1 NAME: SECTION: PARTNER: Lab 7. Polarization of Light ... - Physics
1 NAME: SECTION: PARTNER: Lab 7. Polarization of Light ... - Physics
1 NAME: SECTION: PARTNER: Lab 7. Polarization of Light ... - Physics
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
ƒ<br />
¦¨§ ¡£¢¥¤<br />
¦¨¡§ ©<br />
<br />
!¨"$# %'&(*),+-"/.10-23"5460-),7 )98£!:0-;,
Z[^VC_UacKNOVCGN\`_“Gf<br />
KN‘`GbRZ†Zm^UVCTUMPWmV-”~Z[MPGbOGN\`_UWmGN_kKNILKfZmMeGbO—‚]Æ3O,GN_Z[MP”šKNaPaP›5KN”~Z[MPNVCXmRU‘XYZrKfOU”-VŠŽŠMeaPažWYGNZrKfZmV<br />
GNaeV-”ERUaeVEX-‚<br />
acKfWmMed-KfZ[MPGbO”-aPGž”r¿LŽŠMPXmVªGNW–”EGbRUOLZ[VEWm”-aPGž”r¿LŽŠMPXmVNiTUV-_`V-OUTMeOUI©GbO•Zm^UVªXY_kKfZ[MeKNanXYZmWmRU”~Z[RUWYVªGN\´MlZ[X<br />
Zm^UV•_acKNOUV9GN\ _“GNacKNWYMedšK¡Z[MeGNO°í íAi]_UWYGžTRU”-VET‘L›XmRU”r^KSXmGNaeRZmMeGbO‰MPX<br />
FC^UV9Z[GNZ[KNa1KNOUINaeV9GN\WYGNZrK¡Z[MeGNO‰GN\<br />
Ž£MPX£Zm^UV©MPOLZ[V-OXmMPZŒ›Ni—ÙninGN\1KNOSV-aPV-”EZmWmG KNIbOVEZ[MP”ŽKšbV/WmV-aeKfZ[VETSZmG•Z[^V$K _UaeMlZ[RUTVNinË•i<br />
‹ŒOIbVEOUV-WmKNawin^UG<br />
GN\HZ[^UV’VEaeV-”~Z[WYMe”¢jkVEaeT©¦<br />
¨<br />
ì<br />
ÞHßUàá â¼ãNä—åYæeçèé`êžëbëê<br />
unpolarized<br />
light source<br />
I un<br />
E inc<br />
E tr<br />
Polarizer<br />
Analyzer<br />
θ<br />
Ã3³´MeIb^LZ3_kKNXmXYMeOUI'Zm^UWmGNRUIb^ZŒŽ–G_“GbaeKNWmMPd-VEWmXŠŽŠMPZ[^KNO‰KNOUINaeV$Ñ•‘“V~ZŒŽ VEV-O‰Z[^UVEMeW£Z[W[KfOUX MeXYXmMeGNO<br />
˜gMPIbRUWmV<br />
K¡žV-XE‚<br />
_UWYGb_“GNWYZ[MPGbOkKNažZ[G’Z[^UV£”-GbO”-V-OLZmW[KfZmMeGbO,GN\—Zm^UV3KN”EZmMPbV£V-aPV V-OLZši}îi}KNOUT•Zm^UVŠZ[GNZ[KNakTUMeXµZrKNO”-VNi}ïkiLZ[WmK NV-aPV-T<br />
‘L›…aeMPIb^LZZ[^WmGbRUIN^QZm^UV’IbMPNV-OQXmGbaPRZ[MPGbO°‚<br />
íÔñð]îEïkò<br />
«wìN±<br />
ð¨MPXCOUGbW KNaPaP›,»hRUGNZmV-TQMeO…TUVEIbWmVEV-X-ì KNXYXmR MeOI<br />
