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nfdf] gfsfaGbL xF'bf ef/tLox? g]kfnL 

e"dLdf cfP/ cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL 

ePsf] / cGTodf ef/tLo gful/sx?n] 

g} g]kfnsf] t/fO{df dw]z cfGbf]ng 

ug]{x?nfO{ s'6]/ nv]6\g'sf ;fy} 

cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf kfndf cfuf] nufPkl5 

dw]zL cfGbf]ng ;dfKt ePsf] ;a}n] 

b]v]÷hfg]sf] s'/f xf] . g]kfnsf] d'Vo 

;d:of eg]s} ljb]zL x:tIf]k ePsf] 

s'/fdf cj ljjfb ul//xg'kg]{ laifo 

ePg . o;sf] ;dfwfg pgLx?sf] 

g]kfn gLlt s] xf] < pgLx?sf g]kfnL 

Ph]G6 sf] sf] x'g\ < / s] s] s'/f 

pgLx?n] k"/f u/fP / ca s] s] k"/f 

u/fpg vf]Hb}5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL 

u/]kl5 dfq x'g;Sb5 . g]kfnsf] 

b]zeQm zlQmn] o;tkm{ ;dodf g} 

Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 5

g]kfnLsf dgdf g]kfn ef/t ;DaGw 

; 

Qfsf nflu 

zf;sg]tfx? ef/t 

k/:t eP . zf;sg]tfx?s} sf/0fn] 

ef/tsf] cGofo k"0f{ lyrf] ldrf] 

z'? eof] . ef/tn] x]Kof] . ;/sf/ 

/ zf;sg]tfx?n] k|ltjfb ug]{ 

x}l;ot /fVg ;s]gg\ eGg] hgu'gf;f] 

eP klg afWotfn] ubf{ leq leq} 

lrQ b'vfpFb} cfPsf vfF6L g]kfnL 

gful/sx? xfn cfP/ v'Nnf?kdf 

ef/tLo k|j[lQsf] lj/f]wdf cfjfhx? 

lgsfNg yfn]sf 5g\ . oL / o:tf 

hgcfjfhx? ;+u7Lt x'g jf 

JolQmut x'g cg'dfgsf e/df egL 

xfNg sl7g g} 5 . 

t/ o:tf cfjfhx? Ps 

sfg b'O{sfg d}bfg x'b}5g\ . oL 

cfjfhx?nfO{ /f]Sg;Sg] 

jf Jofks agfpg ;Sg] 

x}l;otsf] /fhg]tf xfn;Dd 

g]kfnL d}bfgdf b]lvPsf] 5}g . leq 

leq} 5 eg] eGg ;lsGg . oL / o:t} 

hgcfjfhx?nfO{ ljutdf 

b]z leq} 36]sf 7"nf 7"nf 

36gf;+u hf]8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . 

sf/0f cfuf]sf] ;fgf] lemNsfn] jg} 

88fpFg g;Sg] sxfF xf] / < 

g]kfnnfO{ ls g]kfnLnfO{ ef/t 

ls ef/tLox?n] lyrf] ldrf] u/]/ 

x]k]sf] xf] < of] ljj]Ro laifo aGg 

k'u]sf] xf] t/ ;lx tl/sfn] ljj]rgf 

ePsf] 5}g . g g]kfnaf6 eof] g 

ef/taf6 . ef/t / ef/tLox?sf] 

g]kfn / g]kfnL k|ltsf] wf/0ff s] xf] 

< s] eGg vf]h]sf] xf] < s] ug{ jf 

u/fpg vf]h]sf] xf] < x]k]s} xf] eg] 

s] s] sf/0fn] x]k]sf] xf] < ;fRr} g} 


æd'08 d'08 ljrf/ s'08 s'08 kfgLÆ 

– 8L /fh sf]O/fnf 

t/ klg sltko g]kfnL 

/ ef/tLo lbUuhx?n] t 

k|dfl0ft ;lGw ;Demf}tf 

tyf Oltxf;nfO{ n'sfp“b} 

g]kfn / ef/tsf aLrsf] 

cfFgflbsfnb]lv g} 

;'dw'/ ;DaGw /xb} 

cfPsf] 5 eGg] / n]Vg] 

u/]sf 5g\ . 

zf;sg]tfx?s} sf/0fn] x]lkg' k/]sf] 

xf] t < xf]Og eg] g]kfn / g]kfnL 

gful/sx?n] lsg x]lkg' k/]sf] xf] < 

ljutb]lv xfn;Ddsf laleGg ljrf/ 

/ jfbsf cfwf/df ag]sf] g]kfn 

;/sf/n] o;} sf/0fn] x]lkg' k/]sf] 

xf] eg]/ ;fj{hlgs gu/]sf] x'Fbf eGg 

;lsGg . l5d]sdf ;'dw'/ ;DaGw 

x'g' kg]{ xf] t/ To:tf] eg] k6Ss} 

b]lvb}g . 

g]kfnLx?sf] ef/t k|ltsf] 

wf/0ffsf] rrf{ ubf{ æd'08 d'08 

b[li6sf]0f 

– l8=/fh sf]O/fnf 

ljrf/ s'08 s'08 kfgLÆ s} 

cj:yf b]lvG5 . s;}n] g]kfnsf] 

hn>f]t / kfgL xTofpg] ef/tLo 

p2]Zo xf] eg]sf 5g\ . s;}n] 

l;lSsdLs/0fsf] ef/tLo k|of; xf] 

eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . s;}n] g]kfnsf] 

k//fi6« ljefu sAhfu/]/ e'6fg 

b]z h:t} agfpg vf]h]sf] xf] eg]/ 

lx8\b}5g . s;}n] ef/ts} /0fgLltn] 

ef/tLo d"nsf] dx]Gb| rf}w/LnfO{ 

ælkmhLÆ klt agfP em} g]kfndf 

klg ef/tLo d"ns} dfG5]nfO{ 

æg]kfnÆ klt agfpg] rfn xf] eGg] 

a'lem/x]sf 5g\ . s;}n] g]kfnsf] 

;Dk'0f{ t/fO{ OnfsfnfO{ ef/tn] 

dw]zsf gfdaf6 dw]zLnfO{ cnu 

k|fGt lbnfpg vf]h]sf] xf] eGg] 

rrf{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . s;}n] 

t/fO{nfO{ g]kfnaf6 vl08t 

u/L cnu b]z agfpg 

vf]h]sf] xf] eGb} cfPsf 

5g\ . 

s;}n] /fhtGq / 

/fh;+:yf Ao'Femfpg] ef/tLo 

k|ofz xf] eGg] a'em]sf 5g . 

s;}n] wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf] ;§f 

lxGb"wd{ :yfkgf ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] eGg] 

cy{ nufPsf 5g . s;}n] o'qm]gsf] 

qm]dlng k|fGtnfO{ hgdt;+u|xsf 

gfdaf6 /l;ofn] SjfKNofSs} 

lgn]em} t/fO{nfO{ ef/tdf ljno 

u/fpg] ef/tLo v]n xf] eGg] 

a'em]sf 5g\ . s;}n] ef/tsf] 7f8f] 

x:tIfkn] g]kfnsf zf;sg]tfx?nfO{ 

sfg ;dft]/ p7a; u/fpFb} 

ylst kf/]kl5 3'F8f 6]sfP/ /fVb} 

pgLx?s} dfWodaf6 g]kfnnfO{ 

cfkm\gf] clwg:y b]z agfpg] ef/tLo

0fgLlt xf] eg]/ a'em]sf 5g\ . oL 

/ o:t} sf/0fx?sf cfwf/df eGg' xf] 

eg] g]kfn / :jtGq ef/tsf aLrsf] 

;DaGw z'?b]vL g} ;'dw'/ 5}g . 

t/ klg sltko g]kfnL / ef/tLo 

lbUuhx?n] t k|dfl0ft ;lGw ;Demf}tf 

tyf Oltxf;nfO{ n'sfpFb} g]kfn / 

ef/tsf aLrsf] cfFgflbsfnb]lv g} 

;'dw'/ ;DaGw /xb} cfPsf] 5 eGg] 

/ n]Vg] u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf egfO / 

n]vfOnfO{ g]kfnL dgsf leqL cfFvfn] 

x]bf{, g]kfnL lbUuhx?n] ef/tnfO{ v';L 

/fVg / ef/tLo lbUuhx?n] g]kfnnfO{ 

n6\k6\ofpgsf nflu k'/f0fsf syfdf 

hf]8]/ k|dfl0ft ug]{ k|ofz dfq u/]sf 

x'g eGg cfOtaf/ afg{' gknf{ . 

otf g]kfndf /f0ffx? / ptf 

la|l6z Ol08ofdf c+u|]h ;/sf/sf 

aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] JofVof w]/}n] u/]sf 

5g . t/ :jtGq ef/t / k|hftGq 

kl5sf] g]kfnsf ;DaGwsf] rrf{ 

u/fOdf eg] b]z, sfn, ;Qf, ;/sf/, 

kf6L{, g]tfsf :jfy{ cflb cg]sf} 

b[Zo, cb[Zo, ;txL / s[ltd Pjd\ 

cg'dflgt hl6n kl/l:yltsf gfddf 

zf;sx?sf efjgf cg'?kg} JofVof 

eP u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/af6} g]kfnL 

gful/sx?nfO{ cg'zf;g / s'6g}lts 

dof{bfsf] kfngf u/fpFg] sfd ePsf] 

x'Fbf g g]kfn ef/t ;DaGwsf] oyfy{tf 

g} k|sflzt eof] g JofVof u/fOdf 

Ps?ktf cfof] < 

jf:tjdf g]kfn ef/t ;DaGwsf] 

;xL JofVof gx'g / ahf/efp ptf/ 

r9fj eP h:t} ;txL cfwf/df l5dfn] 

JofVof x'g'n] g]kfn ef/t ;DaGw ;'dw'/ 

x'g glbg] tTj dfq} aGg k'u]sf] 5 . 

;To s'/f n'sfP/ zf;sx?n] u/fPsf] 

/ ;/sf/sf tfj]bf/x?n] u/]sf] ;txL 

JofVofn] æ9fF6]sf] s'/f sf6] ldNb}gÆ 

eGg] k|dfl0ft x'g cfOk'u]sf] b]lvG5 < 

c+u|]hn] xfnsf] :jtGq 

ef/t gagfpFGh]n ef/t sltj6f 

lyP < c+u|]hn] gfd /flvlbPsf] l;Ëf] 

/fi6« g]kfn slt efudf ljeQm lyof] < 

b]j e"ld g]kfn / ef/tjif{, b'j} b]zsf] 

kf}/fl0fs gfd r} kSs} xf] t/ ef/t aif{ 

leq y'k|} b]zx? eP em} xfnsf] g]kfn 

leq klg y'k|} b]zx? lyP . 

kf}/fl0fs g]kfn eg]sf] r} 

rf/eGHofª\ leqdfq} lyof] eGg] s'/f 

k'/fgf b:tfj]hn] k|dfl0ft u/]s} 5 . 

afO{;], r}fla;], kNnf] ls/ft, jNnf] 

ls/ft, dfem ls/ft, du/ft, td'jfg, 

y?jfg, v;fg, h8fg, sflGtk'/ 

nlntk'/, eQmk'/ cflbsf Oltxf; 

5Fb}5g\ eg] s'g ef/t;+u s'g g]kfnsf] 

cfFgflb sfnb]lvsf] ;DaGw lyof] 

xf]nf t < 

t/ cg'dfgsf e/df xfnsf] l;Ëf] 

g]kfn /fi6«sf–xfnsf] l;Ëf] ef/t;+u 

cfFgflbsfnb]lvs} ;'dw'/ ;DaGw xf] 

eg]/ k|dfl0ft lnlvt tYo n'sfpFb} 

;f]/} cfgf dgu9Gt] JofVoftfx?nfO{ 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 k|bfg 

ul/Psf] dfg ;Ddfgsf] cfwf/df 

tYout oyfy{ n'sfpg]x?sf] dfq 

sb/ eO/x]sf] b]lvPsfn] oyfy{tfaf6 

cgle1 agfOPsf g]kfnL gful/sx?n] 

ca cfP/ ;Tos'/fsf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf] 

b]Vbf g]kfn / ef/tsf zf;sg]tfx? 

g} crDddf kg{' eg]sf] klg la8Dagf 

g} xf] . 

o:tf dgu9Gt] JofVof ug]{x?df 

k|fo h;f] ef/teQm zf;sg]tfx? 

tyf g]kfnsf eP gePsf ultljwLx? 

ef/tLo kIfnfO{ k|ToIf / k/f]If?kdf 

a'emfP/ b[Zo–cb[Zo >f]taf6 ef/tsf] 

u'g ufpg' kg]{ afWosf/L hflu/]x? g} 

b]lvG5g . 

To;}n] klg xf]nf jf:tljs 

Pltxfl;s tYo tyf k|dfl0ft ;lGw 

;Demf}tfsf cWo]tfx?n] eg] g]kfn / 

ef/tsf aLrsf] ;DaGw eg]sf] cTof; 

nfUbf], 8/nfUbf] / vtgf{s æu'j]{ ufF7f]Æ 

5 eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . 

of] vtgf{s u'j]{ ufF7f] eg]sf] s] 

xf] < To; tkm{ nfuf} . Pltxfl;s 

tYo tyf k|dfl0ft ;lGw ;Demf}tfx? 

lgofn]/ x]bf{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / ef/t 

;/sf/sf aLrsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ x'g 

glbg] vtgf{s æu'j]{ ufF7f]Æ eg]sf] g]kfn 

ef/t d}qL tyf zflGt ;lGw #! h'nfO{ 

!(%) g} xf] . of] ;lGwsf] wf/f * n] 

ef/tsf tkm{af6 la|l6z ;/sf/n] u/]sf 

;a} k'/fgf ;lGwx? vf/]h u/]sf] 5 . 

k'/fgf ;lGw eg]sf @ l8;]Da/ !*!% 

sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw, !! l8;]Da/ !*!^ 

sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwsf b'O{j6f wf/f dfq 

kl/jt{g ub}{ c? wf/fx?nfO{ dfGotf 

lbb} oyfjt /fv]sf] ;lGw, ;'uf}nL 

;lGwnfO{ s]xL ;+;f]wg ;lxt dfGotf 

lbPsf] !% gf]e]Da/ !*^) sf] ;lGw, 

tyf @ l8;]Da/ !*!% sf] ;'uf}nL 

;lGwnfO{ dfGotf lbb} @! l8;]Da/ 

!(@# df ePsf] ;lGw ;d]tsf] uxg 

cWoog / ;xL JofVof xfn;Dd ePsf] 

5 h:t} 5}g . 

;lGw cWoog / cWoog 

kl5 tYo k|sfz ug]{ jf:tljs 

a'l4hLjLx?sf] g]kfndf clgsfn g} 

x'g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fob tyfslyt 

a'l4hLljx?n] zf;sg]tfx?sf 

Ozf/fdf a'l4 g} lalqm u/]/ 

hLjLsf rnfPsf x'gfn] klg c;nL 

a'l4lhjLx?sf] clgsfn k/]sf] x'g 

;S5 . of]uL g/xl/gfy nufot s]xL 

/fi6«jfbLx?n] u/]sf] k|ofz klg g]kfnL 

zf;sg]tfx?sf ;fd' PSnf] a[x:klt 

em'§f x'g k'u]s} xf] . 

;lGwsf ;DaGwdf xfdL h:nfO{ 

a'l4hLjL eG5f} jf:tjdf pgLx? 

k9]n]v]sf a'l4 laqm]tf dfq x'g k'u]sf 

b]lvG5g of] s;} k|lt cf/f]k geP/ 

ljut / jt{dfgn] o;} eG5 . g]kfnsf 

n]vs laZn]ifs / kqsf/x?sf] s'/} 

o'lg6L EjfO; 7

5f]8f} . ;/sf/, zf;sg]tf, laåfg, 

k//fi6«ljb\, Oltxf;ljb\ ;d]tsf 

gfdwf/Lx?n] uxg cWoog g} gu/L 

jf ef/tnfO{ v';L kf/L lghL :jfy{ 

dfq k'/f ug]{ p2]Zon] k|]l/t eP/ jf 

xr'jfsf e/df ef/t;+usf] %) sf] 

;lGw c;dfg xf] c;dfg ;lGw vf/]h 

ug{' k5{ eGb}, ;txL n]v n]Vg] / 

g]kfnL gful/snfO{ lbUe|ldt kfg]{ sfd 

dfq} ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . 

o:tf ;txL JofVoftfx?sf 

ayfgdf lgs} klxn]b]lv ;+:yfsf 

gfdaf6 ;txdf cfPsf s]xL ;d'xx?sf] 

ljj]sn] klg ;fljssf] xr'jf k/Dk/fnfO{ 

3'dfp/f] kf/fn] lg/Gt/tf lbb} k|dfl0ft 

;lGw ;Demf}tfnfO{ j]jf:tf u/L n'sfpFb} 

;'uf}nL ;lGw eg]sf] $ dfr{ !*!^ sf] 

xf] Û $ dfr{ !*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw 

ca vf/]h ug{' k5{ Û eGb} gf/f h'n'; 

nfpg], ?k abn]/ g]kfnsf] laifodf 

lalGtkq xfNg ef/tLo /fh b"tfjf; 

/ la|l6; /fh b"tfjf; wfpg], ljgf 

cy{sf] xNnf u/]/ k|x/Laf6 kqmfp 

vfg], clb sfd u/L of] sfd dfq ;xL 

/fi6«jfbL sfd xf] eGg] ;"rgfsf] k|jfx 

ub}{ g]kfnL gful/sx?nfO{ lbUe|ldt 

kfl/lx8\g] s]xL ;d'xx?n] klg g]kfn 

ef/t ;DaGwdf xr'jfs} e/df s6ld/f] 

/fhgLlt u/L cfPs} b]lvG5 . 

g]kfn ;/sf/ / la|l6; ;/sf/n] 

ljutb]lv g} dfGotf lbb} cfP/ ;g\ 

!(%) df vf/]h ;d]t ul/;s]sf] @ 

l8;]Da/ !*!% sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwnfO{, 

;'uf}nL ;lGw eg]sf] $ dfr{ !*!^ sf] 

xf] Û pQm ;'uf}nL ;lGw vf/]h x'g' k5{ 

eGb} ljgfcy{sf sfd ul/lx8\g]x?sf] 

pb]Zodf ef/tn] g]kfnnfO{ lkmtf{ 

ug{' kg]{ l6i6f sf+u8f leqsf] e"efu 

x:tfGt/0f gu/L krfpg] ef/tLo 

lgotnfO{ 3'dfp/f] kf/fn] hfgL hfgL 

;xof]u u/]sf] xf] < jf ef/tLo Ozf/fdf 

o:tf] sfd ePsf] xf] < jf ;bf;j{bf 


sfod /xg] lr/GhLjL /fhgLlt u/]sf] 

xf] < laleGg gfdsf ;+3 ;:yfx?n] g} 

hfg'g\ jf xfnsf cWoogl;n g]kfnL 

gful/sx?n] g} hfg'g\ jf g]kfn 

;/sf/n] g} hfgf]; . . 

ef/tn] g]kfndf of] of] sfd dfq 

u5{ of] of] sfd ub}{g / o:tf] sfd 

ckm"n] gu/L 5fgL 5fgL ;fRr}sf /}yfg] 

g]kfnL gful/s tyf g]kfn ef/t d}qL 

tyf zflGt ;lGwsf] wf/f & sf ef/tLo 

gful/sx? -h:nfO{ zf;sg]tfx?n] 

pQm ;lGw n'sfP/ vfF6L g]kfnL 

agfPsfn] b]zsf] zf;gdf xfnLd'xfnL 

ub}{ cfPsf ef/tLox?_ af6 u/fpFb} 

cfPsf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ePs} xf] . 

ef/tn] g]kfndf o;} u5{ xf]nf eGg] 

s'g} lglZrt ;Ldf g} 5}g . 

g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf :jLsf/ u/]/ 

ePsf] g]kfn ef/t d}qL tyf zflGt 

;lGw ;g\ !(%) sf] wf/f ! df k|i6 

n]lvP klg ef/tn] g]kfndf s'6g}lts 

dof{bf kfng u5{ ub}{g eGg] s'/f 

;a}n] hfg]s} xf] . oL / o:t} sf/0fn] 

ef/tn] cg]sf} if8\oGq /r]/ r'6\sLsf 

e/df g]kfnLx?sf aLrdf /f0fftGq, 

k|hftGq, ;+ljwfg;ef, ax'bntGq, 

/fhtGq, kGrfottGq k'g ax'bntGq 

clg ;+ljwfg;ef ;+3Lotf / u0ftGqsf 

;fy} klxrfg ;lxtsf] /fhg}lts 

clwsf/sf gfddf hft, wd{, j0f{, lnË, 

If]q, clbsf cltl/Qm kf6L{sf gfdaf6 

;d]t g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ck;df km"6 

u/fpFb} NofPsf pbfx/0f P]gf h:t} 

5n{Ë g} 5g\ . 

ef/t :jtGq ePkl5 #! h'nfO{ 

!(%) df g]kfn;+u d}qL tyf zflGt 

;lGw u/]sf] s]xL ;dokl5b]lv g} 

ef/tLo lbUuhx?n] c+u|]h h:t} ag]/ 

c+u|]h z}nLdf g]kfnnfO{ af/} dlxgf 

r}la;} 306f c:tJo:t kf/]/ ;w} 

ef/tdfly g} lge{/ agfpg] sfd ul//x]s} 

5g\ . ef/tsf] of] u|f08l8hfOgnfO{ 

s]xL 7"nf–a8f g]kfnL g]tfx?sf] k|ToIf 

/ k/f]If?ksf] ;xof]u / ;xdlt ePsf] 

s'/f cb]vf ;RrfO xf] . 

