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The introduced flora of Australia and its weed status iv CRC for Australian Weed Management The introduced flora of Australia and its weed status
Foreword Invasive plants are species that have entered Australia from elsewhere, and which are now causing economic, social or environmental harm. In the 200 years since the arrival of Europeans, over 28,000 foreign plants have been brought to Australia, most deliberately imported for pasture, horticulture or as ornamentals. Their impact is enormous – invasive plants are the main threat to 45% of threatened and endangered species and ecosystems in New South Wales (Coutts-Smith and Downey 2006), and the cost to Australian agriculture is at least $3.5bn per year in lost production and control costs (Sinden et al. 2004). It has taken us a long time to recognise the havoc caused to our environment by weeds, and many still fail to appreciate the scale of the problem. Too many people see the green trees or the pretty flowers and fail to understand the lost native diversity which these invaders have replaced. However, progress is being made, and all new plant imports are now subject to a Weed Risk Assessment, and can only be imported if the risk is low. Now the next step is to manage the enormous number of plants already present in Australia, in gardens and private collections, some already widespread, some naturalising in small areas and others just waiting for favourable conditions before they too become major weeds. The first step in this process is to assemble accurate information on the plant species already here, and this database of the introduced plants of Australia does just that. Every introduced plant species present and being grown in Australia is listed, whether or not it is naturalised (ie growing in the wild), and with information on its weedy status here and worldwide. This book is a development from Rod’s database of all weedy flora of the world published in 2002 as A Global Compendium of Weeds. Together these two publications represent the results of years of meticulous work. The introduced flora of Australia and its weed status is an invaluable resource to everyone who cares about the Australian environment and wishes to ensure that the plants chosen for revegetation projects, landscaping and gardens are not likely to become weedy and a threat to our bushland. Rachel McFadyen CEO CRC for Australian Weed Management CRC for Australian Weed Management The introduced flora of Australia and its weed status Foreword 1
Page 1 and 2: CRC for Australian Weed Management
Page 3: Table of contents Foreword 1 Introd
Page 7 and 8: Introduction Humans are by far the
Page 9 and 10: Background The introduction of a pl
Page 11 and 12: How to use this book To aid people
Page 13 and 14: A brief explanation of botanical no
Page 15 and 16: A quick guide to understanding this
Page 17 and 18: AAbelia chinensis R.Br. Linnaeaceae
Page 19 and 20: Acacia giraffae Willd. Leguminosae
Page 21 and 22: Acanthus spinosissimus Pers. Acanth
Page 23 and 24: Achnatherum calamagrostis (L.) P.Be
Page 25 and 26: Adenia venenata Forsk. Passiflorace
Page 27 and 28: Aechmea spectabilis Brongniart ex H
Page 29 and 30: Aethusa cynapium L. Apiaceae ◆ We
Page 31 and 32: Agave tequilana F.A.C.Weber Agavace
Page 33 and 34: Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. Lami
Page 35 and 36: Allium chamaemoly L. Alliaceae - Li
Page 37 and 38: Alocasia crassifolia Engl. Araceae
Page 39 and 40: Aloe mudenensis Reynolds Aloeaceae
Page 41 and 42: Alstroemeria magenta Ehr.Bayer Lili
Page 43 and 44: Amesiella philippinensis (Ames) Gar
Page 45 and 46: Andropogon ischaemum L. Poaceae = B
Page 47 and 48: Angraecum magdalenae Schltr. & Perr
Page 49 and 50: Anthurium hoffmannii Schott Araceae
Page 51 and 52: Aquilegia X cultorum Bergmans Ranun
Page 53 and 54: Arctostaphylos arbutoides (Lindl.)
Page 55 and 56:
Argyrolobium uniflorum (Decne.) Jau
Page 57 and 58:
Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott
Page 59 and 60:
Arundinaria amabilis McClure Poacea
Page 61 and 62:
Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jesso
Page 63 and 64:
Aster filifolius Vent. Asteraceae A
Page 65 and 66:
Astrophytum coahuilense (H.Moeller)
Page 67 and 68:
Avena strigosa Schreb. Poaceae ◆
Page 69 and 70:
BBabiana ambigua (Roem. & Schult.)
