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Tesis previa a la obtención del Título de Ingeniero en Electrónica y ...

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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL<br />

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA ELÉCTRICA<br />

ESTUDIO Y PLANIFICACIÓN DE UN MODELO DE RED<br />

PARA VIDEO-TELÉFONO<br />

<strong>Tesis</strong> <strong>previa</strong> a <strong>la</strong> <strong>obt<strong>en</strong>ción</strong> <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>Título</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Ing<strong>en</strong>iero</strong> <strong>en</strong><br />

<strong>Electrónica</strong> y Telecomunicaciones<br />

Luis Santiago León Coronel<br />

Quito, Diciembre <strong>de</strong> 1998


ÍNDICE GENERAL<br />

Introducción ., 1<br />

CAPITULO1: PRINCIPIOS DE FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL VIDEO TELEFONO<br />

1.1 Descripción g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong>de</strong> los Sistemas <strong>de</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o-Telefonía Digital, 3<br />

1.1.1 Introducción 3<br />

1.1.2 Sistemas <strong>de</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono 3<br />

1.1.2.1 Descripción <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Servicio 4<br />

1.1.2.2 Facilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Servicio 5<br />

1.1.2.3 Características <strong>de</strong> Calidad <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Servicio Vi<strong>de</strong>o Telefónico 5<br />

1.1.2.4 Parámetros <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Sistema Vi<strong>de</strong>o Telefónico 5<br />

1.2 Normas <strong>de</strong> Comunicación 7<br />

1.2.1 Norma H.320 7<br />

1.2.1.1 Diagrama <strong>de</strong> Bloques e I<strong>de</strong>ntificación <strong>de</strong> elem<strong>en</strong>tos 8<br />

1.2.1.2 Señales 9<br />

1.2.1.3 Velocidad Binaria-Opciones e Infraestructura 10<br />

1.2.1.4 Tipos <strong>de</strong> Terminal <strong>de</strong> un Vi<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono 11<br />

1.2.2 Establecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> una l<strong>la</strong>mada <strong>de</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono 12<br />

1.2.2.1 Normas y Procedimi<strong>en</strong>tos 12<br />

1.2.2.2 Transmisión y Despliegue <strong>de</strong> Pantal<strong>la</strong>s al iniciar una L<strong>la</strong>mada 16<br />

1.3 Algoritmos <strong>de</strong> Codificación y Decodificación 18<br />

1.3.1 JBIG (Codificación <strong>de</strong> Imág<strong>en</strong>es Progresivas <strong>de</strong> Doble Nivel) 19<br />

1.3.1.1 Codificación Progresiva 19<br />

1.3.1.2 Revisión <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Algoritmo JBIG 21<br />

1.3.2 JPEG (Codificación <strong>de</strong> Imág<strong>en</strong>es Inmóviles a Color)......... 23<br />

1.3.2.1 Visión g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong>de</strong> los algoritmos JPEG 23<br />

1.3.3 Norma H.261 <strong>de</strong> codificación para vi<strong>de</strong>o confer<strong>en</strong>cia. 28<br />

1.3.3.1 Estructura y compon<strong>en</strong>tes <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>de</strong>codificador...... , 30<br />

1.3.3.2 Frecu<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> muestreo. 31<br />

1.3.3.3 Codificación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> canal <strong>de</strong> audio 31<br />

1.3.3.4 Codificación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> canal <strong>de</strong> datos 31<br />

1.3.3.5 Codificación <strong>de</strong> fu<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o 31<br />

1.3.4 Estándar MPEG...... ..".... 32<br />

1.3.4.1 Requerimi<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> norma .....' 32<br />

1.3.4.2 Revisión <strong>de</strong> los algoritmos <strong>de</strong> compresión. 33<br />

1.3.4.3 Características <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> sintaxis <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema 36<br />

CAPITULO 2: LA RDSI EN VIDEO COMUNICACIONES<br />

2.1 Principios G<strong>en</strong>erales <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> RDSI..... 38<br />

2.1.1 Establecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> una RDSI 39<br />

2.1.2 P<strong>la</strong>n g<strong>en</strong>eral para el establecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> una RSl. 39<br />

2.1.3 Interfuncionami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>en</strong>tre una RDSI y una RTPC 40<br />

2.1.4 Tratami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> l<strong>la</strong>madas <strong>en</strong>tre RDSI y RTPC 41<br />

2.2 Vi<strong>de</strong>ocomunicaciones <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> RDSI 44<br />

2.2.1 Servicios <strong>de</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o Comunicación <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> RDSI... ,. 44<br />

Páginas


2.2.2 C<strong>la</strong>sificación <strong>de</strong> los servicios <strong>de</strong> Telecomunicaciones 45<br />

2.2.2.1 Servicios básicos 45<br />

2.2.2.2 Servicios complem<strong>en</strong>tarios............ 45<br />

2.3 RDSI <strong>de</strong> Banda Angosta y Banda Ancha 45<br />

2.3.1 RDSI <strong>de</strong> banda angosta.............. 46<br />

2.3.2 RDSI <strong>de</strong> banda ancha 48<br />

2.3.2.1 Modo <strong>de</strong> transfer<strong>en</strong>cia Asincrónico (ATM)....... 48<br />

2.4 Aplicaciones <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> RDSI 54<br />

2.4.1 Consolidación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s re<strong>de</strong>s............ 54<br />

2.4.2 Biblioteca electrónica digital.......... 54<br />

2.4.3 Media disponible <strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda....... 55<br />

2.4.4 Captura <strong>de</strong> información.............. 56<br />

2.4.5 Confer<strong>en</strong>cia. 56<br />

2.4.6 Simu<strong>la</strong>ción.... 57<br />

CAPITULO 3: TECNOLOGÍAS DEL VIDEO TELEFONO<br />

3.1 El Vi<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono <strong>de</strong> Imág<strong>en</strong>es Fijas 58<br />

3.1.1 Descripción y funcionami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong>! teléfono "PICASSO" <strong>de</strong> AT&T 58<br />

3.1.1.1 El sistema Picasso 58<br />

3.1.1.2 Características 58<br />

3.1.1.3 Modo <strong>de</strong> operación....... 60<br />

3.1.1.4 Funciones <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> teléfono Picasso...... 60<br />

3.1.2 Equipos y compon<strong>en</strong>tes <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema 61<br />

3.1.2.1 Arquitectura <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema Picasso 63<br />

3.1.2.2 Protocolos <strong>de</strong> comunicación 66<br />

3.1.3 Interactividad con oíros equipos 66<br />

3.1.3.1 Conectividad con PCs 67<br />

3.1.3.2 Conectividad con equipos <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o.................. 67<br />

3.1.3.3 Mouse para anotaciones... 67<br />

3.1.3.4 Mercado y aplicaciones.... 68<br />

3.2 El Vi<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono <strong>de</strong> Imág<strong>en</strong>es Móviles.... 70<br />

3.2.1 Introducción................ 70<br />

3.2.2 Descripción y funcionami<strong>en</strong>to <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o-teléfono 70<br />

3.2.2.1 Modo <strong>de</strong> utilización para los usuarios <strong>de</strong> un Vi<strong>de</strong>oteléfono...... 71<br />

3.2.2.2 Diseño físico... 72<br />

3.2.3 Descripción <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono Alcatel...... 73<br />

3.2.3.1 Concepto <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono Alcatel 73<br />

3.2.3.2 El compon<strong>en</strong>te es<strong>en</strong>cial CAP III...... 74<br />

3.2.4 Equipos y compon<strong>en</strong>etes <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema 75<br />

3.2.4.1 Arquitectura <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono 75<br />

3.3 La vi<strong>de</strong>o-confer<strong>en</strong>cia como aplicación particu<strong>la</strong>r 80<br />

3.3.1 Proshare Personal Confer<strong>en</strong>cing Vi<strong>de</strong>o System 200..... 81<br />

3.3.2 PictureTelLivePLS 500. 82<br />

3.3.3 TeleWork-5.. 83<br />

3.3.4 Otras aplicaciones <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono 84


CAPITULO 4: ESTUDIO Y PLANIFICACIÓN DE UN MODELO DE RED PARA EL<br />

VIDEO- TELEFONO<br />

4.1 Estudio <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o telefonía porfibra óptica 89<br />

4.1.1 Fundam<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> propagación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> luz y sistemas <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica..... ,. 89<br />

4..1.2 Tipos <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica... 90<br />

4.1.3 Estructura <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> cable <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica 91<br />

4.1.4 V<strong>en</strong>tajas al usar re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica 94<br />

4.1.5 Pérdidas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s fibras.... 95<br />

4.1.6 Topología <strong>de</strong> re<strong>de</strong>s 97<br />

4.1.7 Empalmes <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s fibras ópticas 98<br />

4.1.8 Apertura numérica 99<br />

4.2 P<strong>la</strong>nificación <strong>de</strong> un mo<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong>o <strong>de</strong> red para esta tecnología <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> ciudad<br />

<strong>de</strong> Quito para el sector que compr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> C<strong>en</strong>tral <strong>de</strong> Iñaquito 99<br />

4.2.1 Diseño <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema 99<br />

4.2.1.1 Selección <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> número <strong>de</strong> fibras....... 99<br />

4.2.1.2 Cálculo <strong>de</strong> pérdidas..... 100<br />

4.2.1.3 At<strong>en</strong>uación <strong>de</strong> cable máxima permitida 102<br />

4.2.1.4 Cálculo <strong>de</strong> pérdidas <strong>en</strong> conectares. 102<br />

4.2.1.5 Cálculos requeridos según el tipo <strong>de</strong> fibra 103<br />

4.2.1.6 Selección <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra... 104<br />

4.2.1.7 Descripción y diseño para <strong>la</strong> red interna <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica 105<br />

4.3 Descripción <strong>de</strong> equipos y análisis económico 107<br />

4.3.1 Estimación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> capital necesario... 110<br />

4.3.1.1 Costos <strong>de</strong> equipos y cable...... 110<br />

4.3.1.2 Costos por mano <strong>de</strong> obra y servicios 110<br />

4.3.1.3 Costos por servicios básicos..... 111<br />

4.3.1.4 Costos <strong>de</strong> operación 111<br />

4.3.1.5 Costos totales <strong>de</strong> operación...... 112<br />

4.3.2 Cobertura <strong>de</strong> costos <strong>de</strong> implem<strong>en</strong>tación y operación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema 112<br />

CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 114<br />

ANEXOS<br />

Anexo 1: P<strong>la</strong>nos<br />

Red Principal<br />

Diagrama Vertical<br />

Equipos y compon<strong>en</strong>tes <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema<br />

Mapa <strong>de</strong> ubicación<br />

Anexo 2: Normas y Recom<strong>en</strong>daciones<br />

Norma H: 221<br />

Norma H: 230<br />

Norma H: 242<br />

Norma H: 261<br />

Norma H: 320<br />

BIBLIOGRAFÍA


ESTUDIO Y PLANIFICACIÓN DE UN MODELO DE RED PARA<br />

VIDEO-TELEFONÍA<br />

INTRODUCCION.-<br />

La comunicación actual está caracterizada por hombres y máquinas que<br />

intercambian información <strong>de</strong> una manera s<strong>en</strong>cil<strong>la</strong>, fiable, segura y económica <strong>en</strong><br />

cualquier mom<strong>en</strong>to y lugar usando los medios a su elección, ya sean, voz, datos o<br />

imag<strong>en</strong>.<br />

Reci<strong>en</strong>tes estudios económicos cuantifican a <strong>la</strong>s telecomunicaciones como uno <strong>de</strong><br />

los principales factores con los que se mi<strong>de</strong> el <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> un país, por tanto<br />

mi<strong>en</strong>tras más completa sea <strong>la</strong> información que nos llegue, mucho más rápida será<br />

<strong>la</strong> respuesta que t<strong>en</strong>gamos, utilizando para el efecto m<strong>en</strong>os recursos, y por tanto<br />

optimizando tiempo y dinero <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> realización <strong>de</strong> una tarea <strong>de</strong>terminada.<br />

Existe una c<strong>la</strong>ra t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong> llevar un creci<strong>en</strong>te número <strong>de</strong> servicios <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

tanto al lugar <strong>de</strong> trabajo como al hogar a través <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s telecomunicaciones, tales<br />

servicios serán necesarios para justificar <strong>la</strong> red <strong>de</strong> banda ancha a insta<strong>la</strong>rse <strong>en</strong> el<br />

futuro, al tiempo que serán los que t<strong>en</strong>drán que g<strong>en</strong>erar los necesarios b<strong>en</strong>eficios<br />

económicos. Esta nueva red t<strong>en</strong>drá <strong>la</strong> flexibilidad necesaria para ofrecer al<br />

usuario servicios <strong>de</strong> multimedia, si<strong>en</strong>do éste un instrum<strong>en</strong>to multifuncional que<br />

podrá soportar una combinación <strong>de</strong> comunicación <strong>de</strong> datos, voz y vi<strong>de</strong>o para un<br />

gran número <strong>de</strong> aplicaciones incluy<strong>en</strong>do teléfono, vi<strong>de</strong>oteléfono, y telefax.<br />

Un estudio realizado <strong>en</strong> 1991 por Arthur D. Little sugiere que <strong>la</strong>s re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong><br />

comunicación repres<strong>en</strong>tan el "carburante alternativo". El estudio concluye que si


<strong>la</strong>s teleconfer<strong>en</strong>cias, telecompras, teletrabajo, e intercambio electrónico <strong>de</strong><br />

docum<strong>en</strong>tos reemp<strong>la</strong>za <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> diez al veinte por ci<strong>en</strong>to <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> transporte <strong>en</strong> los<br />

Estados Unidos, se eliminarían: el transporte diario <strong>de</strong> seis millones <strong>de</strong> viajeros,<br />

aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te tresci<strong>en</strong>tos mil millones <strong>de</strong> peticiones <strong>de</strong> compra anuales, casi<br />

trece millones <strong>de</strong> viajes <strong>de</strong> negocios al año, mas <strong>de</strong> noveci<strong>en</strong>tos millones <strong>de</strong><br />

kilómetros <strong>de</strong> fletes (p.ej. correo) por tierra y por aire anuales. Por tanto el ahorro<br />

económico que ésto implica es una razón más que sufici<strong>en</strong>te como para realizar<br />

un análisis <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s posibilida<strong>de</strong>s y nuevas tecnologías <strong>de</strong> comunicación que exist<strong>en</strong><br />

actualm<strong>en</strong>te, y como se <strong>la</strong>s pue<strong>de</strong> adaptar a nuestro medio, utilizando los recursos<br />

exist<strong>en</strong>tes y adaptándolos a <strong>la</strong> tecnología <strong>de</strong> punta.<br />

Con este gran panorama, el pres<strong>en</strong>te trabajo ti<strong>en</strong>e por objeto estudiar una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />

aplicaciones <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s telecomunicaciones actuales como es <strong>la</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o- telefonía, <strong>la</strong><br />

tecnología utilizada, <strong>la</strong>s normas y protocolos por los que esta regido y el campo<br />

<strong>de</strong> aplicación que se le pue<strong>de</strong> dar <strong>en</strong> nuestro medio.


CAPITULO I<br />

1.- PRINCIPIOS DE FUNCIONAMIENTO<br />

1.1 DESCRIPCIÓN GENERAL DE LOS SISTEMAS DE VIDEO TELÉFONO<br />

DIGITALES.-<br />

1.1.1 INTRODUCCIÓN<br />

Tomando <strong>en</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ta que se han hecho gran<strong>de</strong>s esfuerzos a esca<strong>la</strong> mundial para<br />

e<strong>la</strong>borar equipos <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o telefonía basándose principalm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s rápidas<br />

mejoras <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong> los algoritmos <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> codificador-<strong>de</strong>codificador (co<strong>de</strong>e) tanto<br />

<strong>de</strong> audio como <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o, tomando <strong>en</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ta a<strong>de</strong>más que ya están a <strong>la</strong> v<strong>en</strong>ta<br />

ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfonos <strong>de</strong> algunas compañías y se han realizado <strong>la</strong>s primeras pruebas<br />

<strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfonos a esca<strong>la</strong> nacional e internacional; sabi<strong>en</strong>do a<strong>de</strong>más que <strong>la</strong> Red<br />

Digital <strong>de</strong> Servicios Integrados (RDSI) será apropiada para ofrecer éste servicio, y<br />

que <strong>en</strong> nuestro país ya se están realizando <strong>la</strong>s primeras pruebas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> RDSI, el<br />

pres<strong>en</strong>te capítulo t<strong>en</strong>drá por objeto realizar una <strong>de</strong>scripción g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong>de</strong> esta<br />

tecnología así como también <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s normas y protocolos por los que está regida.<br />

1.1.2 SISTEMAS VÍDEO TELEFÓNICOS .-<br />

El sistema ví<strong>de</strong>o telefónico es un sistema audiovisual, bidireccional que trabaja <strong>en</strong><br />

tiempo real, pudi<strong>en</strong>do transmitir voz e imág<strong>en</strong>es fijas o <strong>en</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to. La<br />

información visual transmitida es sufici<strong>en</strong>te como para repres<strong>en</strong>tar <strong>de</strong> manera<br />

a<strong>de</strong>cuada y con flui<strong>de</strong>z los movimi<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s personas. Los sistemas<br />

unidireccionales <strong>de</strong> aplicación especial, como por ejemplo los sistemas <strong>de</strong><br />

vigi<strong>la</strong>ncia y algunos sistemas <strong>de</strong> recuperación <strong>de</strong> información, o el servicio <strong>de</strong><br />

ví<strong>de</strong>o confer<strong>en</strong>cia sin retorno, pue<strong>de</strong>n consi<strong>de</strong>rarse casos simplificados <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

servicio ví<strong>de</strong>o telefónico.


