I. Uluslararası Beyaz Et Kongresi

Committees 

Program & Contents 

Sözlü sunumlar (Oral presentations)........................................................ 1 

Poster sunumlar (Poster presentations)………………………………… 309 

İngilizce sunumlar (Full texts presented in English)……………..…….. 431 

ii

Kongere Başkan (Congress President) 

Prof. Dr. Necmettin CEYLAN Ankara Üniversitesi 

Kongre Düzenleme Kurulu (Organization Committee)* 

Ebru ALKAZAK 

Banvit 

Özgür BAYRAM 

Mudurnu Piliç 

Tolga BİRCAN 

BESD-BİR 

Yüce CANOLER 

BESD-BİR 

Ali ÇALIŞ 

Bolca Hindi 

Asl İLGEN 

BESD-BİR 

Özgen KOCA 

Beypiliç 

Gizem ALAV ŞAPÇI Grup7 İletişim 

M. Berkant UĞURLU Erpiliç 

Ahmet YILMAZ 

Şeker Piliç 

Kongre Bilim Kurulu (Scientific Committee) * 

Prof. Dr. Sacit BİLGİLİ Auburn University 

Prof. Dr. Gökhan ÇAYCI Ankara Üniversitesi 

Prof. Dr. İbrahim CİFTCİ Ankara Üniversitesi 

Prof. Dr. Okan ELİBOL Ankara Üniversitesi 

Prof. Dr. Bülent GÜLÇUBUK Ankara Üniversitesi 

Prof. Dr. Mustafa HASÖKSÜZ İstanbul Üniversitesi 

Dr. Sait KOCA 

BESD-BİR 

Prof. Dr. Nuray KOLSARICI Ankara Üniversitesi 

Doç. Dr. Erol ŞENGÖR BESD-BİR 

Prof. Dr. Tansel ŞİRELİ Ankara Üniversitesi 

Prof. Dr. Servet YALÇIN Ege Üniversitesi 

Prof. Dr. Sevinç YÜCECAN Hacettepe Üniversitesi 

* Soyad Srasna Göre (Alphabetically ordered based on surnames) 

iii

iv

S001 

S002 

S003 

S004 

S005 

S006 

SÖZLÜ SUNUMLAR (ORAL PRESENTATIONS) 

Kesimhanelerde Veteriner Kontrolleri: Ileri Uygulamalar (Veterinary 

Inspection in Slaughterhouses: Future Challenges) 

Reinhard Fries, Berlin Freie Üniversitesi (Freie University of Berlin) 

Piliç Eti Sektörü: Hedefler ve Potansiyel Problemler (Poultry Meat Industry: 

Targets and Potential Problems) 

Sait Koca, BESD-BİR (Turkish Poultry Meat Association) 

Damzlk Broyler Beslenmesinde Temel ve Yeni Yaklaşmlar (Basic and 

New Approaches in Broiler Breeder Nutrition) 

Marcus Kenny, Broiler Damzlk Besleme Uzman (Broiler Breeder 

Nutritionist) 

Baz Kuluçka Koşullarnn Broyler Performans Üzerine Etkileri (Effects of 

Hatchery Management on Broiler Performance) 

Okan Elibol, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

Depolama Süresi ve Çevirme Sklğnn Çkş Gücü ve Broiler Performans 

Üzerine Etkileri (Effects of Egg Storage Time and Turning Frequency on 

Hatchability and Broiler Performance) 

Nezih Okur (Beypiliç) 

Uluslararas Kanatl Ürün Ticareti ve Bakanlk Uygulamalar (International 

Trade of Poultry Products and Ministry Prectices) 

Haluk Aşkaroğlu, Tarm ve Köyişleri Bakanlğ (Ministry of Agriculture) 

S007 Beyaz Et Sektöründe Devlet Destekli Kredi Uygulamalar (Government 

Supported Credits in Poultry Meat Industry) 

Hüsamettin Gülhan, Murat Kara, T.C. Ziraat Bankas (Agricultural Bank of 

the Republic of Turkey) 

S008 

S009 

S010 

S011 

S012 

Sektörde Uygulanan Yönetmelikler ve AB Uyumu Çerçevesinde Karşlaşlan 

Problemler (Applied Regulations for Poultry Meat Industry and Problems 

Faced to Harmonization Period to European Union) 

Çiğdem Kzlzy Karaoğlu, Ramazan Çakr (Banvit) 

Broiler Gübresinin Kompostlanmasnda Yeni Teknolojiler ve Yaklaşmlar 

(New Technologies and Approaches for Composting Broiler Manure ) 

Harold Marion Keener, Ohio Üniversitesi (The Ohio State University) 

Broiler Gübresinin Türkiye Tarmndaki Önemi ve Kullanm Uygulamalr 

(The Use of Applications and Importance of Broiler Manure in Turkey) 

Gökhan Çayc, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

Broilerlerin Beslenmesinde Formulasyon Stratejilerinde Yeni Görüşler (New 

Concepts in Formulation Strategies in Broiler Nutrition ) 

İbrahim Ciftci, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

Broiler Üretiminde Yem Teknolojisinin Önemi (Importance of Feed 

Technology in Broiler Production) 

Adnan Zaimoğullar, Keskinoğlu 

S013 Tavuklarda Solunum Sistemi Hastalklar (Distribution and Presence of 

Poultry Respiratory Disease Recently Seen in Turkey) 

Mehmet Akan, Orkun Babacan, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

1 

13 

31 

37 

42 

48 

60 

63 

67 

82 

91 

114 

120 

v

S014 Ülkemizde Aş Uygulamalar ve Kontrolleri (Vaccine Applications and 

Checks in Turkey) 

Güney Gökçelik (Protekt Laboratuvar) 

S015 

S016 

İstatistikî Verilere Dayanarak Kanatl Refah, Patolojisi ve Hastalklarnn 

Değerlendirilmesi (Assessing Poultry Welfare, Pathology and Disease Using 

Outcome Measures) 

Andrew Butterworth, Bristol Veteriner Fakültesi (Bristol Veterinary School) 

Etlik Piliç Üretiminde Is Stresinin Performans ve Et Kalitesine Etkileri 

(Effects of Heat Stress on Performance and Meat Quality in Broiler 

Production) 

Servet Yalçn, Ege Üniversitesi (Ege University) 

S017 Broiler Yetiştiriciliğinde Pratik Uygulamalar (Practical Applications in 

Broiler Production) 

Serdar Çelebi (Seral Veterinerlik) 

S018 

S019 

S020 

S021 

Beyaz Et ve Ürünleri Üretiminde Gda Güvenliği (Food Safety in Poultry 

Meat and Products from Farm to Fork) 

Mustafa Tayar, Uludağ Üniversitesi (Uludağ University) 

Kanatl Eti Kalitesine Etki Eden Faktörler (Factors Affecting Poultry Meat 

Quality) 

Michel J. Duclos, INRA Fransa (INRA France) 

Kanatl Eti Endüstrisinde Salmonellann Güncel Durumu, Yönetmelikler ve 

Azaltma Stratejileri (Current Salmonella Situation in the Poultry Meat 

Industry, Regulations and Strategies for Reduction) 

Roel Mulder, Dünya Bilimsel Tavukçuluk Derneği Genel Sekreteri (World 

Poultry Science Association, Secretary General) 

Tüketicilerin Beyaz Et Konusundaki Sağlk ve Beslenme Alglar (Consumer 

Perceptions for Poultry Meat Regarding with Health and Nutrition) 

Dilek Boyacoğlu, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi (Istanbul Technical 

University) 

S022 Türkiye’de Tavuk Eti Tüketimi ve Tüketici Eğilimleri (Poultry Meat 

Consumption and Consumer Trends in Turkey) 

İsmail Durmuş, Cengizhan Mzrak, Serdar Kamanl, Şahnur E. Demirtaş, 

Süleyman Kalebaş, Ender Karademir, Murat Dogu, Tavukçuluk Araştrma 

Enstitüsü (Poultry Research Institute) 

S023 

S024 

Piliç Eti Tüketimini Etkileyen Faktörler ve Tüketici Tercihleri: Ankara İli 

Örneği (Factors Affecting the Chicken Meat Consumption and Consumer 

Preferences: the Case of Ankara Province) 

Ylmaz Aral, Erol Aydn, Pnar Demir, Ahmet Cumhur Akn, Sinem İşbilir, 

Yavuz Cevger, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

Broiler Yemlerinde Protein ve/veya Amino Asit Yoğunluğunu Azaltma ve 

Enzim İlavesinin Performans ve Kan Parametrelerine Etkileri (Effects of 

Protease Supplementation into Broiler Diets Decreased Level of Protein 

and/or Amino Acids on Performance and Blood Parameters) 

Necmettin Ceylan, Sait Koca, Nezih Okur, Gökhan Akdeniz, Ankara 

Üniversitesi ve Beypiliç (Ankara University and Beypiliç ) 

122 

126 

138 

147 

155 

163 

170 

179 

184 

195 

202 

vi

S025 

S026 

S027 

S028 

Broyler Rasyonlarnda Farkl İnorganik Mineral Düzeylerinin Performans ve 

Mineral Atlm Üzerine Etkilerinin Karşlaştrlmas (Comparison of 

Different Concentrations of Inorganic Trace Minerals in Broiler Diets on 

Live Performance and Mineral Excretion) 

Z. Wang, S. Cerrate, F. Yan, Pnar Saçakl ve P.W. Waldroup, Ankara 

Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

Etlik Civcivlerin Erken Dönem Beslenmesinde Karbonhidrat Tipi ve Amino 

Asit Yoğunluğunun Performans ve İnce Bağrsak Morfolojisi Üzerine 

Etkileri (Effects of Carbohydrate Type and Amino Acid Density on 

Performance and Small Intestine Morphology in Early Nutrition of Broiler 

Chicks) 

Mohammed Vadiei, İbrahim Çiftçi, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

Tüketici Beklentilerini Karşlama Açsndan Yeni Ürün Geliştirme: Kanatl 

Eti Endüstrisinde Yeni Ürün Geliştirmede Düşünceden Uygulamaya İşlemler 

ve Esaslar (New Product Development to Meet Consumer Demands: Process 

and Basics Principles in Poultry Meat Industry from Idea to Practice) 

Kezban Candoğan, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

Tavuk Göğüs ve But Etinden Pastrma Üretim Olanağ (Possibilities for 

Pastrma Production from Chicken Breast and Thigh Meats ) 

Eda Demirok, Nuray Kolsarc, Ahmet Akllgil, Berrak Özşk, Zeliha 

Uyank, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

S029 Kuluçkahanelerde Embriyo Kontrolleri ve Problem Analizleri (Embryo 

Checks and Problem Analysis in Hatcheries) 

Jason Cormick, Kuluçka Uzman (Hatchery Specialist) 

S030 

S031 

S032 

S033 

Türkiye Hindi Sektörünün Dünü, Bugünü, Yarn ve Gelecekteki Zorluklar 

(Past, Present and Future of Turkey Meat Industry and Challanges and 

Opportunities) 

Murat Kalafat (Bolca Hindi) 

Ağr Beyaz (ABE) ve Amerikan Bronz (Br) Hindiler ile Bunlarn 

Melezlerinin (F1, F2 ve G1) Entansif ve Yar Entansif Koşullarda Karkas 

Maliyeti (Cost per kg of Carcass of Large White (ABE), American Bronze 

(Br) and their Crosses (F1, F2 and BC1 Reared Intensive (IMG) or Semi 

Intensive Management Conditions) 

Serdar Özlü, Okan Elibol, Numan Akman, Mesut Türkoğlu, Muzaffer 

Çördük, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

Biyogüvenlik Kanunun Hayvansal Üretime Yansmalar (Effects of National 

Biosecurity Law on Turkish Feed Industry) 

Ülkü Karakuş (Türkiye Yem Sanayicileri Birliği) 

Genetik Yaps Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Konusunda Toplumun Negatif 

Risk Algsnn Nedenleri ve Bilimsel Gerçeklerle Çelişkiler (Reasons of 

People Negative Perception on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), 

Scientific Facts and Conflicts) 

Ali Esat Karakaya, Gazi Üniversitesi (Gazi University) 

S034 Broyler Yemlerinde Kamelina (Ketencik) Küspesi ve Keten Tohumu 

Kullanlmas ve Bakr İlavesinin Etkileri (Dietary Camelina Meal vs. 

Flaxseed With and Without Supplemental Copper for Broiler Chickens) 

Ahmet Y. Pekel, P. H. Patterson, R. M. Hulet, N. Acar, T. L. Cravener, D. B. 