Page 71 and 72:
Baptisia leucantha Torr. & A.Gray L
Page 73 and 74:
Begonia bradei Irmsch. Begoniaceae
Page 75 and 76:
Begonia thiemei C.DC. Begoniaceae B
Page 77 and 78:
Berberis suberecta Ahrendt Berberid
Page 79 and 80:
Bifora testiculata (L.) Spreng. Api
Page 81 and 82:
Borago pygmaea (DC.) Chater & Greut
Page 83 and 84:
Brachyglottis haastii (Hook. f.) B.
Page 85 and 86:
Brodiaea lactea (Lindl.) S.Watson L
Page 87 and 88:
Brunfelsia nitida Benth. Solanaceae
Page 89 and 90:
Bulbophyllum cheiri Lindl. Orchidac
Page 91 and 92:
CCabomba aquatica Aubl. Cabombaceae
Page 93 and 94:
Calathea zebrina (Sims) Lindl. Mara
Page 95 and 96:
Calophyllum antillanum Britton Clus
Page 97 and 98:
Camellia sasanqua Thunb. Theaceae
Page 99 and 100:
Canistropsis simulans (E.Pereira &
Page 101 and 102:
Carex lepidocarpa Tausch Cyperaceae
Page 103 and 104:
Carya pecan (Marshall) Engl. & Grae
Page 105 and 106:
Catalpa X hybrida Spath Bignoniacea
Page 107 and 108:
Cedrus libani A.Rich. Pinaceae See:
Page 109 and 110:
Centipeda minima (L.) A.Br. & Asch.
Page 111 and 112:
Cereus amazonicus K.Schum. Cactacea
Page 113 and 114:
Chamaecrista rotundifolia (Pers.) G
Page 115 and 116:
Chara fibrosa C.Agardh ex Bruzelius
Page 117 and 118:
Chloris ventricosa R.Br. Poaceae
Page 119 and 120:
Cibotium chamissoi Kaulf. Dicksonia
Page 121 and 122:
Citharexylum spinosum L. Verbenacea
Page 123 and 124:
Cleistocactus smaragdiflorus (Web.)
Page 125 and 126:
Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) V
Page 127 and 128:
Codonopsis bulleyana Forrest ex Die
Page 129 and 130:
Columnea arguta C.V.Morton Gesneria
Page 131 and 132:
Convolvulus mauritanicus Boiss. Con
Page 133 and 134:
Cordyline pumilio Hook. f. Agavacea
Page 135 and 136:
Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv. Papav
Page 137 and 138:
Cotoneaster cooperi C.Marquand Rosa
Page 139 and 140:
Crassula cornuta Schönland & Baker
Page 141 and 142:
Crataegus saligna Greene Rosaceae
Page 143 and 144:
Crocus medius Balb. Iridaceae Crocu
Page 145 and 146:
Cryptocoryne crispatula Engl. Arace
Page 147 and 148:
Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Zingibera
Page 149 and 150:
Cylindropuntia alcahes (F.A.C.Weber
Page 151 and 152:
Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae ◆
Page 153 and 154:
DDaboecia azorica Tutin & E.F.Warb.
Page 155 and 156:
Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Rosa
Page 157 and 158:
Delphinium semibarbatum Bien. ex Bo
Page 159 and 160:
Dendrobium margaritaceum Finet Orch
Page 161 and 162:
Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd. Leg
Page 163 and 164:
Dianthus myrtinervius Griseb. Caryo
Page 165 and 166:
Diervilla fujisanensis Makino Dierv
Page 167 and 168:
Diospyros dichrophylla (Gand.) De W
Page 169 and 170:
Discocactus heptacanthus (Barb.Rodr
Page 171 and 172:
Dorstenia contrajerva L. Moraceae
Page 173 and 174:
Drosera X californica Cheek Drosera
Page 175 and 176:
Duvalia pubescens N.E.Br. Asclepiad
Page 177 and 178:
EEarina autumnalis (G.Forst.) Hook.
Page 179 and 180:
Echinocereus pectinatus (Scheidw.)
Page 181 and 182:
Echinopsis candicans (Gillies ex Sa
Page 183 and 184:
Echinopsis vasquezii (Rausch) G.D.R
Page 185 and 186:
Eleusine compressa (Forssk.) Asch.
