sensorebi da gazomvebi - ieeetsu
sensorebi da gazomvebi - ieeetsu
sensorebi da gazomvebi - ieeetsu
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<strong>sensorebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazomvebi</strong><br />
leqciebis konspeqti<br />
(pirvelwyaro: Measurements. Ed. by Webster J.G)<br />
1<br />
1. gamzomi xelsawyoebis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
1.1 instrumentis martivi modeli<br />
pasiuri <strong>da</strong> aqtiuri <strong>sensorebi</strong><br />
kalibreba<br />
mamodificirebeli <strong>da</strong> zemomqmedi Sesavali zemomqmedeba<br />
sizuste <strong>da</strong> cdomileba<br />
sistematuri cdomilebis wyaroebi<br />
SemTxveviTi cdomilebis wyaroebi<br />
<strong>sensorebi</strong>s sinTezi<br />
gamoTv<br />
lebis gamoyeneba<br />
rodesac vexebiT <strong>gazomvebi</strong>s amocanebs, yovelTvis sasargebloa viqonioT<br />
warmodgena gazomvis procesis modelze. qvemod ganvixilavT ramdenime<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>mentur warmodgenas, romelic exeba gamzomi instrumentis martiv<br />
ganzogadoebul models.<br />
ziga<strong>da</strong>T gamzomi instrumenti warmoadgens xelsawyos, romlis saSualebiT<br />
fizikuri cvladi gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba registraciisaTvis moxerxebul formaSi.<br />
bunebrivia, imisaTvis rom gazomvis cnebas qondes farTo, Tanmimderuli <strong>da</strong><br />
mdgradi xasiaTi, SemosaRebia erTeulTa stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli sistema, romlis meSveobiT<br />
erTi instrumentiT ganxorcielebuli gazomva Se<strong>da</strong>rebadi iqneba meore<br />
instrumentis gamoyenebiT ganxorcielebul gazomvasTan.<br />
gamzomi instrumentis (SemdgomSi instrumentis) magaliTad SegviZlia<br />
moviyvanoT saxazavi, romlis meSveobiT gasazomi sidide – obieqtis sigrZe,<br />
warmogvidgeba erTeulTa (metri, goji . . .) ricxvis saxiT, romelic warmogvidgens<br />
sigrZes.<br />
1.1 instrumentis martivi modeli<br />
naxazi 1.1 warmogvidgens martivi instrumentis ganzogadoebul models.<br />
“gasazomi” (Measurand) fizikuri procesi warmodgenilia marcxena mxares. gasazomi<br />
sidide warmodgenilia cvladiT X, romelzec mimdinareobs <strong>da</strong>kvirveba. ar aris<br />
ausilebeli X gaizomos pir<strong>da</strong>pir – zoga<strong>da</strong>d SesaZlebelia igi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
iyos gacazom sididesTan cnobili kanonzomierebiT. magaliTad sxeulis masa<br />
ganisazRvreba awonvis saSualebiT. am SemTxvevaSi masa gasazomi sididea, magram<br />
gazomvis dros vakvirdebiT Zalas, romelic moqmedebs masaze de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
mizidulobis velSi.<br />
fizikuri movlenebis mravali <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli cvladi warmodgenilia<br />
cxrilSi 1.1.<br />
1.1 instrumentis gamartivebuli modeli
gazomvis procedures mTavari, sakvanZo elementia sensori, romlis<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas fizikuri cvladi signalad. sensoris Sesavalia<br />
fizikuri cvladi, xolo gamosavali – sasignalo cvladia. signali xasiaTdeba<br />
SesaZleblobebiT gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xerxiT, ga<strong>da</strong>ices sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sistemaSi<br />
(magaliTad meqanikur an eleqtrul wredSi) Semdegi “ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebisaTvis”. am<br />
Tvisebis gamo, SesaZlebelia signalis ga<strong>da</strong>cema sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva maregistrirebeli<br />
xelsawyos gamosavalze. eleqtronikaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba sasignalo cvladi,<br />