/ klg cem} To:tf 7"nfa8f 

g]tfx?sf cjz]ifsf?kdf /x]sf 

nfna'emSs8x?n] oyfy{nfO{ jf:t} 

gu/L æ;f}tfsf l/;n] kf]Osf sfvdf 

xUg]Æ gLlt lnP/ ef/tn] g]kfnk|lt 

h] u/]sf] 5 ;f]/} cfFgf 7Ls u/]sf] 

5 . ef/tLo ;xof]u ljgf g]kfn afFRg} 

;Sb}g . ef/tsf] lrQ b'vfpg' x'Fb}g . 

rLg;+u u/]sf] kf/jxg ;lGw unt 

xf] . cJojxfl/s ;lGw xf] . ef/tnfO{ 

lr9\ofpg] ;lGw xf] . ef/tnfO{ 

lr9\ofpg] sfd ug{' eGbf ef/tnfO{ 

v';L kf/]/ sfd agfpg' g} pQd 

xf];Dd eGg] u/]sf 5g . 

g]kfnL zf;sg]tf, g]kfnL laåfg, 

g]kfnL /fhgLlt1, g]kfnL Oltxf;ljb\, 

g]kfnL s'6gLlt1, s]xL g]kfnL kqsf/ 

tyf /fhgLlts ljZn]ifsx?sf a'emfOdf 

/ g]kfnL gful/sx?sf a'emfOdf g]kfn 

/ ef/tsf aLrsf] ;DaGwdf Ps?ktf 

cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g / dfly pNn]lvt 

sf/0fx?n] ubf{ cfpg] ;Defjgf klg 

b]lvb}g . 

h'g ;dodf g]kfn / ef/t 

;/sf/sf aLrdf d}qL tyf zflGt 

;lGw ePsf] lyof] Tof] a]nfdf g]kfnsf 

k|wfgdGqL >L # df]xg ;dz]/ ha/f 

/ ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL k+= hjfx/nfn 

g]x?sf aLrdf syfsf gfd'b 7ux?n] 

æbfkdf /fv]sf] sf7sf] v's'/L / km]bdf 

uf]a/ dflydfq 3Lpm ePsf] xk]{Æ ;f6] 

h:tf] nfUg' :jefljs} nfU5 . sf/0f 

df]xg ;dz]/sf :jfy{df -bfhL{lnª\sf] 

uf]vf{ lnu kf6L{sf 8Da/l;ª\ u'?ª\ 

;lxtsf k|ltlglwx?sf] e"efu;+u} 

g]kfndf cfpF5f} eGg] cfu|x;d]tn] 

etelt dgkf]n]sf]n] klg x'g ;S5_

;'uf}nL ;lGwn] u'd]sf] ;Dk"0f{ e'efu 

j}wflgs?kn] lkmtf{ lng' dfq lyof] xf]nf 

eg] g]x?sf :jfy{df 7"nf] hgz+Vofdf 

ePsf ef/tLox?n] g]kfndf hfg kfP 

eg] ;fgf] hgz+Vofsf g]kfnLx?nfO{ 

ljnfpg ;lsg] tyf ef/tsf] pQ/ 

tkm{sf] ;Ldfgf lxdfno agfpg ;lhnf] 

x'g] eGg] /0fg}lts p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] 

xf]nf eGg sl7g 5}g . 

;+;f/df g} pbfpFbf] cy{tGq, 

>f]t;fwgn] ;DkGg, c0f'k/df0f'n] 

o'Qm ePsf] ef/t;+u ;g\ !*!% eGbf 

cl3 la/uf]vf{x?n] gfnfkfgL, h}ys, 

cNdf]8f eLdkm]bL dsjfgk'/ l;Gw'nL 

cflb 7fpFx?df n8]sf] o'4 / v's'/Lsf] 

ufyfnfO{ s]xL g]kfnL gful/sx?n] 

sy]sf lut ufPs} e/df ef/t aHb}g . 

oL / o:tf o'4 la/uf]vf{ hfltn] uf]vf{ 

ePsf ;dodf n8]sf] Oltxf; 5 

t/ g]kfnL agfOP kl5 o'4 n8]sf] 

Oltxf; 5}g . of] tYonfO{ v08g ug{ 

k9]n]v]sf l8u|Lwf/L nfna'emSs8x?n] 

hDa' sflZd/, ckmuflg:yfg, kmsNof08 

cflbdf g]kfnLx?n] o'4 n8]sf] 

s] xf] t eGb} rf]/cf}Fnf 78\ofpg 

;Snfg < t/ lab]zLx?sfnflu 

nl8lbg]x? xfd|f gj o'jsx? uf]vf{ 

eP/ n8]sf x'g g]kfnL eP/ n8]sf 

xf]Ogg\ eGg] s'/f ! d] !($& sf] 

qLkIfLo ;Dem}tfn] k|i6;+un] af]n]sf] 5 

eGg] s'/fsf] km'd g/x]/ klg To:tf] 

af]n]sf] x'g;S5 ;S5 . 

To;}n] g]kfnn] lkmtf{ kfpg' kg]{ / 

ef/tn] lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{ ;'uf}nL ;lGwsf] 

wf/f # / wf/f % df pNn]lvt lkmtf{ 

x'g afFsf] /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ e"efu s]xL 

g]kfnL g]tfx?sf] ;xof]udf ef/tn] 

krfpg] lgot /fv]sf] x'gfn] ef/tn] 

;lhn} lkmtf{ ub}{g . of] hl6n sfdsf 

afwssf?kdf s]xL g]kfnL g]tfx? 

g} ef/tsf] ;xof]uL aGb} cfPs} 5g\ 

eg] oL g]tfx?n] la|l6zn] rLgnfO{ 

xª\sª\ lkmtf{ u/]sf] pbfx/0f lbg'sf] 

;§f ef/t / e'6fgsf] pbfx/0f lbg] / 

ef/taf6 gfgf kl/sf/sf] Zofjf;L / 

k'/:sf/ lng] u/]sf] s'/f klg c;To 

r} xf]Og . e'6fg;+u -lnh_ ef8fdf 

lnPsf] sfn]a'ª\ 8'j;{ / c;fd 8'j;{sf] 

e"efu cg]s s'6gLlt k|of]u u/]/ e'6fg 

b]znfO{ ef/t ;/sf/n] x]/]sf] x]/]O 

agfOlbPsf] s'/f huhfx]/ g} 5 . 

of] oyfy{nfO{ ;d]t dgg u/]/ 

ef/t;+usf] d}qL tyf zflGt ;lGwn] 

lkmtf{ u/]sf] e"efu lkmtf{ lngsfnflu 

g]kfnsf] ;/sf/n] cGt/f{i6«Lo sfg"gsf 

hfgsf/x?sf] k/fdz{ lnP/ ef/tn] 

xfd|f] e"efu lkmtf{ lbPg, cg]s vf]r] 

yfk]/ g]kfnnfO{ ;w} c:tJo:t kf/]/ 

b'vdfq lbg] u/]sf] 5, ePsf 

;lGwx?sf k|df0fx? x]/]/ cGt/f{i6Lo 

sfg"g adf]lhd xfd|f] e"efu ef/taf6 

lkmtf{ u/fO kfFp, egL ef/tnfO{ lakIfL 

agfO cGt/f{i6«Lo cbfnt æb x]udfÆ 

d'2f xfNg h?/L / cfFgfjfo{ b]lvg 

cfPsf] 5 . 

To;f] xf]Og eg] g]kfn ef/t 

d}qL tyf zflGt ;lGw eg]sf] g]kfnL 

gful/sx?sfnflu æ>L v08Æ xf] eg] 

of] ;lGw zf;sg]tfx?sfnflu æv'kf{sf] 

laF8Æ h:t} x'g k'u]sf] b[Zo g]kfnL 

gful/sn] slt lbg 6'n' 6'n' x]g{' < 

of] :jtGq ef/t;+usf] klxnf] / 

d"n;lGw ePsfn] Jofkf/, afl0fHo, 

kf/jxg xftxltof/ o;} ;lGw;+u 

ufl;Psf 5g\ . of] ;lGw k'g/fjnf]sg 

ug]{ gfddf pQm ;lGwsf] wf/f !) nfO{ 

zf;sx?sf] :jfy{df nTofP/ st} 

pNn]v gePsf] rf/ hgf k|a'4 ju{sf] 

dgf]gog eg]sf] wf]vf xf] . ;lGwk|lt 

ckdfg xf] . ck/fw xf] /fi6«k|lt wft 

xf] . To;}n] ;lGwsf] x' ax' kfngf ug}{ 

k5{ . of] ;lGw v]nfFrL geP/ vt/f 

xf] . 8/nfUbf] ;lGw xf] eGg] s'/f a'em]/ 

g]kfn ;/sf/ cl3a9\g' k5{ . o; 

sfdsfnflu g]kfnL gful/ssf] k"0f{ 

;xof]u / ;dy{gdf s'g} sdL cfpFg] 

5}g . 

o:tf] dxfg\ sfo{ ug]{ lxDdt 

jt{dfgsf] cnL ;/sf/df 5 ls 

5}g < olb cnL ;/sf/n] sd/]8 

k|r08 nufot;+usf] ;xsfo{df ;/sf/ 

;~rfng u/] h:t} /fli6«olxtdf cfkm\ 

gf] u'd]sf] e"efu lkmtf{ lng] d'2fdf 

cu|;/tf b]vfof] eg] ;DdfggLo 

k|wfgdGqL v8\uk|;fb cf]nL g]kfnsf] 

Oltxf;df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx g} aGg] 

5g . g]kfnLx?sf Åbodf k|]dk"j{s 

;bf;j{bf /xg] 5g cyf{t cd/ 

x'g]5g . htf tt} pGsf zflns aGg] 

5g . o;df z+sf 5}g . 

olb of] sfd ug{ ;s]gg\ eg] / 

b]z leqsf k'/fgf ;dZof ;dfwfg 

ug{'sf] ;f6f] g]kfnL gful/sx?nfO{ 

cNdNofpg emg emg hl6n gofF 

gofF s[ltd ;d:ofx? tof/ u/L 

k'/fgf ;dZofnfO{ 9fs5f]k ub}{ 

cZjf;g afFl8lx8\g] sfd dfq u5{g 

eg] sd/]8 cnL klg ef/t k/:tg} 

/x]5g pGsf] æef/tsf ;fd' em'lSbgÆ 

eGg] /fi6«jfb vf]qmf] /x]5 eGg s;}n] 

5]Sb}g . zf;sg]tfx?n] l6i6f sfª\ 

u8f lkmtf{ lng] s'/fdf ;fdfGo g]kfnL 

gful/sx?sf d'vn] æh'g hf]uL cfP 

klg sfg} lr/]sf]Æ eGg] zAbn] dgdg} 

l/; kf]v]/ a:g]5g eGg] dfq ;f]r]/ 

;/sf/ cl3 ga9]sf] v08df dfly 

pNn]lvt ævtgf{s u'j]{ ufF7f]Æ laikmf]6 

x'g k'Uof] eg] r} < o; laifodf 

klg ;/sf/sf] ;f]rfO x'g h?/L 5 . 

;/sf/ / zf;sg]tfx? n] ca klg 

;f]r]gg\ eg] ævtgf{s u'j]{ ufF7f]n]Æ 

cfkm\gf] v]nf b]vfpg a]/ gnfpnf < 

9Lnf] l56f] dfq} xf] . g]kfndf ljutdf 

36]sf 36gfx?n] klg o;} eG5g\ . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 9

;dfh 

Jojl:yt j:tLsf] lglj{sNk vfFrf] 

– 8f= zf:q bQ kGt 

dfG5] ;bf ;'vbfoL / ;'Gb/ 

l;h{gf rfxG5 . c;'Gb/ 

l;h{gfsf s'F dfgjnfO{ kRb}g . To;}n] 

dflg;n] ;a} c;'Gb/ rLh eTsfpFb5, 

tf]8\b5, csf]{ 7fpFdf ;fb{5 / gofF 

;'Gb/ l;h{gf ub{5 . cfFvf laemfpg] 

j:t'nfO{ cfFvf /;fpg] j:t'df kl/0ft 

ub{5 . ljlwljwfg Gofo vf]Hg] 

af6f] dfq xf]Og lgif]wx? :jLsfg]{ 

klg xf] . To;}sf/0fn] t ;/sf/n] 

lqk'/]Zj/b]lv sf]bf/L /fhdfu{df / 

b]ze/sf /fhdfu{e/ ag]sf c;'Gb/ 

e2f /rgfx? 3/, 6x/fx? wdfwd 

eTsfO/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zsf ;d:t 

k'/fgf j:tLx? klg cj/f]ws, 

c;lhnf / s'?k a:tL x'g\ . ltgLx? 

;a}nfO{ ;'Gb/, ;'ljwfo'Qm ;+/rgfdf 

nu]/ ;d:t b]zsf] :t/ p7fpg 

;lsG5 . ;Dk"0f{ r]tgf clej[l4 u/]/ 

k"0f{ /f]huf/lt/ clej[l4 ug{ klg j:tL 

Jojl:yt kfg'{ g} ljsf;sf] klxnf] 

r/0fsf] sfd x'g cfpFb5 . 

;a}vfn] dfgjLo b'Mv tyf 

;d:ofsf sf/0fx?, k5f}6] kg, 

c1fgtf, cr]tgtf / cljsf;sf 

sf/0fx?sf sf/0f cJojl:yt a:tL 

g} xf] eGg]s'/f xfdLn] a'lem;s]sf 5f}F . 

ca oxfF Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{ sf/0fx?, 

Jojl:yt ubf{ x'g] kmfObfx? tyf gu]{ 

k|lqmofx?sf] k|:tfj ul/G5 . 

sf/0fx? M 

Jojl:yt a:tLsf] dfWodaf6 

ufpFsf] ljsf; ug{'kg]{ lgDg sf/0fx? 

5g\ M 

!= ztk|ltzt gful/snfO{ ;dfg 

cj;/ k|bfg ug{ M 

• ;dfg u'0f:t/sf] lzIff ;]jf lbg . 

• ;dfg :t/ / Ps} ?kaf6 Jojl:yt 

:jf:Yo ;]jf (Systematic, Referal 

Health Scheme) lbg . 

• vfg]kfgL, ljB't, 9n, OGwg phf{, 

;+rf/, oftfoft ;]jfx? k|bfg 

ug{ . 

• kz'k+IfL, v]tLkftLnfO{ cfjZos 

;]jfx? lbg . 

• /fHo4f/f lbOg] ;a} ;]jfx? ;dfg 

?kn] lbg . 

@= zt k|ltztnfO{ Ifdtf cg';f/ 

/f]huf/ pknAw u/fpg M 

• s[lifhGo /f]huf/x? . 

• u}/ s[lifhGo /f]huf/x? . 

• ztk|ltztnfO{ hgr]tgf hfu/0f 

(Awareness) sfo{qmd 

;~rfng u/fpg . 

• b]znfO{ ;'s'Daf;L ljxLg agfpg . 

• rflxg] tYo tYof+s t'?Gt kfOg] 

u/fpg . 

• b]zsf] ;a} e"efunfO{ ;dfg 

csif{0fsf s]Gb| agfpg . 

10 o'lg6L EjfO;

• pTkfbsTjsf] clej[l4 u/fpg] . 

• b}jL k|sf]ksf] kL8faf6 x6fpg 

-slds/0f, lgoGq0f ug{_ 

• jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng ug{, ;+/If0f 

ug{ . 

• ;8s lgdf{0fsf] If]q ;Ldfs+g 

ug{ . 

• $% ) eGbf efly clgjfo{ ?vhGo 

v]tL ug{ . 

• #) ) –$% ) le/fnf] kxf8df j:tL 

a;fpg . 

• #) ) eGbf sd le/fnf]df dfq 

cGgv]tL ug{ . 

• ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] bf]xf]/f]kg 

x6fpFg . 

• hg;xeflutf a9fpg . 

• kfl/jfl/s pTkfbsTj a9fpg . 

• ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf ;fj{hlgs 

sfddf tLa|tf NofpFg . 

• s'/LtL x6fpg . 

• cfkm\gf] wd{;+:sf/ ;+:s[ltsf] ;xL 

j}1flgs k|of]u ug{, hu]gf{ ug{ . 

• ;|f]t ;b'kof]u / kl/rfng ug{ 

tyf >d / ;|f]tsf] e/k'/ jrt 

ug{ . 

• dfgj ;|f]t, ;Lk, >dsf] k"/f 

;b'kof]u ug{ . 

• k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;xL / bLuf] 

;b'kof]u ug{ . 

• ljb]zL ;xof]u glnOsg cfkm\g} 

;|f]t / ;Lkn] cfTdlge{/ x'g . 

• of] ;a}eGbf ;:tf] ljsf; sfo{qmd 

xf] egL ljsf;f]Gd'v b]znfO{ 

;fljt ul/lbg . 

• ko{6sLo b[li6n] ljZjs} gd"gf 

aGg / cu|u0o e"ldsf lgefpg . 

• k"jL{o k4lt k|efjsf/L, lbuf] 

dfgjjfbL, Jofjxfl/s / zflGtufdL 

xf] egL ;fljt ug{ . 

• zf]if0fsf] d"n sf/0fsf] cGTo ug{ . 

• zt k|ltzt e"ldsf] cToflws 

k|of]u ug{ . 

‣ e" k|of]hg gS;f tof/ ug{ . 

‣ rsnfaGbL ug{ . 

‣ gS;f adf]lhd e"–k|of]hg ug{ . 

‣ kmfF6 v]tL (Block framing) 

ug{ . 

‣ hUuf Jojl:yt (Land pulling) 

ug{ . 

‣ rfpsf (Plot) ljsf; ug{ . 

‣ :ki6 / bLuf] of]hgf tof/ ug{ . 

‣ kz'kfngnfO{ cfw'lgs / Jojl:yt 

ug{ . 

‣ sfof{Gjogsf ;a} s'/f k|efjsf/L 

agfpg . 

‣ df5f kfng Jojl:yt ug{ . 

‣ kmnkm"n v]tL Jojl:yt ug{ . 

‣ jgv]tL Jojl:yt ug{ 

‣ gub]afnLsf] ljsf; ug{ . 

‣ s[lifhGo pBf]u a9fpg . 

#= :yfgLo PsfOnfO{ zlQm 

ljs]Gb|Lt u/L :jlg0f{o–;Ifd 

agfpg M 

– ufpFsf] cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ldnfpg . 

– ufpFsf] cfoft ahf/ Joj:yf 

ldnfpg . 

– ufpFsf] lgof{t ahf/ Joj:yf 

ldnfpg . 

– k|ljlw, ;Lk, ljsf; / bIftfsf] 

clej[l4 ug{ . 

– s[lifsf] lge{/tfaf6 u}/ s[lif 

/f]huf/df ?kfGt/0f ug{ . 

– k|zf;gnfO{ ljsf;d'vL u/fpg . 

– j8f, ufpF÷gu/, Onfsf, lhNnf, 

c~rn, If]q / s]Gb|df :ki6 sfo{ 

ljefhg ug{ . 