1.1.2.1 Descripción <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> servicio.-<br />

El servicio ví<strong>de</strong>o telefónico es utilizado <strong>de</strong> manera muy simi<strong>la</strong>r al servicio telefónico<br />

vocal, con <strong>la</strong> v<strong>en</strong>taja <strong>de</strong> que los interlocutores pue<strong>de</strong>n verse, lo que supone varias<br />

nuevas aplicaciones. El servicio ví<strong>de</strong>o telefónico básico se caracteriza por <strong>la</strong><br />

transmisión continua <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>en</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to simultáneam<strong>en</strong>te con <strong>la</strong> voz <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

persona que participa <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> l<strong>la</strong>mada mediante uno o dos canales a 64 Kbis/s. Se<br />

prevé que se pueda realizar dos tipos distintos <strong>de</strong> l<strong>la</strong>madas: l<strong>la</strong>madas <strong>de</strong> aparato a<br />

aparato (exig<strong>en</strong>cia básica) y l<strong>la</strong>madas multipunto, para ésta última opción se<br />

necesita una c<strong>en</strong>tral para mezc<strong>la</strong>r <strong>la</strong>s señales vocales y conmutar <strong>la</strong>s señales <strong>de</strong><br />

ví<strong>de</strong>o (esta opción todavía no se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra normalizada por el CCITT), <strong>la</strong><br />

comunicación ví<strong>de</strong>o telefónica multipunto se consi<strong>de</strong>ra un servicio suplem<strong>en</strong>tario.<br />

En este estudio es importante consi<strong>de</strong>rar el hecho <strong>de</strong> que <strong>en</strong> el servicio <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

teléfono, el número <strong>de</strong> abonados a este servicio, comparado con el número <strong>de</strong><br />

abonados <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> teléfono normal será evi<strong>de</strong>ntem<strong>en</strong>te inferior, por lo tanto estos<br />

aparatos <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> ser totalm<strong>en</strong>te compatibles con los teléfonos normales a fin <strong>de</strong><br />

evitar que los abonados al ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono puedan comunicarse únicam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>ntro<br />

<strong>de</strong> un grupo cerrado <strong>de</strong> usuarios, esta condición <strong>de</strong> compatibilidad <strong>de</strong>be cumplirse<br />

in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> tecnología usada (análoga, digital, RDSI) <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> c<strong>en</strong>tra!<br />

local a <strong>la</strong> que esté conectado el abonado.<br />

Para <strong>la</strong> intercomunicación <strong>en</strong>tre servicios ví<strong>de</strong>o telefónicos distintos, y con<br />

velocida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> transmisión difer<strong>en</strong>tes, <strong>la</strong> comunicación básica se realizará con <strong>la</strong>s<br />

calida<strong>de</strong>s audiovisuales binarias más bajas.<br />

Al utilizar <strong>la</strong> RDSI como medio <strong>de</strong> comunicación, se pue<strong>de</strong> utilizar el protocolo<br />

2B+D (dos canales B más un canal D), <strong>en</strong> los cuales <strong>la</strong> comunicación <strong>de</strong> voz se <strong>la</strong><br />

transmite por el un canal B, <strong>la</strong> información <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o por el segundo canal B (<strong>de</strong><br />

ser necesario se pue<strong>de</strong> utilizar también parte <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> primer canal B para vi<strong>de</strong>o), y <strong>la</strong><br />

información <strong>de</strong> datos, señalización y sincronismo <strong>de</strong> señal, por ei canal D.


Para el proceso <strong>de</strong> liberación <strong>de</strong> l<strong>la</strong>madas, éste <strong>de</strong>be ser simi<strong>la</strong>r a <strong>la</strong> liberación <strong>de</strong><br />

una l<strong>la</strong>mada telefónica; <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> y el sonido se liberan simultáneam<strong>en</strong>te.<br />

1.1.2.2 Facilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>servicio:<br />

Un servicio ví<strong>de</strong>o telefónico ofrece <strong>la</strong>s sigui<strong>en</strong>tes facilida<strong>de</strong>s:<br />

a) Transmisión <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es animadas tales como <strong>la</strong>s <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> busto <strong>de</strong> una<br />

persona o <strong>de</strong> un pequeño grupo <strong>de</strong> personas con una resolución<br />

mo<strong>de</strong>rada <strong>en</strong> cuanto a movimi<strong>en</strong>to.<br />

b) Transmisión <strong>de</strong> pa<strong>la</strong>bra asociada.<br />

c) Transmisión <strong>de</strong> información gráfica, tal como dibujos y docum<strong>en</strong>tos, con<br />

bu<strong>en</strong>a <strong>de</strong>finición.<br />

d) Servicio <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o confer<strong>en</strong>cia aplicando o no técnicas <strong>de</strong> división <strong>de</strong><br />

pantal<strong>la</strong>.<br />

1.1.2.3 Características <strong>de</strong> calidad <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> servicio vi<strong>de</strong>o telefónico.-<br />

- Se <strong>de</strong>be mant<strong>en</strong>er sincronismo <strong>de</strong> pa<strong>la</strong>bra y <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> los <strong>la</strong>bios<br />

(sincronismo <strong>la</strong>bial). La difer<strong>en</strong>cia no <strong>de</strong>be ser discernible subjetivam<strong>en</strong>te<br />

tanto <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> retardo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> pa<strong>la</strong>bra como <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> señal <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

- Debe contar con una calidad sonora lo sufici<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te aceptable como para<br />

\e se escuche con c<strong>la</strong>ridad <strong>la</strong> inte<br />

- La calidad vocal <strong>de</strong> este nuevo servicio <strong>de</strong>be ser por Ib m<strong>en</strong>os tan bu<strong>en</strong>a<br />

como <strong>la</strong> que se aplica al servicio telefónico RDSI <strong>de</strong> 64 Kt>¡t/s<br />

1.1.2.4 Parámetros <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Sistema Vi<strong>de</strong>o Telefónico. -<br />

Normas <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>:<br />

Las normas <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong> los aparatos <strong>de</strong> abonado serán compatibles con <strong>la</strong>s<br />

normas locales <strong>de</strong> radiodifusión y televisión, o fácilm<strong>en</strong>te convertibles a éstas.


Se recomi<strong>en</strong>dan <strong>la</strong>s dos c<strong>la</strong>ses <strong>de</strong> normas <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> para el sistema ví<strong>de</strong>o<br />

telefónico que se muestran <strong>en</strong> el cuadro 1.1.<br />

Las normas <strong>de</strong> "c<strong>la</strong>se a" dan <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> mayoría <strong>de</strong> los casos sufici<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>finición para<br />

<strong>la</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>en</strong> tiempo real <strong>de</strong> un grupo <strong>de</strong> personas (por ejemplo,<br />

<strong>en</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o confer<strong>en</strong>cias) y <strong>de</strong> docum<strong>en</strong>tos gráficos.<br />

Las normas <strong>de</strong> "c<strong>la</strong>se b" dan sufici<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>finición para <strong>la</strong> transmisión <strong>en</strong> tiempo<br />

real <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> busto <strong>de</strong> una persona o <strong>de</strong> un pequeño grupo. Para <strong>la</strong><br />

transmisión <strong>de</strong> información gráfica u otras imág<strong>en</strong>es fijas con bu<strong>en</strong>a <strong>de</strong>finición<br />

<strong>de</strong>berá aplicarse una técnica <strong>de</strong> exploración rápida, por ejemplo, un sistema <strong>de</strong><br />

625 ó 525 líneas horizontales <strong>de</strong> exploración y <strong>de</strong> 25 o 30 cuadros por segundo,<br />

que permita una <strong>de</strong>finición <strong>de</strong> c<strong>la</strong>se a <strong>en</strong> una anchura <strong>de</strong> banda <strong>de</strong> 1 MHz.<br />

C<strong>la</strong>se<br />

h<br />

Parámetros<br />

Numero <strong>de</strong> líneas horizontales <strong>de</strong><br />

explotación<br />

Imág<strong>en</strong>es por segundo<br />

Anchura <strong>de</strong> banda <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

Numero <strong>de</strong> líneas horizontales <strong>de</strong><br />

explotación<br />

Imág<strong>en</strong>es por segundo<br />

Anchura <strong>de</strong> banda <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o<br />

Cuadro 1.1 Normas <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> para el sistema ví<strong>de</strong>o telefónico<br />

Región a <strong>la</strong> que se aplican los<br />

valores<br />

Regiones don<strong>de</strong> se aplican<br />

normas <strong>de</strong> difusión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

televisión <strong>de</strong> 25 cuadros por<br />

segundo<br />

625<br />

25<br />

( <strong>en</strong>tre<strong>la</strong>zado 2:1 )<br />

5MHz<br />

313<br />

25<br />

( <strong>en</strong>tre<strong>la</strong>zado 2:1 )<br />

1 MHz<br />

Región a <strong>la</strong> que se aplican<br />

los valores<br />

Región don<strong>de</strong> se aplican<br />

normas <strong>de</strong> difusión <strong>de</strong> 30<br />

cuadros por segundo<br />

525<br />

30<br />

(<strong>en</strong>tre<strong>la</strong>zado 2:1 )<br />

4MHz<br />

263<br />

30<br />

(<strong>en</strong>tre<strong>la</strong>zado 2:1 )<br />

1 MHz


1.2 NORMAS DE COMUNICACION.-<br />

Los compon<strong>en</strong>tes <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema <strong>en</strong> el ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono están regidos por <strong>la</strong> norma<br />

H.320 <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> CCITT (Fig. 1.1) <strong>la</strong> misma que <strong>en</strong>globa una serie <strong>de</strong> normas adicionales<br />

que <strong>de</strong>scrib<strong>en</strong> y regu<strong>la</strong>n <strong>la</strong>s difer<strong>en</strong>tes partes <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s que está compuesto un ví<strong>de</strong>o<br />

teléfono.<br />

Así pues, se ti<strong>en</strong>e por ejemplo que <strong>la</strong> norma H.261 <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> 00ITT <strong>de</strong>scribe los<br />

algoritmos <strong>de</strong> codificación y <strong>de</strong>codificación <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es móviles, ello asegura que<br />

<strong>la</strong>s imág<strong>en</strong>es se puedan transmitir <strong>en</strong>tre dispositivos <strong>de</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes fabricantes.<br />

Una norma posterior que juega un importante papel <strong>en</strong> re<strong>la</strong>ción con <strong>la</strong><br />

comunicación es <strong>la</strong> H.321 <strong>la</strong> cual <strong>de</strong>fine <strong>la</strong> estructura <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> trama <strong>de</strong> un protocolo<br />

para servicios audiovisuales con velocida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> transmisión <strong>en</strong>tre 64 Kbits/s y<br />

1920 Kbits/s.<br />

La norma H.242 se usa <strong>en</strong> el ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono para establecer y liberar <strong>la</strong> conexión<br />

<strong>en</strong>tre dos dispositivos terminales, transmitir datos durante <strong>la</strong> conexión y reaccionar<br />

fr<strong>en</strong>te a posibles errores, esta norma <strong>de</strong>scribe <strong>la</strong> señalización <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> banda.<br />

La norma H.230 <strong>de</strong>scribe el intercambio <strong>de</strong> tramas sincronizadas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> información<br />

<strong>de</strong> control usando <strong>la</strong> estructura <strong>de</strong> trama <strong>de</strong>finida <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> norma H.221.1<br />

1.2.1.- NORMA H.320.-<br />

Como se m<strong>en</strong>cionó anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te, esta norma <strong>en</strong>globa y <strong>de</strong>scribe los<br />

compon<strong>en</strong>tes por los que está constituido un vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono. A continuación se<br />

hace una <strong>de</strong>scripción g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong>de</strong> esta norma:<br />

1 En el capítulo <strong>de</strong> ANEXOS se pue<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>contrar <strong>la</strong>s normas y recom<strong>en</strong>daciones mas importantes a <strong>la</strong>s que se<br />

hace refer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>en</strong> el pres<strong>en</strong>te capítulo y <strong>en</strong> los posteriores.


MCU: Unidad <strong>de</strong> control Multipunto<br />

Fig. 1.1 Diagrama <strong>de</strong> bloques para ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfonos según <strong>la</strong> norma H:320.<br />

1.2.1.1 Diagrama <strong>de</strong> bloques e i<strong>de</strong>ntificación <strong>de</strong> elem<strong>en</strong>tos.-<br />

Una visión g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono se muestra <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> figura 1.1; este consiste <strong>de</strong><br />

equipos terminales, re<strong>de</strong>s, unida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> control multipunto (MCU), y otras <strong>en</strong>tida<strong>de</strong>s<br />

<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema operativo. La configuración <strong>de</strong> este sistema se <strong>de</strong>tal<strong>la</strong> a continuación:<br />

• Equipo <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>trada y salida <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o, que incluye cámaras, monitores y<br />

unida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> procesami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

• Equipo <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>trada y salida <strong>de</strong> audio, que incluye micrófonos, par<strong>la</strong>ntes, y<br />

unida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> procesami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> audio que prove<strong>en</strong> algunas funciones como<br />

eliminación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> eco acústico.<br />

• Equipos telemáticos que son ayudas audiovisuales tales como pizarras<br />

electrónicas, que mejoran <strong>la</strong>s comunicaciones básicas <strong>en</strong> un ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono.


