br />
enaSi damkvidrebuli sityvaa koml||kvaml-is mniSvnelobiT, Zvel anu Sua saukuneebis qarTul<br />
istoriul dokumentebSi uiSviaTesad ixmareba, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom ojaxi TurqTa<br />
batonobisa da maTi zegavleniT damkvidrebula aRorZinebis xanis qarTul enaSi, mag., 1711<br />
wlis 10 maisis wyalobis wignSi (qaixosro mefisa vaxuSti abaSiZes) naTqvamia:<br />
mas Jamsa odes saqarTvelos abaSiZe paata uSvilod da uZeod amovarda da saxliSvili<br />
aravin darCa, Cven misi adgili da saabaSio isev mouSlelad gvindoda . . . an viTarc Sen<br />
mamiT da ojaxobiT Cvens taxtsa da ÃelmwifeT-biZa-mamazed namsaxurni iyveniT . . . (dok. I).<br />
Cvenis azriT, ojaxi, rogorc termini Turqulidan damkvidrda dasavleT saqarTveloSi,<br />
xolo Semdeg gavrcelda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic. Rirssacnobia isic, rom dasavleT<br />
saqarTvelos sabuTebSi TavadiSvilis qonebis aRsaniSnavad ixmareba terminebi “ojaxi” da<br />
8 tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa indoevropul enaTa monacemebi kvamlis aRmniSvneli sityvebisa, sadac<br />
d||T urTierTmonacvleobs: sanskr. dhqma , h, berZn. Iun, Iumes, laT. fumes, litv. dqmai, Zv. slav. L] im] “kvamli”<br />
[94,113-114].<br />
9 Cven adre kamlaZe imereTSi gavrcelebuli <strong>gvar</strong>i kalam arsebiTi saxelisagan momdinare gvegona:<br />
kamlaZekalmaZe (metaTezisi anu bgeraTgadasma fonetikur niadagze), magram rogorc axla davrwmundiT,<br />
kamlaZekuamlaZedan momdinare <strong>gvar</strong>saxelia [134,21-23].<br />
23
“Sesaxvedri” [98,193-195 sabuTi 23] aqac, am SemTxvevaSic naTlad Cans <strong>qarTuli</strong> ZirZveli<br />
sityvis “Sesaxvedris” Seviwroeba “ojax” Turquli leqsemisagan.<br />
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: kvaml||koml, mekomur da misT. leqsemebi Zvelad ojaxis, mosaxlis,<br />
mcxovrebis mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda, komli an kvamli iyo is, saidanac kvamli amodioda. anu,<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kvamlian adgilsacxovriss, sadac erTi ojaxi cxovrobda, kvamli<br />
anu komli ewodeboda. 10 es termini dRemde SerCa qarTul enasa da saqarTvelos kuTxeebs,<br />
Tumca damcrobili da gaiSviaTebuli saxiT. samwuxarod, misi adgili Turqulma sityvam<br />
,,ojaxma” daikava. mwerali k. lorTqifaniZe daxundara turabeliZes meqis siRatakeze ase<br />
aTqmevinebs: ,, - vis, vaJo, vis! - kvdeboda sicilisagan mesaflave: - Talikos ki –ara,<br />
aRaTias cxvirmouxocel gogos aravin gamogatans! risi imediT, visi imediT! Sens <strong>gvar</strong>obaze<br />
erTi saCeCme adgili arsad moiZeva, Robeze erTi Wiriani mamalic ar giyivis da ojaxis<br />
mowyobas fiqrob? iqneb dagaviwyda, rom mojamagire xar, sxvisi xelis Semyure! jer, vaJo,<br />
Tavze Seni Weri daixure, daojaxebaze mere ifiqre! SeiZleba xandaxan civi Wadi da prasi<br />
mogenatros, mara Seni keriidan kvamli rom amova, Sexedaven da ityvian, dasaxldao.<br />
gimezobleben, saTvalavSi Cagagdeben, kacoba mogemateba! aba, ise vaJo, vin oxeri CagisiZebs!<br />
yvelgan kari gaqvs daketili” (kolx. cisk. 58-59,29-8);<br />
amrigad, Tu sakuTar <strong>gvar</strong>obaze mcire nakveTi ar gaqvs, Tu mamali ezoSi ar giyivis, Tu<br />
keriidan kvamli ar amodis, dasaxlebulad, mosaxled, koml-ojaxad ar iTvlebi.<br />
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: komlma anu ojaxma warmoSobis aseTi gza ganvlo: keria (Sua<br />
cecxli) kvamli komli 11 aqedan: komli||mekomuri, ojaxi anu mosaxle. ,,kvamli||komli<br />
calke saxli, sacxovrebeli, mosaxle, naSieri, sindisi‟‟, T. saxokia aseT ganmartebas iZleva<br />
“iq, sadac miwuridan, qoxidan Tu saxlidan kvamli amodioda (pirvelSi keriidan, SemdegSibuxridan).<br />
igulisxmeba, rom cecxli enTo, romelsac garSemo usxdnen ojaxis wevrebi,<br />
adamianebi, erTmaneTTan naTesaurad dakavSirebulni.<br />
am saxuravebidan amomavali kvamlis saSualebiT iTvlidnen Zvelad mosaxleTa anu<br />
binadarTa ricxvs. ramdeni kvamlic amosdioda saxlebs, imdeni kvamli (anu komli) iTvleboda<br />
jer ama Tu im SorisSors mdebare da SemdegSi Sejgufebul saxlebSi an sofelSi. ase rom<br />
“kvamli” gadaiqca ojaxis suraTxatovan saxelad, mis sinonimad, xolo kvamlqveS Sefarebul<br />
mcxovrebs anu mosaxles daerqva “mekomuri” anu “mekomle” [112,331].<br />
2. Temi, adgilis deda, fuZis angelozi<br />
am sityvas dRevandel qarTul enaSi ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs: 1. ist. pirvelyofil-<br />
Temuri wyobilebis dros – ZiriTadi socialuri jgufi, romelic koleqtiurad flobda<br />
sawarmoo saSualebebs. 2. ist. "qveynis erTi nawili, mxare, kuTxe, gaerTianebuli geografiuleTnikuri<br />
niSnis mixedviT anu erTad mcxovrebi mosaxleoba, sofeli, sazogadoeba. 3. ist.<br />
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi – erTi <strong>gvar</strong>is mosaxleoba, romelsac hyavda Tavisi ufrosi, hqonda<br />
Tavisi wes-Cveulebebi. 4. Zv. kuTx. (imer.) erTad Tavmoyrili, erTad Seyrili xalxi<br />
(salaparakod, drois gasatareblad, dReobaze . . .) – maraqa da sxv. (qegl).<br />
amrigad, Temis nair<strong>gvar</strong>i (oTxive) mniSvneloba qarTul enas dRemde Semounaxavs. Temuri<br />
urTierTobebi axla damcrobilia, igi amJamad ZiriTadad dReobaze, drois gasatareblad<br />
TavSeyrili xalxis mniSvnelobis Semcvelia. vfiqrobT, Temi berZnuli sityvaa, romelsac<br />
kavSiri unda hqondes berZnulisave sityva [123]. TemasTan (berZn. thema). <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis<br />
gramatikaSi fuZe Zirs niSnavs. zogjer es ori sityva absoluturad identuria mag. wer-a-s<br />
fuZe da Ziri erTi da igivea magram ,,a-q-eb-s”Si qeb fuZea, q – Ziri.<br />
10 yovelive es naTlad, mxatvrulad asaxa romanSi (“kolxeTis ciskari”) cnobilma prozaikosma k. lorTqifaniZem<br />
11 komli, <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis mTiulur dialeqtSi axlac kvaml-s niSnavs [106].<br />
24
amrigad, Temi, Zveli Temobrivi wyobileba saqarTvelos mTianeTSic ukve gadmonaSTia.<br />
Zvelad ki kuTxeebi, mag. fSavi, TerTmet Temad yofila dayofili [124,68]. xevsureTSic<br />
mosaxleoba <strong>gvar</strong>ebadaa dayofili. TiToeul <strong>gvar</strong>s aq erTi xeoba an erTi sofeli uWiravs<br />
[125,72]. TuSeTSic TiToeul sofels anu erTi <strong>gvar</strong>is mosaxleobas sa<strong>gvar</strong>eulo koSkic hqoniaT,<br />
sadac Tavs SiSianobis dros afarebdnen. <strong>gvar</strong>ebi iyofoda qve<strong>gvar</strong>ebad [126,95]. vfiqrobT,<br />
msgavsi viTareba unda yofiliyo Zvelad saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, rogorc mTaSi, ise<br />
barSi. Zvelad, xalxi xeobebSi cxovrobda, xeobebi aerTianebda maT, metyvelebac xeobebisda<br />
mixedviT unda yofiliyo msgavsic da gansxvavebulic. mag., megreli, romelic dRes eTnonimia,<br />
Tavdapirvelad mxolod engurels, md. enguris xeobaSi mcxovrebs niSnavda. Sdr. xevsuri<br />
(xevi-suri), moxeve.<br />
Temi ZvelTaganve adgilis dedasTan iyo dakavSirebuli (an piriqiT). mag., fSavSi sasoflo<br />
xati erTi soflis mfarvelia da masze misi mekomurni loculoben. rogorc s. makalaTia wers,<br />
es sasoflo xati fSavSi yvelgan moipoveba, romelsac adgilobrivni ,,adgilis dedasac”<br />
uwodeben da dRes RvTismSoblobiT loculoben. adgilis dedis xatis niSi Cveulebrivi<br />
formisaa da zoggan is Semkulia irmisa da xaris rqiT. winaT adgilis dedas hqonia sakuTari<br />
mamuli, romelsac adgilis dedis ymebi amuSavebdnen [124,201].<br />
amrigad, adgilis deda <strong>gvar</strong>is mfarvelia, zemoTqmuls Tu ganvazogadebT da mTel erze<br />
gavavrcelebT, maSin unda vifiqroT, rom yvela <strong>gvar</strong>s Tavis mfarveli RvTaeba hyavda,<br />
romelic <strong>gvar</strong>s, cxvar-Zroxas . . . umravlebda.<br />
cxadia, Temis, Temobis, adgilis dedasTan uSualo kavSirSia ,,fuZis angelozic”. romelic<br />
ojaxis sacxovrisis, keriis damcvelia. saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi, mag., xevSi, arsebobs<br />
gamonaTqvami-termini fuZis gueli, rac asea ganmartebuli: Zv. crurwm. zogierT ojaxSi<br />
dasadgurebuli gveli, romelsac bedniereba da baraqa moaqvs. mis wyeninebas eridebodnen,<br />
xvrelTan rZian bakans udgamdnen, eZaxodnen alal gvelTas [127,33].<br />
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: Temi, adgilis deda, fuZis angelozi ojaxis, <strong>gvar</strong>is keTildReobis,<br />
gamravleba-baraqianobis, bednierebis momtani, mfarveli, mter-ubedurebasTan mebrZoli da<br />
ZirZveli tradiciebis SemnarCunebeli, Semnaxavi arseba-simboloebia. isini ganageben <strong>gvar</strong>is,<br />
ojaxis, soflis, xevis momavals. amrigad, zemore triada Temi, adgilis deda, fuZis angelozi,<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>is, <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis, ojaxis ZirZveli atributebia.<br />
3. saxli, saxlikaci, saxliSvili<br />
saxli, uZvelesi <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvaa, misi Sesatyvisia megr. - oxori. saqarTvelos bevr<br />
kuTxeSi, mTasa da barSi, gvianobamde SemorCa biZaSvilobis, axloblis aRmniSvneli “saxlikaci”.<br />
saxlis ufross Zvelad mamasaxlisi erqva, xolo saxlis qalbatons diasaxlisi (dedasaxlisi).<br />
saxlSi imTaviTve nagulisxmevi iyo mTeli sa<strong>gvar</strong>eulo. mag. farnavazianTa saxli<br />
(farnavazianTa dinastia). saxli SeiZleboda 100, 1000 da ufro meti sulisagan yofiliyo<br />
Sedgenili. “saxlis” aseTi tipi me-19 saukunemde SemorCa svaneTs, qiziys . . “saxli” iyo<br />
ganuyofeli, ZmaTa ojaxebi sanam iyo, magram SemdgomSi, roca kidev ufro izrdeboda<br />
SviliSvilebis da SvilTa Svilebis ojaxebi, ekonomikuri daukmayofilebisa, samsaxurebrivi Tu<br />
sxva mizezebiT mainc xdeboda gayofa-gamoyofa da safuZveli eyreboda axal “saxlebs”,<br />
romlebsac ukve calke gasuli “saxlis” ufrosis saxeliT gaicnobda sazogadoeba (101,32-33).<br />
feodaluri <strong>gvar</strong>is arqetipi, lingvisturad feodaluri saxlia.<br />
saxlis-kaci. es sityva istoriul sabuTebSi ufro xSirad Suaze defisiTaa gayofili,<br />
Zalze iSviaTad iwereba cal-calke:<br />
“vinc Sens saxlis-kacs jvaris-wmiTloba (?) mouSalos... (1563-1564 ww. wyalobis wigni<br />
giorgi mefisa kldiaSvilebs) [85,17-18] . . . es wigni vinc Cveni saxlis-kaci batonaT ijdes,<br />
mefes da dedofals miarTvi da is ar gagitexs. (iqve); . . . amas rom saxliskaci moukvdes, an<br />
25
iZa, an Zma, amas saqrTamoT saqme gauxados da an waarTvas . . . an Cvenma sxvam saxlis-kacma . .<br />
amisi saqme avaT urCios . . (iqve).<br />
. . . maSin odes Tqvenis TaviTa da saxlis-kaciTa da jariTa mogvideqiT, gvmsaxureT da<br />
bevrs gaisarjeniT . . (1723 w. ivlisi,wyalobis wigni vaxtang mefisa papuna wereTels) [85].<br />
giboZeT . . maWavarianis naymevi glexi xaratiSvili Tamaza da daTuna TaveTi SvilebiTa<br />
da saxlis-kaciT, dRes risac mqonebeli iyos, yovlisferiT (1737 w. 7 seqtemberi, wyalobis<br />
wigni vaxuSti abaSiZisa papua orjonikiZes) [85].<br />
. . ZmaT da saxliskacaT SegiyareT da Cveni saxl-kari . . . me da SenTvis erTi iyos; arc<br />
Sens meti Zma da saxliskaci mindodes . . .(1743 w. saxliskacobis wigni abaS abaSiZisa svimon<br />
wereTels) [85]. aqve SevniSnavT, rom zemore magaliTebSi saxliskaci Zmis Zmaa. 12 bolo<br />
magaliTi, 1743 w. saxliskacobis wigni imiTac iqcevs Cvens yuradRebas, rom oboli abaSi<br />
abaSiZe svimon wereTlis saxliskaci xdeba, e.i. wereTeli, Tumca CvenTvis cnobili araa, igi<br />
amis Semdeg abaSiZedve darCa, Tu wereTlis <strong>gvar</strong>i irCia. aq saintereso isicaa, rom sxva <strong>gvar</strong>is<br />
kaci SeiZleboda saxlis-kaci gamxdariyo. saxliskaci ki farTo, anu Zveli mniSvnelobiT<br />
iqneboda yvela, vinc ki erTi <strong>gvar</strong>idan an erTi saxleulidan modioda.<br />
amrigad, Zmebis nacvlad istoriul sabuTebSi saxlis-kacebia naxmari: mag.<br />
“ese gadawyvetulobis (asea b. cx.) wigni da piri mogeciT Cven, avaliSvilman svimon,<br />
daviT da Cvenman saxliskacebma. Sen, beri wereTlis Svilebs (1752 w. 1 maisis gadawyvetilobis<br />
wigni avaliSvilebisa wereTlebs) [85].” am SemTxvevaSic avaliSvilebi svimon da daviT ar<br />
CamoTvlian yvela ymas, maT saxlikacebiT ixseniebs.<br />
saxli-kaci rom RviZl Zmas niSnavs, kargad Cans kidev erTi dokumentidan. 1769 w. 20<br />
dekembris wyalobis wignSi arCil batoniSvili buWua joxTaberiZes mimarTavs: “vinc da ramac<br />
Zeman kacisaman an Cema saxlis-kacma . . . Sen es Cveni naboZebi saficari SegiSalos . . . [85], an<br />
kidev: arc me da arc Cema saxlis-kacma da mamavalTa saxlisa CemisaTa ujeroTa da arca<br />
umindoTa amlivelTa ver dafqon durmiSxanis wisqvilzed [92,9-10].<br />
magram imave dokumentSi saxlikacis cneba oden Zma's ar niSnavs. saxlikacia is, vinc Sen<br />
ZmobaSi Semova, Zmobas gagiwevs: mag.,<br />
is kaci oboli da uZmo iyo. Zmobis wigni momca da saxlis-kacobis saZebriT da uZebriT,<br />
glexis da mamulis. is kaci mefe aleqsandres samsaxurSi mokvda ucoloT da amovarda.<br />
saxlis-kaci rac darCa, gayofili iyvnen. eqvs-eqvsi Tavi iyo gasuli . . . axla me mosaxlobas<br />
movekide (1752-1755 ww. anderZis wigni svimon wereTlisa mis Svils grigols) [85].<br />
ufro metic, Zmoba da saxliskacoba erTsa da imave dokumentSi sinonimebia. mag., 1770 w.<br />
giorgi, Tamaz da svimon wereTlebis SeerTebis wignSi vkiTxulobT: . . . an gitreloT an<br />
gimtyunoT, yovlis gziT rac SemeZlos da an Zmobasa da saxliskacobas ravarc unda . . .[85].<br />
magram zogjer konteqsti ar iZleva imis saSualebas, zustad ganvsazRvroT, rogor<br />
saxliskacobasTan gvaqvs saqme., RviZl ZmobasTan Tu biZaSvilobasTan. mag., levan dadianiseul<br />
1640 wlis aRapis wignSi vkiTxulibT: da gavaCineT ori ese aRapi kvitauls sasaxleSi . . . da<br />
davayeneT sakvitauro kacni moaRapeT: erTi mosaxle totoCi daviTia, sulaiman daviTia, marko<br />
daviTia, maWixoli da Tomixoli daviTia da amaTi saxliskaci gaizardi afia [85]. vfiqrobT,<br />
gaizardi afia am SemTxvevaSi igive daviTia <strong>gvar</strong>isa unda iyos, xolo TviT gaizardi afia erTerTi<br />
daviTias metsaxeli.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom erT istoriul dokumentSi, romelic 1768-1772 ww. samegreloSia<br />
Seqmnili (ix. wyalobis wigni kacia dadianisa giorgi dadianisSvils), Zmis an saxliskacis<br />
nacvlad Zmakac-ia naxmari. vfiqrobT, Zmakaci am SemTxvevaSi udris dRevandel Jargons<br />
“Zmakacs (“Zmobis gamwevi”, ”megobris msgavsi”rus:ghzntkm) da ara Zmas an saxlikacs. ai es<br />
teqstic:<br />
12 aRsaniSnavia, rom svanur enaSi Zma ZmisTvis “muxvbe”-Ti aRiniSneba, Zma disTvis ki jZmil sazogado saxeliT.<br />
26
giboZeT . . .koCaia mWedlisSvili, xosiela mWedlisSvili, maxarobela mWedlisSvili,<br />
wiwaia gulua, mamukela xviCia, sexnia surgulaia, paatela surgulaia . . .da ori Zmakaci<br />
mojalabe kidev - koCobia da muTagilu maTis alag-mamuliT.<br />
ufro sarwmunoa, am SemTxvevaSi ori Zmakaci megruli “Jiri jimakoCis” Targmani iyos da<br />
imavdroulad gansazRvreba anu ganmmartebeli, amxsneli sityva koCobiasa (Sdr. kacoba) da<br />
muTagilusi. amrigad, koCobia da muTagilu samsaxurebrivad mojalabe (anu jalabTa damxmare)<br />
ori Zma an ori Zmakacia.<br />
saxlisSvili||saxliSvili. istoriul sabuTebSi orive formaa dadasturebuli: arqaulic<br />
da inovaciuri (axali):<br />
mas Jamsa odes saqarTvelos abaSiZe paata uSvilod da uZeod amovarda da saxliSvili<br />
aravin darCa, Cven misi adgili da saabaSio isrev mouSlelad gvindoda . . aw viTac Sen mamiT<br />
da ojaxobiT Cvens taxtsa da ÃelmwifeT-biZa-mamazed-namsaxurni iyveniT . . .(1711 w. 10 maisi,<br />
wyalobis wigni qaixosro mefisa vaxuSti abaSiZes) Hd-592-Sia: saxliSvili.<br />
4. <strong>gvar</strong>i, <strong>gvar</strong>iSvili, <strong>gvar</strong>iSviloba, <strong>gvar</strong>iskaci, <strong>gvar</strong>is maqiqi<br />
sityva <strong>gvar</strong>i, iranuli warmoSobisaa. aqedan Sesula igi qarTulsa da somxurSi.<br />
govari||guari||<strong>gvar</strong>i niSnavs “STamomavlobas, warmomavlobas, bunebas, xasiaTs, xarisxs da sxv.”<br />
[59-303] Tumca i. abulaZe am sityvas mkvidr qarTulad miiCnevs da somxuri govari<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong>dan somxurSi nasesxebad esaxeba [102,313-363]. vfiqrobT, marTebulia mz.<br />
andronikaSvilis dakvirveba: saSuali da axali sparsulis gohr-gohar-ma qarTulSi<br />
kanonzomierad mogvca gorigovariguari<strong>gvar</strong>i. swored aqedanaa nawarmoebi iseTi<br />
leqsemebi, rogoricaa: <strong>gvar</strong>iani, u<strong>gvar</strong>o (ujiSos mniSvnelobiT). <strong>gvar</strong>iSvili, <strong>gvar</strong>iSviloba,<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>iskaci, gori, <strong>gvar</strong>is maqiqi (e.i. <strong>gvar</strong>is ganmaqiqebeli, Semarcxveneli [109,295-301]. <strong>gvar</strong>is<br />
qarTvelurobas iziarebs i. maisuraZec.<br />
samwuxarod, ise moxda, rom rogorc Turqulma sityvam, ojaxma, gandevna da Seaviwrova<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> komli||kuamli, aseve sparsulma govar||<strong>gvar</strong>-ma <strong>qarTuli</strong> oficialuri enidan amoZirkva<br />
ZirZveli sityvebi saxli, saxlikaci, saxliSvili.<br />
amrigad, dRes, Tanamedrove qarTul enaSi, zepirmetyvelebiTs-dialeqtursa Tu<br />
oficialurSi mainc gverdigverd, sinonimebad gvevlineba <strong>qarTuli</strong> warmoSobisa da ara<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
warmoSobis sinonimuri wyvilebi: ojaxi-mcxovrebi, ojaxi-mosaxle, ojaxikomli||mekomuri||kvamli,<br />
. . . Tumca saxlma <strong>gvar</strong>is mniSvneloba dakarga, magram saxliSvili,<br />
saxlikaci sityvebi aqa-iq, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mainc ganagZobs arsebobas. cxadia,<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>i, <strong>gvar</strong>iSvili, <strong>gvar</strong>iSviloba verafriT sjobs saxliSvil-saxlikacobas an piriqiT. magram<br />
advili SesaZlebelia, droTa viTarebaSi, Tu ase gagrZelda, ZirZveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvebi<br />
saxlikaci, saxliSvili saerTo daviwyebas mieces da mxolod specifikur leqsikonebSi daidos<br />
bina . . .<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebSi davadastureT terminis<br />
“<strong>gvar</strong>is kacis” arsebobac, rac <strong>gvar</strong>isSvilis tolfardi, sinonimuri Sesatyvisia:<br />
. . . vinca da ramanc Cvenma <strong>gvar</strong>is kacma ese Semicvalos (1591 w.) [103,35].<br />
27
Tavi III<br />
1. adamianis sakuTari saxeli da metsaxeli<br />
28<br />
`yvela sakuTari an individualuri saxeli<br />
warmoSobiT sazogado saxelisagan momdinareobs~<br />
vilhelm laibnici<br />
germaneli filosofosi<br />
metsaxeli anTroponimis (adamianis sakuTari saxelis) saxeobaa. damatebiTi saxelia,<br />
romelic erqmeva adamians (an adamianTa jgufs) raime damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebis, qceva-maneris,<br />
miswrafebis, saqmianobis, garegnobis an sxva niSnis mixedviT [29,67]. mag., goWia, kuWia, bakona,<br />
Wiagogia, Wontrika, kvaWia, quqla, jRinakola, togna, warba, Rajanasa, Wipa, gedrana, gigua<br />
daxlarTuli [30], behe, wrunta [31] da misT.<br />
metsaxelis mniSvnelobiT qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi gamoyenebulia agreTve<br />
iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa: Serqmeuli saxeli, Tikuni, <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis dialeqtebSi ki – kili,<br />
saxinjari, gasaxelebeli saxeli (es ukanaskneli Sua imereTSi). 13<br />
Tavdapirvelad saxelTa SerCeva Tu Serqmeva upiratesad gare samyaros niSneulobaTa<br />
uSualo gavleniT xdeboda (vardia, ZaRlika da misT.) [32, 48]. amda<strong>gvar</strong>i adamianis sakuTari<br />
saxeli enis leqsikis uZvelesi fondis kuTvnilebaa [33, 134]. sakuTar saxelTa gamijvna<br />
sazogadoTagan kargad Cans me-17 s. filosofosis Tomas hobsis SromebSi. saxelTa Sesaxeb igi<br />
werda: `me mimaCnia, rom <strong>saxelebi</strong> warmoiSva TviTneburad, sagnebsa da saxelebs Soris ar aris<br />
araviTari msgavseba... sakuTar saxelTa meSveobiT SevicnobT ara sagnebs, aramed saxelebs [34,<br />
14]. sayuradRebo mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli cnobil germanel filosofoss vilhelm laibnics,<br />
romlis azriT, yvela sakuTari an individualuri saxeli warmoSobiT sazogado saxelisagan<br />
momdinareobs [35, 240]. sakuTar saxelTa didi umetesoba met<strong>saxelebi</strong>sagan momdinareobs. mag.,<br />
rusulSi met<strong>saxelebi</strong> sakuTari <strong>saxelebi</strong>T Seicvala gvian. es procesi daiwyo XIV saukuneSi<br />
da XVI saukuneSi savsebiT damkvidrda [36, 26]. met<strong>saxelebi</strong> Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> werilobiTi<br />
Zeglebis mixedviT 15 wlis winaT SeviswavleT. rogorc erT-erT gamouqveynebel monografiaSi<br />
vwerdiT, qarTulSi met<strong>saxelebi</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>saxelTa wina viTarebis gamomxatvelni arian. isini<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganviTarebis adreul safexurze (adrefeodaluri da misi winare xana)<br />
asrulebdnen <strong>gvar</strong>is funqciebs. sayuradReboa isic, rom metsaxeli ara marto adamianisTvis<br />
SeiZleboda Serqmeuliyo, aramed SesaZloa SeerqvaT raime Tvisebis mixedviT adgilisaTvis,<br />
miwisaTvis [37, 65]. mag., `da iyo kaci igi adgilisagan mcirisa, romelsa ZarRuas sofel<br />
ewodebis~ (zarzm. 343,28-29). am SemTxvevaSi ZarRva toponimia (geografiuli saxeli) da<br />
Serqmeulia miwisaTvis misi Tvisebis (`ZarRvianobis~) mixedviT, rac sayuradRebo faqtia<br />
metsaxelis istoriisa da toponimTa (adgilis saxelwodebebis) saxeldebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
13 am terminebs SeiZleba gverdiT amovuyenoT cnobili qarTveli mwerlis k. lorTqifaniZis mier naxmari sityva<br />
narTaula metsaxelis SinaarsiT: mwerali ,,kolxeTis ciskaris” erT-erT mTavar gmirs barnaba saganeliZes ase<br />
axasiaTebs: barnabas sZulda xalxi da amis damalvas verc axerxebda. igi ise damcinavad gaxedavda yovel<br />
adamians, nacnobs Tu ucnobs, TiTqos misi kacobis Semarcxveneli ram icoda (kolx. cisk.gv.20, 18-21); mwerlis<br />
TqmiT, barnaba ,,sofelSi arc erT kacs Tavis namdvil saxels ar eZaxda. yvelas gamounaxavda raRac<br />
damamcirebel narTaula saxels” (iqve). es narTaula saxeli ki swored igive saxinjaria, gasaxelebuli saxeli.<br />
zedsarTavi saxeli narTaula, am SemTxvevaSi, swored metsaxels, zedmetsaxels udris.