ŽŠ^UVEWmV5ð¨MeXZm^UV/ÁŒqk€rv~t¾v’¥[o¡sŸxNsutwo¡¤,GN\]Zm^UVXmR‘UXYZ[KNOU”-Vf‚<br />
V-KNXmRWmV-TMeOóUôfî~õ…öªKNOUT‰ï'MPOSTUVE”-M V~Z[V-WYX-‚©« TUV-”EM VEZmV-WªÔ Ö•” ‚C‹ŸZ-ÇÈXªK•‘UMlZªRUOhRUXYRkKNai“‘URžZ<br />
îMeX<br />
GN\HZ[^UV’aPMeIb^LZš‚<br />
MPZ-ÇÈXZmW[KNTMPZ[MPGbO°‚²±©‹ŒOQIbV-OUVEW[KNaikð:TUV-_`V-OTUX3GNOZm^UVŽKšNV-aeVEOUINZm^:«u”EGbaeGNWr±<br />
ƪX›bGbRñŽŠMeaeaªXm^UG Ž÷MPO¥ZmGžTkKš›`ÇøXSaeKN‘°iªZm^UVZmGNZrKfa’KNOUIbaPV‰GN\$WYGNZrKfZmMeGbOÓ_UWYGžTRU”-VETù”šKfOù‘`V¹V-KNXmMPaP›<br />
VšKNXYRUWmVETQŽŠMlZ[^QKqko¡ylxN¥¦tzúJ€~sŒ€~¥¦iXm^GŽŠOSMeOQ˜gMPIbRUWmV5ì}‚<br />
(ü.1@¢+š0šý 0š7"/.6þ ÿ "$+šB£ˆ‰+-"5460-),7 ¡<br />
û<br />
‘`VšK GN\Š_`GbacKfWmMedEV-T¹aeMeIN^hZ©MeX/MeOU”EMeTUVEOhZ/GbOœK_`GbacKfWmMedEMeOUIjkalZ[V-W'«¯Zm^UV xN¤`xNy|{-§¡€~¥©MPO:˜gMeI‚ ±¦‚‰FC^UV<br />
Æ<br />
V-aPV-”~Z[WmMP”•jkVEaeT:^kKfX9KNOœK _UaeMlZ[RUTUV•ËCÌÄ͚ΒKNOT<br />
KN¿fV-X9KNOœKfOUIbaeVJÑSŽŠMPZm^¨Z[^UVJ_“GbaeKNWmMPd-MPOUIKMPX$GN\ŠZ[^V<br />
jkalZ[V-WE‚†ÆªXYXmR MeOI/Z[^kK¡ZZ[^UVEWmV¢MPX OUGaPGbXmX KNXmXYGž”EMcKfZmV-TJŽŠMlZ[^JZm^UVªjkalZ[VEW-ižŽŠ^UKfZCMeX¼Z[^UV¢K _aeMPZmRUTUVŠGN\AZ[^V<br />
MPZYZ[VETQ‘`VšK ikË£¢¥¤§¦¨«¯‹ŒOQZmV-W XCGN\†ËŠÌ²ÍšÎ–KNOUTSÑž‚²±<br />
¨<br />
V-aPV-”~Z[WmMP”¢jkV-aPTGN\]Zm^UVZ[WmKNOUX
G ‘MeOUMPOUI©Zm^UV’ì/_UWYVE}MeGbRXWmVEXmRUalZ[X-iTUVEZmV-W MeOVKNO'V¦_WmV-XYXmMPGbO…\¯GbW Z[^V¢MeOLZ[VEOUXmMlZŒ›JGf\HZm^UVªZmW[KNOUX MlZY<br />
º<br />
iUÙ§¢¥¤šikMPOZmV-W XCGN\gËCÌÄ͚ΠKNOUTQÑž‚<br />
¨<br />
Z[VETS‘`VšK<br />
<br />
ÞHßUàá â¼ãNä—åYæeçèé`êžëbëê<br />
E inc E tr<br />
E out = 0<br />
Polarimeter with an empty cell<br />
polarization<br />
axis<br />
E inc<br />
θ<br />
E tr<br />
E out = 0<br />
polarization<br />
axis<br />