Dowler, J. M. Hunter, İstanbul Üniversitesi (İstanbul University) 

214 

220 

228 

234 

240 

252 

258 

264 

272 

279 

vii

S035 Yem Katklar: Avrupa Birliğinde Yasal Durum (Feed Additives: Legal 

Status in European Union) 

Jan Koslacz, Polonya FEFANA Platformu Başkan (Chairman of the 

FEFANA Polish Platform) 

S036 Beyaz Etin Türk Halknn Sağlkl Beslenmesindeki Rolü (The Role of 

Poultry Meat in Healthy Nutrition of Turkish People ) 

Sevinç Yücecan, Hacettepe Üniversitesi (Hacettepe University) 

S037 

Kümes Hayvanclğnn Krsal Kalknmada Rolü (Effects of Poultry Industry 

on Rural Development) 

Bülent Gülçubuk, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

288 

295 

299 

viii

P001 

P002 

P003 

POSTER SUNUMLAR (POSTER PRESENTATIONS) 

Broyler Yemine Proteaz Enzimi İlavesinin Büyüme Performans ve Besin 

Madde Sindirilebilirliği Üzerine Etkisi (Effect of Protease Enzyme 

Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibility and Growth Performance of 

Broiler Chickens) 309 

A. Y. Pekel, P. H. Patterson, İstanbul Üniversitesi ve Pennsylvania 

Üniversitesi (İstanbul University and The Pennsylvania State University) 

Tüm Dane Arpa İçeren Etlik Piliç Yemlerine Enzim İlavesinin Performans, 

Karkas Kompozisyonu ve Kan Yağlar Üzerine Etkileri (The Effects of 

Enzyme Supplementation into Broiler Diets Containing Barley on 

Performance, Carcass Composition and Blood Lipids) 315 

Selim Mert, Figen Krkpnar, Ege Üniversitesi (Ege University) 

İnaktif Bira Mayasnn Broyler Rasyonlarnda Vitamin-Mineral Kaynağ 

Olarak Kullanlmasnn Performans Üzerine Etkileri (Effects of Using 

Inactivated Brewer’s Yeast (Saccharomyces cereviciae) in Diets as a Source 

of Vitamin and Mineral in Performance of Broilers) 320 

Pnar Saçakl, Bekir Hakan Köksal, Ahmet Ergün, Bülent Özsoy, Ankara 

Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

P004 Kanatl Üretiminde Diformatlarn Salmonella ve Sindirim Sistemi 

Mikrobiyotasna Etkisi (Effect of Diformates on Salmonella and Gut 

microbiota in Poultry Production) 327 

Christian Luckstaedt, Kurt Wegleitner, ADDCON Group, Bonn, Germany 

P005 Rasyon Lizin Seviyesinin Japon Bldrcnlarda Büyüme Performans ve 

Bağşklk Üzerine Etkisi (The Effect of Dietary Lysine Levels on Growth 

Performance and Immunity Parameters in Japanese Quail) 334 

I. Hajkhodadadi, M. Shivazad, H. Moravvej, A. Zare-Shahneh 

P006 

P007 

P008 

P009 

Broiler Rasyonlarna Probiotic (Bacillus subtilis DSM 17299) Katlmasnn 

Performans ve Sekal Mikroflora Üzerine Etkileri (Effects of Probiotic 

Supplementation on the Caecal Microflora and Performance in Broiler 

Chickens) 340 

Gülay Deniz, Abdülkadir Orman, Figen Çetinkaya, Hdr Gençoğlu, Yavuz 

Meral, İ. İsmet Türkmen, Uludağ Üniversitesi (Uludağ University) 

Salmonella Spp’ye Doğal Olarak Maruz Kalan Etlik Piliçlerde Organik 

Asitlerin Etkinliği (Citrex Efficacy on a Natural Challenge with Salmonella 

spp in Broiler Chickens) 349 

C. G. Wilsmann, F. Flores, F. L. Gazoni, F. Silveria, M. Lovato, D. Zaviezo, 

Citrex, Inc. Miami, FL, USA 

Broilerlerde, Salmonelle Enteritidis Kontrolü İçin Organik Asitlerin 

Kullanm (Citrx Efficacy on the control of Salmonella Enteritidis in Broiler 

Chickens) 353 

C. G. Wilsmann, F. Flores, F. L. Gazoni, F. Silveria, M. Lovsto, M. 

Contreras, Citrex, Inc. Miami, FL, USA 

Etlik Piliç Yemlerinde Farkl Seviyelerde Büyüme Uyarc Bitkisel Ekstrakt 

Karşm Kullanlmasnn Büyüme Performans ve Karkas Kalitesi Üzerine 

Etkileri (Effects of Growth Stimulating Herbal Extract Mixture on Broiler 

Performance and Carcass Quality) 357 

Ali Oğuz Kyak, Necmettin Ceylan, Muzaffer Çördük, Funda Çakmak, 

Shahram Golzar Adabi, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

ix

P010 

P011 

P012 

P013 

P014 

P015 

Organik Kompleks Minerallerin Etçi Piliçlerde Et Kalitesine Etkisi (Effects 

of Chelated Mineral Complex on Broiler meat Quality) 363 

Taylan Aksu, M. İrfan Aksu, M. Akif Yörük, Mevlüt Karaoğlu, Mustafa 

Kemal Üniversitesi (Mustafa Kemal University) 

Erkek Etlik Piliçlerde Apilarnil (Erkek Ar Larvas) Uygulamasnn Gelişme 

Performans ve İkincil Eşey Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri (The Effects of 

Apilarnil (Drone Bee Larvae) Administration on Growth Performance and 

Secondary Sex Characteristics of Male Broilers) 370 

Banu Yücel, Zümrüt Açkgöz, Hakan Bayraktar, Çiğdem Şeremet, Ege 

Üniversitesi (Ege University) 

Sürü Yaş ve İnkubasyon Programnn Çkş Gücü ve Broiler Performans 

Üzerine Etkileri (Effects of Breeder’s Age and Incubation Programme on 

Hatchability of Fertile Eggs and Performance of Broilers) 376 

Nezih Okur, Mesut Türkoğlu, Beypiliç ve Ankara Üniversitesi (Beypiliç. and 

Ankara University) 

Etlik Piliçlerde Civciv Ağrlğ ile Kesim Performans Arasndaki İlişkiler 

(The Relationships Between Chick Weight and Slaughter Performance in 

Broilers) 384 

H. Cem Güler, Servet Yalçn, Ege Üniversitesi, (Ege University) 

Tavuk Eti Marinasyonunda Krmz Şarap, Nar Ekşisi ve Pekmez 

Kullanmnn Ürünün Baz Kalite Özelliklerine Etkisi (Effects of Using Red 

Wine, Grape Molasses and Pomegranate Concentrate in Marination of 

Chicken Breast Meat on Quality Characteristics) 389 

H. Ayça Şahin, Herdem Eyyüpoğlu, Sibel Esra Tefek, Kezban Candoğan, 

Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

Uçucu Kekik Yağnn Taze Olarak Muhafaza Edilen Piliç Etlerinin Baz 

Kalite Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi (The Effect of Oregano Essential Oil on 

Some Quality Characteristics of Chicken Meats) 395 

Lütfiye Ekici, İsmet Öztürk, Osman Sağdç, Mustafa T. Ylmaz, Hasan 

Yetim, Erciyes Üniversitesi (Erciyes University) 

P016 Türkiye’deki Hindi ve Tavuk Kesimhanelerinde Yaz Aylarnda PSE Et 

Oluşumunun Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştrma (A Research on 

Determining PSE Occurance in Chicken and Turkey Meats During Summer 

Time in Turkey) 401 

Ahmet Yaman, Kezban Candoğan, Ankara üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

P017 Mikroenkapsülasyon Teknolojisi ve Kanatl Endüstrisindeki Uygulamalar 

(Microencapsulation Technology And Its Application In The Poultry 

Industry) 406 

lker Turan Akoğlu, Nuray Kolsarc, Ankara Üniversitesi (Erciyes 

University) 

P018 

Hindi Etlerinden İzole Edilen Salmonella Spp., Listeria Monocytogenes ve 

Clostridium Perfringens İzolatlarnn Antibiyotik Dirençliliğinin Belirlenmesi 

(Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Spp., Listeria Monocytogenes and 

Clostridium Perfringens Isolates From Turkey Meat) 410 

İrfan Erol, F. Seda Bilir Ormanc, N. Deniz Ayaz, Özlem İşeri, Devrim 

Sargüzel, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

x

P019 

P020 

Tavuklarda Mycoplasma gallisepticum infeksiyonunun polimeraz zincir 

reaksiyonu (PCR) ile teşhisi (Diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum 

infection from trachea and tracheal swap samples in chickens by polymerase 

chain reaction (PCR)) 

Seyda Cengiz, Orkun Babacan, Mehmet Akan, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Ankara 

Üniversitesi (Atatürk University and Ankara university) 

Kanatllarda Msrn Yem Değerini Etkileyen Faktörler (Factors Affecting 

Nutritional Quality of Corn) 420 

Mohammed Vadiei, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) 

416 

xi

xii

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S 002 Piliç Eti Sektörü: Hedefler ve Potansiyel Problemler 

Poultry Meat Industry: Targets and Potential Problems 

Sait Koca 

BESD-BİR, Beyaz Et Sanayicileri ve Damzlkçlar Birliği 

Piliç eti sektörü genç bir sektör. 1980 li yllardan itibaren atak yapt. Çok hzl bir 

büyüme göstererek Dünyada önemli bir konuma ulaşt. Modern ve ileri teknolojilerin 

tamamn uyguluyor. Piliç eti kalitesi Dünya standartlarnn üzerinde. Türk insannn 

hayvansal protein açğn kapatmada çok önemli rol oynad ve oynamaya devam 

ediyor. 

Anakaralarn Nüfuslar, Milyon 

1990 2000 2010 2020 2050 

Dünya 5.295 6.124 6.907 7.667 9.191 

Afrika 636 813 1.007 1.228 1.937 

Avrupa 788 728 715 705 644 

Asay-Pasifik ülkeleri 3.127 3.707 4.165 4.593 5.265 

Latin amerika-karayipler 444 523 599 667 783 

Kuzey amerika 283 315 346 375 438 

Kaynak: 2010 executive guide to world poultry trends 

Dünya nüfusu sürekli artyor. 2010 da 6,9 milyar olan nüfus 2050 de 9,2 milyar 

olacak. Artan nüfusun beslenmesi, ayrca daha iyi beslenmesi dünyann ana gündem 

maddesi. Bugün bile açlk snrnda pek çok insan varken, gelecekte beslenme 

sorununun nasl çözüleceği ise bir muamma. 

14

Dünya Piliç Eti Üretimi (Milyon Ton) 

Anakaralar 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 

Afrika 2,8 3,0 3,1 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,6 

Avrupa 9,4 9,9 10,3 10,1 10,4 10,7 10,8 11,7 12,0 13,4 

Asya 18,2 18,7 19,7 20,5 20,5 21,6 22,5 23,6 24,5 25,4 

Amerika 27,2 28,2 29,3 30,0 32,2 32,7 33,7 35,2 37,1 36,2 

Okyanusya 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,0 

Toplam 58,3 60,5 63,1 64,6 67,2 69,2 71,3 75,1 78,2 79,6 


Dünya piliç eti üretimindeki artş son 10 ylda % 37 

Dünya Piliç Eti Üretimi (Milyon Ton) 


En belirgin üretim artş Asya ve Amerika ktalarnda 

En Fazla Piliç Eti Üreten Ülkeler(Milyon Ton) 

Ülke 2007 Ülke 2007 

1 Amerika Bir. Dev.. 16.000 11 Arjantin 1.160 

2 Çin 10.856 12 İspanya 1.067 

3 Brezilya 8.670 13 Tayland 1.050 

4 Meksika 2.500 14 Kanada 1.030 

5 Hindistan 2.200 15 Türkiye 1.012 

6 Rusya Federasyonu 1.722 16 Güney Afrika 0.975 

7 İran 1.423 17 Malezya 0.931 

8 Endonezya 1.331 18 Polonya 0.825 

9 İngiltere 1.300 19 Avustralya 0.810 

10 Japonya 1.290 20 Peru 0.800 


Türkiye, üretimde 2007 yl itibariyle dünyada 15. Srada. 2012 ylnda 7. srada yer 

almamz sürpriz olmayacaktr. 

15

Türkiye Kanatl Eti Üretimi (ton) 

Köy ve Yum. 

Yllar Piliç Eti Hindi Eti Tavuklar, Diğer Toplam 

Kanatl Eti 

1990 162.569 0 54.190 216.759 

1995 313.154 2.646 101.739 417.539 

2000 662.096 23.265 67.021 752.382 

2001 592.567 38.991 41.813 673.371 

2002 620.581 24.582 60.043 705.206 

2003 768.012 34.078 51.255 853.345 

2004 940.889 46.248 58.295 1.045.432 

2005 978.400 53.530 52.850 1.084.780 

2006 945.779 45.750 40.250 1.031.779 

2007 1.012.000 33.000 55.000 1.100.000 

2008 1.150.000 35.000 57.000 1.242.000 

2009 1.180.000 30.000 60.000 1.270.000 

2010 1.420.000 30.000 62.000 1.512.000 

Kaynak: BESD-BİR 

Türkiye piliç eti üretimindeki artş ise son 10 ylda % 142 

Türkiye kanatl eti tüketimi (ton) 

Köy ve Yumurta 



2001 580.281 38.650 41.813 662.745 

2002 613.824 24.118 60.043 699.987 

2003 759.631 33.255 51.255 846.144 

2004 929.793 45.633 58.295 1.035.725 

2005 949.773 51.547 52.850 1.056.175 

2006 926.967 45.431 40.250 1.014.654 

2007 987.784 32.233 54.392 1.076.416 

2008 1.103.400 33.701 54.663 1.193.772 

2009 1.103.063 29.047 55.305 1.189.424 

2010 1.313.360 28.964 53.569 1.397.903 


16

Türkiye kişi başna kanatl eti tüketimi (kg) 

Köy ve Yum. 

Piliç Hindi 

Yllar 

Tavuklar, Diğer 

Eti Eti 


Toplam 

2001 8,91 0,59 0,64 10,17 

2002 9,30 0,37 0,91 10,60 

2003 11,36 0,50 0,77 12,65 

2004 13,73 0,67 0,86 15,29 

2005 13,85 0,75 0,77 15,40 

2006 13,35 0,65 0,58 14,62 

2007 14,06 0,46 0,77 15,32 

2008 15,52 0,47 0,77 16,80 

2009 15,34 0,40 0,77 16,54 

2010 18,07 0,40 0,74 19,23 


Türkiye kişi başna piliç eti tüketimi (kg) 

Türkiye kanatl eti ihracat, ton 

Yllar Tavuk Hindi Diğer Ayak İşlenmiş Toplam 

2001 12.286 341 0 11.790 0 24.417 

2002 6.757 464 0 12.779 0 20.000 

2003 8.381 823 0 15.818 0 25.022 

2004 11.096 615 0 17.339 0 29.050 

2005 28.627 1.983 0 15.710 0 46.320 

2006 18.812 319 0 18.971 0 38.102 

2007 24.824 767 0 26.165 0 51.756 

2008 48.937 1.299 0 30.508 0 80.744 

2009 81.632 953 3 32.511 0 115.099 

2010 104.128 1.036 0 35.232 10.943 151.339 

Kaynak: DTM ve İhracatç Birlikleri 

17

Kanatl etinde ana ihracatç ülkeler (2009) 


Türkiye’nin ihracatç ülke konumuna geçişi dş kaynaklarda da yer almaya başlad. 

