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Talca Reclutamiento y titulación de PEEP para SDRA, E Learnin g

Talca Reclutamiento y titulación de PEEP para SDRA, E Learnin g

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<strong>Reclutamiento</strong> y<br />

Titulación <strong>de</strong> <strong>PEEP</strong> en<br />

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<strong>SDRA</strong><br />

Dr Rodrigo Soto Figueroa<br />

Hospital Clínico <strong>de</strong> la Fuerza<br />

Aérea <strong>de</strong> Chile.<br />

Clínica Alemana <strong>de</strong> Santiago.<br />

rsoto955@hotmail.com


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Evolucionando <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> oxigenar a<br />

proteger el pulmón y economía<br />

•1970`s Oxigenar: Buscar el mínimo<br />

<strong>PEEP</strong> que mejore la Oxemia sin que caiga<br />

el transporte <strong>de</strong> O2.<br />

•2009 Estabilizar alvéolos: Buscar un<br />

régimen que abra los espacios alveolares<br />

y los estabilice abiertos.<br />

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Derdak, CCM. Vol 33(3) Suppl 2005, pp<br />

S113-S114


<strong>SDRA</strong><br />

•Mortalidad global <strong>de</strong> 30 a 50%. (26 – 71%)<br />

•10-16% fallecen por falla Respiratoria.<br />

•La mayoría por Sepsis, FOM.<br />

Daño Pulmonar... y sistémico inducido por<br />

Ventilación Mecánica.<br />

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• La Ventilación ina<strong>de</strong>cuada en <strong>SDRA</strong><br />

produce daño pulmonar y sistémico<br />

–Barotrauma<br />

–Volutrauma por sobredistensión.<br />

–Atelectrauma por apertura/cierre <strong>de</strong><br />

alvéolos inestables.<br />

–Biotrauma: liberación <strong>de</strong> mediadores,<br />

apoptosis. Daño a organos no pulmón.<br />

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Volutrauma<br />

El Vt y la “presión <strong>de</strong> distensión”:<br />

• Vt: 6 ml/ kg y p plateau ≤ 30 reducen<br />

mortalidad e inflamación sistémica. (ARMA,<br />

NEJM ´2000).<br />

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Stress tisular: presión drive.<br />

• Es la diferencia (pPlat-<strong>PEEP</strong>).<br />

• Distien<strong>de</strong>… ó sobredistien<strong>de</strong>.<br />

• Rigi<strong>de</strong>z α presión drive.<br />

• La recibe el pulmón respon<strong>de</strong>dor<br />

esencialmente.<br />

• ¿16 cm H2O límite <strong>para</strong> p Drive ??.<br />

(Amato)<br />

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Strain ó<strong>de</strong>formación tisular.<br />

50%


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Deformación tisular ó strain<br />

25%


Deformación (strain)<br />

•¿Qué fracción <strong>de</strong>l Volúmen <strong>de</strong> Gas<br />

Torácico es el Vt? “Vt/VGT %”<br />

•El pulmón reclutado tiene > VGT.<br />

• el reclutamiento reduce el % <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong>formación ó strain.<br />

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Efecto reclutamiento:<br />

• ↑ Compliance: reduce P drive<br />

•< stress<br />

• ↑Volumen gas torácico: < Vt/VGT%<br />

•< strain<br />

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Presión y <strong>de</strong>formación (stress y strain)<br />

AJRCCM Vol 174. pp 268–278, 2006<br />

• Amato: 15 cm <strong>de</strong> p drive en estrategia <strong>de</strong><br />

máximo reclutamiento.<br />

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Historia Ventilatoria:<br />

•Reclutar = ABRIR el pulmón, se hace en<br />

la insuflación, por ej en Presión control.<br />

•El pulmón reclutado se mantiene abierto<br />

con <strong>PEEP</strong>.<br />

• ∴ el efecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>PEEP</strong> <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>l grado<br />

<strong>de</strong> reclutamiento previo o “historia<br />

ventilatoria”.<br />

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• <strong>PEEP</strong> sólo mantiene abierto lo que se<br />

ventiló en la inspiración prece<strong>de</strong>nte.<br />

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Gattinoni, AJRCCM 2001; 164


Atelectrauma = Apertura/cierre<br />

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(cizallamiento)


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Cizalla ó “shearing forces”


Hasta 140 cm H2O<br />

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<strong>Reclutamiento</strong>-<strong>de</strong>reclutamiento


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Daño por Ventilación Mecánica,<br />