$= u/Lj b]zsf] lglj{sNk 

of]hgf M 

Jojl:yt a:tLaf6 

/fi6«sf ;af{lË0f ljsf; ug]{ k4lt 

clzlIft, u/La cNkljsl;t / 

ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf nflu xf] . 

s;}sf] ;xof]uljgf klg k|lt:kwL{ aGg 

;lsG5 . 

%= ljb]zL ;xof]u grflxg] M 

of] cToGt ;:tf] k4lt 

xf] . o;df ljb]zL ;xof]u cyjf 

bfgsf] cfjZostf kb}{g . /fi6«sf] 

;xsf/L / ljsf;f]Gd'v of c;+nUg 

b]zx?sf] ;xsf/L ljsf; a}+s g} 

kof{Kt x'G5 . 

^= hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t M 

of] hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t 

k4lt xf] . cfkm"cfkm" ldn]/ cfkm\gf] 

cfjZostf cg';f/ cfkm}+n] cfkm\gfnflu 

u/]/ k/hLjL aGg' gkg]{ k4lt xf] . 

&= tnaf6 dfly p7\g] 

(Bottom-up approach) : 

of] k4lt ljBdfg k4ltsf] 7Ls 

pN6f] …lzt cf]efP/ 3}nf eg{]Ú l;4fGtdf 

cfwfl/t 5 . o;df ;–;fgf s'/f, ;|f]t 

;fwg / cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;+k"0f{ 

hgtfnfO{ /f]huf/ lbP/ tyf u/]/ 

ug{ l;Sg] k4ltdf ;Lk ljsf; u/]/ 

s'6L/ pBf]uaf6 lj:tf/} dWod / 7"nf 

pBf]u;Dd k'Ug] nIo /xG5 . o;sf] 

klxnf] nIo cfot k|lti7fkg ug'{ 

x'G5 . To;a]nf;Dd /fHon] pBf]unfO{ 

;+/If0f lbg'kb{5 . 

*= ;xL sfo{ ljefhg M 

o'lg6L EjfO; 11

xfn;Dd s]Gb|sf] sfd s] xf] 

eGg] s'/f s]Gb| ;/sf/nfO{ yfxf 5}g . 

s]Gb| clt ;fgf s'/fdf cndlnPsf] 

5 . /fi6«sf] k|zf;g s;n] sxfF slt 

ug]{ eGg] s'/fdf :ki6tf 5}g . of] 

k4lt cg';f/ s]Gb|sf ;a} sfd :ki6 

x'g k'Ub5g\ . o;n] tNnf] tx j8f 

PsfOb]lv dflyNnf] tx s]Gb|;Dd 

bf]xf]/f] gkg]{ u/L ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] 

l;4fGtsf] j}1flgs cfwf/ cg'?k 

k|zf;g k4ltnfO{ :ki6 kfb{5 . 

(= t+b'?:t /fli6«o clen]v M 

o; gofF Joj:yf cg';f/ 

tYofs+ ctl/Qm dGqfno jf 

ljefudf 5'§} sd{rf/L rflxFb}gg\ . /fli6« 

hgu0fgf, dtbftf ;"rL, s[lif jf pBf]u 

h:tf ;a}sf] s6f}tL ug{ ;lsG5 . 

o;f] x'Fbf cg'Tkfbs k|zf;lgs vr{ 

s6f}tL x'G5 . ;xL tYof+s ;xL ;dodf 

k|fKt x'G5 . o;f] ePkl54 dfq ;a} 

:t/sf of]hgf Jojxf/d"ns x'G5g\ . 

To;sf cltl/Qm /fi6«nfO{ rflxg] ;a} 

tYofs+x? x/]s dlxgf k|sflzt ug{ 

;Dej x'G5 . 

o; of]hgf cg';f/ :yfgLo 

ljsf;n] ult lnG5 . ;|f]tsf] ;b'kof]u 

x'G5 . e|i6frf/sf] cGTo g} x'G5 . 

!)= e|i6«frf/sf] cGTo ug]{ M 

o; k4ltaf6 b]zsf] 

e|i6«frf/sf] sld x'g] dfq xf]Og 

lgoGq0f g} x'g k'Ub5 . k|:tfljt 

clen]v k4ltn] 3"; vfg jf vfPsf] 

3"; n'sfpg ;lsb}g . e+;f/ 5n]/ jf 

lab]zaf6 sdfP/ NofPsf] ;DklQ ;d]t 

kf/bzL{ x'G5 . s;}n] slxF n'sfpg jf 

unt k|of]u ug{ ;Sb}g . lsgeg] M 

‣ k|To]s 3/sf] k|To]s aif{sf] rn 

crn ;+klQ kf/bzL{ x'G5 . 

‣ lt/f] ltbf{ gjLs/0f x'G5 . 

‣ Tof] bz aif]{ kmf/ddf eg'{kb{5 . 


‣ k|To]s cfosf] k|dfl0ft ;|f]t 

rflxG5 . 

‣ ;a} 3/sf] cfosf] clen]v /flvg] 

x'gfn] c? s;}sf] gfddf n'sfpg 

ldNb}g . 

‣ :jLs[lt glnO{ tyf kf/bzL{ 

gul/sg lab]zL a}+sdf /fv]sf] 

;+klQ /fli6«s/0f x'g] sfg"gn] ubf{ 

s;}n] lab]zdf /fVb}g . 

‣ ;"rgf lbgn] %) Ü kfpg] x'gfn] 

yfxf gkfpg] vftf x'g ;Sb}g . 

‣ clen]v k|To]s ufpF PsfOdf /xg] 

x'gfn] clen]v b'?:t ug{ ufx|f] 

x'b}Fg . 

‣ clen]v uf]Ko /flvg] x'gfn] 

j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] xssf] xgg 

x'b}Fg . 

o; s'/fnfO{ gLlt lzIffdf ;dfj]z 

u/] kl5 t Ps k':tfkl5 t s;}sf] 

dgdf ;d]t cg}lts sdfO{ k|lt dg 

;Dd hfg ;Sb}g . Pp6f ;To o'u 

x'G5, Pp6f cfbz{ ;dfh x'G5 . 

!!= ;Gt'lnt ljsf; M 

;+;f/sf c? s'g} d'n'sdf gePsf] 

s]Gb| / ufpFj:tL aLrsf] Jofks 

tyf lje]bk"0f{ c;Gt'lnt ;dfhnfO{ 

;Gt'lnt ?kdf Ps}rf]6L k'¥ofO{ ;dli6 

ljsf; ug{ Jojl:yt a:tL afx]s csf]{ 

s'g} ljsNk 5}g . 

!@= l56f]÷Psgf;] M 

of] Jojl:yt j:tL of]hgf l56f] 

5l/tf] 5 . o;df sxLF bf]xf]l/g] / sxLF 

x'Fb} gx'g] x'g} ;Sb}g . o;df Psgf;] 

ljsf; x'G5 . 

!#= 3gf j:tLdf tLa| ult M 

/fhwfgL / cGo ;b/d'sfdsf 

j:tLx? 3gf ePs} sf/0fn] ToxfF 

;]jf ;'ljwf k'Ug ;Dej ePsf] xf] . 

ufpFdf s]xL x'g g;Sg'df Jojl:yt / 

3gf j:tLsf] cefj afx]s c? s]xL 

sf/0f xf]Og . ctM b]zsf] ;dli6ut / 

;dfg ljsf;sf nflu 3gf / Jojl:yt 

j:tLsf] clgjfo{ ljsf; ug{' cfhsf] 

vfFrf] ePsf] 5 . 3gf / Jojl:yt 

j:tL cfhsf] hg–dfu xf], hg efjgf 

klg xf] . Jojl:yt df]8]nsf] sfo{Gjog 

ug'{ eg]sf] hg efjgfsf] sb/ ug'{ 

xf] . hg efagfsf] sb/ ug'{ eg]sf] 

k|hftGqsf] sb/ ug'{ xf] . ctM of] 

k4lt ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf nflu 

lgla{sNk vfFrf] xf] . 

!$= jftfj/0fLo ;+t'ng M 

Jojl:yt a:tLaf6 ufpF ljsf; ug]{ 

of] sfo{qmd g} jftfj/0f ;Gt'lnt ug]{ 

Ps dfq pkfo xf] . bLuf] ljsf;sf] 

Ps dfq dfWod xf] . 

!%= tgfj 36fpg tyf zflGt 

sfod ug{ (Reduce Stress & 

Maintain Peace) : 

ljkGgtf / c1fgtf tgfa tyf 

4G4sf d"n sf/0f x'g\ . oL b'a}nfO{ 

Jojl:yt a:tL ljsf; df]8]nn] Ps} 

;fy cGTo ub{5 . tgfa 36]kl5 

/f]u nfUb}g, cfo' a9\b5 tyf 

;f]r ;sf/fTds x'G5 . ;sf/fTds 

;f]rn] cft+s cyjf c;fdflhs cyjf 

bfgjLo s[Tox?nfO{ la:tf/} x6fpFb5 

h:n] ;dfhdf zflGt sfod agfO 

/fVb5 . 

!^= ;j{lxtsf/L cfof]hgf M 

a:tL l5tl/Psf] sf/0fn] ;a}nfO{ 

x'g] u/L s'g} klg ljsf; cfof]hgfx? 

;~rfng ug{ ;lsFb}g . cfof]hgf 

;~rfng gx'Fb} ljjfb pTkGg x'G5 . 

9'Ëf vfgL xf];\ jf kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg 

cyjf pBf]u ;+rfng htftt} x'g] 

slrËn o; k4ltdf /xb}+gg\ . of]hgf 

:ofxf/ ;+ef/sf] cefjdf To;} cnkq 

x'Fb}g . /fli6«o ;DklQ g ufOsf y'gdf 

/xg] g afR5f]sf] k]6df kg]{ h:tf oL 

;a} ;d:of of] df]8]nn] Ps} ;fy xn 

ub{5, bLuf] ?kdf .

;DaGw 

g]kfndf ef/tLo cfk|jf;g 

sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog 

– km0fLGb| g]kfn 

s'g} klg b]zdf al;/x]sf] 

hg;d"xnfO{ gful/stfsf 

b[li6n] x]bf{ Tof] hg;d"xdf /x]sf 

JolQmx? of t gful/s x'G5g\ ls t 

u}/gful/s . Pp6f 3/df kl/jf/sf] 

Ps ;b:osf] hlt x}l;ot x'G5, 

aflx/af6 cfPsf] JolQmsf] To:t} 

x}l;ot x'g ;St}g . 3/kl/jf/sf] 

;b:on] 7]sLsf] bxL klg xft xfn]/ 

vfg ;S5 t/ aflx/af6 cfPsf] JolQm 

-kfx'gf_ n] vfhf vfg klg ;f]Wg'k5{, 

dfUg'k5{} jf slta]nf b]nfg\ elg 

kv{g'kb{5 . cyf{t\ tL b'O{ y/LaLrsf] 

clwsf/ / st{Jodfq xf]Og ltgn] 

lng'kg]{ bfloTj / kfpg] ;'ljwf klg 

km/s–km/s x'G5 . To:t} lsl;dn] 

Pp6f /fi6«leq gful/s / u}/gful/ssf] 

Pp6} ;dfg >]0fL x'g ;St}g . gful/s 

Tof] b]zsf] :yfoL afl;Gbf xf] t/ 

u}/gful/ssf] a;fO c:yfoL / cNk 

cfjlws egL ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 

x'G5 . g]kfnn] eg] u}/gful/s ef/tLo 

cfk|jf;Lx?nfO{ clgolGqt / clgoldt 

9+un] t/ lgaf{w ?kdf k|j]z lbFb} 

cfPsf] 5 . @)!% ;fndf 

ljb]zLx?;DaGwL P]g nfu" eP klg 

ljb]zL eGgfn] u}/ef/tLonfO{ dfq 

dfGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . olb pQm P]g 

ef/tLosf] xsdf nfu" x'Fb}g eg] g]kfndf 

l5/]sf ef/tLox? g]kfnL sxnfOg' 

s'g} c:jfefljs s'/f ePg . dw];df 

a:g] g]kfnL / ef/tLo cfk|jf;Lsf] 

kl/rodf k[ystfeGbf a9\tf ;dfgtf 

kfOg] x'Fbf pgLx? ljb]zL dflggaf6 

;'/lIft /xFb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;g\ !(*! 

df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] u/]sf] Ps 

;j]{If0fcg';f/ g]kfndf a;fOF ;g]{x?df 

($=$ k|ltzt ef/taf6 dfq cfPsf 

lyP . o;/L ef/tLox?sf] k|j]zb/ 

/ ;+Vof tLa|t/ x'g' / ltgn] g]kfndf 

;lhn} gful/stf kfpg'n] g]kfnsf] 

/fli6«o ;'/Iff / cl:tTjdf vt/f k'Ug] 

lglZrt 5 . t;y{ ljb]zLx?;DaGwL 

sfg'gdf ljb]zL eGgfn] ef/tLo klg 

k5{g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 ls6fg ug'{ 

cToGt h?/L ePsf] 5 . 

cfk|jf;L a9]s} sf/0f b]zsf] 

cfly{s ljsf; x'g g;s]sf] / ofjt\ 

ljsf;–k|of;x? ;kmntfsf] 6'ª\uf]df 

k'Ug g;s]sf x'g\ eGg] tYok|lt cfFvf 

lrDng' eg]sf] ;TonfO{ em"7sf] hfdf 

klx/fpg'dfq xf] . olt ljlw pT;flxt 

eP/ ljb]zLx? -vf; u/L ef/tLox?_ 

nfO{ hyfefjL gful/stf afF8L g]kfn 

lsg sfg'gL ?kdf cfTdxTof ug{ vf]Hb} 

5, of] w]/} sd g]kfnLnfO{ dfq yfxf 

5, t/ of] b'ef{Uok"0f{ sbd g/f]Sg' / 

b]zk|lt pQ/bfloTj / st{Josf] af]w 

s'g} hgk|ltlglwnfO{ gx'g' ef]lnsf] 

g]kfnsf] qf;bL xf] . t;y{ g]kfn 

;/sf/n] t/fO{df h;/L o'4:t/df 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq afF8\g] …kf}/vÚ 

u/]sf] 5, Tof] g]kfndf g]kfnLnfO{ g} 

cNkdtdf kf/]/ ljb]zLnfO{ g]kfnLsf] 

zf;g ;'lDkg] b'/le;lGwdfq xf] . 

To;sf/0f of] sflnbf;Lo d"v{tfaf6 

g]kfn / g]kfnLnfO{ arfpg] xf] eg] 

t/fO{df afFl8Psf gful/stfsf] a}wtfsf] 

k/LIf0f x'g'k5{ . o;sf lglDt c? 

sfd–s'/f yftL /fv]/ ;/sf/n] 

tTsfn …ljb]zLx?;DaGwL sfg'gÚ–@)!% 

;+zf]wg u/L To;sf] sfof{Gjog 

ug'{k5{ . To;kl5 ;f]xL sfg'gsf 

cfwf/df gful/s / u}/gful/s 5'§\ 

ofO{ t/fO{sf jf:tljs gful/snfO{ 

lgj]bgsf cfwf/df gful/stfsf] 

k|df0f–kq pknAw u/fpg'k5{ . 

rLg / ef/tsf aLrsf] g]kfnh:tf] 

;fgf] d'n's ljb]zL / cfk|jf;Lx?k|lt 

olt nlrnf] gLlt lnP/ a:g' cfkm\g} 

v'§fdf aGr/f] k|xf/ ug'{ xf] t/ b'Mvsf] 

s'/f Tof] aGr/f] lxhf]b]lv cfh;Dd 

xfdLdfly g} lg/Gt/ k|xf/ e}/xFbf klg 

xfdL k|ltlqofz"Go ?kdf al;/x]sf 

5f}+ . olb cem} klg b[9tfk"j{s cfk|jf;L 

sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog u/]/ ltgLx?dfly 

s8f lgoGq0f gug]{ xf] eg] Tof] aGr/f] 

g]kfnLsf] v'§fdf dfq xf]Og lz/dfly 

g} alh|g] lglZrt 5 . t/ 3/ glkmls{g] 

kfx'gfx? kfNbf kfnwgLnfO{ pFm6n] 

kfnaf6 aflx/ lgsfn]s} kl/l:ylt s'g} 

klg a]nf lgdf{0f x'g;S5 eGg] x]Ssf 

xfdLn] g/fVg' lj8Dagfk"0f{ 5 . 

hg;+Vofsf] a[l4b/ 

g]kfnsf] lj=;+= !(^* df u/]sf] 

k|yd hgu0fgfdf oxfFsf] hg;+Vof 

%%,&#,&** lyof] . of] hg;+Vof !(&* 

df @ nfv 36\of] eg] rf}yf] hgu0fgfdf 

o'lg6L EjfO; 13

of] ;+Vof ! nfv krxQ/ xhf/ 36\ 

of] . lj=;+= @)!* df 5}7f}+ hgu0fgf 

x'Fbf of] b]zsf] hg;+Vof *% nfv !% 

xhf/ dfq lyof] . of] hg;+Vof @)!* 

af6 @)@* df ! s/f]8 !% nfv k'Uof] 

eg] @)%* df a9]/ @ s/f]8 %! nfv 

k'Uof] . 

hg;+Vof a[l4sf] of] tYofs+ 

x]bf{ o;/L a9]sf] hg;+Vofdf ef/tLo 

cfk|jf;Lsf] 3';k}7sf] of]ubfg slt 5, 

cg'dfg ug{ s'g} cK7\of/f] kb}{g . o;/L 

x]bf{ /fHokIfsf] cb"/blz{tf, a]OdfgL / 

v'nf l;dfgf tyf ef/tsf] ;'lgof]lht 

/0fgLltsf sf/0f g]kfnsf] s'n 

hg;+Vofdf sl/a &% nfv hlt 

ef/tLox? ylkg k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5 . 

cfk|jf;gsf] k|jfx 

g]kfnsf] klxnf] hgu0fgf ;g\ 

!(!! -lj=;+= !(^*_ df ul/P tfklg 

;g\ !(@) -lj=;+= !(&*_ sf] hgu0fgfdf 

dfq ef}uf]lns k|b]zcg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] 

ljt/0fsf] :ki6 tl:a/ kfOG5 . 

cfheGbf *^ jif{cl3 %%,&#,&** s"n 

hg;+Vof ePsf] g]kfndf cfh # 

s/f]8sf] xf/fxf/Ldf Tof] ;+Vof k'Ug' 

:jfefljs xf] egL ljZjf; ug{ ufx|f] 

k5{ . t/fO{sf] ck]Iffs[t clws hGdb/ 

/ ToxL If]qdf tLj| ?kdf ePsf] 

ef/tLo cfk|jf;gsf sf/0f o;/L x\ 

jfQ} hg;+Vof a9]sf] geGg' tYofs+nfO{ 

ldYofs+g ug'{ xf] . 

Ps ;|f]tcg';f/ ;g\ !(^&–^* df 

g]kfnsf kfFr lhNnfsf (( ufpFsf] 

5gf]6 k|0ffnLdf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf 

t/fO{df emG8} ^) k|ltzt a;fOF;?jf 

-cfk|jf;L_ ef/tLo d"nsf lyP . 

g]kfn / ef/taLr a;fOF–;f/fOsf] of] 

k|lqmofn] eljiodf /fhgLlts ;d:ofsf] 

?k lng ;Sg] tYok|lt a]n}df ;r]t 

geP/ g]kfn cfkmFn} aLhf/f]k0f u/]sf] 

of] ;+s6n] t/fO{df cfkm\gf] jf:tljs … 

rl/qÚ b]vfpg yfln;s]sf] 5 . 


g]kfnsf] df}lns cl:tTj g} ;dfKt 

x'g] u/L nuftf/ eO/x]sf] ef/tLo 

cfk|jf;gsf] k|jfxnfO{ ;w}F clgolGqt 

/fVg' g]kfnsf] ;j{gfzsf] :ki6 ;+s]t 

xf] . t/ o;k|lt clnslt klg uDeL/ 

/ s7f]/ gx'g] cfTd3ftL pbf/tfn] 

Oltxf;df slxNo} k/fwLg g/x]sf] 

g]kfnnfO{ lr/sfnko{Gt :jfwLg /fVg 

;tt / s7f]/ ;hutf ck]lIftdfq 

xf]Og ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . 

clwsf/ / ;'ljwfsf b[li6n] 

;+;f/sf s'g} klg /fi6«n] cfkm\gf 

gful/s / u}/–gful/s -cfk|jf;L_nfO{ 

;dfg x}l;otdf /fv]sf 5}gg\ t/ 

g]kfndfq o:tf] b]z ePsf] 5, h;n] 

cfk|jf;LnfO{ clgolGqt /xg lbP/ 

cfkm\gf] /fli6«o cl:dtf n'6fpg k|ToIf– 

ck|ToIf e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] 

;/sf/ ljb]zLsf] nfrf/ 5fofFdfq x'g 

lsg ljjz 5 , o;sf] pQ/ ;a} 

g]kfnLn] a]nf 5Fb} gvf]Hg] xf] eg] 

;fFemdf g]kfnLsf ?kdf ;'t]sf xfdLx? 

ef]lnkN6 gful/stfRo't eO{ Oltxf;sf] 

lwSsf/ vfgsf nflu dfq Ao"Fem]sf x'g 

;S5f}F . 