Ülkelere göre türkiye’nin kanatl eti ihracat, ton (Ayak Hariç) 

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 

Irak 2.182 681 9.326 50.666 71.185 

Türk Cumhuriyetleri 11.562 14.529 20.432 17.362 19.962 

İran 0 0 501 0 4.632 

Hong Kong 908 1.479 0 59 2.079 

Vietnam 1.728 4.422 8.351 3.608 2.844 

Bosna Hersek 2.061 2.256 4.361 3.081 2.132 

KKTC 72 38 846 236 589 

Rusya 0 0 0 0 41 

Diğerleri 618 2.186 6.418 7.576 12.644 

Toplam 19.130 25.591 50.235 82.588 116.107 

Kaynak: DTM ve ihracatç birlikleri 

18

Parasal olarak türkiye kanatl eti ihracat 

Yillar Ton Milyon Dolar Dolar/Ton 

2001 24.417 14.2 582 

2002 20.000 11.9 595 

2003 25.022 16.4 655 

2004 29.050 19.8 682 

2005 46.320 33.7 728 

2006 38.102 27.2 714 

2007 51.756 43.4 839 

2008 80.744 86.8 1.075 

2009 115.099 152.6 1.326 

2010 151.339 229.9 1.519 

Kaynak: DTM ve ihracatç birlikleri 

Seçilmiş ülkelerin 2010 yl kişi başna et tüketimi (kg) 

Ülkeler Sğr Domuz Piliç Koyun Toplam 

Amerika Bir. Dev. 38,6 27,9 43,0 - 109,6 

Arjantin 60,4 6,2 32,3 - 98,9 

Avrupa Birliği 16,9 42,1 17,7 2,6 79,3 

Brezilya 34,6 21,9 38,5 - 93,0 

Çin 4,1 36,9 9,3 1,8 52,2 

Güney Afrika 14,1 - 28,8 - 42,8 

Hindistan 1,7 - 2,2 - 3,9 

Japonya 9,8 19,6 15,4 - 44,8 

Msr 7,4 - 6,9 - 14,3 

Rusya 14,5 21,8 19,7 - 56,0 

Tayland 3,1 10,6 12,4 - 26,1 

Türkiye 8,4 - 18,1 2,2 28,7 

Ukrayna 8,6 17,2 17,8 - 43,6 

Kaynak: World Meat: FAPRI 2010 Agricultural Outlook, Türkiye 

rakamlar TUİK ve Besd-Bir 

Türkiye kişi başna piliç eti tüketiminde Avrupa Birliği’ni geçti. 

19

Seçilmiş ülkelerin 2019 yl kişi başna et tüketimi projeksiyonu (kg) 

Ülkeler Sğr Domuz Piliç Koyun Toplam 

Amerika Bir. Dev. 37,0 27,8 46,3 0,0 111,1 

Arjantin 60,1 7,1 35,6 0,0 102,8 

Avrupa Birliği 17,0 43,1 18,5 2,7 81,3 

Brezilya 42,5 15,5 30,7 0,0 96,7 

Çin 5,2 45,1 11,1 2,1 63,5 

Güney Afrika 17,2 0,0 34,6 0,0 51,8 

Hindistan 1,8 0,0 2,4 0,0 4,2 

Japonya 11,1 21,5 15,8 0,0 48,4 

Msr 8,0 0,0 7,7 0,0 15,7 

Rusya 15,1 24,8 23,5 0,0 63,4 

Tayland 3,6 11,9 13,9 0,0 29,4 

Türkiye 10,0 0,0 27,9 2,3 40,2 

Ukrayna 9,5 21,9 22,8 0,0 54,2 

Kaynak: World Meat: FAPRI 2010 agricultural outlook, türkiye rakamlar 

TUİK ve Besd-Bir 

Seçilmiş ülkelerin piliç eti üretim projeksiyonu (bin ton) 

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 

ABD 15.945 16.510 17.173 17.810 18.497 19.231 

Arjantin 1.500 1.581 1.653 1.724 1.795 1.972 

Avrupa Birliği 8.620 8.729 8.832 8.939 9.023 9.094 

Brezilya 11.143 11.524 11.692 11.823 11.961 12.118 

Çin 12.100 12.701 13.336 13.965 14.521 14.998 

Endonezya 890 965 1.056 1.133 1.209 1.289 

Filipinler 725 803 840 865 888 909 

Hindistan 2.550 2.704 2.841 2.960 3.073 3.180 

Hong Kong 10 21 22 22 23 24 

Japonya 1.260 1.292 1.280 1.263 1.238 1.214 

Rusya 1.790 2.036 2.146 2.207 2.271 2.332 

Suudi Ara. 507 633 677 712 745 781 

Tayland 1.200 1.312 1.383 1.455 1.528 1.601 

Türkiye 1.180 1.570 1.800 2.010 2.210 2.420 

Ukrayna 620 702 746 770 792 824 

Diğer 13.016 12.660 13.376 13.999 14.612 15.269 

Toplam 73.056 75.743 78.853 81.657 84.386 87.256 

Kaynak: World Meat: FAPRI 2010 Agricultural Outlook, Türkiye rakamlar tahmin 

20

Seçilmiş ülkelerin piliç eti tüketim projeksiyonu (bin ton) 

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 

ABD 12.94513.66614.182 14.675 15.160 15.690 

Arjantin 1.331 1.378 1.443 1.501 1.561 1.617 

Avrupa Birliği 8.610 8.752 8.861 8.959 9.048 9.123 

Brezilya 7.486 7.888 8.090 8.248 8.383 8.538 

Çin 12.22012.83013.540 14.247 14.873 15.415 

Endonezya 0.900 0.967 1.036 1.088 1.148 1.202 

Filipinler 1.267 1.347 1.430 1.519 1.609 1.707 

Hindistan 2.549 2.703 2.840 2.959 3.072 3.179 

Hong Kong 0.260 0.274 0.280 0.285 0.290 0.296 

Japonya 1.960 1.952 1.959 1.953 1.941 1.926 

Rusya 2.665 2.815 2.924 2.986 3.050 3.110 

Suudi Ara. 1.185 1.260 1.337 1.393 1.449 1.501 

Tayland 0.805 0.846 0.878 0.907 0.938 0.966 

Türkiye 1.103 1.433 1.594 1.734 1.865 2.007 

Ukrayna 0.812 0.822 0.871 0.911 0.946 0.971 

Diğer 17.03516.77017.558 18.297 19.084 19.976 

Toplam 73.13375.70378.823 81.662 84.417 87.224 

Kaynak: World Meat: FAPRI 2010 agricultural outlook, türkiye 

rakamlar tahmin 2011 Yl Program; 

Seçilmiş ülkelerin piliç eti ithalat-ihracat projeksiyonu (x1000 ton) 

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 

ABD 3.000 2.844 2.991 3.135 3.337 3.541 

Arjantin 169 203 210 223 234 355 

Avrupa Birliği 10 -23 -29 -20 -25 -29 

Brezilya 3.657 3.636 3.602 3.575 3.578 3.580 

Çin -120 -129 -204 -282 -352 -417 

Endonezya -10 -2 20 45 61 87 

Filipinler -542 -544 -590 -654 -721 -798 

Hindistan 1 1 1 1 1 1 

Hong Kong -250 -253 -258 -263 -267 -272 

Japonya -700 -660 -679 -690 -703 -712 

Rusya -875 -779 -778 -779 -779 -778 

Suudi Ara. -678 -627 -660 -681 -704 -720 

Tayland 395 466 505 548 590 635 

Türkiye 77 137 206 276 345 413 

Ukrayna -192 -120 -125 -141 -154 -147 

Diğer -4.019 -4.110 -4.182 -4.298 -4.472 -4.707 

Kaynak: World Meat: FAPRI 2010 agricultural outlook, türkiye 

rakamlar tahmin 

21

“Krmz et üretimindeki skntlar nedeniyle, tavuk eti tüketimini artrmann 

hedeflenmesi önem arz etmektedir.” 

Hükümetin bu konudaki çalşmalar bir an önce başlatmas önemli. 

Sektör, üretim hedeflerini 2011 yl programnda yer alan bu mantk doğrultusunda 

belirliyor. 

Türkiye kanatl eti üretim projeksiyonu, ton 

Köy ve Yum. 



2011 1.570.000 33.000 64.000 1.667.000 

2012 1.690.000 36.000 66.000 1.792.000 

2013 1.800.000 39.000 68.000 1.907.000 

2014 1.910.000 42.000 70.000 2.022.000 

2015 2.010.000 45.000 72.000 2.127.000 

2016 2.110.000 48.000 74.000 2.232.000 

2017 2.210.000 51.000 76.000 2.337.000 

2018 2.310.000 54.000 78.000 2.442.000 

2019 2.420.000 57.000 80.000 2.557.000 


Türkiye kanatl eti ihracat projeksiyonu, ton 

Yillar Tavuk Hindi Diğer Ayak İşlenmiş Toplam 

2011 135.000 1.200 0 38.681 12.000 186.881 

2012 170.000 1.350 0 41.638 13.000 225.988 

2013 205.000 1.500 0 44.348 14.500 265.348 

2014 240.000 1.650 0 47.058 16.000 304.708 

2015 275.000 1.800 0 49.276 17.500 343.576 

2016 310.000 1.950 0 51.493 19.000 382.443 

2017 345.000 2.100 0 53.957 20.500 421.557 

2018 380.000 2.250 0 56.420 22.000 460.670 

2019 415.000 2.400 0 58.884 23.500 499.784 


Potansiyel Problemler 

Hedeflenen üretim artşlarn gerçekleştirmek kolay olmayacaktr. 

Yem İhtiyac 

Hayvanclğn en önemli girdisi yem. 

Bu girdiyi hedeflenen üretim artşn karşlayabilecek miktar ve kalitede temin etmek 

kolay olmayacaktr. 

22

Türkiye kanatl eti tüketim projeksiyonu, ton 

Yllar Piliç Eti 

Köy ve Yum. Tavuklar, 

Hindi Eti Toplam 

Diğer Kanatl Eti 

2011 1.432.884 31.800 54.116 1.520.811 

2012 1.518.437 34.650 54.563 1.609.662 

2013 1.593.590 37.500 54.910 1.688.013 

2014 1.668.843 40.350 55.157 1.766.364 

2015 1.734.196 43.200 55.304 1.834.715 

2016 1.799.649 46.050 55.351 1.903.066 

2017 1.865.202 48.900 55.298 1.971.417 

2018 1.930.855 51.750 55.145 2.039.768 

2019 2.006.608 54.600 54.892 2.118.119 


Türkiye’nin kişi başna kanatl eti tüketim projeksiyonu (kg) 

Yllar Piliç Eti Hindi Eti Köy ve Yum. Tavuklar, Diğer Kanatl Eti Toplam 

2011 22,00 0,49 0,83 23,35 

2012 23,00 0,52 0,83 24,39 

2013 23,83 0,56 0,82 25,24 

2014 24,64 0,60 0,81 26,08 

2015 25,29 0,63 0,81 26,75 

2016 25,92 0,66 0,80 27,41 

2017 26,55 0,70 0,79 28,06 

2018 27,16 0,73 0,78 28,70 

2019 27,91 0,76 0,76 29,46 

Türkiye karma yem üretimi (bin ton) 

Yillar Broiler Yumurta Damizlik Hindi Büyük- 

Küçükbaş 

Diğer Toplam 

2001 1.503 624 223 106 2.677 44 5.177 

2002 1.645 586 210 56 2.626 52 5.175 

2003 1.845 607 228 94 3.016 62 5.852 

2004 2.132 624 262 146 3.665 78 6.907 

2005 2.127 537 271 120 3.719 61 6.835 

2006 2.026 494 246 106 4.517 78 7.467 

2007 2.471 675 293 91 5.447 176 9.153 

2008 2.886 693 336 102 5.378 165 9.560 

2009 2.967 740 357 63 5.110 181 9.418 

2010 3.594 821 437 110 6.302 237 11.501 

Kaynak: Türkiye yem sanayicileri birliği 

23

Türkiye karma yem üretim projeksiyonu (bin ton) 

Yillar Broiler Yumurta Damizlik Hindi Büyük- 

Küçükbaş 

Diğer Toplam 

2011 4.004 919 610 99 6.932 254 12.818 

2012 4.310 984 657 108 7.590 271 13.919 

2013 4.590 1.050 699 117 8.273 288 15.018 

2014 4.871 1.117 742 126 8.977 306 16.138 

2015 5.126 1.188 781 135 9.695 324 17.248 

2016 5.381 1.261 820 144 10.422 342 18.369 

2017 5.636 1.334 859 153 11.151 359 19.492 

2018 5.891 1.407 898 162 11.876 377 20.611 

2019 6.171 1.481 940 171 12.589 394 21.746 

Türkiye karma yem sektörünün hammadde ihtiyac (bin ton) 

Msr Arpa Buğday Soya Soya Diğer Kepek 

Fasulyesi Küspesi Küspeler Razmol Diğer 

2010 3.462 3.224 1.104 713 898 1.865 2.442 1.441 

2011 3.899 3.502 1.214 787 1.001 2.030 2.639 1.766 

2012 4.189 3.756 1.303 846 1.076 2.177 2.831 1.923 

2013 4.466 4.009 1.390 902 1.147 2.323 3.021 2.064 

2014 4.743 4.257 1.476 957 1.218 2.468 3.209 2.202 

2015 5.009 4.499 1.558 1.010 1.285 2.608 3.391 2.339 

2016 5.275 4.731 1.639 1.062 1.352 2.743 3.565 2.470 

2017 5.538 4.952 1.719 1.113 1.418 2.872 3.729 2.597 

2018 5.798 5.157 1.795 1.164 1.484 2.992 3.881 2.720 

2019 6.067 5.347 1.873 1.216 1.554 3.103 4.018 2.835 

Hammadde ihtiyacnn belirlenmesinde kendi yemini yapan hayvanclk işletmeler de 

dikkate alnmştr. 

2010 yl msr üretimi ihtiyac karşlamamştr. 

Ortaya çkan açk, 2011 yaz sezonunda önemli miktarda buğday kullanlarak 

giderilecektir. 

2011 yl üretiminin 2010 ylna göre daha düşük olacağ değişik kaynaklardan 

tarafndan bildirilmektedir. 

Ekim alanlarnn pamuğa kaydğ, tohumluk satclarnn aktardğ bilgilerdendir. 

USDA ya göre 2011 yl msr üretimi 3,2 milyon ton olarak gerçekleşecektir. 

Yem üretim artşna bağl olarak msr talebi artarken, msr üretiminin düşmesi; 

önümüzdeki yl içerisinde sektörde büyük skntlar yaşanmasna neden olacak. 

Bu skntnn yaşanmamas için msr ithalat yaplmas zorunluluk. 