BIOTRAUMA:<br />

•Sometido a Ventilación Mecánica, el<br />

pulmón libera mediadores que amplifican<br />

la respuesta inflamatoria.<br />

•ARMA ´99, Ranieri ´99, Imai ´03:<br />

ventilación injuriosa, niveles <strong>de</strong> IL-6 TNF<br />

etc y la falla <strong>de</strong> estructuras orgánicas<br />

no-pulmón.<br />

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Injurious Mechanical<br />

Ventilation and End<br />

Organ Epithelial Cell<br />

Apoptosis and organ<br />

Dysfunction in<br />

experimental mo<strong>de</strong>l of<br />

ARDS.<br />

Imai, Parodo, Ranieri,<br />

Slutsky.<br />

JAMA 2003: 289,N° 16<br />

p 2104.<br />

NON-INJ<br />

INJ<br />

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Kidney<br />

TUNEL<br />

NON-INJ<br />

INJ<br />

Villi


Amato, Barbas: “Open Lung<br />

Strategy”<br />

NEJM 1998; 338:347-54.<br />

•Presión-control. (Pinsp < 20 cm)<br />

•6 ml/kg.<br />

•<strong>PEEP</strong> por pFlex inferior<br />

•Presión peak bajo pflex superior.<br />

•Maniobras <strong>de</strong> reclutamiento 40cm x 40’’<br />

38 vs 71% mortalidad: p< 0.001<br />

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• La Inestabilidad Alveolar favorece el daño<br />

pulmonar en Ventilación Mecánica.<br />

• Parece ser un componente principal <strong>de</strong> VILI.<br />

• Estrategias reclutantes que reducen la<br />

inestabilidad pue<strong>de</strong>n reducir VALI.<br />

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CCM 2005; 33. S122–128


pflex low insp „ pflex low esp<br />

pflex low esp<br />

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*<br />

*<br />

*<br />

pflex low insp<br />

pflex high


<strong>Reclutamiento</strong> en TODA la insp.<br />

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<strong>Reclutamiento</strong> intra V Tidal:<br />

•Stress in<strong>de</strong>x (Grasso)<br />

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ARMA 1999<br />

Grupo: 6 ml/kg 12 ml/kg<br />

• Mortalidad : 31% 39% (S)<br />

• Libre <strong>de</strong> V.Mec : 65% 55% (S)<br />

(día 28)<br />

• Días sin <strong>de</strong> falla : 15+-11 12+-11 (S)<br />

<strong>de</strong> otros organos.<br />

• Caída <strong>de</strong> IL-6 : 2.5 a 2.0 pg 2.5 a 2.3 pg (S)<br />

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ABRA EL PULMÓN Y MANTÉNGALO<br />

ABIERTO.<br />

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¿Cuáles son las cotas??<br />

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Sobredistensión<br />

Apertura/cierre


¿Cuál es el mejor <strong>PEEP</strong>??<br />

Tablas <strong>de</strong> <strong>PEEP</strong> en ARMA:<br />

•Correlacionan <strong>PEEP</strong>/OXIGENACIÓN.<br />

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Tabla <strong>PEEP</strong> en ARMA, 1999<br />

FIO2: .3 .4 .4 .5 .5 .6 .7 .7 .7<br />

<strong>PEEP</strong> 5 5 8 8 10 10 10 12 14<br />

FIO2 : .8 .9 .9 .9 1.0 1.0<br />

<strong>PEEP</strong>: 14 14 16 18 18 20-24<br />

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Fuente: NEJM 342. 2000


¿… tablas es mejor…??<br />

•…pero la gente fallece <strong>de</strong><br />

inflamación…<br />

–…y la inestabilidad alveolar es<br />

inflamación…<br />

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Prueba <strong>de</strong> potencial <strong>de</strong> reclutamiento:<br />

•<strong>PEEP</strong> 15–20 cm<br />

•Presión Control 30 cm H2O.<br />

•Plateau 50 cm por 1–2 min.<br />

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<strong>PEEP</strong> <strong>para</strong> estabilidad alveolar:<br />

1° Maniobra <strong>de</strong> reclutamiento. Ej 25/25:<br />

CPAP 25 + PSV 25cm por 2 min.<br />

2° Medir compliance con <strong>PEEP</strong> 25.<br />

3° Reducir 2-3 cm cada 10 min ⇒ medir<br />

compliance.<br />

4° <strong>PEEP</strong> óptimo será 2cm sobre el punto previo a<br />

la caída <strong>de</strong> compliance.<br />

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Compliance =<br />

Vt/EIP-EEP<br />

Suter et al. NEJM 1975


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Reclutable:<br />

•Prueba <strong>de</strong> reclutamiento.<br />

•Elección <strong>de</strong> <strong>PEEP</strong> por<br />

mejor compliance en <strong>de</strong>scenso.<br />

•Vt 6 ml/kg, pPlat


No reclutable:<br />

•<strong>PEEP</strong> bajo (5 cm).<br />

•Vt 6 ml/kg.<br />

•Plateau < 30.<br />

•Ensayar <strong>de</strong>cúbitos.<br />

•Ojo Shunt y Vd/Vt.<br />

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•LOVS.<br />

•EXPRESS.<br />

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Data: no respalda


•¿Estudio Oscillate????<br />

•¡Tutti attenti !!!<br />

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Manejo Ventilatorio Convencional<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>SDRA</strong> (ARMA)<br />