Page 187 and 188:
Encephalartos transvenosus Stapf &
Page 189 and 190:
Epilobium canum (Greene) Raven Onag
Page 191 and 192:
Eragrostis trichophora Cosson & Dur
Page 193 and 194:
Erica linnaeoides Andr. Ericaceae E
Page 195 and 196:
Eriosyce curvispina (Bertero ex Col
Page 197 and 198:
Erythrina parcellii Bull. Leguminos
Page 199 and 200:
Eucalyptus fastigata H.Deane & Maid
Page 201 and 202:
Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Ma
Page 203 and 204:
Euphorbia lambii Svent. Euphorbiace
Page 205 and 206:
Euryops chrysanthemoides (DC.) B.No
Page 207 and 208:
FFabiana densa Remy Solanaceae Fabi
Page 209 and 210:
Ferocactus tiburonensis (G.E.Linds.
Page 211 and 212:
Ficus villosa Blume Moraceae ◆ We
Page 213 and 214:
Frangula purshiana (DC.) J.G.Cooper
Page 215 and 216:
Fuchsia excorticata (J.R.Forst. & G
Page 217 and 218:
GGadellia lactiflora (Bieb.) Schulk
Page 219 and 220:
Garrya flavescens S.Wats. Cornaceae
Page 221 and 222:
Genista ephedroides DC. Leguminosae
Page 223 and 224:
Geranium dissectum L. Geraniaceae
Page 225 and 226:
Gevuina avellana Molina Proteaceae
Page 227 and 228:
Gladiolus stellatus G.J.Lewis Irida
Page 229 and 230:
Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers. Asterac
Page 231 and 232:
Guadua paniculata Munro Poaceae See
Page 233 and 234:
Gymnocalycium saglione (Cels) Brown
Page 235 and 236:
HHaageocereus acanthocladus Rauh &
Page 237 and 238:
Hamamelis mollis Oliv. Hamamelidace
Page 239 and 240:
Hebe X amabilis (Cheeseman) Cockayn
Page 241 and 242:
Hedyotis procumbens (Walt. ex J.F.G
Page 243 and 244:
Heliconia mutisiana Cuatrec. Helico
Page 245 and 246:
Hermannia hyssopifolia L. Sterculia
Page 247 and 248:
Hibiscus lasiocarpos Cav. Malvaceae
Page 249 and 250:
Homoglossum quadrangulare (Burm. f.
Page 251 and 252:
Hoya dimorpha F.M.Bailey Asclepiada
Page 253 and 254:
Hoya subcalva Burkill Asclepiadacea
Page 255 and 256:
Hydrocleys nymphoides (Willd.) Buch
Page 257 and 258:
Hypericum kouytchense H.Lèv. Clusi
Page 259 and 260:
IIberis affinis Jord. Brassicaceae
Page 261 and 262:
Indigofera cordifolia B.Heyne ex Ro
Page 263 and 264:
Iris bucharica Foster Iridaceae Iri
Page 265 and 266:
Iris squalens L. Iridaceae = Iris X
Page 267 and 268:
J Jaborosa integrifolia Lam. Solana
Page 269 and 270:
Juncus canadensis Gay Juncaceae ◆
Page 271 and 272:
KKadsura coccinea A.C.Sm. Schisandr
Page 273 and 274:
Kleinia stapeliiformis (E.Phillips)
Page 275 and 276:
LLabisia pumila (Blume) Fern.-Vill.