“Biyogüvenlik Kanunu” nedeniyle bugün için msr ithalat mümkün değil. 

Biyogüvenlik Kurulu’nun msr ile ilgili başvurular en ksa zamanda değerlendirmesi 

ve msr ithalatnn önünü açmas şart. 

Bu konuda isteğimiz sadece AB ye uyum. 

Msr ithalat yaplamadğ takdirde sektör ihtiyac olan karma yemi üretebilmek için 

Buğdaya yönelmek zorunda kalacak. 

24

TUIK rakamlarna göre 2009/10 döneminde 2,95 milyon ton buğday ithalat 

gerçekleşti. 

Yetersiz buğdaymzn yem sanayi tarafndan da kullanlmasnn ortaya çkaracağ 

sorunlar aşikar. 

Önerimiz, halkmzn ekmeği ile oynamak yerine msr ithalatnn önünün açlmas ve 

gümrük vergilerinin sfrlanmas. 

Bu yaplamadğ takdirde yaşanacak karmaşa çok büyük olacak. 

Kepek-razmol ithalatndaki engeller karma yem sektörünü olumsuz etkiliyor. 

Bu durum, dolayl olarak piliç eti sektörünü de olumsuz etkiliyor. 

Neredeyse buğday fiyatna ulaşan kepek-razmol fiyatlar, doğal olarak karma yem 

sanayicilerini alternatif hammadde aramaya yönlendiriyor. 

Kanatl sektörünün kullanacağ hammaddeler, büyük-küçükbaş yemlerinde de 

kullanlyor. 

Ksr döngü sürüp gidiyor. 

Değirmencilik kalntlar ithalat ile ilgili yasaklarn kalkmas, gümrük vergileri nin 

sfrlanmas zorunluluk. 

Türkiye karma yem sektörü hammadde ithalat (ton) 

Yllar 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 

Msr 18.349 1.102.147 1.133.464 464.479 434.520 

Arpa 0 52.180 0 11.434 2.500 

Balk Unu 49.870 56.225 55.167 52.282 50.771 

Kepek 330.069 308.200 363.101 348.725 406.342 

Soya Küspesi 268.715 341.540 359.556 351.832 408.369 

Ayçiçeği Küspesi 422.950 374.174 203.768 322.288 479.889 

Soya Fasulyesi 1.016.906 1.230.903 1.239.065 973.574 1.756.064 

Toplam 2.106.859 3.465.369 3.354.121 2.524.614 3.538.455 

Kaynak: Türkiye yem sanayicileri birliği 

Karma yem sektörü ylda 3,5 milyon ton yem hammaddesi ithal ederek üretimi 

sürdürüyor. Büyümeye bağl olarak, karma yem sektöründe her yl 1 milyon tonun 

üzerinde hammadde ihtiyac daha oluşacak. Tarm Bakanlğ bu tabloyu gözönünde 

bulundurmas. Üretim deseni çalşmalarnda bu hususu dikkate almas. Avrupa Birliği 

ile yaplan müzakerelerde, yemlerde hayvansal kökenli hammaddelerin kullanmnn 

yasaklanmas kapanş maddelerinden birisi. Böyle bir kararn alnmasnn ülke 

ekonomisine ve sektöre vereceği zarar çok büyük.Zaten protein kaynakl hammadde 

bulmakta sknt çeken sektör, daha da zorlanacak. 

Bu kadar yüksek miktardaki değerli hammaddenin üretimde kullanlamamas 

durumunda iki katndan çok fazla soya fasulyesi ve önemli miktarda amino asit ithali 

söz konusu. Yasaklamann çevreye vereceği zararlar ise düşünmek bile kötü. Mevcut 

durumda, kesimhane atklar çevreye hiç zarar vermeden bertaraf edilmekte. 

25

Türkiye tavuk et-kemik unu üretim projeksiyonu (ton) 

Yllar 

Tavuk Et-Kemik Unu 

2011 228.000 

2012 245.000 

2013 261.000 

2014 277.000 

2015 292.000 

2016 308.000 

2017 323.000 

2018 339.000 

2019 355.000 

Hammadde Fyatlar 

Hammadde fiyatlarndaki artş, piliç eti maliyetlerini de yükseltiyor. 

Baz hammaddelerin ithalat fiyatlar (USD) 

Yllar 

Soya Fasulyesi Ayçiçeği 

Küspesi Küspesi 

Soya Fasulyesi 

2001 223,1 120,2 209,8 

2002 208,1 125,9 221,1 

2003 234,9 110,1 270,9 

2004 312,7 152,8 335,0 

2005 262,9 127,2 285,2 

2006 237,6 108,3 260,4 

2007 287,4 176,3 332,8 

2008 440,6 237,4 522,9 

2009 433,1 144,3 441,0 

2010 413,7 246,1 422,8 

2011 467,4 277,2 524,1 

Kaynak : KKGM ve Dş Tic. Müs. İth.Gen.Müd. Kaytlar, TUİK 

Baz hammaddelerin ithalat fiyatlar (USD) 

Kaynak : KKGM ve Dş Tic. Müs. İth.Gen.Müd. Kaytlar, TUİK 

26

Hammadde fiyatlarndaki artş, sektörün en önemli darboğazlarndan birisi. 

Yalnz Türkiye de değil Dünya da da hammadde fiyatlar artyor. 2008 ylnda bütün 

dünyada artan hammadde fiyatlar, 2010 ylnn sonlarndan itibaren tekrar artş 

trendinde. Türkiye de % 10 dolaynda enflasyon söz konusu iken, karma yem 

hammaddelerindeki fiyat artş % 50 seviyelerine çkt. 

Karma yem fiyatlar (TL/Ton) 

Kaynak : Türkiye yem sanayicileri birliği 

Yem fiyatlar yükseliyor. 

Damzlk fiyatlar yükseliyor. 

Ambalaj malzemeleri fiyatlar yükseliyor. 

Enerji maliyetleri yükseliyor. 

İyi üretim tekniklerini uygulayarak sağladğmz başar yeterli olmuyor ve bunlarn 

doğal sonucu olarak piliç eti maliyeti de yükseliyor. 

Ama piliç eti satş fiyatlar yükselmiyor. 

Zira piliç eti satş fiyatlar maliyete bağl değil, zararna satşlar yaplyor. 

Sektör üretim planlarn yaparken krmz etin durumunu da her zaman dikkate alr. 

Planlar yaplrken krmz et ithalat olacağ hiç varsaylmamştr. 

Krmz et ithalat sonucu ülkeye giren her kg krmz et 3 kg beyaz etin pazarndan 

çalmştr. 

Bugün zararna satş yapmak durumunda kalmamzn önemli nedenlerinden birisidir, 

et ithalat. 

Sektör bu sknty ihracatla aşma çabasnda. 

Piliç Eti İhracat 

Sektörün can simidi. 

Durmas ya da aksamas sektörde ciddi ve onarm imkansz yaralar açar. 

İhracatn 2019 ylnda 500 bin tona çkmas ve 1 milyar dolarn üzerinde bir ihracat 

rakamna ulaşlmas hedeflenmekte. 

Bu hedefe ulaşabilmek için, mevcut pazarlara ilave olarak yeni pazarlar arayş 

sürmekte. 

27

Son yllarda Dünya da da görülen piliç eti maliyetlerindeki artş, Türkiye’yi dş 

pazarlarda daha rekabetçi konuma getirmeye başlad. 

Buna rağmen özellikle yeni pazarlara girişte, devletimizin sektörün yannda olmas bir 

zorunluluk. 

Bugün itibariyle, destek miktar Avrupa Birliğinde 325 Euro, Amerika Birleşik 

Devletlerinde 500 USD dir. 

Türkiye de bu rakam 2011 ylnda 55 USD ye çkarlmştr. 

Biz Avrupa Birliği yada ABD de olduğu kadar büyük destekler talep etmiyoruz. 

Sadece yeni girilecek pazarlar için süreli destekler ve mevcut pazarlar için sembolik 

desteklere razyz. 

Yeni hedef pazarlar olarak sektör, Avrupa Birliği, Suudi Arabistan ve Birleşik Arap 

Emirlikleri ile Çin’e önem vermektedir. 

Avrupa Birliği maceramz 2003 den beri sürüyor ama her ne hikmetse bir sonuca 

ulaştrlamad. Bu konuda Bakanlğn çaba harcadğn söylemek güç. 

Suudi Arabistan heyetleri geçtiğimiz günlerde denetlemelerini yaptlar, önümüzdeki 

günlerde raporlarn bekliyoruz. 

Çin en büyük tavuk ayağ alcs ülke, ancak izin işlemleri tamamlanamadğ için bu 

ülkeye ihracat yaplamyor. Dolayl yollardan yaplan ihracat ise masrafl oluyor ve 

bunun bedelini sektör ödüyor. 

Çin’e ihracat başlatabilme konusunu sürekli gündeme getirmemize rağmen, sorunun 

çözümü için herhangi bir çaba yok. 

Rusya gerekli izinleri vermiş olmasna rağmen bu ülkeye ihracat yapamadk. 

2010 ylnda yaplan ihracat sadece 41 ton. Bu da pazar test için yaplan ihracat. 

ABD nin düşük fiyatlar ile rekabet etmemiz mümkün değil. 

Devlette Rusya’ya ihracat konusunda hiç destek vermedi. 

İhracatta diğer bir sorunumuz da hastalklar. 

3-5 köy tavuğunda görülen hastalk vakalar sonucu Türkiye’nin hayvansal ürün 

ihracat durabilmekte. 

Hastalklardan ötürü ihracatn durmamas için Tarm Bakanlğnn pek çok ülkede 

olduğu gibi BÖLGESELLEŞME uygulamasn başlatmasn bekliyoruz. 

Nedense gerçekleşmiyor. 

Tarm Bakanlğ Koruma Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü’nün “Hayvan Hastalklar 

Nedeniyle Yasak Konulan Ülkeler Ve Yasaklanan Maddeler Listesi” ne bakalm. 

Dünyada bölge uygulamasnn çok yaygn olduğunu görürüz. 

Bu uygulama sektörün önünü açacak, karamsarlktan kurtularak büyük ihracat 

bağlantlarna imza atmasna da ön ayak olacaktr. 

İsrail’de bile 6 bölge var. 

İhracatç ülkelerin tamamnda benzer uygulamalar bulunmakta. 

Türkiye’nin de 81 ili ayr bölge olarak deklare etmesi beklentimiz. 

Brezilya, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Avrupa Birliği en önemli ihracatç ülkeler ve 

rakiplerimiz. 

Brezilya ile dş pazarlarda çok daha fazla karş karşya geliyoruz. 

28

Brezilya’nn hedef pazarmz olan ülkelere ihracat (bin ton) 

Yllar 2008 2009 2010 

Msr 20,1 54,1 124,5 

AB 322,5 311,8 281,9 

İran 9,6 10,9 45,0 

Irak 56,0 142,1 104,5 

Kuveyt 163,6 205,0 174,7 

Umman 50,4 52,6 45,0 

Katar 64,8 58,4 48,8 

Rusya 158,9 72,8 144,3 

Ürdün 58,5 53,9 51,1 

BAE 208,4 212,0 208,3 

Yemen 51,4 68,7 64,2 

Suudi Arabistan 400,4 496,4 551,0 

Kaynak: USDA gain report brazil 4.5.2010 ve 2.3.2011 

Yatrm İhtiyac 

Hedeflenen üretimlere ulaşabilmek için ciddi yatrmlar gerekli. 

Yetiştirici kümesi dşndaki yatrmlar yapmay sektör üstleniyor. 

Kümes yatrmlarnda devletin devrede olmas zorunluluk. 

Ziraat Bankasnn Tarm Bakanlğ destekli olarak vermeye başladğ krediler bu 

konuda yatrmlara ciddi ivme kazandrd. 

Son aylarda bu kredilerin verilmesinde yavaşlama olduğu bilgilerinin doğru 

olmadğna inanmak istiyoruz. 

Kümes yapmnda bürokratik engellerde en üst aşamada. 

İzinler çok zaman almakta. 

Büyük kapasiteli yatrm söz konusu olduğunda ÇED izinlerini almakta, çok sknt 

çekilmekte. 

Kümes yapmnda diğer bir sorun da İl’ler arasnda farkllk bulunmas. 

İmar mevzuatna göre alann % 40’na kadar inşaat izini verilirken, “Çevre Düzeni 

Plan” bulunan 31 ilde bu rakam % 5- % 10 lar da kalmakta. 

Yasal Denetlemeler 

Sektör, Bakanlğn yaptğ denetlemelerden mutlu. 

Bu denetlemelerin yaplmasna sektörün geleceği açsndan büyük önem veriyor. 

Sektör, kendisine çok yük getireceğini bilmesine rağmen, denetlemelerin Avrupa 

Birliği’ne uyumlu olmasn da desteklemektedir. 

Ancak son yllarda Listeria ve Salmonella konusunda uygulanan politikalardan 

rahatszdr. 

Avrupa Birliğinde çiğ etlerde Listeria kontrolü yaplmamasna rağmen ülkemizde bu 

kontrol edilmekte. 

Listeria denetlemesinin Avrupa Birliğinde olduğu gibi bizde de en ksa zamanda 

kaldrlmasn beklentimiz. 

Salmonella konusu da çözümlenmeyi bekliyor. 

29

Avrupa Birliği, tespitler yaparak salmonella miktarnn azaltlmas projelerini 

geliştirmekte. 

Bu işler Avrupa Birliğinde resmi otoriteler tarafndan yaplmakta. 

Biz sektör olarak böyle bir çalşma başlattk. zorunda kaldk. 

Şu anda salmonella tespit ve azaltma stratejilerini belirlemeye yönelik bir proje 

yürütülmekte. 

Proje 3 yl sürecek. 

Avrupa Birliğinin 15 Kasm 2005 tarihli ve 2073/2005 numaral “Gdalar için 

mikrobiyolojik kriterler” regulasyonunda yer alan “Proses hijyen kriterleri” başlğ 

altndaki 2.1.5 maddesindeki hüküm bizde de uygulanmaya alnmal. 

Bu maddede Broiler ve Hindi karkaslarndaki salmonella ile ilgili düzenlemeler var. 