romelic cnobilia Zabvis (voltage) saxeliT. meqanikur sistemebSi sasignalo<br />
cvlads warmoadgenen ga<strong>da</strong>nacvleba <strong>da</strong> Zala.<br />
cxrilSi 1.1 warmodgenilia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sasignalo cvladi. sensoris<br />
gamosavali signali SesaZlebelia demonstrirebuli iyos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxiT,<br />
registrirebuli, an ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebuli rogorc Sesavali signali<br />
romelime meorad xelsawyoSi an sistemaSi. zogad sabazo modelSi signali<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>icema displeize, romlis saSualebiT <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli “amoikiTxavs” gazomvis<br />
Sedegs M. displeebis nairsaxeoma sakmaog farToa – martivi indikatorebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
sakmaod rTul kompiuterul sistemebamde. SesaZlebelia signali gamoiyenebodes<br />
rogorc rTuli sistemis nawili <strong>da</strong> instrumentic iyos rTuli sistemis mawili.<br />
1.2 instrumentis modeli gamaZlierebliT, analogur-cifruli gar<strong>da</strong>mqmneliT <strong>da</strong> kompiuteruli<br />
gamosavliT<br />
SesaZlebelia, signali iyos systi <strong>da</strong> displeis asamuSaveblad saWiro gaxdes<br />
misi gaZliereba. 1.2. naxazze naCvenebia aseTi instrumentis modeli. xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi saWiroa signalis gar<strong>da</strong>qmna cifrul formaSi <strong>da</strong> iseTi saxiT<br />
warmodgena, rom moxerxebuli gaxdes misi ga<strong>da</strong>cema monacemTa <strong>da</strong>muSavebis<br />
kompiuterul sistemaSi. Tu sensori, Tavisi konstruqcii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
ver awarmoebs signals cifruli formiT, saWiro xdeba misa gar<strong>da</strong>qmna cifrul<br />
formaSi analogur-cifruli gar<strong>da</strong>mqmnelis gamoyenebiT.<br />
pasiuri <strong>da</strong> aqtiuri <strong>sensorebi</strong><br />
<strong>sensorebi</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnian fizikur cvladebs sasignalo cvladebSi. xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi <strong>sensorebi</strong> warmoadgenen gar<strong>da</strong>mqmnelebs, romlebic erTi formiT<br />
warmodgenil energias gar<strong>da</strong>qmnian sxva formaSi. sansorebi iyofian or farTo<br />
jgufad imis mixedviT Tu rogor xdeba energies gar<strong>da</strong>qmna, anu urTierTqmedeba<br />
garemosTan, romlis parametrebi izomeba. pasiuri <strong>sensorebi</strong> gazomvis procesis<br />
msvlelobaSi ar awvdiamn energias gasazom obieqts, isina ga<strong>da</strong>anacvleben energias.<br />
magaliTad, Termowyvili gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis fizikur temperaturas Termoeleqtrul<br />
ZabvaSi, romelic warmoadgens sasignalo cvlads. sxva martiv magaliTs<br />
2
warmoadgens wnevis gamzomi, romeloc gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis wnevas xelsawyos meqanikur<br />
<strong>da</strong>ZabulobaSi (diafragma, aneroidi an burdonis mili) <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebaSi,<br />
romelic warmoadgens sasignalo cvlads. magaliTad, diafragmis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ecema kbilanebis sistemas, romelic amrunebs wnevis maCvenebel isars.<br />
aqtiuri sensorebs, gazomvis procesis ganmavlobaSi, SemoaqvT sistemaSi<br />
energia. magaliTad, ra<strong>da</strong>ruli an sonaruli sistema, obieqtamde manZilis<br />
gazomvisas, gamoasxivebs eleqtromagnitur an akustikur talRas <strong>da</strong> zomavs misi<br />