Polarimeter filled with optically active material<br />
ƪOV¦_`V-WYM V-OLZrKfaHXYVEZmRU_\¯GbW V-KNXmRUWYMeOUI9Z[^V/WmGfZrKfZmMeGbOQGN\6_`GbacKfWmMed-KfZ[MPGbO…‘L›SKNOGb_žZ[Me”-KNaeal›<br />
˜gMPIbRUWmV©ìžÃ<br />
KN”~Z[MPNV’XmRU‘UXµZrKNO”-VN‚<br />
¼GbR¹KNWmV9MPO Zm^UV9acKN‘`GbWmKfZ[GbWµ›KfOUT¹XYV-V9Z[^UVEXmV,ZŒŽ GQ_“GNacKNWYMed-VEWmX’KNOTZm^UV9aeMeIN^hZ¢XmGbRUWY”-V<br />
GNRUOLZ[V-TGbO¹K<br />
aeGNOUI V~ZrKNaž‘“V-K «uKNO²Gb_žZ[Me”-KNa‘`V-O”r^°Çı¦‚1¬3GNZmMe”EMeOUIªZm^kKfZ6Zm^UV£KNOkKNal›ždEV-W6MPXg\¯WmVEVŠZmGWmGNZ[KfZ[VCXYGZ[^kKfZ6›NGbR<br />
”šKfO”r^kKNOIbV,Zm^UV,KNOUIbaPV9GN\ Zm^UV9_“GbaeKNWmMPdšKfZmMeGbOK¡žMeX’GN\_`GbaeKNWmMPdšKfZmMeGbO°i“›bGbR¹WmGNZ[KfZ[VZ[^V,_`GbaeKNWmMPd-V-W’KfOUT<br />
jkOUT…Zm^kKfZ\¯GbW–XmG VKNOIbaeVªZm^UVKNOUKNaP›}d-VEWC‘“VE”-G V-X TkKNWm¿«uOUGaPMeIb^LZ–IbVEZmXZ[^UWYGbRUIb^'\¯WYG Z[^UVXYGbRUWm”EV ±¦‚<br />
VEV-OZm^UV’_“GbaeKNWmMPdšKfZmMeGbOJK¡žV-XŠGN\]Z[^UVZŒŽ–G•_`GbacKfWmMedEV-WYXMeX‚l‚P‚<br />
¨<br />
Èƪ^Q^kKldž›bGbRSX[Kš›biUZm^UV5KNOUIbaPV‘“V~ZŒŽ<br />
ÿÊ.6) ¡¡ (ù),+-"/.¼0E23@. ¡<br />
‹ŒO'Z[^MeXXYV-”EZmMeGbO'›NGbR…ŽŠMeaPa“”EGbOjkW «u^Gb_“V~\¯RUaeal›±6Zm^UV”-GbO”-aeRXmMeGNOUXGN\´›NGbRUWC”šKfae”-RacKfZmMeGbOUXE‚¼GbR…XY^UGbRUaPT<br />
^kKšbV3KfZ1›bGNRUW1XmVEZmRU_…KNOorq`sutwvmxNy~€~¤—v,«uK’XµZ[WmKNMeIb^LZ1WmKNMeaUTV-XmMPIbOUVET•Z[G<br />
KN¿NVŠMlZ1VšKNXYMeV-W6ZmG/KNaPMeIbOGN_Z[MP”šKNa<br />
”-G _`GbOUVEOhZmXr±¦‚¼GNR…Xm^UGbRaeTQKNaeXYG^kKšbV5K$›bVEaeaeG Ž¥aeMPIb^LZXYGbRUWm”EV•«KN”~Z[RkKNaPaP›JK$”-GbOLNV-OLZ[MPGbOkKNá ‘URae‘'ŽŠMPZm^<br />
ŽñjkaPZmV-WCMeO'\¯WYGbOLZ£GN\gMlZ¦±¦ikKNOUT…ZŒŽ–GJ_`GbacKNWYMedEV-WmXE‚<br />
K$›bVEaeaeG<br />
·žV~Z[RU_›bGNRUWŠGb_Z[MP”šKNa—‘“VEOU”r^SZmG KfZm”r^QZm^UV’XmMPZmRkKfZmMeGbO…XY^UG ŽŠOMeO'jUIbRUWmV ‚
¨<br />