2. <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis warmoSoba<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>i anu <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli anTroponimis (adamianis sakuTari saxelis) saxeobaa. igi<br />
oficialuri da memkvidreobiTi saojaxo saxelwodebaa, romelic erTvis pirovnul saxels.<br />
mag., zarnaZe, zariaSvili, zaraZe, devdariani, iSxneli... <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli akonkretebs da azustebs<br />
dasaxelebul pirs. istoriulad igi meoreulia, xolo pirovnuli saxeli – pirveladi. maT<br />
Soris gansxvaveba socialur-funqciuri da struqturuli xasiaTisaa. <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli SeiZleba<br />
gadaeces cols qmrisagan, an, iSviaTad, qmars colisagan, agreTve Svilad ayvanils SeZenili<br />
mSoblisagan, SesaZlebelia Tavdapirveli <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis gamocvlac (sxvadasxva motiviT). <strong>gvar</strong>i<br />
iseve rogorc misi Sesatyvisebi rusulsa da laTinurSi, aRniSnavs ojaxsac, STamomavlobasac.<br />
am sityvis nair<strong>gvar</strong>i mniSvnelobis gamo ufro mosaxerxebelia termin <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis xmareba [29,<br />
33].<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis istorias da warmomavlobas Cven specialuri naSromebi<br />
mivuZRveniT [28], [37]. <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>ebi Cv. wT. aR-iT me-8 saukuneSi isaxeba. adre maT funqcias<br />
met<strong>saxelebi</strong> asrulebda. istoriulad <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong> msoflios bevr qveyanaSi privilegirebul<br />
fenebs hqonda. latviaSi, magaliTad, XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi daiwyo <strong>gvar</strong>saxelTa<br />
Seqmna im glexebisaTvis, romelTac igi adre ar hqondaT [29,33]. saqarTvelo ki am mxriv<br />
bednieri gamonaklisia. Zvelad, yvela socialur fenaSi, adamianebi <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>T<br />
gvevlinebian. <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>s Camoyalibebis procesi ki ukve Zvel qarTul werilobiT<br />
wyaroebSi (VIII-IX ss) Targmnil Tu originalur TxzulebebSi dasturdeba [17], [28], [37].<br />
Tumca ramdenime wlis winaT gamoiTqva mosazreba <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>ebis bevrad gvian warmoSobis<br />
Sesaxeb [38], rac araa gaziarebuli specialur literaturaSi [39]. qarTul-qarTveluri<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>ebi ki mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo. Rirssacnobia, rom qarTul <strong>gvar</strong>Ta raodenoba –<br />
ricxovnoba ara Tu naklebia did saxelmwifoTa (safrangeTi, ukraina, CineTi...) <strong>gvar</strong>ebze<br />
raodenoba-gavrcelebulobis TvalsazrisiT, aramed aRemateba da sWarbobs kidec zogierTs.<br />
Rirssacnobia isic, rom TurqeTSi mcxovrebma qarTvelebma 1935 wlamde SeinarCunes<br />
TavianTi oficialuri <strong>gvar</strong>ebi. gaTurqebisa da <strong>gvar</strong>ebis sistemis regulirebis mizniT, TurqeTis<br />
maSindelma mTavrobam SeimuSava kanoni, romelic1935 wlis pirveli ianvridan amoqmedda. am<br />
kanoniT TurqeTis moqalaqeebs (romelTac hqondaT arabuli , Turquli, sparsuli da<br />
kavkasiuri warmoSobis <strong>gvar</strong>ebi) SesTavazes SeerCiaT Turquli warmoSobis <strong>gvar</strong>ebi, romlebic<br />
Semdgom registrirebuli unda yofiliyo saamisod specialurad Seqmnil organizaciaSi. amis<br />
Sedegad sa<strong>gvar</strong>eulo saxelad iqca klasikuri Turquli etimologiuri modelis nebismieri<br />
elementi. aseTma <strong>gvar</strong>ebma `gverdze gadaswia~ <strong>qarTuli</strong> warmoSobis ZiriTadi anTroponimuri<br />
fondi. amrigad gaxda neiraSvili – heiroRlud, gogaZe – jeihanad, qoqolaZis <strong>gvar</strong>isagan<br />
warmodga ramdenime <strong>gvar</strong>i: baisigiTi, bali, Turani, varoli, gursesi, Tumca soflis<br />
mcxovreblebi dRemde inarCuneben TavianTi warmomavlobis <strong>gvar</strong>s [40, 53].<br />
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, qarTvelobis SenarCuneba qarTvelebma TurqeTSi sarwmunoebiT ki<br />
ver SeZles, aramed TavianTi ZirZveli <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>T. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1935 wlamde<br />
TurqeTSi mcxovreb TurqTa umetesobas Tavisi Turquli <strong>gvar</strong>i ar gaaCnda. <strong>gvar</strong>is magivrobas iq<br />
metsaxeli asrulebda. raoden Rirssacnobia. rom am mxriv saqarTvelo friad dawinaurebula:<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong><strong>saxelebi</strong>s Camoyalibeba ukve VII-VIII saukuneebSi gvaqvs damowmebuli<br />
ZvelqarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi [28]. <strong>gvar</strong>is gaCenamde istoriul saqarTveloSi metsaxeli<br />
asrulebda <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis funqcias. mag., sula cotaÁ: q. ufalo, ganusvene sulasa cotaÁss<br />
(tbeTis warw.), Sdr. <strong>gvar</strong>i cotaZe, romelic miRebulia cvata (cota) metsaxelisagan [28].<br />
agreTve eTnonimebic Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis werilobiT ZeglebSi xSirad <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis funqciiTaa<br />
aRWurvili: mag., iovane dvali: romeli aReSena wmidaman mamaman proxorÀ brZanebiTa da<br />
moRuawebiTa, kurTxeulisa kacisa mamisa efTÂmesiTa, ÃeliTa uRirsisa berisa iovane<br />
dvalisaÁTa (swavlani. 023, 25-27); Sdr. ese sanatreli qristes mowame nikoloz iyo naTesavad<br />
dvali, soflisagan, romelsa ewodebis waÁ(agiogr. IV. 348, 25-26). aseve ZirZvelia dRes<br />
arsebuli <strong>gvar</strong>ebi: grZeliZe (grZelis Ze, warmomdgaria metsaxelisagan. grZeliZe<br />
29
moxseniebulia 1028 wels), yanCaveli (yanCa-v-el-i, romelSic –el warmomavloba – sadaurobis<br />
bolosarTia. <strong>gvar</strong>i moxseniebulia 1030 wels), dadiani (aseve 1030 wels), dvali (1038 wels).<br />
feodaluri sa<strong>gvar</strong>eulo <strong>gvar</strong>ebi, rogoricaa: donaurebi (feodaluri sa<strong>gvar</strong>euli kaxeTSi) da<br />
baRvaSebi (argveTis, axlandeli Sua da zemo imereTis mflobelni, maruSianebi (dasavleT<br />
saqarTvelos feodaluri sa<strong>gvar</strong>eulo X-XI ss). aseve argveTis mTavrebi daviT da konstantine<br />
mxeiZeni (mxeiZemÃecis Ze), farnavazianTa dinastia da a.S. swored <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis<br />
uZvelesobaze miuTiTebs...<br />
3. zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis warmomavlobisaTvis<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli zarnaZe Zveli istoriul sabuTebsa da saeklesio matianeebSi (aRapTa<br />
wignebi...) moxseniebuli araa. mag., igi ar gvxvdeba ierusalimis qarTul xelnawerebsa da<br />
minawer-mosaxseneblebSi [41], <strong>qarTuli</strong> istoriuli sabuTebis korpusSi [42]. es <strong>gvar</strong>i ver<br />
davadastureT verc `tbeTis sulTa mateaneSic~ [43], verc profesor z. WumburiZis wignSi<br />
(`dedaena <strong>qarTuli</strong>~) [44]. zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>saxelis istoriuli mokvlevis mizniT specialurad<br />
vewvieT saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da<br />
eTnografiis institutis saTanado ganyofilebas (gamge istoriis mec. doqtori r. TofCiSvili),<br />
sadac am <strong>gvar</strong>is Sesaxeb araviTari masala ar aRmoCnda. zarnaZe, rogorc <strong>gvar</strong>i, damowmebulia<br />
i. gaguliSvilis wignSi [45] yovel<strong>gvar</strong>i komentaris gareSe. zarnaZe ‟s imowmebs i. maisuraZec.<br />
mkvlevari gazeT `Tbilisis~ (18. I. 1964, 4) monacemebs emyareba [46,68]. 1982 wels TbilisSi,<br />
rusul enaze gamocemuli binis telefonebis wignSi (Tbilisis saqalaqo satelefono qselis<br />
abonentTa sia) zarnaZeTa <strong>gvar</strong>i mxolod 13-jeraa Setanili, rac, miuxedavad misi naklisa<br />
(`naklad~ Cans is, rom TbilisSi mcxovrebi, magram im dros telefonis armqone zarnaZe, ise<br />
rogorc sxva, nebismieri <strong>gvar</strong>is moqalaqe, am wignSi ver aisaxeboda), mainc aSkaraa, rom<br />
zarnaZeebi TiTqos dedaqalaqSi mcirericxovani yofila [48, 222], magram axali (qarTul enaze<br />
gamoqveynebuli) satelefono wignis monacemebi zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis Sesaxeb sul sxva Cvenebas<br />
iZleva: axal wignSi telefonis mqone 39 zarnaZea dafiqsirebuli [49].<br />
rogorc miuTiTeben, zarnaZeebi amJamad saqarTveloSi 1680 suls Seadgens. aqedan<br />
yvelaze meti Terjolis raionSi (imereTi) cxovrobs – 685 suli, TbilisSi 267, quTaisSi –214<br />
[50,4]. irkveva, rom es monacemebi aRebulia a.silagaZisa da a. ToTaZis wignidan (`<strong>gvar</strong><strong>saxelebi</strong><br />
saqarTveloSi~). samwuxarod, es monacemebic arasrulia, naklovania da ar asaxavs<br />
realobas- zarnaZeTa arsebobas saqarTvelos yvela raionisa da soflis mixedviT, Tundac 1995<br />
wlamde. 1995 wlis Semdgomac, cxadia, metnaklebi cvlileba, iqneboda mosalodneli, Tundac<br />
am <strong>gvar</strong>saxelis mtarebelTa Soris ( migracia, Sobadoba-sikvdilianoba da a. S. [51,87].<br />
zarnaZeebs met-naklebad sxva regionebSic ucxovriaT. mag., mesxeTSi (kerZod,<br />
axalcixeSi), guriaSi (mamaTi, lanCxuTis r. ozurgeTis centri [52]. samwuxarod, msgavsi<br />
monacemebi a. silagaZesa da a.ToTaZes TavianT wignSi ar ausaxavT. amitomac maTi naRvawi am<br />
mxriv arasaxarbieloa da faqtobriv sinamdviles ver asaxavs. (maT TavianT wingSi 20 suliani<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>ebic ki ar SeutaniaT). sinamdvileSi zarnaZeebi bevrad meti unda iyos, vidre avtorebs<br />
`warmoudgeniaT~. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sxva <strong>gvar</strong>is Sesaxebac, romelic am wignSia Setanili an<br />
uares SemTxvevaSi, saerTod ver pova asaxva. avtorTa mier `wignis moculobis gazrdis<br />
Tavidan acileba da poligrafiul-sagamomcemlo xarjebis siZviris~ momizezeba aq arafer<br />
SuaSia. samwuxarod, saqme sanaxevrodaa Sesrulebuli.<br />
zarnaZe Tavisi <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>s meore wignSi Seutania <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>ebis gamorCeul<br />
mkvlevars, istorikos i. axuaSvils, oRond erTi koreqturuli cdomilebiT. saleqsikono<br />
erTeulad gatanilia arsebiTi sazogado saxeli \zarnaSo. avtori Semdgom axasiaTebs am<br />
sityvas, mis mniSvnelobas, zarnaSos, rogorc frinvelis yofa-binadrobas, ise mis nairsaxeobas<br />
da bolos wers: `aqedan unda momdinareobdes <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli zarnaZe~-o [47,221].<br />
ismis kiTxva: ras niSnavs zarnaSo? marTlac aqedan momdinareobs es <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli?<br />
30
sulxan-saba orbelianis mixedviT, zarnaSo // zarnaso did bus hqvia [53,281]. msgavs<br />
ganmartebas iZleva d. CubinaSvili [54,514], n. CubinaSvili [55, 218], al. WinWarauli [56].<br />
zarnaSos vrclad ganmartavs p. gaCeCilaZe: `zarnaSo- `qoris msgavsi frinveli, Rame<br />
dafrinavs, Tu qaTams waawyda xeze, moklavs da Zirs Camoagdebs, ar waiRebs [57,70].<br />
zarnaSo-„s // azerbaijanulad kehy pjjk ,tjer jfgfkfu hqvia[58, 206]. rogorc Cans, es<br />
sityva sparsul-azerbaijanuli ar unda iyos. igi <strong>qarTuli</strong>s wiaRSia warmoSobili. zarnaSo<br />
agebulebiT rTuli sityvaa (kompozitia), romlis pirveli nawilia zar, meore naSo<br />
winaviTarebis, warsuli drois na mimReobari saxelia: zarnaSozarnaSv-a. e.i. frinveli,<br />
romelic zars, zaris xmianobas (SiSis momgvrel, xmas gamoscems), bolokiduri o-warmomdgara<br />
–va-sagan. naSvanaSo. Sdr. Zv. qarT. xaWvaxaWo, dadvadado da misT. zarnaSosagan <strong>gvar</strong>saxel<br />
zarnaZis miReba lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT yovlad warmoudgenelia: zarnaSosagan unda<br />
gvqonoda *zarnaSoZe da ara zarnaZe. aSo‟s dakargva am SemTxvevaSi fonetikurad ver aixsneba.<br />
amrigad, es etimologia, romelsac i. axuaSvili gvTavazobs, saeWvoa.<br />
maS, saidan warmodga <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli zarnaZe?<br />
xom ar aris igi miRebuli zaren sakuTari saxelisagan? rogorc cnobilia, zaren iyo<br />
somxeTis mefe artaSanis Ze:<br />
da viTar ganamravles qarTvelTa da ovsTa vneba somexTa, maSin artaSan mefeman Sekriba<br />
spani, romelni Sina darComodes, da miscna Zesa TÂsa zaren. da warmogzavna qarTvelTa zeda<br />
(l.mrov. 48, 21);<br />
da ewyunes da sZlies qarTvelTa da ovsTa, da aotes zaren, Ze somexTa mefisa, da mosres<br />
spa misi yoveli da sdevnes sazRvarTamde somxiTisa (l. mrov. 49, 2).<br />
miewivnes zarens, Zesa mefisasa, da Seipyres igi tbisa mis pirsa, romelsa rqÂan celi, da<br />
ukmoiyvanes (l. mrov. 49, 3).<br />
rogorc iranistma mz.andronikaSvilma gaarkvia, saxeli zaren warmoadgens mcdar<br />
gadmocemas somxuri formisas Zareh (artaSes II Ze), romelic momdinareobs parTuli Zarēhr<br />
formisagan [59,469-470]. avtoris azriT, zari somx. zarh, saS. spars. zahr, `Sxami makvdinebeli~,<br />
qarT. zari (= SiSi) SesaZlebelia erTmaneTs daukavSirdes. miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevarma zar<br />
sruliad damoukidebel qarTul sityvad miiCnia: zari `xma,zaxili, simRera, godeba, zaris<br />
reka, cema. manve zar sityva daukavSira zrun-va(zrun) `godebis bani~ (saba) Zirs: zrun: zaren.<br />
amrigad, zrunvis amosavali, ZvelisZveli mniSvnelobaa moTqma, wuxili, Semdeg gadataniTzrunva.<br />
Sdr. rus. gtxmcz^ gtxfkm zrunavs, e.i. swuxs risTvisme an visTvisme [59, 323]. 14<br />
14 zar zarniS terminSic gvaqvs. zarniS warmomdgaria spars. z"arniS<br />
_<br />
a n-isagan da niSnavs liTonis nivTebze<br />
amoWril sxvadasxva saxes oqroTi an vercxliT amovsebuls (qegl.). an sxva<strong>gvar</strong>i ganmartebiT, ,,zarniSi feradi<br />
liTonebis mxatvruli damuSavebis erT-erTi xerxia”[100]. es sityva, rogorc Cans, ara<strong>qarTuli</strong>a warmoSobiT, sxva<br />
SemTxvevebSi, sadac zar fuZe gvaqvs: zanzari (rxeva, ngreva SenobaTa, miwisa da sxv. [54], zanzarakiIIzanzalaki<br />
,,mcire zari” [55]. <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvebia: zanzarizarzari, zanzarakizanzalaki. aseve sakuTriv <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
warmoSobisaa uzarmazari ,,Zalian didi, metismetad didi (qegl). uzar-mazaru-zar-ma-zar . . . aseTi<br />
sityvawarmoeba Zvel qarTul enaSi ar arsebobs. axali <strong>qarTuli</strong> enidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT uCin-maCin-iu-Cinma-Cin-i<br />
,,vinc gauCinarebulia, visac gauCinarebis unari aqvs, aqedan: uCinmaCinis qudi, romelic adamians auCinarebs,<br />
uxilavs xdis (qegl). aRsaniSnavia, rom uCinmaCini sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi araa asaxuli uzarmazari ki<br />
asea ganmartebuli: sazarlad didi ZABC, sazareli D. glexurad friad didi E [53]. unda vifiqroT, rom rogorc<br />
uzarmazari, ise uCinmaCini, rogorc sityvebi mdabioTa, glexTa ,,enis” kuTvnileba iyo. igi sruliad axali,<br />
inovaciuri sityvawarmoebiTi tipia qarTulSi. amis Sesaxeb specialistebs jer yuradReba ar miuqceviaT.<br />
uCinmaCini ,,Rbnfq”-d Seutania da ganumartavs leqsikonSi d.CubinaSvils, leqsikografs igi CinelTan SecdomiT<br />
daukavSirebia. albaT jambazobis gamo. uCinmaCini, ise rogorc uzarmazari fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitia‟,<br />
uCin/ar-ma-Cin-(ar)-i, Sdr. uzar-ma-zar-i.<br />
Cveneul zar fuZesTan kavSiri ar aqvs zarIIzrIIJar Zirs, mag., dazroba (,,yinvisgan dawva”), daJarva (,,xilis<br />
yinviT dazroba”,) (saba). saSual qarTulSi orive ixmareba. egeve Ziri ucvlelad warmodgenilia daRestnur<br />
enebSi, mcireodeni sxvaobiT: andiuri zari, axvaxuri Jari, ,,yinuli”, prof. i. qavTaraZe kiTxvas svams: xom araa es<br />
fuZeebi Semosuli sxvadasxva enidan [86,203]. rogorc ar unda gadawydes am fuZis qarTuloba-araqarTuloba, erTi<br />
ram cxadia, igi sruliad sxva fuZea. aseve sxva fuZea zarmac, romelic <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis qvemoimerul kiloSi<br />
31
amrigad, qarTul enaSi istoriulad sxvadasxva warmomavlobisaa zar fuZe. erT<br />
SemTxvevaSi igi sakuTriv <strong>qarTuli</strong>a, meore SemTxvevaSi – sparsuli. <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ingilour<br />
kiloSic gvaqvs zar `brWyviala amoburculi wertilebi anu bzinebi saqsov qsovilze[60, 211].<br />
Rirssacnobia, rom TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa metyvelebaSi zari saTamaSo qvasac niSnavs.<br />
igi S. futkaraZis mier sparsul sityvadaa miCneuli [61], Sdr. <strong>qarTuli</strong>: zaris moTamaSe<br />
(=azartuli TamaSis erT-erTi saxeobis moTamaSe).<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> zari megrulSi zor ‟ad gardaqmnila, e.i. Sesatyvisoba qarT a, megr. o<br />
moucia(Sdr. ZaRli-joRori) [62]. Tumca zaria rogorc <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli [26, 78] da zoonimi<br />
(=cxovelis sakuTari saxeli) [64,128] samegreloSi axlac arsebobs. aseve zmnis piriani<br />
formac: zaruns - zaravs, `tans mzaruns – tanSi mzaravs~[64,164].amasve adasturebs i.yifSiZec:<br />
zara rjkjrjk, zar, zarafa ktybnmcz^ Sdr. imer. mezareba =`gakeTeba ar minda,~ aseve izmareba<br />
`mejavrebas~, siZulvilis SinaarsiT.<br />
svaneTSic zar fuZe dRemde Semonaxula. zar-samgloviaro simRera [65], li-zar-e `zrunva,<br />
dacva~ [62] za“r, zara“l 1.zari, 2. zari//samgloviaro himni [81,251].<br />
amrigad, zar qarTveluri enebis kuTvnileba yofila. zar Zvel qarTul werilobiTs<br />
ZeglebSi friad gavrcelebuli sityvaa (misganaa nawarmoebi: mozare, sazareli, sizare,<br />
Sezareba. Zvel qarTulSive zari guds, xalxs niSnavs [66], davadastureT zarcemulic<br />
(=SeSinebuli), zaroani (=SemaZrwunebeli) [67].<br />
amrigad, zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis zarna zar ‟s ukavSirdeba da ara zarnaSos an zerans<br />
(zerani= `uJmuris Tavidan mosacileblad avadmyofis Wirisufalni puris comidan akeTeben<br />
kacis saxes, acxoben da Sors tyeSi miaqvT. iq avadmyofobas sxvas gadulocaven~-wers v.beriZe)<br />
[68, 26-27].<br />
aqve Cndeba erTi kiTxva: gvaqvs Tu ara saqarTveloSi zar//zarna fuZisagan nawarmoebi<br />
sxva <strong>gvar</strong>ebi da toponimebi? rogorc irkveva, aseTi <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong> arsebobs: esenia: zarnaZe<br />
[47],zariZe (cxovroben axalgoris raionSi, sof. largvisi) [69, 115].<br />
zemo TianeTSi arsebobs am <strong>gvar</strong>isagan warmomdgari toponimi zariZeebi. rogorc<br />
aRniSnaven, sofeli dasaxlebulia sakuTriv TianelebiT da fSavlebiT. oikonimi (=nebismieri<br />
dasaxlebuli punqtis saxelwodeba) zariZeebi momdinareobs zariZe <strong>gvar</strong>isagan, romelsac<br />
mogvianebiT simravle-krebiTobis –eb sufiqsi darTvia, vaxuSti bagrationi am toponims –eb<br />
niSnis gareSe icnobs [70,102-103].<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom zariZeebis msgavsad Sua imereTSi, kerZod, Terjolis raionSi, im<br />
sofels, sadac zarnaZeebi mkvidrad saxloben, zarnaZeebi ewodeba. es paraleli friad<br />
sagulisxmoa da damatebiT kvlevas moiTxovs. amTaviTve SeiZleba kiTxva daisvas. zariZeebis da<br />
zarnaZeebis winaprebi, rolebic zarTan mWidro kavSirSi unda yofiliyvnen, xom ar iyvnen<br />
eklesiis an zaris msaxurebi? igive iTqmis zaraZezec. zara xom rvals, sarekels niSnavs [55], an<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, yvela saxis zars, zarasaviT xma ki kargi , mkafio da maRali xmaa<br />
[77, 134].<br />
sofeli zarnaZeebi 1987 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT da administraciul teritoriuli<br />
dayofis mixedviT gaerTianebulia zeda alisubnis sasoflo sabWoSi, Terjolis r. [71, 46], iseT<br />
soflebTan erTad, rogoricaa TxilTawyaro, maCitauri, qveda alisubani.<br />
aqve rCeba kidev erTi kiTxva: radganac zarnaZeebi mxolod dasavleT saqarTveloSi,<br />
kerZod, SuaimereTSi saxloben, xom ara gvaqvs zarnava `megruldaboloebiani <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelic?<br />
Cven xelT arsebul <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelTa leqsikonebsa da wyaroebSi es <strong>gvar</strong>i araa fiqsirebuli.<br />
am <strong>gvar</strong>s ar icnobs n. jomidavas zemoT dasaxelebuli wignebi, zarnava ar Cans arc p. cxadaias<br />
axlad gamocemuli `samegrelos <strong>gvar</strong>ebis~ wignSi [72]. pirad saubarSi, batonma paatam<br />
ganacxada, rom aseTi <strong>gvar</strong>i ar smenia, Tu guria-imereTSi vinmes gadakeTebuli ar aqvso.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc vvaraudobT, rom <strong>gvar</strong>saxeli zarnava Zveli kolxeTis<br />
