GRAY's Atlas of Anatomy

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Richard L. Drake, PhD, FAAA Director of Anatomy Professor of Surgery Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio, USA A. Wayne Vogl, PhD, FAAA Professor of Anatomy and Cell Biology Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Adam W. M. Mitchell, MBBS, FRCS, FRCR Consultant Radiologist and Senior Lecturer Imperial College Chelsea and Westminster Hospital London, UK Illustrated by Richard M. Tibbitts Saffron Walden, UK Paul E. Richardson Cambridge, UK Photographs by Ansell Horn tahir99 - VRG & vip.persianss.ir tahir99-VRG & vip.persianss.ir
GRAY’S ATLAS OF ANATOMY tahir99 - VRG & vip.persianss.ir SECOND EDITION Richard L. Drake A. Wayne Vogl Adam W. M. Mitchell Richard M. Tibbitts Paul E. Richardson tahir99-VRG & vip.persianss.ir
Page 1 and 2: tahir99-VRG & vip.persianss.ir
Page 3: GRAY’S ATLAS OF ANATOMY tahir99 -
Page 7 and 8: To my wife who supports me and to m
Page 9 and 10: FOREWORD 1 A working knowledge of a
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE 1 The 2nd edition of Gray
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS 1 1 Anatomical position, t
Page 15 and 16: CONTENTS 1 5 PELVIS AND PERINEUM Su
Page 17 and 18: CONTENTS 1 Imaging of the hand and
Page 19 and 20: 1 CONTENTS THE BODY Anatomical posi
Page 21 and 22: Anatomical planes and imaging 1 Sac
Page 23 and 24: Surface anatomy: posterior view 1 V
Page 25 and 26: Skeleton: posterior 1 Parietal bone
Page 27 and 28: Muscles: posterior 1 Occipitalis Se
Page 29 and 30: Vascular system: veins 1 Superficia
Page 31 and 32: Nervous system 1 Trigeminal nerve [
Page 33 and 34: Parasympathetics 1 [VII] [III] Pter
Page 35 and 36: Cutaneous nerves 1 Intercostobrachi
Page 37 and 38: 2 CONTENTS BACK Surface anatomy 20
Page 39 and 40: Vertebral column 2 Anterior view Po
Page 41 and 42: Cervical vertebrae 2 Anterior tuber
Page 43 and 44: Cervical vertebrae 2 Anterior Anter
Page 45 and 46: Thoracic vertebrae 2 Superior artic
Page 47 and 48: Lumbar vertebrae 2 Vertebral forame
Page 49 and 50: Sacrum 2 Promontory Ala Sacral cana
Page 51 and 52: Intervertebral disc problems 2 Spin
Page 53 and 54: Joints and ligaments 2 External occ
Page 55 and 56:
Superficial musculature 2 Superior
Page 57 and 58:
Intermediate musculature 2 Splenius
Page 59 and 60:
Deep musculature 2 Rectus capitis p
Page 61 and 62:
Suboccipital region 2 Third occipit
Page 63 and 64:
Spinal cord 2 Spinal cord and spina
Page 65 and 66:
Venous drainage of spinal cord 2 An
Page 67 and 68:
Meninges 2 Anterior spinal artery S
Page 69 and 70:
Spinal cord: imaging 2 Vertebral bo
Page 71 and 72:
Dermatomes and cutaneous nerves 2 G
Page 73 and 74:
Tables 2 1 3 5 6 4 2 7 8 9 55
Page 75 and 76:
Tables 2 6 9 8 3 12 11 5 10 2 4 7 1
Page 77 and 78:
Tables 2 Suboccipital group of back
Page 79 and 80:
3 CONTENTS THORAX Surface anatomy w
Page 81 and 82:
Bony framework 3 Clavicle Vertebra
Page 83 and 84:
Ribs 3 Neck Tubercle Head with arti
Page 85 and 86:
Articulations 3 Fibrocartilaginous
Page 87 and 88:
Breast 3 Pectoral branch of thoraco
Page 89 and 90:
Pectoral region 3 Clavicle Coracoid
Page 91 and 92:
Diaphragm 3 Caval opening Central t
Page 93 and 94:
Veins of the thoracic wall 3 Left s
Page 95 and 96:
Lymphatics of the thoracic wall 3 T
Page 97 and 98:
Pleural cavities and mediastinum 3
Page 99 and 100:
Surface projections of pleural rece
Page 101 and 102:
Left lung 3 Oblique fissure Hilum I
Page 103 and 104:
Lung lobes: imaging 3 Superior lobe