• Control <strong>de</strong> Sistema: unidad que cumple algunas funciones como el acceso <strong>de</strong><br />

red a través <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> bloque <strong>de</strong> señalización terminal a red y control <strong>de</strong> terminal a<br />

terminal, para establecer un modo común <strong>de</strong> operación que <strong>de</strong> una apropiada<br />

función <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> terminal a través <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> bloque <strong>de</strong> señalización <strong>de</strong> terminal a terminal.<br />

• Co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong> Ví<strong>de</strong>o que lleva códigos <strong>de</strong> reducción <strong>de</strong> redundancia y<br />

<strong>de</strong>codificación para señales <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o, mi<strong>en</strong>tras que los co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong> audio hac<strong>en</strong> lo<br />

mismo para señales <strong>de</strong> audio. Retrasos <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s transmisiones <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o, son<br />

comp<strong>en</strong>sados con retrasos <strong>en</strong> los co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong> audio para mant<strong>en</strong>er los picos <strong>de</strong><br />

sincronización.<br />

• La unidad Mux/Dmux multiplexa señales <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o, audio, datos y señales <strong>de</strong><br />

control <strong>en</strong> un bit stream simple; y <strong>de</strong>multiplexa <strong>en</strong> un bit stream <strong>de</strong> recepción <strong>de</strong><br />

señales multimedia coher<strong>en</strong>tes. El ¡nterfaz <strong>de</strong> red hace adaptaciones<br />

necesarias <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong> red y e! terminal a<strong>de</strong>cuado<br />

1.2.1.2 Señales.-<br />

Las señales <strong>de</strong> un ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono se pue<strong>de</strong>n c<strong>la</strong>sificar <strong>en</strong>: señales <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o, <strong>de</strong><br />

audio, <strong>de</strong> datos y control.<br />

- Las señales <strong>de</strong> audio son para tráfico continuo, y son requeridas para una<br />

transmisión <strong>en</strong> tiempo real.<br />

- Las señales <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o son también para tráfico continuo, el ritmo <strong>de</strong><br />

transmisión para estas señales <strong>de</strong>be ser tan alto como sea posible, para<br />

maximizar <strong>la</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> capacidad disponible <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> canal.<br />

- Las señales <strong>de</strong> datos (por ejemplo texto) por facilidad pue<strong>de</strong>n ocurrir solo<br />

ocasionalm<strong>en</strong>te cuando son estrictam<strong>en</strong>te requeridas y pue<strong>de</strong>n <strong>de</strong>sp<strong>la</strong>zarse<br />

temporalm<strong>en</strong>te por cualquier parte <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> pantal<strong>la</strong>. Estas señales <strong>de</strong> datos<br />

están asociadas solo para mejoras opcionales <strong>en</strong> el sistema básico <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong>


ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono, por consigui<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>la</strong> apertura <strong>de</strong> una ruta para llevar tales<br />

señales, es precedida por gestiones <strong>en</strong>tre los terminales.<br />

- Señales <strong>de</strong> control.- La ruta para <strong>la</strong>s señales <strong>de</strong> control <strong>de</strong> terminal-a-red<br />

son suministradas <strong>en</strong> el canal-D, mi<strong>en</strong>tras que <strong>la</strong> ruta para <strong>la</strong>s señales <strong>de</strong><br />

control <strong>de</strong> terminal-a-terminal son suministradas <strong>en</strong> el BAS (señal <strong>de</strong><br />

asignación <strong>de</strong> velocidad binaria <strong>de</strong> 8 bits) o canal <strong>de</strong> servicio.<br />

1.2.1.3 Velocidad binaria - Opciones e infraestructura,-<br />

Los modos <strong>de</strong> comunicación <strong>de</strong> un ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono se <strong>de</strong>fin<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> tab<strong>la</strong> #1.1 <strong>de</strong><br />

acuerdo con su configuración y código <strong>de</strong> canal.<br />

Modos para un<br />

Ví<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono<br />

A<br />

B<br />

Q<br />

(nota 3)<br />

Notas:<br />

9<br />

h<br />

i<br />

i<br />

k<br />

1<br />

m<br />

ao<br />

ai<br />

bi<br />

b2<br />

b3<br />

qi<br />

qa<br />

qs<br />

Tab<strong>la</strong> 1.1<br />

Modos <strong>de</strong> Comunicación para un Ví<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono<br />

Velocidad <strong>de</strong><br />

Canal<br />

(Kb¡t/s)<br />

64<br />

128<br />

nx64<br />

384<br />

768<br />

1152<br />

1536<br />

1536<br />

1920<br />

1920<br />

Canales<br />

RDSI<br />

(nota 2)<br />

B<br />

2B<br />

nB<br />

Ho<br />

2H0<br />

3H0<br />

4H0<br />

HH<br />

5H0<br />

H 12<br />

Básico<br />

No<br />

Aplicables<br />

InterfazRDSI<br />

Ritmo<br />

Primario<br />

Aplicable<br />

Audio<br />

Código<br />

Rec.G.711 (Npta4)<br />

Rea G.728<br />

Rea G.711<br />

Rea G.722<br />

Rea G.728<br />

Rea G.711<br />

Rea G.722<br />

Rea G.728<br />

Rea G.722<br />

(Nota 5)<br />

1. (Codificación <strong>de</strong> audio <strong>de</strong> modo b3) Adicionalm<strong>en</strong>te a lo indicado <strong>en</strong> G.728, una codificación<br />

<strong>de</strong> audio <strong>de</strong> alta calidad como <strong>la</strong> H.200/AV.253 pue<strong>de</strong> ser usada para este modo.<br />

10<br />

Ví<strong>de</strong>o<br />

No<br />

aplicable<br />

Rea H.261


2. Para múltiples canales <strong>de</strong> B/H0| todos los canales son sincronizados <strong>en</strong> el terminal <strong>de</strong> acuerdo<br />

con 2.7/H.221<br />

3. q = c/d/e/f correspondi<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te para n = 3/4/5/6, respectivam<strong>en</strong>te.<br />

4. Si un ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono se interreiaciona con un terminal tipo G.725, un terminal G.722 <strong>de</strong> audio<br />

pue<strong>de</strong> ser usado <strong>en</strong> lugar <strong>de</strong> un terminal G.711 <strong>de</strong> audio.<br />

5. Otros modos (G.711 y G.728 audio) que han sido recom<strong>en</strong>dados pue<strong>de</strong>n ser incluidos por el<br />

procedimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong>scrito <strong>en</strong> H.242.<br />

1.2.1.4 Tipos <strong>de</strong> terminal <strong>de</strong> un ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono.-<br />

La lista indicada <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> tab<strong>la</strong> 1.2 indica el tipo <strong>de</strong> terminal usado por un ví<strong>de</strong>o<br />

teléfono. La categoría <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> tipo <strong>de</strong> terminal va <strong>de</strong> acuerdo con los modos <strong>de</strong><br />

comunicación y <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> tipo <strong>de</strong> canales <strong>de</strong> comunicación con los cuales el terminal<br />

pue<strong>de</strong> comunicarse, así pues t<strong>en</strong>emos por ejemplo: mxB (tipo X con parámetros<br />

a-f), nxHo (tipo Y con parámetros 1-5; ver nota), Hn/Hi2 (tipo Z con parámetros<br />

a-(3) o sus combinaciones.<br />

Modo<br />

Ritmo <strong>de</strong><br />

Transfer<strong>en</strong>cia<br />

a0 B<br />

at B<br />

o, 2B<br />

b2 28<br />

b3 2B<br />

q! Nb<br />

q2 Nb<br />

q3 nB<br />

g HO<br />

n 2H0<br />

i 3H0<br />

] 4H0<br />

k Hn<br />

I 5H0<br />

m Hi7<br />

Codificación<br />

<strong>de</strong> Audio<br />

G.711<br />

G.728<br />

G.711<br />

G.722<br />

G.728<br />

G.711 (Nota 4)<br />

G.722 (Nota 4)<br />

G.728 (Nota 4)<br />

G.722<br />

G.722<br />

G.722<br />

G.722<br />

G.722<br />

G.722<br />

G.722<br />

Tab<strong>la</strong> 1.2<br />

Tipos <strong>de</strong> Terminal para un Ví<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono<br />

Tipo X (nota 2)<br />

A<br />

X<br />

X<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

b1<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

.<br />

X<br />

.<br />

.<br />

-<br />

.<br />

b2/3<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

b4<br />

X<br />

.<br />

X<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

b5<br />

X<br />

.<br />

X<br />

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q2/3 q4<br />

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Tipo Y (Nota 3)<br />

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Tipo Z<br />

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1) Sin transmisión <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o: En <strong>la</strong> fase B1-2 y (si es pertin<strong>en</strong>te) <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> fase<br />

CB1-2, el modo seleccionado incluye <strong>la</strong> posibilidad <strong>de</strong> apagado <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

Durante <strong>la</strong> fase C cada usuario uni<strong>la</strong>teraim<strong>en</strong>te pue<strong>de</strong> seleccionar el modo<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>c<strong>en</strong>dido <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o, alternativam<strong>en</strong>te, el terminal X pue<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>viar el C&!<br />

(control e indicador.- señalización terminal a terminal que indica e informa<br />

cual es el funcionami<strong>en</strong>to <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema), el BAS, el código VIR (indicador <strong>de</strong><br />

listo para activar vi<strong>de</strong>o), pero no se pue<strong>de</strong> seleccionar el modo <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>en</strong>c<strong>en</strong>dido <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o hasta que el VIR se habilite <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el terminal Y.<br />

Mi<strong>en</strong>tras permanezca el estado <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong> apagado, <strong>la</strong> pantal<strong>la</strong> <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o<br />

teléfono solo muestra símbolos o m<strong>en</strong>sajes que indican este estado (Ej.<br />

There is no fault).<br />

2) Configuración para <strong>la</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o.- Se pue<strong>de</strong> transmitir <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> una<br />

cámara normal <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o u otra configuración simi<strong>la</strong>r, <strong>en</strong> lugar <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> señal <strong>de</strong><br />

un vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono. Para esto, el C&! BAS código VIS (indicador <strong>de</strong><br />

susp<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o) es utilizado para indicar <strong>la</strong> situación <strong>de</strong> remoto.<br />

3) Transmisión <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o pero sin imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>spiegabfe.- Un procedimi<strong>en</strong>to<br />

simple <strong>en</strong> el terminal involucra una acción local para mostrar, no <strong>la</strong> señal<br />

<strong>en</strong>trante, pero si una explicación mediante m<strong>en</strong>sajes con símbolos, <strong>de</strong> que<br />

una imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o pue<strong>de</strong> ser <strong>de</strong>splegada si el usuario así lo <strong>de</strong>sea. El<br />

usuario podría habilitar <strong>la</strong> señal <strong>en</strong>trante para que ésta pueda ser<br />

<strong>de</strong>splegada, pero esto <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>rá <strong>de</strong> una mutua acción <strong>de</strong> los usuarios,<br />

<strong>en</strong>tonces un nuevo código C&l BAS VDR (ví<strong>de</strong>o ready-to-disp<strong>la</strong>y) será<br />

<strong>de</strong>finido. Este punto esta tQcjaví^ so/netido a futuros estudios.<br />

17


1.3.- ALGORITMOS DE CODIFICACIÓN Y DECODIFICACION.-<br />

La mayoría <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es o aplicaciones <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o que están involucradas con <strong>la</strong><br />

transmisión o almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to requier<strong>en</strong> alguna forma <strong>de</strong> compresión <strong>de</strong> datos<br />

para reducir <strong>de</strong> cierta manera <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda excesiva <strong>en</strong> el ancho <strong>de</strong> banda. El vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

digital no comprimido requiere un ancho <strong>de</strong> banda <strong>de</strong> transmisión extremadam<strong>en</strong>te<br />

alto. La resolución <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> North American Televisión Standards Committee<br />

(NTSC), por ejemplo, ti<strong>en</strong>e un ritmo <strong>de</strong> transmisión promedio <strong>de</strong> aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te<br />

100 Mb/s. El grado <strong>de</strong> compresión requerido se lo consigue al explotar <strong>la</strong><br />

redundancia espacial y temporal pres<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> una señal <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o (estos tópicos se<br />

explican mas a<strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>nte). Sin embargo <strong>la</strong>s pérdidas son inher<strong>en</strong>tes al proceso <strong>de</strong><br />

compresión, y por esto <strong>la</strong> señal reconstruida <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> flujo <strong>de</strong> bit comprimido no es<br />

idéntica a <strong>la</strong> señal <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong> ingreso. La compresión típicam<strong>en</strong>te introduce<br />

errores <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> señal codificada.<br />

La compatibilidad <strong>en</strong>tre difer<strong>en</strong>tes aplicaciones y fabricantes es también muy<br />

<strong>de</strong>seable y a m<strong>en</strong>udo es<strong>en</strong>cial. A continuación se <strong>de</strong>scribe varios algoritmos <strong>de</strong><br />

compresión <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>dos <strong>en</strong> años reci<strong>en</strong>tes:<br />

• La ISO (Organización Internacional <strong>de</strong> Normalización) - JBIG Joint Bilevel<br />

Image Group (El Consorcio <strong>de</strong> Imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> Doble Nivel) ha perfeccionado un<br />

algoritmo <strong>de</strong> codificación progresiva que transmite estas imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>en</strong> etapas<br />

<strong>de</strong> resolución más alta sucesivam<strong>en</strong>te. Las nuevas técnicas <strong>de</strong> codificación<br />

hac<strong>en</strong> posible suministrar esta capacidad progresiva, mi<strong>en</strong>tras que al mismo<br />

tiempo se consigue una mejor compresión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> que se obti<strong>en</strong>e por normas<br />

anteriores <strong>de</strong> codificación.<br />

• La ISO-JPEG Joint Photographic Expert Group (El Grupo <strong>de</strong> Expertos<br />

Fotográficos), ha <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>do un algoritmo para <strong>la</strong> codificación <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es a<br />

color <strong>de</strong> recuadro simple. Este esta basado <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> transformada discreta <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

cos<strong>en</strong>o (DCT), pero también ti<strong>en</strong>e ext<strong>en</strong>siones para codificación progresiva.<br />

Empezando <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> un cuadro original rojo, ver<strong>de</strong>, azul (RGB) <strong>de</strong> 24 bits por


elem<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> cuadro (peí o pixel), los algoritmos JPEG dan una bu<strong>en</strong>a calidad<br />

<strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> con factores <strong>de</strong>'compresión <strong>de</strong> 10 a 20.<br />

• El (CCITT) - Study Group 15 (SG15) y su grupo <strong>de</strong> expertos <strong>en</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o telefonía<br />

han <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>do un conjunto <strong>de</strong> normas codificadas, conocida informalm<strong>en</strong>te<br />

como <strong>la</strong> norma Px64, para <strong>en</strong>viar cuadros <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o telefonía o vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

confer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>en</strong> una red con facilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> servicio digital integrado (RDSI), <strong>la</strong><br />

norma es aplicable a un rango <strong>de</strong> ancho <strong>de</strong> banda <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> los 56 Kb/s hasta los<br />

2 Mb/s, este cu<strong>en</strong>ta no solo con <strong>la</strong> DCT (transformada discreta <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> cos<strong>en</strong>o) sino<br />

también con <strong>la</strong> predicción comp<strong>en</strong>sada <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to para <strong>la</strong> compresión <strong>de</strong><br />

datos g<strong>en</strong>erada por <strong>la</strong>s imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>en</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to.<br />

• E! ISO - MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group (El Grupo <strong>de</strong> Expertos <strong>de</strong><br />

Figuras <strong>en</strong> Movimi<strong>en</strong>to) ha <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>do algoritmos <strong>de</strong> compresión tanto <strong>de</strong><br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o como <strong>de</strong> audio que pue<strong>de</strong>n comprimir vi<strong>de</strong>o para transmisión y/o<br />

almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>en</strong> varios medios digitales incluy<strong>en</strong>do discos compactos,<br />

bases <strong>de</strong> datos <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>os remotos, televisión por cable (CATV), fibras óptica,<br />

etc. El algoritmo MPEG utiliza toda <strong>la</strong> metodología Px64, así como también<br />

algunas nuevas técnicas.<br />

1.3.1 JBIG (CODIFICACIÓN DE IMAGEN PROGRESIVA DE DOBLE NIVEL)<br />

Esta sección pres<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>la</strong>s normas <strong>de</strong> codificación <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> doble nivel JBIG y<br />

como se re<strong>la</strong>ciona con <strong>la</strong>s otras normas, a<strong>de</strong>más se <strong>de</strong>scribe <strong>la</strong> codificación<br />

progresiva.<br />

1.3.1.1 Codificación Progresiva.-<br />

La codificación progresiva es codificación <strong>de</strong> multi resolución. Una imag<strong>en</strong> es<br />

capturada con un r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> compresión <strong>de</strong> baja resolución más una<br />

secu<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> (archivos que permit<strong>en</strong> duplicar <strong>la</strong> resolución <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

imag<strong>en</strong>). Cuando una imag<strong>en</strong> que ha sido codificada progresivam<strong>en</strong>te y se <strong>la</strong><br />

19


quiere <strong>de</strong>codificar, el r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> baja resolución <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> original llega a estar<br />

disponible primero, posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te se pue<strong>de</strong> duplicar <strong>la</strong> resolución seguido <strong>de</strong> una<br />

mayor cantidad <strong>de</strong> datos que son <strong>de</strong>codificados.<br />

La codificación progresiva ofrece <strong>la</strong>s sigui<strong>en</strong>tes v<strong>en</strong>tajas:<br />

• Almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>en</strong> bases <strong>de</strong> datos que int<strong>en</strong>tan servir a pantal<strong>la</strong>s<br />

<strong>de</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes capacida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> resolución.<br />

• Hojeo <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> base <strong>de</strong> datos <strong>en</strong> forma rápida y s<strong>en</strong>cil<strong>la</strong><br />

• Transmisión <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es sobre una red <strong>de</strong> paquetes<br />

AI almac<strong>en</strong>ar imág<strong>en</strong>es con codificación progresiva, una base <strong>de</strong> datos pue<strong>de</strong><br />

servir efici<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te a aparatos <strong>de</strong> salida que t<strong>en</strong>gan difer<strong>en</strong>tes capacida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong><br />

resolución. La base <strong>de</strong> datos <strong>en</strong>vía el código <strong>de</strong> r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> baja resolución y<br />

so<strong>la</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te tantos archivos <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong>ta como sean necesarios para recuperar <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong><br />

según <strong>la</strong> calidad que requiera <strong>la</strong> aplicación. Si un usuario primero mira una imag<strong>en</strong><br />