zarmaT formiT gvxvdeba da dezafrikatizaciis Sedegadaa miRebuli [86, 241]. aseve ucxouri sityvaa zarad-ic;<br />
zarar zaral [99,185].<br />
32
teritoriaze unda arsebuliyo istoriulad mainc, radganac, zarnaZeebis ZirZveli samkvidro<br />
sofeli xom istoriuli sazaneTisa da qarTlis sazRvarze mdebareobs, im soflebis<br />
maxloblad, romlebsac amJamad qveda da zeda sazano ewodeba, romlis Sesaxeb akad n.<br />
berZeniSvili istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis TanamSromlebTan erTad<br />
samecniero mogzaurobisas am adgilebis xilvisas dananebiT wers: `samwuxarod, agre<br />
mravalmetyveli sazanos cixe ver vnaxe... ver gviCvenes... sazano SesaniSnavia skande-Sorapnis<br />
xazzeo~ [20,467]. Tu istoriul sabuTebSi <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli zarnava dRemde ucnobia, igi<br />
davadastureT rogorc literaturuli, gamogonili <strong>gvar</strong>i W. amirejibis roman `daTa<br />
TuTaSxiaSi~ (es is epizodia, roca zarnavasTan daTa TuTaSxias misvlis Semdeg 15 wT-Si sami<br />
kaci miva daSlili sastambavi manqaniT, Sriftis fuTebiT da cota qaRaldiT) ix. daTa TuT.<br />
gv. 347.<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>s garda, zar fuZis Semcveli toponimebi sxvac SeiZleba davasaxeloT:<br />
zariaanT ubani (ubania muxranSi), zariZianTi adgilia xekorZSi, sadac zariZeebi saxloben [74,<br />
49], zarebisRele adgili, Rele pirvel rbonaSi (froneebis xeobaSi) [75]. agreTve zarani,<br />
romelic sofelia xaragaulis raoinSi 15 [78, 579]. araa gamoricxuli, rom istoriulad zarnaZe<br />
da zarani saerTo warmomavlobis, an es ukanaskneli `migraciuli toponimi~ iyos. am sakiTxs<br />
specialuri Seswavla esaWiroeba.<br />
da bolos, zemoT CamoTvlil toponimebs uSualod ukavSirdeba zarzma, romlis<br />
namdvili, mecnieruli etimologia dRemde ucnobia.<br />
zarzma samcxeSi, adigenis raionSi, centridan rva km-is daSorebiT, qvablianis<br />
Tvalwarmtac xeobaSi, mdinaris marjvena napirze mdebareobs. am sofelSi daculia didi<br />
eklesia, Tlili qviT da naSeni gumbaTiani nagebobiT. igi Zvel qarTul samSeneblo<br />
tradiciaTa Semcvelia da Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT maRal doneze dgas. igi agebulia XIII-<br />
XIV saukuneTa mijnaze. zarzmaSi pirveli eklesiis mSeneblobasa (IXs.) da samonastro<br />
organizaciis pirvel etaps kargad gvacnobs iqauri mwignobari, monastris damaarsebeli<br />
serapion zarzmelis Zmiswuli basil zrzmeli. zarzmidan cnobilni arian sxva mwignobarnic,<br />
kerZod, germane (germanoz zarzmeli, benediqte zarzmeli da sxva. rogorc Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
literaturis mkvlevari prof. l. menabde wers, zarzmis monasteri XVI saukuneebSi awyuris<br />
eparqias daeqvemdebara, xolo imave saukunis dasasrulisaTvis sul dacarielda. zarzmelebma,<br />
romelTac samcxeSi aRar edgomebodaT, gurias miaSures, TavianTi nivTebi SemoqmedSi<br />
gadaitanes da sagangebod aSenebul eklesiaSi daasvenes [79,82]. sanam es moxdeboda, zarzma,<br />
rogorc istoriuli sabuTebiTaa cnobili, `mzeWabukma da misma Zmiswulma yvaryarem Seswires<br />
awyuris monasters da suimon mawyuerels zarzmis monasteri misi SemosavliT, soflebiTa da<br />
glexebiT [15, 93].<br />
amJamad sofel zarzmaSi Rebeli raWvelebi saxloben. iqve karga xania nayofier muSaobas<br />
eweoda saxalxo universiteti akad. s. jiqias xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />
`serapion zarzmelis cxovrebis~ avtori basil zarzmeli mogviTxrobs serapionis `wminda<br />
Tavgadasavals~. serapioni, ki rogorc viciT, `ese netari da yovlad qebuli aRmocenda<br />
qveyanasa klarjeTisasa mSobelTagan RirsTa da patiosnebiT da litonad cxorebulTa,<br />
romelni SromiT da qveyanis moqmedebiT izardebodes, da naSromisagan maTisa mdidrad zrdides<br />
glaxakTa da Zalisaebrsa miscemdes uRonoTa xelis apyrobasa da simSvidiT da simdabliT<br />
iyofvodes...~ (zarzm. 259,16-20).<br />
amrigad, serapioni, klarji, klarjeTis mkvidri da Rirseuli ojaxis Svili mogzaurobs<br />
klarjeTidan samcxemde. gadaivlis goderZis uReltexils... da bolos miadgeba im xeobas,<br />
sadac zarzmis monasteri aSendeba. TviT serapioni kargi mTxrobeli yofila. erT-erTi misi<br />
15 zaran soflis saxelma ratomRac asaxva ver pova saqarTvelos ssr administraciul-teritoriuli<br />
dayofis amsaxvel wignSi [71]. aris cduneba zarna fuZis dakavSirebisa zanIIzana eTnonimTan da zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>saxelTan<br />
(zanaZeebi cxovroben qarTlSi, sofel ruisSi). magram aseTi dakavSireba saeWvoa. lingvisturad,<br />
kerZod, fonetikuri TvalsazrisiT narnara bgeris win aseve narnara Tanxmovani anu sonanti qarTul-qarTvelurSi<br />
ar Cndeba. ase rom aseTi dakavSireba gamoricxulia.<br />
33
naambobiT `yoveli kaci... mTavriTurT SiSman da gankvirvebaman Seipyrna (zarzm. 295,13)~. iqve<br />
sxva adgilas vkiTxulobT: `da igini iyvnes Sepyrobili SiSiTa raÁme didiTa da kacni igi<br />
ucxoni - viTarca mkvdarni xilviTa (zarzm. 304, 13-14); adgilobrivi mosaxleoba nawarmoebSi<br />
erTgan serapions SiSnarevad uyveba erT ambavs: `da Cven, romelni vipoeniT garemoÁs adgilisa<br />
mis, ganvibnieniT Zlierisa misgan zarisa da STamovediT kacisa amis, rameTu mecnier iyo Cvenda~<br />
(zarzm. 304, 29-31). an kidev: `da warvida Wabuki igi da Cven davSTiT adgilsave mas. xolo miraÁ-iwia<br />
Wabuki igi winaSe mTavrisa, yovelive warmouTxra SemdgomiTi-Semdgomad, da romelTa<br />
esma, gankÂrvebaÁ daeca, zari ganhxda, adidebdes RmerTsa. maSin RmrTis msaxuri igi SiSiTa da<br />
sixaruliTa aRivso da waremarTa xilvad saswaulTa maT da niSTa~ (zarzm. 305, 20-25);<br />
swored zemore monaTxrobTa amonaridebis mixedviT `mieriTgan ewoda saxeli<br />
Semsgavsebuli saqmeTa adgilsa mas: rameTu ewoda zarzma erTa maTgan, romelni zariTa da<br />
SiSiTa miuTxrobeliTa Sepyrobil iyvnes. xolo locviT da galobiT ganaTies Rame igi da<br />
ganTiad moikiTxnes wmidani igi da sixaruliT warvides saxid Tvisa (zarzm. 306, 27-31).<br />
amrigad, rogorc nawarmoebis avtori basil zarzmeli mogviTxrobs, zarzmas saxeli<br />
`zarisa da SiSis~ gamo ewoda. Cvenis azriT, zarzma zariT, xmamaRali, RvTisadmi aRvlenili<br />
xotbis gamo ewoda am adgils. yovelive es lingvistur-etimologiurad ase SeiZleba avxsnaT:<br />
zar zma zariT zma//zariT xotba. zarzma‟Si zma igivea, rac xotbis-Seqebis Sinaarsi. zma<br />
igive zmnaa, keTeba. vfiqrobT, am sityvisagan savsebiT SesaZlebelia zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelSi<br />
arsebuli zarna formis miReba: zarzma//zarzmna zarna.<br />
Rirssacnobia isic, rom zarnaZeTa didi nawili (romelTanac saubari mqonda) TavianT<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>s zars, eklesiis momsaxure personals, mnaTes, saeklesio mrevls ukavSireben. zarnaZeTa<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>is Rirseuli warmomadgenlis, cnobili mwerlisa da mTargmnelis baton gizo zarnaZis<br />
cnobiT, zarnaZeebi ierusalimis eklesiis msaxurebi (mrevli, glexebi) iyvnen. baton daviT<br />
zarnaZis cnobiTac zarnaZeTa winapari samxreT saqarTvelodan (klarjeTi, aWara) unda<br />
yofiliyo. cxadia, yovelive amas istoriuli da saeklesio sabuTebis moZieba, Seswavla<br />
sWirdeba, rac yvelafers gasagebs gaxdida. Cven ar gamovricxavT agreTve zarnaZeTa <strong>gvar</strong>is<br />
matarebel winaparTa migracias samcxidan guria-imereTSi. zarnaZeebi xom amJamadac axalcixeSi<br />
(samcxeSi) cxovroben. iqneb maTi (zarzmelebis) migraciis gamo, rogorc zemoT vaxseneT,<br />
zarnaZeTa erTi nawili SuaimereTSi, istoriuli zaneTisa da qarTlis gasayarze, Terjolis<br />
raionSi (Zveli Cxaris r.) sof. alisubnis teritoriaze dasaxlda. advili SesaZlebelia,<br />
swored maTi kompaqturi dasaxlebis gamo am adgils ewoda sofeli zarnaZeebi. cxadia,<br />
yovelive amas damatebiTi Zieba da savele muSaoba sWirdeba.<br />
aseve ar gamovricxavT zarnaZeTa <strong>gvar</strong>Si istoriulad iseT pirovnebasac, romelic zarTa<br />
mrebeli iyo, es ukanaskneli ki, Teimuraz bagrationis ganmartebiT, aris `SemaZrwunebeli<br />
mterTa da winaaRmdegTa~ [80] e. i. zarnaZeTa zogi winapari mtrisTvis `saSinelebis Ãmisa<br />
SemaZrwunebeli~ SeiZleba yofiliyo. an sxva<strong>gvar</strong>ad, rom vTqvaT, zari xom `amisTana Ãmiereba<br />
aris, rom kacis guls Zliers grZnobaSi moiyvans, xolo sxvaTa odesme sustTa gulisa meqonTa<br />
SiSsa Sina moiyvans~. an sxva<strong>gvar</strong>ad, zari `mas ewodeba, saydarTa da ese viTarTa, romelsaca<br />
dareken da miT mouwodeben erTa taZarTa Sina locvad, gina niSnad raÁsame saqmisa, dairekebis<br />
viTarca saaTis gasvlisa~ [80, 57].<br />
rogorc Cveni winapari, kerZod, basil zarzmeli ityoda, `xolo Cven kvalad aRvideT<br />
pirvelsave sityvasa da Zalisaebr vipyraT wesi TxrobisaÁ~, anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />
zemoTqmuls, <strong>gvar</strong>saxel zarnaZis na‟ daboloebas davubrundeT.<br />
ras niSnavs zarnaZe‟Si na marcvali?<br />
na‟s istoriulad am <strong>gvar</strong>Si, aSkaraa raRac xmovani uZRoda. a, an u an e/i. amrigad,<br />
mosalodnelia zarn fuZis arqetipi: *zarana, *zaruna, *zarena, * zarina. am ukanasknel<br />
(zarina) formas varaudobs i. maisuraZec [46], romlis axsnas iziarebs i. axuaSvili gazeT<br />
`meoTxes~ furcelze [50, 4], Tumca gazeTSi dasanani koreqturuli Secdoma gaparula:<br />
`zarinaZeebi sofelia Terjolis raionSi~, cxadia, aq, am SemTxvevaSi unda iyos zarnaZeebi. al.<br />
Rlonti zarna ‟s metsaxelad gamoyofs <strong>gvar</strong>Si: zarnaZe [7, 124], cxadia, mas istoriulad es<br />
34
metsaxeli ar daudasturebia. rogorc cnobilia, a. Rlonti <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>s mixedviT<br />
gamoyofda metsaxelebs, ase moqceula am SemTxvevaSic. istoriulad zarina metsaxelad<br />
marTlac arsebobda. Cven igi davadastureT svaneTis werilobiT ZeglebSi [16, 509].<br />
zar fuZis Semcveli <strong>saxelebi</strong> warmodgenilia a. silagaZisa da a. TeTvaZis erTobliv<br />
naSromSi: zara 51 (Tbilisi-31; ninowminda-3; axalqalaqi-2;), zargalami 60 ( marneuli-19;<br />
Tbilisi-7; dmanisi-7), zareta 64 (Tbilisi-17, gori-12; lagodexi-6), zariki 156 (Tbilisi-69;<br />
bolnisi-13; axalqalaqi-13), zarina 143 (Tbilisi-29, ninowminda-18; axalqalaqi-12), zarniSani 52<br />
(marneuli-22; Tbilisi-7, bolnisi-6), zarui 154 (axalqalaqi-51; ninowminda-42, Tbilisi-21); [51,<br />
313]. iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos yvela zemore saxelSi zar fuZe gamoiyofodes, magram<br />
es erTi SexedviT. sinamdvileSi am `naSromze~ dayrdnoba ar SeiZleba, radgan ar Cans<br />
TiToeul zemoT warmodgenil saxels romeli eris warmomadgeneli atarebs. Cveni dakvirvebiT,<br />
marneuli, ninowminda, axalqalaqi, lagodexi, dmanisi ... imaze miuTiTebs, rom Tu yvela ara,<br />
absoluturi umravlesoba am <strong>saxelebi</strong>sa ekuTvniT warmoSobiT araqarTvelT- azerbaijanelebs,<br />
somxebs... ase rom TviT zara, zareta, zarina (Sdr. sara, mari, marina, marieta ...)‟s araferi<br />
aqvs saerTo zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>saxelSi arsebul na (-ina) sufiqsur daboloebasTan. amrigad, zarna<br />
zar-in-a‟sagan momdinareobs, romelSic gamoiyofa -ina aRnagobiT rTuli sityvasawarmoebeli<br />
kninoba–alersis gamomxatveli sufiqsi. Cans, zarina //zarna marTlac metsaxelia, romelic<br />
mezareoba/mnaTeobis gamo unda SeerqmiaT. -ina, rogorc sityvasawarmoebeli, kninobiTalersobiTi<br />
bolosarTi sxva sakuTar saxelebsa da <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelebSic gvaqvs: mag., lomi, aqedan:<br />
lom-ina, <strong>gvar</strong>ebi: lominaZe, lominaSvili; gogi, aqedan: gogina, <strong>gvar</strong>ebi: goginava, goginaSvili,<br />
droTa viTarebaSi ina‟seuli i xmovani dakargula, Sdr. gognaZe ( goginaZe), gogniaSvili,<br />
vaCnaZe ( vaCinas Ze), kiknaZe ( kikinas Ze), ase rom zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelsac es gza gauvlia:<br />
zarnaZe zarinaZe. erT-erT istoriul sabuTSi vkiTxulobT: zarnaZe daTuna – mowme sulia<br />
gogiWaSvilis mier beruka goginaSvilisaTvis micemuli miwis nasyidobis wignisa (1448-2145) [50].<br />
dokumenti 1690 wliT TariRdeba. cxadia, zarnaZeebis <strong>gvar</strong>i bevrad Zvelia, vidre es<br />
istoriuli sabuTi. am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis saintereso isaa, rom zarnaZe‟Si i xmovani<br />
amovardnila zarinaZe zarnaZe, goginaSvil <strong>gvar</strong>saxelSi ki maSinac da axlac<br />
SenarCunebulia.<br />
4. zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli qarTul mxatvrul<br />
teqstebSi<br />
zarnaZem rogorc literaturulma gmirma da personaJma Tanamedrove qarTul<br />
mwerlobaSic pova asaxva. Tu Wabua amirejibma “daTa TuTaSxiaSi” zarnava Searqva erT-erT<br />
personaJs, zarnaZe moqmed pirad gamoiyvana roman “kecxovelSi” iakinTe lisaSvilma [90].<br />
rogorc cnobilia, romani mweralma miuZRvna me-20 saukunis dasawyisis gamoCenil<br />
revolucioners, ioseb juRaSvilis TanamebrZolsa da Tanagimnaziels, udrood gardacvlil da<br />
mefis ruseTis reaqciul mixeleTagan daxvretil qarTvel vaJkacs, akad. niko kecxovelis biZas<br />
lado kecxovels.<br />
garda zemoTnaxseneb personaJTa (l. kecxoveli, i. juRaSvili), romanSi moqmed pirebad<br />
gvevlinebian istoriulad arsebuli qarTveli revolucionerebi: mixa cxakaia, severian<br />
juReli, noe Jordania, mwerlebi: egnate ninoSvili, niko lomouri, sofrom mgalobliSvili<br />
da sxv.<br />
samwuxarod, Cven ar viciT, prozaikosma rodis, zustad romel wels Seqmna zemore<br />
romani. meore xarisxovani personaJi zarnaZe istoriulad moqmedi piri iyo Tu mwerliseuli<br />
gamonagoni (es sxva Temaa), magram erTi ram, Cvenis azriT, aSkaraa, mwerali i. lisaSvili,<br />
rogorc Cans, zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>saxelis garegani da Sinagani JReradobiT, SinaarsiT<br />
dainteresebula, rasac marTlac iZleva es <strong>gvar</strong>saxeli (zar leqsema . .).<br />
romanSi zarnaZe, rogorc <strong>gvar</strong>i da personaJi 14-jeraa moxseniebuli.<br />
35
ogor xatavs mwerali zarnaZes, ra tipTan gvaqvs saqme? sanam uSualod Cveneul<br />
Sefasebas vityodeT, manamde rogorc didi qarTveli mwerali da moazrovne, “Cxareli<br />
oratori” grigol robaqiZe ityoda, vaubnebT faqtebs dasaxelebuli romanidan:<br />
“gzaze aqeTken momavali viRac cxenosani gamoCnda, darejani daacqerda, _ ucbad<br />
gafiTrda:<br />
_ zarnaZea, albaT, aq modis _ Cailaparaka, xelidan lukma gauvarda, wamodga.<br />
marTlac Coxa-axaluxSi gamowyobilma, Cafskvnilma kacma darejanis dabal RobesTan<br />
cxeni moagelva, nacrisferi boxoxi gaiswora da brtyel xanjalze xeli daido.<br />
_ maspinZelo! _ xrinwiani xmiT daiZaxa da mere SeTeTrebuli ulvaSebi TiTqos raRac<br />
borotad gadaigrixa.<br />
darejani gaiqca, daupatiJebel stumars RobesTan miegeba da raRac SemkrTali xmiT<br />
miaZaxa:<br />
_ mobrZandiT!<br />
amis Semdeg ladosa (lado kecxoveli, b. cx.) da gigolas stumar-maspinZlis saubaridan<br />
(asea b. cx. Tanamedrove saliteraturo enis normebis mixedviT unda: saubridan) mxolod<br />
TiTo-orola sityva Tu esmodaT, ymawvilebi zarnaZis mixvra-moxvraze da mis WarxaliviT<br />
wamowiTlebul saxezedac kiTxulobdnen, rom igi javrobda da saubaric metad mwvave sakiTxs<br />
Seexeboda. “yvelafers dro aqvs!”, “mTavroba momisjis”, “mTaSi!”_ ismoda zarnaZis TiTqos<br />
TavdaWerili, magram mainc mrisxane wamoZaxilebi. “mojamagires” _ bolos es erTi sityva<br />
raRac Semzaravi xmiT wamoiZaxa darejanma da Robis sari ise moswia, rom xelSi Caatyda.<br />
zarnaZe wavida, cxeni ise miTareSobda, TiTqos patroniviT javrobso.<br />
axla ufro gafiTrebul, Tavdaxril da xelebCamocvenil darejans, miwurisaken rom midioda,<br />
feri ar edo. moaRwia, ZlivsRa sunTqavda.<br />
_ ra moxda dedi? _ hkiTxa TviTonac eldanacemma gigolam.<br />
darejani Seecada eTqva raime, an kargi, an cudi, magram xmis amoRebas ver axerxebda,<br />
mere Tavs Zala daatana, warmoTqva:<br />
_ araferi, valis ganaRdeba momTxova.<br />
_ valis? gaimeora gigolam da im gzas gahxeda, romelzedac zarnaZe cxens miagelvebda.<br />
mis TvalebSi siZulvili da TiTqos raRac SiSic moCanda”(kecx. gv.113-114).<br />
romanis sxva adgilas, kerZod, 124-e gverdze nawarmoebis erT-erTi personaJi liziko<br />
lado kecxovels wers:<br />
“Zvirfaso lado!<br />
Sengan ori baraTi miviRe. pasuxs gigzavni. moiwyina sofelma. xeebs foTlebi scviva da<br />
scviva. ase mgonia, aravis araferi ar uxaria. axla gigolac wavida aqedan. mojamagired<br />
miabares mixa zarnaZes, cxvarSi gagzavnes . . . gauWirdaT, valebma gaitaces gigola. gigolam<br />
gulamoskvnilma datova sofeli. dedac mistiroda. glexma glexis Svili daimorCila da<br />
cxvariviT gaagdo mTaSi . . .(kecx.gv.124)”.<br />
amrigad, rogorc gairkva, erT-erTi personaJi mixa zarnaZe, SeZlebuli glexi Cans, misgan<br />
vali aqvT aRebuli. amitom sanacvlod mevale mojamagired mihyavs. mwerali gangeb, winaswar<br />
muq ferebSi xatavs Sromismoyvare, SeZlebul glexkacs, raTa antagonizmi sxvadasxva<br />
socialur fenaSi arsebuli, mkiTxvelma ufro mZafrad SeigrZnos. TanasoflelT gigolas deda,<br />
darejani, ecodebaT: “maS is ubeduri raRa iqneba, erTaderTi Svili zarnaZem xelidan<br />
gamostaca da cxvarSi gaagdo”(kecx. gv. 127).<br />
zarnaZes, rogorc SeZlebul glexs, i. lisaSvili mweral sofrom mgalobliSvilTan<br />
Sexvedrisas ase warmogvidgens: “mere erTi Cafskvnili, tandamrgalebuli axalgazrda glexi<br />
wamodga. Tavze TuSuri qudi gaiswora, wingadmoyrili qoCori odnav aswia, TiTi sofroms<br />
miuSvira da SeekiTxa:<br />
_erTi egec gvibrZaneT, Tqveni Wirime, glexkacsa qonebis SeZena rom SeuZlia, cxvaris<br />
gamravleba da mwyemsebis ayvanac rom SeuZlia, aseT rameebs narodnikebi xom ara krZalaven?.<br />
_ Tqven ra <strong>gvar</strong>i xarT? _ SeekiTxa sofromi.<br />
_ zarnaZe gaxlavarT, _ yrud upasuxa da gawiTlda glexi.<br />
36
_ diaR, mixa zarnaZis ufrosi vaJia, pavlia hqvia, _ ganumarta sabam.<br />
_ aha, SeZlebuli, gavleniani glexis Svilia da aseTebi gvWirdeba, _ warmoTqva<br />
sofromma.<br />
lado wamodga, metis moTmena man veRar SeZlo, undoda rame eTqva, eyvira: amas aq ra<br />
unda, zarnaZeebi xom mZarcvelebi ariano, magram yvelaferi gulSi Caikla, xolo raRac<br />
gamwarebiT xeli Caiqnia, mowyda adgilidan da gareT gaiWra (kecx. gv. 133-134),<br />
Cans, mwerals SeZlebuli glexkaci zarnaZe kulakis prototipad surs dagvixatos. ufro<br />
metic, lado kecxoveli am glexis mimarT amxedrebulia, rogorc mwerali wers, “ar iqna da<br />
verafriT erTmaneTs ver SeaTavsa erTi mxriv Zma, sayvareli maswavleblebi da meore mxriv<br />
zarnaZeebi. “gana Cemi maswavleblebi zarnaZeebs icaven? gana mixa zarnaZesac glexs<br />
eZaxian?”(kecx. gv. 136).<br />
amrigad, Zveli mevale da amJamindeli zarnaZis mojamagire gigola odiSvili mTaSia,<br />
cxvars mwyemsavs, romelsac megobari lado aakiTxavs. es ukanaskneli gigolas cvlilebas<br />
SeamCnevs: “- ara, ki ar gamovicvale, - miugebs gigola. - aq cxvari . . . male zarnaZec mova,<br />
maSin misi Weqa-quxili atydeba mTaSi. mere Sen, lado, raRas miSveli? mojamagire var, lado,<br />
mojamagire! mgoni, ukve vali davfare, erTi cxvaric momiwevs kideva, sad mivatovo, lado,<br />
cxvari, an vin gamomiSvebs, rogor iqneba?!(kecx. gv. 178-179). bolos lado mainc iTanxmebs<br />
gigolas, mTas da cxvars daatovebinebs da megobars TavisTan, qalaqs, waiyvans.<br />
i. lisaSvilis romanSi, rogorc erT-erT uTvalsaCinoes revolucioners gvixatavs,<br />
aucilebeli iyo gmiris xasiaTis wrTobis Cveneba. xasiaTis Camosayalibeblad sxvadasxva<br />
(miznebis, survilebisa da miswrafebebis) personaJTa dapirispirebaa aucilebeli. mweralma<br />
axalgazrda lado kecxovelis pirvel did socialur STabeWdilebad mixa zarnaZe CaTvala<br />
da mogvca soflis mdidari glexis saxe, romlis yairaTianoba da angariSiani buneba sxvadasxva<br />
epizodSi gamovlinda. maSin da Semdgomac aseT SeZlebul, Wkvian da angariSian xalxs<br />
bolSevikebi “kulakebad” da mtrebad naTlavdnen. mogvianebiT gairkva, rom aseTi<br />
damokidebuleba ZirSive axSobda mewarmeobisa da jansaRi biznesis warmoebas. roca uremi<br />
gadabrunda, gzac gamoCnda da dRes sanatrelad gagvxdomia iniciativiani, Wkviani da<br />
SeZlebuli fena sazogadoebisa.<br />
i. lisaSvilma SeZlo maSindeli mcdari miswrafebebis revolucionerTa realuri<br />
cxovreba realurad aesaxa da, ase Tu ise, srulyofilad gadmogvca kidec.<br />
5. zarnaZeebi zarnaZeebisave gadmocemebSi<br />