R<br />
<br />
V-OLZ[al›9_UacKf”-V3Zm^UVª”~›}aeMeOTUV-W¼”-GbOLZ[KNMeOUMPOUI$K5¿hOUG ŽŠO…”-GbOU”EV-OLZ[WmKfZ[MPGbOUX–GN\´XmR”-WmGNXmV,«).N”-GbWYOJXmRILKNW/.L±<br />
‘`VEZŒŽ–V-VEOSZ[^V5_`GbaeKNWmMPd-V-WKNOUTZ[^UV5KNOkKfaP›}d-VEW*0UGb‘XmV-WµbV/KNOUTWmVE”-GbWYTSMPOSKfOh›'”r^kKNOUIbV5MeOMPOhZmV-OUXYMPZŒ›<br />
-,<br />
Z[^UV9aeMPIb^LZZ[WmKNOUX MPZYZ[VETZm^UWmGbRIb^Zm^UV,XY›}XYZmV ‚«u‹Ÿ\ Zm^UV9Z[RU‘`V•Gf\XmR”-WmGNXmV'K¡Z<br />
KNOT©1fGbW’”-GNaeGbWGN\<br />
<br />
ÞHßUàá â¼ãNä—åYæeçèé`êžëbëê<br />
˜kGbW1”-GNOhNV-OUMPV-OU”EVNiUXYVEZ¼Z[^UVªKNOUIbaPVŠGN\—Zm^UV3_`GbaeKNWmMPd-V-W£«zZ[^UV£_`GbacKNWYGbMeT9”EaeGbXYV-XYZ¼Z[G5Z[^UV£aeMPIb^LZ1XmGbRWm”-Vš±<br />
ZmG,dEV-WYGU‚<br />
ƪTYRUXYZ’Z[^V•KfOUIbaeVGf\–Zm^UV,KNOkKNal›ždEV-W’RUOLZ[MPag›bGNR¹jkOUT—iH‘L› V~›bVNiAZ[^V•KfOUIbaeVEX’GN\ K¡žM R KfOUT MeOMl<br />
Z[W[KfOUX MeXYXmMeGNO°‚£VE”-GbWYTZm^UGbXmV•KNOUINaeV-XE‚9ƪWmV9Z[^VE› ”-GNOUXmMPXYZ[VEOLZ©ŽŠMlZ[^ Z[^UV›bGNRUW©”-KNae”ERUacK¡Z[MeGNOGN\<br />
MeOLZmV-OUXYMPZŒ›KNXKJ\¯RUOU”~Z[MPGbOGN\–KNOUINaeV¦ñ«uFC^UVTMcKNaPX3GbOZm^UV_`GbacKNWYMedEV-WmX3KNWYV$OUGNZ_WmV-”EMeXYV-aP›SGbWYMeV-OLZmV-T°i°XYG<br />
Z[^V-WmV K ›$‘“VŠXmG VŠTUMPX[KNIbWYV-V VEOhZ-‚†FC^UV/¨Nt ¢€~¥[€~¤—vr€†‘`VEZŒŽ–V-VEOJZ[^UV K¡žM R KNOUT MPOUM R KfOUIbaeV<br />
Ž V~bV-WE‚ı<br />
¨<br />
MeXYO°ÇZ£Kf®—VE”EZmV-T‘L›'Zm^kKfZ-ik^UG<br />
K¡žM K!¦<br />
ÒÓ^L›QKNWmV¢Zm^UV-WYV$ì<br />
" >$# 4†0šBŠ"$+š+Eþ "/BŠ4†0ED,@ ¡ ˆ‰# ¡ 4g"$7‰BŠ@ ¡<br />
‹ŒO Zm^UMeX9XmVE”EZmMeGbO°iŽ–VSŽŠMPaeaCRUXYVSZm^UVS_UKNMeW,GN\¢_`GbaeKNWmMPd-V-WYXZ[G<br />
VšKfXmRUWYVQZm^UVK GbRUOLZ•GN\¢_`GbaeKNWmMPdšKfZmMeGbO<br />
WmGfZrKfZmMeGbO”šKfRUXmVET‰‘h›QXYG V’Gb_žZ[Me”-KNaeal›…KN”~Z[MlbV5XmRU‘UXµZrKNO”-V-XE‚3FC^V/XmR‘UXYZ[KNOU”-VEX’KNWmV5TUMPXmXmGNaPbVETMPOQŽ KfZ[VEW<br />