arecvlis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>brunebul talRas.<br />
kalibreba<br />
Tanafardobas Sesaval fizikur cvladsa <strong>da</strong> gamosaval signals Soris<br />
ewodeba sensoris kalibrebis an graduirebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba. rogorc wesi,<br />
xorcieldeba sensoris an mTliani sistemis kalibreba Sesavali fizikuri sididis<br />
cvlilebiT <strong>da</strong> gamosavali signalis registraciiT. monacemebi SesaZlebelia<br />
warmovadginoT sakalibracio mrudis saxiT (naxazi 1.3). am magaloTSi sensors<br />
gaaCnia wrfivi reaqcia Sesavali zemoqmedebis mniSvnelobebisaTvis, romelTa<br />
sidide naklebia X0. sensoris mgrZnobiareba ganisazRvreba sakalibracio mrudis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xrilobiT. X0 –ze didi mniScnelobebisaTvis mgrZnobiaroba klebulobs <strong>da</strong><br />
sensori aRwevs mgrZnobiarobis zRvars. es zRvari gansazRvravs sensoris<br />
gamoyenebis zRvars – ese igi Sesavali zemoqmedebis ufro didi<br />
mniSvnelobebisaTvis misi gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia. xSir SemTxvevaSi sensori ver<br />
reagirebs Zalian mcire zemoqmedebaze. intervals yvelaze did <strong>da</strong> mcire<br />
mniSvnelobebs Soris, romelTa farglebSi SesaZlebelia realuri, sando<br />
<strong>gazomvebi</strong>s ganxorcieleba ewodeba sensoris dinamiuri diapazoni.<br />
1.3. kalibrebis (graduirebis) mrudis magaliTi<br />
1.4 mamodificirebeli <strong>da</strong> zemomqmedi Sesavali<br />
mamodificirebeli <strong>da</strong> zemomqmedi Sesavali zemomqmedeba.<br />
zogierT SemTxvevaSi sensoris gamosavali, gar<strong>da</strong> ZiriTadi, gasazomi<br />
zemoqmedebisa, ganicdis <strong>da</strong>matebiT sxva fizikuri cvladebis zemoqmedebas. 1.4.<br />
naxazze moyvanil modelSi X – ZiriTadi fizikuri cvladia, Y – gazomvaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi zemomqmedi Sesavalia, xolo Z – mamodificerebeli cvladia. zemomqmedi<br />
3
Sesavali iwvevs sensoris reagirebas orive Sesavalze rogorc maT wrfiv<br />
superpoziciaze. ese igi Sesaval zemoqmedebaSi “Sereulia” gazomvis proceduraze<br />
zemomqmedi Sesavali. amis martiv magaliTs warmoadgens raime momqmedi Zalis<br />
gazomva sistemis vibraciis pirobebSi.<br />
mamodificirebeli zemoqmedeba cvlis gamzomi sistemis sensoris qcevas, ese<br />
igi cvlis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas Sesavalsa <strong>da</strong> gamosavals Soris, anu kalibrebas.<br />
magaliTi naCvenebia 1.5. naxazze. mrudebis <strong>da</strong>xriloba icvleba Z cvladis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mniSvnelobisaTvis. aseTi Sesavlis magaliTs warmoadgens temperatura,<br />
romelic cvlis sensoris qcevas. amis gamo mravali sensoris kalibreba xdeba<br />
zustad gansazRvrul temperaturaze.<br />
1.5 mamodificirebeli Semosavlis gavlena kalibrebis mrudze<br />
sizuste <strong>da</strong> cdomileba<br />
instrumentis sizuste ganisazRvreba rogorc cxvaoba gasazomi sifidis<br />
WeSmarit <strong>da</strong> gazomil sidideebs Soris. rogorc wesi, WeSmariti mniSvneloba<br />
ganisazRvreba raRac idealuri (idealizirebuli) warmodgeni<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, an<br />
SeTanxmebul stan<strong>da</strong>rtze miTiTebiT. yvela gazomva Seicavs raRac Secdomas –<br />
gazomvis nebismier meTTods gaaCnia sistematuri (bias) <strong>da</strong> SemTxveviTi<br />
sdomilebebis (xmauri - noise) wyaroebi. 1.6. naxazze warmodgenilia cdomilebaTa<br />
analogi samiznes saxiT. Titoeuli gasrolis sruli cdomileba Sesdgeba<br />