zarnaZeebis <strong>gvar</strong>Si wamyvania iseTi profesiebi, rogoricaa: maTematikosoba, mxatvroba,<br />
ekonomistoba, eqimoba, biznesmenoba.<br />
zarnaZeebi ( TiTo-orola) ganfenilia, cxovrobs da moRvaweobs yofili sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
mokavSire respublikebSi (azerbaijani, ukraina, ruseTi, baltiispireTi), amerikaSi.<br />
zarnaZeebs TavianTi <strong>gvar</strong>is uxucesad miaCniaT alisubneli martia zarnaZe, romelic 103<br />
wlisa gardacvlila alisubanSive, maT hyoliaT zarnaZeebis momReralTa gundi. zarnaZeebs<br />
axlac SemounaxavT maTi <strong>gvar</strong>isaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saferavis jiSis yurZeni, romelsac<br />
jvarisa hqvia. TviT saxelwodebac jvarisa, imaze unda miuTiTebdes, rom Zvelad maTi winapari<br />
mRvdeli unda yofiliyo da saxelic (jvarisa) aqedan unda Serqmeoda saferavs.<br />
erT-erTi zarnaZis cnobiT (romelic zaur zarnaZis bebias uTqvams) “Cveni winaprebi,<br />
Svilo, CitoreliZeebi iyoo, sxvaTa Soris, am informaciis mimwodebel qalbatons 10 dRe<br />
daaklda, rom mesame aTaswleuls moswreboda”. CitoreliZeebi amJamad xaragaulis raionSi<br />
cxovroben. saintereso versiaa, rac specialur Seswavlas moiTxovs.<br />
alisubneli elguja zarnaZis TqmiT, “adre, gankulakebis dros, gvedgao oda saxli da<br />
Zeluri, saxlis patroni, ufrosi zarnaZe gaakulakes. mas ki winaaRmdegoba gauwevia da Cxaris<br />
cixeSi CausvamT. “gamiSviT, Torem aq ver gaCerdebiT, agayrolebTo”, dauqadnia daWerils.<br />
37
marTlac daqadneba daqadnebad ar darCenila, am kacma (zarnaZem b. cx.) locva daiwyo, dadga<br />
saSineli suni . . . cixis mesveurni iZulebulni gaxdnen kaci saxlSi gaeSvaT.<br />
zarnaZis <strong>gvar</strong>is kaci Turme rom aWaWyandeba, mtrisas da avisas, amitom Segverqva<br />
yvaviWamiebio! ra yvaviviT Cxavixaro, iqve erT-erTi Sekrebis monawilem (b. zarnaZem) ixumra:<br />
Sen miCvene iseTi zarnaZe, laparaki rom ar iciso.<br />
mTxroblis axsniT, yvavi sibrZnis gansaxierebaa, “yvaviWamiebi” e.i. brZeni xalxio: aseTia am<br />
metsaxelis Serqmevis erT-erTi versia.<br />
arsebobs “yvaviWamia” metsaxelis Serqmevis sxva versiac: erT-erTi zarnaZis cnobiT,<br />
“zarnaZeebi tyeSi wasulan SeSis mosaWrelad, saWmeli SemoleviaT, Zalze gaWirvebiaT, auRiaT<br />
joxebi da yvavebis kvla dauwyiaT”.<br />
yvaviWamiebis garda zarnaZeebSi cnobilia metsaxeli Wadukebi (Wad+uk-eb-i?). quTaisel<br />
zarnaZeebs rqmeviaT tylapi, menaxSire, cxadia, aseTi Serqmeuli saxelis axsna-gamovlena<br />
sainteresoa TviT <strong>gvar</strong>is Secnobis TvalsazrisiT, rac samomavlo saqmed gvesaxeba. zarnaZeebi<br />
azatebi da saeklesio ymebi yofilan, rac kargad Cans elguja zarnaZis monaTxrobidan:<br />
“vardigoridan erTi kaci, sayvareliZis kaci gadmodioda cxeniT, manamde zarnaZeebis SiSiT ver<br />
dadiodnen am mxares sayvareliZeebi. isini aznaurebi iyvnen, skanda-CixoriT dadiodnen quTaisSi.<br />
zarnaZeebi azatebi da saeklesio ymebi, kerZod, alaverdis eklesiis ymebi iyvnen, alaverdi<br />
sofelia amJamadac, sadac eklesia dgas. sainteresoa, ra urTierTobaa kaxeTis alaverdsa da<br />
imereTis alaverds Soris. aqvea jgilaT-vardigora - ZvelisZveli toponimebi. elguja zarnaZis<br />
TqmiT, alaverdis eklesiis winamZRvari, Tu ar vcdebi, erT dros, mgoni iyo xidirbegiSvili,<br />
romelic ver ebrZoda sayvareliZeebs. sayvareliZeebma mis dros saeklesio miwebi miitaces.<br />
cxadia, miitaces maTi ymebic. zarnaZeebs xma aumaRlebiaT da sayvareliZeebs “tkbili lukma”<br />
xelidan gaagdebines. isini kvlav eklesiis ymebad darCenilan. swored amis gamo iyo mtroba<br />
sayvareliZeebisa. amitom eSinodaT sayvareliZeebs da eridebodnen zarnaZeebis mxares gavlas.<br />
axlac Tu davakvirdebiT im adgilebs, magaliTad, Rele Cxaras iqiT, arc erTi zarnaZe ar<br />
cxovrobs. e.i. es adgilebi, rac wyalgaRmaa, zarnaZeebis ar yofila. misive cnobiT, amis<br />
Sesaxeb arsebobs solomon mefis sasamarTlo ganCineba, ris mixedviTac mefem daadgina, rom<br />
sayvareliZeebs CamoerTvaT im eklesiis mamulebi ymebiT, romlebic maT miitaces. 16<br />
samwuxarod, miuxedavad araerTi mcdelobisa, Cven am dokuments ver mivakvlieT. eWvi ar<br />
gvepareba aseTi sabuTi arsebobs, rasac moZieba sWirdeba. xidirbegiSvilis <strong>gvar</strong>sac wavawydiT<br />
erT-erT dokumentSi, ase rom yvelaferi zemoTqmuli axloa realobasTan. oRond, mainc<br />
dasadgenia alaverdis eklesiis kuTvnilebaa: vin aaSena, vin uvlida, alaverdel sayvareliZeTa<br />
Stos “alaverdeloba” istoriul wyaroebSi cnobilia.<br />
6. zarnaZeTa <strong>gvar</strong>iT dasaxlebul ZiriTad<br />
punqtTa (toponimTa) etimologiebi<br />
a) alisubani<br />
es toponimi aRnagobiT rTulia: ali+ubani. amda<strong>gvar</strong>i adgilis saxelwodebebi, romlebSic<br />
meore, bolo sityva ubania, arcTu mcirea qarTul toponimiaSi, mag., abasTubaniabasTumani-<br />
(abazaZeTa ubani||abazT ubani), martoTubani||martvaTubani||martoTumani (“marto”, sxva danarCen<br />
mosaxle adgilebisagan marto, ganze myofi ubani)-; gudaTubani (sofelia zemoimereTSi) <br />
16 aseTi mitaceba Zvelad iSviaTi ar iyo. mag., saufliswulo soflebsac ki, saeklesioze rom araferi vTqaT,<br />
xSirad itacebdnen Zlieri Tavadebi, Tundac wereTlebi da abaSiZeebi. mag., sof. zodi XVII-XVIII ss-Si<br />
wereTlebs hqondaT. XIX s. damdegs ki is erTxans kostantine batoniSvils eWira. aseve mRvimevi||mRvime misi<br />
monastriT XVIII saukunesa da momdevno saukunis damdegs xan ufliswuls ukavia, xan ki _ wereTlebs. mRvimevi da<br />
jruWi maTi monastrebiT sabolood mainc wereTlebma SeinarCunes [95,59], [84-87].<br />
38
gudaT ubani. adgili, sadac gudaZeebs ucxovriaT (an cxovroben); gorisubani (adgili<br />
dRevandel saguramosTan, adre sofeli yofila. aq dabadebula cnobili qarTveli poeti<br />
daviT guramiSvili).<br />
toponimi alisubani aRnagobiT rTuli sityvaa. alis+ubani, am sityvis pirveli nawili<br />
ali, rogorc soflis saxelwodeba, cnobilia matianeSi. aseve cnobilia, rogorc hidronimi da<br />
toponimebi, romelebic “al” sityvas Seicaven: alis wyali (levan batoniSvilma uboZa iese<br />
rusaSvils alis wyals zeviT xevisTaoba), alis xeoba (rostom mefem uboZa ioram saakaZes<br />
alis xeobaSi saakaZiseuli sof. nabaxtevi, romelic giorgi saakaZis saqarTvelodan<br />
“gadavardnis” Semdgom saxaso iyo [15].<br />
zemoT warmodgenili ali sofelia amJamad xaSuris raionSi. igi Tavad abaSiZeTa<br />
samkvidro mamuli yofila.<br />
alisubanic, rogorc dasaxlebuli punqti, cnobilia istoriul sabuTebSi. mag., 1773 w. 9<br />
ianvars, solomon mefis mier quTaisis taZrisadmi Sewirulobis wignSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
. . . xons taZris mamuli da kacni zed dadginebulni; jvarisas, taZris agarakiTurT,<br />
glexnica mosaxleni; alisubans 17 saydris mamuli Tanamosaxle glexiTurT; mujireTs taZris<br />
mamuli mosaxle glexiTurT [85].<br />
rogorc am sabuTidan Cans, alisubani saydris mamuli yofila (ise rogorc mujireTi . .<br />
.), eklesiis kuTvnileba. Tu pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gavigebT, alisubans mxolod erTi glexi<br />
saxlobda, romelic eklesias emsaxureboda saeklesio mamulSi. advili SesaZlebelia, es glexi<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>ad zarnaZe yofiliyo, radgan alisubani ZiriTadad zarnaZeebiT dasaxlebulia axlac<br />
(zeda alisubani||resp. zarnaZeebi), miT ufro istoriuladac.<br />
alisubani, rogorc saxelwodeba, SesaZloa SeerqmiaT mamakacis sakuTari saxelis alis<br />
gamo (Sdr. abazTubani, gudaTubani . . .) e.i. alisubani am sofels imis gamo unda Serqmeoda,<br />
rom es adgili Tu ubani istoriulad arsebul pirs vinme alis an aleqsandres ekuTvnoda.<br />
(Sdr. simoneTi, Zveli svimoneTi_svimonis kuTvnili an svimonisa da misi sa<strong>gvar</strong>eulos kuTvnili<br />
miwebi).<br />
alisubnis etimologiis dadgenisas, vfiqrobT, angariSi unda gaewios leqsema als (mag.,<br />
cecxlis ali, alqaji da a.S.). Rirssacnobia TbilisSi mcxovrebi eqimis, alisubnel devi<br />
zarnaZiseuli sofel alisubnis daxasiaTeba. misi TqmiT, ,,im adgilas, sadac aRmarTia<br />
amJamindel alisubans da zarnaZeebs Soris (zeda alisubani), iseTi wiTeli, alizisnairi<br />
webosebri talaxi icis, rom Znelad Tu moicileb fexidan.‟‟ amrigad, ikveTeba alisubnis<br />
meorenairi etimologia: 1. alisubani_vinme alis (sakuTari saxeli) euli miwa. 2.<br />
alisubani_alizubanializis ubani. lingvisturi procedura meore SemTxvevaSic savsebiT<br />
damajerebelia da Seesabameba <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis fonetikur kanonebs.<br />
amrigad, alisuban toponimis axsna orive gasaziarebeli da sarwmunoa, Tumca realurad<br />
arsebuli dasadgeni. cxadia, yovelive amas damatebiTi masala da specialuri kvleva<br />
gamoavlens.<br />
1987 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobis mixedviT, administraciul-teritoriulad, alisubani<br />
zogadi saxeli da centri iyo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda zeda alisubani (manZili<br />
raionis centramde 8 km), alisubnis sabWoSi gaerTianebuli iyo oTxi sofeli: 1. zarnaZeebi, 2.<br />
TxilTawyaro, maCitauri, 4. qveda alisubani [71]. cxadia, es faqti me-20 saukunis kuTvnilebaa,<br />
1921 wlamde, gasabWoebamde, es soflebi damoukidebeli soflis statusiT iyvnen aRWurvilni.<br />
rogorc zemoT vaxseneT, alisubnis sasoflo sabWoSi (1987w.) gaerTianebuli iyo oTxi<br />
sofeli. mkiTxvelisaTvis, vfiqrobT, uintereso ar iqneba alisubnis mezobel sofelTa<br />
hidronimTa da toponimTa (skande, skandis Sara, muxura, TxilTa wyaro, TxilTa wyaros Rele,<br />
skandis Rele) damowmebac. 1664 wlis Sewirulobis wignis mixedviT, romelSic naTqvamia, rom<br />
maWitouri (axlandeli maCitouri gauyidia kacia kuWaiZes, Cans, igi am adgilebis patroni<br />
yofila) da misi mimdebare adgilebi gelaTis RvTismSoblis taZrisaTvis SeuwiravT. am<br />
17 am sityvis pirveli asoebi dawerilia mTavrulad, SeniSnavs teqstis gamomcemeli S. burjanaZe.<br />
39
sabuTSi, Rirssacnobia, rom arsad araa dasaxelebuli sofeli zarnaZeebi, an sofeli alisubani.<br />
unda vifiqroT, rom es ukanaskneli isedac saeklesio mamuli unda yofiliyo imxanad.<br />
davimowmebT am dokumentidan amonarids genaTel-nikorwmindelis gedeon lorTqifaniZis<br />
Sewirulobis wignsSi (1664w.) aq naTqvamia, rom “kacia kuWaiZisagan maWitouri viyideT<br />
[argveTs]. Zveli cixe iyo da aRSeneba dauwyeT da glexebs dasaxleba da sazRvari amisa<br />
muxuris mTamdis skandurs daRma, skandis Saras SemoRma, aqaT TxilTa wyaros Relemdis da<br />
iqiT skandis Relemdis. am Svazed rac miwa adgilia, yvela ukleblad da ÃelSeuvalad<br />
viyide, aras kacs amaSid Ãeli aRar aqvs ra da bagrat mefis brZanebiT da nebadarTulobiT<br />
xaxulisa da gaenaTisa (sic) RvTismSobels Sevswire” . . [103, 69].<br />
k. xaraZis wignSi [115,123] Cxaris (Terjolis) raionSi mkvlevarTa ,,mogzauroba” erTgan<br />
dRiuris saxiT asea aRwerili: ,,13 agvisto. adre diliT meurme ermile boWoriSvili mogvadga.<br />
man unda bargi wagviRos mujireTamdis. gzas gavudeqiT da Cxaris grZeli ,,bazari” Cqara<br />
mivatoveT . . . gza zarnaZeebze da TxilTawyaroze gaivlis. sofeli zarnaZeebi jvaris mamisa<br />
iyo. jvaris mama iqve cxovrobda. iq iyo jvaris mamis sasaxle . . . am gzaze, rogorc Cans,<br />
aravin zrunavs: jer quTais-Sorapnis Saram da Semdeg rkinis gzam saboloo miviwyebas misces<br />
qarTl-imereTis SemaerTi es metad mokle, moxerxebuli da metad dasaxlebul raionebze<br />
gamvleli uZvelesi gza. dRes is ubralo sasoflo gzis samsaxursa swevs mxolod. SedarebiT<br />
viwro-3 metri, oRro-CoRro, veeba qvebiT axergili miZvreba is soflidan sofelSi.<br />
upatronod mitovebuli. mxolod aqa-iq maxlobeli simaRleebidan cixeebi da sayaraulosaboliebi,<br />
garSemo soflebSi didi feodalebis nasadgomevni (mefe, kaTalikozi, gelaTeli,<br />
jvaris mama da sxva Tavadebi), didi xelovnebiT Sesrulebuli eklesiebi, naxidurebi da<br />
naqalaqevni, - yvela eseni mowmoben, Tu ra mniSvnelobis unda yofiliyo es ,,didi Sara”,<br />
romelsac Zvelidan mxolod es saxeliRa SerCenia. ,,gzai-nagzurze, wyali-nawylurze” . .<br />
.wylisa ra mogaxsenoT da gzis Sesaxeb ki Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
dakvirveba – andaza jer ar gamarTlebula. CvenSi rkinis gza ganzrax xalxis interesebis<br />
ugulvebelyofiT gayvanils ufro hgavs, vidre piruku da es asecaa. CvenSi ki iyo rkinis gza,<br />
magram Cveni xom ar iyo; CvenTvis is aravis gauyvania . . .amitomacaa, rom is Sors tovebs<br />
yvelaze dasaxlebul, mosavliT ganTqmul da did ekonomiur SesaZleblobaTa raionebs da<br />
tlapo-Waobebze jiqur seravs aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritorias . . .<br />
axalgazrda maswavleblebi CitiZe da beRelaZe TxilTawyaroSi dagvxvdnen. isini wuxel<br />
CxarSi Segvpirdnen amas . .”<br />
cxadia aq naxseneb zarnaZeebSi dRevandeli alisubani ixsenieba.<br />
b) gurjaani<br />
zarnaZeebi q. gurjaanSic cxovroben. swored aqedanaa Zmebi ekonomistebi albert da<br />
bondo zarnaZeebi. pirveli maTgani 1965 wlidan q. moskovSi moRvaweobs, cnobili<br />
reformatoris, ekonomistis abalkinis jgufis wevria, saxelmoxveWili mecnier-ekonomisti. igive<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas mis Zmaze _ bondo zarnaZezec, romelic amJamad saqarTveloSi mrewvelTa<br />
kavSiris Tavjdomare, akad. v. CantlaZis saxelobis Tbilisis sabanko-safinanso institutis<br />
reqtoria, romelic mecnierul-pedagogiur moRvaweobas warmatebiT uTavsebs biznesmenobasac<br />
(ix. amis Sesaxeb vrclad "personaliebSi").<br />
zarnaZeTa winapari gurjaanSi me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebidan dasaxlebula. gurjaani,<br />
rogorc qalaqi, geografiuli punqti da saxeli axalia. am toponimSi bolokiduri –an<br />
warmomavlobis aRmniSvneli sufiqsia (Sdr, oTaraani, oTaraanT qvrivi), romelic imavdroulad<br />
geografiul saxelebsac awarmoebs (Sdr, kakliani, nigvziani, vaziani, ozaani = ozaSvilebis<br />
kuTvnili adgili, sadac ozaSvilebi cxovroben an cxovrobdnen. . . ). gurjaanSi saxelis fuZea<br />
gurja, romelic warmoSobiT metsaxelisagan momdinareobs. gurja-Si bolokiduri –a kninobaalersobis<br />
sufiqsia (Sdr, giorgi = gogi, gogia, goga, avTandili-avTandilaTandila, svanisvana,<br />
aqedan: <strong>gvar</strong>saxeli svanaZe), xolo gurj qarTvelis aRmniSvneli Turquli sityva gurj-<br />
40
ia. amrigad, gurjaani Zvelad niSnavda adgils, sadac gurjas STamomavlebi, gurjas Zeni,<br />
gurjas Svilebi cxovrobdnen. gurj marTlac dadasturebulia qarTvelur anTroponimiaSi:<br />
gurj, gurja, gurjua [76,108]. aqedanaa nawarmoebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong><strong>saxelebi</strong>: gurjiSvili<br />
(savaraudo sakuTari saxeli gurji, gvirjiSvili: amave Zirisaa: gurjiZe, gurjia, Sdr.<br />
gurjievi [46,51]. es <strong>gvar</strong>i moxseniebulia istoriul sabuTebSi: kerZod, 1819 wels rogorc<br />
aRniSnulia specialur literaturaSi, sof. winwyaroSi mcxovrebi gurjiSvilebi berZnebad<br />
iqna aRiarebuli da <strong>gvar</strong>i gurjievad monaTles: <strong>gvar</strong>i qarTveliSvili gaxda gurjiSvili,<br />
Semdgom gurjievi. TurqeTSi gasaxlebuli berZeniSvilebic gurjiovebad mounaTlavT [120,314-<br />
315]), gurjiaSvili: "mas fieqarisZe edaveboda yanaze, midamoze, sabZelze da bostanze. dava<br />
gaarCies mRvimelma da alelma berebma. fieqarisZem mas misca udaobis piroba (XVI s. AA-499.<br />
129 r-131 v); gurjiaSvili lomi mowme ivanes mier qvabul maCablisaTvis micemuli mamulis<br />
nasyidobis wignisa ([1621-1650 ww] HHd-1659)[121,752].<br />
gurj da misgan nawarmoebi <strong>gvar</strong><strong>saxelebi</strong> iSviaTi araa dasavleT saqarTvelos (kerZod,<br />
imereTis) toponimiaSi: gurjiasouli saxnavs hqvia sof. RoreSaSi (gv.59), gurjikisouli venaxi,<br />
savenaxe adgili sof. zeda saqaraSi (gv.59), gurjiZeebis seri ubani sof. biRaSi (gv.59) [122].<br />
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: gurjaanis saxelwodeba Serqmeulia ara araqarTvelTa (Turqi,<br />
sparsi) mier am adgilisaTvis, aramed igi warmoqmnilia gurjiSvil an gurjiaSvilTa adgilsacxovrisisagan,<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gurjaani Zvelad gurjaanT naqoni, gurjaSvilTa<br />
kuTvnili miwa (saxnav-saTesi, adgil-sacxovrisi) unda yofiliyo.AA<br />
g) eweri<br />
eweri sofelia Terjolis raionSi, alisubnis gverdiT, sadac zarnaZeebi cxovroben.<br />
garda amisa, amave raionSia sofeli Cxar-eweri (Sedioda siqTarvis sasoflo sabWoSi) [71,47].<br />
eweri aseve soflis saxelwodebaa: senakis (Zveli cxakaias), WiaTuris (kacxis sasoflo sabWo),<br />
galis (nabakevis sasoflo sabWo), abaSis (ontofos sasoflo sabWo), gegeWkoris (axl.<br />
martvilis-taleris sasoflo sabWo, walenjixis (jvaris saqalaqo sabWo), lanCxuTis<br />
(juruyveTis sasoflo sabWo), agreTve ewerferdi, walenjixis (Walis sasoflo sabWo),<br />
ewerZveli-samtredia. samtrediis (melauris sasoflo sabWo) [77,183]. eweri uxvadaa<br />
warmodgenili dasavleT saqarTvelos mikro da makrotoponomiaSi (mag., enwera, enweri, enwer<br />
begi, enwer ginZe, enweri mindori, enwer farTo, enwer foni, enwer no onili, enwer vana,<br />
enwer tya, enweriSi dioxore) [104, 135], qveda eweri (samtr), zeda eweri (samtr), patara<br />
eweri (samtr), meore eweri (abaSa), dabali eweri, maRali eweri (guriaSi), pirveli eweri<br />
(abaSa), juneweri (lanCx), revo-eweri (galis r.) [105,171].<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSi ewer‟is mniSvneloba nair<strong>gvar</strong>ia: 1.<br />
saerTo saxeli niadagis sxvadasxva tipisa, 2. mwiri, unayofo miwa. gamofitul-gamorecxili,<br />
mcire mosavliani 3. kuTx. (imer. gur.), dabali adgili dafaruli buCqiT, isliT da misT.<br />
Zvelad eweri “mcire buCqs, morCil tyes, mcire Walas (d. CubinaSvili), maRali mTis<br />
biliks (i. Wyonia) niSnavda. samwuxarod, eweri, rogorc leqsema - mkvidri megruli sityva,<br />
asaxuli araa g. eliavas leqsikonSi [64].<br />
eweri sakuTriv megrulis kuTvnilebaa. igi, rogorc sityva, ucxoa aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTvelos toponomiaSi da <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis aRmosavlur kiloebSi. TviT Cven mier<br />
zemoTmoyvanili soflis <strong>saxelebi</strong>, eweri da Cxareweri imaze miuTiTeben, rom istoriulad es<br />
kuTxe Zveli kolxeTia da amrigad toponimebic, umravles SemTxvevaSi, nazanari, asea<br />
amjeradac.<br />
rogorc Cans, zarnaZeTa erTi nawili maTi <strong>gvar</strong>is gamravlebis gamo sofel alisubnidan<br />
gasulan da ewerSi-eklian-bardian-yamir adgilas dasaxlebula. swored amitom SemorCa<br />
sofels es saxelwodeba.<br />
41
erT-erT istoriul sabuTSi davadastureT ewer toponimi, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi eweri<br />
samegreloSia da ara imereTSi: “levan dadianma da misma biZam giorgi lipartianma levanis<br />
mamis manuCaris sulis mosaxseneblad ewers aages saydari, romelic yma-mamuliTurT<br />
[m]Tawmindis xarebis RvTismSobels Seswires (1642. QQQd-6740) [15,83].<br />
d) zaraTi<br />
zaraTi - gamoricxuli araa zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>saxelis mimdinareobaa zaraT toponimisagan.<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi orivegan zar fuZe identuria. am mxriv specialur kvlevas moiTxovs<br />
zaraT-is daarseba, misi istoria da am sofelSi macxovrebelTa <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>s dadgena<br />
rogorc istoriulad, ise dRevandelobis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
zaraTi, rogorc toponimi, moxsenebulia 1764 wlis 15 agvistos Seqmnil wyalobis<br />
wignSi, romelSic solomon mefe amiran da paatela mesxebs mimarTavs: “ . . . amogikveTeT<br />
sauri, romlisac ymis mqonebeli iyoT da an zaraTs da an rions gyavdesT” [85].<br />
e) zestafoni| |zesTafoni<br />
rogorc qalaqi axalia (erTi saukunis) da toponimi - ufro Zveli. igi warmomdgaria<br />
zesTa fonisagan: zestafonizesTafoni; rac udris zeda fons. Sdr.<br />
SorafoniSoraponiSorapani. “zesTafon” forma dadasturebulia werilobiTac: “muniT<br />
Cavles zesTa-fonsa da mividnen cxrawyaros“(b. batoniSv. 36). amrigad, sTst||zt.<br />
adgilobrivTa metyvelebaSi dRes “zestafon” asimilirebuli formac ismis. am toponims<br />
yuradReba pirvelad prof. i. qavTaraZem miaqcia, romelSic mkvlevarma gamoyo sTst<br />
fonetikuri procesi . . . [86,350]. sTst procesi specialur literaturaSi disimilaciuri<br />
gamkveTrebis saxeliTaa cnobili. es movlena damaxasiaTebelia saerTod <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
warmoTqmisaTvis. mag., amisTvinamistvin. cvlilebis mizezi disimilaciuri gamkveTrebaa [91,74].<br />