30

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S 011 Broiler Beslenmesi Formülasyon Stratejilerinde Yeni Görüşler 

New concepts in Formulation Strategies in Boriler Nutrition 

İbrahim Çiftci 

Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni Bölümü 06110 Dşkap/Ankara- Türkiye 

Abstract 

Broiler chicken performances have been improved every year by genetic selection. 

These improvements have also resulted in reduction of marketing age at the same 

final body weight and changes of nutrient requirements of broiler chickens. Feed 

formulation is very important to satisfy to goals of broiler production. Feed 

formulation is center to obtain the best economic biological performances, and this is 

also vital for desired broiler meat quality. 

Recently feed ingredients prices and consumer meat quality expectations have 

increased. Nutritionists of most broiler integrations have used different feed 

formulations strategies. Feed formulations require deep knowledge on feed 

ingredients and feed additives, its quality aspects, princibles of animal nutrition and 

feed manufacturing technology. Last developments in broiler feed formulation are 

generally on determination of nutrient requirements in different production 

conditions, considering non-essential amino acids (Gly, Ser, Pro) and unconventional 

essential amino acids (Val, Ile), ideal AA, ideal Lys level, formulation on digestible 

AA base, digestible Lys/Metabolisable energy (ME) ratio and formulation of diets in 

different nutrient density considering Lys/ME ratios. In this text, these developments 

were presented and discussed with different reports of research articles, and as a 

conclusion some feed formulation strategies were recommended. 

Giriş 

Etlik piliçlerde modern üretim süreci içinde slah programlar sonucu performans 

değerleri açsndan genotiplerde çok önemli ilerlemeler sağlanmştr. Her geçen gün 

ideal kesim yaş giderek düşmektedir. Bu ilerlemeler etlik piliçlerin besin madde 

ihtiyaçlarna da yansmaktadr. Bu ihtiyaçlarn karşlanmasnda kullanlan yemler 

piliç eti üretim masraflar içinde yaklaşk %70-80’ini oluşturmaktadr. Özellikle son 

zamanlarda sadece ürün miktarna göre değil, kaliteyle ilişkili ürün üretiminde 

ekonomik performansn sağlanmasn önemli klmaktadr. Hzl büyüme kapasitesine 

sahip etlik piliçlerin besin madde ihtiyaçlarn ürün miktar ve kalitesi açsndan 

karşlayarak ekonomik bir üretimin elde edilmesinde karma yemlerin formülasyonu 

büyük önem taşmaktadr. Belirtilenlere bağl olarak etlik piliç üretiminde yem 

formülasyonu geçen zaman süreci içinde hiç bir zaman önemini yitirmemekte ve 

dinamik bir konu olarak kalmaktadr. 

Yem formülasyonu derin teknik bilgi yannda iyi bir gözlem yeteneğini 

gerektirmektedir. Kanatl beslemeciler sektörde arzulanan sonuca ulaşmada temelde 

kritik olan; 

yem ham maddelerinin yem değeri, 

amino asitlerin (AA) sindirilebilirliği, 

AA/ME oran, uygun yağ kaynaklarnn seçimi, 

mineral madde gereksinimlerinin karşlanmas, 

eletkrolit dengesi, 

bağşklk-besleme ilişkileri 

91

çevre şartlar-besleme ilişkileri konularnda devaml güncellenen yeterli bilgi ve 

tecrübeye sahip olmaldrlar. 

Broiler Yemi Förmülasyonunda Temel Yaklaşmlar 

Hayvan ve insan sağlğ ile ekonomik üretim açsndan uygun karma yem 

formülasyonunda çok sayda faktör rol oynamaktadr. Bunlar; hayvan besleme 

biliminin temel prensiplerini içeren konular, kullanlan yem ham madde ve katk 

maddelerine ait bilimsel teknik veriler ve özel tecrübelerle kazanlmş bilgilerden 

oluşmaktadr. 

Yem formülasyonu: 

Besin madde gereksinimlerinin belirlenmesi 

Kullanma uygun yem maddelerinin belirlenmesi 

Yem maddelerinin kullanmnda snrlamalarn belirlenmesi 

o Miktar olarak uygunluk (stok veya teminde uygunluk) 

o Fiziksel özellikler 

 

o Antibesinsel faktörler gibi besinsel snrlar 

Optimum ekonomik performans için gerekli olan besin madde gereksinimlerini 

snrlamalar ölçüsünde karşlayan yem maddelerinin karştrlmas konularn 

kapsamaktadr. 

Şekil 1’de bir yemin üretiminden etlik piliçte performansa dönüşüm aşamasna kadar 

geçen süreçteki yem formülasyonu açsndan etkili olan ve dikkate alnmas gerekli 

olan önemli unsurlar verilmiştir. 

Üretim/ üretici /kanatl bağlamnda; kanatllar tükketikleri yemin özelliğini 2 noktada 

yanstrlar. Bunlar, 

– Biyolojik performans 

– Ekonomik performansdan oluşmaktadr. 

Ekonomik performans üzerinde Şekil 2 de verilen faktörler rol oynamaktadr. Her bir 

etlik piliç etntegrasyonu açsndan bu unsurlarn says ve ağrlğ farkl olacaktr. 

İşletmede temel performans sorunlarnn önemli boyutda olduğu bir durumda, 

kesimhane verileri ve et kalitesi çok önemli bir kriter olarak dikkate alnmazken, 

işletmelerin temel sorunlar çözmesiyle birlikte bu yöndeki veriler ekonomik 

performans için daha ağrlkl bir noktaya taşnmaktadr. Şekil 1 ve 2’de yer alan 

ilişkilerin iyi alglanmas, tenik verilerin toplanmas, değerlendirilmesi ve 

uygulamaya konulmas ekonomik verim açsndan önem taşmaktadr. 

92

Şekil 1. Etlik piliç açsndan yem üretimine ait formülasyonda rol oynayan önemli 

unsurlar (Rossi 2006 dan modifiye edilmiştir) 

YEM FABRİKASI 

•Yem üretimi, ton/saat 

•Yem maliyeti, TL/ton 

SATIN ALMA BÖLÜMÜ 

• Enerji birim maliyeti 

• Protein veya ilave amino 

asitlerin birim maliyeti 

CANLI ÜRETİM/ SAHA 

• Canl ağrlk 

• Yem değerlendirme 

• Yem fiyat 

• Ü 

KESİMHANE 

• Karkas verimi 

• Üniformite 

• Göğüs ve/veya but 

eti oran 

Şekil 2. Bir entegrasyonda ekonomik etlik piliç üretiminde (ekonomik performans) yer alan önemli 

maliyet/kalite unsurlar 

93

Doku Sentezinde Enerji-Protein/ Amino Asit (AA) İlişkisi 

Broylerde performansnda doku brikiminde (CAA) en temel besin maddeleri, enerji 

ve proteindir. Etlik piliçlerde enerjinin sağlanmasnda brincil kaynak, tahllarla 

sağlanan karbonhidratlardan nişastadr. Enerji karbonhidrat kaynaklaryla sağlamadğ 

durumda eksik kalan ksm ikincil enerji kaynağ olan yağlarla sağlanmaktadr. Yağlar 

sadece yoğun bir enerji kaynağ olmalarnn ötesinde özellikle esansiyel yağ asitleri 

ihtiyaçlarnn karşlanmasnda da mutlaka kullanlmas gereken kaynaklardandr. 

Amino Asitler (AA) 

Esansiyel AA Snrl sentezlenenler Esansiyel olmayanlar 

Arginine 

Tyrosine 

Alanine 

Lysine 

Cystine 

Aspartic acid 

Histidine 

Hydroxylysine 

Asparagine 

Leucine 

Glutamic acid 

Isoleucine 

Glutamine 

Valine 

Hydrxyproline 

Methionine 

Glycine* 

Threonine 

Serine* 

Tryptophane 

Proline* 

Phenylalanine 

Şekil 3. Etlik piliçler açsndan esansiyel, snrl ve esansiyel olmayan AA’ler 

Doku sentezi için sadece proteinler ve bunlarn temel taş olan amino asitler ve 

peptidler yeterli olamamaktadr. Vücutda doku sentezi açsndan hem protein yap 

taşlar hem de enerjinin yeterli düzeyde hazr bulunmas önem taşmaktadr. Temel 

kural olarak enerjiye göre protein yap taşlar vücutda dengesiz bir oranda daha fazla 

olduğunda fizyolojik olarak protein bileşiklerinin bir ksm enerji kaynağ olarak 

değerlendirilmekte ve bu durum hem etlik performas üzerinde hem de sağlğ 

üzerinde önemli sorunlar yaratmaktadr. Protein yap taşlar olarak da sadece 

esansiyel amino asitlerin yeterli düzeyde sağlanmas doku sentezi için yeterli 

olmamakta, enerjinin ve esansiyel amino asitlerin düzeylerine bağl olarak 

snrlandrc düzeye ulaşabilmekte ve performans üzerinde belirleyici olabilmektedir. 

Belirtilen bilgiler şğnda ME/HP oranndan daha detayl olarak belirli ME başna 

sindilebilir AA (DAA) kavramn ideal AA kapsamnda değerlendirilmesini gündeme 

getirmektedir. Şekil 3 de esansiyel ve esansiyel olmayan amino asitler verilmiş olup, 

etlik piliçler açsndan esansiyel olmayan amino asitlerden glisin, prolin ve serin 

snrlandrc AA durumuna gelmektedir. 

94

Msr-soya esasl, %23 ham proteinli sentetik AA ilavesi yaplmamş bir etlik civciv 

rasyonunda (Şekil 4), NRC(1994) tarafndan bildirilen AA ihtiyaçlarndan Met + Cys 

ihtiyacnn yaklaşk yars, lisin AA’nin ise %80’i karşlanmakta olduğu 

bildirilmektedir (Kim, 2002). Benzer rasyonun sentetik AA kullanarak ve 

kullanlmayarak rasyon AA ihtiyaçlarn karşlayacak şekilde hazrlanmas 

durumunda Tablo 1’de yer alan rasyonlarn yaps ortaya çkmaktadr. Sentetik AA 

kullanmadan sahada asla kullanlamayacak bir rasyon ortaya çkmaktadr. Sentetik 

kullanlmayan rasyonda ham madde olarak AA ihtiyaçlarn karşlamak için balk unu 

taşlk erozyonu ve bağrsak sağlğ açsndan uygun olmayan düzeylere çkmaktadr. 

Ayrca srf Met+Cys ihtiyacnn karşlanmas için ham protein içeriği %23 yerine 

%29’a, diğer AA de ihtiyaç düzeyinin çok üzerlerine çkmaktadr. Bu da rasyondaki 

AA arasndaki dengeyi bozmakta ve bu rasyonda fazladan yer alan AA ler civciv için 

hem stres oluşturmakta, hem de AA kaynağ olarak Met+Cys düzeyinde 

yararlanmasna yol açmakta, Py düzeyide balk unundan gelen P dolaysyla çok 

yükselmekte ve sonuçta ekonomik bir üretim ve hayvan sağlğ açsndan olumsuz bir 

besinsel bileşim oluşturmaktadr. Bu rasyonlardaki durum etlik piliç beslemede 

sentetik AA kullanmnn ne kadar önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Tarihi süreç 

içinde başta sentetik AA olarak metiyonin ve MHA’lar, lizin AA, treonin AA ve son 

zamanlarda triptofan, arginin ve valin AA’leri kullanlr hale gelmektedirler. Sentetik 

AA kullanm zaman içinde özellikle özel etkileri de dikkate alndğnda genel bir 

uygulama haline gelmiştir. 

Şekil 4. %23 ham proteinli msr-soya esasl rasyonun amino asit içeriği ve 

NRC(1994) bildirişlerine göre broylerlerin aminoasit gereksinimlerinin 

karşlaştrlmas durumu ( Kim, 2002) 

95

Tablo 1. Sentetik amino asit kullanlarak ve kullanlmadan oluşturulan iki farkl rasyonun 

karşlaştrlmas (etlik civciv yemi 0-2 hafta) 

Hammadde miktar (g/kg) Sentetik AA (-) Sentetik AA (+) 

Msr 454.73 552.30 

Soya Küspesi 344.88 319.63 

Balk unu 150.37 60.00 

Bitkisel Yağ 43.02 40.07 

Mermer Tozu ---- 11.12 

D.C.P ---- 6.37 

Tuz 3.50 3.50 

Vitamin Premiksi 2.50 2.50 

Mineral Premiksi 1.00 1.00 

DL-Metiyonin ---- 2.21 

L-Lisin HCL ---- 1.31 

Rasyon içeriği(%) 

Ham Protein 29.05 23.00 

Ham Yağ 8.12 7.53 

M.Enerji 3110.00 3110.00 

Ca 1.05 1.05 

P (yarar.) 0.64 0.50 

Metiyonin 0.57 0.62 

Met+Sistin 0.95 0.95 

Lisin 1.86 1.45 

Triptofan 0.34 0.26 

Arjinin 1.91 1.52 

Treonin 1.17 0.91 

İsolösin 1.23 0.95 

Lösin 2.37 1.93 

Histidin 0.84 0.65 

Na+K-Cl 306.81 281 

Broylerde Protein / Amino Asit İhtiyaçlarnn Karşlanma Kaynaklar ve 

Uygulamalar 

Amino asit (AA) gereksinimleri; 

Yem ham maddeleri ham protein yapsndan bulunan AA lerle (yararlanm 

ortalama %88) 

Sentetik amino asitlerle 

Yem maddelerinin yapsnda yer alan AA’lerden yararlanm artrc 

uygulamalarla 

– Sindirilebilir AA esasnda förmülasyon, 

– Enzim kullanmlar, saylabilir. 

Etlik piliç rasyonlarnda yer alan ham proteinin ana bileşenlerini protein tabiyatnda 

olmayan azotlu bileşikler (NPN), Sindirilmeyen AA ler (UDAA), Sindirilebilir 

esansiyel AA (DEAA) ve Sindirilebilir esansiyel AA’ler (DEAA) oluşturmaktadr. 

Bu bileşenlerden ilk ikisinin karma yemde mümkün olduğunca düşük, üçüncüsünün 

yüksek ve sonuncusununda DEAA düzeyine göre snrlandrc olmayacak belirli 

düzeylerde bulunmas optimal performans açsndan gereklidir (Tablo 2). Belirtilen 

bileşenlerden son ikisine rasyon için istenilen toplam AA olarak adlandrabiliriz. 