Sistematuri <strong>da</strong> SemTxveviTi nawilisagan. sistematuri ganisazRvreba maxvedraTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufebis centrisagan wanacvlebiT. mizezi Seizleba iyos qari an TviT<br />
sasroli iaraRis samizne mowyobilobis uwesrigoba. moxvedraTa <strong>da</strong>jgufebis<br />
zomebi ganpirobebulia SemTxveviTi sdomilebebis wyaroebiT <strong>da</strong> gansazRvravs<br />
srolis cdomilebas.<br />
sistematuri cdomilebis wyaroebi<br />
sistematuri cdomilebis mravali wyaro arsebobs. wyaroTa erTi farTo<br />
klasi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia sensoris masze zemoqmedebis reaqciia cvlilebasTan.<br />
zemodxsenebuli mamodificirebeli <strong>da</strong> zemomqmedi Sesavali zemomqmedebis Sedegad<br />
icvleba kalibrebis mrudi. magaliTad, Tu sensori kalibrebulia erT<br />
temperaturaze, misi gamoyeneba sxva temperaturul pirobebSi gamoiwvevs<br />
sistematur cdomilebas. mraval SemTxvevaSi sistematuri cdomilebis wyaro<br />
cnobilia, <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazomvebi</strong>s Sedegebis Sesworeba – koreqtireba, xerxdeba<br />
kompensaciuri meTodebiT.<br />
sxva mizezebic arsebobs. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sensorebSi, maTi komponentebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zveleba iwvevs kalibrebis mrudis cvlilebas. sensoris <strong>da</strong>zianeba an masTan<br />
cudi mobyrobac xSie SemTxvevaSi iwvevs sistematuri cdomilebis gaCenas.<br />
sistematuri sdomilebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad mimarTaven mis xSir xelaxla<br />
kalibrebas.<br />
4
1.6. <strong>gazomvebi</strong>s sizustis analogia warmodgenili srolis sizustis saxiT<br />
1.7. gausis ganawilebis magaliTi<br />
sistematuri sdomilebis erTerTi mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes TviT gazomvis<br />
procedura, anu fizikuri cvladebis garemoSi Sareva. es mizezi romelic<br />
invazivobis (invasiveness) saxelwodebiT aris cnobili axlavs yvela gazomvas,<br />
magram misi minimumamde <strong>da</strong>yvana xSirad SesaZlebeli <strong>da</strong> cdomileba umniSvnelo<br />
xdeba. magaliTad, eleqtrul gazomvebSi gamzomi xelsawyos mier obieqtisgan<br />
energiis moxmareba fizikuri cvladis sididis <strong>da</strong>sadgenaDminimumamde <strong>da</strong>iyvaneba<br />
gamzomi xelsawyos Sesavali impe<strong>da</strong>nsis gazrdiT. invaziuri zemoqmedebis mkveTr<br />
magaliTs warmoadgens didi moculobis mqone Tbili termometriT mcire<br />
moculobis civi siTxis temperaturis gazomvis mcdeloba.<br />
gazomvis sistematuri cdomileba SesaZlebelia gaCndes ga<strong>da</strong>cemis “gzaze”.<br />
Tu signalze moqmedebs raime faqtori, misi mniSvnelobis displeize Cveneba<br />
Seicvleba. sistemaSi, romelSic signali ga<strong>da</strong>icema meqanikuri gziT, magaliTad<br />
naxsenebi barometri, cdomilebis mizezi SeiZleba iyos xaxuni.<br />
sistematuri cdomilebis mizezi SesaZlebeli gaxdes TviTon <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli<br />
Cvenebebis amokiTxvis dros. magaliTad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva isriani xelsawyos<br />
ciferblati<strong>da</strong>n anaTvlis aRebisas, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>mlvirvebeli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxiT<br />
oyurebs ciferblats <strong>da</strong> amTxvevs isars <strong>da</strong>nayofebTan. es iwvevs e.w. paralaqtur<br />
5
sdomilebas. isari ciferblatis zemod imyofeba <strong>da</strong> xedvis kuTxis svla iwvevs<br />
aRebuli anaTvlis cvlilebas.<br />
1.8. instrumentis modeli xmauriT<br />
SemTxveviTi cdomilebis wyaroebi<br />
sistematuri cdomilebis kompensaciis Semdeg rCeba cdomileba, romelic<br />