Cveni azriT, zesTafon|zestafon|zeztafon da agreTve xalxur metyvelebaSi arsebuli<br />
zesafon (t bgeris dakargva) formaTa arqetipi istoriulad unda yofiliyo zeSTafon:<br />
STsTst. Sdr. uzeSTaesi. amrigad, am leqsemaSi ze, STa, windebulebia (Sdr.<br />
zesadgari||Zesadgari), es ukanaskneli STa Se+da rTuli windebulisganaa miRebuli.<br />
Rirssacnobia isic, rom SedaSdSTa ara marto saxelebSi, aramed zmnebSic dasturdeba<br />
zmniswinis (resp. preverbis) saxiT: mag., STabeWdvaCabeWdva, STabeWdileba, STagoneba||Cagoneba.<br />
amrigad, zesTafon, ise rogorc zestafon, gardamavali safexuria *zeSTafon arqetipisa.<br />
v) Terjola<br />
Terjola amJamad qalaqia SuaimereTSi. mas adre Cxari (Cxaris raioni) erqva. ras niSnavs<br />
toponimi? rogorc prof. i. qavTaraZe wers, Terjola warmomdgaria TeTr+Jola-sgan. e.i.<br />
Terjola kompozitia, Txzuli saxeli. igi ori sityvisagan Sedgeba TeTr (zedsarTavi<br />
saxeli)+Jola (arsebiTi saxeli) Zvelad, kerZod, aRorZinebis xanis qarTulSi, Jola arqetipi<br />
gvxvdeba: israd Jola mepyra (besiki, 72,16). am formas icnobs s-s orbelianic: Jola TuTa,<br />
Sdr. “TuTa sxuaTa enaa, qarTulad Joli hqvian”, Cans, JolaSi –a sawarmoebeli sufiqsia. Sdr.<br />
boTli-boTla, mTxunveli Txunela axal qarTul enaSi am sityvis TavSi b bagismieri bgera<br />
ganviTarebula: bJola|||bJoli, Terjola toponimSi rJ kompleqsi <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis bunebas ar<br />
Seefereba, uCveulo bgeraTkompleqsia, amitom igi Seicvala erTdroulad afrikatizaciiT<br />
(Jj) da T-s CavardniT Terjola, Tumca teqstebSi dadasturebulia rJ kompleqsis Sua<br />
safexuri-r-s da T-s dakargva cal-calkec da erTadac:<br />
42
TeTrJolaTeTJola||TerJolaTerjola||Tejola: pirveladac TeTJolas saxlebuliyav da<br />
TeTJolis mepatrone . . . yofiliyavi (Ad-207, 1787 w); Tejolas, mefe daviTis naboZeb<br />
adgilze (saekl. sab. II, 156, 14. 1807 w); Tejolas . . .vesaxleT (scsa, 1448 (226), # 893) [86].<br />
Tejola, es ukanaskneli forma, yvelaze gviandelia. igi amJamad Cveulebriv damaxasiaTebelia<br />
imereTis am regionSi mcxovrebTa metyvelebisaTvis.<br />
rogorc Cans, am sityvaSi mJReri spiranti Secvlilia saTanado afrikatiT:<br />
TeTrJolaTerjola. Sdr. soflis TerJolas gamo (dok. da arq. II. 125, 1811 w.),<br />
romlisganac warmodga dRevandeli Terjola||Tejola (Sd-2330. 1804 w)[86,218].<br />
Terjola toponimis sxva<strong>gvar</strong>i axsna: ter+Jol, rac frangulad ase iTargmneba (“lamazi<br />
adgili, TiTqos aq, am adgilebSi erTma frangma gaiara, Zlier moewona da wamoiZaxa: ter-<br />
Jola” . . .) rac xalxur-vulgarulia, aramecnieruli da sinamdviles ar Seefereba.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom Terjoliseuli bJol Ziri Semounaxavs Wanuris kilokavebs:<br />
jolibJoli||m-Joli [87,126]. <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis aRmosavlur kiloebSi bJola‟s sinonimad TuTa<br />
gvaqvs, romelic kaxur dialeqtSi gverdigverd arsebobis gamo semantikurad saxecvlilan.<br />
mag., lagodexis raionSi Casaxlebul imerelTa azriT, maT metyvelebaSi TuTa msxvil<br />
nayofiani bJolaa, xolo bJola-wvrilnayofiani. msgavsi semantikuri saxecvlilebani sxva<br />
SemTxvevaSic gvaqvs. Sdr. Toki “msxvili bawari”-aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, wvrili bawari an<br />
msxvili Zafi-dasavleT saqarTveloSi. bawari ki, rogorc cnobilia, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
kuTxeebSi wvril Toks hqvia.<br />
Terjolas adre Cxari erqva. Terjolis raionuli centrisgan 4 km-is daSorebiT gaCnda<br />
axali dasaxleba, romlis oficialuri saxelwodebaa axali Terjola. es toponimi marTlac<br />
axalia.<br />
1804 wliT daTariRebul erT-erT sabuTSi (Sd-2330), zarnaZeebi moxseniebulia zarnaZeb<br />
formiT: zarnaZebizarnaZeebi. rogorc Cans, aq erTi e dakargula-gauCinarebula [86,147],<br />
msgavsi fonetikuri procesi (ori es nacvlad erTis darCena) Cveulebriv damaxasiaTebelia<br />
istoriulad <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis dialeqtebisaTvis. mag., mzebrmzeebr, molarebimolareebi,<br />
meTofebimeTofeebi, esebieseebi, nadiraZebinadiraZeebi da a.S. es procesi axlac<br />
damaxasiaTebelia imeruli kilosaTvis. rac Seexeba imerulis wleeb, xideeb, meerve formebs, aq<br />
piruku proces-analogiasTan unda gvqondes saqme [86,149], [88,236] da meoreuli movlenaa.<br />
z) kldeeTi<br />
zarnaZeebi imereTSive, zestafonis raionis sofel kldeeTSic cxovroben. isini, rogorc<br />
irkveva, sofel alisubnidan wamosulan da sacxovreblad am sofelSi damkvidrebulan.<br />
toponimi kldeeTis lingvistur-etimologiuri axsna axlac gamWvirvalea, advilad<br />
ixsneba. klde-eT-i, sadanac klde arsebiTi saxelisagan eT krebiToba-simravlis gamomxatveli<br />
sufiqsis darTviT miviReT sakuTari geografiuli saxeli (toponimi) kldeeTi.<br />
amrigad, kldeeTi kldian an kldeebian adgils (II adgilebs) niSnavs.<br />
T) lagodexi<br />
zarnazeebi lagodexSic cxovroben.<br />
am sityvis warmomavloba specialur literaturaSi Seswavlili araa. erTi SexedviT igi<br />
warmomavlobiT qarTul-qarTveluri sityvaa daboloebiTurT. masSi SesaZloa x sufiqsi iyos.<br />
lagodex-i Sdr. kolxi=kolaelebi, taoxi=taoelebi.<br />
profesor, aw gansvenebuli enaTmecnieris, givi nebieriZis mosazrebiT (romelic man CemTan,<br />
piradad, zepirad ganacxada), lagodexi rusuli sityva unda iyos. Zvelad, me-19 saukuneSi mand<br />
mefis ruseTs samxedroebi hyavda dabanakebuli da rusulad kfuthysq jnls[ erqvao.<br />
,,lagerni otdixi”<strong>qarTuli</strong> warmoTqmiT lagodexi (,,erni” marcvlebisa da ,,t” mkveTri<br />
Tanxmovnis CavardniT, aseve iIIe monacvleobiT.<br />
43
vfiqrobT, am toponimis lingvistur-etimologiuri kvleva damatebiT kvlevasa da<br />
masalis moZiebas moiTxovs. misi Sinaarsis saboloo dadgena kvlevis am etapze Wirs.<br />
i) sazano<br />
sazano amJamad sofelia SuaimereTSi. administraciulad es sofeli oradaa gayofili: a)<br />
qveda sazano, b) zeda sazano [71]. zeda sazano Terjolis raions eqvemdebareba, qveda sazano<br />
ki zestafonisas. cxadia, aseTi dayofa gviandelia. Zvelad sazano oden erTi sofeli iyo. TviT<br />
toponimi struqturulad imave rigisaa, rogoric saqarTvelo, (adgili, sadac qarTvelebi<br />
cxovroben), samiqao (adgili, sadac miqavebi saxlobdnen), sagarejo (adgili, sadac<br />
garejelebi mkvidrobdnen Tavisi mamulebiT). amrigad, sazano daniSnulebis afiqsebiT<br />
nawarmoebi saxelia: sa-zan-o. Zvelad erT dros sazano, rogorc Cans, warmoadgenda zanebisa<br />
da qarTebis “saxelmwifoTa” sazRvars. e.i. sazano iyo is adgili, saidanac sazaneTi, megrel-<br />
WanTa qveyana iwyeboda.<br />
sazano, rogorc sofeli, araerTgzis ixsenieba istoriul sabuTebSi. mag., 1619 w. giorgi<br />
mefis golgoTis monastrisadmi Sewirulobis wignSi naTqvamia:<br />
“Cuen, mefeT-mefem batonman giorgi da Tanamecxedrem Cuenman dedofalT-dedofalman<br />
patronman Tamar da Zeman Cuenman pirmSom aleqsandre, rostom da mamiam asre da ama pirsa<br />
zedan, rome Cuenad mosarCenlad da sadRegrZelod da sulisa Cuenisa saxsrad da saoxad<br />
SemogwireT sazanos sami komli glexi maTis yovelisferiT samarTlianiT begriT xelSeualad”<br />
[85,22].<br />
erT-erTi istoriuli sabuTis mixedviT, sazanoSi iyo samaWavariano sasaxle, romelic<br />
paata abaSiZem Seswira kacxis monasters (1684 w) [15,182].<br />
amrigad, am SemTxvevaSic sazano saeklesio kuTvnilebad Cans.<br />
sazano da, saerTod, dRevandeli Terjolis raioni rom Zvelad megrulenovani unda<br />
yofiliyo, kargad Cans erT-erT istoriul sabuTSi, sadac sazanos gverdiT zanuri<br />
mikrotoponimic gvaqvs. (tylapi), romelic paata abaSiZes Seuwiravs kacxis eklesiisaTvis.<br />
sazanoSi samaWavriano sasaxle, romlis erTi sazRvari iyo “tylapi rusa buWis Sesayars aqeT<br />
kldis wyaromdis naxevari tye da mindori, sanadiro da sayane samaWavariano aris da<br />
xatisTvis Segviwiravs”, naxevari saamirejibo aris.. “am tylapSid aris kidev Cveni sakuTari<br />
erTi sayane megrelisSvilis gamoRma, namarnsa da nasakireus daRma wylamdis” (1684). (saist.<br />
kreb. III, gv. 52-57).<br />
am amonaridSi kargad Cans, rom imereTSi dRes arsebuli nasakirev||nasakireb-is nacvlad<br />
adre nasakireu yofila, romelic warmoebiT megrulia, na-u cirkumfiqsia, fuZea sakire<br />
aRnagobiT <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsema, Tumca Cven ar gamovricxavT am formis sakuTriv qarTulobas:<br />
nasakireu-Si u safiqrebelia umarcvlo u ( <br />
u ) iyos, romelic aserigad damaxasiaTebelia<br />
<br />
<br />
imeruli kilosaTvis. Sdr. salit. qarT. – simam u ri – imer. simavri (sima u ri), (gvxvdeba<br />
<br />
<br />
cnobili mwerlis d.kldiaSvilis nawerebSi). To li-Tovli, T u aliTvali, be u ri-bevri da<br />
mis., amrigad, nasakireu igive na-ev winaviTarebis gamomxatveli formaa. sakire – na-sakir-<br />
<br />
evi||nasakir-e –i-i. u<br />
k) sviri<br />
zarnaZeebs sofel svirSic ucxovriaT. rogoria am toponimis etimologia? sanam uSualod<br />
mis mniSvnelobas davadgendeT, manam oriode sityviT mis istorias SevexoT.<br />
rogorc miuTiTeben, XIX s. damdegs imereTis soflebi (wirqvali, zodi, RvankiTi,<br />
darkveTi, mRvimevi, rufoTi, rgani. . .) maT Soris Cxari da sviri konstantine II batoniSvilis<br />
saufliswilo mamulSi Sedioda [95,62]. sviri, n. berZeniSvilis dakvirvebiT, “saeklesio iyo<br />
umTavresad da samefo” [96,3]. giuldenStedtis cnobiT, 1772 wels sviri marTlac samefo<br />
sofelia [97,165], magram SemdgomSi is saufliswulo gamxdara. 1812-1815 wlebidan ki sviri, ise<br />
44
ogorc konstantine batoniSvilis sxva soflebi, saxazinod CauricxavT [95,63]. 1808 wels<br />
kostantine batoniSvils sviris mouravad dauniSnavs beJan wereTeli [95,65].<br />
amJamad svirSi ramdenime eklesiis nangreviRaa SemorCenili. 900-ian wlebSi xis eklesiac<br />
mdgara (axlan., sofeli meore sviri, yofili leninis saxelobis kolmeurneobis teritoria),<br />
romelic daungreviaT-dauSliaT. am eklesiis mRvdeli iyo bregvaZe, romelmac wera-kiTxva,<br />
rogorc gadmogvcemen, bavSvobaSi cnobil qarTvel klasikos mwerals gr. robaqiZes Seaswavla.<br />
sviris eklesias, mis mrevls mSvenieri sityva miuZRvna imereTis episkoposma gabrielma me-19<br />
saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. gabrielis TqmiT, “am Tqvens did sofelSi sufevs mSvidoba da<br />
myudroeba, ar mesmis, rom Tqven Soris iyos SfoTi, Suri da ciloba‟‟, ase axasiaTebs Tavis<br />
sityvaSi gabriel episkoposi sviris eklesiis mrevls [113,494-486].<br />
sviri araerTgzis naxsenebia istoriul sabuTebSi. mag., . . . “giboZeT qutiri da sviri<br />
samouraoT” (1740 w. wyalobis wigni aleqsandre mefisa baana CxeiZes) [85,64].<br />
sviri da svirelebi naxsenebi aqvs Tavis romanSi (kolxeTis ciskari) k. lorTqifaniZes.<br />
davimowmebT nawyvets:<br />
“damtveril xeebis CrdilSi lamazad moxatuli, eJvnebiani etlebi dganan. im etlebSi<br />
sicxiTa da bazris xmauriT Sewuxebuli qalebi sxedan da zantad emusaifebian erTmaneTs. maT<br />
ukve mouTavebiaT vaWroba da axla mouTmenlad icqirebian svireli glexebis urmebisaken,<br />
sadac maTi kacebi colikouriT “asveleben” paraskeobaze SeZenil saqonels (kolx. cisk. 64, 20-<br />
27).<br />
svir toponimis etimologias dRemde arc erTi mkvlevari ar Sexebia. amTaviTve unda<br />
iTqvas, rom sviri, rogorc toponimi, soflis saxelwodeba saqarTvelos sxva regionSic<br />
gvxvdeba. kerZod, mesxeTSi, axalcixis raionSi: arsebobs sofeli sviri (aseve zovreTic).<br />
svirevan||s”urevan –evan sufiqsiani forma axlac soflis saxelia tao-klarjeTSi. Sua imereTSi,<br />
imave zestafonis raionSi, arsebobs sofeli sviramaRali. dasaxleba axali sviri, romelsac<br />
adgilobrivni sadgur svirs uwodeben iq arsebuli rkinigzis sadguris gamo. Sua, qvemo da<br />
zemo imereTSi uaxloes warsulSi ganTqmuli iyo sviris bazroba, romelic samSabaTobiT<br />
imarTeboda. amJamad sofeli sviri Suazea gayofili. es administraciuli dayofa e.w. sabWour<br />
periodSi, 30-ian wlebSi, moxda. samwuxarod, dayofa xelovnurad resp. meqanikurad<br />
mouxdeniaT: I sviri (is teritoriaa, romelic zestafonidan momavlisaTvis pirvelia), II sviri<br />
resp. meore sviri, romelic pirveli sviris Semdgomaa: esazRvreba obCas (baRdadis, Zveli<br />
maiakovskis) raions da sadgur svirs.<br />
sviri zepirmetyvelebaSi anu xalxuri etimologiiT magars, cixes, auRebels niSnavs. me-20<br />
s. <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis klasikosi mwerali, sofel svirSi, deduleTSi dabadebuli<br />
“Cxareli oratori” grigol robaqiZec nino saliasadmi miweril werilSi aRniSnavs, rom “me<br />
sofel svirSi var dabadebuli. sviri ki ZvelqarTulad “mcvels” niSnavso”. Tavad mwerals<br />
graalis mcvelad miaCnda Tavi, wers a. baqraZe [114,15]. rogorc Cans, grigol robaqiZe sulxansaba<br />
orbelianis “sityvis konas” eyrdnoba: “sviri mcveli ZABCDEE, sxva ganmarteba ar<br />
axlavs [53,86]. niko da daviT CubinaSvilebis leqsikonebSi es sityva ar Cans. Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
enis leqsikonebsa (i. abulaZe, z. sarjvelaZe) da Cven mier Seswavlil Zvel qarTul<br />
werilobiT ZeglebSi es leqsema ucnobia. vfiqrobT, Tu rogor moxvda es sityva sabas<br />
leqsikonSi, ra wyaroTi sazrdoobda leqsikografi, specialur kvlevas moiTxovs. nakleb<br />
sarwmunoa sviris sulxan-sabaseuli ganmarteba “mcveli”. icavs-cva-m-cv-eli sviris xalxuri<br />
etimologia am toponims Turquli warmomavlobisad miiCnevs. magram es xalxuri resp.<br />
vulgaruli etimologia mcdaria: sviri nazanari anu warmoSobiT megruli sityvaa. megrulad<br />
sviri “aryis gamosaxdelSi (imer. onjaro) Catanebuli milia, saidanac cecxlze Semdgari<br />
qvabidan wveT-wveTobiT, wvril kamarad axlad gamoxdili, orTqlian-oxSivriani cxeli arayi<br />
gamoedineba”.<br />
sviri megrul-kolxuri gamoTqmaa <strong>qarTuli</strong> stvirisa: stvirisviri (Sdr. sakuTari<br />
saxeli sefane-stefane) megruli warmoSobis <strong>gvar</strong>saxeli stefania, megrulad sefania,<br />
saqarTveloSi (kerZod, zemoimereTsa da qarTlSi) gavrcelebuli Ze daboloebiani <strong>gvar</strong>i<br />
45
(stefnaZe||tefnaZe). amrigad, stvir‟Si st bgeraTkompleqsi gamartivda, tar fonema daikarga<br />
[89, 102]. Rirssacnobia, rom samegreloSi, kerZod, zugdidis raionSi, axlac arsebobs<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>saxeli svirava (*stvirava): 18<br />
saerTod, rogorc sviris teritoria, ise SuaimereTis es regioni _ Terjolisa da<br />
zestafonis raionebi uxvadaa warmodgenili megrul-Wanuri resp. kolxuri toponimebiT. es<br />
arcaa gasakviri, radgan es regioni istoriuli kolxeTia, igive argveTi. 19<br />
rac Seexeba svirelebs, iq macxovrebelTa <strong>gvar</strong>ebs, maT xasiaTs, damoukideblobasdaumorCileblobas,<br />
amis Sesaxeb saintereso dakvirvebas gvTavazobs saqveynod cnobili<br />
istorikosi akad. n. berZeniSvili.<br />
l) quTaisi<br />
zarnaZeebi quTaisSic cxovroben. qalaqi quTaisi ki, rogorc cnobilia, qarTvelur tomTa<br />
dasavluri gaerTianebis teritoriaze Zveli welTaRricxvis meore aTaswleulSi iSva. quTaiss,<br />
romelsac Zvel berZnul-romaul samyaroSi kutaiad moixsenieben, araerTi gamokvleva miZRvnia.<br />
sanimuSod SeiZleba davasaxeloT prof. a. uruSaZis wigni ,,quTaisi berZnul da romaul<br />
wyaroebSi” [ 128]. Rirssacnobia, rom quTaisi berZnul da romaul wyaroebSi kut ZiriTaa<br />
warmodgenili. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qutaisiIIkutaia ara mxolod saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />
arsebul qalaqs hqvia, wyaroebis mixedviT irkveva, rom: kutaia‟s variantebia:<br />
1. libisturi II ligisturi kutaia<br />
2. kute<br />
3. kutaiisi<br />
4. kutaiisis mxare<br />
5. kuteisis miwa<br />
6. kuteieli (=axlandeli quTaiseli)<br />
7. kutaiosi, kutaievsi<br />
8. koÁtaitisi (kolxeTis mxare)<br />
9. koÁtaieli aieti<br />
10. koÁtaioni (prokofi kesarielis cnoba)<br />
11. kotiaioni (cixe-simagris saxeli mdinare rionze,VI s.)<br />
12. kuta (stefane bizantielis cnoba, VI s.) aRsaniSnavia isic , rom stefane bizantieli<br />
,,eTnikis” erT-erT muxlSi wers, rom kuta organ hqvia qalaqs. a) kuta (quTaisi)<br />
saqarTveloSi, b) kuta – evropaSi<br />
13. kutaioni (kunZuli kretaze)<br />
14. kutirisi (zRvispira qalaqi)<br />
15. kiTeeli = kuteeli gviandeli wyaroebis mixedviT<br />
16. kutorisi – zRvispira daba mcire aziaSi, kerZod,paflagoniaSi<br />
17. kutaia (kuta) evqsinis portis ubeSi, tavreTSi (yirimSi)<br />
18. kutisorosi II kutisore – aietis SviliSvili, friqses Ze, am SemTxvevaSi igi eponimia<br />
18 ruseTSi arsebul <strong>gvar</strong>saxels sviridovs da mdinaris saxels svirs (romelic moskovs Camoudis) araferi aqvs<br />
saerTo Cveneul svir-Tan. es formobrivi damTxveva SemTxveviTia.<br />
19 aristarx cxadaZis gamosacemad gamzadebul wignSi ,,imeruli kilos margvuli metyveleba” moTavsebuli rukis<br />
xilvisas, qarTveluri enebis cnobil mkvlevars prof. k. danelias gakvirvebis sityvebi aRmoxda: “es xom megruli<br />
toponimebia sul-o”, daumata odnav megruli aqcentiT. marTlac, TviT sviris teritoriaze arsebuli toponimebi<br />
boboTi, gvimaTi, jikvaTiri (megr. jikvaTili “ZirmoWrili”) iZleva amis Tqmas.<br />
46
19. kuteumi – kretis erT-erTi uZvelesi punqti (plinius ufrosis, stefane bizantielis<br />
cnoba)<br />
20. Kutato damowmebulia kretis xazovani damwerlobis nimuSebSi<br />
21. kutina Tesaliis erT-erTi punqti<br />
22. kutinioni – punqti doriul mxareSi (Tukidides cnoba)<br />
amrigad, kuta, kutaia (quTaisi), kutaiosi ara marto saqarTveloSi (kolxeTSi), aramed<br />
evropaSi, mcire aziaSi (paflagoniaSi), tavreTSi (yirimSi) da Zveli saberZneTis teritoriazec<br />
arsebula.<br />
CvenTvis am SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa zemore formebSi arsebuli kotIIkut fuZe.<br />
ismis kiTxva: ras niSnavs kotIIkut Ziri?<br />
qarTvelur onomastikaSi es erT-erTi uaRresad problematuri sakiTxTagania.<br />
samecniero literaturaSi quTaisiseul quT Zirs qarTul-qarTvelur niadagze xsnian.<br />
gavrcelebuli varaudiT quT Ziri qua-qva sityvas (qvaTaTisi = ,,qvaTa<br />
qalaqis”quTaTisiquTaisi) ukavSirdeba. n. mari, mogvianebiT s. kakabaZe am Zirs afxazur<br />
qiTa-s (,,sofeli”) ukavSireben [129]. g. Jordanias mosazrebiT, quTaisis saxeli mamakacis<br />
sakuTari saxelisagan quTaTisagan momdinareobs (aseTi saxeli nuzis teqstebSia damowmebulio)<br />
[130, gv.168-170]. quT Zirs religiur-sarwmunoebrivi Sinaarsis safuZvelzec xsnian. kerZod, igi<br />
(quTa) Teoforul saxelad miaCniaT [131]. a. uruSaZe svams kiTxvas: xom ar gvaqvs gamosakvlevi<br />
uZvelesi toponimis ZvelberZnul gadmocemebSi berZnuli enis niadagzeve damyarebuli<br />
gaazreba? saxeldobr, xom ar ukavSirdeba berZnuli wyaroebis toponim quTaisis aRmniSvnel<br />
modifikaciebSi Kut – miTi ,,tyavis” aRmniSvnel berZnul ,,skutis” sityvas, romlis<br />
paraleluri forma aris kutos (Kǔtos)? laTinur enaSi am sityvis Sesatyvisia imave<br />
mniSvnelobis mqone arsebiTi saxeli cutis. gamosarkvevia, ra aris toponimis Kut Zirsa Tu<br />
fuZeSi pirvandeli-qarTveluri fSvinvieri Tanxmovnebi (quT-), Tu maTi Sesatyvisi<br />
indoevropuli mkveTrebi (cut-)? Tu lingvisturi Zieba Kut – Ziris adrindelobas daadasturebs,<br />
maSin quTaisis saxeli semantikuradac oqros sawmisis saxeliT aixsneba da am varaudiT<br />
berZnul wyaroebSi daculi toponomi Kuaia – Kuys da misi modifikaciebi tyavis anu sawmisis<br />
mxares, adgils aRniSnavs (xazi avtorisaa, b. cx.). misive TqmiT, am varauds TvalsaCinod uWers<br />
mxars Ku . Ziris Semcveli toponimis gavrcelebis farTo areali Zvel samyaroSi, amasTanave,<br />
yuradRebas ipyrobs is garemoeba, rom Cvens mier zemoT damowmebuli kut – Ziris <strong>saxelebi</strong><br />
Zveli kulturuli samyaros im punqtebs ewodebaT, sadac mesaqonleoba, gansakuTrebiT cxvris<br />
moSeneba iyo ganviTarebulio, dasZens mkvlevari [128,43].<br />
CvenTvis faseulia prof. a. uruSaZis zemore varaudi, kerZod is, rom Cveneulma<br />
lingvistur-etimologiurma quT/kut Ziris analizma, romelic eTnografiul masalebs emyareba,<br />
migviyvana im daskvnamde, rom quTaisIIkutaia toponimSi gamogveyo kut arqetipi.<br />
amrigad, kut Ziri uZvelesia, quT gviandeli, kut-is gadazrianebis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
kudkutquT. kut Ziri dResdReobiT SenarCunebuli da Semonaxulia <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis<br />
dasavlur kiloebSi, (imerulSi, gurulSi), megrul da svanur enaSi: kutIIkutu, kuta. kuta –<br />
mamakacis sasqeso aso (ufro bavSvisa).<br />
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: falosis kulti Zvel warmarTul, qristianobamdel samyaroSi<br />
didad gavrcelebuli iyo. falosi im dros adamianisa da dedamiwis gamanayofierebel RvTaebas<br />