/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] d'2f 

g]kfnL pTklQ / /fli6«otf 

ePsfx?sf] hg;+Vof a9\bf /fli6«o 

;'/Iffsf b[li6n] lglZrGt /xg ;lsP 

klg ljb]zLx?sf] cfk|jf;gsf sf/0f 

hg;+Vof a9\g'rflxF /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf 

b[li6n] lrGtf / cfklQsf] s'/f] 

xf] . g]kfnaf6 ef/tdf a;fOF ;g]{x?sf] 

/fhgLlts dxTjfsfª\Iff cToGt} sd 

ePsf] / ltgdf g"gsf] ;f]emf] ug]{ k|j[lQ 

ljBdfg /x]sf] x'Fbf tL a;fOF;?jf 

g]kfnLx? ef/tsf] ;'/Iffsf lglDt 

vt/f xf]Ogg\ t/ g]kfndf cfPsf 

ef/tLo cfk|jf;LdWo] slt t g]kfnsf] 

;+;b\df k'uL dGqL;d]t ePsf 5g\ eg] 

c? sltko cfk|jf;Lx? g]kfnnfO{ 

tx;g;x ug]{ ef/tLo u'Ktr/ ;]jfsf 

5b\de]ifL sd{rf/L klg x'g ;S5g\ . 

hf8f]df sdnsf] cfuf] tfKbf em\ 

ofn9f]sf y'g]h:t} /fli6«otf phfu/ 

ug{ /fi6«sf] kl/lw lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 

eGg] 8f= xs{ u'?ªsf] egfOdf 

;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg / :jfwLg JolQmTj 

af]s]sf] /fi6« x'g /fli6«o kl/lw rflxG5 

eGg] cy{ Wjlgt x'G5 . /fli6«o kl/lwsf] 

lgdf{0f eg]sf] /fhgLlts ;Ldfsf] 

/]vfs+g xf] . o;df cGt/f{li6«o l;dfgf 

:ki6 ?kdf kl/nlIot x'g'k5{ . 

l;dfgfsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] cGt/ 

f{li6«o JolQmTj 3'D6f] cf]9]sL :jf:gL 

dfG5]sf] cg'xf/h:t} c:ki6 5 . g]kfn 

/ ef/taLrsf] cGt/f{li6«o l;dfgfnfO{ 

s]n] 5'§ofpF5 egL uf}/ ubf{ To:tf] 

s'g} ljefhs kl/rfos a:t' km]nf 

kb}{g, h;n] g]kfn / ef/tsf] cGt/ 

f{li6«o l;dfgf k|:6\ofcf];\ . g]kfn / 

ef/taLr ;Fw / l;dfgfsf] Jojl:yttf 

ef/tsf Ps–csf{ k|fGtaLrsf] 

hlt klg 5}g eGbf s'g} cTo'lSt 

x'Fb}g . To;n] ef/taf6 g]kfn k|j]z 

ul//x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmn] l;dfgfsf] 

k|j]z4f/df g]kfnsf] /fli6«o JolQmTj 

vf]Hof] eg] TO;n] lg/fzl;afo c? 

s]xL kfpFb}g . k"j{df kz'kltgu/– 

sfFs8fleQfb]lv klZrtdf ;'gf}nL x'Fb} 

dx]Gb|gu/;Ddsf ;Ldfgfsfx?af6 

g]kfn l5g]{ Tof] ofq'nfO{ ca d 

g]kfndf 5' eGg] dgf]lj1fgl;afo c? 

To:tf] s'g} j:t'ut k[ys\kg b[li6uf]r/ 

x'Fb}g . lsg < 

lsgeg] hxfF xfdL /fi6«sf] 

df}lnstf vf]Hb} x'FG5f}F, ToxLF /fli6«o 

kl/lw elTsPsf] kfpF5f}F . /fli6«otfsf] 

cg'e"lt To;sf j:t'ut ;Tox?n] 

u/fpF5g\, To;}n] Pp6f kl/lwdf cfa4 

lglZrt e"–efu /fli6«otfsf] cfwf/e"t 

;t{ xf] . hgtf g} /fi6« xf] eg] klg 

tL hgtfsf] jf; / hLjgsf ofjt\ 

ultljlw df6f]df g} rnodfg x'g] x'g\ .

To;}n] tL hgtfn] klg ha /fli6«o 

cl:tTj vf]H5g\, ltgLx?;Fu cfkm\ 

gf] df6f] ePs} x'g'k5{ . hldg Pp6f 

/fi6« x'g'sf] klxnf] lg0ff{os tTj xf], 

gq lsg /fi6«x?sf aLrdf /utsf] 

;fFw nfUYof] < g]kfn eGg] /fi6«sf] 

l;dfgf klg uf]vf{ hfltsf] t/af/sf] 

wf/df nfu]sf] /utn] sf]/]sf] /]vf 

xf] . To;}n] g]kfnsf] Ps OGr hldg 

u'dfpg' eg]sf] of] /fi6«sf lgdf{tfx?sf] 

/utsf] ckdfg xf] . /fli6«otf To;}n] 

:jfledfgsf] /Ifsf] d'2f xf] . 

/fli6«otf Ps /fhgLlts efjgf 

xf], h;df ;fj{ef}ldstf To;sf] 

kl/rfos tTjsf ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . 

;fj{ef}d;Qf /fli6«otfsf] Tof] hLjGt 

pmhf{ xf], h;n] Pp6f /fi6«nfO{ 

…/fi6«Úsf ?kdf hLjGt /fVg k|f0fjfo' 

k|bfg u5{ . 

clxn] g]kfn /fli6«otfsf] ;+s6df 

5 . of] ;+s6sf] d"n sf/0f g]kfndf 

ljut ^ bzsb]lv tLj| ?kdf x'Fb} 

cfPsf] ef/tLo cfk|jf;g xf] . g]kfnn] 

cfkm\gf] If]qLo kl/lw Jojl:yt ug{ 

g;s]sfn] of] ;+s6 pTkGg ePsf] xf] . 

cgful/sx?nfO{ cfjZos k|>o lbP/ 

kfn]sf] kl/0ffd xf] of] . 

ha kfx'gfx? cfkm\gf] 3/ gkmls{g] 

u/L cfpF5g\, lglZrt 5, h'g 3/df 

tL a:5g\, Tof] 3/sf] b'b{zf x]g{ w]/} 

lbg s'g'{kb}{g . kfx'gf hlt;'s} Kof/f] 

xf]cf];\, pm Tof] 3/sf] ;b:o xf]Og 

/ h'g JolQm Tof] 3/sf] ;b:o xf]Og 

pm Tof] 3/sf] lxt}ifL / z'efsfª\IfL 

cjZo xf]Og . t/ of] r]t cemF} xfdLdf 

knfPsf] 5}g . 

…x] O{Zj/ Û dnfO{ d]/f ldqx?af6 

arfpmÚ eg] em}F g]kfnn] klg cfkm\g} 

ldqaf6 aRg] pkfox?sf] vf]hL 

ug'{k5{ . ;fd|fHojfbL / lj:tf/jfbLx? 

dT:oGofodf ljZjf; ug]{ x'Fbf cfk|jf;L 

;d:ofaf6 g]kfnn] csNkgLo ;d:of 

ef]Ug'kg]{ lbg l5§} cfpFg]5 . g]kfnn] 

o;sf] x]Ssf /fVg'k5{ . 

o;/L g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fsf] 

cleofgdf ljljw ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf 

/ e"ldsf /x]sf] a'lemG5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f 

zfx :jo+n] klg cfkm\gf] lbJof]kb]zdf 

cfkm"n] k"j{ / klZrdsf b'lgofFnfO{ xft 

lnP/ g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f u/]sf] s'/f 

af]n]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L k[YjLgf/fo0f 

zfxn] hgtfsf] ;xof]uaf6 a8f] b'Mvn] 

PsLs/0f u/]sf] g]kfn /fi6«nfO{ rf/ 

j0f{ 5lQ; hftsf] km"naf/Lsf] ;+1f 

lbP/ o; ;femf km"naf/Lsf] ;+/If0f / 

;+j4{g ug]{ bfloTj g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ 

;'Dk]sf 5g\ . 

jf:tjdf g]kfnL hgtfn] 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ lgldQ agfP/ 

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f / cfw'lgs g]kfn 

/fi6«sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ . k[YjLgf/fo0f 

zfxn] cfkm\gf k"j{jtL{ /fhfx¿sf 

uNtLnfO{ bf]xf]of{Pgg\ . hLjgsf] 

clGtdsfndf pgsf efOx¿ pgL;Fu 

lrl9P/ uf]/vfaf6 aflxl/P t/ 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] To;sf] s]xL 

klg jf:tf gu/L g]kfnsf] s'g} e"efu 

s;}nfO{ klg c+za08f / bfg bftJodf 

glbO{ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o cv08tfnfO{ 

sfod /fv]sf lyP . 

o'4df hok/fho x'G5 . lhtf/ 

/ x¿jf x'G5g\ . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] 

lqmofsnfk o'4 geP/ g]kfn /fi6«sf] 

PsLs/0fsf] cleofg xf] . To;sf/0f 

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fsf] cleofgdf lhtf/ 

/ x¿jf eGg] e]b x'Fb}g . ;a} g]kfnLx¿ 

Ps x'g\, lsgeg] g]kfn /fi6«sf] 

lgdf{0fdf ;a} g]kfnLx¿sf] ;dfg 

;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6« xfd|f 

k'vf{x¿sf] w/f]x/ xf] . ctM g]kfnsf] 

PsLs/0fsf] k[i7e"ld / k[YjLgf/fo0f 

zfxsf] cfbz{ Pjd\ dof{bfnfO{ ÅboËd 

u/]/ g]kfn /fi6«sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f Pj+ 

g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] ljsf;sf nflu 

cu|;/ x'g' ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx¿sf] k/d 

st{Jo xf] . 

– 8f= hudfg u'?ª 

o'lg6L EjfO; 15

;dfrf/ 


e'O{+rfnf]df k/L d[To' x'g]x?nfO{ >4fGhnL 

@)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@, !# / 

@( ut] uPsf] dxfljgfzsf/L 

e'sDkdf kl/ d[To' x'g]x?sf nflu 

aflif{s >4f~hnL :d[lt JoQm ul/Psf] 

5 . l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf af8]ufpFm 

uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % Pj+ /fli6«o k|hftGq 

kfl6 lhNnf cWoIf afa'/fd v8\sfsf] 

kxndf >4f~hnL ck{0f ul/Psf] xf] . 

dxfe'sDkdf kl/ l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf 

dfq} #%&) hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] 

eg] b]ze/ e'sDkdf kl/ *((* hgfsf] 

d[To' ePsf] ;/sf/L tYof+s 5 . ;Dk"0f{ 

g]kfnL bfh'efO tyf s]xL ljb]zLx?sf] 

;d]t >4f~hnL lbg @)&# ;fn 

a}zfv !@ ut] ;fFem l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] 

;b/d'sfd rf}tf/f 6'l8v]n kl/;/df 

lhNnfsf k|d'v ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?, 

/fhg}lts bnsf lhNnf g]tfx?sf] 

;d]t pkl:ylt ;d]t /x]sf] lyof] . 

pQm >4f~hnL :d[lt ;efdf rflxg] 

cfjZos ;fdfu|L th'{df cWoIf v8\ 

sfn] u/]sf lyP . 

To;}u/L sf7df8f}+sf] rfjlxn & 

l:yt ;fttNnf rf]sdf /x]sf] dlGb/df 

;d]t a}zfv #! ut] kl08t /fds[i0f 

cfrfo{sf] g]t[Tjdf a|fDx0fx?n] 

k'hfkf7 ul/ >4f~hnL :d[lt ul/Psf] 

lyof] . xf]d, ?lb|, :jlyzflGt ul/ 

d[ts cfTdfx?sf] lr/zflGtsf] sfdgf 

;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . >4f~hnL 

;s]kl5 :d[lt ;ef sfo{qmd a]n'sf 

d[ts cfTdfx?sf] lr/zflGtsf] sfdgf 

ub}{ lbk k|Hjng ul/Psf] lyof] . 

a}zfv !@ ut]s} dxfe'sDkdf kl/ pQm 

;fttNnf 3/df @& hgfn] Hofg 

u'dfPsf lyP . 

l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf cWoIf 

afa'/fd v8\sfn] e'sDk k|efljt 

If]q l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] ljleGg uf=lj=;=df 

JolQmut / cfkm\gf] kxndf vfBfGg, 

lqkfn, dlG8 nufot ;fdfu|L ljt/0f 

u/]/ lkl8t JolQmx?nfO{ /fxt pknAw 

u/fPsf lyP . cfkm\gf] lhNnfdf dfq 

geP/ v8\sfn] lzj/fqLdf cfPsf 

afaf;Gtx?nfO{ sDdn, lj:s'6 Pj+ 

gub ljt/0f u/]sf lyP . ljut nfdf] 

;dob]lv l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] /fhgLlts 

Pj+ ;fdflhs If]qdf cfxf]/q vl6/x]sf 

v8\sfsf] of] sfo{nfO{ l;Gw'kfNrf]s 

b]lv sf7df8f}+;Ddsf ljleGg /fhg}lts 

bn tyf ;j{;fw/0fx?n] k|z+;f u/]sf 

5g\ .

fhgLlt 

lasfp g]tfM 

cefuL g]kfn n]08'k]x?n] el/Psf] g]kfn 

– k|jL0f clwsf/L 

g]kfnsf] laut ^% aif{sf] 

Oltxf; k|hftGq, nf]stGq, 

u0ftGqsf] gfddf o; d'n'sf] >f]t / 

;Dkbfx? a]lrPsf] sfnv08 xf] Û of] 

;+3if{sf] sfnv08 xf]Og hfnem]n, ;Qf 

/ zlQmsf] nflu k|hftGq / nf]stGqsf] 

;kgf b]vfP/ n]+b'k] pTkfbg ug]{, 

ePsfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, g]kfnsf] cl:dtf 

n'6fpg] sf]O/fnf a+zsf] /fhgLlts 

pbo u/fOPsf] sfnv08 xf] . 

/fhfnfO{ ufnL ub}{ k|hftGqsf] b'xfO{ 

lbg], /fhgLlts 6§' / u'08f kfNg], 

pkmfg]{, y]rfg]{ / /fi6« eQmx?sf] lagfz 

ug]{ sfd o} sfnv08df ul/of] Û 

b]zb|f]xL, u2f/ ;a} sf+u|];Lx? o;} 

sfnv08sf pTkfbg x'g\ Û ;Qf l6sfpg 

b]z a]Rg] g]tf o} sfnv08df hlGdP Û 

g]kfnL sf+u|]; hGd sfnb]lvg} n]08'k] 

k|j[lQn] b'u{lGwt lyof], 5 / g]kfn 

/x] /xg]5 Û o; sfndf sf+u|];n] 

qmflGtsf] gfpdf ef/tLo z}lgs dfq 

l5/fPg -d'lQm ;]gf_ g]kfnsf] k//fi6« 

/ ;'/Iff, cfGtl/s ;'/Iff, gbLgfnf / 

;fa{ef}d;Qf cf}krfl/s ?kd} ef/tnfO{ 

;'DKof] Û ef/tLo ;]gf, ef/tLo 

k|zf;lgs sd{rf/L dfq leTof{Pg 

g]kfnsf] ;+;bdf ef/tLo k|ltlglwsf] 

8]/} /fvLlbof] Û g]kfn rfOgf l;dfgfdf 

!$ j6f r]skf]i6 dfq /fv]g @)!% 

;fnd} g]x?nfO{ l/emfpg ef/tLo 

;+;bdf g]kfnsf] nflu b'Ol;6 dfuL 

lbof] Û )$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng ug{ 

!% s/f]8 lnPsf] sf+u|];n] %) nfv 

ef/tLonfO{ gful/stf lbnfpg] 3f]if0ff 

/ sfof{Gjg u/]/ u'g ltof]{ Û hftLo 

/fHosf] td;'s dfq u/]g 5'§} dw]z 

k|b]z lbg] saf]n klg uof]{ Û dxGy 

7fs'/ b]lv /fh]Gb| dxtf] x'Fb} a[h]z 

u'Ktf / clvn]z ;Dd o;} sfnv08df 

g]kfnL gful/s agfOP Û 

sf+u|];n] u/]sf] b]z b|f]xL ;GwL / 

;Demf}tfM 

!= sf]zL ;Demf}tf, -dft[sf k|;fb 

sf]O{/fnf_ 

@= u08s ;Demf}tf, -lj lk 

sf]O{/fnf_ 

#= sfnfkfgLdf ef/tLo ;}lgs /fVg] 

;Demf}tf, -lj lk sf]O{/fnf_ 

$= zflGt, ;]gf / xftxltof/ ;DaGwL 

;Demf}tf, -lj lk sf]O{/fnf _ 

%= 6gsk'/, dxfsfnL ;lGw -lul/hf 

k|;fb sf]O{/fnf ± dfwj s'df/ 

g]kfn ± z]/ axfb'/ b]pjf_ 

^= dflyNnf] s0ff{nL -lul/hf k|;fb 

sf]O{/fnf ± ;'zLn sf]O{/fnf _ 

&= klZrd ;]tL -lul/hf k|;fb 

sf]O{/fnf_ 

*= c?0f–# -lul/hf k|, sf]O{/fnf ± 

;'zLn sf]O{/fnf_ 

o'lg6L EjfO; 17

ljb]z 

ljb]zdf 6«sd} g]kfn af]s]/ lx8\5g\ 

PgaL 

O{Zj/L clwsf/L -Ozf_ 

bfªdf hlGdPsf PgaL 6G8g ljut 

!! jif{ b]lv Sofg8fdf /xFb} cfPsf 

5g\ . pgn] 8«fOe/sf] k]zf cFufNb} 

cfPsf 5g\ . pgL cGo d'n'sdf /x]/ 

8«fOe/sf] k]zf cFufn]tf klg cfkm\gf] 

b]z g]kfn / g]kfnsf] /fli6«otfnfO{ 

lgs} dfof ub{5g\ . 8«fOe/sf] k]zfaf6} 

pgL ljut # aif{ b]lv cfkm\gf] b]zsf] 

/fli6«otf emNsfpg] sfd klg ;Fu;Fu} 

ul//x]sf 5g\ . cd]l/sf / Sofgf8f 

3'Dg] @( nfv 6«s 5g\ . tLdWo] 

Pp6f 6«s pgn] rnfpF5g\ / pgsf] 

6«s c? eGbf 5'§} b]lvG5, pgsf] 

6«sdf leq ;fdfg x'G5 eg] jflx/ 

l;+uf] g]kfn af]s]/ lx8\5g\ . pgsf] 

6«sdf ;u/dfyf, :joDe", n'lDagL, a'4, 

kz'kltgfy / g]kfnsf] em08f ;'Gb/ 

9+un] s'FlbPsf] 5, h'g b[Zon] x/]s 

JolQmnfO{ nf]Eofpg] ub{5 . cd]l/sL / 

Sofgl8ogx?n] pgnfO{ ;f]Wg] ub{5g\ 

…s] xf] of]

j}b]lzs 

j}b]lzs 

/f]huf/, /]ld6\of; / 

;fdflhs Joj:yf 

– /fgLzdf{ ltjf/L 

s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ b}lgs 

cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu 

/f]huf/Lsf] cfjZoQmf kb{5 . /f]huf/L 

klg ;s];Dd cfkm\g} ufpF3/ jf zx/df 

rfxG5 . geP cfkm\g} b]zsf] s'g} 7fpFdf, 

hxfF of t kl/jf/;Fu a:g kfcf];\ jf 

a]nf df}sfdf ;lhn} 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ 

e]6\g kfcf];\, cfk\mg} ;dfhdf a;]/ 

sfd ug{ kfcf];\ . t/ g]kfndf 

/f]huf/Lsf] kof{Kt cj;/ l;h{gf x'g 

g;Sbf nfvf}+ o'jfx¿ /f]huf/Lsf nflu 

ljb]lzg' k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . 

cgf}krfl/s tYofª\sx¿n] 

/f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]lzg] g]kfnL 

o'jfsf] ;+Vof krf; nfv eGbf dfyL 

/x]sf] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ . o;dWo] 

Go"g ;+Vofdf dfq bIf sfdbf/sf 

¿kdf uPsf 5g\ . cem k|f]km]zgn jf 

ljz]if1 :t/df ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnLsf] 

;+Vof lgs} sd 5 . bIf sfdbf/ jf 

OlGhlgo/, 8fS6/, h:tf k|f]km]zgn 

;]jfdf sfd ug{ ljb]lzPsfx¿n] 

kl/jf/nfO{ ->LdtL 5f]/f 5f]/L_ ;d]t 

lnP/ hfg] / ;Fu} /fVg] cj:yf 5 . 

t/ cbIf sfdbf/sf ¿kdf ef/t, vf8L 

d'n's nufotsf 7fpFdf hfg]x¿n] 

cfkm";Fu kl/jf/ n}hfg] Joj:yf / 

cj:yf b'j} 5}g . 