ganpirobebulia SemTxveviTi faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT. mas xSirad xmaurs<br />
uwodeben. as signalia, romelsac ar moaqvs sasargeblo informacia. Tu gazomva,<br />
romelic <strong>da</strong>mZimebulia SemTxveviTi cdomilebebiT, mravaljer Catardeba, misi<br />
Sedegi ganawildeba garkveuli saxiT, romelsac qvia gausis ganawileba. es<br />
ganawileba moyvanilia 1.7. naxazze. naCvenebia <strong>gazomvebi</strong>s mniSvnelobaTa gamoyofil<br />
intervalebSi moxvedrili Sedegebis raodenoba. gausis ganawileba centrirebulia<br />
sididis WeSmarit mniSvnelobaze. es <strong>gazomvebi</strong>s saSualo mniSvnelobaa<br />
(igulisxmeba, rom sistematuri cdomileba kompensirebulia - gamosworebulia).<br />
1.9. <strong>sensorebi</strong>s sinTezi<br />
gausis, anu SemTxveviTi ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi, sizuste aRiwereba<br />
parametriT saxelwodebiT stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli ga<strong>da</strong>xra ( - berZnuli sigma). es<br />
parametri gansazRvravs ganawilebis sifarToves. Tu Catarebulia sakmarisi<br />
<strong>gazomvebi</strong>s raodenoba <strong>da</strong> ganawilebas aqvs gausis forma, <strong>gazomvebi</strong>s raodenobis<br />
68% moxvdeba intervalSi romelic saSualo mniSvnelobis garSemoa, 95%<br />
moxvdeba intervalSi 2<br />
<strong>da</strong> 99.7% intervalSi 3<br />
. rac ufro mcirea<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli ga<strong>da</strong>xra – ufro zustia gazomva. mravali tipis gazomvisaTvis<br />
sakmarisia sizuste 2 , xSirad saWiroa 3 sizustec.<br />
SemTxveviTi cdomileba SeiZleba gaCndes gazomvis proceduris nebismier<br />
etapze. zogadi modeli naCvenebia 1.8 naxazze. xmauri SeiZleba iyos TviT<br />
movlenaSi, axlavdes sensors <strong>da</strong> gaCndes sognalis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis xazSi. sakuTari<br />
xmauri axasiaTebs mraval sensors. xSirad es xmauri gamowveulia siTburi<br />
procesebiT. aseT sensorebs aciveben <strong>da</strong>bal temperaturamde. aseTi termuli<br />
xmaurebi axasiaTebs SuqmimReb sensorebs.<br />
signalis ga<strong>da</strong>mcem arxSi gaCenili xmauris magaliTia eleqtroqseliT<br />
gamowveuli xmauri. mraval eleqtrul sistemaSi Cndeba qselis xmauri sixSireebze<br />
50 an 60 herci.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom xmauri Zlierdeba signalTan erTad. moxerxebulia xmauris<br />
<strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba signalis xmaurTan Tanafardobis (SNR Signal to Noise Ratio)<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ricxviT. es ricxvi axasiaTebs simZlavreebis Tanafardobas. es<br />
6
Tanafardoba xsirad gamoisaxeba decibelebSi (dB). es moxerxebuli erTeulia<br />
Tanafardobis <strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad.<br />
<strong>sensorebi</strong>s sinTezi<br />
<strong>sensorebi</strong>s sinTezis modeli gamosaxulia 1.9. naxazze. ramdenime sensori<br />
gamoiyeneba <strong>da</strong>kvirvebisaTvis (gazomvisaTvis) <strong>da</strong> maTi gamosavlebi gaerTianebulia<br />
raime wesiT erTiani gazomvis gansaxorcieleblad. magaliTad, raime garamqmnels,<br />
romelic agreTve mgrZnobiarea temperaturis mimarT esaWiroeba temperaturuli<br />
stabilizacia. aseTi ori sensoris kombinacia iZleva saSualebas Catardes<br />
srulfasovani gazomva. temperaturuli sensori <strong>da</strong> saTanado marTvis sistema<br />
uzrunvelyofs kalibrebis mrudis mdgradobas <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofs<br />
mamodificirebeli efeqtebis acilebas. <strong>sensorebi</strong>s sinTezis magaliTad SeiZleba<br />