warmoadgenda, romelsac xSirad qalis sxeuliT da mamakacis asoTi aqandakebdnen.<br />
Zvel saqarTveloSic, sameurneo wlis brunvasTan dakavSirebiT imarTeboda sameurneo<br />
dReobani, maTgan gamoirCeoda gazafxulis dReoba, romelsac gasceniurobis gamo aRniSnavdnen<br />
karnavaliT, niRbebiT, ferxulebiT da erotikuli orgiazmiT. aseTi ferxulebi Tu ferxulis<br />
Semcveli xalxuri dresaswaulebi da TamaSobani me-19 saukunemde SemorCa saqarTvelos. mag.,<br />
foTliT cekva (guriaSi), adrekilai, saqmisaÁ, muryvamoba (svaneTSi), berikaoba, yeenoba da misT.<br />
cxadia, zemore ritualis da TamaSobebis (romlebic meore aTaswleulSi Cv. w. aRricxvamde<br />
47
ase fragmentuli ar iyo) droindelia falosis kultic, kutIIkutuIIkutaia sityvebi da qalaq<br />
quTaisis dRevandeli saxelwodeba imdroindelia, roca gamravleba-ganayofierebis<br />
RvTaebisaTvis specialuri taZrebi iyo agebuli.<br />
rogorc Cans, kutIIkuta, kutaia Zvel qarTvelur samyaroSi falosis kultis aRmniSvnel<br />
leqsemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kudiIIkuda kutIIkutuIIkuta<br />
gadmonaSTia Zveli qarTveluri sakulto warmarTuli ritualisa, romelic erTdroulad<br />
gamoxatavda gamravleba-ganayofierebis, baraqasa da msxvilfexa saqonlis moSenebas, siuxves.<br />
CvenTvis amitomac Rirssacnobia prof. a. uruSaZis zemore varaudi; kutIIkutuIIkutaIIkutaia<br />
saqonlis gamravlebis, ganayofierebis, siuxvis mfarveli RvTaebis rituals boslobas (res.<br />
kotroba, bosla – kotras) ukavSirdeba [132].<br />
kutaiaIIquTaisi erT-erTi uZvelesi toponimia ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel<br />
msoflioSi.<br />
m) Cxari<br />
Cxari mdebareobs Suagul imereTSi, kolxeTis dablobis ukidures aRmosavleTi nawilis<br />
gorak-borcvian zolSi, zRvis donidan 180-400 metris simaRleze (zogierTi adgilis simaRle<br />
500 metrs aRemateba), umaRlesi wertili 584,7 m-ia sof. gognisaken mimavali gzis marcxena<br />
mxareze, xolo udablesi wertili mdinareebis Cxarasa da Crdilo Cxaras SesarTavTan-179,3 m.<br />
regionis saSualo simaRle 268,8 m-ia.<br />
soflisa da misi midamoebis mdebareoba zemo da qvemo imereTis gardamaval zolSia.<br />
ufro swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom igi Sua imereTSia moTavsebuli. Tumca, gasuli saukunis<br />
presis mixedviT Cxari zemo imereTSi moixseneba. sabWoTa wlebSi damkvidrda Sexeduleba,<br />
romlis mixedviT Cxari qvemo imereTSia moTavsebuli. miuxedavad amisa, qvemo da zemo imereTs<br />
Soris mkveTri sazRvari ar arsebobs da igi pirobiTad aris aRebuli [115,44].<br />
Cxari, rogorc toponimi da rogorc dasaxleba, erT-erTi uZvelesia saqarTveloSi. n.<br />
berZeniSvilis azriT, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-erT safexurze Cxari mRvimes, cixes, dabas<br />
niSnavda. sxva<strong>gvar</strong>ad, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, "cixe" moRobili Tu "meseri" - iyo goris<br />
umTavresi komponenti (da SesaZlebelia erT-erTi Sinaarsic). am Sinaarsis mowmobaa, erTis<br />
mxriT, jixa, meores mxriT, Cixi (yvela es Cxari, saCxere, Cixori, Cixa, Cxeri "cixes niSnavs"<br />
[116]. cixe Zvelad, SesaZloa, sam<strong>gvar</strong>i masalisagan mzaddeboda: 1. cixe Tixisagan - zRude,<br />
zRuduri; 2) cixe xisagan - jixa, jixuri (Cixeri); 3) cixis saxeobis mesame variantad miCneulia<br />
gora - qori - saxli (teqnikuri SinaarsiT). amrigad, rogorc fiqroben, cixisagan miviReT<br />
saxli, xolo gorisagan qori, <strong>gvar</strong>i, "saxli”,' rac "cixis" socialuri Sinaarsis ganviTarebis<br />
dasrulebad esaxebaT [115,5]. n. berZeniSvilis zemoTqmuls iziarebs da avrcobs k. xaraZe. misi<br />
azriT, "Cxari, saCxere, Cixa, Cixori, Cxeri da sxva saxelwodebani sakmaod adre unda<br />
warmoSobiliyo, romelTac erTi da igive safuZveli gaaCniaT. ufro metic, imereTisagan<br />
daSorebul regionebSic aris msgavsi <strong>saxelebi</strong> dadasturebuli - Cxaruli (Cxarauli) -<br />
cxinvalis raionSi, Cixo-aspinZis raionSi, Cxarula-axalqalaqis raionSi, CixareSi-lentexis<br />
raionSi da sxva. , xolo saxelwodeba Cxari (Caxari) cixesamagres erqva afxazeTSi, romelsac<br />
VI s. avtori agaTia sqolastikosi ixsenebs. misi sityviT, mas "ZvelTaganve ewodeboda Cxari<br />
anu Caxari da metsaxelad "rkiniscixe" erqva. es ki IX s. moxseniebuli aqvs agreTve Teofane<br />
JamTaaRmwerels, rogorc afxazeTis mxaris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi punqti. es istoriuli<br />
cixesimagre amJamad Cxalis anu CxalTis saxeliTaa cnobili gulrifSis raionSi [115,6].<br />
zemore toponimebi lingvisturadac did siaxloves amJRavnebs. Cxari<br />
(Cixari)CxaliCxalTa. CxalTa-Si -Ta mr. ricxvis niSania, l ki r-s saxenacvali:<br />
CxariCxali, magram Cxari fonetikurad arc megrul-kolxuria da arc <strong>qarTuli</strong>, igi<br />
gardamavali safexuri unda iyos (Tu n.berZeniSvilis axsnas gaviziarebT Cxar-is cixe sityvidan<br />
momdinareobis Sesaxeb): <strong>qarTuli</strong> cixe, megruli jixa, (kanonzomieri Sesatyvisoba cj)CixeCixa,<br />
Tu es marTlac asea, maSin axsnas moiTxovs Cxar-Si ar bolosarTis arseboba.<br />
_ar svanur enaSi axlac mr. r. niSania (Sdr. 'baC. "qvabaCÂr="qviani adgili", "qvanari".<br />
48
amrigad, Cxar'SesaZloa "gasvanurebuli" toponimia (rac marTlac araa gamoricxuli, radgan<br />
svanTa winaprebs Zvelad, Cv.w.aR-mde dasavleT saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze (guria, aWara,<br />
imereTi, raWa-leCxumi..) unda ecxovraT. rac Seexeba Cxarisagan warmomdgar Cxal da CxalTa-s,<br />
rogorc Cans, droTa viTarebaSi, Cxariseuli –ar sufiqsis funqcia (mravlobiToba-krebiTobis<br />
gamoxatva) dakargula, an, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ar bilosarTi Sezrdia saxelur Zirs,<br />
ris gamoc sityva-toponims xelaxla darTvia Ta mravlobiTobis aRmniSvneli sufiqsi, romelic<br />
qarTul-qarTvelur toponimiaSi mravladaa Semonaxuli (mcxeTa, Sdr, xancTa, bakTa, gudauTa<br />
da misT.).<br />
miuxedavad Cveneuli lingvisturi axsna-procedurisa, Cxar toponimis cixejixa-sgan<br />
warmomavloba mainc problematuri gvgonia, Tumca Cxaris cixejixaCixa-sgan momdinareobas<br />
(aseve Cxeris cixe (cixis cixe??! b. cx.), saCxere....) asabuTebda s. kakabaZec [117]. rogorc<br />
zemoT vaxseneT, am axsnas, TavianTi "dasabuTebiT", gvTavazobs n. berZeniSvili da k. xaraZec.<br />
zemoT dasaxelebul avtorTagan gansxvavebulia z. WumburiZis axsna. misi TqmiT, "am<br />
sityvas qarTulSi ramdenime<strong>gvar</strong>i mniSvneloba aqvs. is niSnavs meCxers (e.i. araxSirs, Txlad<br />
amosuls, niSnavs abreSumis uvargis parksac. TuSur kiloSi Cxari hqvia Wirxls, Cxari ixmareba<br />
zogjer xmauris, Cxrialis, CxaraCxuris aRsaniSnavad ("vefxistyaosanSia": "gaxda abjrisa<br />
Cxaria” e.i. abjris saomari aRWurvilobis Cxaruni gaismao, amaTgan geografiul saxels<br />
yvelaze metad udgeba pirveli mniSvneloba - "meCxeri" [118]. z. WumburiZis axsnas ar iziarebs<br />
k. xaraZe, romlis mtkicebiT "Cxaris geografiuli, miT umetes, istoriuli mdgomareoba da<br />
mdebareoba ar iZleva aseTi axsnis SesaZleblobas. igi Tavdapirvelad oqonis seris midamoebSi<br />
yofila gaSenebuli, sadac uxvad iyo gavrcelebuli didi zomis mcenareebi, maT Soris<br />
mesameulis periodis reliqturi mcenare uTxovari, romlis aTaswlovani koromi oqonis serze<br />
amJamadac SemorCenila. gadmocemiT oqonis seris gadaRmac iyo dasaxleba Cxaris<br />
saxelwodebiT, romelTac q. CxarSi Camosvlamde unda gadaevlo tye, XIX s. aqedan q. CxarSi<br />
Camosaxlebula mosaxleoba, oqonas goraze darCenilia Zveli cixis nangrevebis naSTi [115].<br />
Cxari, k. xaraZis dakvirvebiT, Tavdapirvelad oqonis kirqviani seris midamoebSi unda yofiliyo<br />
gavrcelebuli, rasac adasturebs arqeologiuri Zeglebi [115].<br />
mogvianebiT, anu Sua saukuneebSi, Cxarma ufro farTo areali SeiZina, Cxaris adrindel<br />
lokalur sazRvrebs gascda. igi erqva teritorias md. Cxaras auzSi. "Cxaris qveyana" ki,<br />
rogorc miuTiTeben, warmoadgenda mxares, romlis centrSi unda yofiliyo "Cxaris patroni" -<br />
argveTa-raWis mmarTveli. TviT md. Cxarasa da Crdilo Cxaras saxeli dasaxlebuli punqtebis<br />
mixedviT aris Serqmeuli. 1930 wlis administraciul-teritoriuli dayofis mixedviT Cxaris<br />
sadabo sabWoSi Sedioda Cxari bosela, Cxari eweri, Cxari macxovari (oqtomberi), Cxari oqona,<br />
daba Cxari, agreTve zeda alisubani, qveda alisubani, TxilTawyaro, gogni, zarnaZeebi,<br />
maCitauri. amJamad Seqmnilia damoukidebeli sakrebuloebi - alisubnis, gognis. siqTarvis<br />
sakrebuloSi Sevida Cxareweri, danarCens Camoscilda win mdgari saxelwodeba Cxari,<br />
oqtomberi darCa Cxaris sakrebuloSi, oqona "gadavida" Zevris sakrebuloSi, bosela axali<br />
Terjolis sakrebuloSi. amrigad, rogorc k. xaraZe daaskvnis, Cxaris sadabo sabWos 1930 wlis<br />
Semdeg mxolod erTi sofeli, ufro sworad, ubani SemorCa, nacvlad TerTmeti dasaxlebuli<br />
punqtisa [115,8].<br />
zemoT naxseneb toponimebs unda davumatoT geografiuli saxelwodeba Zveli Cxari,<br />
romelic nasoflaria da oqonis seris gadaRma mdebareobs [115,100].<br />
Znelia imis Tqma, konkretulad, rodis, romel saukuneSi daarsda Cxari, Tumca pl.<br />
ioselianis gamokvleviT igi leon pirvel _ afxazTa mefis mier 797 welsaa daarsebuli [119],<br />
rac araa gaziarebuli specialur literaturaSi. rogorc aRniSnaven, am mosazrebis<br />
sawinaaRmdegoa Cxaris arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, sadac meore saukunis nivTmtkicebebia<br />
mikvleul-aRmoCenili [115,8].<br />
marTlac, Cxari ZvelTaZvelia, mraval aTaswleuls iTvlis, Tumca istoriul wyaroebSi<br />
igi Cveni welT aRricxvis adreul saukuneebSia moxseniebuli.<br />
Cxari naxsenebia levan dadianis xonis wm. giorgis xatis warweraSi, romelic 1636 wliT<br />
TariRdeba; “Cven xelmwifeban: dadianman: patronma: levan: mas Jamsa: odes: SevebeniT: baRdads:<br />
49
mefes: giorgis: da: kaxs: batonsa: Teimurazs: da: gagvemarjua: ZlierebiTa: SeniTa: Tavad: mefe:<br />
xelT: dagurCa: da srulobiT: imerelni: da: kaxni: darbaiselni: zogni: xelT dagurCa: da<br />
zogni: gardaixvewnes: kaxi: mefe: Teimuraz: da: mefis: Svilebi: aleqsandre: da mamuka: amave:<br />
Jamsa: avhyareT qalaqi Cxarisa: da CavasxiT: zugdidsa: aRvaSeneT: da: gavawyeT: qalaqi: ruxisa”<br />
(ix. e. TayaiSvili, Zveli saqarTvelo, t. III. 276.)<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom am droisaTvis (me-17 s) Cxari qalaqadaa moxseniebuli. xolo Cxarelebi,<br />
iq mosaxle adgilobrivi mkvidrni, samegrelos mTavars Cxaridan samegreloSi, zugdidsa da<br />
ruxSi Causaxlebia. aseTi “migraciebi” adre, cxadia, iSviaTi ar iyo.<br />
aqve davZenT, rom Cxari Semdgom matianeSi sofladaa moxseniebuli. Cxarelebs, Cxaris<br />
eklesiis mrevls SesaniSnavi sityva-qadageba uZRvna imereTis episkoposma gabrielma me-19-e s-is<br />
70-ian wlebSi [113, 466-769].<br />
Cveni azriT, Cxar toponimi “megruli” gaxmovanebisaa. misi <strong>qarTuli</strong> Sesatyvisi unda<br />
yofiliyo Cxer(a). Cxera ki niSnavs :Cxaruns, Cxrials (qegl.), Cxeri ki “baZgs”; amrigad,<br />
Cxera||Cxari. Cxari, Teimuraz bagrationis ganmartebiT, “Cxarania, abjari, ese igi iaraRi, anu<br />
saWurveli rom erTmaneTs moxvdeba da xmas gamoiRebs, daCxarundeba [80]: wylis Cxeras rom<br />
gaigonebs (rusud. 33,25). Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi Cxera, daCxera “damtvrevas”<br />
niSnavs, xolo daCxerili “gantexils” [66].<br />
Cxera||Cxar Ziris SekumSuli saxea Cxr, romelic Cxrial-Si gvaqvs [107,5], vfiqrobT, ar<br />
aris moulodneli, rom Ziri xmabaZviT leqsemad gamovacxadoT, Sdr. Cxara-Cxuri, Cxaruni,<br />
Caxriala, xriali, Cqeri, Cqriali, Cqro [108,108-112].<br />
Cxer <strong>qarTuli</strong> gaxmovanebis Ziri, Semounaxavs zemoimerul toponims saCxeres, rac Zvelad<br />
niSnavda “saCxere adgils”: sa-Cxer-e. sa-e cirkumfiqsi daniSnulebis Sinaarsis Semcveli<br />
sawarmoebelia, iqve, istoriulad, arsebobda Cxeri, rogorc toponimi. swored aqedanaa<br />
nawarmoebi zemoimereTSi hidronimi, anu mdinaris saxeli Cxerimela (Camouvlis xaragaulis<br />
raions da uerTdeba md. Zirulas, es ukanaskneli ki yvirilas).<br />
aq mosaxle glexebi Seswira Tamar diasamiZem gelaTis wminda giorgis eklesias (1584. Sd-<br />
2903) [15-250].<br />
Cxari, Cxareli araiSviaTad naxsenebia qarTul istoriul sabuTebSi, mag, . . . TiTo sasuqi<br />
qaTami marTebs CxarelTaÁ (afxaz. davT. gv.4); amas garda Segviwiravs Cxars gamrekelaSvili,<br />
amas marTebs oTxi marCilis sanTeli, ori marCilis sakmeli (das. saqarT. saekl. sab. 1740-1750<br />
ww. gv. 161).<br />
Cxar toponimze –a sufiqsis darTviT nawarmoebia mdinaris saxelwodeba Cxara, romelic<br />
Cxarsa da alisubans Camoudis. es hidronimic moxseniebulia istoriul dokumentebSi. mag.,<br />
Cxara naxsenebia bagrat mefis sabuTSi, romelic man uboZa arjevan avSandaZes satyismcvelod<br />
adgili skandasa da gogs daRma, iq sadac Zevris-wyali erTvis yvirilas, fisisans da Cxaras<br />
(1452. Sd-521).<br />
rogorc cnobilia, a (aseve –ula) hidronimebis sawarmoebeli bolosarTia da Cxarac am<br />
SemTxvevaSi Cxar toponimisgan momdinareobs.<br />
Cxaris Sesaxeb vrclad msjelobs k. xaraZe. davimowmebT mkiTxvelisaTvis saintereso<br />
amonaridebs mkvlevaris wignidan: ,,XV saukunis (1452 w.) sabuTSi naTqvamia: ,,bagrat mefem<br />
(bagrat VI, imereTSi bagrat II. bagrationTa imereTis Stos warmomadgeneli – k.x.) uboZa<br />
arjevan avSandaZes satyismcvelo adgili skandisa da gogs daRma, iq sadac Zevriswyali erTvis<br />
yvirilas, fisisansa da Cxaras”. es aris Cxaris pirveli literaturuli dadstureba.<br />
1489 wlidan imereTi sabolood Camocilda qarTlis samefos. konstantine mefe<br />
iZulebuli gaxda imereTis mefes dazaveboda 1491 wels.<br />
XVI saukunis damdegisaTvis saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifo sabolood dairRva<br />
aleqsandres Zis gamefebis ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, 1510 wlis Semodgomaze osmalTa didi jari<br />
sulTanis memkvidris selimis meTaurobiT moulodnelad samcxisaken daiZra. yvaryvare aTabagi<br />
morCilad miegeba mters da zekaris uReltexiliT imereTSi gadmouZRva.<br />
Turqebma dalaSqres qvemo imereTi da swrafad ukan dabrundnen, radgan axlovdeboda<br />
zamTari.<br />
50
am garemoebis gamo da 1614-1617 ww. Sahabasis gamanadgurebeli Semosevebis Sedegad<br />
dasavleT saqarTveloSic SeimCneoda saqalaqo cxovrebis dacema-daqveiTeba. quTaisis Semdeg aq<br />
patara qalaqebsa da savaWro dabebs warmoadgenda Cxari, Cixori da sxv.<br />
samcxeSi osmalTa momZlavrebis periodSi ,,Cxaris mxares” modioda da saxldeboda<br />
samxreT saqarTvelodan ltolvili mosaxleobis nawili, romelTac Tan mohqonda<br />
materialuri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebi da ifaravdnen aqaur eklesia-monasterSi. amis<br />
magaliTebic SemorCenilia.<br />
gvian SuasaukuneebSi, saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis msgavsad, qvemo imereTSic warmoiSva<br />
saTavadoebi. XVIII saukuneSi sporadulad wvrili saTavadoebic warmoiSoboda, romelsac<br />
umetesad imereTis mefe qmnida romelime Zlier mowinaaRmdegesTan brZolis gasaadvileblad.<br />
imereTis mefisa da Tavadaznaurobis garda didi raodenobiT flobda adgil-mamulebs da<br />
yma glexebs eklesia, metadre iseTi Zlieri sasuliero feodaluri erTeuli, rogoric<br />
gelaTis monasteri iyo. 1584 wlis sabuTSi naTqvamia, rom Cxaris aq mosaxle glexebi Seswira<br />
Tamar diasamiZem gelaTis wminda giorgis eklesias (masalebi . . , gv.250), 1586 wels<br />
sakaTalikozo davTriT (gelaTis wm. giorgis) ki yma 3 komli abulaZe, 2 komli<br />
livlivaSvili, 3 komli avJandaZe, 1 komli daviTaSvili, 1 komli saxeCiZe, 1 komli yivCayiZe,<br />
1 komli margvelaSvili, 1 komli zabuqiZe (kakabaZe),1921). 1819 wels iqve aris 3 komli<br />
abulaZe, 2 komli abJandaZe, 1 komli daTuaSvili, 1 komli gabriCiZe (iqve, gv. 66). quTaisis<br />
saxelmwifo muzeumis xelnawer fondebSi didi raodenobiTaa daculi Sewirulobis wignebi,<br />
romlebSic moxseniebulia CxarSi mcxovrebi araerTi pirovneba.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom Cxaris mcxovrebni miwerili iyo sxvadasxva saydrebze. ase magaliTad,<br />
ekuTvnoda: quTaisis saydars, gelaTis saydars, Cxaris wm. giorgis eklesias da sxv. Cxaris wm.<br />
giorgis eklesiasTan yofila samRebro, romelic 1818 wels ijariT gauciaT, erTi wliT 950<br />
maneTad, saidanac naxevari eklesiis iyo. 1825 wels sagenaTlo ymebis miwaTmflobeloba CxarSi<br />
Seadgenda 22 komls (83 suli), 219 qceva (sazomad iyenebdnen XIX saukunis imereTSi, udrida<br />
900 mxars, an 3600 m 2 -s) saxnavi miwiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom saeklesio ymebi gadasaxadebs SromiT,<br />
produqtadi, fuladi rentis saxiT ixdidnen. magaliTad, 1787 wliT daTariRebuli sabuTis<br />
mixedviT Cxareli glexebis berikela da gabriela zarnaZeebis valdebulebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
naTqvamia: marTebT ,,begara cxra Tormetiani Rvino, ori foxali (Rvinis sawyao, imereTSi 6<br />
litri – k.x.) puri, ori foxali qeri, ori qaTami, erTi sabaziero da saSobao dedali da<br />
ZRveni (kakabaZe, 1921, gv. 89). basila zarnaZesa da mis Zmas miqelas ki emarTaT: ,,begara<br />
TxuTmeti Tormetiani Rvino, erTi kodi (marcvleulis sawyao, sxvadasxva saukuneSi<br />
gansxvavebuli iyo, XVIII saukuneSi igi 30-34 kg-s udrida – k.x.) puri, erTi kodi Romi, erTi<br />
kodi qeri, sami qaTami, saSobao dedali, ZRueni da sami dRis sefoba” (iqve). xolo sexnika<br />
zarnaZes da vinme goniCkas valdebuleba imave dokumentSi asea gansazRvruli: ,,Tormeti<br />
koka (siTxis sawyao, romelic sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gansxvavebuli iyo, litris zrdis gamo<br />
saukuneTa manZilze kokis tevadoba izrdeboda. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />
koka udrida 50 litrs, XVIII saukunis kokis tevadoba 12 litriani iyo – k.x.). Rvino, ori<br />
foxali puri, ori foxali qeri, ori foxali Romi, sami qaTami, saSobao dedali da ZRueni,<br />
aTi Sauri saklavi da sami dRis sefoba” (iqve). rogorc Cans, pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs<br />
mxolod produqtad rentasTan, meore SemTxvevaSi – SromiT da priduqtad rentasTan da<br />
mesame SemTxvevaSi – SromiT, produqtad da fulad rentasTan. aRniSnuli sabuTebiT isic<br />
irkveva, rom XVIII saukuneSi CxarSi mohyavdaT Romi, qeri, xorbali da sxv. marcvleuli.<br />
garda amisa, afxazeTis sakaTalikozo didi iadgaris erT-erTi minaweri, romelic svimon<br />
imerTa mefes ekuTvnis (1700 – 1702 ww.): ,,gkadreT da SemogwireT Sen saSinelsa biWvintvisa<br />
RvTismSobelsa Cven mefeT-mefeman svimon Cxars oqonis saydari, misis garSemo adgilebiT Cvenis<br />
sulis saoxad” (kakabaZe, 1925, gv. 194 ).<br />
XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi imereTis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi masa yma-glexoba iyo. XVII<br />
saukuneSi igi oTxi socialuri fenisagan – azatTa (Tavisufali, saSualo da wvrili<br />
miwaTmflobelebi), mebegre glexTa, msaxurTa da mojalabeTagan (yma glexTa umdablesi<br />
socialuri kategoria) Sedgeboda.<br />
51
qalaqebis mosaxleobis did umravlesobas vaWrebi, xelosnebi da saqonlis wvrili<br />
mwarmoeblebi Seadgendnen. vaWar-xelosnebis ZiriTadi masa Yymur damokidebulebaSi iyo<br />
mefesTan, eklesia-monastrebTan da saerTo feodlebTan.<br />
rogorc wyaroebidan irkveva, da zemoTac aRiniSna, Cxarsa da, saerTod, imereTSi<br />
ZiriTadi marcvleuli kultura Romi iyo. TviT vaxuSti ,,saqarTvelos geografiaSi” wers,<br />
rom imereTSi sTesen ,,Romsa friad mravlad da gamoizrdebianc miT” (gv. 146), agreTve, ,,sxvaTa<br />
marcvalTa simravleni imyofian” (iqve). Romis garda aq mohyavdaT xorbali da qrTili. XVII<br />
saukunis damdegs dasavleT saqarTveloSi Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroze mosaxle<br />
qarTvelebisagan Semovida simindi.<br />
garda amisa, CxarSi da, saerTod, imereTSi soflis meurneobaSi mebaReoba-mevenaxeobas<br />
mcire adgili ar eWira. zemoT aRniSnul dokumentebSi CxarSi dasaxelebulia begrad ,,cxra<br />
Tormetiani Rvino”, ,,Tormeti koka Rvino”. aq ayenebdnen ,,karg”, ,,msubuq”, ,,mxne-gemoian<br />
Rvinoebs”. mevenaxeobis ganviTarebaze migviTiTebs XVII saukunis frangi mogzauri Jan Sadenic,<br />
romelic 1672 wlis 23 dekembers wers: ,,mTidan erT Tvalgauwdomel mSvenier vakeSi CavediT<br />
da sofel sazanoSi davbinavdiT . . .Zalian nayofieri da mSvenieri vakea: mSvenieris wylebiTac<br />
irwyveba. vake samegrelomde Casdevs. es umSvenieresi mxarea imereTisa. mTebi, romliTac es vake<br />