/fHosf] Wofg :jb]zdf /f]huf/L 

j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 

cfPsf] k};faf6 ;'vL 

h:tf] b]lvg] 3/ 

kl/jf/sf] cfkm\g} kL8f 

klg 5 . k};fn] ef}lts 

;'v ;'ljwf t NofPsf] 

5, t/ cfkmGtnfO{ 6f9f 

agfPsf] 5 . 

l;h{gf ug'{eGbf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ 

k|j4{gdf nfu]sf] 5 . dfgf}+ /fHosf] 

p2]Zo g} ef8fsf sfdbf/ pTkfbg 

ug]{ b]zsf] ¿kdf g]kfnnfO{ kl/lrt 

u/fpg' xf] . ;fdfGo ¿kdf x]bf{ j}b]lzs 

/f]huf/Ln] ;dfh ;d[4 x'Fb} uPsf] 

k|ltt x'G5, t/ o:tf] ;d[l4n] cfkm";Fu} 

NofPsf] gsf/fTds kIf klg ljrf/ 

ug'{kg]{ cfjZoQmf 5 . 

b]zdf /f]huf/sf] cj:yf g/x]sf] 

sf/0f ljb]lzPsf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿n] 

ljb]zaf6 sdfP/ k7fPsf]÷NofPsf] 

/]ld6]G;n] s]xL xb;Dd cfd hLjgdf 

pHofnf] NofPsf] k|ltt x'G5 . df6f] 

jf v/sf 3/x¿ kSsL 3/df kl/0ft 

x'Fb} uPsf 5g\, 3/df Pn=O=8L= 6L=eL=, 

3/sf ;b:osf] xftdf df]afO{n kmf]g, 

OTofbLsf] pknAwtf a9]sf] 5 . vfgkfg 

nQfsk8fsf] :t/df ;d]t ;'wf/ 

cfPsf] 5 . clwsf+z ljb]lzPsfx¿n] 

s]xL hUuf hldg, 38]/L klg hf]8]sf 

5g\ . 

;du|df /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]lzPsf 

g]kfnLsf] kl/jf/sf] hLjg:t/df kSs} 

;'wf/ cfPsf] k|ltt hf] sf]xLn] u/]sf 

5g\ . ljb]zLPsfx¿sf] cfly{s cj:yfdf 

cfPsf] ;'wf/af6 k|efljt o'jfx¿ 

g]kfndf ePsf] cj;/nfO{ klg a]jf:tf 

ub}{ ljb]z hfg sl:;Psf] cj:yf 

klg /x]sf] 5 . s]xL ljb]lzPsf o'jfn] 

:jb]zdf kms]{/ ljb]zdf sdfPsf] k};f 

nufgL u/]/ cfk\mg} /fd|f] Joj;fox¿ 

klg ;+rfng u/]sf 5g\ . t/ o:tf 

o'jfsf] ;+Vof gu0o 5 . 

clwsf+z o'jfn] ljb]zdf sdfPsf] 

k};f 38]/L÷hUuf vl/b, kSsL 3/ 

o'lg6L EjfO; 19

agfpg / ljb]z hfFbf ;fx'af6 lnPsf] 

C0f ltg{ vlr{G5g, clg afFsL k};f 

df]6/;fOsn, df]afO{n / 6L=eL=df 

vlr{G5g\ . km]l/ ljb]z hfg' cufl8 

;fx';Fu rsf]{ Aofhdf C0f lng' 

ljb]zaf6 g]kfn kms]{sfx¿sf] lgolt g} 

ag]sf] 5 . 

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] /fHosf] 

a]/f]huf/Lsf] lrGtfnfO{ sd dfq 

u/]sf] 5}g clwsf+z lgDg ju{ / lgDg 

dWodju{sf g]kfnLsf] lhjg :t/ / 

cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofOlbPsf] 

5 . 

j}b]lzs /f]huf/n] kl/jf/, ;dfh 

/ b]zdf pHofnf] dfq NofPsf] 5}g . 

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf sltko gsf/fTds 

kIf klg 5g\ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf 

cFWof/f] kIfx¿ klg 5g\ . /]ld6]G;n] 

NofPsf] v'zLsf k5fl8 ljb]zdf sfd 

ug]{ g]kfnLsf] 7"nf] b'Mv / kL8f n's]sf] 

5 . cfk\mgf] 3/ kl/jf/, ;dfh / 

b]zaf6 6f9f /x]/ sfd ug'{ cfk}mdf 

sd kL8fbfoL 5}g . 

To;df klg clwsf+z g]kfnLn] 

vfl8 d'n'sdf lgs} k|lts'n cj:yf 

-PS;l6«d slG8zg_ df sfd ug'{ 

kl//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . hf]lvd df]n]/ 

sdfPsf] k};fn] 3/ kl/jf/ rnfpg]b]lv 

;DklQ cfh{g ;d]t ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . 

jiff}+{;Dd 3/ kl/jf/;Fu e]63f6 gx'Fbf 

x'g] kL8f / PSnf]kgsf] cg'e"lt cfk\mgf] 

7fpFdf 5Fb}5 . 

nfdf] ;do 3/ kl/jf/af6 6f9f 

/xFbf cfk;L nufj sd x'g] / kfl/jfl/s 

3lgi6tf -a08_ ;d]t sdhf]/ x'Fb} 

hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf eO/x]sf] 5 . 

o;af6 ;DaGw ljR5]bsf 36gf / cem 

ljb]zaf6 kmls{Fbf >LdtL g} c¿l;t 

3/hd ul/;s]sf] cj:yfx¿ klg 

k|sfzdf cfO/x]sf 5g\ . Tolt dfq 

xf]O{g 5f]/f 5f]/L;Fu klg efjgfTds 

eGbf klg k};f lbg] JolQmsf] ¿kdf 


k|fljlws ;DaGw ljsf; eO{/x]sf] 5 . 

cem ljjfx u/]/ >LdtL leq\ofPsf] 

s]xL xKtf jf dlxgfd} /f]huf/Lsf nflu 

ljb]z hfg] k|rng / afWotfn] >Ldfg 

>LdtLsf] lardf efjgfTds ;DaGw jf 

nufj g} /fd|f];Fu aGg kfpFb}g . csf]{ 

tkm{ ljjfx ePsf] s]xL ;dod} jiff{}+sf 

nflu lj5f]l8g' k/]kl5 To;n] csf]{ 

gsf/fTds k|efj lgDTofpF5 . 

o'jf tyf ckl/kSs pd]/ / >Ldfg 

>LdtL lar efjgfTds ;DaGw ljsf; 

x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f ljsNksf] vf]hL 

ug]{ cj:yfx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . o;n] 

;fdflhs ljs[ltx¿ ;d]t lglDt/x]sf 

5g\ . h;sf sf/0f ljb]zdf sdfpg 

uPsf] JolQm :jb]z kmls{Fbf p;Fu 

gsdfPsf] ;DklQ g t kl/jf/ x'g] 

sltko 36gf aflx/ cfPsf 5g\ . 

j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 cfPsf] k};faf6 

;'vL h:tf] b]lvg] 3/ kl/jf/sf] cfkm\g} 

kL8f klg 5 . k};fn] ef}lts ;'v 

;'ljwf t NofPsf] 5, t/ cfkmGtnfO{ 

6f9f agfPsf] 5 . s]6fs]6Ln] afj'af6 

kfpg] k|ToIf dfof / ddtfsf] cg'e"lt 

ug{ gkfPsf] cj:yf 5 . o;af6 afn 

dgdf afj';Fu x'g'kg]{ nufj jf k|]dsf] 

efjgf sdhf]/ x'G5 . c¿sf] afj'n] 

u/]sf] dfof b]Vbf ljb]lzPsfsf] afn 

aRrfsf] dgdf :jfefljs ¿kdf kL8f 

x'G5 g}, p;n] cfkm"nfO{ sdhf]/ dxz'; 

u5{ . To:t} afj' cfdfn] a'9];sfndf 

5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ;fldKotf vf]Hg] / ;]jf 

rflxg] a]nf 5f]/fx¿ ;fydf g/xFbf j[4 

j[4fsf] dgdf x'g] kL8f klg cfk\mgf] 

7fpFdf 5 . csf]{ tkm{ ljb]lzPsfn] 

klg af cfdfsf] :ofxf/ ug{ gkfpFbf 

dg b'V5 g} . 

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu 

uPsfx¿sf] 3/df /x]sL kTgLsf] 

cj:yf cem b'MvbfoL 5 . >Ldfg;Fu 

jiff}{+ 6f9f a:g' kg]{ afWotf t 5Fb}5, 

p;}dfyL s]xL kbf{ sf];Fu ;xof]u dfUg] 

eGg] ;d]t ;d:of 5 . csf]{ tkm{ PSnL 

dlxnfnfO{ xfd|f] ;dfhdf lu4] b[li6 

nufpg]x¿sf] klg sdL 5}g . PSnL 

dlxnfn] 3/ aflx/ dfq xf]Og 3/ leq 

klg ljleGg lsl;dsf oftgf / tgfj 

;xg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . 

of}g pTkL8gsf] k|oTg ug{]n] lj/f]w 

ubf{ ljb]zdf /x]sf] >LdfgnfO{ aft 

nufO{lbg] wDsL lbg] u/]sf ljleGg 

36gf ;d]t k|sfzdf cfPsf 5g\ . 

sltko cj:yfdf o:tf wDsL lbg] 

/ of}g pTkL8g ug]{df kl/jf/s} k'¿if 

kfqx¿ /xg] u/]sf 5g\ . Tolt dfq 

xf]Og ljb]zaf6 kmls{Psf >Ldfgn] aft 

nufOPsf] jf z+sfsf] e/df kTgLdfyL 

cljZjf; u/L kTgLnfO{ ;DaGw ljR5]b 

u/]sf] 36gf ;d]t ePsf 5g\ . 

/f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z hfg' 

g]kfnL o'jfsf] afWotf xf] . j}b]lzs 

/f]huf/Ln] s]xL ;d[l4 NofP klg 

o;n] ;dfhdf NofPsf gsf/fTds 

c;/ k|lt ;r]t x'g cfjZos 5 . 

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]n] klg ;Fw}sf 

nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ g} cfk\ 

mgf] lgotL agfpg' eGbf Ps k6s 

ljb]zaf6 sdfP/ NofPsf] k};fn] 3/ 

hUuf, / ;f]vsf ;fwg h'6fpg' eGbf 

klg :j/f]huf/sf] Joj:yf u/]/ g]kfnd} 

a:g] tkm{ Wofg lb'g' k5{ . 

csf]{ tkm{ /fHon] b]zdf 

pBf]u wGbfsf] ljsf;sf] jftfj/0f 

agfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/L Go"gLs/0f 

ug'{kb{5 . ljb]z hfg]n] klg /fd|f] tna 

k|fKt ug]{ / kl/jf/ ;d]t ljb]zdf uP/ 

a:g ;Sg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ bIf 

sfdbf/ pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . 

cGoyf j}b]lzs /]ld6fG;n] NofPsf] 

;d[l4n] ;dflhs Joj:yfnfO{ hh{/ 

agfpFb} n}hfg] kSsf 5 . -n]vs, 

t/fO{ dw]z ;b\efjgf kf6L{ g]kfnsL 

pkfWoIf x'g\ ._ -dw]z bk{0f lkmr/ 

;]jf_

;+:s[lt 

uf}td a'4 

g]kfnLx?sf 

;femf uf}/j 

–bL3{/fh k|;fO{ 

uf}td a'4sf] hGd holGt 

xfdL g]kfnLx? tyf 

ljZjdf /x]sf af}4x?sf] nflu ;femf 

uf}/jdo ;fem lbj;sf] lbg xf] . uf}td 

a'4sf] hGdholGtdf xfdL g]kfnLx? 

tyf ljZjsf af}4x? uf}td a'4sf 

dxfg of]ubfg / dxfgtf af/]df lrGtg 

ug]{ u5f}{ . of] ;fn a'4sf] @%%( gf}+ 

hGd holGt xf] . cfheGbf @%%( 

gf}+ aif{ cufl8 a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg 

uf}td a'4sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . uf}td 

a'4sf] hGdynf] n'lDagL g]kfnsf] dWo 

blIf0fsf] t/fO{df k5{ . pgL hGd]sf] ;ftf}+ 

lbgdf cfdf dfofFb]aLsf] d[To" ePkl5 

sfG5L cfdf k|hfktL uf}tdLn] pgsf] 

nfngkfng u/]sL lyOg\ . ;f]x|aif{sf] 

pd]/df uf}tdsf] lajfx ;'k|a'4sL 5f]/L 

ozf]w/f;Fu eof] / @* aif{sf] pd]/df 

pgsf] 5f]/f /fx'nsf] hGd eof] . a}zfv 

k"l0f{df uf}td a'4sf] hGd x'g', a}zfv 

k"l0f{dfsf lbg d}+ uf}td a'4n] af]lw;Tj 

k|fKt ug'{' / ToxL a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] 

lbgdf *) aif{sf] pd]/df, leIf' cfgGb 

tyf cGo eQmhgx?;Fu jftf{nfe 

ubf{ub}{, s'zLgu/df a'4sf] :juf{/f]x0f 

x'g'n] …a}zfv k"l0f{dfÚ uf}td a'4sf] 

nflu Ps c;fwf/0f b}jLs tLlysf] 

?kdf b]lvG5 . l;4fy{ uf}tdn] #% 

aif{sf] pd]/df a}/fUo eP/ >LdtL, 

5f]/f, kl/af/, b/af/, /fhkf7 5f]8]/ 

1fgsf] vf]hLdf nfUg' eof] . w]/}lbgsf] 

1fgsf] vf]hLkl5 uf}td a'4n] 

af]lwa[Ifdf tk:of u/]/ pgn] a'4Tj 

k|fKt u/] . ;Dk"0f{ v/faLaf6 d'Qm /xg', 

dgnfO{ :j:t /fVg', h] /fd|f] nfU5 

Tof] ug'{ eGg] ljrf/df cfwfl/t eP/ 

;Dos\ b[li6, ;Dos\ ;+sNk, ;Dos\ 

arg, ;Dos\ sd{, ;Dos\ hLj, ;Dos\ 

Jofofd, ;Dos\ :d[lt, ;Dos ;dflw 

cflb pkb]zx? uf}td a'4df l;l4 

jfFl0fx? x'g\ . pkb]zx?nfO{ 7Ls;Fu 

k|of]u ug{ clek|]l/t u/fpg uf}td 

a'4n] cfkm|gf eQm af}4 leIf'x?nfO{ 

;+;f/df wd{ k|rf/ ug{ wd{b"t ?kdf 

k7fpg] rng rnfP . 

a'4n] atfPsf pkb]zx?nfO{ 

lnlvt?kdf ptfl/Psf] lyPg . 

a'4sf] z]ifkl5 pgsf cg'ofO{x?n] 

af}4 ;Dd]ng u/]/ To;kl5 af}4 

pkb]zsf] ;+u|x u/] . klxnf, bf];|f] / 

t];|f] k6s ul/Psf] ;Dd]ngaf6 tof/ 

ePsf] u|ynfO{ …lqlk6sÚ elgG5 . oxL 

lqlk6ssf] cfwf/df a'4wd{sf] cfwf/ 

u|Gy tof/ eof] . lqlk6ssf tLgj6f 

gfd eP ;'Q lk6s, ljgo lk6s, / 

clewDd lk6s eP . a'4sf pkb]zx? 

…wDdkbÚ df ;+u|xLt 5g\ . wDdkb 

a'4sf pkb]zsf k|l;4 ;+u|x dflgG5 . 

;Dos\ Jofofd cGtut ljkZogf Wofg 

uf}td a'4åf/f b]lzt lrQ ljzf]wg 

ljlw xf] . o;nfO{ a'4 of]u eg] klg 

x'G5 . uf}td a'4 afFlr/x]sf] cj:yfdf 

a'4 wd{ af/] s'g} ljjfb p7]sf] lyPg . 

a'4sf] cy{ xf] 1fg k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm 

xf] . ;+;fl/s b'Mvaf6 :jtGq ag]/ 

uf}td a'4n] af]lw;Tj k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 

uf}td a'4sf] 1fgåf/f k|efljt ePsf 

af}4 ;+3sf dflg;x?n] cf–cfkm\g} 

o'lg6L EjfO; 21

kf/fn] a'4sf pkb]zx?nfO{ cy{ 

nufpg yfn] . o;n]ubf{ af}4wd{ 

ck/Dkf/ eu;fu/ h:tf] nfU5 . ;do 

kl/l:yltn] a'4wd{ xLgofg, dxfofg 

cflbdf ljeQm eof] . lqlk6sdf 

pNn]lvt pkb]zx?sf cg'ofO{x? 

xLgofgL eP . xLgofgLx?nfO{ y]/jfbL 

af}4 dflgG5 . y]/jfbLx? a'4wd{n] 

af]wL1fgnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ dfGg] u5{g\ . 

y]/jfbLx? af}4 afx]s c? wd{;Fu 

;+jGw hf]8\g rxfFb}gg\ . xLgofg cyf{t 

y]/jfbLx?sf] klx/g s]xL kx]+nf] / 

skfn d'8'nf] x'G5 eg] dxfofgjfbLx? 

s]xL sn]hL /Ësf] klx/g k|of]u u5{g\ . 

skfn gsf6\g], zfsfxf/L, dfG;fxf/L, 

b]jL b]jtfsf] ;d]t k"hfcf/wfgf ug]{ 

x'G5g\ . u'afh'x? dxfofgjfbL x'g\ . 

kx]nf] jf /ftf] n'uf gunfpg] hftsf 

g]kfnLx? klg sltko af}4 wd{sf 

kfns 5g\ . a'4sf pkb]zx?;Fu 

k|efljt leIf', leIf'0fLx? nufot a'4 

wd{ / ;+3nfO{ cfTd;fy u/L …a'4+ 

z/0f+ uR5fld, wd{+ z/0f+ uR5fld, ;+3+ 

z/0f+ uR5fldÚ eG5g\ . 

af}4 wd{df ;Dos\sf] 7"nf] dxTj 

5 . ;Dos\sf] cy{ xf]–/fd|f] xf]; u/]/ 

ug]{ sd{ xf] . uf}td a'4n] atfP 

cg';f/ k|f0fL lx+;f gug'{, grfg'{, 

a|Dxrfo{ kfng ug'{, em"7f] gaf]Ng', 

nfu'kbfy{ ;]jg gug'{, s'a]nf ef]hg 

gug'{, km"ndfnf cflb ;'ulGwt a:t'x? 

wf/0ff gug'{, pRrf;gdf a:g], ;'Tg] 

gug'{, ;'grfFbL h:tf d"Nojfg wft'sf] 

nf]e gug'{ eGg] pkb]zsf cg'ofoLx? 

y]/jfbL dflgG5g\ . >Ln+sf, yfONof08. 