<strong>en</strong> una pantal<strong>la</strong> comparativam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> baja resolución, tal como <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> un tubo <strong>de</strong><br />

rayos catódicos (CRT), y más tar<strong>de</strong> requiere una copia impresa <strong>de</strong> más alta<br />

resolución, tal como <strong>en</strong> una impresora láser, se necesitará <strong>en</strong>viar solo unos pocos<br />

archivos <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong>ta adicionales.<br />

Otra aplicación para <strong>la</strong> codificación progresiva son <strong>la</strong>s re<strong>de</strong>s paquete, don<strong>de</strong> los<br />

paquetes <strong>de</strong> información pue<strong>de</strong>n ser <strong>de</strong>scargados o no <strong>de</strong>scargados <strong>de</strong> acuerdo a<br />

como este congestionada <strong>la</strong> red. Los paquetes que llevan <strong>la</strong> información <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

resolución final duplicada serían <strong>en</strong>viados con baja prioridad; si ellos tuvieran que<br />

ser <strong>de</strong>scargados <strong>en</strong> mom<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> congestión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red, ninguna <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s regiones <strong>de</strong><br />

imág<strong>en</strong>es se per<strong>de</strong>rían o <strong>de</strong>struirían. La única <strong>de</strong>sv<strong>en</strong>taja sería que una imag<strong>en</strong><br />

sea ligeram<strong>en</strong>te m<strong>en</strong>os c<strong>la</strong>ra <strong>en</strong> algunas regiones.<br />

Una <strong>de</strong>sv<strong>en</strong>taja pot<strong>en</strong>cial <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> codificación progresiva es <strong>la</strong> necesidad <strong>de</strong> uso <strong>de</strong><br />

un buffer (sección <strong>de</strong> almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to intermedia) lo sufici<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te gran<strong>de</strong> para<br />

mant<strong>en</strong>er <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> una <strong>de</strong>terminada resolución. El algoritmo JBIG ti<strong>en</strong>e una<br />

característica l<strong>la</strong>mada módulo o modo "secu<strong>en</strong>cial compatible", el cual pue<strong>de</strong><br />

20


obviar <strong>la</strong>s necesida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> este buffer <strong>en</strong> el mom<strong>en</strong>to que una base <strong>de</strong> datos este<br />

almac<strong>en</strong>ando imág<strong>en</strong>es progresivam<strong>en</strong>te (para soportar un rango <strong>de</strong> resoluciones<br />

<strong>de</strong> pantal<strong>la</strong> efici<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te).<br />

1.3.1.2 REVISIÓN DE LOS ALGORITMOS JBIG<br />

Se <strong>de</strong>scribe a continuación algunos <strong>de</strong> los bloques funcionales principales <strong>de</strong> un<br />

codificador JBIG.<br />

Los <strong>de</strong>codifícadores son simi<strong>la</strong>res a los codificadores, y <strong>de</strong> alguna forma más<br />

simple porque <strong>la</strong> reducción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> resolución no es necesaria, por lo que <strong>la</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong>scripción <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>de</strong>codificador no se <strong>la</strong> realizará.<br />

Conceptualm<strong>en</strong>te un codificador JBIG pue<strong>de</strong> ser <strong>de</strong>scompuesto (ver figura 1.2) <strong>en</strong><br />

una ca<strong>de</strong>na <strong>de</strong> codificadores difer<strong>en</strong>ciales idénticos, seguidos por un codificador<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>voltura <strong>de</strong> fondo (bottom-<strong>la</strong>yer <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r). En ta figura 1.2(a), Id <strong>de</strong>nota <strong>la</strong><br />

imag<strong>en</strong> a ser codificada y Cd <strong>de</strong>nota su codificación.<br />

El corazón tanto <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> codificador difer<strong>en</strong>cial (figura 1.2.(b)) como <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> codificador <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>en</strong>voltura <strong>de</strong> fondo (figura 1.2(c)) es un codificador aritmético adaptivo. Los<br />

codificadores aritméticos se los distingu<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> los otros codificadores <strong>en</strong>trópicos<br />

tales como los codificadores Huffman <strong>en</strong> los cuales, al m<strong>en</strong>os conceptualm<strong>en</strong>te,<br />

mapean un conjunto <strong>de</strong> símbolos a ser codificados <strong>en</strong> un intervalo <strong>de</strong> unidad<br />

(0.0,1.0), lo que se transmite <strong>en</strong> vez <strong>de</strong> los símbolos es una repres<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong><br />

éste. La salida <strong>de</strong> un codificador aritmético es un número real simple, y a difer<strong>en</strong>cia<br />

•<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> codificador <strong>de</strong> Huffman, un codificador aritmético no requiere un número <strong>en</strong>tero<br />

<strong>de</strong> bits para repres<strong>en</strong>tar un símbolo <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>trada. Como resultado, los codificadores<br />

aritméticos, son por lo g<strong>en</strong>eral más efici<strong>en</strong>tes que los codificadores Huffman.<br />

21


Codificador<br />

<strong>de</strong> Capa<br />

Difer<strong>en</strong>cial<br />

.1 Cd<br />

Típica<br />

Predicción<br />

(<strong>de</strong> londo)<br />

ld-1 '<br />

P<strong>la</strong>ntil<strong>la</strong><br />

adaptiva<br />

,<br />

Codrficador<br />

<strong>de</strong> Ca<br />

Drfer<strong>en</strong>c•tal<br />

(a)<br />

P<strong>la</strong>ntil<strong>la</strong><br />

Codificar<br />

Arrtmeti<br />

Fig.1J2 (a) Código JBIG que pue<strong>de</strong> ser <strong>de</strong>scompuesto <strong>en</strong> una ca<strong>de</strong>na <strong>de</strong> (b) codificadores difer<strong>en</strong>cial,<br />

seguidos por un (c) codificador <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>voftura <strong>de</strong> fondo<br />

Una sub función algorítmica <strong>de</strong> los codificadores <strong>de</strong> capa difer<strong>en</strong>cial es <strong>la</strong><br />

reducción <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> resolución, <strong>la</strong> cual mapea una imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> resolución dada a una<br />

imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> media resolución. Una forma para hacer esto sería simplem<strong>en</strong>te<br />

<strong>de</strong>scartar cada una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s otras fi<strong>la</strong>s y columnas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> matriz <strong>de</strong> resolución, pero tal<br />

sub muestreo conduce a imág<strong>en</strong>es que son más pobres <strong>en</strong> calidad <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> mínimo<br />

requerido. El algoritmo <strong>de</strong> reducción <strong>de</strong> resolución basada <strong>en</strong> tab<strong>la</strong>s JBIG, crea<br />

una calidad excel<strong>en</strong>te con baja resolución para el texto, arte lineal, etc. La imag<strong>en</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong> baja resolución es creada pixel por pixel <strong>en</strong> el or<strong>de</strong>n usual <strong>de</strong> rastreo, es <strong>de</strong>cir,<br />

<strong>de</strong> arriba hacia abajo y <strong>de</strong> izquierda a <strong>de</strong>recha.<br />

Otras subfunciones algorítmicas <strong>de</strong> interés son los bloques <strong>de</strong> predicción típica, <strong>de</strong><br />

predicción <strong>de</strong>terminística y <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s p<strong>la</strong>ntil<strong>la</strong>s adaptativas. La predicción típica busca<br />

gran<strong>de</strong>s regiones continuas <strong>de</strong> color y cuando están pres<strong>en</strong>tes, pue<strong>de</strong>n<br />

sustancialm<strong>en</strong>te aligerar <strong>la</strong>s implem<strong>en</strong>taciones tanto <strong>de</strong> software como hardware.<br />

Adaptivi<br />

I<br />

Co<br />

22


La predicción <strong>de</strong>terminística explota <strong>la</strong> lógica <strong>de</strong> los algoritmos <strong>de</strong> reducción <strong>de</strong><br />

resolución para ganar una v<strong>en</strong>taja <strong>de</strong> alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> un 5% <strong>de</strong> codificación. El<br />

algoritmo <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntil<strong>la</strong>s busca periodicida<strong>de</strong>s típicas <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> medio tono y,<br />

cuando <strong>la</strong>s <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra pue<strong>de</strong> explotar<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> gran manera, mejorando <strong>la</strong><br />

compresión.<br />

1.3.2 JPEG CODIFICACIÓN DE IMÁGENES INMÓVILES A COLOR<br />

Para evaluar <strong>la</strong> necesidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> compresión <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>, se consi<strong>de</strong>ra ios<br />

requerimi<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to/transmisión <strong>de</strong> una imag<strong>en</strong> no comprimida. Una<br />

imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> color digital típica ti<strong>en</strong>e 512 x 480 pixeles. A 3 bytes por pixeles (1 para<br />

cada uno <strong>de</strong> los compon<strong>en</strong>tes rojo, ver<strong>de</strong> y azul), tal imag<strong>en</strong> requiere 737.280<br />

bytes <strong>de</strong> espacio <strong>de</strong> almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to. Transmitir <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> no comprimida por un<br />

canal <strong>de</strong> 64 Kb/s toma alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> 1.5 minutos. Los algoritmos JPEG ofrec<strong>en</strong><br />

"excel<strong>en</strong>te" calidad <strong>de</strong> compresión para <strong>la</strong> mayoría <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es hasta alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong><br />

1.0 bits/pixel. Este promedio <strong>de</strong> compresión <strong>de</strong> 24:1 reduce el almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to<br />

requerido <strong>de</strong> una imag<strong>en</strong> a color <strong>de</strong> 512 x 480 a 30.720 bytes, y su tiempo <strong>de</strong><br />

transmisión es alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> 3.8 segundos. Las aplicaciones para compresión <strong>de</strong><br />

imág<strong>en</strong>es se <strong>la</strong>s pue<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>contrar <strong>en</strong> publicidad, educación, T.V digital, vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

comunicación, seguridad, <strong>en</strong>tre otras.<br />

1.3.2.1 Visión g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong>de</strong> los algoritmos JPEG<br />

El Comité JPEG no pudo satisfacer los requerimi<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> todas <strong>la</strong>s aplicaciones <strong>de</strong><br />

compresión <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> total con un algoritmo. Como resultado, el Comité propuso<br />

cuatro difer<strong>en</strong>tes modos <strong>de</strong> operación:<br />

• Modo Secu<strong>en</strong>cial basado <strong>en</strong> DCT( Transformada Discreta <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Cos<strong>en</strong>o).- El<br />

modo secu<strong>en</strong>cia! DCT ofrece excel<strong>en</strong>tes tasas <strong>de</strong> compresión mant<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>do <strong>la</strong><br />

calidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>. La figura 1.3 pres<strong>en</strong>ta un diagrama simplificado <strong>de</strong> un<br />

co<strong>de</strong>e secu<strong>en</strong>cial DCT, <strong>en</strong> este modo, bloques1 <strong>de</strong> 8x8 <strong>de</strong> una imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

1 Un bloque consiste <strong>de</strong> 64 muestras que configuran <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong><br />

23


<strong>en</strong>trada son formateados para <strong>la</strong> compresión por medio <strong>de</strong> un rastreo <strong>de</strong><br />

imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> izquierda a <strong>de</strong>recha y <strong>de</strong> arriba hacia abajo.<br />

Un subconjunto <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> modo secu<strong>en</strong>cial DCT ha sido i<strong>de</strong>ntificado por <strong>la</strong> JPEG para<br />

un "sistema <strong>de</strong> línea base". Este sistema <strong>de</strong>berá ayudar a asegurar <strong>la</strong><br />

interoperabilidad <strong>en</strong>tre los co<strong>de</strong>es <strong>de</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes marcas. Aun cuando un<br />

codificador DCT secu<strong>en</strong>cial completo pue<strong>de</strong> emplear ya sea <strong>la</strong> codificación<br />

<strong>en</strong>trópica aritmética o <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> Huffman, un codificador <strong>de</strong> línea base pue<strong>de</strong><br />

so<strong>la</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te utilizar codificación Huffman.<br />

A continuación se <strong>de</strong>scribe los pasos <strong>de</strong> procesami<strong>en</strong>to para un codificador <strong>de</strong><br />

línea base. Un <strong>de</strong>codificador esta formado por los pasos inversos <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

codificador.<br />

DCT y Cuantificación.- Todos los codificadores JPEG basados <strong>en</strong> DCT<br />

empiezan el proceso <strong>de</strong> codificación por <strong>la</strong> partición <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>trada <strong>en</strong><br />

un bloque <strong>de</strong> 8 x 8 recuadros <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> muestra, éstas muestras son <strong>de</strong> 8 bits, a fin<br />

<strong>de</strong> que puedan mant<strong>en</strong>erse <strong>en</strong> el rango <strong>de</strong> -128 a + 127, los bloques se<br />

transforman al dominio <strong>de</strong> frecu<strong>en</strong>cia utilizando el FDCT (transformada directa).<br />

Las ecuaciones para <strong>la</strong> transformada directa e inversa <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> cos<strong>en</strong>o esta dadas<br />

por <strong>la</strong>s sigui<strong>en</strong>tes re<strong>la</strong>ciones:<br />

7 7<br />

FDCT: F(u,v) = % C(u)C(v) f(x,y) cos[7cu(2x-t-1)/16]cos[7iv(2y+1)/16] (1)<br />

1 1<br />

IDCT: f(x,y) = % V V C(t/)C(v) F(u,v) cos[7c(2x+1)f//16]cos[7c(2y+1)W16] (2)<br />

w=0 v=0<br />

don<strong>de</strong>: C(u) C(v) = 1/-\/2 para u,v = O ; C(¿/) C(v) = 1 <strong>en</strong> otro caso.<br />

24


salida <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>) por medio <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> uso <strong>de</strong> un factor q, el cual es por lo g<strong>en</strong>eral solo<br />

un factor aplicado a <strong>la</strong>s matrices <strong>de</strong> cuantificación.<br />

Luego <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cuantificación, los coefici<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> los bloques por lo g<strong>en</strong>eral conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong><br />

muchos coefici<strong>en</strong>tes AC <strong>de</strong> valor cero que <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> ser minimizados, ya que solo los<br />

coefici<strong>en</strong>tes AC no cero son codificados <strong>en</strong>tropicam<strong>en</strong>te, y para lo cual se utiliza un<br />

rastreo <strong>en</strong> zig zag para reor<strong>de</strong>nar estos coefici<strong>en</strong>tes (Fig.1.4)<br />

Fig.1,4 Rastreo <strong>en</strong> zig-zag <strong>de</strong> reor<strong>de</strong>nami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> coefici<strong>en</strong>tes<br />

Modo Progresivo basado <strong>en</strong> DCT.- El modo progresivo DCT ha sido <strong>de</strong>finido<br />

por el JPEG para satisfacer <strong>la</strong> necesidad <strong>de</strong> una rápida <strong>de</strong>codificación <strong>de</strong><br />

imag<strong>en</strong>. Cuando se realiza una codificación <strong>de</strong> los coefici<strong>en</strong>tes cuantificados<br />

DCT <strong>en</strong> múltiples rastreos, <strong>la</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>codificada se reconstruye<br />

progresivam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> un nivel simple hasta una calidad acor<strong>de</strong> con <strong>la</strong>s<br />

matrices <strong>de</strong> cuantificación utilizadas, ya sea por selección espectral,<br />

aproximaciones sucesivas, o una combinación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s dos.<br />

a) Selección Espectral.- En este método, los coefici<strong>en</strong>tes codificados DCT <strong>de</strong><br />

un bloque son primero divididos <strong>en</strong> bandas no tras<strong>la</strong>padas a lo <strong>la</strong>rgo <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

26


mo<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong>os toman v<strong>en</strong>taja <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> baja s<strong>en</strong>sitividad <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema visual humano hacia<br />

<strong>la</strong> información cromática-<strong>de</strong> alta frecu<strong>en</strong>cia al reducir <strong>la</strong> resolución cromática.<br />

Muchas imág<strong>en</strong>es (por lo g<strong>en</strong>eral RGB) son convertidas típicam<strong>en</strong>te a una<br />

repres<strong>en</strong>tación cromática <strong>de</strong> luminisc<strong>en</strong>cia antes <strong>de</strong> que este proceso tome<br />

lugar. Tanto <strong>la</strong> técnica <strong>de</strong> Huffman como <strong>la</strong>s técnicas aritméticas pue<strong>de</strong>n ser<br />

usadas para <strong>la</strong> codificación <strong>en</strong>trópica <strong>en</strong> cualquiera <strong>de</strong> los modos JPEG <strong>de</strong><br />

operación.<br />

1.3.3 NORMA H.261 DE CODIFICACIÓN PARA VIDEO CONFERENCIA<br />

Históricam<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>la</strong> norma H.261 fue <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>da mucho antes que <strong>la</strong> JPEG. El<br />

<strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> esta norma <strong>de</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o para los servicios <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> RDSI <strong>de</strong><br />

bajo ritmo <strong>de</strong> transmisión ha pasado por varias etapas. Al comi<strong>en</strong>zo, <strong>la</strong> meta era<br />

diseñar un esquema <strong>de</strong> codificación para un promedio <strong>de</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> m x 384<br />

Kb/s, don<strong>de</strong> m estaba <strong>en</strong>tre 1 y 5. Más tar<strong>de</strong> se consi<strong>de</strong>ró un promedio <strong>de</strong><br />

transmisión <strong>de</strong> n x 64 Kb/s ( don<strong>de</strong> n estaba <strong>en</strong>tre 1 y 5). Sin embargo, a finales<br />

<strong>de</strong> 1989, <strong>la</strong> recom<strong>en</strong>dación H.261 <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> CCITT fue hecha para un co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

<strong>de</strong> p x 64 Kb/s, don<strong>de</strong> p va <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> 1 a 30.<br />

Tanto <strong>la</strong> línea base <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> JPEG como los co<strong>de</strong>e H.261 utilizan <strong>la</strong>s técnicas DCT y<br />

VLC (código <strong>de</strong> longitud variable). La mayor difer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>en</strong>tre el esquema <strong>de</strong><br />

compresión JPEG y el H.261 es que el JPEG codifica cada recuadro<br />

individualm<strong>en</strong>te, mi<strong>en</strong>tras que el H.261 <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong> codificación interrecuadro. Aquí,<br />

los datos <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> cuadro <strong>en</strong> el recuadro previo pue<strong>de</strong>n ser usados para pre<strong>de</strong>cir los<br />

bloques <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>en</strong> el recuadro activo, como se lo muestra <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> figura 1.5<br />

28


TRAMA PREVIA-<br />

TRAMA ACTIVA<br />

Fig.1.5 Bloque <strong>de</strong> comp<strong>en</strong>sación <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to<br />

Como resultado, solo <strong>la</strong>s difer<strong>en</strong>cias, típicam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> magnitud pequeña, <strong>en</strong>tre el<br />

bloque previo colocado y el bloque actual ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> que ser transmitidos. Hay varias<br />

consi<strong>de</strong>raciones <strong>de</strong> diseño <strong>en</strong> el H.261 que <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> ser consi<strong>de</strong>radas.<br />

Primero. La norma <strong>de</strong>fine es<strong>en</strong>cialm<strong>en</strong>te solo al <strong>de</strong>codificador. Sin embargo, el<br />

codificador, el cual no está especificado completa y explícitam<strong>en</strong>te por <strong>la</strong> norma,<br />

se espera que sea compatible con el <strong>de</strong>codificador.<br />

Segundo. Ya que <strong>la</strong> norma H.261 está diseñada para comunicaciones <strong>en</strong> tiempo<br />

real, utiliza solo el recuadro previo más cercano al pronosticado para reducir el<br />

retardo <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> codificación.<br />

Tercero. Trata <strong>de</strong> ba<strong>la</strong>ncear <strong>la</strong>s complejida<strong>de</strong>s <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> hardware <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> codificador y el<br />

<strong>de</strong>codificador, ya que ambos son necesarios para <strong>la</strong> aplicación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>oteléfono<br />

<strong>de</strong> tiempo real.<br />

Cuarto. La norma H.261 establece un compromiso <strong>en</strong>tre el <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

codificación, los requerimi<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> tiempo real, <strong>la</strong> complejidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

imptem<strong>en</strong>tación y <strong>la</strong> robustez dpi sistema.<br />

29


Quinto. La estructura y los parámetros <strong>de</strong> codificación final son <strong>en</strong>focados más<br />

hacia <strong>la</strong>s aplicaciones <strong>de</strong> bajo ritmo <strong>de</strong> transmisión. Esta alternativa es lógica,<br />

ya que <strong>la</strong> estructura y parámetros <strong>de</strong> codificación son más críticos al <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>r<br />

co<strong>de</strong>es con promedios <strong>de</strong> bit muy bajos. En promedios <strong>de</strong> bit más altos, los<br />

valores <strong>de</strong> parámetros m<strong>en</strong>ores que el óptimo no afectan mucho al <strong>de</strong>sarrollo<br />

<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> co<strong>de</strong>e.<br />

1.3.3.1 Estructuras y compon<strong>en</strong>tes <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>de</strong>codificador.-<br />

La figura 1.6 muestra un diagrama funcional <strong>de</strong> un típico <strong>de</strong>codificador H.261. En<br />

términos g<strong>en</strong>erales, el flujo <strong>de</strong> bits recibidos se manti<strong>en</strong>e primero <strong>en</strong> el buffer<br />

receptor. El <strong>de</strong>codificador VLC <strong>de</strong>codifica el bit comprimido y distribuye <strong>la</strong><br />

información <strong>de</strong>codificada a los elem<strong>en</strong>tos que necesitan esa información.<br />

Fig. 1.6 Típico <strong>de</strong>codificador H.261<br />

Reproducción<br />

<strong>de</strong> Imág<strong>en</strong>es<br />

Comp<strong>en</strong>sador <strong>de</strong><br />

Movimi<strong>en</strong>to<br />

Predíctor/Frame<br />

Memoria<br />

El <strong>de</strong>codificador ti<strong>en</strong>e capacidad <strong>de</strong> comp<strong>en</strong>sación <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to, permiti<strong>en</strong>do <strong>la</strong><br />

incorporación facultativa <strong>de</strong> ésta técnica <strong>en</strong> el codificador.<br />

30


Existe un segundo formato, quarter-CIF (QCIF) <strong>en</strong> el que ambas compon<strong>en</strong>tes (Y,<br />

y Cr, Cb) ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> mitad <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> número <strong>de</strong> elem<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> y <strong>la</strong> mitad <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> número<br />

<strong>de</strong> líneas <strong>de</strong> estado.<br />

Todos los co<strong>de</strong>es <strong>de</strong>berían po<strong>de</strong>r operar usando QCIF. Sin embargo algunos<br />

co<strong>de</strong>es solo operan con CIF.<br />

X X X X X X<br />

X X X X X X<br />

O i O O<br />

X X X X X X<br />

x Muestra <strong>de</strong> luminancia<br />

O Muestra <strong>de</strong> crominancia<br />

— Bor<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> bloque.<br />

Fig. 1.7 Posicionami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s muestras <strong>de</strong> luminancia y crominancia.<br />

1.3.4.- ESTÁNDAR MPEG.-<br />

El MPEG es una norma internacional que fue creada para estandarizar una<br />

repres<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o y audio que se ajuste a los medios <strong>de</strong><br />

almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to digital tales como los compact disc - memoria solo <strong>de</strong> lectura (CD<br />

ROM), cintas <strong>de</strong> audio digital (DAT), etc. La meta, sin embargo, ha sido <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>r<br />

una nomra g<strong>en</strong>érica, que pueda ser usada <strong>en</strong> otras aplicaciones <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o digital,<br />

tales como <strong>la</strong>s telecomunicaciones.<br />

1.3.4.1 Requerimi<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Norma<br />

• El requerimi<strong>en</strong>to primario <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> norma <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o MPEG es que <strong>de</strong>be lograr <strong>la</strong> más<br />

alta calidad posible <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong>codificado con una velocidad <strong>de</strong> bit dado. La<br />

habilidad para <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>r búsquedas rápidas hacia a<strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>nte y hacia atrás es<br />

extremadam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>seable si el medio <strong>de</strong> almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to ti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>la</strong>s capacida<strong>de</strong>s<br />

32


<strong>de</strong> búsqueda. La mayoría <strong>de</strong> aplicaciones requier<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> una grado <strong>de</strong> e<strong>la</strong>sticidad<br />

para los errores <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> bit.<br />

1.3.4.2 Revisión <strong>de</strong> los Algoritmos <strong>de</strong> Compresión.-<br />

• Explotación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Redundancia Espacial.- La compresión <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o MPEG<br />

utiliza una combinación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s normas ISO JPEG (imag<strong>en</strong> estática) y <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> H.261<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> CCITT (para vi<strong>de</strong>o telefonía y vi<strong>de</strong>oconfer<strong>en</strong>cia). Ya que el vi<strong>de</strong>o es una<br />

secu<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es inmóviles, es posible comprimir o codificar una señal <strong>de</strong><br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o usando técnicas simi<strong>la</strong>res a <strong>la</strong> JPEG. Tales métodos <strong>de</strong> compresión son<br />

l<strong>la</strong>mados técnicas <strong>de</strong> codificación intra recuadro (intra-frame), don<strong>de</strong> cada<br />

recuadro <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o es comprimido individual e in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te. La<br />

codificación intra recuadro explota <strong>la</strong> redundancia espacial que existe <strong>en</strong>tre los<br />

pixels adyac<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> un recuadro.<br />

Como <strong>en</strong> JPEG y <strong>en</strong> H.261, el algoritmo <strong>de</strong> codificación <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong> el MPEG<br />

emplea un DCT bidim<strong>en</strong>sional basado <strong>en</strong> bloques. Un recuadro es primero<br />

dividido <strong>en</strong> bloques 8x8, y el DCT bidim<strong>en</strong>sional es luego aplicado,<br />

in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te a cada bloque. Esta operación resulta <strong>de</strong> un bloque <strong>de</strong><br />

coefici<strong>en</strong>tes DCT <strong>de</strong> 8x8 <strong>en</strong> el cual <strong>la</strong> mayoría <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>en</strong>ergía <strong>en</strong> el bloque<br />

original (pixel) está típicam<strong>en</strong>te conc<strong>en</strong>trado <strong>en</strong> unos pocos coefici<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> baja<br />

frecu<strong>en</strong>cia. Se aplica un cuantificador a cada coefici<strong>en</strong>te DCT <strong>de</strong> los cuales<br />

muchos <strong>de</strong> ellos se setean a cero. Esta cuantificación es responsable <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

pérdida natural <strong>de</strong> información <strong>en</strong> los algoritmos <strong>de</strong> compresión <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

JPEG, H.261 y MPEG. Se consigue <strong>la</strong> compresión por <strong>la</strong> transmisión<br />

únicam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> los coefici<strong>en</strong>tes que sobreviv<strong>en</strong> a <strong>la</strong> operación <strong>de</strong> cuantificación<br />

y por <strong>la</strong> codificación <strong>en</strong>trópica <strong>de</strong> sus ubicaciones y amplitu<strong>de</strong>s. Esta norma<br />

permite <strong>la</strong> operación <strong>de</strong> cuantificación para conseguir un nivel más alto <strong>de</strong><br />

adaptación, un factor c<strong>la</strong>ve para lograr una bu<strong>en</strong>a calidad <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>.<br />

• Explotación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Redundancia Temporal.- Muchos <strong>de</strong> los requerimi<strong>en</strong>tos<br />

interactivos discutidos anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te pue<strong>de</strong>n ser satisfechos por <strong>la</strong> codificación<br />

33


intra recuadro (iníraframe). Sin embargo, como <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> norma H.261, <strong>la</strong> calidad<br />

conseguida por <strong>la</strong> codificación intra recuadro por sí so<strong>la</strong> no es sufici<strong>en</strong>te para<br />

<strong>la</strong>s señales típicas <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o a un velocidad <strong>de</strong> bit <strong>de</strong> alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> 1.5 Mb/s. La<br />

redundancia temporal resulta <strong>de</strong> un alto grado <strong>de</strong> corre<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>en</strong>tre los<br />

recuadros adyac<strong>en</strong>tes. El algoritmo H.261 explota esta redundancia al<br />

computar una señal difer<strong>en</strong>cial recuadro a recuadro l<strong>la</strong>mada el error <strong>de</strong><br />

predicción, <strong>la</strong> técnica <strong>de</strong> comp<strong>en</strong>sación <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to se <strong>la</strong> emplea para<br />

corregir el movimi<strong>en</strong>to. Un acercami<strong>en</strong>to basado <strong>en</strong> el bloque se adopta para <strong>la</strong><br />

comp<strong>en</strong>sación <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to, don<strong>de</strong> un bloque <strong>de</strong> pixeles, l<strong>la</strong>mado el bloque<br />

objeto, <strong>en</strong> el recuadro a ser codificado, concuerda con un conjunto <strong>de</strong> bloques<br />

<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> mismo tamaño <strong>en</strong> el recuadro previo l<strong>la</strong>mado recuadro <strong>de</strong> refer<strong>en</strong>cia. El<br />

bloque <strong>en</strong> el recuadro <strong>de</strong> refer<strong>en</strong>cia que "mejor concuerda" con el bloque objeto<br />

es usado como <strong>la</strong> predicción para el último, es <strong>de</strong>cir, el error <strong>de</strong> predicción es<br />

computado como ia difer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>en</strong>tre el bloque objeto y el bloque que mejor<br />

concuer<strong>de</strong>. Este bloque <strong>de</strong> mejor concordancia esta asociado con un vector <strong>de</strong><br />

movimi<strong>en</strong>to que <strong>de</strong>scribe los <strong>de</strong>sp<strong>la</strong>zami<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>en</strong>tre él y el bloque objeto. La<br />

información <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> vector <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to es también codificada y transmitida junto<br />

con el error <strong>de</strong> predicción. El error <strong>de</strong> predicción <strong>en</strong> sí es transmitido usando <strong>la</strong><br />

técnica <strong>de</strong> codificación intra recuadro basada <strong>en</strong> el DCT, resumida<br />

anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te. En el vi<strong>de</strong>o MPEG (como <strong>en</strong> el H.261), el tamaño <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> bloque<br />

para <strong>la</strong> comp<strong>en</strong>sación <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to se lo escoge para que sea <strong>de</strong> 16 x 16,<br />

repres<strong>en</strong>tando un razonable intercambio <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong> compresión provista por <strong>la</strong><br />

comp<strong>en</strong>sación <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to y el costo asociado con <strong>la</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> los<br />

vectores <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to.<br />

Predicción Temporal Bidireccional.- La predicción temporal bidireccional,<br />

también l<strong>la</strong>mada interpo<strong>la</strong>ción comp<strong>en</strong>sada <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>tos, es una<br />

característica c<strong>la</strong>ve <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o MPEG. En ia predicción bidireccional, algunos <strong>de</strong><br />

los recuadros <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o son codificados, usando dos recuadros <strong>de</strong> refer<strong>en</strong>cia,<br />

uno previo y otro posterior. Un bloque <strong>en</strong> aquellos recuadros, pue<strong>de</strong> ser<br />

pronosticado por otro <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> recuadro <strong>de</strong> refer<strong>en</strong>cia previo (predicción <strong>en</strong><br />

34


avanzada) o <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> recuadro <strong>de</strong> refer<strong>en</strong>cia futura (predicción <strong>en</strong> retroceso), o por el<br />

promedio <strong>de</strong> los dos bloques, uno <strong>de</strong> cada recuadro <strong>de</strong> refer<strong>en</strong>cia<br />

(interpo<strong>la</strong>ción). En cada caso, el bloque <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> recuadro <strong>de</strong> refer<strong>en</strong>cia, está<br />

asociado con un vector <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to, <strong>de</strong> modo que los vectores <strong>de</strong> ambos<br />

movimi<strong>en</strong>tos sean usados con <strong>la</strong> interpo<strong>la</strong>ción. La interpo<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to<br />

comp<strong>en</strong>sada para un bloque <strong>en</strong> un recuadro pronosticado bidireccionalm<strong>en</strong>te,<br />

es ilustrada <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> figura 1.8. Los recuadros que son pronosticados<br />

bidireccionalm<strong>en</strong>te, nunca son por sí mismo utilizados como recuadros <strong>de</strong><br />

refer<strong>en</strong>cia. La predicción bidireccional proporciona varias v<strong>en</strong>tajas. La primera<br />

es que <strong>la</strong> compresión obt<strong>en</strong>ida es típicam<strong>en</strong>te más alta que <strong>la</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ida con <strong>la</strong><br />

predicción <strong>en</strong> avance. Para obt<strong>en</strong>er <strong>la</strong> misma calidad <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> cuadro los recuadros<br />

pronosticados bidireccionalm<strong>en</strong>te se los pue<strong>de</strong> codificar con muchos m<strong>en</strong>os bit<br />

que los recuadros que utiliza so<strong>la</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong> predicción <strong>en</strong> avance. Sin embargo,<br />

<strong>la</strong> predicción bidireccional introduce un retardo extra <strong>en</strong> el proceso <strong>de</strong><br />

codificación, ya que los recuadros <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> ser codificados sin ninguna secu<strong>en</strong>cia.<br />