96

Tablo 2. Etlik piliçlerde rasyon ham proteininin ana bileşenleri 

Protein tabiyatnda 

olmayan azotlu 

bileşikler (NPN) 

Sindirilmeyen AA 

(UDAA) 

Sindirilebilir esansiyel 

AA (DEAA) 

Sindirilebilir esansiyel 

olmayan AA (DNEAA) 

Rasyon için istenilen 

toplam (TDAA) 

Yaplan bir seri çalşmada karma yemin toplam proteinin içerisinde TDAA düzeyinin 

artmasna bağl olarak yem değerlendirme saysnn iyileştiği bildirilmektedir (Tablo 

3 ve 4) 

Tablo 3. Rasyon toplam sindilebilir amino asit (TDAA) içeriğinin etlik piliçlerde 

peformans üzerine etkileri (12-32 gün) Lange et al. (2003) 

Deneme-I* 

TDAA, % 16.2 16.5 16.8 17.4 

CAA, g/gün 75.1 75.8 75.2 75.2 

YT / CAA, g/g 1.604 a 1.607 a 1.583 b 1.550 c 

* 2914 kcal ME, %21 HP,%1.05 D.Lys, %0.77 D.Met&Sis 

Deneme-II** 

TDAA, % 17.5 18.1 18.4 

CAA, g/gün 69.0 a 71.8 b 71.8 b 

YT / CAA, g/g 1.671 a 1.641 c 1.630 c 

** 2986 kcal ME, %20 HP,%1.05 D.Lys, %0.77 D.Met&Sis 

a-c; P

azot atlm ve scaklk stresi sorunlarnda artş görülmektedir. Ekonomik rasyon 

çözümü amacyla çok çeşitli ham maddelerin kullanldğ durumlarda TDAA ve 

UDHP oranlarnn dikkat edilmesi uygun olacaktr. 

Toplam, Sindirilebilir ve İdeal AA Esasnda Formülasyon 

Sentetik amino asitler kanatl beslemede; 

Yemin ham protein (HP) düzeyinin düşürülmesi 

düşük ham protein içerikli yem maddelerinin kullanm 

formülasyonu yapan kişiye esneklik 

ve sonuçta ekonomik yem üretimi sağlamaktadr. 

Yem ham protein düzeyinin düşürülmesi ise; 

– Azotdan yararlanm etkinliğini artrr 

– Dşkyla fazla azot atlmn azaltr 

(yem HP düzeyindeki %1’lik düşme, gübre azotunda 

%8-10 azalmaya yol açar) 

– Çevre kirliliğinin azaltlmas 

– Kanatllarda yüksek çevre scaklğ stresini azaltr 

Sentetik AA kullanmyla düşük ham proteinli broyler yemleri 

üretimi ve snrlar 

Düşük ham proteinli yemlerle niçin bazen daha düşük performans elde 

edilmektedir ? 

Değişen rasyon K veya Rasyon Elektrolit Dengesi (DEB) ! 

Esansiyel olmayan AA (NEAA) lerin sentezi için spesifik olmayan N 

yetersizliği ! 

Düşük ham proteinli yemlerin daha az tüketilmesi eğilimi 

Değişen EAA/NEAA oran 

Hzl büyüme için gerekli olan glisin benzeri NEAA lerin yetersiz sentezi 

Vücüt protein brikimi için tüketilen rasyon proteini ve serbest AA lerin 

kullanm etkenliği farkllklar 

Esansiyel AA (EAA) lerin bazlarnn yetersizliği 

Yüksek ham proteinli yeme göre düşük ham proteinli yemlerin ME ve NE 

arasndaki ilişkilerdeki farkllklar rol oynamaktadr. 

Değişen rasyon K veya Rasyon Elektrolit Dengesinin (DEB) düşük ham proteinli etlik 

piliç yemlerinin performans ve abdominal yağ oran üzerine etkileri araştrlmş (Han 

et al. (1992) ve araştrma sonuçlarna göre düşük proteinli yemlerde farkl DEB 

değerleri performans değerleri üzerinde snrl etki yaratmştr (Tablo 5). 

Düşük ham proteinli yemelere sentetik esansiyel olmayan AA (NEAA) ilavesi 

performans, vücut yağ ve N atlm kriterlerinde önemli etki yaratmamştr (Tablo 6). 

Yem değerlendirme says ve vücut yağ üzerinde saysal düzeyde etki olumlu etki 

yaratdğ bildirilmiştir (Bregendahl et al. 2002). 

Düşük ham proteinli yemlerin daha az tüketilmesi eğilimi, genelde %19 ve altnda 

ham protein içeren yemlerde gözlenmiştir (Şekil 5). 

98

Tablo 5. Msr-soya esasl düşük proteinli yemle beslenen broylerde elektrolit 

dengesinin (DEB) etkisi Han et al. (1992) 

DEB, meq/kgCAA, gCAA/YTAbdominal Yağ% 

g/kg 

Kontrol, %23 HP 233 290 a 675 a 8.9 a 

Düşük HP,%19 192 271 b 606 b 11.5 b 

Düşük HP,%19+K 233 274 b 616 b - 

Tablo 6. Msr soya esasl düşük ham proteinli broyler yemlerine sentetik NEAA 

ilavesinin etkileri Bregendahl et al. (2002) 

CAA,g CAA/YT Vücut 

g/kg yağ, % 

N atlm,g 

Kontrol, %23 HP 614 753 a 8.23 a 13.84 a 

Düşük HP, %19.3HP 596 711 b 12.01 b 9.35 b 

Düşük HP,%19+ %3 NEAA (1:1) 

L-Glutamik A: L-Asparagin 

596 723 b 10.55 b 10.88 b 

Yem tüketimi, g 

Şekil 5. Düşük ham proteinli yemlerin daha az tüketilmesi eğilimi 

EAA/NEAA oran yönünden; ideal orann EAA (10) + Gly, Ser, Pro (3) : NEA 

50:50 ile 55:45 arasnda olmas önerilmektedir (Tablo 7). 

Tablo 7. Etlik piliçlerde önerilen EAA/NEAA oranlar 

Bedford & Summers (1985) 55:45 

Dean et al. (2006) 57:43 

Fatufe et al. (2005) 47:53 

Jiang et al. (2005) 54:46 

Si et al. (2004) 56:44 

Moran et al. (1992) 53:47 

99

Glisin & Serin AA etkileri: 

Bitkisel protein kaynaklarna dayal, sentetik Met, Lys ve Thr ilavesiyle oluşturulan 

düşük proteinli yemlerde esansiyel olmayan GİLİSİN ve SERİN AA snrlandrc 

olabilmektedir. 

Glisin etlik piliçlerde, protein, glutathione, creatine, ürik asit ve hipürik asit 

sentezinde kullanlmaktadr. 

Msr-soya esasl etlik piliç yemlerinde perfomans değerleri açsndan %0.98 Gly 

veya %2.5-3 düzeyinde Gly & Ser AA düzeyi önerilmektedir (Tablo 

Tablo 8. Msr soya esasl düşük HP yeme glisin ilavesinin etkileri Jiang et al (2005) 

CAA, g FCR 

%24 HP (Kontrol), %2.28 Gly+Ser 791 a 1.259 a 

DHP 20 (%20HP), %1.64 Gly +Ser 684 c 1.426 c 

DHP 20 + %0.2 Glisin,%1.84 Gly+Ser 718 b 1.368 b 

DHP 16 (%16 HP), %1.06 Gly+Ser 513 e 1.645 e 

DHP 16 + %0.32 Glisin, %1.38 Gly+Ser 568 d 1.536 d 

Dean et al (2006), 0-18 gün 

%22.2. HP (Kontrol), %0.93Gly, %2.05Gly+Ser 555 x 1.310 y 

DHP 16.2 (%16.2 HP), %0.57Gly, %1.25Gly+Ser 499 z 1.400 z 

DHP 16.2+%0.36Glisin, 0.93Gly,%1.61Gly+Ser 551 x 1.250 x 

CAA/YT, g/kg 

Şekil 6. Msr-soya esasl yemlerde Gly+Ser düzeyinin yemden yararlanmaya etkisi 

Dean (2006) 

100

CAA, g 

Gereksinim: %0.98 

Şekil 7. Ross 508 CAA için Gly gereksinimi, 7-20 gün Corzo et al. (2004) 

Gilisin fazlalğ ve bağrsak mikrofloras ilişkisi: 

Gilisin fazlalğ sindirim sistemi mikrofloras üzerinde önemli etkiler yaratmaktadr. 

Artan Gly (>%1.58) düzeyi, körbağrsak Lactobacillus saysn düşürürken, ileum ve 

kör bağrsak C. perfringes saysn artrmştr (Tablo 9). 

Tablo 9. Broylerde rasyon Gly düzeyinin ileum ve cecum microfloras üzerine etkisi, 

14-28 gün Dahiya et al. (2005) 

Lactobacillus spp. C. perfringes 

Gly, % İleum Cecum İleum Cecum 

0.75 7.22 9.21 a 3.39 a 5.83 a 

1.58 7.07 8.93 ab 4.35 b 7.35 b 

3.04 6.95 8.71 b 3.99 b 8.11 c 

4.21 6.84 8.31 c 4.28 b 7.89 bc 

Rasyon ham proteini AA ile serbest AA ler arasndaki yararlanlabilirlik 

farkllklar: 

Düşük ham protein düzeyli yemlere serbest (sentetik) AA ler (EAA ve/veya 

NEAA) yüksek düzeylerde ilave edildiğinde; rasyon ham proteini AA lerine 

göre daha hzl absorbe edilmektedir. EAA ve NEAA lerin dengede olmasna 

rağmen, bunun sonucunda, plazma AA profilinin dengelenmesi açsndan, 

yüksek düzeydeki AA ler katabolize olabilmektedir. 

Bregendahl et al. (2002) & Jiang et al (2005) düşük proteinli yemlerde ilave 

sentetik EAA ve NEAA lerin performans geliştirmediğini bildirmişlerdir. 

Esansiyel AA (EAA) lerin bazlarnn yetersizliği: 

Ham protein oran düşürüldükçe, Met ve Lys sonrasnda Thr, Arg, Trp, İsole 

ve Val snrlandrc duruma düşmektedir. 

Sentetik Met, Lys ve Thr sahada yaygn olarak kullanldğndan, yemlik Arg 

ve Trp yeterli miktarda bulunmadğnda ve İso-le ile Val için sentetik yemlik 

101

formlarnn henüz piyasada yer almamas dolaysyla baz beslemeciler 

rasyonda ham proteini artrc etkide bulunan bu AA lerin düzeyinin 

düşürülmesine veya serbest braklmas yoluna gitmektedirler. 

Esansiyel AA (EAA) lerin bazlarnn yetersizliği: 

İSOLÖSİN 

İsolösin; msr-soya esasl broyler yemlerinde 4. snrlandrc amino asitdir. 

Özellikle DL-Met, L-Lys HCL ve L-Thr ilavesi yapldğnda maliyeti ve 

rasyon ham proteinini artrc etkide bulunmaktadr. 

İso-lösinin ekonomik yemlik sentetik formu bulunmadğndan rasyondaki 

minimum düzeyi düşürüldüğünde veya serbest brakldğnda performans 

açsndan sorun oluşturabilmektedir (Tablo 10). 

Tablo 10. Broylerlerde isölösin düzeyinin etkileri Park & Austic (2000) 

İsolösin,% 1 CAA,g Yem 

tüketimi, g 

FCR 

g:g 

0.50 125 210 0.59 

0.56 178 279 0.64 

0.62 236 342 0.69 

0.68 255 361 0.71 

0.74 269 386 0.70 

0.80 275 388 0.75 

0.86 264 381 0.69 

Belirlenen 

0.65 0.69 0.63 

isolösin gereksinim, % 

0-16 gün Hubbard broyler, 2985 kcal ME, % 19.2 HP, Lys %1.10 

1 P

Tablo 11. Broylerde (Ross 308 erkek) valin düzeyinin etkileri Corzo et al. (2008) 

Valine,% CAA,g YT,g FCR Ölüm,% 

0.75 316 427 1.37 7.5 

0.83 366 469 1.29 4.2 

0.91 376 461 1.23 2.5 

0.99 388 478 1.21 0.8 

1.07 401 477 1.19 1.7 

1.15 386 466 1.22 4 

P değeri 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.300 

Belirlenen gereksinim 

Total 1.00 0.98 0.99 0.94 

Sindirilebilir 0.91 0.89 0.90 0.85 

0-14 gün, 3075 kcal ME/kg, %20 HP, Lys % 1.30 

Rasyon İdeal Proteinin Oluşturulmasnda Optimum Lisin Düzeyi 

Optimum rasyon lisin etlik civciv başlatma yemlerinde genel olarak ham proteinin 

%5.3-5.5’i arasnda, arginin dikkate alndğnda ise maksimum büyüme ve yemden 

yararlanma için ham proteinin %5.6-5.7’si düzeyinde lisin gerekli olduğu 

söylenilebilir. Yemden yararlanmay optimize etmek için %21-23 ham protein içeren 

etlik piliç yemlerinde srasyla %1.20-1.31 lisin (ham proteinin %5.7 si düzeyinde) 

gerekli olmaktadr. Araştrmalar lisin gereksiniminin ham proteinin linear bir 

fonksiyonu olduğunu göstermektedir. Rasyon lisin AA düzeyinin canl ağrlk artş, 

yem değerlendirme Şekil 8, karkas verimi ve göğüs eti üzerine etkileri Şekil 9 ve 

ekonomik CA, karkas ve göğüs eti üretimi için lisin gereksinimleri Şekil 10’da 

verilmiştir. 

CAA, g/gün 

FCR, g/g 

İdeal lisin düzeyi, g Lisin /kg yem 

CAA 

FCR, g/g 

Şekil 8. Lisine göre oluşturulan dengeli protein düzeyinin broylerde canl ağrlk ve yem değerlendirme 

üzerine etkileri Eits et al. (2005) Lys düzeyine göre diğer AA ler dengede tutulmuştur. 