•Vt <strong>de</strong>be ser <strong>de</strong> 6 ml/kg <strong>de</strong> peso i<strong>de</strong>al,<br />

calculado por sexo y talla.<br />

•La pPlat no <strong>de</strong>be exce<strong>de</strong>r 30 cmH2O<br />

•Frecuencia Respiratoria entre 6 y 35 x<br />

min, <strong>para</strong> mantener pH entre 7.3 y 7.45<br />

•<strong>PEEP</strong> por tablas. Para SaO2 <strong>de</strong> 88 a<br />

95%.<br />

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Alternativa:<br />

Titulando <strong>PEEP</strong> <strong>para</strong> estabilidad alveolar.<br />

Una vez volemizado y sin neumotorax:<br />

•Maniobra <strong>de</strong> <strong>Reclutamiento</strong> inicial.<br />

•Hacer curvas <strong>de</strong> Compliance con <strong>PEEP</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong>creciente.<br />

•El mejor <strong>PEEP</strong> es la cifra superior a<br />

aquella en que la compliance <strong>de</strong>cae.<br />

<strong>de</strong>cae.<br />

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Lecturas recomendadas:<br />

1. The ARDS network: Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared<br />

with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute<br />

respiratory distress syndrome. “ARMA”. NEJM volume 342 May 4,<br />

2000: 18<br />

2. Amato MB, Barbas CS, Me<strong>de</strong>iros DM, et al. Effect of a protectiveventilation<br />

strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress<br />

syndrome. N Engl JMed 1998; 338:347-54.<br />

3. Imai, Y, Parodo, J, Slutsky, A et al: Injurious Mechanical Ventilation<br />

and end organ epithelial cell apoptosis Organ Disfunction in an<br />

experimental mo<strong>de</strong>l of ARDS. JAMA April 23/30, 2003 Vo 289, n° 16<br />

4. Ranieri VM, Suter PM, Tortorella C, et al. Effect of mechanical<br />

ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute<br />

respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA<br />

1999;282: 54-61.<br />

5. Suarez-Sipmann F, MD; Böhm S, MD, He<strong>de</strong>nstierna G MD et al: Use<br />

of dynamic compliance for open lung positive end-expiratory pressure<br />

titration in an experimental study. Crit Care Med 2007 Vol. 35, No. 1<br />

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6. Gattinoni L M.D., F.R.C.P., Caironi P, M.D., Cressoni M,<br />

Bugedo G et al: Lung Recruitment in Patients with the Acute<br />

Respiratory Distress Syndrome. NEJM April 27, 2006 vol. 354 N° 17<br />

7. Mea<strong>de</strong> MO, MD, MSc, Cook DJ, MD, MSc, Stewart TE MD et al:<br />

Ventilation Strategy Using Low Tidal Volumes, Recruitment<br />

Maneuvers, and High Positive End-Expiratory Pressure for Acute<br />

Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome A Randomized<br />

Controlled Trial. JAMA, February 13, 2008—Vol 299, No. 6 637<br />

8. Mercat, A MD Richard, JC MD, Brochard, L MD Positive End-<br />

Expiratory Pressure Setting in Adults With Acute Lung Injury and<br />

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome A Randomized Controlled<br />

Trial. JAMA, February 13, 2008—Vol 299, No. 6<br />

9. Gattinoni L MD, Marini J MD: Ventilatory management of acute<br />

respiratory distress syndrome: A consensus of two. Crit Care Med<br />

2004 Vol. 32, No. 1 250-255.<br />

10. Borges, JB, Val<strong>de</strong>lisN, Amato M : Reversibility of Lung Collapse and<br />

Hypoxemia in Early Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. AJRCCM<br />

174:268-278, 2006.<br />

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11. Daniel Talmor, Todd Sarge, Malhotra A et al: Mechanical Ventilation<br />

Gui<strong>de</strong>d by Esophageal Pressure in Acute Lung Injury, NEJM 2008<br />

359:20; p 2095-2104<br />

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