Más aún esta involucra una complejidad extra <strong>de</strong> codificación porque <strong>la</strong><br />

concordancia <strong>de</strong> bloque (el procedimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> codificación más int<strong>en</strong>sivo<br />

computacionalm<strong>en</strong>te), ti<strong>en</strong>e que ser <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>do dos veces por cada bloque<br />

objeto, una vez con <strong>la</strong> refer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>previa</strong> y otra vez con refer<strong>en</strong>cia posterior.<br />

1_- Bloque B = Bloque A<br />

2.- Bloque B = Bloque C<br />

3.- Bloque B = (Bloque A + Bloque C)/2<br />

Fig.1.8 Interpo<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> comp<strong>en</strong>sación <strong>de</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to.<br />

35


1.3.4.3 Características <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Sintaxis <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Bit-Stream.- La sintaxis <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> flujo<br />

<strong>de</strong> bit <strong>de</strong>be ser tan flexible como para soportar <strong>la</strong> variedad <strong>de</strong> aplicaciones<br />

creadas específicam<strong>en</strong>te para <strong>la</strong> norma <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o MPEG. Para este fin, <strong>la</strong><br />

sintaxis completa esta constituida <strong>de</strong> varias capas, cada una ejecutando una<br />

función lógica difer<strong>en</strong>te. La capa más externa es l<strong>la</strong>mada <strong>la</strong> capa <strong>de</strong> secu<strong>en</strong>cia<br />

<strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o, <strong>la</strong> cual conti<strong>en</strong>e parámetros básicos tales como el tamaño <strong>de</strong> los<br />

recuadros <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o, <strong>la</strong> proporción <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> recuadro, velocidad <strong>de</strong> bit, y ciertos otros<br />

parámetros globales.<br />

Las figuras 1.9 (a) y (b) muestra un codificador y <strong>de</strong>codificador <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o MPEG.<br />

L 1<br />

«be<br />

lo<strong>en</strong><br />

_<br />

VeawOe<br />

Movirrin<br />

»•<br />

úeCotnp.<br />

* t<br />

Fig 1.9 (a) Codificador MPEG<br />

Esbmeóof<br />

Of Movim.<br />

; k<br />

-<br />

j A;<br />

tL<br />

Í TIpodt<br />

Imag<strong>en</strong><br />

Attwc<strong>en</strong>arn<br />

dfl kneQcfi<br />

Previa<br />

- Esoltira Piwa<br />

Almac<strong>en</strong>am.<br />

úe tmao<strong>en</strong><br />

FlXLTB<br />

36


LA RED DIGITAL DE SERVICIOS<br />

INTEGRADOS (RDSI) EN VIDEO<br />

COMUNICACIONES


CAPITULO II<br />

2. LA RED DIGITAL DE SERVICIO (INTEGRADOS (RDSI) EN<br />

VIDEO COMUNICACIONES<br />

2.1 PRINCIPIOS GENERALES DE LA RDSI<br />

Una Red Digital <strong>de</strong> Servicios Integrados (RDSI) es una red que se<br />

caracteriza por permitir una amplia gama <strong>de</strong> aplicaciones <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> misma<br />

(audio, vi<strong>de</strong>o, datos). Esta es una red que ha evolucionado a partir <strong>de</strong><br />

una red digital integrada (RDI) para telefonía, y que ha incorporado<br />

progresivam<strong>en</strong>te funciones adicionales, características y propieda<strong>de</strong>s<br />

<strong>de</strong> red, incluy<strong>en</strong>do <strong>la</strong>s que son propias <strong>de</strong> otras re<strong>de</strong>s especializadas<br />

como son <strong>la</strong>s re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> datos con conmutación <strong>de</strong> circuitos y<br />

paquetes, a fin <strong>de</strong> t<strong>en</strong>er <strong>en</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ta los servicios actuales y los futuros.<br />

En esta evolución, <strong>la</strong> conectividad extremo a extremo se obti<strong>en</strong>e por<br />

medio <strong>de</strong> los recursos y equipos utilizados <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s re<strong>de</strong>s exist<strong>en</strong>tes,<br />

tales como transmisión digital, conmutación multiplex por división <strong>en</strong><br />

el tiempo y/o multiplex por división <strong>en</strong> el espacio.<br />

RDSI se sust<strong>en</strong>ta sobre tres aspectos fundam<strong>en</strong>tales:<br />

• La conectividad digital para <strong>la</strong> transfer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> señales <strong>de</strong><br />

información.<br />

• La conectividad y señalización <strong>en</strong> modo m<strong>en</strong>saje.<br />

• La polival<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> acceso <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> usuario fr<strong>en</strong>te a los servicios <strong>de</strong><br />

telecomunicación.<br />

Tipos <strong>de</strong> RDSI:<br />

Exist<strong>en</strong> dos tipos <strong>de</strong> RDSI según el ancho <strong>de</strong> banda:<br />

1. RDSI <strong>de</strong> Banda Angosta: Hasta 2 MB/seg.<br />

2. RDS! <strong>de</strong> Banda Ancha: Mayores a 2 MB/seg.<br />

38


2.1.1 Establecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> una RDSI.-<br />

Para que el establecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> una RDSi t<strong>en</strong>ga s<strong>en</strong>tido, tanto <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el punto <strong>de</strong><br />

vista <strong>de</strong> los servicios que presta, como <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> r<strong>en</strong>tabilidad para <strong>la</strong>s empresas que <strong>la</strong><br />

ofrec<strong>en</strong>, se <strong>de</strong>be pres<strong>en</strong>tar al usuario <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> contexto <strong>de</strong> una Red Nacional. La<br />

RDSI como concepto <strong>de</strong> Red Nacional, <strong>de</strong>be brindar al usuario garantías <strong>de</strong>:<br />

• Cobertura total <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> servicio <strong>en</strong> cualquier lugar don<strong>de</strong> se<br />

disponga <strong>de</strong> esta red<br />

• Flexibilidad <strong>en</strong> el sistema<br />

• Confiabilidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red<br />

• Rapi<strong>de</strong>z <strong>de</strong> acceso<br />

• Calidad total tanto <strong>de</strong> fa red como <strong>de</strong> los servicios que presta<br />

Para cumplir estos objetivos, es importante realizar una normalización<br />

técnica, <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>da con criterio amplio y futurista <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong>!<br />

esc<strong>en</strong>ario internacional; por tanto es importante que cada país<br />

establezca sus normas nacionales RDSI antes <strong>de</strong> adquirir los<br />

sistemas <strong>de</strong> esta tecnología.<br />

A continuación se pres<strong>en</strong>ta, a breves rasgos, un p<strong>la</strong>n g<strong>en</strong>eral para el<br />

establecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> una Red Digital <strong>de</strong> Servicios Integrados<br />

2.1.2 P<strong>la</strong>n G<strong>en</strong>eral para el Establecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> RDSI.-<br />

(Se toma como ejemplo el p<strong>la</strong>n g<strong>en</strong>eral creado <strong>en</strong> Colombia para<br />

integración <strong>de</strong> servicios <strong>de</strong>bido a que sigue normas y lineami<strong>en</strong>tos<br />

internacionales, y por tanto pue<strong>de</strong>n ser aplicados a nuestro medio).<br />

1) Se <strong>de</strong>be realizar una <strong>de</strong>scripción completa <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> infraestructura y<br />

situación interna <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red y <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>en</strong>torno, tanto actual, como <strong>de</strong><br />

acuerdo con p<strong>la</strong>nes y programas <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sarrollo establecidos.<br />

2) Se <strong>de</strong>be realizar un diagnóstico <strong>de</strong> esta infraestructura y <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

estado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red exist<strong>en</strong>te, para según esto, po<strong>de</strong>r realizar <strong>la</strong><br />

imp<strong>la</strong>ntación <strong>de</strong> nuevos servicios.<br />

39


3) Se <strong>de</strong>be realizar un estudio <strong>de</strong> causalidad para <strong>la</strong> imp<strong>la</strong>ntación e<br />

implem<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> "Integración <strong>de</strong> Servicios"<br />

4) Un estudio selectivo para <strong>la</strong> imp<strong>la</strong>ntación <strong>de</strong> "Integración <strong>de</strong><br />

Servicios"<br />

5) La e<strong>la</strong>boración <strong>de</strong> un p<strong>la</strong>n coher<strong>en</strong>te con <strong>la</strong> realidad <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong>.medio,<br />

para <strong>la</strong> implem<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> "Sistemas <strong>de</strong> Integración <strong>de</strong> Servicios"<br />

6) Gestiones, y ejecución <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> pian.<br />

7) Diseño <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Sistema.<br />

8) E<strong>la</strong>boración <strong>de</strong> P<strong>la</strong>nos y trámites correspondi<strong>en</strong>tes.<br />

Una vez que se cu<strong>en</strong>ta con un p<strong>la</strong>n g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong>de</strong> acción, que esté <strong>de</strong><br />

acuerdo con <strong>la</strong>s necesida<strong>de</strong>s y realidad <strong>de</strong> cada país, el sigui<strong>en</strong>te<br />

paso será buscar una inter-re<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong> red exist<strong>en</strong>te y <strong>la</strong> nueva<br />

red, hasta que <strong>la</strong> transición <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong> una y <strong>la</strong> otra se haya completado.<br />

2.1.3 Interfuncionami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>en</strong>tre una RDSI y una Red Telefónica<br />

Pública Conmutada (RTPC).<br />

Dado que <strong>la</strong> transición <strong>en</strong>tre una RTPC a una RDSI pue<strong>de</strong> abarcar un<br />

di<strong>la</strong>tado período, se necesitará durante mucho tiempo <strong>la</strong> interrealción<br />

<strong>en</strong>tre una RDSI y <strong>la</strong> RTPC, En esta situación, es probable que se<br />

necesit<strong>en</strong> funciones <strong>de</strong> intercomunicación <strong>en</strong> varios lugares, y no <strong>en</strong><br />

un solo punto. Durante <strong>la</strong> transición hacia <strong>la</strong> RDSI, aparecerán puntos<br />

<strong>de</strong> i nterf unción a mi<strong>en</strong>to que quizás no sean necesarios más tar<strong>de</strong>.<br />

(Fig. 2.1)<br />

40


SoT<br />

a) Esc<strong>en</strong>ario Irrtercerrtrales<br />

b) Esc<strong>en</strong>ario Irrtra c<strong>en</strong>tra les<br />

Fig.2.1 Interre<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>en</strong>tre RTPC y RDSI<br />

Los puntos más comunes don<strong>de</strong> pue<strong>de</strong> haber interfuncionami<strong>en</strong>to son;<br />

- D<strong>en</strong>tro <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> c<strong>en</strong>tral local,<br />

- En <strong>la</strong>s c<strong>en</strong>trales <strong>de</strong> tránsito,<br />

- En <strong>la</strong>s c<strong>en</strong>trales internacionales <strong>de</strong> cabecera<br />

2.1.4 Tratami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> l<strong>la</strong>madas <strong>en</strong>tre RDSI - RTPC.-<br />

En g<strong>en</strong>eral, pue<strong>de</strong> necesitarse una interpe<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> sistemas <strong>de</strong><br />

señalización, <strong>en</strong> especial para l<strong>la</strong>madas ¡nterc<strong>en</strong>trales, <strong>en</strong>tre el<br />

sistema <strong>de</strong> señalización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> RTPC (que pue<strong>de</strong> ser <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> banda)<br />

y el sistema <strong>de</strong> señalización No 7 (PU RDSI) <strong>de</strong> una RDSI. Los<br />

procesos <strong>de</strong> interfuncionami<strong>en</strong>to se especifican <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> Recom<strong>en</strong>dación<br />

Q.699.<br />

Para l<strong>la</strong>madas vocales se necesita una indicación especial para que<br />

<strong>la</strong> c<strong>en</strong>tral local <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> RDS! sepa que se ha producido<br />

interfuncionami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>en</strong>tre RDSI y RTPC, y son los protocolos<br />

respectivos (Q.761, Q764 <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> RDSI y protocolos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Rec 1.451) los<br />

Usuario<br />

RTPC<br />

4]


que dispon<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> capacidad para indicar esta situación <strong>de</strong><br />

interpe<strong>la</strong>ción. En todo caso se <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> cumplir los sigui<strong>en</strong>tes requisitos<br />

para una intercomunicación <strong>en</strong>tre RDSI y RTPC:<br />

- Indicar al terminal que conecte el canal B, <strong>de</strong> modo que<br />

pueda recibir tonos y anuncios <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> banda cuando se<br />

originan l<strong>la</strong>madas <strong>de</strong> RDSI a RTPC,<br />

- Indicar al terminal RDSI que pue<strong>de</strong> no disponerse <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

información <strong>de</strong> selección <strong>de</strong> servicio y <strong>de</strong> dirección o <strong>de</strong> una parte<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> misma; se pue<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>tonces pedir al terminal que acepte <strong>la</strong><br />

l<strong>la</strong>mada sin verificar <strong>la</strong> compatibilidad fuera <strong>de</strong> banda,<br />

- Indicar al equipo terminal <strong>de</strong> datos que provea por anticipado <strong>la</strong>s<br />

señales <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>trada <strong>en</strong> contacto <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> banda <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s l<strong>la</strong>madas<br />

RDSI - RTPC.<br />

Para l<strong>la</strong>madas no vocales <strong>en</strong>tre abonados RDSI-RTPC, pue<strong>de</strong> ser<br />

necesario una ¡nterrel ación con respecto a <strong>la</strong> capacidad <strong>de</strong><br />

inte reo néctar terminales <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> RTPC equipados con mo<strong>de</strong>ms y<br />

terminales compatibles con un acceso RDSI. En el futuro, esta<br />

situación pue<strong>de</strong> incluir un medio para verificar <strong>la</strong> compatibilidad y el<br />

suministro <strong>de</strong> un grupo común <strong>de</strong> mo<strong>de</strong>ms para realizar <strong>la</strong> conversión<br />

A/D y <strong>la</strong> adaptación <strong>de</strong> velocidad.<br />

En principio exist<strong>en</strong> dos maneras posibles <strong>de</strong> ofrecer <strong>la</strong> conmutación<br />

<strong>de</strong> datos <strong>en</strong>tre un cli<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> RDSI y uno <strong>de</strong> RTPC:<br />

1, El terminal <strong>de</strong> datos <strong>de</strong> cli<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> RDSI se conecta a un<br />

mo<strong>de</strong>m que a su vez está conectado a un dispositivo <strong>de</strong><br />

conversión A/D, por tanto, el trato que se le dará a <strong>la</strong> l<strong>la</strong>mada<br />

será como <strong>en</strong> telefonía normal. Se requerirá <strong>de</strong> ulteriores<br />

42


2.2 VÍDEO COMUNICACIONES EN LA RDSI<br />

2.2.1 Servicios <strong>de</strong> Ví<strong>de</strong>o Comunicación <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> RDSI:<br />

En <strong>la</strong>s re<strong>de</strong>s conv<strong>en</strong>cionales solo se pue<strong>de</strong> utilizar un servicio a <strong>la</strong><br />

vez, por ejemplo, teléfono o fax. Esto ha llevado a una situación <strong>en</strong><br />

<strong>la</strong> que <strong>la</strong>s líneas están <strong>de</strong>dicadas a un uso específico que es, como<br />

teléfono o para transmisión <strong>de</strong> datos, tanto <strong>en</strong> comunicaciones<br />

privadas como <strong>de</strong> negocios. Con ta RDSI esta limitación ya no existe.<br />

Las sigui<strong>en</strong>tes facilida<strong>de</strong>s es<strong>en</strong>ciales son características <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />

comunicaciones RDSI:<br />

a) Conexiones digitales extremo a extremo y por tanto<br />

transfer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> toda <strong>la</strong> información con una velocidad <strong>de</strong><br />

64 Kbits/s.<br />

b) Capacidad <strong>de</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> dos canales, por ejemplo<br />

voz y fax.<br />

c) Servicios nuevos y mejorados <strong>en</strong> una red para voz,<br />

texto, datos e imag<strong>en</strong>, que se pue<strong>de</strong>n usar <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> una<br />

línea <strong>de</strong> abonado.<br />

d) Facilida<strong>de</strong>s nuevas y mejoradas, como i<strong>de</strong>ntificación<br />

<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> abonado l<strong>la</strong>mante, oferta <strong>de</strong> l<strong>la</strong>mada y <strong>de</strong>svió <strong>de</strong><br />

l<strong>la</strong>mada con <strong>la</strong> oportunidad <strong>de</strong> muchas y nuevas<br />

aplicaciones.<br />

La explotación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s anteriores facilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> uso <strong>de</strong> los<br />

dispositivos terminales. Los dispositivos terminales actualm<strong>en</strong>te<br />

disponibles, como el teléfono RDSI, el vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono RDSI, el<br />

teléfono RDSi mas PC y funciones <strong>de</strong> servidor proporcionan una<br />