Z[RU‘`V-X3KfZC›bGNRUWŠXmVEZmRU_°‚<br />
KNOUTQ”-GNOhZ[KNMeOV-TMeO…Z[^V5”~›}aeMeOTUWmMP”šKNà<br />
·žV~Z[RU_›bGNRUWqko¡ylxN¥~tzúJ€~sŒ€~¥KfX£XY^UG ŽŠOMPOS˜]MeIU‚1ì}‚£«w·žVE_kKNW[K¡Z[V›bGbRW3KfOkKNaP›}dEV-W£KNOUT_`GbacKNWYMedEV-W-‚²±/‹Ÿ\<br />
<br />
KNXY¿J›bGNRUW3MPOUXYZmWmRU”~Z[GbWCGNWCF]ÆÂZ[G9”r^UVE”r¿MPZC\¯GbW›NGbR°‚<br />
›NGbRKfWmV’RUOU”EV-WYZ[KNMeOQKN‘`GbRZCZm^UV’XmV~Z[RU_°ì<br />
VEIbMeO—iKNX KNalŽKš›}X-i‘L›Çød-V-WYGbMeOIUǪ›bGNRUW TUVE}Me”EV:ŽŠMPZ[^GbRZ‰Z[^V:Gb_Z[MP”šKNaPaP›ñKN”~Z[MPNVœXmRU‘UXµZrKNO”-V<br />
&%<br />
_UWYV-XYV-OLZš‚'¼GbRW…aeMP\¯VQŽŠMeaPaª‘`V‰VšKNXYMeV-W…Ml\©K ¤k¸žyzy¼WmV-KNTUMeOI¥«µt)(u€*(Ød-VEWmGœWmGNZ[KfZ[MPGbOn±•”EGbWmWYV-XY_“GbOTUX<br />
ZmG9K$d-V-WYGGbO…Z[^UVxN¤`xNy|{š§¡€~¥ª«¯Zm^UV¢jkaPZmV-W¼\uKNWYZm^UV-XµZC\¯WmG<br />
Z[^UVaPMeIb^LZ–XmGbRWm”-Vš±~ikXYGXmVEZCZm^UV’KNOkKfaP›}d-VEW<br />
ZmGQdEV-WYGUí Z[^kKNOKNTYRUXYZ’Z[^V/qko¡ylxN¥~tl§¡€~¥3XmG…Z[^UKfZ’OUGQaeMeIN^hZªIbVEZmXZ[^UWYGbRUIb^°‚+ŠV-”EGbWmT‰Zm^UV,KNOUIbaPV$GN\<br />
¨<br />
›NGbRUWŠ_“GNacKNWYMed-VEW-‚<br />
›NGbRUW¢ZrKf‘UaeV©MeX¢OUGfZ’KšNKfMeacKf‘UaeVfin›NGbR ”šKNO XµZrKNWµZ¢ŽŠMPZm^Z[^UV/\¯WYRU”EZmGbXmVf‚32NRXYZ<br />
KN¿NV$XYRUWmV$Zm^kKfZ¢›NGbR<br />
¨<br />
¿fV-V-_QZ[WmKN”r¿'GN\HŽŠ^UMe”r^SMeXŽŠ^UMP”r^°‚²±<br />
\¯GbW XmRU”EWmGbXYVNinXmG9MP\´›NGbR<br />
ŠV-”EGbWmT…Z[^V”-GbOU”EV-OLZ[WmKfZ[MPGbO°ikî§4¦iUGN\AZ[^UVXYGbaeRžZ[MeGNO°‚Š«uFC^VXmRU‘UXY”-WYMe_Z65MeX<br />
XµZrKNWµZCŽŠMPZ[^\¯WmR”EZ[GNXmVNikWYV-”EGbWmTSî875MeOUXµZ[V-KNT°‚²±
¨<br />
ZrK¡Z[MeGNOUX¢GN\>= ÖN×-ò= ÕbÖN×¢GbW@? A Öf×-iHKNaPZm^UGbRUIN^Z[^UV~› KNWmV9KfaeagTMP®“V-WmVEOLZš‚FHGKšbGNMeT ”-GbOž\¯RUXmMPGbO°í Æ¢³A³<br />
VEV-Ö Zm^UV•MPOUXmMPTUV9XmRUWµ\uKN”-VEX/GN\–Z[^UV+QnKfZ5ŽŠMeOTUG ŽŠX/KfZ5Z[^V<br />