Dofgdf/ -adf{_, sDk'rLof, nfcf];, 

eLotgfd cflbdf /x]sf leIf'x? y]/jfbL 

x'g\ eg] rLg, ?;df /x]sf af}4x? 

dxfofgjfbL x'g\ . af}4x?n] tLy{ 

tyf wfdsf] ?kdf n'lDagL, af]wuof, 

;f/gfy, s'lzgu/nfO{ dfG5g\ . a'4sf] 

hGdynf]sf] ?kdf n'lDagL, tk:of 

:ynsf] ?kdf af]wuof, 1fg k|fKtLkl5 


;j{k|yd leIf'x?nfO{ pkb]z lbPsf] 

:ynsf] ?kdf ;f/gfy / b]x Tofu 

u/]sf] :yn s'lzgu/ x'g\ . oL klaq 

:yn dflgG5g\ . uf}td a'4sf lktf 

z'4wg lxGb' ;+:sf/df x's]{sf / uf}td 

a'4 klg lxGb' ;+:sf/df kl/lrt 

ePsfn] xLgofgx? lxGb' tyf af}4 

aLrdf cGt/ ;+jGw sfod /fVg hf]8 

lbG5g\ . lxGb\ / af}4x?aLr cToGt 

;f}xfb{tfsf;fu wfld{s ;f+:s[lts 

;+jGw sfod 5 . j}lbs lxGb' tyf 

af}4x?df dGq, tGq / oGq aLrdf 

ulx/f] ;+jGw 5 . 

lnR5ljsfndf g]kfnsf /fhfx?n] 

af}4wd{nfO{ 7"nf] 

dfGotf uy]{ . lnR5lj 

/fhf hob]jn] kz'klt 

clen]vsf] j+zfjnLdf 

a[ifb]j /fhfnfO{ … 

af}4wd{sf] kIfkft ug]{Ú 

eGb} k|;G;f ul/Psf] 5 . 

dfgb]j k|ydsf kfnfsf] 

rfjxLnsf] clen]vdf 

lsGg/L eGg] cfOdfO{n] 

af}4;Fusf eQmx? / 

eujfg a'4sf] k"hfsf 

nflu v]t bfg u/]sf] 

s'/f atfOPsf] 5 . /fhf 

lzjb]j k|ydn] cfkm\ 

gf] gfpFdf lzjb]j laxf/ 

/fv]sf / c+z'jdf{sf] 

;dodf blIf0fsfnLsf] 

e]slt/ leIf'x?sf] 

pkof]usf] nflu wf/f] 

agfPsf aofg clen]vdf 

kfOG5 . lnR5ljsfndf 

g}+ ltAat;Fu af}4 wd{s} 

sf/0fn] ;f+:s[lts ;+jGw 

a9fPsf] lyof] . ltAat 

t dxfofgL af}4x?sf] 

cf/fwgf s]Gb| g}+ ag]sf] 

5 t/ rLgsf] a]OhLªdf 

klg g]kfnsf c/lgsf]n] 

lgdf{0f u/]sf] af}4 r}To If]q, nfdf 

6]Dkn If]qdf leIf'x? oGqtGq 

b]lvG5g\ . …cf]d kB] x'F+Ú dGq rf}tkmL{ 

l/sl8Ëaf6 klg u'~hodfg u/fOG5 . 

r}q / @)&! ;fnsf] a}zfv dxLgfdf 

cfkm"n] rLgsf] e|d0f u/]/ rLgdf 

af}4wd{k|ltsf] cf:yf a9]sf] b]Vg 

kfOof] . o;/L af}4 wd{n] cGt/fli6o« 

hutdf k|efj a9\g nfu]sf] lyof] . 

dNn /fhfx? lxGb' tyf af}4 b'a} 

wd{nfO{ cfkm\gf] dfq[wd{ h:tf] dfGotf 

uy]{ . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] /fli6«o 

PsLs/0fkl5 sf7df08f}+ pkTosf 

nufot g]kfndf cjl:yt u'Daf, ljxf/

x?sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ gLlt lnPsf lyP . 

/fhf dx]Gb|n] @)!# ;fnsf] n'lDagL 

e|d0fkl5 a'4sf] hGdynf] n'lDagLdf 

sf6df/ gug]{ lgb]{zg lbP/ o;nfO{ 

clgjfo{ agfP . 

a'4sf pkb]z, AofVof / af}4wd{sf 

l;4fGt clxn]sf] ;+;f/df olt Aofks 

ePsf] 5 ls cg]sf]} lsl;dn] klg 

a'4sf] ;Ddfg ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf 

ah|ofgL af}4x? b]jL b]jtfsf] k'hf 

u5{g\ / bz}df klg k"hfcfhf u/L rf8 

dgfpF5g\ . af}4x? a'4sf] d"lt{ /fVg], 

a'4nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ ePtf klg af}4x? 

d"lt{ k"hs xf]Ogg\ . zflGt / Psfu|tfsf] 

nflu a'4 d"lt{ v8f ug'{sf] dTnj xf] . 

af}4x? b'O[ k|sf/sf 5g\ . kf}/fl0fs 

a'4 / zfSod'gLsf pkb]z cg'z/0f ug]{ 

a'4 . uf}td a'4 eGbf cufl8 g}+ lkkZjL 

a'4, lzvL, ljZje", qms'R5Gb a'4, 

sfZod'gL / sfZok a'4sf] cjtf/sf] 

ljifodf :joDe" k'/f0fdf pNn]v 5 ls 

sf7df08f}= pkTosfdf kfgLn] el/Psf] 

cj:yfdf oL a'4x?sf] cfudg ePsf] 

lyof] . ljkZjL a'4n] Ps sdnsf] 

aLh :joDe"df /f]k] . :joDe" Hof]ltdf 

k|s6 x'g nfu]kl5 d~h'>Lsf] g]kfndf 

cfudg eof] . :joDe"df zfSod'gL 

a'4x? klg k"hf u5{g\ . elgPsf] klg 

5– …af]lw;To dxf;To, :ooDe" r}To 

gdfDox+ .Ú 

t/ ;dosfn kl/l:yltn] af}4 

;+3df /x]sf leIf' tyf leIf'f0fLx? 

aLrdf ;Dks{ a9]/ aRrf kmfNg], 

dfg]{ cflb OlToflb laxf/df a'4wd{ 

leq b'/frf/ a9\g yfn]sf] cj:yfdf 

z+s/frfo{sf] g]kfndf e|d0f eof] . To; 

e|d0fsf] a]nf z|s/frfo{n] af}4 leIf', 

leIf'0fL aLrdf ;fdf~h:otf Nofpg 

af}4wd{leq ;Gof;L cf>d / u[x:yf>d 

x'G5g\ eGg] kl/efiff u/]sf] a]nfb]lv 

af}4 wd{df ;Gof;f>d / u[x:yf>dsf] 

ljsf; ePsf a]nfb]lv af}4 wd{ ljZj 

AofkL x'g uof] . To;a]nf sltko 

cgleIf JolQmx?n] cfqmf]lzt x'Fb} 

z+s/frfo{n] ;Dk"0f{ af}4 u|Gy hnfP 

eg]/ cfIf]k nufP hjls To;a]nf af}4 

uGyx? ;'/Iffy{ kz'kltgfydf /fv]sf 

lyP . To;a]nfb]lv leIf' x'g'af6 

6f8f /x]sfx? u[x:t agL ah|ofg 

l;4fGt ckgfP . o;/L xLgofgjfbL/ 

dxfofgjfbL cf–cfkm\gf] ;+sNk tyf 

kf/f cg';f/ af}4 wd{ kfng ug{ 

pT;'s aGg k'u] . g]kfndf af}4 

wd{df cfj4 hft hfltx?df zfSo, 

Hofk', dfgGw/, ah|frfo{ cflb / z]kf{, 

tfdfª, ysfnL, yf? / sltko du/, 

u'?ªx? af}4wd{nfO{ cfkm\gf] cflb wd{ 

dfG5g\ . hg;+Vofsf b[li6n] g]kfndf 

lxGb'x?sf] ;+Vof *% k|ltzt eGbf w]/} 

ePtf klg af}4k|lt lxGb'x? gsf/fTds 

x'Fb}gg\, 5}gg\ . 

;+:s[ltljb\ 8f+ hudfg u'?ª 

eG5g\–…oxL sf7df08f}+ cf]l/kl/ cf7j6f 

lzjlnË 5g\ . oL lzjlnËx?nfO[ 

oxfFsf af}4x?n] ci6 a}t/fu cyf{t 

/fu;lxt ci6 af]lw;Tjsf ?kdf 

dfG5g\ . z}jx? lzjsf ?kdf dfG5g\, 

af}4x? ci6 af]lw;Tjsf ?kdf 

cr{gf u5{g\ . rf};7\7L lzjlnË 

dWo] b'Dhfdf s'z]Zj/ dxfb]j 5g\, 

h'g sf8df08f}+sf af}4dfuL{ zfSo– 

ah|f{rfo{x?sf s'nb]jtf x'g\ . x/]saif{ 

sflt{s z'Sn ci6dLsf] lbgnfO{ g]jf/L 

efiffdf d'vfci6dL elgG5 . To;lbg 

eujfg kz'kltnfO{ af}4fcjtf/sf 

?kdf eujfg a'4sf] k~r a'4 d's'6 

klx¥ofP/ k'hfug]{ rng 5 .Ú af}4 

wd{df ;Dos k"hf dgfpg pQm k"hfdf 

/fhfsf] ;+nUgtf u/fOG5 . ;Dos 

k"hfdf xhf/f}+ eQmhgx?sf] e]nfdf 

ef]h ;d]tsf] Joj:yf ul/G5 . eujfg 

a'4nfO{ lai0f'sf] cjtf/sf] ?kdf 

dflgG5 . o;/L af}4x? kz'kltgfynfO{ 

3f]nfªjfs5o"s eg]/ dfG5g\, 

u'x]Zj/LnfO{ kmfdf8f]n5o"s eG5g\ . 

g]kfn ;jf]{bo af}4 wd{ ;+3af6 k|sflzt 

tLns axfb'/ g]uLsf] lj;+ @)#( 

;fndf k|sflzt k'l:tsf cg';f/ 

zfSod'gL a'4n] s'zLgu/sf] ;fn 

agdf leIf' cfgGb;Fusf] ckzf]rk"0f{ 

lh1fzfsf] hjfkmdf eg]sf] s'/f klg 

oxfF lrGtgLo 5 . a'4n] To;a]nf 

eg]sf lyP– …d cf7aif{kl5 ljdn 

;/f]j/sf] kB laIfdf cb\e"t / >]i7 

a'4 ag]/ hGd lng] 5'Ú eg]/ ;+emfPsf] 

lyof] . a'4n] eg]em}+ cf7aif{sf] afnssf] 

?kdf u'? kB;Dejsf] hGd ePsf] 

elgG5 . u'? kB ;+ejn] ltAat, rLg, 

d+uf]nLof nufot w]/} b]zx?df a}4wd{ 

k|rf/ u/] . ç dl0f kB] x'F o;}sf] ?k 

xf] . af}4sf ljxf/x?sf dfg]x?df / 

af}4 em08fx?df oxL d+qnfO{ ljleGg 

efiffx?df pNn]v u/]/ em08f :j?k 

kmx/fPsf] x'G5 . 

ls/ftsfndf uf}tda'4 hlGdPsf] 

7fpF kQf nufP/ P;feGbf #)) aif{ 

cufl8 ef/taif{af6 /fhf czf]s g]kfn 

cfP/–…oxfF eujfg hlGdPsf lyPÚ eg]/ 

7"nf] 9'Ëfsf] :tDe v8f u/]sf] s'/f 

n'lDagLsf] czf]s :tDen] atfpF5 . 

duwsf /fhf czf]sn] p;a]nf a+ufnsf] 

vf8Lsf] glhs} /x]sf] sln+u /fHodf 

xdnf u/sf lyP] . o'4df /utsf] 

vf]nf] aUof] . Tof] ljeT;tf b]v]/ /fhf 

czf]s e/lËP/ ;Gof; lng] c7f]6ub}{ 

eujfg a'4sf] hGde"ld n'lDagLdf cfO{ 

a'4wd{ u|x0f u/L n'lDagLdf :tDe 

v8f u/]sf lyP . ls/ftsfndf 

/fhf :y'ª\sf] n'lDagLdf e|d0f x'Fbf 

pgn] cfkm\gf] /fHosf] e"efu dfly 

cfqmd0f ePsf] 7fg]/ czf]s :tDe 

9fn]sf lyP . To;a]nfb]lv w]/}aif{;Dd 

;'z'Kt cj:yfdf /x]sf] n'lDagLsf] 

czf]s :tDenfO{ ;g\ !((% df hd{gsf 

k'/ftTjljb 8f= kmo"//, ef/tsf 8f= 

kL=;L= d'shL{ / kfNkfsf a8fxflsd 

v8\u zD;]/sf] k|of;af6 pTvgg\ u/L 

78fofPsf] lyof] . czf]ssf k|efjn] 

ef/tdf xhf/f}+ dflg;x? leIf' leIf0fL 

o'lg6L EjfO; 23

ag] . t/ ef/tsf s]xL JolQmx?n] 

s]xL aif{b]lv a'4 ef/tdf hlGdPsf 

lyP eg]/ cg]sf}+ ckmjfx km}nfpg 

yfn]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf g}+ s]xL 

JolQmx?n] a'4 ef/tdf hGdsf lyP 

eg]/ e|d v8f ug{ yfn] . of] b'Mvsf] 

s'/f xf] . o:t} @)%( ;fn ebf}+ !( 

ut]sf] sflGtk'/df sDo'lgi6 g]tf df]xg 

ljqmd l;+xn] a'4 ef/tsf] pl8zfdf 

hGd]sf x'g\ eg]/ n]v] . hjls 

pl8zfs} k|l;4 Oltxf;sf/ k|f]km];/ 

s?gf ;fu/ a]x]/fn] n]v]–…a'4 ef/tsf] 

pl8zfdf hGd]sf klg xf]Ogg\ / pgsf] 

hLjgsfndf pgn] pl8zfsf] e|d0f 

klg u/]gg\ .Ú 

g]kfndf hlGdPsf uf}td a'4sf] 

hGd:ynnfO{ ljjfbdf Nofpg h;/L 

;TonfO{ c;To agfpg] vf]lhof] 

To;n] uf}td a'4sf] hGdynf]sf] 

lzjk'/L /fli6«o lgs'~hsf 

jf8]{g sdnh+u s'Fj/sf 

sf/0f zf] lgs'~hn] rr]{sf] dWojlt{ 

If]qsf :yfgLo jfl;Gbf cft+lst ag]sf 

5g\ . s'Fj/ kl5Nnf lbgdf krf;f}+ 

aif{b]lv j;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsf :yfgLosf] 

3/6x/f lgs'~h If]qdf kg]{ sf/0f b]vfpFb} 

eTsfOlbg yfn]sf 5g\ . lr;fkfgL If]qdf 

s]lxlbg klxn] dfq pgsf] cfb]zdf 

b'O{j6f 3/ eTsfP/ pQm 3/df j;f]jf; 

ub}{ cfPsf gfafns b]lv aof]a[4 ;Ddsf] 

ljrNnL kfl/Psf] 5 . dfgljo ;+j]bgfnfO{ 

;d]t s'lNrP/ b|Jo df]xs} sf/0f s'Fj/n] 

:yflgonfO{ cftls+t agfpg] sfd ug]{ 

u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff 

u/]sf] dWojtL{ If]qsf 3/6x/f eTsfpg 

yfn]kl5 :yfgLon] s'Fa/nfO{ af3 / lrt'jf 

eGbf 8/nfUbf] hGt'sf ?kdf lrq0f ug{ 

yfn]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/sf] d'vkq /fhkqdf 

@)&@ r}t !% ut] s]lx /fhg}lts bnsf 

k|ltlglwx?sf] lg0f{onfO{ k|sflzt ug]{ 

ljjfbn] uf}td a'4 / pgsf pkb]zx? 

emg\ emg\ ljZje/ / g]kfnLx?sf] 3/ 

cfugdf nf]slk|o ag]sf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm 

/fi6« ;+3 nufot ;+;f/sf cg]sf} 

jf}l4s JolQmx?af6 To;sf] e|T;gf 

x'g uof] . t/ uf}td a'4 dfly dfq 

cfqmd0f xf]Og, clxn] t g]kfns} 

kf6L{leqsf s]xL b]zb|f]xL JolQmx? 

prfn]/ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf dfly 

g}+ rf}tkmL{ xdnf x'g nfu]sf] 5 . 

o;cj:yfdf uf}td a'4 dfly af}4 

leIf', leIf0fL jf dxfofgjfbL af}4 jf 

u|x:t cf>dLx? h:n] a'4 dfly >4f 

/fV5 p;n] a'4sf s]xL g s]xL pkb]z 

kfng ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . g]kfn clxn] 

@)^# ;fnkl5sf g]kfns} g]t[Tjju{sf 

s'zf;gsf sf/0fn] /fli6«otf / 

lxGb' tyf af}4wd{ ;+s6df km;fpg 

vf]lhPsf] 5 . klZrdfx?sf] kf/fdf 

lzjk'/L lgs'~hdf s'“j/ cft+s 

sfd u/]/ ;f] If]qdf a;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsf 

xhf/f}+ :yflgonfO{ cfxft k'Ug] sfd ePsf] 

:yfgLo ch'{g dfna'nn] o'lg6 EjfO;nfO{ 

atfP . 

/fhkqdf k|sflzt ;'rgf / s'Fa/sf] 

HofbtLsf lj?4 Ps h'6 ePsf :yfgLon] 

jg dGqL cUgLk|;fb ;fksf]6fnfO{ ;d]t 

cfkm\gf ;d:ofsf ljifodf 1fkg kq 

a'emfO;s]sf 5g\ . jg dGqfno dftxtsf] 

sfo{nosf k|d'v s'Fa/n] eg] :yfgLon] 

a'emfpg vf]h]sf] 1fkgkq a'em\g gdfg]sf] 

sf/0f x'nfs dfkm{t k7fOPsf] ;dfrf/ 

nfu]/ g]kfnsf ;Qf;Lgx? k};f vfP/ 

g]kfnsf] lxGb' tyf af}4 wd{ gi6 u/fP/ 

O;fO{s/0f u/fpg cfkm|gf klxrfgx? 

a]Rg nfu]sf 5g\ . o:tf b]zb|f]xLsf] 

la?4 cj xfdL g]kfnLx? n8\g 

h'?Ss p7\g' k5{ . xfdL g]kfnLx? 

dg'io xf} ls ldl;g xf}+ o;s'/fsf] 

lg0f{o xfdL cfkm}n] ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . 

a'4n] klg eg]sf 5g\–…cfkm|gf] lxt x'g] 

s'/f cfkm} lg0f{o u/ .Ú To;}n] xfdLn] 

o; cj;/df a'4sf] pkb]z– …cg}lts 

/ c;+odL eP/ ;oaif{ afFRg' eGbf 

;bfrf/L / WofgL ag]/ Ps lbg hLpg' 

hftL 5Ú eGg] 1fgnfO{ cfTd;fy u/]/ 

g]kfnnfO{ o'uo'ufGt/;Dd ;fj{ef}d 

/fi6«sf] ?kdf arfO/fVg /fh;+:yfsf] 

lg/Gt/tfsf;fy g]kfnnfO{ lxGb' tyf 

af}4 /fi6« 3f]if0ff ul/g' k5{ . 

Email:dirgharajprasai@gmail com 

– /fh' ljz+v 

:yfgLon] k|]l;t u/]sf 5g\ . :yfgLonfO{ 

cftls+t agfpFb} d]/f] clwsf/ k|of]u u5'{ 

al9 x'g]nfO{ h]n xflNbG5' eGg] h:tf 

wDsLk"0f{ z}nLnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb} u/]sf 

s'Fa/sf lj?4 :yfgLojfl;x? kl5Nnf 

lbgdf yk Psh'6 x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . 