SemozRudulia, tyiT da soflebiT aris dafaruli. am mTebis niadagi umetes nawilad advilia<br />
dasamuSaveblad: aq mravlad aris gaSenebuli venaxi”. vaxuSti bagrationi aRniSnavs:<br />
,,walkotni (xexilis baRi – k.x.) ara arian aqa, aramed venaxis kidurTa xilni mravalni<br />
amisaTÂs, rameTu tyeTa Sina mravlobs yovelni . . agreTve mtilovanni (bostneuli – k.x.)<br />
yovelnive . . (gv. 146). garda amisa, yofila ganviTarebuli mesaqonleoba.<br />
XVI-XVII ss. qalaqebis mosaxleoba mcirericxovani iyo. mudmivma omianobam da misma<br />
Tanamgzavrma epidemiam mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili fizikurad gaanadgura da bunebrivi<br />
zrda SeCerda. gansakuTrebiT XVII saukuneSi CxarSi mosaxleoba katastrofulad<br />
Semcirebula. es mas Semdeg momxdara, rac levan II dadianma araerTgzis dalaSqra imereTi da,<br />
kerZod,Cxari. sabediswero aRmoCnda CxarisaTvis imereTis mefis giorgi III-isa da levan II<br />
dadianis piradi mtroba. erT-erTi laSqrobis dros samegrelos mTavarma gadawva Cixori,<br />
daangria Cxari, miwasTan gaaswora soflebi. 1646 wlis TebervalSi samegrelos mTavars<br />
nadavlad Cxaris vaWrebi auyria 4-5 aTeuli komli (daaxloebiT 350-400 suli) da ruxs<br />
dausaxlebia, raTa iq vaWroba ganeviTarebina. am movlenas ar SeiZleba Tavisi uaryofiTi<br />
gavlena ar moexdina Cxaris Semdgom ganviTarebaze. yvelaferi es moTxrobilia iloris wminda<br />
giorgis xatis warweraSi” [115,46-49].<br />
n) winandali<br />
zarnaZeebi, rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, kaxeTis am sofelSic cxovroben. safiqrebelia,<br />
isini sofel alisubnidan (imereTidan) iyvnen warmoSobiT. rac Seexeba sityva winandlis<br />
etimologias, misi aRnagoba-warmomavloba CvenTvis ucnobia. ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia,<br />
specialur literaturaSi masze jer aravis gaumaxvilebia yuradReba. amrigad, winandali<br />
toponimis mniSvnelobis dadgena specialur kvlevas moiTxovs (winandali=wina andaliII wina<br />
andeli?). Sdr. andi, andieli, andiuri ena (erT-erTi tomi da ena daRestanSi). Sdr. yvar-el-i<br />
(sofel yvaradan gadmosaxlebuli, yvara sofeli iyo fSavSi). winandaliIIwinandeli ,,wina<br />
andidan gadmosaxlebulni”?<br />
ZiriTadi daskvnebi<br />
zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT:<br />
1. zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli zar, zarina arqauli formisagan momdinareobs;<br />
2. zarna||zarina Zvelad metsaxeli yofila;<br />
3. zarna, zarzma||*zarzmna geografiuli saxelisagan miRebulad SeiZleba davsaxoT;<br />
52
4. zar arsebiTi sazogado saxelisagan warmoiSva sxva <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>c: zaraZe, zariZe,<br />
zariaSvili;<br />
5. zarina||zarna,zara metsaxeli, rogorc Serqmeuli saxeli, albaT mnaTes, zaris<br />
mrekels, mezares, Zlieri xmis-zaris mqones niSnavda;<br />
6. zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>-saxeli saeklesio wodebis msaxurTaA ricxvs ganekuTvneboda.<br />
bolosityvaobis magier<br />
rogorc davrwmundiT, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong><strong>saxelebi</strong>s kvleva marTlac urTulesi saqme yofila.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom zarnaZe <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis Sesaxeb bevri ram moviZieT da gavarkvieT, mainc am<br />
<strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis saboloo mecnieruli daskvnisagan Tavs vikavebT, radgan istoriulwyaroTmcodneobiTi<br />
`mwiri~ monacemebi <strong>gvar</strong>Ta warmomavlobaze ar iZleva saboloo daskvnis<br />
gamotanis saSualebas. Cven imedi gvaqvs am mxriv saeklesio sabuTebisa da Canawerebisa (Tu ki<br />
ram arsebobs...). samomavlo kvleva-Ziebam iqneb ufro meti safuZveli mogvces imisa, rom<br />
gadaWriT iTqvas yovelive <strong>gvar</strong>-saxel zarnaZis warmomavlobisa da zarnaZeTa ZirZveli<br />
sacxovrisis, maTi migraciis Sesaxeb.<br />
HHtp.vt<br />
D ghtlsleotv nhelt^ gjcdzotyyjv uhepbycrbv afvbkmysv bvtyfv^ c njxrb<br />
phtybz extyjuj^ lftncz rhfnrbq fyfkbp &&&yfexys[ dpukzljd^ jnhf;tyys[ d<br />
jnltkmys[ bplfybz[ b c,jhybrf[ ( I& Rbnjdfyb^ V& Xe,byblpt^ P&<br />
Rfgbfyblpt^ N& Vb,xefyb^ Y& L;jvblfdf b lh)&<br />
Dj dnjhjq xfcnb rybub fdnjh hfccvfnhbdftn djghjcs ghjbc[j;ltybz^<br />
pfhj;ltybz (bc[jlyjcnb) cj,cndtyys[ bvty b ghjpdbo k.ltq&<br />
Chtlb yb[ ujdjhbncz j ghjbc[j;ltybb afvbkbb Pfhyflpt& Rfr dszcybkjcm^<br />
^^Pfhyflpt# gj cdjtq ajhvt fh[fbxtcrjuj ghjbc[j;ltybz&<br />
D Pfhyflpt rjhtym - pfh - (rjkjrjk) yfhbwfntkmyjt bvz^ f yf (na)<br />
evtyibntkmyj - kfcrfntkmysq ceaabrc &<br />
Pfhyf||Pfhbyf (zarnaIIzarina) d cnfhbye ,skj ghjpdbotv& Yt bcrk.xtyj^<br />
xnj d Pfhyflpt #Pfhyf# ghjbc[jlbkj jn Pfhpvf^ utjuhfabxtcrjuj yfpdfybz&<br />
Pfhpvf||*Pfhpvyf dshf;fkj djc[dfktybt
2. arn. Ciqobava. YY Vfhh& Uhfvvfnbrf lhtdytkbnthfnehyjuj uhepbycrjuj zpbrf&<br />
Vfnthbfks gj zatnbxtcrjve zpsrjpyfyb. { II & Ktybyuhfl^ 1925 (recenzia). daibeWda<br />
krebulSi. mimomxilveli, saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis<br />
organo. I. tf., 1926.<br />
3. arn. Ciqobava, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1952.<br />
4. a. SaniZe, anton I-is gavlena saliteraturo qarTulze da Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis<br />
Zeglebis viTareba axali aRTqmis wignebis gamocemebSi. dabeWdilia krebulSi: Tbilisis<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis kaTedris Sromebi. 9, mieZRvna<br />
akademikos niko maris xsovnas misi dabadebis asi wlis Tavze (1864-1964), a. SaniZis<br />
redaqciiT, Tb., 1964.<br />
5. S. kitovani, didi saunjis saidumlos patara gasaRebi, Tb., 1990. gamomcemloba<br />
“saqarTvelo”, wigns mecnier-redaqtori ar hyavs.<br />
6. m. neSumaSvili, istoria da uflis Rimili, gamomcemloba “leTa”, 1997. samwuxarod,<br />
daviwyniaT wignis gamocemis adgili, Tbilisi Tu?<br />
7. “damarxul ars enai <strong>qarTuli</strong>”; mTeli kacobriobis, rogorc erTi kacis gazeTi #1,<br />
Tbilisi, redaqtori vladimer CubiniZe.<br />
8. vl. CubiniZe, saswauli, cira inwkirvelis redaqciiT, gamomcemloba “gea”, Tbilisi,<br />
1993.<br />
9. vl. CubiniZe, WeSmariteba, levan babuxadias redaqciiT, sagamomcemlo firma “xati”,<br />
Tb. , 1996.<br />
10. guri otobaia, roki (romani), giorgi gaCeCilaZis redaqaciiT, gamomcemloba “merani”,<br />
Tb., 1998.<br />
11. z. qafianiZe, Sumerebis anbani, Tb., 1990. wigni uredaqtoroa.<br />
12. r. patariZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> asomTavruli, pirveli gamocema, Tb., 1980.<br />
13. z. qafianiZe, kacobriobis pirveli anbani-Zveli aRmosavleTis samyaroseul<br />
civilizaciaTa saTave. T. mibCuani, meoce saukunis udidesi aRmoCena, Sumerul-<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
(svanuri) paralelebi, akad. g. ciciSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1997.<br />
14. b. cxadaZe, afiqsuri sityvawarmoeba Zvel qarTulSi, sadisertacio naSromi<br />
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, manqanaze<br />
nabeWdi xelnaweri, Tb., 1989.<br />
15. masalebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiisa da toponimikisaTvis, wigni I. (X-XVII<br />
ss-is istoriuli dokumentebis mixedviT), gamosacemad moamzades z. aleqsiZem da S.<br />
burjanaZem, Tb., 1964.<br />
16. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi II. epigrafikuli Zeglebi, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,<br />
gamokvleva da samecniero-sacnobaro aparati daurTo v. silogavam. g. jiblaZis, n.<br />
SoSiaSvilis, m. CanTolanis redaqciiT, Tb., 1988.<br />
17. b. cxadaZe, qarTvelur (megrul-Wanur, svanur, qarTul) <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelTa istoriisaTvis,<br />
dabeWdilia wignSi: nikoloz jomidava, kolxuri (megruli), <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>, wigni I,<br />
prof. b. cxadaZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1996.<br />
18. T. mibCuani, dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTvel mTielTa eTnogenezis, gansaxlebisa da<br />
kulturis istoriidan, g. lorTqifaniZisa da a. onianis redaqciiT, Tb., 1989.<br />
19. b. cxadaZe, gur Ziris Semcvel saxelTa urTierTmimarTebisaTvis, dabeWdilia<br />
krebulSi: guria II. mxaris kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, vaJa sadraZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1997.<br />
20. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi: masalebi saqarTvelos istoriuli<br />
geografiisaTvis, meore gamocema, d. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1990.<br />
21. g. WeliZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> folkloris saZireebi 4000 wlis win. Jurnali “xelxvavi”, #1,<br />
2000.<br />
22. g. WeliZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis saTaveebTan. lile, Tksi folkloris kompleqsuri kvlevis<br />
samecniero centris konferenciis masalebi,I Tb., 2000.<br />
54
23. l. <strong>gvar</strong>amaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> sacekvao folklori, meore gamocema, rusulidan Targmnes,<br />
gadaamuSaves, Seavses, redaqcia gaukeTes da gamosacemad moamzades b. asieSvilma da o.<br />
ciciSvilma. Tb., 1997.<br />
24. r, WaniSvili, xalxuri qoreografiuli xelovneba moswavle axalgazrdobis aRzrdis<br />
samsaxurSi, prof. o. alaviZis redaqciiT, Tb., 2000.<br />
25. D& Y& Ltvby& Nfqys heccrjuj yfhjlf d gjbcrf[ bcnjrjd hecb^ V&^<br />
1999&<br />
26. n. jomidava, kolxuri (megruli) <strong>gvar</strong><strong>saxelebi</strong>,wigni I. prof. b. cxadaZis redaqciiT,<br />
Tb., 1996.<br />
27. n. jomidava, 3000 megruli <strong>gvar</strong>saxeli, prof. n. lemonjavasa da prof. b. cxadaZis<br />
redaqciiT, Tb., 2000.<br />
28. b. cxadaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelis CamoyalibebisaTvis, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis macne, enisa da literaturis seria, #1, 1988.<br />
29. p. cxadaia, onomastikur terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, S. afridoniZis redaqciiT,<br />
Tb., 1988.<br />
30. b. cxadaZe, dialeqtologiuri rveulebi, #1. kaspis raioni, soflebi: kavTisxevi,<br />
Taladi, gudaleTi, Cawerilia 1973 wels.<br />
31. b. cxadaZe, dialeqtologiuri rveulebi, #2. Terjolis raioni, soflebi: televa,<br />
rufoTi, qveda sazano, alisubani, Cawerilia 1974 wels.<br />
32. p. guguSvili, demografiuli terminologiis sakiTxebi. dabeWd. wignSi: sociologiisa<br />
da demografiis problemebi, II. Tb., 1984.<br />
33. a. Rlonti, <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsikologiis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1971.<br />
34. N& Uj,,c^ Extybt j ntkt& Bp,hfyyst cjxbytybz^ n&1& K&^ 1926&<br />
35. U& D& Ktq,ybw^ Yjdst jgbns j xtkjdtxtcrjv hfpevt^ V-K&^ 1936&<br />
36. F& C jrjkjd^ Heccrbt bvtyf b ghjpdbof d {VII dtrf^ Rfpfym^ 1891&<br />
37. b. cxadaZe, sakuTar saxelTa sufiqsuri warmoeba da kninobiTi sufiqsebi Zvel<br />
qarTulSi (monografia, manqanaze nabeWdi, 207 gv.) Tb., 1985.<br />
38. g. xornauli, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>ebis sakiTxi: onomastikuri krebuli, Tb., 1994.<br />
39. r. TofCiSvili, rodis warmoiqmna <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong><strong>saxelebi</strong>, Tb., 1997.<br />
40. m. svaniZe, qarTvelebi TurqeTSi. ismeTzade doqtori mehmed arifi, <strong>qarTuli</strong> soflebi<br />
(TurqeTSi), c. abulaZisa da a. imedaSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1996.<br />
41. e. metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis <strong>qarTuli</strong> koloniis istoriisaTvis (XI-XVII ss.), i.<br />
abulaZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1962.<br />
42. <strong>qarTuli</strong> istoriuli sabuTebi (IX-XIII ss.), Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T.<br />
enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, e. xoStariasa da n. SoSiaSvilis redaqciiT,<br />
Tb., 1984.<br />
43. tbeTis sulTa matiane, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da saZieblebi<br />
daurTo T. enuqiZem, Tb., 1977.<br />
44. z. WumburiZe, dedaena <strong>qarTuli</strong>, Tb., 1987.<br />
45. i. gagulaSvili, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>ebi, (ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondi), sakuTari <strong>saxelebi</strong><br />
(ebraul sakuTar saxelTa mcire leqsikoni), quTaisi., 1993.<br />
46. i. maisuraZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong><strong>saxelebi</strong> (saleqsikono bibliografiuli masalebi), S.<br />
ZiZiguris saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 1981.<br />
47. i. axuaSvili, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong>, masalebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>ebis istoriisaTvis, a.<br />
silagaZisa da a. Rlontis redaqciiT, Tb., 1999.<br />
48. Cgbcjr rdfhnbhys[ ntktajyjd N,bkbcb^ N,&^ 1982&<br />
49. Tbilisis telefonebis wigni. Tb., 2000.<br />
50. gazeTi ,,meoTxe”, 17. 24. XI. 2000.<br />
55
51. a. silagaZe, a. TodaZe, <strong>gvar</strong>-<strong>saxelebi</strong> saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1997.<br />
52. a. Rlonti, sufsa-natanebis xeobebi. toponomikuri Ziebani, VIII, Tb., 1993.<br />
53. sulxan-saba orbeliani, Txzulebani oTx tomad, t, IV. avtografuli nusxebis<br />
mixedviT gamosacemad moamzada i. abulaZem, Tb., 1965.<br />
54. d. CubinaSvili, qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni. meore gamocema aRdgenili ofsetis wesiT.<br />
sastambod moamzada da winasityvaoba daurTo a. SaniZem, Tb., 1984.<br />
55. n. CubinaSvili, <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsikoni rusuli TargmaniTurT, a. Rlontis redaqciiTa da<br />
gamokvleviT, Tb., 1964.<br />
56. vaJa-fSavelas mcire leqsikoni, Seadgina al. WinWaraulma, arn. Ciqobavas saerTo<br />
redaqciiT, Tb., 1969.<br />
57. p. gaCeCilaZe, imeruli dialeqtis saleqsikono masala, Tb., 1976.<br />
58. qarTul-azerbaijanuli leqsikoni, Seadgines n. nabisovma, v. jangiZem, s. suleimanovma,<br />
v. jangiZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1987.<br />
59. mz. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-<strong>qarTuli</strong> enobrivi urTierTobidan I. prof. g.<br />
axvledianis redaqciiT, Tb., 1966.<br />
60. r. RambaSiZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ingilouri kilos leqsikoni, akad. a. SaniZis redaqciiT,<br />
Tb., 1988.<br />
61. S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis <strong>qarTuli</strong>, wigni pirveli, aziz axvledianis redaqciiT,<br />
baTumi, 1993.<br />
62. h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etomologiuri leqsikoni, prof. k.<br />
danelias redaqciiT, Tb., 1990.<br />
63. p.cxadaia, kolxuri zoonimiis masalebi. dabeWdilia wignSi: onomastika I. akad. S.<br />
ZiZiguris redaqciiT, Tb., 1987.<br />
64. g. eliava, megrul-<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsikoni (masalebi), prof. k. danelias redaqciiT, Tb.,<br />
1997.<br />
65. a. liparteliani, svanur-<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsikoni (Coluruli kilo), Tb., 1994.<br />
66. i. abulaZe, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis leqsikoni (masalebi), Tb., 1973.<br />
67. z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis leqsikoni (masalebi), Tb., 1995.<br />
68. v. beriZe, sityvis-kona imerul da raWul TqmaTa, sankt-peterburgi, 1912.<br />
69. v. somxiSvili, qsnis xeobis qarTluri, leqsika, toponimika (masalebi), teqstebi,<br />
cxinvali., 1981.<br />
70. g. bedoSvili, erwo-TianeTis toponimia, prof. a. kizirias redaqciiT, Tb., 1980.<br />
71. saqarTvelos ssr administraciul- teritoriuli dayofa 1987 wlis 1 ianvris<br />
mdgomareobiT. mexuTe gadamuSavebuli da Sevsebuli gamocema, Tb., 1987.<br />
72. p. cxadaia, samegrelos <strong>gvar</strong>ebi da <strong>gvar</strong>ovnuli dasaxlebani, Tb., 2000.<br />
73. B& Rbgoblpt^ Uhfvvfnbrf vbyuhtkmcrjuj (bdthcrjuj) zpsrf c<br />
[htcnjvfnmbt. b ckjdfhtv^ dabeWdilia wignSi: ioseb yifSiZe, rCeuli<br />
Txzulebani. krebuli gamosacemad moamzada, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo<br />
prof. k. daneliam, Tb., 1994.<br />
74. al. Rlonti, mcxeTis toponimia, II. toponimikuri Ziebani, Tb., 1975.<br />
75. al. Rlonti, froneebis xeobebis toponimia, toponimikuri Ziebani, VII. Tb., 1988.<br />
76. al. Rlonti, qarTveluri sakuTari <strong>saxelebi</strong>, anTropnimTa leqsikoni, meore Sevsebuli<br />
gamocema, Tb., 1986.<br />
77. i. qavTaraZe, masalebi imeruli leqsikonisaTvis, dabeWdilia krebulSi: qarTvelur<br />
enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, III, v. Tofuriasa da iv. gigineiSvilis redaqciiT, Tb.,<br />
1963.<br />
78. q. ZoweniZe, zemoimeruli leqsikoni, arn. Ciqobavasa da m. alaviZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1974.<br />
79. l. menabde, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis kerebi, Tb., 1992.<br />
56
80. T. bagrationi, wignni leqsikonni, masalebi Sekriba, anbanze gaawyo, winasityvaoba da<br />
SeniSvnebi daurTo g. SaraZem, Tb., 1979.<br />
81. v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.<br />
82. v. Tofuria, reduqciisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi. dabeWd: v. Tofuria, Sromebi, III. Tb.,<br />
1978.<br />
83. b. gigineiSvili, etimologiuri dakvirvebani qarTvelur enebSi, macne, els; #1, 1979.<br />
84. G. Deeters, Das Khartwelishe verbum, Leipzig., 1930.<br />
85. istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis samefosa da guria-odiSis samTavroebisa (1466-1770<br />
ww.) w. I, teqsti gamosca, winasityvaoba da saZieblebi daurTo S. burjanaZem, Tb.,<br />
1958.<br />
86. i. qavTaraZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis istoriisaTvis, XII-XVII saukuneebi. I. Tb., 1964.<br />
87. arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-<strong>qarTuli</strong> SedarebiTi leqsikoni, tf., 1938.<br />
88. c. abulaZe, qvemoimerulis Taviseburebani sofel rokiTis metyvelebis mixedviT:<br />
studentTa samecniero Sromebis krebuli, #7, 1955.<br />
89. g. rogava, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli fonetikis sakiTxebi, I. xmovanTa istoriis<br />
zogi sakiTxi qarTvelur enebSi, Tb., 1962.<br />
90. i. lisaSvili, kecxoveli (romani) , Tb., 1957.<br />
91. m. ZiZiSvili, fonetikuri procesebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1960.<br />
92. dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri istoriidan. II. batonymuri urTierToba XV-XIX<br />
ss. n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1953.<br />
93. dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri istoriidan I. batonymuri urTierToba (XV-<br />
XVIII ss.), n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1940.<br />
94. F&FF Vtqt^ Dtltybt d chfdybntkmyjt bpextybt byljtdhjgtqcrb[<br />
zpsrjd^V-K&1938&<br />
95. o. soselia, narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-pilitikuri<br />
istoriidan (saTavadoebi) III, Tb., 1990.<br />
96. n. berZeniSvili, istoriul-geografiuli eqspedicia 1992 wels. n. berZeniSvili,<br />
saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1964.<br />
97. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, t. I. Tb., 1964.<br />
98. o. soselia, masalebi dasavleT saqarTvelos saTavadoebis mmarTvelobis istoriisaTvis,<br />
masalebi saq. da kavk. istoriisaTvis, nakv. 31, Tb., 1954.<br />
99. V& Hfczyby^ Vfnthbfks gj bcnjhbxtcrjq ajytnbrt n.hcrb[ zpsrjd^ V&^<br />
1940<br />
57
100. xelovnebis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (rusul-<strong>qarTuli</strong>), Seadgina a. yifSiZem, Tb.,<br />
1985.<br />
101. g. xornauli, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>ebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. n. burWulaZis redaqciiT,<br />
Tb., 2000.<br />
102. i. abulaZe Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsikidan. 1. govari-guari, iberiul-kavkasiuri<br />
enaTmecniereba, t. IV, Tb., 1952.<br />
103. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, wigni, I. gamosca sargis kakabaZem, tf.,<br />
1921.<br />
104. g. eliava, senakis raionis toponimia, prof. al. Rlontis redaqciiT, Tb., 1989.<br />
105. S. afridoniZe, f. makalaTia, <strong>qarTuli</strong> oikonimebi. dabeWd: toponimika II. prof. S.<br />
ZiZiguris saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 1980.<br />
106. l. kaiSauri, mTiuluris dargobrivi leqsika prof. q. lomTaTiZis redaqciiT, Tb.,<br />
1967.<br />
107.