103

Karkas verimi, kg/kg CA 

Göğüs eti verimi, 

g/g karkas 

Lisin, g/kg yem 

Karkas verimi 

Göğüs eti verimi 

Şekil 9. Lisine göre oluşturulan dengeli protein düzeyinin broylerde karkas ve göğüs 

eti verimine etkileri Eits et al. (2005) 

Gelir / piliç 

Gelir 

Yem maliyeti / piliç 

Brüt kar 

Yem maliyeti 

• CA için 8.9 g/kg Lys 

• Karkas için 9.4 g/kg Lys 

• Parça et için 9.8 g/kg Lys 

Ekonomik 

düzey 

Lisin düzeyi, g/kg yem 

Şekil 10. Lisine göre oluşturulan dengeli protein düzeyinin broylerde yem fiyat, gelir 

ve brüt kar üzerine etkileri Eits et al. (2005) 

Sindirilebilir İdeal Protein 

(Lys göre AA düzeyleri) 

Yemlerin AA sindirilebilirlikleri: Yaplan çok sayda çalşma ile protein ve AA 

sindirilebilirlik değerleri ortaya konulmuş olmakla beraber; ham maddelerin 

104

özellikleri, kalite ve işleme yöntemlerine göre değişimler yer alabilmektedir. 

Kanatllar için baz yem maddelerinin protein ve AA sindirilebilirliği Tablo 12’de 

verilmiştir. Çizelge 12’den de görüldüğü üzere AA sindirlebilirliği tahllarn içinde 

sorgumda, baklagiller içinde AA e göre değişen bir sindilebilirlik değeri, hayvansal 

protein kaynaklarndan et ununda balk ununa göre daha düşük AA sindirlebilirliği 

göstermiştir. 

Sindirilebilir İdeal Protein / AA 

İdeal protein / AA değerlerinde sindirilebilir değerlerinin kullanlmas 

Çeşitli bildirişler arasnda farkllklarn yer alabileceği dikkate alnmaldr. 

İdeal AA değerleri; 

1. çeşitli araştrclar, 

2. kullanlan model, 

3. kanatl yaş 

4. üretim yönüne (CAA, FCR ve göğüs eti %’si) göre farkllk göstermektedir 

(Tablo 13 ve 14). 

Tablo 12. Kanatllar için baz yem maddelerinin protein ve AA sindirilebilirliği 

Dutch Bureau of Livestock Feeding (1994) 

Hammadde Ham protein (%) Sindirilebilirlik (%) 

Ham Protein Lizin Metyonin Sistin Treonin 

Msr 8.7 84 61 88 75 75 

Arpa 10.7 70 65 75 70 67 

Yulaf 11.2 75 60 76 64 63 

Buğday 11.9 81 84 89 84 79 

Sorgum 10.1 72 55 69 65 44 

Bezeliye 20.6 87 83 87 75 81 

SFK 45.0 86 87 85 81 83 

ATK 34.0 85 85 81 76 94 

Kolza 

küspesi 

34.3 76 80 84 70 78 

Et unu 58.6 80 78 78 69 76 

Balk unu 66.0 88 91 93 89 85 

Etlik piliçlerde yem enerji yoğunluğu 

Yaplan çalşmalar etlik piliçlerde yem ME yoğunluğuna bağl olarak yem 

tüketiminin doğrusal bir eğilim gösterdiğini ortaya çkrmştr. Bu durum en azndan 

yem tekstürünün yem tüketimi üzerinde etkili olduğu bilinen uç değerler arasnda 

kalan enerji yoğunluklarnda geçerlidir. Bunun yannda yem ME yoğunluğunun 

artşna bağl olarak snrl ölçüde de olsa etlik piliçlerde canl ağrlğn arttğ 

bildirilmektedir (Şekil 11 ve 12). 

105

Tablo 13. Broyler için Lisine göre İdeal AA bildirişleri (Coon 2004) 

Tablo 14. Broylerde 20-40 günler aras CAA, FCR ve göğüs eti için İdeal AA düzeyi (Broken 

Line Model) Leglerq 1999 

CAA için FCR için Göğüs eti %si için 

Deneme I II I II I II 

Gereksinim, % 

D. Lisin 0.92 0.984 1.01 1.01 0.943 0.974 

İdeal AA gereksinimi 

D. Lisin 100 100 100 100 100 100 

D. Arginine 103 103 105 119 101 104 

D. Met&Cys 74 73 66 75 67 69 

D. Valine 78 77 61 69 73 75 

D. İsolösin 66 66 58 66 69 71 

D. Threonin 65 64 54 60 63 65 

D. Triptofan 15 15 13 14 15 16 

106

Broyler yem tüketimi, 42 gün 

Yem tüketimi, kg 

Yem ME yoğunluğu, Mkal/kg 

Şekil 11. Broylerde rasyon enerji yoğunluğunun yem tüketimi üzerine etkisi, 42 gün 

Guevara (2004) [Msr-soya-balk unu esasl, Cobb civciv. Gereksinim olarak NRC 

(2004) esas alnmştr. Besin madde yoğunluklar ME başna sabit tutulmuştur] 

Broyler canl ağrlk, 42 gün 

Broyler canl ağrlk, kg 

Yem ME yoğunluğu, Mkal/kg 

Şekil 12. Broylerde rasyon enerji yoğunluğunun canl ağrlk üzerine etkisi, 42 gün 

Guevara (2004) 

107

D. Lys / ME oran ??? 

İdeal AA kavramnda belirleyici olan lisin AA olduğuna göre, lisin AA 

enerjiye oranlanabilir ve ana belirleyici kriter olarak kullanlabilir mi ? 

Lemme ve arkadaşlar tarafndan (Lemme et al. 2004) etlik piliçlerin değişik besleme 

dönemleri için birim ME başna sindirilebilir lisin ve ideal ME düzeyi ile lisine göre 

sindirlebilir ideal AA gereksinimleri Tablo 15’de verilmiştir. 

Roos 308 etlik piliç besin maddesi gereksinimleri kataloğunda (Ross 2007), bildirilen 

AA ihtiyaçlar üzerine optimal emniyet yap olarak %5 ilavesi tavsiye edilmektedir. 

Ayrca ayn katalog bilgisinde bildirilen gereksinimlerin sadece bir klavuz olarak 

kullanlabileceği, bölgesel koşullara ve pazar şartlarna göre değişikliklerin 

yaplabileceği bildirilmektedir. Ksacas etlik piliçlerde her bir genotip için dahi sabit 

olarak tüm işletmelerde uygulanabilecek gereksinimin söz konusu olmadğ, her 

işletmenin kendi koşullarna uygun gereksinimleri belirlemesi ve uygulamada 

kullanmas yerinde olacaktr. 

Tablo 15. Broylerde ideal protein ve optimum rasyon lisin içeriğine göre sindirilebilir 

AA önerileri (Lemme et al., 2004) 

Dönem Başlatma I Başlatma II Geliştirme Bitirme I Bitirme II 

Gün aralklar 1-5 6-14 15-35 35-45 >45 

Standardize edilmiş ileal 

D. Lys, g/MJ ME 1.03 0.98 0.85 0.75 0.70 

Enerji, MJ ME/kg 12.6 12.8 13 13.2 13.4 

İleal D. Lys, % 

rasyonda 

1.30 1.25 1.11 0.99 0.94 

İleal D. protein, % 

rasyonda 

22.0 20.0 18.0 17.0 16.5 

Rasyon, 

Lys=100 Rasyon, Lys=100 Rasyon, Lys=100 Rasyon, Lys=100 Rasyon, Lys=100 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Met 0.59 45 0.56 45 0.49 44 0.43 43 0.40 43 

Met + Cys 0.94 72 0.91 73 0.83 75 0.76 77 0.74 79 

Thr 0.82 63 0.80 64 0.72 65 0.65 66 0.63 67 

Trp 0.21 16 0.20 16 0.18 16 0.17 17 0.16 17 

Arg 1.33 102 1.29 103 1.17 105 1.06 107 1.01 107 

Val 1.03 79 0.99 79 0.89 80 0.80 81 0.76 81 

Ile 0.88 68 0.85 68 0.78 70 0.71 72 0.69 73 

Leu 1.39 107 1.34 107 1.19 107 1.06 107 1.01 107 

Lemme et al. (2004) tarafndan bildirilen gereksinimlere benzer olarak klavuz olarak 

değişik etlik piliç genotiplerine göre Tablo 16’da yer alan hesaplamalarda olduğu gibi 

ME başna toplam veya sindirilebilir AA gereksinimleri ve sindirilebilir lisin AA ine 

göre ideal sindirilebilir diğer AA lerin düzeyleri ile ME başna minimum ve 

maksimum mineral madde gereksinimleri de hesaplanabilir ve bu değerler 

kullanlarak (koyu olarak verilen kriter ve değerler) istenilen ideal AA ve besin 

madde yoğunluğu konseptinde yem formülasyonlarnn gerçekleştirilmesi söz konusu 

olacaktr. Sindirilebilir lisin AA ni ME başna tanmlayarak, daha sonrasnda da 

sindilebilir lisinne göre idael AA konseptinde diğer AA leri tanmlamak ve bunlarn 

yannda mineral madde gereksinimlerini de ME’ye oranlamak ideal konsepte istenilen 

besin madde yoğunluğunda, besin madde düzeylerinde bir değişiklik yapmadan 

sadece sindirilebilir lisinin ME’ye oran değerini değiştirerek istenilen besin madde 

yoğunluğunda formülasyon yapmak söz konusu olacaktr. Böyle bir durumda belirli 

108

ir ME aralğnda, örneğin etlik civciv yemi için 3000-3100 kcal/kg aralğnda ME 

yannda diğer besin maddeleri de ME’ye göre değişen düzeylerde, ekonomik üretim 

için çoklu çözüm yaratmak ve bunlarn içinden en uygununu kullanmak söz konusu 

olabilecektir. Etlik civciv için, AA ler yannda, 3025 kcal/kg ME’lik yemde %1.05 Ca 

bulunmas gerekiyorsa, 3000 kcal/kg ME’de %1.04, 3100 kcal/kg ME’de %1.08 Ca 

yer almş olacaktr. 

Tablo 16. Ross 308- 2007 Etlik civiv (0-10 gün) besin madde spefikasyonlarndan 

birim metabolik enerji başna hesaplanan besin madde gereksinimleri 

Gün 0-10 

ME, kcal 3025 

AA/ME Dig_AA/ME AA/Lys Dig_AA/DigLys 

Lys 0.4727 0.4198 100.0 100.0 

Met&Sis 0.3537 0.3107 74.8 74.0 

Met 0.1686 0.1554 35.7 37.0 

Thr 0.3107 0.2744 65.7 65.4 

Val 0.3603 0.3140 76.2 74.8 

Isole 0.3207 0.2810 67.8 66.9 

Arg 0.4793 0.4331 101.4 103.1 

Trp 0.0793 0.0661 16.8 15.7 

Min 

Mak 

ME/HP 137.5 121.0 

Ca 0.347 

Pav 0.165 

Mg 0.017 0.165 

Na 0.053 0.076 

Cl 0.053 0.076 

K 0.132 0.331 

Sonuç/ strateji/ öneriler 

Sonuç/ strateji/ öneri- (Yem) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ham maddelerinizi kalite yönünden iyi değerlendiriniz 

Yem ham maddelerinin AA içeriğini ya arada analize göndererek, yada 

yaptğnz her bir ham madde için temel besin madde analiz değerine göre 

uygun denklemlerle tahminde bulununuz 

Hammaddelerin besin madde yararlanmnn yaşa ve stres koşullarna göre 

değiştiğini dikkate alnz 

Ham madde çeşitliliğinin AA dengesi ve rasyon ham proteininin biyolojik 

yararlanmn artrdğ unutulmamaldr 

Formülasyonda yemlerin sindirimi ve mikrobiyal populasyon ilişkisini 

dikkate alnz 

109

Sonuç/ strateji/ öneri- (İhtiyaçlar) 

Kanatllarn bildirilen ihtiyaçlar optimum koşullarda emniyet pay da 

dikkate alnarak önerilmektedir. 

Farkl genotipler için ihtiyaçlar farkl olduğu gibi, ayn genotip için farkl 

bölgeler ve farkl entegrelerde de ihtiyaçlar değişebilmektedir 

Çevre scaklğ protein ve AA gereksinimini etkilemektedir 

Farkl bakm ve idare koşullarnda da ihtiyaçlar değişebilmektedir. 

İhtiyaçlar yaşa göre değişmektedir 

İhtiyaçlar farkl üretim hedeflerine göre değişmektedir (daha iyi yem 

değerlendirme, göğüs eti, but eti vb.) 

İhtiyaçlarn belirlenmesinde et kalitesi kriterlerini (görünüş, su tutma 

kapasitesi vb) de dikkate alnz 

Karma yem formunun da ihtiyaçlar üzerinde etkili olduğu unutulmamaldr 

Sonuç/ strateji/ öneri- (Kontrol) 

Abdominal yağ, karkas parça oranlar ve ekonomik performans düzenli 

olarak gözden geçirilmelidir 

Ham madde analiz veri bankanz oluşturunuz 

Yem besin madde matriksinizi besin madde analizi ve yararlanlabilirlik 

durumlarna göre düzenleyiniz 

Üretim kümeslerinde belirli aralklarla sindirilebilirlik kontrolleri yapnz ve 

rasyonlarnz bu sonuçlar yönüyle de değerlendiriniz. 

Sonuç/ strateji/ öneri- (Enerji) 

Enerji düzeyi yerine (kcal of ME /kg yem) 

Besin madde yoğunluğunu dikkate alnz 

Besin madde yoğunluğu seçimini; ekonomik performans ve yemin fiziksel 

özelliklerinde olabilecek değişimleri de dikkate alarak yapnz 

Etlik piliçler sadece enerji ihtiyaçlarna göre değil, besin madde 

yoğunluğuna göre de yem tüketimlerini ayarlarlar 

Sonuç/ strateji/ öneri- (Amino asit) 

Yemlik sentetik formlar bulunmayan 4. ve 5. snrlandrc AA lerin 

karmadaki düzeyleri mutlaka karşlanmaldr 

Rasyonlar mutlaka sindirilebilir amino asit (SAA) esasnda formüle 

edilmelidir 

Sindirilebilir AA düzeyleri yemde yer alan enerjiyle (ME) 

ilişkilendirilmelidir 

110

Sonuç/ strateji/ öneri- (D. AA/ ME) 

Etlik piliç yemlerinde bulunmas önerilen D. Lys AA düzeyleri ME’ye 

oranlanmaldr 

D. Lisin /Mcal ME: (Ross 308- 2007) 

o Başlatma: 0.420 

o Büyütme: 0.349 

o Bitirme : 0.303 

Oranlar: 

o Üretim yönüne: Bütün veya parça et 

o Kanatl genotipi 

o Yem üretim teknolojisi (toz yem, pelet yem, granül yem) 

o Pazar talebi 

o Ekonomiklik: Optimal besin madde yoğunluğu seçilmelidir. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sonuç/ strateji/ öneri- (İdeal AA) 

ME düzeyi ve D. Lys:ME oran karar verildikten sonra; 

Diğer tüm amino asitlerin sindirilebilir değerlerini (ihtiyaçlar) ideal protein 

esasna göre lisin AA’ne oranlaynz 

İdeal AA değerleri üretim yönü ve ekonomik verilere göre düzenlenebilir 

Rasyon EAA : NEAA dengesini dikkate alnz 

Mineral maddeleri de ME’ye oranlayabilirsiniz 

Besleme dönemi says da teknik ve ekonomik verilere göre seçilmelidir. 

