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AKTET ISSN 2073-2244 Journal of Institute Alb-Shkenca www.alb-shkenca.org Revistë Shkencore e Institutit Alb-Shkenca Copyright © Institute Alb-Shkenca DETECTION AND IMAGING OF SOME MEDICAL ULTRA-FAST PHENOMENA AKIN TO DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPY DETEKTIMI DHE IMAZHIMI I DISA FENOMENEVE ULTRA TË SHPEJTA MJEKËSORE QË MUNDE TË ZBATOHEN NË DIAGNOSTIKE DHE TERAPI JAHJA KOKAJ*, BURIM KAMISHI** *Department of Physics, Kuwait University, Kuwait ** Department of Physics, University of Prishtina, Kosova Email: jkokaj@yahoo.com AKTET IV, 1: 1-6, 2011 PËRMBLEDHJE Për të matur dhe kuptuar disa fenomene që manifestohen gjatë litotripsisë lazerike, ne propozojmë këtu një teknikë të rë interferimetrike duke zbatuar shedografinë si metodë komplementare. Interferometria dhe imazhimi ultra i shpejtë, në të cilin bazohet teknika që zbatuam, mundësoi vizualizimin dhe matjen e mëshikëzave brenda intervalit kohor prej disa nanosekondash. Kjo nuk ishte e mundur të bëhej me anë të teknikave ekzistuese. Teknika që propozojme bazohet në imazhimin ultra të shpejtë të mëshikëzave, në sipërfaqen e të cilave projektohen vija interferometrike. Interferogrami i fituar është procesuar dhe analizuar me anë të programit tonë kompjuterik. Rezulatet finale, të fituara pas sintetizimit interferometrik, nxorrën në pah fenomene të cilat shoqërojnë shkatërrimin e gurëzave gjatë veprimit të fuqisë lazerike. Fjalët kyçe: dedektimi, imazhimi, interferogrami, interpretimi i vijave SUMMARY A new interferometric technique and shadography is applied for measurement and better understanding of high speed phenomena such as a bubble, generated during the laser lithotripsy. Inetrferometry and ultra fast imaging technique introduced here, made possible to visualize and measure some bubbles within the time span of several nano seconds which otherwise were invisible, and hard to be explained. This technique consists of ultra-fast imaging of bubbles with inteferometric fringes projected on their surfaces. The obtained interferograms are processed and interpreted with the new introduced software for fringe analysis. The final results obtained after the fringes are synthesized has reveled phenomena akin to the mechanism of the destruction of the stone during the action of the laser power. Key words: detection, imaging, interferogram, fringe interpretation INTRODUCTION An ultra fast imaging and interferometric technique for visualization and deformation measurement is developed. Phenomena relevant to fragmentation of gallbladder stone during a pulsed laser action are studied. Actual condition in gallbladder has been simulated A stone is immersed in distilled water. Laser energy was delivered to the stone by an optical fiber. Two different cases are studied; namely, when the tip of the fiber is in contact with the stone and when it is at a distance from it. By using ultra-fast shadowgraph, interferometer with fringe analysis, photo microscopy, and electron microscopy, mechanism for destruction of a stone due to laser- based lithotripsy is studied. Laser methods are being used in medical therapy and diagnostics in the past [1-3]. This includes
laser lithotripsy, photodynamic therapy, and laser destruction of bladder tumors etc. Recent improvements in laparoscopy, retroperinoescopy and endoscopy in general, make internal organs visually accessible [4-8]. All these areas become accessible via fiber-optic laser delivery. Here the laser energy for destruction of the stones formed in internal organs can be delivered via optical fibers. Therefore, laser lithotripsy of the gallbladder stones, or others formed elsewhere, has a potential to become a very attractive technique [9-13]: less invasive, less risky and low cost compared to conventional operation if the images of high speed phenomena are clearly presented. In this work, using optical techniques, we address the two factors that makes difficult to apply laser lithotripsy during the of electronic circuit, delay generator, firing of Ho:YAG laser, firing of N-Dye laser and the data gallbladder stone fragmentation. It is shown that visualization and image interpretation plays a key role. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Visualization and deformation measurement is performed on the ultra-fast images akin to biomedical applications. Ultra-fast photography is performed to monitor the dynamics of laser lithotripsy of gallbladder stones. The gallbladder calculi were obtained from a stone analysis laboratory (Mubarak Hospital in Kuwait). We performed an experiment were Ho:YAG medical laser from ( = 2.12 m , 250s). A 350 μm diameter low OH-fiber was used. Actual conditions inside a gallbladder are simulated, when the pulsed Ho:Yag laser is used to perform the stone fragmentation. A calculus was placed in water-filled glass cuvette at room temperature. One end (the tip) of an optical fiber is placed on top of a stone under investigation. The placement is arranged with a homemade mechanical device, which is provided with a scale enabling a quantified change of the distance from the stone. Another end of the fiber is connected to a Ho:YAG laser delivering the pulsed power to the stone. The stone, laser pulse action and 2 Kokaj & Kamishi AKTET Vol. IV, <strong>Nr</strong> 1, 2011 phenomena generated are illuminated with an N- Dye Laser (its pulse is 7ns). The experiment is performed in a dark room where a camera placed at a distance from the civet with its “open mouth” will record all the phenomena. All these operations including the control acquisition to a computer is controlled by using National Instruments GPIB and data acquisition board along with a program written in Quick Basic. The main goal of the experiment is to monitor the dynamics of the phenomena during the Ho:YAG laser pulse (250 ns) action. Theoretically, this should be achieved by taking many photographs within the span 250 ns. In the absence of the technology to perform this, an indirect approach is applied. Experimentally is confirmed that the Ho:Yag working regime and the single pulses fired at different points in time are the same. The electronic system described above is used to scan the N-Dye laser pulses at different points in time within the time of Ho:Yag laser pulse. Actually, this is performed by firing the first Ho:Yag laser pulse, and at initial instant of this pulse, in N-Dye laser pulse is fired as well. At the same instance the first photograph is taken. The next pose is taken when second firing moment of the N-Dye laser is shifted for 20 ns on the right to the initial point within the second pulse of Ho: Yag laser. This procedure continues until a complete scanning of Ho:YAG laser pulse by N-Dye laser pulses is performed. The space above the top of the stone is illuminated with the beam, which is reflected by a mirror. The shadow gram obtained for this part is to be used for interferometry investigation. The length of Ho: YAG pulse is 250 ns, and the length of the pulse used as an illuminating source for ultra-fast photography is 7 ns. Therefore within the time of the Ho: YAG pulse many photographs can be obtained. Hence the dynamics of the phenomena occurring during the laser action can be monitored. The distances between two consecutive N-Dye laser pulses are selected to be 20 m. In Figure 1, the shadowgraphy results obtained by the described procedure are shown. Each
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temperatura e trupit dhe pH i urin
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