120. Gi. axuaSvili, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong><strong>saxelebi</strong>. masalebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>gvar</strong>ebis istoriisaTvis.<br />
I. prof. a. Rlontis redaqciiT. Tb., 1994.<br />
121. pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni. XI-XVII ss. <strong>qarTuli</strong> istoriuli sabuTebis<br />
mixedviT. I. gamosacemad moamzades: d. kldiaSvilma, m. surgulaZem, e. cagareiSvilma,<br />
g. jandierma, Tb., 1991.<br />
122. saqarTvelos ssr toponimia (masalebi). t.I. imereTi. akad. S ZiZiguris redaqciiT,<br />
Tb., 1987.<br />
123. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Seadgina m. WabaSvilma, mesame Sesworebuli da<br />
Sevsebuli gamocema, Tb., 1989.<br />
124. s. makalaTia, fSavi, a.WinWaraulisa da d. wowkolauris redaqciiT, meore<br />
gamocema, Tb., 1985.<br />
125. s. makalaTia, xevsureTi, al.WinWaraulis redaqciiT, Tb., 1984.<br />
126. s. makalaTia, TuSeTi, T. uTurgaiZis redaqciiT, meore gamocema, Tb., 1983.<br />
127. i.qavTaraZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis moxeuri dialeqti (gamokvleva, teqstebi, leqsikoni), i.<br />
gigineiSvilisa da a. martirosovis redaqciiT, Tb., 1985.<br />
128. a. uruSaZe, quTaisi berZnul da romaul wyaroebSi 1. gamokvleva, 2. berZnul-<br />
laTinuri teqstebis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebi SeniSvnebiT, prof. l. sanikiZis redaqciiT,<br />
Tb., 1993.<br />
129. vl. CakvetaZe, quTaisis istoriidan, 1960.<br />
130. g. Jordania, mexurelni, 1956.<br />
131. n. balanCivaZe, quTaisis etimologiisaTvis, gaz. ,,quTaisi”, # 251, 1968.<br />
132. u. dvaliSvili, b. cxadaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri qoreografiis cnebebi (1.<br />
gamokvleva, ganmartebiTi leqsikoni sasimRero teqstebiTurT), Tb., 2002.<br />
133. o. qajaia, megrul-<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsikoni, t.I. Tb., 2001.<br />
134. b. cxadaZe, paleografiul-wignTmcodneobiTi terminebi qarTulSi; kalami, Cala,<br />
Calamkalami, kalamgiri, yalami, frTa, lerwami (lingvistur-etimologiuri analizi),<br />
saqarTvelos biblioTeka # 3(4), 2001.<br />
ambrol. _ ambrolauris raioni<br />
Semoklebani<br />
afxaz. davT. _ afxazeTis sakaTalikozo glexebis didi davTari, gamosca s. kakabaZem, tf., 1914.<br />
wigni II. gamosca s. kakabaZem, tf., 1921.<br />
besiki – besarion gabaSvili, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. al. baramiZisa da v. Tofurias<br />
redaqciiT,Tb., 1932.<br />
59
agiogr.IV _ Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni IV, svinaqsaruli<br />
redaqciebi. (XI-XVIII ss), gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo e. gabiZaSvilma, i.<br />
abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT, Tb., 1968.<br />
berZn. – berZnuli<br />
gamocx. - gamocxadebaÁ iovanÀsi, gamosca i. imnaiSvilma; Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis kaTedris Sromebi, 7,1961.<br />
gur. – guruli<br />
daTa TuT. - Wabua amirejibi, daTa TuTaSxia (romani), meore gamocema, Tb., 1979.<br />
das. saq. saekl. sab. – dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, wigni I, gamosca s. kakabaZem,<br />
tf., 1921.<br />
zarzm. _ serapion zarzmelis cxovreba, dabeWdilia krebulSi: Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> moTxroba, V-<br />
XII saukuneebi. Seadgina, winasityva daurTo da redaqcia gaukeTa r. TvaraZem, Tb., 1979.<br />
zor _ wigni ezra zorababelisi: Zveli aRTqmis apokrifebis <strong>qarTuli</strong> versiebi, III. gamosca c.<br />
qurcikiZem, Tb., 1970.<br />
imer. _ imeruli<br />
ist. – istoriuli<br />
kuTx. – kuTxuri<br />
laT. - laTinuri<br />
lanCx. – lanCxuTi<br />
laSx. _ laSxuri<br />
lent. _ lentexuri<br />
litv. - litvuri<br />
kecx. - i. lisaSvili, kecxoveli (romani). Tb., 1957<br />
kolx. cisk. _ konstantine lorTqifaniZe, rCeuli nawerebi or tomad, tomi pirveli,<br />
kolxeTis ciskari (romani), Tb., 1955.<br />
maTe - saxarebaÁ maTÀsi: <strong>qarTuli</strong> oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqcia sami Satberduli xelnaweris<br />
mixedviT, gamosca a. SaniZem, Tb., 1944.<br />
megr. - megruli<br />
megr-Wan. - megrul-Wanuri<br />
mimoslva _ mimodaslvaÁ mociqulTaÁ: <strong>qarTuli</strong> versiebi apokrifebisa mociqulTa Sesaxeb IX-<br />
X ss. xelnawerTa mixedviT, gamosca c. qurcikiZem, Tb., 1959.<br />
nov. II. _ Sua saukuneTa novelebis Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebi II. anbanur-anonimuri paterikebi,<br />
gamosca m. dvalma, Tb., 1974.<br />
raW. _ raWuli<br />
60
us. _ rusuli<br />
samtr. – samtredia<br />
sanskr. - sanskriti<br />
saubr. _ saubrisas<br />
svan. _ svanuri<br />
somx. _ somxuri<br />
spars _ sparsuli<br />
swavlani _ mamaTa swavlani, X da XI s.-Ta xelnawerebis mixedviT gamosca i. abulaZem. a.<br />
SaniZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1955.<br />
tbeTis warw. _ tbeTis warwera: v. Tofuria, Sida qarTlSi daculi zogierT siZveleTa<br />
warwerebi. saistorio moambe, w. II, tf., 1924.<br />
fsalm. dav. _ fsalmunni daviTisni: i. imnaiSvili, <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis istoriuli qrestomaTia, t. I.<br />
naw I. Tb., 1942.<br />
qarT. _ <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
qegl. _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni<br />
qv.sv. _ qvemo svanuri<br />
Satb. _ Satberdis krebuli meaTe saukunisa. gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da el.<br />
giunaSvilma, Tb., !979.<br />
Sum. _ Sumeruli<br />
Zv. – Zveli<br />
Zv. slav. – Zveli slavuri<br />
F-fondis xelnaweri FF-1101<br />
wal. r. _ walenjixis raioni<br />
pirobiTi niSnebi<br />
momdinareobs (miiReba, miRebulia, warmomdgaria) . . . – dan.<br />
icvleba (gadadis, gadasulia) . . . – Si.<br />
- aRniSnavs aRdgenil formas.<br />
II an I miuTiTebs paraleluri formis arsebobas.<br />
[ ] – kvadratul frCxilebSi igulisxmeba samecniero literatura pirvelive cifriT, meore<br />
ricxvi gverdis aRmniSvnelia.<br />
( ) - mrgval frCxilebSi Casmulia Sesabamisi paraleluri, msgavsi, identuri sityva an<br />
damowmebulia gamoyenebuli wyaro, werilobiTi Zegli.<br />
Z- neitraluri xmovani, iracionaluri bgera.<br />
Á - ,,iota”, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> grafema.<br />
à - ,,xari”, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> grafema.<br />
 - ,,vie‟, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> grafema.<br />
u^ - umarcvlo u, u brjgu.<br />
À – grZeli e anu ,,e merve”, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> grafema.<br />
a) personaliebi (zarnaZeTa <strong>gvar</strong>idan gamosuli mecnierebi da cnobili sazogado moRvaweni)<br />
platon zarnaZe (1888-1970)<br />
zarnaZeebis <strong>gvar</strong>is erT-erTi yvelaze tipiuri Zlieri da kolorituli<br />
warmomadgenelia. cxovrobda zeda alisubanSi, mama sokrate da deda bucxrikiZis qali iyo<br />
muxuridan. misi da nifadora cota xnis win (1999) gardaicvala Terjolis raionis sofel<br />
siqTarvaSi. siamayiT ityoda, rom damTavrebuli qonda CikvaiZis saswavlebeli alisubanSi (es<br />
cnobili aleqsandre CikvaiZis – saberZneTSi saqarTvelos axlandeli elCis mamis saswavlebeli<br />
igulisxmeba). yavda meuRle kalmena fanCuliZe, romelic adre gardaecvala (1942). xuTi<br />
vaJiSvili gazarda: nikolozi (1912-1983), griSa (1915-1981), SoTa (1921-1941), daTiko (1924-194.)<br />
da akaki (1927-1987). revoluciis Semdeg sakmaod bevri miwebi SeiZina alisubanSi, misdevda<br />
ZiriTadad meRvineobas da unikalur jiSis TeTr (cicqa, colikauri, dondRlabi), wiTel<br />
(saferavis, adesis) da Savi feris (ocxanuri) Rvinoebs ayenebda da didi warmatebiTac yidda,<br />
rac ojaxis ZiriTad Semosavals warmoadgenda. axlac mis saxlSi 6 tonis tevadobis Wurebi<br />
aqvT alisubanSi. 30-ian wlebSi ZiriTadi mamulebi CamoarTves.<br />
oTxma Svilma umaRlesi ganaTleba miiRo: nikolozma daamTavra quTaisis pedagogiuri<br />
institutis istoriis fakulteti (1933-1938), griSam - Tbilisis sasoflo-sameurneo institutis<br />
meRvineobis fakulteti, daviTma - Tbilisis sasoflo-sameurneo institutis agronomiuli<br />
fakulteti, kakom - Tbilisis sasoflo-sameurneo institutis meCaieobis fakulteti, xolo<br />
SoTa adre gardaicvala.<br />
omamde nikolozi skolis direqtori iyo Terjolis raionis sofel sazanoSi, xolo<br />
omis damTavrebis Semdeg specialobiT veRar imuSava da Cxaris abreSumis parkis saTao qarxanas<br />
direqtorobda. yavda meuRle olia verulaSvili, ori Svili manana da daviTi da oTxi<br />
SviliSvili naTia da niko zarnaZeebi, nino da giorgi orjonikiZeebi.<br />
griSa iyo Terjolis raionis meRvineobis sammarTvelos ufrosi, xolo Semdeg 60-70-ian<br />
wlebSi iyo Tbilisis Sampanuri Rvinoebis qarxnis Rvinomasalebis saamqros ufrosi. man erTerTma<br />
pirvelma daimsaxura respublikaSi damsaxurebuli meRvinis wodeba. yavda meuRle venera<br />
CanTaZe, ori Svili zauri da Tamriko da darCa 9 SviliSvili, romlebic axla TbilisSi<br />
cxovroben.<br />
daviTi institutis damTavrebis Semdeg ganawilebiT muSaobda cxinvalis raionis sofel<br />
eredvSi, aqedan gaiwvies did samamulo omSi, monawileobas iRebda qerCis brZolebSi, saidanac<br />
aRar dabrunebula.<br />
kako muSaobda Cais sistemaSi afxazeTSi, aWaraSi, tyibulSi. Semdeg aaSena Terjolis<br />
Cais fabrika, sadac iyo misi direqtori. yavda meuRle venera ZoweniZe, Svilebi marina, gia,<br />
irina da Temuri. darCa 7 SviliSvili.<br />
62
zaur grigolis Ze zarnaZe<br />
zaur zarnaZem daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis geografia-geologiis<br />
fakulteti, anaseulis hidrometeorologiuri institutis aspirantura, muSaobda sasmeli<br />
wylebis sammarTvelos ufrosad gardabanSi, mcxeTaSi, lagodexSi. aSenebda malka-vakanas<br />
wyalsacavs eTiopiaSi. aris kolorituli pirovneba da cnobili Tamada. yavs meuRle cisana<br />
miqaberiZe da eqvsi Svili: Tiniko, zviadi, zurabi, zauri, rusiko da griSa da Svidi<br />
SviliSvili.<br />
daviT nikolozis Ze zarnaZe<br />
daviT zarnaZem daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis meqanika-maTematikis<br />
fakulteti (1972), saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis aspirantura (1975), swavlobda<br />
germanul enas i.WavWavaZis saxelobis Tbilisis ucxo enebis institutSi (1976-77) wlebSi.<br />
daicva disertacia fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis<br />
mosapoveblad (1976) da sadoqtoro disertacia (2006) wels. muSaobs saqarTvelos<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiis gamoTvliTi maTematikis institutis ufros mecnier TanamSromlad. aris<br />
44 naSromis avtori, romlebic gamoqveynebulia saqarTveloSi, ruseTSi, amerikaSi, germaniaSi,<br />
italiaSi, iranSi rusul da inglisur enebze. dawerili aqvs saxelmZRvanelo `kompiuteruli<br />
teqnologiebis safuZvlebi~ (2000) TanaavtorebTan erTad. wakiTxuli aqvs moxsenebebi mraval<br />
saerTaSoriso konferenciaze moskovSi (1980,1992), baqoSi (1987), iranSi (1990), espaneTSi (1991),<br />
berlinSi (1992) inglisur enaze. 1989 wels waikiTxa moxsenebebi germaniis universitetebSi<br />
trierSi, vupertalSi, diuseldorfSi, oldenburgSi, kilSi germanul enaze. aris amerikis<br />
maTematikuri sazogadoebis wevri 1979 wlidan.<br />
yavs neuRle nino pataSuri da Svilebi naTia da niko da SviliSvilebi Tornike da<br />
nikolozi. cxovrobs TbilisSi.<br />
bondo aleqsandres Ze zarnaZe<br />
daibada 1946 wels q. gurjaanSi, pedagogis ojaxSi. 1969 wels daamTavra q. Tbilisis<br />
teqnikuri universiteti -inJiner-ekonomistis specialobiT. 1969-1971 wlidan muSaobs<br />
mSeneblobis sferoSi. 1975-1978 wlebSi swavlobda q. moskovSi ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
ekonomikis institutis aspiranturaSi da iqve daicva disertacia ekonomikis mecnierebaTa<br />
kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad, Semdgom ki moRvaweoba ganagrZo q. Tbilisis saqarTvelos<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiis ekonomikis inatitutSi. 1982 wlidan ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikis fakultetis docentia. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 100-ze meti<br />
samecniero Sroma, sami monografia, romelTagan ori inglisur enazea Targmnili. bondo<br />
zarnaZe, rogorc mecnier-ekonomisti, araerTgzis aris moxseniebuli sazRvargareTis samecniero<br />
literaturaSi sayovelTaod aRiarebul mecnierTa Soris. misi saxeli, rogorc mewarmisa da<br />
mecnier-ekonomistisa, Setanilia ukve gamosacemad momzadebul Tbilisisa da saqarTvelos<br />
enciklopediebSi, xolo wignSi “vin vin aris saqarTveloSi” bondo zarnaZis pirovneba<br />
figurirebs, rogorc aRiarebuli mecnierisa da biznesmenisa.<br />
universitetSi moRvaweobasTan paralelurad 1987 wlidan muSaobas iwyebs kerZo<br />
biznesSi. 1989 wels irCeven saqarTvelos mewarmeTa kavSiris Tavjdomared. am periodidan igi<br />
erT-erTi pirveli dadga saqarTveloSi samewarmeo moZraobis saTavesTan da Seaqvs didi<br />
wvlili sabazro urTierTobaTa damkvidrebisa da xorcSesxmis saqmeSi.<br />
1992 wlidan irCeven q, Tbilisis sabanko-safinanso institutis reqtorad da amave<br />
institutis profesorad. pirveli mowvevis parlamentidan dawyebuli, sistematurad<br />
TanamSromlobs am sakanonmdeblo organos ekonomikur da safinanso komitetTan Sesabamisi<br />
profilis kanonTa proeqtebze. 1994 wlidan saxelmwifos meTaurTan arsebuli mewarmeobis<br />
ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi sabWos wevria, xolo 1998 wlis ivlisidan prezidentis<br />
brZanebulebiT Sesabamisad saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis sakoordinacio sabWos wevria.<br />
63
aris sazogadoeba “gurjaanis” erT-erTi iniciatori da sulisCamdgmeli, dRemde misi gamgeobis<br />
wevria. sistematurad monawileobs am sazogadoebis mier gamarTul RonisZiebebSi - uwevs<br />
finansur daxmarebas. institutSi, romelsac is xelmZRvanelobs, swavlobs 22 oboli studenti<br />
gurjaanis raionidan - reqtoris xarjze. 1999 wlidan sakuTari saxsrebiT daafuZna glexTa<br />
sakredito kavSiri - “gurjaani”, mcire da ojaxuri biznesis dakreditebis mizniT raionSi<br />
Camohyavs ucxoeli bankirebi.<br />
murman ilias Ze zarnaZe<br />
murman zarnaZe – policiis maiori, amJamad sagzao policiis ufrosi.<br />
murman zarnaZis mokle biografiuli cnobebi aseTia: igi 1960 wels, 12 ivliss daibada<br />
imereTSi (Terjolis raioni, sofeli eweri). 1967-1977 wlebSi swavlobda sofel ewris<br />
saSualo skolaSi. 1978-79 wlebSi q. cxakaias (axlandeli senaki) saremonto-samSeneblo ubanSi,<br />
muSaobs rigiT muSad. 1979 wels gawveuli iqna samxedro-savaldebulo samsaxurSi (q.<br />
dnepropetrovski), 1981 wels demobizilebul iqna sabWoTa armiidan.<br />
1982 wels m. zarnaZe muSaobas iwyebs q. quTaisSi dacvis policiaSi, 1984 wlidan ki<br />
saguSago-sapatrulo samsaxurSi. 1985 wels igi misaReb gamocdebs abarebs moskovis miliciis<br />
umaRlesi skolis Tbilisis fakultetze, romlis sruli kursi daamTavra 1990 wels.<br />
1991 wlidan muSaobs Terjolis raionSi jer ubnis inspeqtorad, 1993 wlidan ki sisxlis<br />
samarTlis samZebros inspeqtorad. 1997 wlidan raiganyofilebis ufrosis TanaSemwea kadrebisa<br />
da pirad SemadgenlobasTan muSaobis dargSi, xolo 2001 wlis ianvris Tvidan dRemde sagzao<br />
policiis ufrosia. hyavs meuRle - eliso giglas asuli qaTamaZe (sofel ewris saSualo<br />
skolis fizika-maTematikis maswavlebeli), Svilebi: mari (dab. 1992 w), Tamari (dab. 1993w),<br />
ilia (dab. 2000 w), deda-eTer ivanes asuli abulaZe (pensioneri).<br />
policiis maiori murman ilias Ze zarnaZe amJamadac cxovrobs Terjolis raionSi, sofel<br />
ewerSi.<br />
albert aleqsandres Ze zarnaZe<br />
aris ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, ruseTis federaciis ekonomistTa<br />
samecniero sazogadoebis prezidiumis wevri, energetikis saerTaSoriso akademiis wevri, sabankosafinanso<br />
institutis konsultanti samecniero-meTodologiur dargSi.<br />
1965 wels daamTavra saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis energetikis fakulteti da<br />
imave wels muSaoba ganawilebiT daiwyo „mosenergos” sistemaSi.<br />
1971-1974 wlebSi swavlobda ssr kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis aspiranturaSi, sadac<br />
1974 wels daicva sakandidato disertacia.<br />
1974-1981 wlebSi muSaobda q. moskovis samecniero-kvleviT organizaciebSi saTbobenergetikuli<br />
kompleqsis ekonomikur problemebze.<br />
1981 wlidan moRvaweobs q. moskovis marTvis saxelmwifo universitetSi.<br />
1994 wels daicva sadoqtoro disertacia da imave wels arCeuli iqna energetikis<br />
marTvis kaTedraze profesorad, paralelurad imave universitetis institucionaluri<br />
ekonomikis kaTedris gamgis moadgilea.<br />
amJamad muSaobs saTbob-energetikis sistemis institucionaluri mowyobis marTvis<br />
mimarTulebiT. kiTxulobs leqciebs saerTaSoriso saTbob-energetikuli biznesis kaTedraze.<br />
albert zarnaZes ekonomikur dargSi 100-ze meti samecniero naSromis, maT Soris ramdenime<br />
monografiis, avtoria. msoflios cnobil mecnier-ekonomistTan - l. n. abalkinTan erTad da<br />
istitucionaluri ekonomikis kvlevis erT-erTi pioneria.<br />
albert zarnaZe ruseTis federaciaSi erT-erTi aRiarebuli mecnier-ekonomistia da<br />
sargeblobs saTanado avtoritetiT qveynis samecniero-ekonomikur wreebSi.<br />
64
zurab albertis Ze zarnaZe<br />
q. moskovis marTvis saxelmwifo universitetis institucionaluri ekonomikis kaTedris<br />
aspiranti. muSaobs moskovSi, investiciebisa da onovaciebis bankSi.<br />
ivlan mixeilis Ze zarnaZe<br />
ivlan mixeilis Ze zarnaZe daibada 1946 wlis 16 noembers Terjolis raionis sof. zeda<br />
alisubanSi.<br />
pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba miiRo zarnaZeebis dawyebiT skolaSi, romelic warCinebiT<br />
daamTavra da mexuTe klasidan swavla ganagrZo alisubnis saSualo skolaSi. swavlis periodSi<br />
asrulebda sxvadasxva davalebas. iyo friadosani moswavle. 1965 wels warCinebiT daamTavra<br />
alisubnis saSualo skolis sruli kursi da imave wels gaxda saqarTvelos politeqnikuri<br />
institutis energetikis fakultetis eleqtrosadgurebis specialobis studenti.<br />
institutSi swavlis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi iyo friadosani, meoTxe da mexuTe<br />
kursze daniSnuli hqonda saxelobiTi stipendia.<br />
1970 wels daamTavra saqarTvelos politeqnikuri instituti eleqtrosadgurebis<br />
specialobiT da muSaoba daiwyo Tbilisis TboeleqtrocentralSi morige inJinrad.<br />
1971 wlis seqtemberSi gaiwvies samxedro-savaldebulo samsaxurSi, sadac msaxurobda<br />
ocmeTaurad leitenantis wodebiT 1973 wlis oqtombramde.<br />
1973 wlis noembridan 1974 wlis martamde muSaobda Tbilisis “wyalsadenkanalizaciis”<br />
sammarTvelos kapitaluri mSeneblobis inJinrad.<br />
1974 wlis martidan 1975 wlis Tebervlamde arCeuli iyo Tbilisis saqalaqo sabWos<br />
aRmaskomis alkk komitetis mdivnad.<br />
1975 wlis Tebervlidan 1978 wlis dekembramde airCies saqarTvelos alkk Terjolis<br />
raikomis pirvel mdivnad.<br />
1978 wlis dekembridan 1984 wlis ivnisamde arCeuli iyo Terjolis raionis saxalxo<br />
kontrolis komitetis Tavmjdomared.<br />
1984 wlis ivnisadan 1985 wlis dekembramde arCeul iqna Terjolis saxalxo deputatTa<br />
saqalaqo sabWos aRmaskomis Tavmjdomared.<br />
1985 wlis dekembridan 1990 wlis maisamde airCies saxalxo deputatTa raionuli sabWos<br />
aRmaskomis Tavmjdomaris moadgiled.<br />
1990 wlis maisidan 1991 wlis ianvramde ki Terjolis raisabWos aRmaskomis Tavmjdomaris<br />
moadgiled.<br />
1991 wlis ianvridan 1991 wlis ivlisamde dainiSna Terjolis raisabWos aRmaskomis<br />
saqalaqo da sasoflo sabinao-komunaluri meurneobis ganyofilebis gamged.<br />
1991 wlis ivlisidan 1992 wlis Tebervlamde daniSnes Terjolis raionis prefeqturis<br />
sayofacxovrebo, sabinao da komunaluri meurneobis ganyofilebis gamged.<br />
1992 wlis Tebervlidan 1992 wlis seqtembramde arCeul iqna Terjolis raionis<br />
sakrebulos gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris moadgiled.<br />
1992 wlis seqtembridan 2000 wlis 19 ianvramde dainiSna Terjolis raionis gamgeblis<br />
pirvel moadgiled.<br />
2000 wlis 19 ianvridan 2002 w. daniSnulia Terjolis raionis gamgeblad.<br />
mama – zarnaZe mixeil nestoris Ze _ gardaicvala 1975 wels<br />
deda _ WanturiZe-zarnaZisa tatiana ivlianes asuli _ gardaicvala 1965 wels<br />
Zma _ zarnaZe cezar mixeilis Ze _ dabadebuli 1948 wels, Terjolis raionis sofel<br />
alisubanSi, cxovrobs da muSaobs TbilisSi.<br />
Zma _ zarnaZe amiran mixeilis Ze _ gardaicvala 1998 wels<br />
Zma _ zarnaZe tariel mixeilis Ze _ dabadebuli 1952 wels, Terjolis raionis sofel<br />
alisubanSi, cxovrobs da muSaobs TbilisSi.<br />
65
meuRle _ qelbaqiani-zarnaZisa marine zurabis asuli _ gardaicvala 1985 wels.<br />
hyavs OOoTxi Svili _ erTi aspiranti, erTi eqimi, erTi studenti da erTi moswavle.<br />
amJamad cxovrobs Terjolis raionis sofel alisubanSi.<br />
8. 01.2002 weli<br />
avtoris avtobiografia<br />
qarTvelur enaTa (<strong>qarTuli</strong>, megruli, Wanuri (lazuri) svanuri) mkvlevari, filologiis<br />
mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tbilisis kulturis saxelmwifo institutis filologiis kaTedris<br />
profesori badri andrias Ze cxadaZe daibada 1953 wlis 4 noembers, zestafonis raionSi,<br />
sofel meore svirSi. 1970 wels daamTavra sof. meore sviris #1 saSualo skola. amave wels<br />
gaxda iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studenti. 1975 wels<br />
daamTavra filologiis fakultetis qarTvelur enaTa ganyofileba. 1975-1976 wlebSi<br />
muSaobda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis,<br />
arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutSi e.w. ,,saproblemo jgufSi” umcros mecnier<br />
TanamSromlad.<br />
1976-1979 wlebSi swavlobs saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akad. arn. Ciqobavas<br />
saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis aspiranturaSi qarTvelur enaTa specialobiT.<br />
1980-1994 wlebSi amave institutis jer umcrosi, xolo Semdeg wamyvani mecnier<br />
TanamSromelia, aqve, 1980 wels icavs sakandidato disertacias Temaze ,,masdaris warmoeba<br />
Zvel qarTulSi” da eniWeba filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxi. 1990 wels –<br />
sadoqtoro disertacias - ,,afiqsuri sityvawarmoeba Zvel qarTulSi”.<br />
pedagogiur moRvaweobas eweoda iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetSi, sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi,<br />
saqarTelos politeqnikur universitetSi, cxinvalis saxelmwifo pedagogiur institutSi,<br />
fasian umaRles saswavleblebSic (industriul-pedagogiuri instituti ,,codna,” Tbilisis<br />
damoukidebeli universiteti ,,iberia”, Tbilisis damoukidebeli universiteti ,,falavani”, akad.<br />
v. CantlaZis saxelobis sabanko-safinanso instituti).<br />
1995 wlidan Tbilisis kulturis saxelmwifo institutis profesoria. aris amave<br />
institutis aspiranturisa da magistraturis samecniero ganyofilebaTa gamge.<br />
avtoria ramdenime monografiisa. gamosaqveynebeli aqvs 10-ze meti monografia, romelic<br />
eZRvneba qarTveluri enebis fonetika-morfologias, sintaqss, leqsikas, sityvawarmoebas,<br />
toponimebsa da <strong>gvar</strong>-saxelebs.<br />
2001 wels airCies kavkasiis xalxTa mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosad.<br />
b) zarnaZeTa <strong>gvar</strong>is telefonebi TbilisSi<br />
amiran k. gamsaxurdias pr. 25 388243<br />
bondo qaixosro ColoyaSvilis q. 2-3 a 964981, 899 50 60 61<br />
bondo mose ToiZis q. 30 968408,<br />
gizo cxra aprilis q. 11 995474<br />
gulnara k. gamsaxurdias pr.6 334122<br />
daviT zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvilis q k. 16 361940, 899 54 38 12<br />
devi 380866, 53 18 83, 99 55 80 62<br />
elguja axalSenis q. 50 . . . 377171<br />
zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvilis q. # 17 379118<br />
zauri cxakaias q. 3 931104, 874 74 11 36<br />
zeinab diRmis mas. 4-4 527081<br />
zarnaZe zura rezos Ze – 893-90-40-41?, 35 03 91, 899 53 03 80<br />
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Tina vazisubani, 2a-27 799131<br />
ioseb vark. masivi, zemo plato 2-26 739783<br />
iraida gld. masivi, 6-2 674076<br />
kaxaber didi diRomi, 3-1 627651<br />
kolia Jiuli Sartavas q. 55a 380886<br />
konstantine i. evdoSvilis q. 27/41 340431<br />
leon quTaisis q. 31 341050<br />
lia tician tabiZis q. 76 227170<br />
lubov Savi zRvis q. 2b 770325<br />
malxaz vaJa-fSavelas pr, 6-19 306745<br />
maria al. wulukiZis C. k. 7 767109<br />
mariam al. griboedovis q. 20 998376<br />
marina S. nucubiZis plato, 2-3-5 536529<br />
mediko 379935<br />
medea simon kandelakis q. 8b 383300, 877 49 49 13<br />
murTaz gvazauris q. k. 3b 617552<br />
murman liT. konstr. q-nis 6 das. 185 718665<br />
nadeJda oTar qinqlaZis q. 29 967217<br />
nanuli gldanis mas, 4-90 682613<br />
nina ilia WavWavaZis pr. 56 223270<br />
nino TianeTis q. 18 612868<br />
oTar vaJa-fSavelas pr. 26 394307<br />
omar baTumis q. 27a 351806<br />
Jora SoTa iamaniZis q. 20 354711<br />
JuJuna varkeTil 3, 2-26 739264<br />
roza varkeTil 3, 1-9 735723<br />
roza varkeTil 3, 1-9 940442<br />
sergo TianeTis q. 101 607844<br />
qeTevan muxianis dasax. 4a-5 638104<br />
SoTa k. gamsaxurdias pr. 14b 384288<br />
cisana Tamar mefis pr. 31 967183<br />
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