Page 105 and 106:
Anterior segment (S III) Apical seg
Page 107 and 108:
Pulmonary vessels: imaging 3 A 83 A
Page 109 and 110:
Mediastinum 3 Esophagus Right commo
Page 111 and 112:
Pericardial layers 3 Junction betwe
Page 113 and 114:
Base and diaphragmatic surface of h
Page 115 and 116:
Right ventricle 3 Superior vena cav
Page 117 and 118:
Left ventricle 3 Arch of aorta 107
Page 119 and 120:
Cardiac chambers and heart valves 3
Page 121 and 122:
Coronary arteries and variations 3
Page 123 and 124:
Cardiac conduction system 3 Aorta P
Page 125 and 126:
Cardiac innervation 3 Trachea Right
Page 127 and 128:
Superior mediastinum: veins and art
Page 129 and 130:
Superior mediastinum: imaging 3 Rig
Page 131 and 132:
Mediastinum: imaging 3 Brachiocepha
Page 133 and 134:
Mediastinum: imaging - view from ri
Page 135 and 136:
Mediastinum: imaging - view from le
Page 137 and 138:
Posterior mediastinum 3 Right commo
Page 139 and 140:
Mediastinum: imaging 3 149 Superior
Page 141 and 142:
Mediastinum: imaging 3 Ascending ao
Page 143 and 144:
Dermatomes and cutaneous nerves 3 M
Page 145 and 146:
Visceral afferents 3 161 Nuclei of
Page 147 and 148:
Tables 3 2 1 3 4 5 6 8 7 129
Page 149 and 150:
Tables 3 2 5 4 3 1 7 6 131
Page 151 and 152:
4 CONTENTS ABDOMEN Surface anatomy
Page 153 and 154:
Quadrants and regions 4 Sagittal pl
Page 155 and 156:
Abdominal wall 4 Aponeurosis of tra
Page 157 and 158:
Muscles 4 Latissimus dorsi Abdomina
Page 159 and 160:
Muscles: rectus sheath 4 A B Organi
Page 161 and 162:
Arteries and lymphatics of the abdo
Page 163 and 164:
Dermatomes and cutaneous nerves 4 T
Page 165 and 166:
Inguinal region 4 Inferior vena cav
Page 167 and 168:
Inguinal canal 4 Parietal peritoneu
Page 169 and 170:
Anterior abdominal wall 4 Cut edge
Page 171 and 172:
Abdominal viscera 4 Left lobe of li
Page 173 and 174:
Abdominal sagittal section 4 Heart
Page 175 and 176:
Arterial supply of viscera 4 Spleni
Page 177 and 178:
Spleen 4 Rib IX Spleen Rib XI Diaph
Page 179 and 180:
Arteries of stomach and spleen 4 Le
Page 181 and 182:
Duodenum 4 Hepatic artery proper Ga
Page 183 and 184:
Small intestine 4 Ileum Jejunum Vas
Page 185 and 186:
Large intestine 4 Transverse colon
Page 187 and 188:
Gastrointestinal tract: imaging 4 A
Page 189 and 190:
Mesenteric arteries 4 Liver Superio
Page 191 and 192:
Liver 4 Falciform ligament Posterio
Page 193 and 194:
Segments of the liver 4 Posterior m
Page 195 and 196:
Pancreas and gallbladder 4 Fundus G
Page 197 and 198:
Vasculature of pancreas and duodenu
Page 199 and 200:
Venous drainage of viscera 4 Left g
Page 201 and 202:
Posterior wall 4 Caval opening Esop
Page 203 and 204:
Diaphragm 4 Right phrenic nerve Inf
Page 205 and 206:
Kidneys 4 Rib XI Left kidney Left u
Page 207 and 208:
Kidneys: imaging 4 Liver Inferior v
Page 209 and 210:
Renal vasculature 4 Abdominal aorta
Page 211 and 212:
Inferior vena cava 4 Right inferior
Page 213 and 214:
Abdominal aorta and inferior vena c
Page 215 and 216:
Lumbar plexus: cutaneous distributi
Page 217 and 218:
Abdominal innervation 4 Esophagus A
Page 219 and 220:
Visceral efferent (motor) innervati
Page 221 and 222:
Visceral afferent (sensory) innerva
Page 223 and 224:
Kidney and ureter visceral afferent
Page 225 and 226:
Tables 4 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 6 9 207
Page 227 and 228:
Tables 4 7 4 1 2 5 8 6 3 9 10 L1 1
Page 229 and 230:
5 CONTENTS PELVIS AND PERINEUM Surf
Page 231 and 232:
Surface anatomy and articulated pel
Page 233 and 234:
Surface anatomy and articulated pel
Page 235 and 236:
Pelvic girdle: imaging 5 Ilium Sacr
Page 237 and 238:
Sacro-iliac joint 5 Body of vertebr
Page 239 and 240:
Orientation of pelvic girdle and pe
Page 241 and 242:
Pelvic viscera and perineum in men:
Page 243 and 244:
Pelvic viscera and perineum in wome
Page 245 and 246:
Floor of pelvic cavity: pelvic diap
Page 247 and 248:
Floor of pelvic cavity: pelvic diap
Page 249 and 250:
Rectum 5 Sacrum Uterus Rectum Uteru
Page 251 and 252:
Bladder in women 5 Right ureter Ili
Page 253 and 254:
Prostate 5 Ureteric orifices Trigon
Page 255 and 256:
Prostate and seminal vesicles 5 Per
Page 257 and 258:
Testes 5 Pubic symphysis Bladder Pu
Page 259 and 260:
Reproductive system in women 5 Piri
Page 261 and 262:
Uterus 5 Suspensory ligament of ova
Page 263 and 264:
Pelvic fascia 5 Inferior vesical ve
Page 265 and 266:
Venous drainage of pelvis 5 Right c
Page 267 and 268:
Vasculature of uterus 5 Mesosalpinx
Page 269 and 270:
Venous drainage of rectum 5 Left co
Page 271 and 272:
Pelvic nerve plexus 5 Prevertebral
Page 273 and 274:
Surface anatomy of the perineum 5 B
Page 275 and 276:
Surface anatomy of the perineum 5 B
Page 277 and 278:
Deep pouch and perineal membrane 5
Page 279 and 280:
Erectile tissue in men: imaging 5 D
Page 281 and 282:
Erectile tissue in women: imaging 5
Page 283 and 284:
Pudendal nerve 5 L4 L5 Superior glu
Page 285 and 286:
Nerves of perineum 5 Bulbospongiosu
Page 287 and 288:
Lymphatics of pelvis and perineum i
Page 289 and 290:
Dermatomes 5 Dorsal nerve of penis
Page 291 and 292:
Innervation of reproductive system
Page 293 and 294:
Pelvic cavity imaging in men 5 Corp
Page 295 and 296:
Pelvic cavity imaging in men 5 Pubi
Page 297 and 298:
Pelvic cavity imaging in women 5 Sa
Page 299 and 300:
Pelvic cavity imaging in women 5 Ob
Page 301 and 302:
Pelvic cavity imaging in women 5 Bl
Page 303 and 304:
Tables 5 Branch Spinal segments Mot
Page 305:
Tables 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 6 7 8 Male F
Page 308 and 309:
This page intentionally left blank
Page 310 and 311:
LOWER LIMB • Surface anatomy Ante
Page 312 and 313:
LOWER LIMB • Pelvic bones and sac
Page 314 and 315:
LOWER LIMB • Proximal femur Head
Page 316 and 317:
LOWER LIMB • Hip joint Acetabular
Page 318 and 319:
LOWER LIMB • Gluteal region: atta
Page 320 and 321:
LOWER LIMB • Gluteal region: arte
Page 322 and 323:
LOWER LIMB • Distal femur and pro
Page 324 and 325:
LOWER LIMB • Thigh: anterior supe
Page 326 and 327:
LOWER LIMB • Thigh: anterior comp
Page 328 and 329:
LOWER LIMB • Femoral triangle Pso
Page 330 and 331:
LOWER LIMB • Anterior thigh: arte
Page 332 and 333:
LOWER LIMB • Posterior thigh: art
Page 334 and 335:
LOWER LIMB • Transverse sections:
Page 336 and 337:
LOWER LIMB • Knee joint Femur Fem
Page 338 and 339:
LOWER LIMB • Ligaments of the kne
Page 340 and 341:
LOWER LIMB • Menisci and cruciate
Page 342 and 343:
LOWER LIMB • Menisci and cruciate
Page 344 and 345:
LOWER LIMB • Knee: bursa and caps
Page 346 and 347:
LOWER LIMB • Popliteal fossa Semi
Page 348 and 349:
LOWER LIMB • Bones of the foot Di
Page 350 and 351:
LOWER LIMB • Bones of the foot Di
Page 352 and 353:
LOWER LIMB • Talus and calcaneus
Page 354 and 355:
LOWER LIMB • Ligaments of the ank
Page 356 and 357:
LOWER LIMB • Ligaments of the ank
Page 358 and 359:
LOWER LIMB • Posterior leg: super
Page 360 and 361:
LOWER LIMB • Posterior leg: arter
Page 362 and 363:
LOWER LIMB • Anterior leg: superf
Page 364 and 365:
LOWER LIMB • Anterior leg: arteri
Page 366 and 367:
LOWER LIMB • Transverse sections:
Page 368 and 369:
LOWER LIMB • Foot: muscle attachm
Page 370 and 371:
LOWER LIMB • Foot: ligaments Fibu
Page 372 and 373:
LOWER LIMB • Dorsum of foot: arte
Page 374 and 375:
LOWER LIMB • Plantar aponeurosis
Page 376 and 377:
LOWER LIMB • Plantar region (sole
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
LOWER LIMB • Superficial veins of
Page 384 and 385:
LOWER LIMB • Anterior cutaneous n
Page 386 and 387:
LOWER LIMB • Tables Branches of t
Page 388 and 389:
LOWER LIMB • Tables Muscles of th
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
LOWER LIMB • Tables Superficial g
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
LOWER LIMB • Tables First layer o
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
UPPER LIMB • Surface anatomy Clav
Page 404 and 405:
UPPER LIMB • Bony framework of sh
Page 406 and 407:
UPPER LIMB • Clavicle: joints and
Page 408 and 409:
UPPER LIMB • Glenohumeral joint A
Page 410 and 411:
UPPER LIMB • Muscle attachments S
Page 412 and 413:
UPPER LIMB • Pectoral region Ster
Page 414 and 415:
UPPER LIMB • Walls of the axilla
Page 416 and 417:
UPPER LIMB • The four rotator cuf
Page 418 and 419:
UPPER LIMB • Deep vessels and ner
Page 420 and 421:
UPPER LIMB • Brachial artery Acro
Page 422 and 423:
UPPER LIMB • Medial and lateral c
Page 424 and 425:
UPPER LIMB • Distal end of humeru
Page 426 and 427:
UPPER LIMB • Anterior compartment
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
UPPER LIMB • Posterior compartmen
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
UPPER LIMB • Transverse sections:
Page 436 and 437:
UPPER LIMB • Anterior cutaneous n
Page 438 and 439:
UPPER LIMB • Elbow joint Humerus
Page 440 and 441:
UPPER LIMB • Elbow joint: capsule
Page 442 and 443:
UPPER LIMB • Cubital fossa Radial
Page 444 and 445:
UPPER LIMB • Bones of the hand an
Page 446 and 447:
UPPER LIMB • Bones of the hand Di
Page 448 and 449:
UPPER LIMB • Muscle attachments o
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
UPPER LIMB • Transverse sections:
Page 458 and 459:
UPPER LIMB • Carpal tunnel Flexor
Page 460 and 461:
UPPER LIMB • Muscle attachments o
Page 462 and 463:
UPPER LIMB • Tendon sheaths of ha
Page 464 and 465:
UPPER LIMB • Intrinsic muscles of
Page 466 and 467:
UPPER LIMB • Palmar region (palm)
Page 468 and 469:
UPPER LIMB • Arteries of the hand
Page 470 and 471:
UPPER LIMB • Dorsum of hand Tendo
Page 472 and 473:
UPPER LIMB • Dorsum of hand: arte
Page 474 and 475:
UPPER LIMB • Anatomical snuffbox
Page 476 and 477:
UPPER LIMB • Anterior cutaneous n
Page 478 and 479:
UPPER LIMB • Tables Branches of t
Page 481 and 482:
Tables 7 Muscles of the posterior s
Page 483 and 484:
Tables 7 Muscles having parts that
Page 485 and 486:
Tables 7 1 2 3 4 467
Page 487 and 488:
Tables 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 469
Page 489 and 490:
Tables 7 Deep layer of muscles in t
Page 491 and 492:
Tables 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 8 10 11 47
Page 493 and 494:
8 CONTENTS HEAD AND NECK Surface an
Page 495 and 496:
Bones of the skull 8 Parietal bone
Page 497 and 498:
Skull: anterior view 8 Lesser wing
Page 499 and 500:
Skull: lateral view 8 Coronal sutur
Page 501 and 502:
Skull: superior view and roof 8 Nas
Page 503 and 504:
Skull: cranial cavity 8 Frontal cre
Page 505 and 506:
Maxilla and palatine bone 8 Articul
Page 507 and 508:
Skull: muscle attachments 8 Medial
Page 509 and 510:
Dural partitions 8 Falx cerebri Ten
Page 511 and 512:
Dural venous sinuses 8 Cerebral vei
Page 513 and 514:
Brain 8 Corpus callosum (body) Supe