44


nueva calidad <strong>de</strong> comunicaciones y una mayor eficacia <strong>en</strong> el puesto<br />

<strong>de</strong> trabajo.<br />

2.2,2 CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS SERVICIOS DE TELECOMUNICACIONES<br />

2.2.2.1 Servicios Básicos.-<br />

Estos servicios pue<strong>de</strong>n ser prestados por <strong>la</strong> red, in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te<br />

<strong>de</strong> otros servicios. Así por ejemplo se ti<strong>en</strong>e:<br />

- Servicios vocales<br />

- Vi<strong>de</strong>otelefonia<br />

- Vid eoconf er<strong>en</strong> cía<br />

- Transmisión <strong>de</strong> datos<br />

- Facsímil<br />

2.2.2.2 Servicios Su píeme ntarios.-<br />

Complem<strong>en</strong>tan a un servicio básico para mejorar o modificar su<br />

pres<strong>en</strong>tación. Van siempre asociados a un servicio básico. Por<br />

ejemplo se ti<strong>en</strong>e:<br />

- Servicios <strong>de</strong> M<strong>en</strong>sajería:<br />

- Correo electrónico<br />

- Servicio <strong>de</strong> Consulta:<br />

- Vi<strong>de</strong>otex<br />

- Vi<strong>de</strong>oteca<br />

- Audioteca<br />

- Base <strong>de</strong> datos<br />

2.3 RDSI DE BANDA ANGOSTA Y BANDA ANCHA.-<br />

Como se m<strong>en</strong>cionó anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te, exist<strong>en</strong> dos tipos <strong>de</strong> RDSI según el<br />

ancho <strong>de</strong> banda:<br />

1. RDSI <strong>de</strong> Banda Angosta: Con velocida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> hasta 2 MB/seg.<br />

2. RDSI <strong>de</strong> Banda Ancha: Con velocida<strong>de</strong>s mayores a 2 MB/seg.<br />

45


A continuación se <strong>de</strong>scribe el tipo <strong>de</strong> canales RDSI que son mas<br />

comúnm<strong>en</strong>te utilizados para comunicación <strong>de</strong> audio, vi<strong>de</strong>o y datos <strong>de</strong><br />

acuerdo al ancho <strong>de</strong> banda que se utilice <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong><br />

información, y <strong>la</strong> velocidad <strong>de</strong> canal <strong>de</strong> los mismos<br />

Tipos <strong>de</strong> Canales:<br />

Exist<strong>en</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes tipos <strong>de</strong> canales según el tipo <strong>de</strong> banda (angosta ó<br />

ancha) que se esté utilizando y.esto influye <strong>en</strong> ia velocidad <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> canal,<br />

así pues se ti<strong>en</strong>e.<br />

- Banda Angosta:<br />

CANAL RDSI VELOCIDAD DE CANAL<br />

H<br />

- Banda Ancha:<br />

B 64 Kb/s<br />

D 16 Kb/s<br />

Ho 384 Kb/s<br />

Hn 1536 Kb/s<br />

Hi2 _ 192.0 Kb/s<br />

CANAL RDSI VELOCIDAD DE CANAL<br />

H21: 32768 Kb/s<br />

H22: Del or<strong>de</strong>n <strong>de</strong> 43 a 45 Mb/s<br />

2.3.1 RDSI <strong>de</strong> Banda Angosta.- (RDSlba).-<br />

La RDSI <strong>de</strong> banda angosta se caracteriza por un limitado ancho <strong>de</strong><br />

banda (<strong>de</strong> hasta 2Mb/s), y constituye una primera etapa <strong>en</strong> el<br />

<strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> RDSI, <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> cual se ofrece <strong>la</strong> posibilidad <strong>de</strong> t<strong>en</strong>er una<br />

gama <strong>de</strong> aplicaciones (vocales y no vocales) <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> misma red pero <strong>de</strong><br />

46


un modo limitado, principalm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> lo que ti<strong>en</strong>e que ver a<br />

accesibilidad <strong>de</strong> servicios y velocidad <strong>de</strong> transmisión<br />

Así pues se ti<strong>en</strong>e dos tipos <strong>de</strong> accesos<br />

• Acceso Básico: 2B + D (2 hilos) don<strong>de</strong> D = 16 Kb/s<br />

B = 64 Kb/s<br />

Por el canal D se pue<strong>de</strong> transmitir datos y señalización<br />

alternadam<strong>en</strong>te, realizando lo que se <strong>de</strong>nomina conmutación <strong>de</strong><br />

paquetes1 (SAPI = 16) (SAPI= I<strong>de</strong>ntificador <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Punto <strong>de</strong> Acceso a!<br />

Servicio).<br />

Por el canal B se realiza <strong>la</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> datos <strong>en</strong> conmutación <strong>de</strong><br />

circuitos2 (SAPI = 0).<br />

• Acceso Primario<br />

a) 23B + D (U.S.A. y Japón) — 1544 Kbps<br />

b) 30B + D (Europa) — 2048 Kbps<br />

Con <strong>la</strong>s sigui<strong>en</strong>tes variantes: 4Ho, 3Ho, 5Ho+ D, HH, H12 + D<br />

Este tipo <strong>de</strong> accesos se los conoce como <strong>de</strong> segunda fase <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

evolución <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> RDSI.<br />

La RDSI <strong>de</strong> banda angosta soporta <strong>la</strong>s actuales aplicaciones que se<br />

ti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>en</strong> el campo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> multimedia, siempre y cuando se utilic<strong>en</strong><br />

algoritmos <strong>de</strong> compresión.<br />

Conmutación <strong>en</strong> Modo Paquete.- Es aquel <strong>en</strong> el que el cont<strong>en</strong>ido <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> información es corto, con m<strong>en</strong>sajes seccionados, no necesita<br />

memoria pasiva <strong>en</strong> los nodos, es mas fácil para <strong>de</strong>tectar y corregir errores.<br />

2 • «<br />

Conmutación <strong>en</strong> Circuitos.- Es aquel <strong>en</strong> el que perman<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te hay un circuito <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce (transpar<strong>en</strong>te, sin injer<strong>en</strong>cia intelig<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

señal)<br />

47


2.3.2 RDSI <strong>de</strong> Banda Ancha (RDSIBA).-<br />

En años reci<strong>en</strong>tes, <strong>la</strong> evolución <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> infraestructura <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />

telecomunicaciones ha estado <strong>de</strong>terminada por el viraje que se ha<br />

dado <strong>de</strong> to análogo a lo digital, y últimam<strong>en</strong>te por <strong>la</strong> llegada <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />

re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> banda ancha. Este avance tecnológico ha ocasionado un<br />

cambio <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> prestación <strong>de</strong> servicios, <strong>en</strong>tre realizarlos con líneas<br />

utilizando TDM (Múltiplex por División <strong>de</strong> Tiempo), a realizarlos<br />

utilizando re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> banda ancha con Modo <strong>de</strong> Transfer<strong>en</strong>cia<br />

Asincrónica (ATM), utilizando <strong>la</strong>s tecnologías <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Red Óptica<br />

Sincrónica (SONET)/(SDH)Jerarquía Digital Sincrónica.<br />

RDSIBA es una ext<strong>en</strong>sión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> RDSI <strong>de</strong> banda angosta, <strong>la</strong> cual<br />

provee mayor ancho <strong>de</strong> banda, para manejar voz, información, y<br />

servicios <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong> alta velocidad. Se <strong>de</strong>fine <strong>la</strong> arquitectura <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

RDSIBA, estableci<strong>en</strong>do tres capas:<br />

- La capa Física<br />

- La capa ATM<br />

- La capa <strong>de</strong> adaptación <strong>de</strong> ATM.<br />

La capa física <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> mo<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong>o RDSIBA, <strong>de</strong>fine los requisitos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

interface eléctrica u óptica, así como también <strong>la</strong> velocidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> línea,<br />

<strong>la</strong> cual <strong>de</strong>termina <strong>la</strong>s tasas <strong>de</strong> transmisión con <strong>la</strong> que van a ser<br />

manejadas.<br />

La capa ATM <strong>de</strong>fine el formato <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> célu<strong>la</strong>, mi<strong>en</strong>tras que <strong>la</strong> capa <strong>de</strong><br />

adaptación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ATM, <strong>de</strong>fine el proceso <strong>de</strong> conversión <strong>de</strong> tráfico <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>en</strong>trada a <strong>la</strong> célu<strong>la</strong> que ti<strong>en</strong>e una ext<strong>en</strong>sión fija <strong>de</strong> 53 bytes.<br />

2.3.2.1 Modo <strong>de</strong> Transfer<strong>en</strong>cia Asincrónica (ATM).-<br />

Para <strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r que es ATM, es apropiado dar una breve introducción<br />

<strong>de</strong> STM (Modo Sincrónico <strong>de</strong> Transfer<strong>en</strong>cia). STM es usado por <strong>la</strong>s<br />

re<strong>de</strong>s troncales <strong>de</strong> telecomunicaciones para transferir voz<br />

48


empaquetada y datos cuando se ti<strong>en</strong>e que cubrir distancias <strong>la</strong>rgas. Es<br />

un mecanismo <strong>de</strong> re<strong>de</strong>s con conmutación <strong>de</strong> circuitos, don<strong>de</strong> se<br />

establece una conexión <strong>en</strong>tre dos puntos antes <strong>de</strong> que comi<strong>en</strong>ce <strong>la</strong><br />

transfer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> datos, y se termina cuando los dos puntos extremos<br />

han concluido <strong>la</strong> comunicación. Así pues, los puntos extremos asignan<br />

y reservan el ancho <strong>de</strong> banda <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conexión durante todo el tiempo<br />

que dure <strong>la</strong> comunicación, aun cuando no se esté transmiti<strong>en</strong>do datos.<br />

La forma <strong>en</strong> que los datos son transportados a través <strong>de</strong> una red STM<br />

es dividi<strong>en</strong>do el ancho <strong>de</strong> banda <strong>de</strong> los <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ces STM (<strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ces T-1 y T-<br />

3) <strong>en</strong> una unidad fundam<strong>en</strong>tal <strong>de</strong> transmisión l<strong>la</strong>mada segm<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong><br />

tiempo. Estos segm<strong>en</strong>tos están organizados <strong>en</strong> un tr<strong>en</strong> que conti<strong>en</strong>e<br />

un número fijo <strong>de</strong> segm<strong>en</strong>tos y están rotu<strong>la</strong>dos <strong>de</strong> 1 a N. El tr<strong>en</strong> se<br />

repite periódicam<strong>en</strong>te cada T períodos <strong>de</strong> tiempo, con los segm<strong>en</strong>tos<br />

<strong>en</strong> el tr<strong>en</strong> siempre <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> misma posición y con el mismo rótulo. Pue<strong>de</strong><br />

haber hasta M tr<strong>en</strong>es difer<strong>en</strong>tes rotu<strong>la</strong>dos <strong>de</strong> 1 a M, todos repiti<strong>en</strong>do<br />

con el período <strong>de</strong> tiempo T y todos llegando <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> mismo período<br />

<strong>de</strong> tiempo. (Los parámetros N.T.M están <strong>de</strong>terminados por comités <strong>de</strong><br />

estándares y son difer<strong>en</strong>tes para Europa y Estados Unidos).<br />

Como se pue<strong>de</strong> observar <strong>de</strong> lo anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te dicho, <strong>en</strong> el Modo <strong>de</strong><br />

Transfer<strong>en</strong>cia Sincrónico, una vez que et segm<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> tiempo es<br />

asignado a una conexión, g<strong>en</strong>eralm<strong>en</strong>te permanece asignado para el<br />

uso exclusivo <strong>de</strong> esa conexión a través <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> tiempo <strong>de</strong> vida <strong>de</strong> ésta; <strong>en</strong><br />

otras pa<strong>la</strong>bras, si una conexión ti<strong>en</strong>e datos para transmitir, pone sus<br />

datos <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> segm<strong>en</strong>to asignado (time-slot), pero si <strong>la</strong> conexión no<br />

ti<strong>en</strong>e ningún dato para transmitir, este segm<strong>en</strong>to se va vacío, y por lo<br />

g<strong>en</strong>eral suce<strong>de</strong> que muchas conexiones se van vacías, por lo que<br />

constituye un <strong>de</strong>sperdicio significativo <strong>de</strong> ancho <strong>de</strong> banda y limita el<br />

número <strong>de</strong> conexiones que pue<strong>de</strong>n ser soportadas simultáneam<strong>en</strong>te.<br />

Por lo tanto <strong>la</strong>s compañías <strong>de</strong> telecomunicaciones están investigando<br />

el uso y <strong>la</strong> tecnología a<strong>de</strong>cuada <strong>de</strong> re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica para po<strong>de</strong>r<br />

49


ealizar <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ces <strong>de</strong> comunicación <strong>en</strong>tre varios países y <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ces<br />

interoceánicos con velocida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> Gigabits por segundo Se <strong>de</strong>sea<br />

llevar <strong>en</strong> forma integrada, tanto tráfico <strong>en</strong> tiempo real tal como <strong>la</strong> voz<br />

y el vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong> alta resolución que pue<strong>de</strong> tolerar alguna pérdida pero no<br />

<strong>de</strong>mora, como también el tráfico que no es <strong>en</strong> tiempo real tal como los<br />

datos y <strong>la</strong> transfer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> archivos que pue<strong>de</strong>n tolerar alguna<br />

<strong>de</strong>mora pero no pérdida.<br />

El problema <strong>de</strong> llevar tráfico <strong>de</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes características sobre el<br />

mismo medio y <strong>de</strong> una forma integrada, es que el requerimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong><br />

ancho <strong>de</strong> banda pico <strong>de</strong> estas fu<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> tráfico pue<strong>de</strong> ser bastante<br />

alto, como <strong>en</strong> el vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong> alta resolución, pero <strong>la</strong> duración <strong>de</strong><br />

transmisión <strong>de</strong> datos pue<strong>de</strong> ser bastante pequeña.<br />

En otras pa<strong>la</strong>bras, los datos vi<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> ráfagas y <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> ser<br />

transmitidos a <strong>la</strong> velocidad pico <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ráfaga, pero el promedio <strong>de</strong><br />

tiempo <strong>de</strong> llegada <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong>s ráfagas pue<strong>de</strong> ser bastante <strong>la</strong>rgo y<br />

aleatoriam<strong>en</strong>te distribuido. Para tales conexiones <strong>en</strong> ráfaga,<br />

reservarse un segm<strong>en</strong>to a velocidad pico <strong>en</strong> todo mom<strong>en</strong>to sería un<br />

<strong>de</strong>sperdicio consi<strong>de</strong>rable <strong>de</strong> ancho <strong>de</strong> banda, cuando <strong>en</strong> promedio<br />

solo 1 <strong>de</strong> cada 10 segm<strong>en</strong>tos lleva datos. Así-, usar el modo <strong>de</strong><br />

transfer<strong>en</strong>cia STM se vuelve inefici<strong>en</strong>te a medida que el ancho <strong>de</strong><br />

banda <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce, <strong>la</strong> tasa pico <strong>de</strong> transfer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> tráfico y <strong>la</strong><br />

característica- g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong>de</strong> ráfagas <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> tráfico expresada como <strong>la</strong><br />

re<strong>la</strong>ción pico/promedio, sub<strong>en</strong>.<br />

Por esta razón se concibió ATM, <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> cual <strong>la</strong> i<strong>de</strong>a principal era, <strong>en</strong><br />

lugar <strong>de</strong> siempre i<strong>de</strong>ntificar una conexión por el número <strong>de</strong><br />

segm<strong>en</strong>tos, simplem<strong>en</strong>te llevar el i<strong>de</strong>ntificador <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conexión junto<br />

con los datos <strong>en</strong> cualquier segm<strong>en</strong>to, y mant<strong>en</strong>er pequeño el tamaño<br />

<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> segm<strong>en</strong>to, <strong>de</strong> manera tal que si cualquier segm<strong>en</strong>to que se<br />

perdiera <strong>en</strong> ruta <strong>de</strong>bido a congestión, no se pierdan muchos datos, y<br />

