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ARSEF Collection Staff Richard A. Humber, curator phone: [+1] 607-255-1276 fax: [+1] 607-255-1132 email: richard.humber@ars.usda.gov Karen S. Hansen phone: [+1] 607-255-1274 fax: [+1] 607-255-1132 email: arsef@cornell.edu Micheal M. Wheeler phone: [+1] 607-255-1274 fax: [+1] 607-255-1132 email: mmw5@cornell.edu USDA-ARS Biological IPM Research Unit Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture & Health 538 Tower Road Ithaca, New York 14853-2901, USA
IMPORTANT NOTE Recent phylogenetically based reclassifications of fungal pathogens of invertebrates Richard A. Humber Insect Mycologist and Curator, ARSEF UPDATED July 2011 Some seemingly dramatic and comparatively recent changes in the classification of a number of fungi may continue to cause confusion or a degree of discomfort to many of the clients of the cultures and informational resources provided by the ARSEF culture collection. This short treatment is an attempt to summarize some of these changes, the reasons for them, and to provide the essential references to the literature in which the changes are proposed. As the Curator of the ARSEF collection I wish to assure you that these changes are appropriate, progressive, and necessary to modernize and to stabilize the systematics of the fungal pathogens affecting insects and other invertebrates, and I urge you to adopt them into your own thinking, teaching, and publications. The identifications in the ARSEF catalogs (http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=12125) incorporate these new classifications as soon as we can confirm the correct new identifications of fungi and, where genera or species are being split on molecular grounds, to determine and to apply the correct new identifications. General Reclassification of Fungi The results of a global cooperative effort involving dozens of mycologists (including the curator of this collection) to reclassify the fungi according to phylogenetically sound principles based on the DNA sequence data for multiple genes has recently resulted in the publication of two monumentally important publications that completely rework mycological systematics. The earlier publications was a phylogenetic overview of virtually all fungi (James et al. 2006). The second publication (Hibbett et al. 2007) provided the necessary taxonomic readjustments that were indicated by the phylogenetic studies. Microsporidia Many mycologists and invertebrate pathologists are now aware that the Microsporidia have been proven beyond any reasonable doubt to be comparatively recent and highly derived endobiotic fungi. They are neither extremely ancient eukaryotes nor affiliated with protozoans as most textbooks indicate. None of this realignment to the fungi is being disputed by either microsporidiologists or phylogenetic mycologists. The rationale for this realignment is presented succinctly in James et al. (2006). These fascinating organisms connect to the fungal tree of life at the base of the nonflagellate fungi (among or near the fungi traditionally treated as the Zygomycota) but their exact affinities and nearest remain uncertain. Zygomycota, Zygomycotina, Zygomycetes and Entomophthorales The phylogenetic relassification of fungi (Hibbett et al., 2007) significantly modified the traditional view of the most ancestral nonflagellate fungi. The phylum Zygomycota, subphylum Zygomycotina, and class Zygomycetes disappeared in their widely understood sense to be replaced by the phylum Glomeromycota (for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and a series of new subphyla not yet assigned to any phylum (because of the obviously polyphyletic nature of the zygomycetes as traditionally treated). The Entomophthorales is reclassified in the subphylum Entomophthoromycotina Humber (in Hibbett et al. 2007); the other new subphyla in this group are the Mucormycotina, Zoopagomycotina and Kicxellomycotina. Where there had been some question about whether Basidiobolus and its close relatives should be retained in the Entomophthorales or moved to a position closer to some of the blastocladialean watermolds, James et al. (2006) unequivocally retain Basidiobolus in an ancestral position in the Entomophthorales. i
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Page 5 and 6: Table 2. Publications eliminating a
Page 7 and 8: ARS ColleCtion of entomopAthogeniC
Page 9 and 10: oRdeRing infoRmAtion Please send al
Page 11 and 12: AbbReviAtionS Information about the
Page 13 and 14: Host by Fungus Acremonium sp. [Homo
Page 15 and 16: Host by Fungus Coccinella septempun
Page 17 and 18: Host by Fungus Beauveria bassiana 1
Page 19 and 20: Host by Fungus Beauveria caledonica
Page 21 and 22: Host by Fungus Culicinomyces clavis
Page 23 and 24: Host by Fungus Furia ithacensis [Di
Page 25 and 26: Host by Fungus Hirsutella rhossilie
Page 27 and 28: Host by Fungus Isaria javanica [Col
Page 29 and 30: Host by Fungus Metarhizium acridum
Page 31 and 32: Host by Fungus Phyllopertha hortico
Page 33 and 34: Host by Fungus 5094 5095 5096 5097
Page 35 and 36: Host by Fungus [Lepidoptera: Lymant
Page 37 and 38: Host by Fungus Trichoderma viride(?