24 o'lg6L EjfO;

ef}uf]lns 

b]zsf] ef}uf]lns k'g;{/rgf 

– cd/ s]=;L= 

/fHo Joj:yfdf k|0ffnLsf] 

:j?kdf PsfTdstf / 

;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLaf6 /fHosf 

;+/rgfx? ePsf x'G5g\ . o;sf] 

ljz]iftfnfO{ d'Votof b]zsf] /fhg}lts, 

ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs If]qsf] cfwf/df 

/fHo Joj:yfsf] ;Gt'ng ;d[l4 / 

ljsf;sf nflu ;+/rgf tyf lgdf{0f 

ul/Psf] x'G5 . /fHodf s'g} klg 

;+/rgfdf To;sf] cf}lrTo / ckl/xfo{tf 

/xg'kg]{ d'2fx?nfO{ /fhg}lts, 

ef}uf]lns / ;fdflhs b[li6n] ;Gt'lnt 

agfPsf] x'g'kb{5 . 

s'g} klg l;4fGt jf jfbdf cfwfl/t 

/x]/ dfq hgtfsf] ;d[l4 ug]{ cfwf/ 

lgdf{0f x'g ;Sb}g . To;sf/0f ;+3Lo 

/fHosf] cjwf/0ffn] dfq ;du| /fi6«sf] 

ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] tYo k/s 

s'g} cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 eGg] klg 

xf]Og . ;+3fTds k|0ffnLleq /fhg}lts 

;Gt'ng gePdf o;af6 ljv08g, 

cl:y/tf / cGTodf /fi6« ljefhg x'g] 

vt/f ;d]t k}bf x'g ;S5 . ;fdflhs 

åGb / c;Gt'ng cj:yf pTkGg ePdf 

u[xo'4sf] ;Defjgf k}bf ub{5 . 

ef}uf]lns ;Ldf ljjfbsf sf/0f 

;du| ljsf; tyf lgdf{0f sfo{df 

cj/f]w k}bf ug{ ;Sb5 . ;+3Lo k|0ffnL 

cToGt vlr{nf] / ljljw ;d:ofsf] 

ynf] klg xf] To;sf/0f ;+3Lo /fHosf] 

cjwf/0ffdf ;fj{ef}d /fi6«df kfg{ ;Sg] 

b"/ufdL k|efjnfO{ ljrf/ u/L /fHosf] 

;+/rgfdf ;+3Lo /fHosf] cl:tTj 

:jLsf/ ug'{kb{5 . 

;+3Lo /fHosf] cjwf/0ffsf] 

cf}lrTonfO{ ;a} kIfaf6 ;Gt'ng gu/L 

/fhg}lts :jfy{sf nflu dfq /fHonfO{ 

;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf :yflkt ul/G5 eg] 

o; sfo{af6 b]z ljefhg x'g lglZrt 

5 . ;+3Lo /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgfsf] 

ax; ;+u;+u} cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/, 

k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgdf ;+3Lo /fHosf] 

:jfldTj tyf /fhg}lts / cfly{s 

If]qsf] x:tIf]kaf6 s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] 

clwsf/ :yflkt ul/of] eg] ;+3Lo 

u0f/fHon] qmdzM pklgj]zsf] dfGotf 

k|fKt ug{ pGd'v /xg ;Sg] k|jn 

;Defjgfx? b]vf kg{ ;Sb5 . 

o;af6 b]z ljefhg ug{ ;Sg] 

if8oGq / rnv]n z'? x'g] ;Sg] 

;DefjgfnfO{ klg b'/ufdL / j[xQ/ 

?kdf lrGtg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . j}b]lzs 

;xof]u / cg'bfg tyf l5d]sL d'n'ssf] 

/fhg}lts k/fdz{sf] cfwf/df /fhg}lts 

cfGbf]ngnfO{ /fi6«n] y]Ug ;s]g eg] 

/fi6«df vl08t / ljefhgsf] lznlznf 

z'? x'g ;S5 . t;y{ zf;sLo :j?k 

tyf /fHo Joj:yfsf] k'g;+{/rgfdf 

/fli6«o ;befjnfO{ pRr d'Nof+sg u/L 

o'lg6L EjfO; 25

nf]s ;DdtL cg's'n /fli6«o dxTjsf 

ljifodf /fHo ;+oGqleq plrt afF8kmfF8 

ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . 

/fi6«sf] cfGtl/s /fi6«jfb sdhf]/ 

ePdf hfthflt efiff / ljleGg 

;Dk|bfox?n] /fhg}lts clwsf/df 

ljjfb / ljv08gjfbL ;f]rnfO{ phfu/ 

ug{ vf]Hb5g . h;sf sf/0f 

/fli6«o Pstf / hgtfsf] ;fdflhs 

P]Soj4tf qmdzM e+u x'Fb} hfG5 . 

hftLo ;fDk|bflos e"uf]n :yfkgfsf 

nflu k[ys zlQmsf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ 

vf]Hb5g\ . h;n] ubf{ /fhg}lts / 

;fdflhs If]qdf cfGtl/s b"/L a9\g] / 

å]z Sn]z pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 . /fli6«o 

Pstfsf] zlQm / ;'qnfO{ :jLsf/ 

gug]{ / ljljwtfsf] kIfkftLsf] 

;xf/faf6 hgtfnfO{ Ps cfk;df 

ljefhg ug]{ if8oGqx? df}nfpFb} hfg] 

ub{5 . /fhg}lts ljt08fsf] bjbjfdf 

hgtfnfO} /}tL agfP/ pk]IfLt / 

lgolGqt u/L :jfyL{ sfo{df cu|;/ 

/xg] lqmofsnfkx?n] b]z u[x o'4sf] 

e'd/Ldf km:g uO{ /fli6«o cl:tTj / 

:jflwgtf ;d]t u'Dg ;Sg] vt/f k}bf 

x'g ;Sb5 . 

oBkL /fi6«df ;+3Lotf / hflto 

d'lQmsfnflu ul/Psf hgljb|f]xn] 

;du| /fhg}lts ;Gt'ngnfO{ vl08t 

ub}{ gofF /fhg}lts ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu 

cfTd;fy ug]{ k|of; e}/x]sf 5g\ . 

oBkL o;sf sf/0f /fi6«df pTkGg 

x'g ;Sg] ef}uf]lns cl:y/tf / 

hftLo åGbsf] k|efjnfO{ ;d]t plrt 

d'Nof+sg ul/g' kb{5 . /fli6«o lxt / 

/fli6«o Pstfsfnflu eGbf hftLjfbsf] 

k|e'TjnfO{ /fhg}lts dxTj k|bfg 

ul/Psf] v08df /fli6«o ;b\efj eGbf 

hftLo kIfkftLsf] k|fb'ef{j b]vf kg{ 

;Sb5 . 

sfnfGt/df o;af6 pTkGg x'g;Sg] 

;fDk|bflos ljt08fn] /fi6«df czflGt 

/ ljv08gsf] ljhf/f]k0f x'g ;Sg] 

vt/f klg TolQs} b]vf kg{ ;Sb5 . 

o;sf/0f /fhgLlts If]qaf6 ;fdflhs 

If]qsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;fdflhs lxtsf 

nflu /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;'qdf cfj4 

x'g ;Sg] u/L ;fdflhs xs clwsf/ 

/ :jtGqtf k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 . h;df 

;fdflhs d'lQmsf nflu ul/Psf 

k|of;x?nfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug{ 

;lsof];\ . 

ljutdf ePsf hgjfbL qmflGt 

dfkm{t ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf ;fy} 

/fhgLlts cu|flwsf/sf] ;'lglZrtf 

k|bfg ug{] p2]Zon] ;fdflhs If]qdf 

dte]b pTkGg x'g uO{ /fi6«nfO{ ljv08g 

ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] ;f]r k'Ug g;Sg' 

/fi6«sf] b'ef{Uo xf] . hftLo /fhgLlt 

kl/j]zsf] k/fsfi7fsf] ljhf/f]k0f 

u/]/ /fhgLlt :jfy{sf] cf8df /fli6«o 

;befj dfly /fhgLlt v]njf8n] 

g]tfx?sf] /fhgLlts ckl/kSjtf / 

b'/ufdL lrGtgsf] cefj k|i6 ?kdf 

b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 . 

hftLo :jfy{df cfkm\gf] clei6 

k'/f x'g ;Sb5 eGg] dfGotf /fv]/ 

;du| /fi6«sf] ;fdflhs ;befjsf] 

d"No / dfGotfnfO{ 

kG5fpFb} /fhgLlt 

;Qf / zlQm 

xTofpg] k|ljlQaf6 

b]zdf hftLo 

4G4sf] vt/fnfO{ 

gh/ cGbfh ug'{ 

/fhg}lts ;ls0f{tf 

dfq xf] . 

g]kfnsf] 

jx'hftLs ax'eflifs 

wd{ ;+:s[ltsf] 

Pstfsf] uf}/j 

/ ;befjnfO{ 

etfe'Ë ug{ 

vf]Hg] c;fdflhs 

tTjx?n] cfkm'nfO{ 

kl/jt{gsf] 

;+jfxssf] ?kdf b]vfpg vf]Hg' Tof] 

s'r]i6f dfq x'g ;Sb5 . obL s;}n] 

hftLo cfwf/df /fhgLlt ug{ vf]Hb5 

eg] To;n] hftLo k|e'Tjsf] kmfl;jfbL 

lrGtgaf6 ax'njfbL ;dfhsf] 

;+/rgfnfO{ Wj:t ug{ k'Ub5 . tTkZrft 

hftLo ljv08gn] b]zsf] ;fdflhs 

;+/rgf leq 4G4nfO{ :yflkt u/fpg 

kl'Ub5 . To;sf/0f Psn hftLo 

efjgfsf] cfj]zdf hftLo ljv08gjfbL 

;f]rnfO{ phfu/0f ug'{ x'b}g . ctM 

;d[l4sf] ljsNk ;+3Lotf dfq x'g 

;Sb}g . ;du| b]zsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f 

/ ;d[l4sf nflu /fHo Joj:yfn] 

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodaf6 clwsf/ 

k|Tofof]hg u/L ljleGg /fHosf 

k|sf;lgs ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . 

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f jf :yfgLo :YfoQflwsf/sf] 

dfkb08 leq :yfgLo hgtfn] ;du| 

ef}uf]lns jgfj6 / ef}lts cj:Yfsf 

;fy} dfgjLO hLjgrof{sf] ;xhtfsf 

nflu / sfo{ Joj:yfsf] dfkb08nfO{ 

plrt tj/af6 ljt/0f ul/g' kb{5 . 

;Gt'lnt ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] d'No 

/ dfGotf / kl/efiffnfO{ /fhgLlt 

s[ifs ju{x?nfO{ cg'/f]w 

s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL ln=n] cfoft u/]sf] pRr 

u'0f:t/sf] o"l/of, l8=P=kL= / kf]6f; dn 

sDkgLsf lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox?af6 

wdfwd laqmL ljt/0f e}/x]sf] x'Fbf pQm dn k|of] 

u u/L pTkfbg a[l4 u/f}+ . pQm dn 

vl/b ubf{ tf}n Plsg u/L dfq vl/b ug'{ 

x'g ;d]t cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ . 

s[lif ;fdfu|L sDkgL lnld6]8 

Agriculture Inputs Company Ltd. 

(An undertaking of Government of Nepal) 

26 o'lg6L EjfO;

;+oGq;Fu hf]8]/ clt lju|xafbsf] 

pb08df km;]/ /fi6« / /fli6«otf 

dfly vt/f lgDtfpg ;Sg] e8\ 

vfnf]n] ;+3Lotfsf] gfddf cGttM /fi6« 

ljv08g ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgfx?nfO{ 

;d]t phfu/0f ub{5 . /fli6«o ljsf; / 

;d[l4sf nflu ;Gt'lnt ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] 

dfkb08df ef}lts cj:yfsf] ;'wf/ :t/, 

k|ljlw, kl/>d / cfTd>d-:j/f]huf/_ 

dfgjLo hLjgrof{df ;xhLs/0faf6 

t'ngfTds hg;d[l4sf] kl/sNkgf 

ug{ ;lsG5 . oBlk oL ;xh / 

;/nLs/0fsf ;Defjgfx?nfO{ s'g} klg 

sf]0faf6 dxTj k|bfg gu/L ljeflht 

/ ljt08jfbL dfgl;stfaf6 ;Qf 

:jfy{sf nflu /fhgLlts hLjgrof{ 

/ zlQm jr{Zjsf nflu ;dfgfGt/ 

cfjZostfx?nfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg / 

/vfpg h;/L ljeflht dfgl;stfaf6 

hgtf km'6fpg] / 6'qmfpg] /fhgLlts 

if8oGqx? ;[hgf eP cfhsf] lbgdf 

To; k|sf/sf /fhgLlts rnv]n 

5n{Ë x'Fb} uO{/x]sf] 5 . 

;+3Lotfsf] ljz]iffy{nfO{ xn'sf 

?kdf lnP/ /fhgLlts jr{Zjtf, ;Qf / 

:jfy{sf nflu ul/g] /fhg}lts lg0f{on] 

b]zdf zs6sf ;fy} hftLo o'4nfO{ 

;d]t lgDtfpg ;Sg] k|jn ;Defjgfsf 

;"qkft x'g ;Sb5 eGg] ljZn]if0f 

ljleGg d'n'sx? o'uf]:nfleof, ;'8fg 

gfO{h]l/of j'?l08, xfO6L / Olyof]lkof 

cflb d'n'sx?sf] /fhgLlts cj:yfn] 

phfu/0f u/]sf] x]g{ kfO{G5 . o;}u/L 

ef/tsf] cf;fd /fHodf ePsf] hftLo 

4G4sf sf/0f 7"nf] hgwgsf] Ifltsf 

;fy} nfvf}+ dflg;x? lj:yflkt x'g 

k'u]sf] 36gfx?nfO{ klg d'Nofs+g 

ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . cfh To;/L hftLo 

;+3Lotfsf] gfddf /fhgLlts ljb|f]x 

ePsf /fi6«x? 4G4sf sf/0f hh{/ 

cj:yfdf k'lu ;s]sf 5g\ . ;+3Lotf jf 

;+3Lo /fi6«sf] cjwf/0ff Pp6f /fhgLlt 

jfWOtf jf kl/l:ytL xf] . h;n] ;du| 

a'x/fli6«o b]zx?sf] ;fj{ef}d ;QfnfO{ 

;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{sf nflu ljlzi6 

/fhgLlts ;xdlt, ;lGw / ;Demf}tfaf6 

ul/g] ;fd'lxs /fli6«otfsf] cjwf/0ff 

cGtu{t lgdf{0f x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ 

cfTd;fy ub{5 . t;y{ g]kfndf To; 

k|sf/sf] ;fd"lxs /fli6«otfsf] s'g} 

klg /fhgLlts jftfj/0fx? pTkGg 

ePsf xf]O{gg\ / ljsf; / ;d[l4sf 

gfddf ;Gt'lnt ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] 

cjwf/0ffn] cu|ufdL af6f]nfO{ kR5fpg 

;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ 9fs5f]k ub}{ 

ljb]zL / ljv08gjfbLx?sf] nf]e / 

nfnrdf km;]/ hgtfnfO{ ;+3Lotfsf] 

jx'dfqfTds cf}iflw v]jfPsf] h:tf] 

hgtfnfO{ hjh{:tL ;+3Lotf yf]kg{ 

nufO{ /x]sf 5g\ . h;n] ljsf;sf] 

gfddf ljgfz / ;d[l4sf] ;§f, 4G4, 

csfn, ef]sd/L / ul/aLnfO{ cem 

lgDTofpg ;Sb5 . 

ljb|f]xL zlQm / /fhgLlts bnx?sf] 

cfd ;xdltaf6 c;dfg'kflts 

ljsf;qmdnfO{ eu+ ug]{ / b08lxgtf 

;[hgf ug]{ /fhgLlts jf u}/ 

/fhgLlts tTjx?nfO{ ;dfKt ug]{ xf] 

eg] of] /fi6«n] ef/tsf] ljxf/ /fHon] 

h:t} /fhgLlts sfFr'nL kmb]{ oyflz3| 

;Gt'lnt /fhgLltssf] ult lng 

;Sb5 . 

To;sf/0f /fi6«, /fli6«otf / 

/fi6«jfbsf] kIfdf pleP/ cu|ufdL 

nf]stflGqs /fi6«jfbsf] dfWodaf6 nf]s 

sNof0fsf/L gLlt cg'?k ;Gt'lnt 

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodaf6 ljlwsf] 

zf;g :yflkt u/L ;du| hgtfsf] 

nflu ;dfg'kflts ljsf;qmdsf] 

cjwf/0ff cGtu{t hg3gTj, ef}uf]lns 

jgfj6 / ef}lts cj:yfsf] d'Nofs+g 

/ hgtfsf] cfjZostf adf]lhd sfo{ 

lbzf lgdf{0f u/L cuf8L a9g ;s]sf] 

v08df /fi6«n] ;lhnf] / ;xh ?kaf6 

cGt/f{li6«o If]qsf] t'ngfdf ;d[l4 k|fKt 

ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] cem} klg cfzf lng 

;lsg] cj:yf 5 . 

o2kL ljutdf ;du| /fi6«df 

ePsf c;dfg ljsf; / /fHo ;|f]t 

pk]Iff / lyrf] ldrf]df k/]sf plTkl8t 

ju{x?sf] ljikmf]6gsf sf/0f si6s/ 

/ bogLo hghLljsfaf6 d'Qm x'gsf 

nflu ljb|f]xsf] lju'n ;Fu;Fu} ljleGg 

vfn] cfjfhx? c;Gt'lnt /fhgLlts 

;txdf b]vf kb}{ uPsf] 5 . l;ldt 

/fhgLlts :jfy{sf sf/0f ;fdflhs, 

cfly{s If]qdf k|xf/ tyf wfld{s 

l/lt/Ljfhdf u/]sf] x:tIf]kn] xfdL 

cfkmF} leqsf dxTjk"0f{ ;+/rgfx?nfO{ 

kmut r'gf}lt lbO{/x]sf] tYonfO{ a'emg 

;Sg' kb{5 . 

b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d :jfwLg /x]sf 

;Dkbfx?nfO{ /fi6«3ftL ;Demf}tf dfkm{t 

l5d]sLx?nfO{ a'emfpFb} hfg] / b]znfO{ 

gfd dfqsf] klxrfg jf ;fdYo{sf] 

cfwf/sf] axfgfdf ef}uf]lns ljefhg 

ug]{ xf] eg] klg of] b]zsf] ;+3Lotf 

vf]qmf] / sdhf]/ aGb5 . h;sf sf/0f 

ljb]zL k|e'Tjx?n] ;+3Lo /fHox? 

dfly ljleGg kl/jGbdf kfb}{ cfkm\gf] 

cg's'n :jfy{ yf]kg{ ;Sg]5g\ . h;sf 

sf/0f b]zdf zflGt / ;d[l4sf] ;§f 

4G4 / lk8f dfq hgtfsf] xft nfUg 

;Sg] 5 . o;af/] ;du| hgtf ;hu 

x'g' kb{5 . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 27

dgf]/~hg 

;'6'Ss ljjfx jGwgdf afFlwOg 

emf]nfÆ cleg]qL 

ul/df kGt 

g]kfnL rnlrq If]qsL rlr{t gflosf 

ul/df kGtn] ljjfx u/]sL 5g\ . pgn] 

cfkm}n] laxfg km];a'sdf :6f6; n]Vb} cfkm" xl/ zdf{ 

yklnof;Fu ljjfxjGwgdf afFlwPsf] 3f]if0ff 

u/]sL l5g\ . t/ pgn] :6f6;df ljjfx 

eg] slxn] u/]sf] eGg] rfFlx v'nfPsL 

5}gg\ . To:t} ul/dfsf] ljjfx klxnf] 

eP klg pgsf klt xl/sf] eg] of] 

bf];|f] ljjfx xf] . 

pgLx? ljut s]lx jif{b]lv 

k|]d ;DaGwdf /x]sf lyP . 

xl/ zdf{ yklnof a]lNhodsf 

g]kfnL Joj;foL x'g\ . ul/dfn] 

a]lNhod k'u]kl5 ToxfFsf] Ps 

/]i6'/]G6sf] kmf]6f] kf]i6 ub}{ cfkm'Fn] 

gofF Joj;fo yfn]sf] atfPsL 

lyOg\ . pgL ut jif{ lkmNd pBf]usf 

s;}nfO{ yfx} glbO ;'6'Ss a]lNhod 

k'u]sL lyOg\ . 

pgn] cfkm\gf afa'cfdf 

OGb|axfb'/ kGt tyf dfof kGtsf] 

;+o'Qm gfddf ;ftnfv g]kfnL 

?k}ofF sf] æul/a h]xGbf/ ljBfyL{ 

;xfotf cIfosf]ifÆ :yfkgf ug]{ klg 

lg0f{o u/]sL 5g\ . pgn] of] lg0f{o 

cfkm"n] k|fylds lzIff k|fKt u/]sf] 

>L ldqtf pRr df=la / pgsf] 

uf=la=;=l:yt >L dof{ª\bL ;fd'bflos 

ljBf dlGb/ lg=df=la =ljBfnosf 

nflu cIfosf]if :yfkgf ug]{l5g\ . 

of] lg0f{onfO{ ul/dfn] cfkm\gf] 

ljjfxnfO{ ;fdflhs sfo{;Fu 

klg hf]8]sL b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm 

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;S5 . k'nsf] %)) ld6/ tndfly df6f], afn'jf cflb glemsf}+ . 