gamodges ra<strong>da</strong>ris, videosensoris <strong>da</strong> infrawiTeli sensoris kombinacia<br />
<strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT sistemaSi.<br />
gamoTvlebis gamoyeneba.<br />
Tanamedrove gamoTvliTi teqnika iZleva saSualebas gavzaddoT <strong>gazomvebi</strong>s<br />
sizuste statistikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT. umartivesi gasaSvaloebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuli <strong>da</strong> filtraciis an modelirebis urTulesi meTodebi farTod<br />
gamoiyeneba gazomvebSi.<br />
2. gamzomi instrumentebis muSaobis principebi<br />
2.1 nolis ganmsazRvreli instrumentebi<br />
2.2 ga<strong>da</strong>xris ganmsazRvreli instrumentebi<br />
2.3 analoguri <strong>da</strong> cifruli <strong>sensorebi</strong><br />
2.4 analoguri <strong>da</strong> cifruli informaciis amsaxveli instrumentebi<br />
2.5 Sesavali impe<strong>da</strong>nsi<br />
2.1 nolis ganmsazRvreli instrumentebi<br />
nolis ganmsazRvreli meTodi <strong>gazomvebi</strong>s erTerTi meTodia. amMmeTodSi<br />
instrumenti aRiqvams gazomvis proceduras <strong>da</strong> fizikur cvlads rogorc faqtors,<br />
romlis cvlilebas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>upirispirdes Tavis qmedebiT. gasazomi sidide <strong>da</strong><br />
instrumentis zemoqmedeba <strong>da</strong>balansebulia – instrumentis zemoqmedeba gasazomi<br />
sididis tolia magram niSniT uaryofiTia. meTodi isea organizebuli, rom<br />
balansis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis SemTxvevaSi bwyebs moqmedebas raime saxis ukukavSiri,<br />
romelic abalansebs, awonasworebs sistemas, Tan <strong>da</strong>balansebisaTvis iyenebs raime<br />
cnobil stan<strong>da</strong>rtul mniSvnelobas. aseTi gazomvis tipiuri sqema iyenebs<br />
komparators – raime saxis mowyobilobas, romelic a<strong>da</strong>rebs sidideebas, <strong>da</strong><br />
ykukavSiris wreds, romlis meSveobiT xorcieldeba <strong>da</strong>balanseba.<br />
sxvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, meTods gaaCnia upiratesoba, romelic imaSi<br />
mdgomareobs, rom <strong>da</strong>balansebiT minimumamde <strong>da</strong>iyvaneba gazomvis procediris<br />
zemoqmedeba. orive fizikuri Sesavali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wyaro<strong>da</strong>n aris. meTods gaaCnia<br />
maRali Sesavali impe<strong>da</strong>nsi. meTodis arsi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, mas SeuZlia Zalian<br />
mcire sidideebis gazomva. misi garCevis ynari <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia <strong>da</strong>balansebis<br />
meTodis <strong>da</strong> sxvaobis gansazRvris meTodis teqnikur ganxorcielebaze.<br />
<strong>da</strong>balanseba xdeba Tanmimdevrulad <strong>da</strong> moiTxovs garkveul dros. meTodi ar<br />
aris swrafi <strong>da</strong> es misi naklia. sistema, realizaciis TvalsazrisiT, rTulia <strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZlebelia Zviric aRmocndes sxva midgomebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
Cveulebrivi meqanikuri tolgver<strong>da</strong> berketiani saswori (naxazi 2.1) meTodis<br />
ilustraciis saukeTeso magaliTia. skalis <strong>da</strong> isris saSualebiT SegviZlia<br />
Seva<strong>da</strong>roT ucnobi wonis toloba stan<strong>da</strong>rtul sawonTan. cnobili wonis sawonebi<br />
Tanmimdevrulad, gawonasworebamde emateba sasworis erT mxares. wonasworobis<br />
miRwevamde operatoris logika <strong>da</strong> qmedeba asrulebs <strong>da</strong>mbalansebeli ukukavSiris<br />
rols. wonasworobis miRwevisas indikatori gviCvenebs nulTan tolobas, anu<br />