;SV-KNXmRUWYV'KNOTWmVE”-GbWYT¹Zm^UV•aPV-OUIfZ[^°i]ïP4~iH‘“V~ZŒŽ<br />
¨<br />
V-OTUX3Gf\]Zm^UV’”E›}aeMPOUTUV-WE‚<br />
ŽñWmV-_`VšK¡Z Z[^V¢_UWmG}”-VETURUWYV¢ŽŠMPZ[^•Z[^UV$Ç\¯WmR”EZ[GNXmVNÇl‚R£VE”-GbWYT'Z[^UVª”-GbOU”EV-OLZ[WmKfZ[MPGbO°iî87LižZm^UVKNOIbaeV£GN\<br />
¬3G<br />
¨<br />
WmGfZrKfZmMeGbO°iUíS7binKNOTSKfOUTQZm^UV’aeVEOUINZ[^GN\HZ[^V’ZmRU‘`V©ïP7b‚<br />
ÞHßUàá â¼ãNä—åYæeçèé`êžëbëê 9<br />
V~}Z[MPOU”EZmMeGbOMeXCWYV-VEXYZrKf‘ž<br />
ÒÓMPZm^UGbRZCZmGbRU”r^UMPOUI,Zm^UV’_“GNacKNWYMed-VEW-iž”šKNWYVE\¯RUaPaP›'WYGNZrK¡Z[VZ[^UV5KNOUKNaP›}d-VEWCRUOLZ[MPá<br />
aeMPXm^UVET°‚<br />
V¦ž_“VEWmM V-OLZC^UKNXŠK K¡žM R GN\´ZmW[KNOX MeXmXYMeGbO<br />
¬£GNZ[VfÃ6FC^UV”-GbaPGbWmVETJjkalZ[V-W–RUXmVETMeO'Z[^MeX<br />
ŽùWYV-IbMPGbO'GN\AZm^UVXm_`V-”~Z[WmR iU‘RZCZ[^UV¢ZmW[KNOX MPZmZmV-T'aPMeIb^LZ MeXOUGfZ GNOUGž”r^WmGf<br />
MPO'Z[^UVª›NV-aPaeG<br />
V‰WYV-T°i3IbWmVEV-OñKNOUTÓ‘UaPRUV‰aeMPIb^LZ…KNaPXmGœIbVEZmX'Z[^UWYGbRUIb^—‚·žMeO”-V‰Z[^UV KfOUIbaeV‰Gf\<br />
KfZ[MP”:0XYG<br />
WYGNZrKfZmMeGbOGN\Z[^V‰_UacKNOVGN\’_`GbacKfWmMed-KfZ[MPGbOp‘h›Gb_ZmMe”-KNaeal›pKN”EZmMPbVXmGbaPRZ[MPGbOUXJTV-_`V-OUTUX…GNO<br />
Ž KšbV-aPV-OUIfZ[^œ«¯Mw‚øVN‚C”-GNaeGbW[±~ikZ[^UV5V~}ZmMeOU”~Z[MeGNOGN\gVšKN”r^”EGbaeGNW£G}”-”ERUWmXªKfZ3TUMP®“V-WYV-OLZª_`GbXYMPZ[MPGbOUX<br />
GN\¼Z[^V•KfOkKNaP›}dEV-W-í XYGUiATUV-_`V-OTUMeOUIQGbO‰Z[^UKfZ’_“GNXmMPZmMeGbO—i—Z[^UVZmW[KNOUX MlZmZmV-T‰aeMPIb^LZ”šKfO¹^kKšNV<br />
KNOL›”-GbaPGbWªZ[^UKfZ’MeX¢OGNZ’XYZmGb_U_`V-T‘h›SZ[^UV›NV-aeaPG Ž jUaPZ[VEW-‚3;K¡žM R<br />
V~}ZmMeOU”~Z[MeGNO\¯GbW¢Z[^UV<br />
›NV-aeaPG ŽüjkalZ[V-W’MPX©K¡ZmZrKfMeOUVET ŽŠ^V-OZm^UVJKfOkKNaP›}dEV-W’MeX5KfZ’Z[^UKfZ5_“GbXYMPZmMeGbO‰ŽŠ^UVEWmVNiH\¯GbW5KNOMeOž<br />