Page 277 and 278:
Lampranthus aurantiacus (DC.) Schwa
Page 279 and 280:
Lavandula X allardi Hy. Lamiaceae L
Page 281 and 282:
Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br. Brass
Page 283 and 284:
Leucadendron loranthifolium (Salisb
Page 285 and 286:
Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. Poace
Page 287 and 288:
Lilium medeoloides A.Gray Liliaceae
Page 289 and 290:
Linum catharticum L. Linaceae ◆ W
Page 291 and 292:
Lobelia cardinalis L. Campanulaceae
Page 293 and 294:
Lonicera korolkowii Stapf Caprifoli
Page 295 and 296:
Loxogramme lanceolata (Sw.) C.Presl
Page 297 and 298:
Lycopodium lockyeri D.Jones & B.Gra
Page 299 and 300:
MMaackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim. L
Page 301 and 302:
Mahonia lomariifolia Takeda Berberi
Page 303 and 304:
Mammillaria aurihamata Boed. Cactac
Page 305 and 306:
Mammillaria ortizrubiana (Bravo) We
Page 307 and 308:
Maranta zebrina Sims Marantaceae Ma
Page 309 and 310:
Maxillaria variabilis Batem. ex Lin
Page 311 and 312:
Melicytus lanceolatus Hook. f. Viol
Page 313 and 314:
Mentha basilica Lojac. Lamiaceae Me
Page 315 and 316:
Michelia skinneriana Dunn Magnoliac
Page 317 and 318:
Mimulus pictus (Curran ex Greene) G
Page 319 and 320:
Moraea bipartita L.Bolus Iridaceae
Page 321 and 322:
Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan Com
Page 323 and 324:
Myrica phanerodonta Standl. Myricac
Page 325 and 326:
NNageia falcata (Thunb.) Kuntze Pod
Page 327 and 328:
Nematanthus fritschii Hoehne Gesner
Page 329 and 330:
Neoporteria islayensis (Foerster) D
Page 331 and 332:
Nepenthes veitchii Hook. Nepenthace
Page 333 and 334:
Nierembergia veitchii Hook. Solanac
Page 335 and 336:
Notylia barkeri Lindl. Orchidaceae
Page 337 and 338:
OOberonia anceps Lindl. Orchidaceae
Page 339 and 340:
Olea africana Mill. Oleaceae = Olea
Page 341 and 342:
Ophiopogon jaburan (Siebold) G.Lodd
Page 343 and 344:
Opuntia lasiacantha Pfeiff. Cactace
Page 345 and 346:
Orania longisquama (Jum.) J.Dransf.
Page 347 and 348:
Orobanche loricata Recihb. Orobanch
Page 349 and 350:
Oxalis herrerae R.Knuth Oxalidaceae
Page 351 and 352:
PPabstia jugosa (Lindl.) Garay Orch
Page 353 and 354:
Panicum bulbosum Kunth Poaceae ◆
Page 355 and 356:
Paphiopedilum superbiens (Rchb. f.)
Page 357 and 358:
Parodia mueller-melchersii (Backeb.
Page 359 and 360:
Passiflora ciliata Aiton Passiflora
Page 361 and 362:
Pelargonium fragrans Willd. Gerania
Page 363 and 364:
Penstemon azureus Benth. Scrophular
Page 365 and 366:
Pereskia sacharosa Griseb. Cactacea
Page 367 and 368:
Phalaenopsis amboinensis J.J.Sm. Or
Page 369 and 370:
Philodendron cordatum hort. Araceae
Page 371 and 372:
Phormium colensoi Hook. f. Agavacea
Page 373 and 374:
Physalis micrantha Link Solanaceae
Page 375 and 376:
Pilosocereus azureus F.Ritter Cacta
Page 377 and 378:
Pinus banksiana Lamb. Pinaceae ◆
Page 379 and 380:
Pistacia mutica Fisch. & C.A.Mey. A
Page 381 and 382:
Platanus X acerifolia (Aiton) Willd
Page 383 and 384:
Pleurocalyptus pancheri (Brongn. &
Page 385 and 386:
Polemonium foliosissimum A.Gray Pol
Page 387 and 388:
Polypodium pappei Mett Polypodiacea
Page 389 and 390:
Populus yunnanensis Dode Salicaceae
Page 391 and 392:
Primula X bulleesiana Janson. Primu
Page 393 and 394:
Prosopis spicigera L. Leguminosae -
Page 395 and 396:
Prunus lusitanica L. Rosaceae ◆ W
Page 397 and 398:
Pseudovigna argentea (Willd.) Verdc
Page 399 and 400:
Ptychosperma ledermaniana (Becc.) M
Page 401 and 402:
Pyrus cossonii Rehder Rosaceae Pyru
Page 403 and 404:
Q Qiongzhuea tumidinoda C.J.Hsueh &