Page 515 and 516:
Brain: imaging 8 Superior sagittal
Page 517 and 518:
Cranial nerves 8 Olfactory bulb Olf
Page 519 and 520:
Arterial supply to brain 8 Posterio
Page 521 and 522:
Cutaneous distribution of trigemina
Page 523 and 524:
Facial muscles 8 Epicranial aponeur
Page 525 and 526:
Deep arteries and veins of parotid
Page 527 and 528:
Section through orbit and structure
Page 529 and 530:
Innervation of the lacrimal gland 8
Page 531:
Innervation of the orbit and eyebal
Page 534 and 535:
HEAD AND NECK • Eyeball Lens Caps
Page 536 and 537:
HEAD AND NECK • Eye imaging Super
Page 538 and 539:
HEAD AND NECK • Ear surface and s
Page 540 and 541:
HEAD AND NECK • Middle ear Footpl
Page 542 and 543:
HEAD AND NECK • Internal ear Utri
Page 544 and 545:
HEAD AND NECK • Temporal and infr
Page 546 and 547:
HEAD AND NECK • Temporal and infr
Page 548 and 549:
HEAD AND NECK • Temporomandibular
Page 550 and 551:
HEAD AND NECK • Parasympathetic i
Page 552 and 553:
HEAD AND NECK • Pterygopalatine f
Page 554 and 555:
HEAD AND NECK • Neck surface anat
Page 556 and 557:
HEAD AND NECK • Compartments and
Page 558 and 559:
HEAD AND NECK • Muscles of the ne
Page 560 and 561:
HEAD AND NECK • Nerves in the nec
Page 562 and 563:
HEAD AND NECK • Cervical plexus a
Page 564 and 565:
HEAD AND NECK • Arteries of the n
Page 566 and 567:
HEAD AND NECK • Root of the neck:
Page 568 and 569:
HEAD AND NECK • Lymphatics of the
Page 570 and 571:
HEAD AND NECK • Pharynx Frontal s
Page 572 and 573:
HEAD AND NECK • Muscles of the ph
Page 574 and 575:
HEAD AND NECK • Innervation of th
Page 576 and 577:
HEAD AND NECK • Larynx Hyoid bone
Page 578 and 579:
HEAD AND NECK • Laryngeal cavity
Page 580 and 581:
HEAD AND NECK • Innervation of th
Page 582 and 583:
HEAD AND NECK • Vasculature of th
Page 584 and 585:
HEAD AND NECK • Nose and paranasa
Page 586 and 587:
HEAD AND NECK • Nasal cavity: muc
Page 588 and 589:
HEAD AND NECK • Sinus imaging Cri
Page 590 and 591:
HEAD AND NECK • Oral cavity: bone
Page 592 and 593:
HEAD AND NECK • Teeth: imaging Zy
Page 594 and 595:
HEAD AND NECK • Vessels and nerve
Page 596 and 597:
HEAD AND NECK • Muscles and saliv
Page 598 and 599:
HEAD AND NECK • Tongue Apex of to
Page 600 and 601:
HEAD AND NECK • Palate Palatine g
Page 602 and 603:
HEAD AND NECK • Cranial nerves Ol
Page 604 and 605:
HEAD AND NECK • Visceral motor pa
Page 606 and 607:
HEAD AND NECK • Tables External f
Page 608 and 609:
HEAD AND NECK • Tables Muscles of
Page 610 and 611:
Page 612 and 613:
HEAD AND NECK • Tables Intrinsic
Page 614 and 615:
HEAD AND NECK • Tables Anterior t
Page 616 and 617:
HEAD AND NECK • Tables Branches o
Page 618 and 619:
HEAD AND NECK • Tables Muscles as
Page 620 and 621:
HEAD AND NECK • Tables Prevertebr
Page 622 and 623:
HEAD AND NECK • Tables Longitudin
Page 624 and 625:
HEAD AND NECK • Tables Muscles in
Page 626 and 627:
Page 628 and 629:
INDEX Articularis genus, 305 Articu
Page 630 and 631:
INDEX Coronoid fossa, 406, 420, 423
Page 632 and 633:
INDEX Foot (Continued) musculature,
Page 634 and 635:
INDEX Intercostal nodes, 77 Interco
Page 636 and 637:
INDEX Meningeal artery, 492 middle,
Page 638 and 639:
INDEX Parietal lobe, 495 Parietal p
Page 640 and 641:
INDEX Rectum (Continued) in situ, 2
Page 642 and 643:
INDEX Supraglenoid tubercle, 387 Su
Page 644 and 645:
INDEX Vagina, 224 fornix, posterior
Page 646 and 647:
Page 648 and 649:
Page 650:
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GRAY's Atlas of Anatomy

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