jkOMPZ[VEXmM KNanWYGNZrKfZmMeGbO•MeO'VEMPZm^UV-W–TUMeWYV-”EZmMeGbO—i}Zm^UV¢”-GNaeGbW–GN\AMPZmX Gb_ZmMe”-KNà jUV-aeTJXYŽŠMPZm”r^UV-X\¯WYG<br />
IbWYV-VEOQZmG,WYV-TQGbW}Me”EV~ŸNV-WYX[K‚<br />
ŽKfZ5Z[^MeX’_“GNMeOLZ5MP\¼Z[^UV,XmRU‘XYZrKfOU”-V'MPX’WmGNZ[KfZ[MPOUI…Z[^UV,_“GNacKNWYMedšK¡Z[MeGNO”-aPGž”r¿LŽŠMeXYV•GNW<br />
¼GbRTGbO°ÇZ/¿hOUG<br />
”-GNRUOLZ[V-W Œ”EaeG}”r¿hŽŠMPXmVf‚/FC^UMPXMeX¢_UWYGb‘UaPV KfZ[MP”Ni—‘`V-”-KNRUXYV9›NGbRUW_`GbacKfWmM VEZmV-W£”šKNO GbOaP›QZ[V-aPa]Zm^UVWmVEacKfZmMPbV<br />
KNOUINaeV-X’‘`VEZŒŽ–V-VEOZ[^UV,K¡žMPX5Gf\_`GbacKNWYMed-KfZ[MPGbO°‚
Z[^UVaeKN‘n±~‚FC^UV<br />
˜gMPOUT:Z[^UV…”EGbOLZrKNMPOUV-WYX,Gf\ª_URWmV…\¯WmRU”~Z[GbXYVQKNOUTpXmRU”EWmGbXYV¨«¯_UWmGb‘UKN‘UaP›‘L›¨Z[^UVXYMeOU¿¨MPÖ<br />
‚<br />
¨<br />
Xm_`V-”EMPjk”’WYGNZrKfZmMeGbO…MPXCaeMPXYZ[VETGbO…Z[^UV’”-GNOhZ[KNMeOV-WmXE‚R£VE”-GbWYTQZm^UV<br />
MPOUV–Zm^UV”-GNOU”-VEOhZmW[KfZmMeGbOGf\`Zm^UV ›}XµZ[V-Wµ›XmGNaeRZmMeGbO°‚–«)\3XmVZm^UVŠKN”E”-V-_žZ[V-TfKNaPRUV–\¯GbW]Z[^UVXY_“VE”-Mljk”<br />
[¢VEZmV-W<br />
¨<br />
WmGfZrKfZmMeGbO°‚²±<br />
T<br />
ÞHßUàá â¼ãNä—åYæeçèé`êžëbëê<br />
˜gMeOUKNaeal›bi—WYV-_`VšKfZZm^UV_UWYGž”EV-TURUWYVŽŠMPZ[^‰Zm^UVRUOU¿hOUG ŽŠO<br />
›žXµZ[VEWY›‰XYGbaeRZmMeGbO—‚UŠV-”EGbWmT‰Z[^V9KNOUIbaPV$GN\<br />
¨<br />
WmGfZrKfZmMeGbO°iUí©VhikKfOUTKfOUTQZm^UV’aeVEOUINZ[^GN\HZ[^V’ZmRU‘`V©ïWVh‚<br />
X Y 7"/+Eþ ¡ 0 ¡<br />
˜kWmG<br />
›NGbRUW V-KNXmRWmV V-OLZmX-iTVEZ[VEW MeOUVŠZ[^VªXm_`V-”EMPjk”£WmGfZrKfZmMeGbOUX1GN\—\¯WmRU”~Z[GbXYV¢KNOUT•XmRU”EWmGbXYVNikKfOUTJ”EG<br />
¨<br />
_kKNWYVŽŠMPZ[^…Zm^UVNKfaeRUVaPMeXYZmV-TGbO…Z[^V5”EGbOLZrKNMPOUV-WYX-‚<br />
›}XYZmV-WY›'XmGbaPRZ[MPGbO…”-GbOLZ[KNMeOUXŠVEMPZ[^V-W\¯WmR”EZ[GNXmV5GbWCXmRU”EWmGbXYVN‚1ÒÓ^UMe”r^QMeXCMlZZ¦<br />
¨<br />
FC^UV