#= k'ndfly ;se/ ;Lldt ultdf ;jf/L;fwg rnfpg] afgL a;fnf}+ . 

$= k'nx? xfd|f] ;kmf ;DklQ xf] . o;sf] ;+/If0f xfd|f] bfloTj xf] . 

%= dfgj z/L/df /x]sf] /Qm :gfo' tTt' h:t} k'n ;8ssf] cleGg c+u xf] . Ps 

7fpFdf /QmgnL sfl6g hfFbf kIf3ft ePh:t} k'n elTsg hfFbf ;8s pkof]luxLg 

x'G5 / dfgj hLjg c:tJo:t x'g ;S5 . 

dxfzfvf k|d'v 

32 o'lg6L EjfO;

Oltxf; 

gof“ g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff 

g]kfn eGg] zAb / g]kfnL eGg] 

zAn p:tf p:t} k|fojfrL zAb h:t} 

nfU5g\, t/ To;f] xf]Og . g]kfn 

eGg] zAb g]kfnsf] e'uf]n ef}lts 

cfsf/nfO{ hgfpF5 . g]kfnL eGg] 

zAbn] g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{] hgtf, 

gful/s cyjf ljleGg hfthflt, wd{ 

;+:sf/ / efiffdf /dfpg] dflg;x?sf] 

Ps} /fi6« xf] eGg] hgfpg] h:t} z/L/ 

/ cfTdf eg] h:t} . cfTdfsf] z/L/nfO{ 

Tofu] kl5 z/L/ nf;df ?kfGt/ eO{ 

lgl:qmo x'G5 . cfTdfn] klg z/L/k|fKt 

gu/];Dd 7f]; sfo{ ug{ c;dy{ 

x'G5 / jfo'sf] ?kdf /xG5 eGg] 

ljZjf; 5 . To:t} dflg;sf] a;f]jf; 

gePsf] lgh{g:yn ;'g;fg x'G5 ToxfF 

xnrn x'Fb}g . e'uf]n / dflg;x?sf] 

j;f]jf; eP klg ;dfhnfO{ ;'rf? 

?k;Fu ;+rfng ug{ zflGt ;'/Iff 

/ ljsf; lgdf{0f ug{ ;/sf/sf] 

cfjZos kb{5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf 

;/sf/ u7g ug{ ljleGg /fhgLlts 

bnx? :yflkt eO{;s]sf] 5 . hgtf 

gful/s / dtbftfx?af6 lgjf{rgdf 

ax'dt k|fKt u/]sf bn jf bnx?n] 

;/sf/ u7g u/L zf;g ug{] clxn]sf] 

cj:yf xf] . ;a} hft hflt / If]qn] 

cfkm\gf] cg's"n ;+3Lo k|b]zx? lgdf0f{ 

ug{] / a8L ;] a8L k|ltlglw ;+;bdf 

k7fpg kfP x'g] lyof] elg efua08f 

u/L /fv]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf 

g]kfnL gful/sx?n] /fhgLlt bnx 

eg]sf] k/sf/sf] k|f?k x'g\ . ;/sf/ 

u7g ug{ k|ltgLlwx?sf] Aoj:yf ug{ 

lgjf{rg ul/G5 . lgjf{rgaf6 a8L 

k|ltlglwx? k|fKt u/]sf] /fhgLlts 

bnn] d'n'sdf zf;g ub{5 . 

jt{dfg cj:yfdf g]kfnsf 

hgk|ltlglwx?sf] b'O{ k|sf/sf] bfloTj 

k'/f ug{ h?/L 5 . k|yd ;+ljwfg 

lgdf0f ug'{ bf];|f] zflGt ;'/Iff :yfkgf 

u/L ljsf; lgdf0f{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' 

xf] . cl3Nnf] k6ssf] ;+ljwfg 

;efaf6 ;+ljwfg cfpg g;s]sf] 

x'bfF jt{dfg ;+ljwfg ;efn] ;+ljwfg 

lbg'kg{] cfjZos k'/f u/]sf] 5 . 

;+ljwfg lgdf0f{ ug{] ;a}eGbf hl6n 

;d:of ;+3Lo k|b]zx?sf] lgdf0f{ ug'{ 

g} xf], d}n] a'em]sf] 5' . 

s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/af6 ;a} If]qdf 

/]vb]v k'¥ofpg ;s]g / ;a} 7fFpdf 

;dfg ?kdf ljsf; gx'Fbf ;a} 

gful/sx?n] ;dfg ?kdf ;'ljwf 

k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . w]/} k|b]zx? 

agfP/ zf;gsf] las]Gb|Ls/0f u/L ;a} 

If]qsf] ;dfg ?kn] ljsf; u/L ;a} 

gful/sx?n] ;dfg ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{] 

p2]Zo g} ;+3Lo /fHo cyjf k|b]zsf] 

p2]Zo xf] / x'g' kb{5 . 

k|b]zsf] ;a} gful/sx?n] 

;dfg clwsf/ / ;'v, ;'ljwf k|fKt 

ug{] Aoj:yf eP kl5 hfthflt 

efiffefifL wd{, ;+:sf/ ;+:s[ltsf 

cfwf/df k|b]zsf] lgdf0f{ ug'{kg{] 

b]lvb+}g . jt{dfg cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] 

dtbftfx?n] /fhgLlts cf:yfs} 

cfwf/df ug{] ltg} cfkm"n] dtbfg u/]sf 

bnx?n] ;+~rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmd / 

gLlt dfly ljZjf; gu/]/ hftLo / 

If]qLo cfqf/df k|b]zx?sf] lgdf0f{ 

ug'{ kb{5 egL dfu ug'{ pko'Qm ePsf] 

b]lvb}g . c?sf] s'/f ;lbcfF}b]lv 

g]kfnL hgtf cfk;df ldn]/ a;]sf 

5g\ . hft, wd{, ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] 

cfwf/df dgd'6fj ePsf] yfxf 5}g . 

g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ gful/sx?sf] 

lrgf/L cyjf klxrfg eg]sf] g]kfnL 

eGg] zAb g} xf] . gful/stfdf ;a}nfO{ 

g]kfnL elg ljb]zL;Fu kl/ro u/fPsf] 

5 . 

pQ/, blIf0f, k"j{ / klZrdaf6 

;do ;dodf dflg;x? cfP/ 

g]kfnsf] e'lddf a;]sf dflg;x?sf] 

g]kfnL elgG5 / dflgG5 . s'g ;d'x 

/ ;dfh slxn] / sxfFaf6 cfPsf] 

xf] eGg] clen]v 5}g h:tf] nfU5 . 

;do ;dodf g]kfn lelqPsf ;d'x 

/ ;dfhdf ljleGg efiff wd{ ;+:sf/, 

;+:s[lt rf8kj{ lyof], ltgLx? cufl8 

a9]df r]tgf sd lyof] . ltgLx?n] 

k|ult / pGgtLdf ug{ ;s]gg\ / kl5 

k/] . 7'nf] df5fn] ;fgf] df5f vfPh:t} 

;r]t ju{n] r]tgf sd ePsfnfO{ 

bafpg] / sdfpg] :jefljsh:t} 

lyof] . at{dfg cj:yfdf dfgj 

hfltsf] r]tgfsf] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . 

dfgj hflt Ps xf}, dfgj clwsf/ 

dfgjn] dfgjsf] lx;+f ug{ x'Fb}g eGg] 

r]tgf hfu[lt cfO;s]sf] 5 . 

k'/fgf] ;fdlGt k|j[ltsf] ;/sf/ 

lj36g eO{ hgdtsf] cfwf/af6 

;/sf/ u7g lju7g x'g] kl/kf6Lsf] 

ljsf; ;'?jft eO;s]sf] 5 . d'nssf 

;a} hgtfn] ;dfg ?kdf gful/s 

clwsf/ kfO;s]sf 5g\ . hft, 

wd{, efiff, If]q, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[ltsf] 

cfwf/df s;}nfO{ klg ;'ljwf / 

OG;fkmdf e]befj ug{ kfO{b}g eGg] 

;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf n]lvPsf 5g\ . 

/fhgLlt eg]sf] gLltdWo] ;jf{]Rr gLlt 

xf] . /fhgLlt ug{] dflg;n] cfkm"nfO{ 

b]z / hgtfsf] ;a} eGbf 7'nf] 

;]js x'F eGg] efjgfaf6 pTk|]l/t eO{ 

cfkm"nfO{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] TofuL ;flat 

o'lg6L EjfO; 33

ug{] k|0f ug'{kb{5 t ckm;f]h g]kfnsf] 

/fhgLltsdL{x?n] /fhgLlt kmfF6nfO{ 

Tofusf] xf]Og, sdfpg] / df]hdHhf 

u/L x}l;ot b]vfpg If]q agfPsf 

5g\ . 

g]kfnsf] e"dL pj{/f / ;'Gb/ 5 

t/, ;Ifd / TofuL g]tfsf] cefjn] 

ubf{ g]kfnL hgtfn] b'Mv kfO/fv]sf] 

5 / g]kfnsf] df]x/f pHhjn / 

rlDsnf] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fFRr} eGg] 

xf] eg] g]kfnL hgtf ;dembf/, ;f]emf 

zflGt / cg'zfl;t 5g\ . /fli6«o 

g]tfsf] cefjn] ubf{ g]kfnkl5 k/]sf] 

5 . ;OofdL, TofuL dxfg ePdf dfq 

g]t[Tj ug{ ;Sg]5, w}o{ zflGt e]befj 

gug{] ;a} hgtf / If]qnfO{ ;dfg 

?kn] x]g]{ cfkm";Fu ePsf] an, a'l4 

/ wg ;d]t b]z / hgtfsf] nflu 

;dk{0f ug{ ;Sg] g]tf g]kfndf sd 

5g\ . 

ef/t :jtGq x'g] a]nf a[l6z 

ue{g/ df]xfg a]6gsf] ;§fdf /fhuf]kfn 

cfrfo{nfO{ ef/tn] ueg{/ agfPsf 

lyP . t/ pgsf] gfd Oltxf;df 

;Lldt k|foM pgnfO{ lrGb}gg\ . Pp6f 

wf]tL / n7\7Lsf] e/df a[l6zaf6 

ef/tnfO{ cfhfbL ug{ cfGbf]ng ug{] 

dxfTdf ufFGwLn] s'g} klg ;/sf/L kb 

u|x0f u/]gg\ t/ ;+;f/sf dflg;n] 

dxfTdf ufGwLnfO{ g} lrG5g\ / ef/tsf 

hgtfn] pgs} k"hf u5{g\ . blIf0f 

clk|msfsf g]tf of]uL, ef]uL, b'MvL / 

/f]uL x'G5g\ . g]zgn d08]nfn] @( 

jif{ h]ndf a;L cfhfbL k|fKt u/L 

/fi6«klt eP klg pgn] zf;gdf a;L 

/fVg] OR5f g/fvL ;Qf 5f8]sf lyP . 

ljkIfLx?nfO{ klg ;Qfdf ;fd]n u/L 

zflGt / ;lxi0f'tfsf] pbfx/0f lbP/ 

ljZjnfO{ dfu{bz{g u/]sf lyP . /fHo 

cleif]zsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ TofuL lktf 

/fhf bz/ysf] cf1f kfng u/L 

>L/fd agjf; uPsf] x'Fbf q]tfo'usf 

/fdnfO{ dflg;x?n] eujfg egL 

dfgL /fv]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ljleGg 

hflt, efifL, ;+:sf/ ;+:s[lt / cf:yf 

ePsfx?n] el/Psf] d'n's xf] . 

kf]zfs, uxgf vfg klg / rf8 kj{ 

klg leGbf leGb} k|sf/sf 5g\ . leGbf 

leGb} ;d'xx?n] ^ j6} Ct'x?df 

k"hf kf7 / ;+:s[ltx? k|bz{g u/L 

/dfOnf] u/L g]kfn / g]kfnLnfO{ 

/dfO{nf] u/fO/fv]sf 5g\ . rf8kj{ 

dfGg /dfO{nf] ug{ labf dfU5g\ . w]/} 

rf8kj{x?df ljbf lb+bf ljsf; lgdf0f{ 

tyf ;/sf/L sfdx?df afwf k'¥ofpF5 

eGg] dflg;x? klg gePsf xf]Ogg\ 

t/ d]/f] ljrf/df rf8kj{n] ;dfhdf 

dflgx?nfO{ cfk;df e]63f6 / 3'nldn 

eP/ cfk;L ldqtfnfO{ clej[l4 ug{] 

/ Pstfdf cfj4 x'g'nfO{ rf8kj{ 

u/]sf] d}n] cg'e"lt u/]sf] 5' . 

ef/t :jtGq ePkl5 hft 

wd{sf] cfwfdf ef/t 6'sfO{ kfls:tfg 

agfof] . lxGb'x?n] zlxi0f'tf ckgfP 

/ lxGb':tfgsf] /fi6«klt agfP . wd{ 

lg/k]Ifsf] gLlt ckgfO{ wd{ /f]Hg] 

clwsf/ hgtfnfO{ lbof] / cfh 

ef/tn] k|ult u/]/ pGgtLzLn b]zdf 

ulgPsf] 5 . kfls:tfgn] wd{nfO{ 

s§tfsf] gLltdf ;+rfng u/]sf] x'Fbf 

kmf6f]df k/L cfk; d} le8L/fv]sf 

5g\ / k|hftGq df}nfpg ;s]sf] 

5}g . adf{df af}4 wd{nfO{ /fHo wd{ 

dfg]sf] x'bfF cu|b't dxfdfgj uf}td 

a'4sf cg'ofoLx? / d'l:nd wd{ 

cjnlDjtx?sf] klZrddf ;+3if{ eO 

/fv]sf] 5 . xfd|f g]kfndf lxGb', 

af}4, d'l:nd / cfhef]nL afO{an 

dfGg]x?sf] ;+Vof klg a[l4 eO/x]sf] 

5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdLxn] hflt 

wd{, efiff / If]qsf] cfwf/df 

k|b]zx?sf] u7g ug{] k|j[l4 b]lvof] 

elg xfd|f] cj:yf klg kfls:tfg / 

cGo b'lgofdf h:t} hft / wd{df 

cfwf/df cfk;df n8L ;d:ofdf 

gkm:nf eGg ;lsb}Fg . o'uf+}b]lv ldn]/ 

a;]sf zflGtsdL{ g]kfnLx?nfO{ hft, 

wd{ cflbsf] cfwf/df ljefhg u/L 

km'6fpg] k|of; tLa| ultn] eO/x]sf] 

5 . g]kfnLx? ;ts{ / rgfvf] eO{ 

cfkmgf] k/Dk/fnfO{ hf]ufO{ zflGt, 

w}o{tf / d]nldnfk sfod /fVg'kb{5 

eGg] d]/f] cg'/f]w 5 . 

– pHjn k|;fb k/fh'nL 

;"rgf Û ;"rgf ÛÛ ;"rgf ÛÛÛ 

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] efu # df}lns xs / st{Jo cGtu{t wf/f #% 

df :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xsdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/ æk|To]s gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t 

:jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 / s;}nfO{ klg cfsl:ds 

:jf:Yo ;]jfaf6 alGrt ul/g] 5}gÆ egL Joj:yf eP adf]lhd g]kfn 

;/sf/n] ;"lrs[t u/]sf] &) k|sf/sf cf}iflwx? dWo] lhNnf c:ktfnaf6 

&), k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb|af6 %* / :jf:Yo rf}sLaf6 #% k|sf/sf 

cf}iflw lgMz'Ns ljt/0f eO/x]sf]n] ;f] ;]jfsf] pkef]u ug'{x'g ;j{;fwf/0fx?nfO{ 

hfgsf/L u/fOG5 . 

:jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu 

k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jf k'ghf{u/0f dxfzfvf, sf7df8f 

34 o'lg6L EjfO;

;8sdf ;jf/L rnfpFbf / 

;8s tyf km'6kfy k|of]u ubf{ 

lgDg s'/fx? Wofg k'¥ofpg 

x'g ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ 

cg'/f]w 5 . 

– b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L n]g ePsf] ;8sdf ufnL 

rnfpFbf n]g cg'zf;gsf] kfngf u/f}+ . ;8sdf 

af6f] sf6\g'kbf{ h]a|f qml;ª, cfsfz] k'n, ;j–j] 

cyjf kf]lnsg aQL an]kl5 jf s'g} gePsf] 

7fpFdf ;'/lIft 7fpFaf6 dfq af6f] sf6\of}+ . 

– rf]s aQL ePsf] 7fpFdf k}bnofqLn], 

k}bnofqLsf nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf] xl/of] tyf 

;jf/L rfnsn] ;jf/L ;fwgsf nflu Joj:yf 

ul/Psf] xl/of] aQL an]kl5 dfq ;jf/L cufl8 

a9fcf}+ . 

– ;jf/L rnfpFbf jf af6f] sf6\bf slxNo} klg 

df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u gu/f}F . 

– hyfefjL cf]e/6]s gu/f}+ . bflxg]kl§af6 cyjf 

cufl8sf] uf8Ln] ;+s]t lbPkl5 dfq cf]e/6]s 

u/f}+ . ljk/Lt lbzfaf6 cfpg] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] 

n]gdf k|j]z gu/f}+ . k}bnofqLn] hfg÷cGhfgdf 

af6f] sf6\g nfu]sf] b]v]df uf8L /fsf}+ / 

k}bnofqLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbpmF . 

– leGg Ifdtf ePsf -zf/Ll/s sdhf]/L tyf 

b[li6ljxLg_ gful/snfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;8s 

k|of]udf ;xof]u u/f}+ . 

– tf]lsPsf] 7fpF -a; :6k jf 6]Dkf] :6k_ af6 

dfq ofq' cf]/fNg] r9\g] afgL a;fnf}+ . 

– ;8s laefusf] dfkb08 tyf ;jf/L ;fwgsf] 

IfdtfeGbf a9L cf]hg af]Sgdf /f]s nufcf}+ . 

;fj{lhgs lxtsf nflu 

g]kfn ;/sf/ 

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno 

;8s ljefu 

;8s tyf 6«flkms zfvf 

ltd|f] ;Demgfdf 

– ef]h /fh a:g]t 

cf]OnL hfg] km"n xf} ltdL, cfof} d]/f] dgdf 

km"Ng nfvf}+ sf]lz; u/] d}n], ;Sb} ;lsPg e'Ng 

/+uLg nfUg yfNof] ;+;f/, ha km"Nof} ltdL dgdf 

xNsf xNsf pdËsf], nfnL r9\g yfNof] tgdf 

b'O lbgsf] kfx'gf ltdL, lbnsf] b}nf] vf]Nb} cfof} 

klxnf] lbgd} lrg] h:t}, u/L xfF:b} af]Nb} cfof} 

;'gf}nf] d]/f] lhGbufgL, ;'uGwn] eg{ yfNof} 

km"nsf] dxn 5ftL leq, lbnsf] w8\sg a9\g yfNof] 

afF;'/Lsf] :j/ xf} ltdL, dL7f] uLt aHg yfNof} 

u'l~hP/ dg}e/L, ;Demgfdf a:g yfNof} 

55lNsb} ;f/f v'zL, kf]lvP/ aUg yfn] 

;Fu;Fu} latfPsf, dL7f kn aSg yfn] 

lkkn rf}tf/L xf} ltdL, lztn 5xf/L d} cfof} 

emflËP/ rf/}lt/, dgsf] s'gf s'gf 5fof} 

nSs' 8fnL v]Nb} d t, xfFuf xfFuf rfNg yfn] 

ag} ;f/f u'~hfpg], s'Ss s'Ss af]Ng yfn] . 

;"rgf Û ;"rgf Û ;"rgf Û 

g]kfn ef/t ;DaGw ljz]if c+s k|sfzg x'“b}5 

tkfO{+sf] ljrf/ n]v k7fOlbg' x'g :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf / 

xg' ePsf n]vs, ljåfg, k//fi6«ljb\ Pj+ sfg'gljb\x?nfO{ 

xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ . 

;Dks{M unityvoice@yahoo.com, 

kmf]gM )!–(*%!)*@!*$ 

o'lg6L EjfO; 35

h]6 % / ^ ut] sf7df8f}+ x'g] cGt/f{li6«o af}4 uf]i7L / 

h]7 * ut] a'4 kl"0f{dfsf] lbg n'lDagLdf x'g] 

@%^) cf}+ a'4 hoGtL 

;df/f]x eJo ?kdf 

;kmn kf/f}+ 

g]kfn ;/sf/ 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno 

;"rgf ljefu 

36 o'lg6L EjfO;

19.8cmx27.5-design

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