nulovan ga<strong>da</strong>xras. cxadia gazomvis Sedegi Seesabameba sran<strong>da</strong>rtuli sawonebis<br />
jams. Sedegis sizuste <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia sawonebis sizusteze <strong>da</strong> xaxunze berketis<br />
sayrden wertilSi. nolis ganmsazRvreli instrumentabi gamoiyeneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
sidideebis gasazomad. yvelaze gavrcelebuli magaliTia uitstonis eleqtruli<br />
xidi, romlis saSualebiT xorcieldeba uzustesi eleqtruli <strong>gazomvebi</strong>.<br />
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gazomvis dros <strong>da</strong>balanse kontroldeba operatoris mier an avtomaturad.<br />
instrumentisaTvos <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia ori Sesavali – fizikuri sididis <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>balansebis Sesavali, <strong>da</strong> diferencialuri komparatori tolobis <strong>da</strong>sadgenad.<br />
meTodi ilustrirebulia 2.2. naxaziT. komparatoris gamosavalze aranulovani<br />
signalis arseboba iwvevs koreqtirebis ukukavSiris wredis amuSavebas. Sesavali<br />
signalis nebismieri cvlileba maSinadve iwvevs ukukavSiris amuSavebas <strong>da</strong><br />
gamzomis <strong>da</strong>balansebas <strong>da</strong> nulovani sxvavobis SenarCunebas. swored amis gamo<br />
meTodma miiRo Tavis saxelwodeba.<br />
2.1 gasazomi sidide <strong>da</strong> SerCeili cnobili sidide erTmaneTs abalanseben.<br />
2.2 nulovani instrumenti moiTxovs or Sesaval wyaros Se<strong>da</strong>rebis operaciis gansaxorcieleblad<br />
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2.2 ga<strong>da</strong>xris ganmsazRvreli instrumentebi<br />
am meTodis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, fizikuri cvladi iwvevs instrumentSi<br />
Sesavlis proporciul cvlilebas. es cvlileba gansxvavdeba instrumentis sawyisi<br />
mdgomareobisagan. xSir SemTxvevaSi gare zemoqmedeba pir<strong>da</strong>pir moqmedebs<br />
instrumentis mgrZnobiare elementze <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis mis mdgomareobas ise, rom am<br />
cvlilebis amokiTxva SesaZlebelia pir<strong>da</strong>pir. cvlileba iwvevs isris, raime niSnis<br />
an skalis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas. rogorc wesi, instrumenti isea konstruirebuli, rom am<br />
elementis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba gasazomi sididis proporciulia.<br />
am tipis instrumentebiT SesaZlebelia sakmaod kargi sizusteebis miReba.<br />
meTodi gamoiyeneba statikuri <strong>da</strong> dinamikuri <strong>gazomvebi</strong>saTvis. meTodis nakli imaSi<br />
mdgomareobs, rom gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia gasazomi garemosgan sakmaod didi energiis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cema mgrZnobiare elementze, rac iwvevs gasazomi sididis cvlilebas.<br />
amcdomilebas qvia <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis cdomileba. meTodis gamoyenebisas <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> viyoT, rom cdomilebis sidide CvenTvis misaRebia.<br />
meTodis ilustracias warmoadgens zambariani saswori. 2..3 naxazze<br />
naCvenebia misi konstruqcia. zambara warmoadgens gar<strong>da</strong>mqmnel elements. sasworis<br />
sawyisi mdgomareoba icvleba wonis zemoqmedebis Sedegad. es ga<strong>da</strong>xra pirveladi<br />
mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n Seesabameba wonisa <strong>da</strong> zambaris <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis gawonasworebul<br />
mdgomareobas. Tu ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas <strong>da</strong> wonas avRniSnavT saTanadioT X <strong>da</strong> W,<br />
SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom W kX , sa<strong>da</strong>c k koeficienti asaxavs zambaris drekad<br />
Tvisebebs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n viRebT X W / k .<br />
2.4 naxazze moyvanili diagrama asaxavs gazomvis Tanmimdevrobas. Sesavali<br />
sidide cvlis mgrZnobiare elementis mdgomareobas, signalis gar<strong>da</strong>mqmnels moyavs<br />
signali registraciisaTvis sasurvel formaSi. am nawilSi xdeba signalis<br />
gaZliereba, filtracia an raime sxva gar<strong>da</strong>qmna. amis Semdeg signali ga<strong>da</strong>ecema<br />
raime tipis indikators an displeis sai<strong>da</strong>nac xdeba anaTvlebis aReba.<br />
2.3 instruments gaaCnia erTi Sesavali, <strong>da</strong> igi xasiaTdeba <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis cdomilebiT<br />
2.4 meTodis amsaxveli TvalsaCino diagrama<br />
2.3 analoguri <strong>da</strong> cifruli <strong>sensorebi</strong><br />
analoguri sensirebi qmnian signals, romelic uwyvetia droSi, sivrceSi <strong>da</strong><br />
sididiT. uwyvetoba analoguri signalebis mTavari ganmsazRvreli Tvisebaa. Tu<br />
sensori warmoqmnis uwyvet gamosaval signals, romelic pir<strong>da</strong>pir proporciulia<br />
Sesavali fizikuri cvladisa – es sensori analoguria.<br />
fizikuri cvladebis umravlesoba, magaliTad temperatura, deni,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nacvleba, siCqare, aCqareba, wneva, sinaTlis intensivoba, Tavisi bunebiT<br />
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uwyvetebi arian, <strong>da</strong> izomebian analoguri <strong>sensorebi</strong>s gamoyenebiT. martiv<br />
magaliTad SegviZlia warmovidginoT temperatura. 2.5 naxazze warmodgenilia<br />
Termowyvili – temperaturuli sensori romelic gamoimuSavebs temperaturis<br />
cvlilebis proporciul dens, temperaturis analogur signals. es signali<br />
uwyvetia sididiT <strong>da</strong> droSi.<br />
2.5 Termowyvili gamoimuSavebs analogur signals<br />
cifruli <strong>sensorebi</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>pir gamoimuSaveben cifrul signals. rogorc wesi,<br />
es signali warmodgenilia orobiT sistemaSi, anu 0 <strong>da</strong> 1 (CarTva <strong>da</strong> gamorTva, aris<br />
<strong>da</strong> araris). Tavisi bunebiT signali diskretulia, Seesabameba drois diskretul<br />
mniSvnelobebs (an sivrceSicaa diskretuli). aseTi <strong>sensorebi</strong> iyeneben orobiTi<br />
sistemis <strong>da</strong> ricxviTi <strong>da</strong>muSavebis srul potencials.<br />
2.6 naxazze warmodgenilia cifruli sensori – RerZis brunvaTa mTvleli.<br />
RerZze <strong>da</strong>magrebuli magniti magnitur sensorTan erTad qmnis diskretul sensors,<br />
romelic RerZis yoveli Semobrunebisas gamoimuSavebs denis impuls. am impulsebis<br />
drois gansazRvrul intervalSi <strong>da</strong>TvliT ganisazRvreba brunvis siCqare. TviTon<br />
siCqare uwyveti sididea. Cven gar<strong>da</strong>vqmeniT igi diskretuli signalebis<br />
TanmimdevrobaT.<br />
2.6. RerZis brunva<br />
2.4 analoguri <strong>da</strong> cifruli informaciis amsaxveli instrumentebi<br />
analoguri <strong>gazomvebi</strong>s Sedegebis amsaxveli instrumentebi pir<strong>da</strong>pir,<br />
uwyvetad, analogis saxiT asaxaven fizikuri svladis cvlilebas. es SeiZleba iyos<br />
Sesavlis cvlilebis proporciuli isriani indikatoris isris ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva konstruqciis melniani TviTmweri, sinaTlis intensivobis cvlileba an<br />
bgeriTi talRa.<br />
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