Sonuç/ strateji/ öneri- (Enzimler) 

 

 

 

 

Rasyon AA lerinden yararlanmay artrma açsndan ekonomik olduğu 

ölçüde enzim kullannz 

Aldğnz enzimlerin aktivite değerlerini kontrol ettiriniz. 

Enzim aktiviteleri çok çeşitli yöntemlerle belirlendiğinden farkl firmalarn 

enzimleri için önerdiği aktivite değerlerinin ancak ayn yöntemle 

yapldğnda rakamsal olarak karşlaştrlabilir bir değer taşndğn 

unutmaynz. 

Proteaz enzimi; proteini hedef almakla beraber, her bir proteazn hedef aldğ 

protein tipi ve AA lerin yararlanm açsndan, ham maddelere göre önerilen 

AA matriks değerlerini dikkate alnz. 

111

Sonuç/ strateji/ öneri 

(Enzimler-Formülasyon) 

Enzimlerin besin maddelerinden sağladğ yararlanmlar dikkate alarak 

ME’ye oranlanmş lisin ve ideal AA esasnda rasyonlarnz oluşturunuz 

Enzimlerin etkinliği üzerinde rolü bulunan faktörleri dikkate alnz 

Sonuç/ strateji/ öneri 

(Ekonomik üretim) 

Yem formülasyonlarnz teknik performans yannda, teknik performas 

sonuçlarn da dikkate alan ekonomik performansa göre oluşturunuz. Yem 

formülasyonu açsndan teknik bilgilerin üzerinde bireysel ferasetinizi 

kullannz ve farkllklar yakalaynz 

Kaynaklar 

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Baker, D.H., C. M. Parsons, C. M. Fernandez, S. Aoyagi and Y. Han. 1993. Proc. Arkansas 

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Baker, D. H., 1996. Nutrient Management of Food Animals to Enhance and Protect the 

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Webel, 1996. J. Nutr. 126:1844-1851. 

Bedford, M.R. and Summers, J.D. (1985) Influence of the ratio of essential to nonessential 

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protein fro broiler chicken, 1. Evaluation of specific amino acid supplementation to diets low 

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Lemme A., V. Ravindran and W.L. Bryden (2004). Ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed 

ingredients for broilers . World’s Poultry Science Journal 60: 423-437. 

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Van Cauwenberghe. 1999. Ideal amino acid profile and dietary lysine specification for 

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International Journal Poultry Science 3(1): 46-50 

113

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S 023 Piliç Eti Tüketimini Etkileyen Faktörler ve Tüketici Tercihleri: 

Ankara İli Örneği 

Factors Affecting the Chicken Meat Consumption and Consumer Preferences: 

the Case of Ankara Province 

Ylmaz Aral a , Erol Aydn a , Pnar Demir b , Ahmet Cumhur Akn a , Sinem İşbilir a , 

Yavuz Cevger a 

a Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Hayvan Sağlğ Ekonomisi ve İşletmeciliği Anabilim Dal, Ankara 

b Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Hayvanclk Ekonomisi ve İşletmeciliği Anabilim Dal, Kars 

Özet 

Bu çalşmada, Ankara ilinde piliç etine ilişkin tüketim profilinin belirlenmesi, satn 

alma alşkanlklar ve tüketici tercihlerini etkileyen faktörlerin ortaya konmas 

amaçlanmştr. Bu araştrmann materyalini, 2008 yl içinde Ankara ili merkezinde 

450 hane halk yöneticisi ile yüz yüze uygulanan anketlerden elde edilen veriler 

oluşturmuştur. Verilerin analizinde tanmlayc istatistikler ve anketteki önem 

sralamalarna ilişkin olarak ağrlklandrlmş puanlamann yan sra gruplar aras 

istatistiksel karşlaştrmalarda Mann-Whitney U ve Kruskal-Wallis testlerinden 

faydalanlmştr. Araştrma kapsamnda anket uygulanan ailelerin ortalama aylk geliri 

1641.09 TL, hane halk tüketimine yönelik ortalama gda harcamas 414.58 TL 

(%25.3) olarak bulunmuştur. Çalşmada, hane halk büyüklüğü ve aylk hane halk 

toplam piliç eti tüketimi ortalama olarak srasyla 3.9 kişi ve 3.31 kg olarak tespit 

edilmiştir. Ankete katlanlarn büyük çoğunluğu hane halk toplam reel gelirlerinin 

%100 artmas durumunda, piliç eti tüketimlerinin ortalama %82.0 orannda artacağ 

yönünde görüş bildirmiştir. Diğer taraftan, hane halk yöneticilerinin %47.8’i (215 

kişi) ilkbahar ve yaz aylarnda piliç eti tüketimlerinin ortalama %36.3 orannda 

arttğn ifade etmiştir. Tüketim tercihi yönünden et türleri içerisinde piliç etini birinci, 

ikinci ve üçüncü srada tercih etme oranlar srasyla %32.9, %28.7 ve %24.4 olarak 

hesaplanmştr. Piliç eti satn almay ilk srada tercih eden hane halklar için piliç eti 

tüketim tercihini etkileyen en önemli faktörler srasyla; fiyat uygunluğu, lezzeti, 

besleyici özelliği, sağlk ile ilgili koşullar, yağllk oran ve hazrlama kolaylğ olarak 

saptanmştr. Sonuç olarak, piliç eti üreten entegrasyonlarn tüketici talep ve 

tercihlerine ilişkin araştrmalardan elde edilen bilgiler şğnda, uygun miktar, kalite 

ve özellikte ürün arz ederek pazar paylarn arttrabilmeleri mümkündür. Bu 

kapsamda, pazarlama araçlarnn daha etkin kullanm ve yeni stratejiler belirlenmesi 

açsndan, tüketici tercihleri ve bunu etkileyen faktörlerin saptanmas büyük önem 

taşmaktadr. 

Anahtar sözcükler: Piliç eti, hane halk, tüketim, tüketici tercihleri 

Abstract 

In this study, determination of consumption profile of chicken meat in Ankara, 

presentation of factors affecting the buying habits and consumer preferences are 

aimed. The material of this study is constituted by the data obtained from surveys 

applied face-to-face to 450 household chiefs in the city center of Ankara, within the 

year 2008. In the analysis of the data, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests for 

intergroup comparison, descriptive statistics and weighted scoring with relation to 

survey ranking of importance was applied. The average monthly income of families 

that have been applied a survey within the scope of this research is found as TL 

1641.09 and the average food expenditure of household consumption is found as TL 

195 

kitap_1-541.indd 211 29.02.2012 15:45

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ORAL 

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POSTER 

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FULL TEXTS PRESENTED IN ENGLISH 

Veterinary Inspection in Slaughterhouses: Future Challenges 

Reinhard Fries, Freie University of Berlin 

Basic and New Approaches in Broiler Breeder Nutrition 

Marcus Kenny, Broiler Breeder Nutritionist 

New Technologies and Approaches for Composting Broiler Manure 

Harold Marion Keener, The Ohio State University 

Assessing Poultry Welfare, Pathology and Disease Using Outcome 

Measures 

Andrew Butterworth, Bristol Veterinary School 

Factors Affecting Poultry Meat Quality 

Michel J. Duclos, INRA France 

Current Salmonella Situation in the Poultry Meat Industry, 

Regulations and Strategies for Reduction 

Roel Mulder, World Poultry Science Association, Secretary General 

Embryo Checks and Problem Analysis in Hatcheries 

Jason Cormick, Hatchery Specialist 

Feed Additives: Legal Status in European Union 

Jan Koslacz, Chairman of the FEFANA Polish Platform 

Effect of Diformates on Salmonella and Gut microbiota in Poultry 

Production 515 

Christian Luckstaedt, Kurt Wegleitner, ADDCON Group, Bonn, 

Germany 

The Effect of Dietary Lysine Levels on Growth Performance and 

Immunity Parameters in Japanese Quail 521 

I. Hajkhodadadi, M. Shivazad, H. Moravvej, A. Zare-Shahneh 

Citrex Efficacy on a Natural Challenge with Salmonella spp in Broiler 

Chickens 526 

C. G. Wilsmann, F. Flores, F. L. Gazoni, F. Silveria, M. Lovato, D. 

Zaviezo, Citrex, Inc. Miami, FL, USA 

Citrx Efficacy on the control of Salmonella Enteritidis in Broiler 

Chickens 529 

C. G. Wilsmann, F. Flores, F. L. Gazoni, F. Silveria, M. Lovsto, M. 

Contreras, Citrex, Inc. Miami, FL, USA 

442 

453 

458 

472 

483 

489 

498 

509

! 

Veterinary Inspection in Slaughterhouses: Future Challenges 

! 

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1. Introduction 

1.1. History or: Meat Inspection in its traditional sense 

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8'%'9#E#%/O!

! 

Zoonotic agents: 

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/&#! &1E'%! &'2$/'/! -##)+! =$'! 766)! 67! '%$E'-! 6($9$%! +/#E$%9! 7(6E! /&#! 7'(EF! Y6! 7$(+/-0! /&#! 

36%/'E$%'/$6%! +/'9#! 67! /&#! 6%#Z)'0Z3&$3Q#%+! '+! I#--! '+! &09$#%#! 67!7'(E;!+/'2-#!#%=$(6%E#%/! 

'%)!A#(76(E'%3#!67!/&#!7'//#%$%9!361(+#!$+!67!$EA6(/'%3#!76(!/('%+E$++$6%!$%/6!/&#!'2'//6$(+!'%)! 

71(/&#(!6%O!:&#!'9#%/+!I61-)!+A(#')!/&(619&!'!7-63Q!&6($P6%/'--0;!A(6E6/#)!20!/&#!2#&'=$61(! 

67! 2$()+! /6! A$3Q! 1A! 7##)! 7(6E! /&#! 9(61%)! '%)! +$E1-/'%#61+-0! /'Q$%9! 1A! /&#! E$3(62$6-69$3'-! 

36-6%$+'/$6%F!! 

:&#! &$9&! A(#='-#%3#! 67! Y'-E6%#--'! '%)! N'EA0-62'3/#(! $%! -$=#! A61-/(0! (#+1-/+! '-+6! $%! /&#! 

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'%)!N'EA0-62'3/#(;!/66F! 

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:('%+A6(/!=#&$3-#+!'%)!/&#$(!(6-#!$%!/('%+E$++$6%!C'-+6!I$/&$%!/&#!'(#'D! 

.#/#($%'(0!E#'+1(#+;!A(#=#%/$6%!67!/('%+7#(!7(6E!7'(E!/6!7'(E! 

! 

3. Surveillance (“Meat Inspection”) 

b7/#(!7$%$+&$%9!/&#!7'//#%$%9!6(!-'0$%9!A#($6);!/&#!$%+A#3/$6%!36%+$+/+!67!'!9#%#('-!3&#3Q!67!/&#! 

'%$E'-+! $%! /&#! 7'(E! 6(! 6($9$%! '+! I#--! '+! $%! /&#! '2'//6$(! C'%/#! E6(/#E! $%+A#3/$6%D! '%)! '! A6+/! 

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A(6)13/F! 

3.1. Ante mortem on farm level 

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67!1+#!76(!A'(/$31-'(!A1(A6+#+!C#F9F!#77$-#D;!'%/#!E6(/#E!$%+A#3/$6%!+&61-)!2#!)6%#!'/!/&#!7'(EF!! 

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! 

3.2. Ante mortem at abattoir level 

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3.3. Visual post mortem inspection 

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! 

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5. Seizure post mortem 

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! 

5.1. The grey zone between fit and unfit for consumption 

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! 

437

! 

5.2. Infective vs. mechanical damage and the state of generalisation 

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! 

 

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Assessing Poultry Welfare, Patholgy And Disease Using Outcome Measures 

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471

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472

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Effect of nutrition 

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References: 

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+0+/#E!'/!'!A(63#++$%9!A-'%/F!?($/$+&!,61-/(0!Y3$#%3#;!aÒaS_ZÛF! 

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Current Salmonella situation in the poultry meat industry, regulations and 

strategies for reduction 

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Abstract 

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Embryo Checks and Problem Analysis in Hatcheries 

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Statistical Analyses: 

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Result and Discussion 

Live performance 

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Acknowledgements 

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512

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Materials And Methods 

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Results and Discussion 

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mposite

Beyaz Et Ilan 16X12.pdf 1 4/29/11 1:18 PM

Feed Additives 

Güçlü Yaklaşım 

İçme suyu uygulamalarında yenilikçi formüller. 

Kanatlı hayvanlar için, içme suyu ile uygulanan çok 

özel seçilmiş ve etkileri kanıtlanmış mikro katkı 

ürünleri sunuyoruz. 

Lohmann Veteriner Ürünleri Sanayi ve Ticaret AŞ. 

Ekinciler Cad. Erturk Sok. Onat Plaza No: 4 Kat: 7 D: 15 

34810 Kavacık-Beykoz, İstanbul, Türkiye 

Phone: +90 216 4255 131, Fax: +90 216 4255 133 

Anzeige_AviPro_Granule_tr.indd 1 

23.03.2011 14:17:35 Uhr

enviva 

TM 

EO 

Danisco Xylanase 

Danisco Animal Nutrition 

for healthy nutrition solutions 

www.danisco.com/animalnutrition

Cargill Hububat ve Yaðlý Tohumlar Tedarik Zinciri - Türkiye

mposite

Integrate your process 

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