Page 39: Host by Fungus Unidentified sp. Met
Page 42 and 43: Araneida: ?Pholcidae Coleoptera: Ca
Page 44 and 45: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Coleopter
Page 46 and 47: Coleoptera: Curculionidae Coleopter
Page 48 and 49: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Fungus by
Page 50 and 51: Coleoptera: Scolytidae (Tribe Ipini
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Diptera: Chironomidae Diptera: Culi
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Diptera: Scatophagidae Hemiptera Fu
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Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Homoptera:
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Homoptera: Aleyrodidae Homoptera: A
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Homoptera: Aphididae Homoptera: Cer
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Homoptera: Cicadellidae Homoptera:
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Homoptera: Delphacidae Homoptera: c
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Hymenoptera: Formicidae Isoptera: T
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Lepidoptera: Cossidae Lepidoptera:
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Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Lepidoptera:
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Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lepidoptera:
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Orthoptera: Acrididae Thysanoptera:
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Rhabditida: Rhabditidae Agaricales:
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Geographical Origin Antarctica Isar
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Geographical Origin Metarhizium fla
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Geographical Origin Zoophthora radi
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Geographical Origin Corsica Scopula
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Geographical Origin Italy Beauveria
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Geographical Origin Metarhizium ani
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Geographical Origin Poland Basidiob
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Geographical Origin Purpureocillium
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Geographical Origin Metarhizium ani
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Geographical Origin USA Smittium me
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Geographical Origin USA Metarhiziop
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Geographical Origin Isaria farinosa
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Alves, Sergio Batista ARSEF Alterna
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ARSEF Baloch, Lori Alternate Collec
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Brownbridge, Michael Alternate Coll
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Carruthers, Raymond I. CBS Alternat
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CEP CIAT Alternate Collections 057
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CNPAF CP Alternate Collections 86-0
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CSIRO Alternate Collections EM529 C
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CSIRO Alternate Collections FI-0596
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CSIRO DAT Alternate Collections FI-
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DAT Alternate Collections 255 Metar
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DAT Deseö, Katlin V. Alternate Col
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ERL Alternate Collections 1352 Leca
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ERL Alternate Collections 201 Metar
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Evans, Harry C. Frances, Stephen P.
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Gouli, Svetlana Gouli, Vladimir Alt
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Gouli, Vladimir & Svetlana Gutierre
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Hajek, Ann E. Alternate Collections
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Hodge, Kathie T. Hollingsworth, Rob
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IMI Ja↵ee, Bruce A. Alternate Col
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Keller, Siegfried Klingen, Ingeborg
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Lacey, Lawrence A. Alternate Collec
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Landis, Doug Lichtwardt, Robert W.
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Liu, Miao Maddox, Joseph V. Alterna
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McManus, Jennifer Muthappa, B.N. Al
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NRRL Ostrovska, Katherine Alternate
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Parker, Bruce L. Alternate Collecti
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Poprawski, Tadeusz J. Alternate Col
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PSU Rath, Andrew C. Alternate Colle
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Rath, Andrew C. Alternate Collectio
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RCEF Roberts, Donald W. Alternate C
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Roberts, Donald W. Alternate Collec
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Roberts, Donald W. Alternate Collec
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RSA Schaer↵enberg, Bruno Alternat
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Soares, George G. SRCAM Alternate C
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Steenberg, Tove Sung, Jae-Mo Altern
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Teetor-Barsch, Gertrude Underwood,
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Wheeler, Mike Wraight, Stephen P. A
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Yip, H. Alternate Collections HY168
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ARSEF Number 1 Beauveria bassiana 2
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ARSEF Number 564 Conidiobolus sp. 5
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ARSEF Number 1030 Aschersonia turbi
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ARSEF Number 1478 Beauveria bassian
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ARSEF Number 1926 Candida sp. 1928
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ARSEF Number 2910 Akanthomyces grac
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ARSEF Number 3342 Zoophthora phyton
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ARSEF Number 3767 Metarhizium sp. 3
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ARSEF Number 4269 Metarhizium aniso
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ARSEF Number 5610 Rotiferophthora a
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ARSEF Number 6030 Isaria farinosa 6
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ARSEF Number 6458 Paecilomyces lila
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ARSEF Number 6878 Nomuraea rileyi 6
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ARSEF Number 7299 Aschersonia turbi
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ARSEF Number 7726 Isaria farinosa 7
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ARSEF Number 8145 Beauveria sp. 814
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ARSEF Number 9844 Metarhizium sp. 9
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ARSEF Number 10264 Rotiferophthora
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