Page 405 and 406:
Quercus shumardii Buckley Fagaceae
Page 407 and 408:
RRabiea albinota (Haw.) N.E.Br. & N
Page 409 and 410:
Rebutia einsteinii Fri ex Kreuz. &
Page 411 and 412:
Rhapidophyllum hystrix (Pursh) H.We
Page 413 and 414:
Rhodanthemum hosmariense (Ball) B.H
Page 415 and 416:
Rhododendron forrestii Balf. f. ex
Page 417 and 418:
Rhododendron oreotrephes W.W.Sm. Er
Page 419 and 420:
Rhombophyllum dolabriforme Schwante
Page 421 and 422:
Robinia fertilis Ashe Leguminosae -
Page 423 and 424:
Rosa blanda Aiton Rosaceae ◆ Weed
Page 425 and 426:
Rosmarinus angustifolius Mill. Lami
Page 427 and 428:
Ruellia barbillana Cufod. Acanthace
Page 429 and 430:
SSabal bermudana L.H.Bailey Arecace
Page 431 and 432:
Salix helvetica Vill. Salicaceae Sa
Page 433 and 434:
Salvia ianthina Otto & Dietr. Lamia
Page 435 and 436:
Sanguinaria canadensis L. Papaverac
Page 437 and 438:
Sarracenia purpurea L. X Sarracenia
Page 439 and 440:
Scadoxus cinnabarinus (Decne.) Frii
Page 441 and 442:
Schoenorchis densiflora Schltr. Orc
Page 443 and 444:
Scorzonera hispanica L. Asteraceae
Page 445 and 446:
Sedum ternatum Michx. Crassulaceae
Page 447 and 448:
Senecio hybridus (Willd.) Regel Ast
Page 449 and 450:
Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.Wight
Page 451 and 452:
Silene bourgaei Webb ex Christ Cary
Page 453 and 454:
Sisyrinchium littorale Greene Irida
Page 455 and 456:
Solanum pimpinellifolium Jusl. Sola
Page 457 and 458:
Sorbaria grandiflora (Sweet) Maxim.
Page 459 and 460:
Spergularia maritima (All.) Chiov.
Page 461 and 462:
Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. O
Page 463 and 464:
Statice sinuata L. Plumbaginaceae =
Page 465 and 466:
Stipa fontanesii Parl. Poaceae Stip
Page 467 and 468:
Styrax officinalis L. Styracaceae S
Page 469 and 470:
Syngonium erythrophyllum Birdsey ex
Page 471 and 472:
TTabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandwith Big
Page 473 and 474:
Tapeinia magellanica J.F.Gmel. Irid
Page 475 and 476:
Tetragonolobus maritimus (L.) Roth
Page 477 and 478:
Themeda avenacea (F.Müell.) Maiden
Page 479 and 480:
Thymus villosus L. Lamiaceae Thymus
Page 481 and 482:
Tillandsia kurt-horstii Rauh Bromel
Page 483 and 484:
Tradescantia blossfeldiana Mildbr.
Page 485 and 486:
Tridentea peculiaris (Lückh.) L.C.
Page 487 and 488:
Trifolium tembense Fresen. Legumino
Page 489 and 490:
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Tiliace
Page 491 and 492:
Turbinicarpus valdezianus (H.Moller
Page 493 and 494:
UUebelmannia buiningii Donald Cacta
Page 495 and 496:
Utricularia inflata Walter Lentibul
Page 497 and 498:
VVaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rausche
Page 499 and 500:
Vepris undulata Comm. Rutaceae Vera
Page 501 and 502:
Veronica scutellata L. Scrophularia
Page 503 and 504:
Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H.O
Page 505 and 506:
Vitis rupestris Scheele Vitaceae
Page 507 and 508:
WWachendorfia brachyandra W.F.Barke
Page 509 and 510:
Whipplea modesta Torr. Hydrangeacea
Page 511 and 512:
XXantheranthemum igneum (Linden) Li
Page 513 and 514:
YYpsilopus longifolia (Kraenzl.) Su
Page 515 and 516:
ZZalacca edulis Reinw. Arecaceae Za
Page 517 and 518:
Zornia glochidiata Rchb. ex DC. Leg
Page 519 and 520:
Bibliography and notes Agence Médi
Page 521 and 522:
Botha, C. (2001). Common Weeds of C
Page 523 and 524:
Haysom, K.A. and Murphy, S.T. (2003
Page 525 and 526:
Muller, S. (coord.) (2004). Plantes
Page 527 and 528:
State Herbarium (1998). The Exotic
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