50


<strong>en</strong> algunos caso incluso que se puedan recuperar. Estos conceptos<br />

se podían re<strong>la</strong>cionar mucho con los <strong>de</strong> conmutación <strong>en</strong> paquetes, y es<br />

por esta razón que lo l<strong>la</strong>maron "Conmutación rápida <strong>de</strong> paquetes con<br />

paquetes <strong>de</strong> longitud fija y corta".<br />

Así, dos puntos extremos <strong>en</strong> una red ATM están asociados <strong>en</strong>tre ellos<br />

por medio <strong>de</strong> un ¡<strong>de</strong>ntificador l<strong>la</strong>mado "I<strong>de</strong>ntificador <strong>de</strong> Circuito<br />

Virtual" (VCI) <strong>en</strong> vez <strong>de</strong> estar asociados por un segm<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> tiempo o<br />

un número <strong>de</strong> segm<strong>en</strong>tos como <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> red STM. El VCI es Nevado <strong>en</strong><br />

<strong>la</strong> sección <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>en</strong>cabezado <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> paquete rápido. El paquete rápido <strong>en</strong> sí<br />

mismo es transportado <strong>en</strong> el mismo tipo <strong>de</strong> segm<strong>en</strong>to anterior, pero ya<br />

no es necesario un rótulo o <strong>de</strong>signación <strong>de</strong> segm<strong>en</strong>to. Los términos<br />

paquete rápido (fast packet), celda (cell) y segm<strong>en</strong>to (bucket) se usan<br />

<strong>en</strong> forma intercambiable <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> literatura ATM y se refier<strong>en</strong> a <strong>la</strong> misma<br />

cosa.<br />

Multiplexación estadística.-<br />

La conmutación rápida <strong>de</strong> paquetes int<strong>en</strong>ta resolver el problema <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

segm<strong>en</strong>to no usado <strong>de</strong> STM, multiplexando estadísticam<strong>en</strong>te varias<br />

conexiones sobre el mismo <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce, basado <strong>en</strong> sus características <strong>de</strong><br />

tráfico. En otras pa<strong>la</strong>bras, si <strong>en</strong> un número gran<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> conexiones,<br />

éstas constan <strong>de</strong> muchas ráfagas (p.ej. si su tasa pico/promedio es<br />

<strong>de</strong> 10:1 o mas alta), <strong>en</strong>tonces todas el<strong>la</strong>s pue<strong>de</strong>n ser asignados al<br />

mismo <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce con <strong>la</strong> esperanza <strong>de</strong> que estadísticam<strong>en</strong>te el<strong>la</strong>s no<br />

dispararán <strong>la</strong>s ráfagas simultáneam<strong>en</strong>te. Y si algunas <strong>de</strong> el<strong>la</strong>s<br />

dispararan <strong>la</strong>s ráfagas simultáneam<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>de</strong>berá haber sufici<strong>en</strong>te<br />

e<strong>la</strong>sticidad <strong>de</strong> manera que los segm<strong>en</strong>tos puedan ser almac<strong>en</strong>ados<br />

temporalm<strong>en</strong>te y puestos <strong>en</strong> segm<strong>en</strong>tos libres posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te<br />

disponibles. Esto se l<strong>la</strong>ma multiplexación estadística, y permite que <strong>la</strong><br />

suma <strong>de</strong> los requerimi<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> ancho <strong>de</strong> banda pico <strong>de</strong> todas <strong>la</strong>s<br />

conexiones sobre un <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce, puedan exce<strong>de</strong>r el ancho <strong>de</strong> banda<br />

agregado disponible <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce, bajo ciertas condiciones <strong>de</strong> disciplina.<br />

51


Esto era imposible para una red STM, y es <strong>la</strong> principal difer<strong>en</strong>cia con<br />

una red ATM.<br />

Características principales <strong>de</strong> una Red ATM.-<br />

El intercambio <strong>de</strong> célu<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> relevo, y específicam<strong>en</strong>te el Modo <strong>de</strong><br />

Transfer<strong>en</strong>cia Asincrónica (ATM), se ha diseñado para superar una <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>la</strong>s principales <strong>de</strong>sv<strong>en</strong>tajas <strong>de</strong> TDM, esto es, <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong> TDM<br />

<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> asignación <strong>de</strong> amplitud <strong>de</strong> banda fija y su utilización <strong>en</strong> niveles<br />

por <strong>de</strong>bajo <strong>de</strong> lo óptimo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> capacidad <strong>de</strong> red disponible. Con <strong>la</strong><br />

célu<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> relevo, <strong>la</strong> información <strong>de</strong> cualquier tipo, ya sea voz, ví<strong>de</strong>o,<br />

información (datos) o trafico <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es, se pue<strong>de</strong> dividir, <strong>de</strong><br />

acuerdo con el mo<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong>o ATM, <strong>en</strong> célu<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> ext<strong>en</strong>sión fija,<br />

específicam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> 53 bytes. A cada célu<strong>la</strong> se le asigna un<br />

<strong>en</strong>cabezado que <strong>la</strong> asocia con una aplicación <strong>de</strong>terminada y éstas son<br />

intercambiadas a lo <strong>la</strong>rgo <strong>de</strong> cualquier combinación <strong>de</strong> trayectorias y<br />

<strong>de</strong> módulos, que sean necesarios para transmitir<strong>la</strong>s a su <strong>de</strong>stino. A<br />

difer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> TDM, con ATM, una aplicación pue<strong>de</strong> apropiarse, <strong>en</strong><br />

cualquier mom<strong>en</strong>to, <strong>de</strong> toda <strong>la</strong> amplitud <strong>de</strong> banda ociosa, a través <strong>de</strong><br />

un acceso <strong>de</strong>terminado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> insta<strong>la</strong>ción, permiti<strong>en</strong>do así, una<br />

utilización mucho mas efici<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> ia capacidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red.<br />

Una célu<strong>la</strong> ATM, según lo especificado por el comité T1S1, sub<br />

comité <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ANSÍ consiste <strong>de</strong> 53 bytes <strong>de</strong> los cuales 48 bytes son <strong>de</strong><br />

carga útil transportando información (datos) <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> usuario, y 5 bytes son<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>cabezado, que conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> información <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> canal y <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

trayectoria, así como también control <strong>de</strong> flujo, tipo <strong>de</strong> carga útil, e<br />

información sobre <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>tección <strong>de</strong> errores. El tamaño <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> célu<strong>la</strong> fija<br />

<strong>de</strong> ATM <strong>de</strong> 53 bytes, simplifica el proceso que se requiere <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

hardware, y así mismo produce una conducta mas fácil <strong>de</strong> pre<strong>de</strong>cir, a<br />

lo <strong>la</strong>rgo <strong>de</strong> toda <strong>la</strong> red.<br />

52


<strong>la</strong> red SONET/SDH, servirá como el medio <strong>de</strong> transporte sobre el cual<br />

tos paquetes ATM serán <strong>en</strong>viados. La jerarquía SONET/SDH, ofrec<strong>en</strong><br />

mejoras significativas al multiplexor asincrónico, <strong>en</strong> lo re<strong>la</strong>cionado a<br />

flexibilidad, tasa <strong>de</strong> transmisión <strong>en</strong> manejo y garantías <strong>en</strong> e!<br />

r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to.<br />

2.4 APLICACIONES DE LA RDSL-<br />

Las sigui<strong>en</strong>tes aplicaciones son ejemplos <strong>de</strong> usos futuros <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red<br />

RDSI que podrán ser utilizados por difer<strong>en</strong>tes tipos <strong>de</strong> empresas,<br />

especialm<strong>en</strong>te aquel<strong>la</strong>s que están consi<strong>de</strong>rando <strong>la</strong> posibilidad <strong>de</strong><br />

utilizar tecnología avanzada.<br />

2.4.1 Consolidación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s Re<strong>de</strong>s.-<br />

Actualm<strong>en</strong>te los usuarios utilizan un número variado <strong>de</strong> re<strong>de</strong>s para<br />

transmitir su información datos y/o voz e imág<strong>en</strong>es. La <strong>de</strong>manda<br />

busca que estas re<strong>de</strong>s se consoli<strong>de</strong>n <strong>en</strong> una so<strong>la</strong> columna vertebral,<br />

reduci<strong>en</strong>do los costos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s mismas, al utilizar una so<strong>la</strong> estructura<br />

administrativa, que permita dar mejores servicios. Se requerirá <strong>de</strong><br />

esta red que provea interfaces para el Frame Re<strong>la</strong>y, HDLC/SDLC,<br />

X.25, LAN (Tok<strong>en</strong> Ring y Ethernet), apoyo <strong>de</strong> ATM, así como también<br />

PBX <strong>de</strong> voz y fax. Adicionalm<strong>en</strong>te se requiere <strong>de</strong> este apoyo para el<br />

manejo <strong>de</strong> varias velocida<strong>de</strong>s bajas, así como también <strong>de</strong> interfaces<br />

<strong>de</strong> alta velocidad, para nuevas aplicaciones.<br />

2.4.2 Biblioteca <strong>Electrónica</strong> Digital.-<br />

Una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s aplicaciones que impondrá una cantidad significativa <strong>de</strong><br />

requisitos a <strong>la</strong> red, es <strong>la</strong> biblioteca electrónica digital. La habilidad<br />

para localizar y <strong>en</strong>tregar información <strong>de</strong> multimedia (voz, ví<strong>de</strong>o,<br />

datos) <strong>de</strong> varias bibliotecas (servidores), <strong>en</strong> cualquier mom<strong>en</strong>to, es -<strong>la</strong><br />

54


ase <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> estructura <strong>de</strong> esta aplicación. La banda ancha y el tiempo<br />

real <strong>de</strong> utilización para este tipo <strong>de</strong> aplicación, llevará un número<br />

significativo <strong>de</strong> requisitos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red.<br />

La localización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> información <strong>de</strong>be ser transpar<strong>en</strong>te a <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda<br />

<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> usuario, se <strong>de</strong>be pres<strong>en</strong>tar con el mínimo <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>mora <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>trega<br />

<strong>de</strong> información. La red o re<strong>de</strong>s a través <strong>de</strong> (as cuales <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda <strong>de</strong><br />

servicio es satisfecha <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> prestar un servicio <strong>de</strong> calidad <strong>en</strong> tiempo<br />

real. El tiempo <strong>de</strong> conexión a un servidor, es usualm<strong>en</strong>te corto. El<br />

usuario pue<strong>de</strong> pasar <strong>de</strong> una biblioteca a otra rápidam<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>de</strong> manera<br />

que durante una sesión particu<strong>la</strong>r, éste pueda requerir conexión<br />

simultánea a varias bibliotecas difer<strong>en</strong>tes. El tráfico es asimétrico ( <strong>la</strong><br />

cantidad <strong>de</strong> información transmitida a una estación <strong>de</strong> trabajo es<br />

significativam<strong>en</strong>te mas gran<strong>de</strong> que el requerimi<strong>en</strong>to hecho por <strong>la</strong><br />

estación <strong>de</strong> trabajo <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> usuario).<br />

Este tipo <strong>de</strong> aplicación, g<strong>en</strong>era una información única <strong>de</strong><br />

administración <strong>de</strong> re<strong>de</strong>s para aplicaciones <strong>de</strong> contabilidad y cu<strong>en</strong>tas,<br />

así como también el manejo <strong>de</strong> fal<strong>la</strong>s y el <strong>de</strong>sempeño <strong>de</strong> asist<strong>en</strong>cia,<br />

cuando ocurr<strong>en</strong> problemas.<br />

2.4.3 Media Disponible <strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda.-<br />

Esta aplicación existirá <strong>en</strong> dos ambi<strong>en</strong>tes, el <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> consumidor normal<br />

(hogar), y el empresarial. En <strong>la</strong> actualidad, muchas pruebas <strong>de</strong><br />

consumidores se <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>n <strong>en</strong> todo el mundo buscando <strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r<br />

tanto <strong>la</strong> parte <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> área <strong>de</strong> los negocios como los aspectos técnicos <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>la</strong> medida disponible <strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda. En el ambi<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> hogar,<br />

adicionalm<strong>en</strong>te a <strong>la</strong>s pelícu<strong>la</strong>s <strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda, f<strong>en</strong>óm<strong>en</strong>os como <strong>la</strong><br />

compra <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el hogar, los juegos, e incluso <strong>de</strong>sempeñar activida<strong>de</strong>s<br />

llórales, <strong>de</strong>sempeñan una función pot<strong>en</strong>cial, a medida que esta<br />

aplicación se <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>. Los requisitos <strong>de</strong> esta aplicación son<br />

-Tjpl<br />

gjmi<strong>la</strong>res a los <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> biblioteca electrónica digital.<br />

55


2.4.4 Captura <strong>de</strong> información.-<br />

La distribución <strong>de</strong> información a ios distintos servidores, haci<strong>en</strong>do eí<br />

seguimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>tas y efectuando tareas como e! archivo <strong>de</strong><br />

información, <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> medida <strong>en</strong> que su utilización aum<strong>en</strong>ta g<strong>en</strong>era<br />

requisitos <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> red <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> usuario.<br />

La <strong>de</strong>manda <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red para <strong>la</strong> aplicación <strong>de</strong> captura <strong>de</strong> información,<br />

está ori<strong>en</strong>tada hacia <strong>la</strong> distribución y mant<strong>en</strong>imi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> información<br />

<strong>de</strong> multimedia, a través <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red para <strong>la</strong> biblioteca electrónica digital<br />

y para <strong>la</strong> aplicación <strong>de</strong> media <strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda. Por ejemplo, para<br />

distribuir y tomar <strong>en</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>la</strong> información <strong>de</strong> varios servidores a los<br />

cuales <strong>la</strong> información pue<strong>de</strong> ser <strong>en</strong>viada, y archivada, son dos<br />

problemas importantes, que <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> ser resueltos. La información será<br />

asimétrica, con muy poca información fluy<strong>en</strong>do hacia el orig<strong>en</strong>. Una<br />

transmisión libre <strong>de</strong> errores es un requisito importante, y si ocurre un<br />

error <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> transmisión, se requiere arreg<strong>la</strong>rlo; sin embargo un error<br />

no pue<strong>de</strong> ser captado por todas <strong>la</strong>s personas, <strong>de</strong> manera que el<br />

proceso <strong>de</strong> arreglo se hace mas compiejo y <strong>la</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong><br />

información pue<strong>de</strong> necesitar <strong>de</strong> una susp<strong>en</strong>sión temporal.<br />

2.4.5 Confer<strong>en</strong>cia.-<br />

La confer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> "habitación" y <strong>la</strong> confer<strong>en</strong>cia con co<strong>la</strong>boración <strong>de</strong><br />

un <strong>de</strong>sktop, están consi<strong>de</strong>radas como <strong>la</strong>s aplicaciones que se<br />

convertirán <strong>en</strong> impulsoras <strong>de</strong> servicios <strong>de</strong> banda ancha <strong>en</strong> los<br />

ambi<strong>en</strong>tes empresariales <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> futuro. La facilidad <strong>de</strong> los usuarios <strong>en</strong><br />

sus estaciones <strong>de</strong> trabajo, no so<strong>la</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te para ver a <strong>la</strong> persona al otro<br />

extremo, sino también para po<strong>de</strong>r mirar <strong>la</strong>s mismas imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

pantal<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> su estación <strong>de</strong> trabajo, dará un valor significativo a <strong>la</strong><br />

^fuerza <strong>de</strong> trabajo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> estación empresarial mo<strong>de</strong>rna.<br />

56


Esta aplicación g<strong>en</strong>era muchos y muy distintos tipos <strong>de</strong> requisitos<br />

sobre <strong>la</strong> red, A difer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s que se discutieron anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te,<br />

aquí <strong>la</strong> transmisión es mas simétrica que <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s aplicaciones<br />

anteriores. En el caso <strong>de</strong> un error <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> transmisión, el recobrarlo<br />

pue<strong>de</strong> ser simi<strong>la</strong>r a que el error no hubiera t<strong>en</strong>ido lugar.<br />

2.4.6 Simu<strong>la</strong>ción.-<br />

La capacidad <strong>de</strong> simu<strong>la</strong>r fórmu<strong>la</strong>s ci<strong>en</strong>tíficas y <strong>de</strong> recrear ev<strong>en</strong>tos<br />

reales será aprovechada por muchas empresas <strong>en</strong> el futuro. Por<br />

ejemplo, <strong>la</strong> recreación <strong>de</strong> un acci<strong>de</strong>nte, para <strong>la</strong> revisión <strong>de</strong> expertos<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> industria <strong>de</strong> los seguros y <strong>la</strong> visualización ci<strong>en</strong>tífica, se ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong><br />

como impulsores pot<strong>en</strong>ciales <strong>de</strong> este tipo <strong>de</strong> aplicación. Estas serán<br />

aplicaciones <strong>de</strong> tiempo real, que requerirán cantida<strong>de</strong>s variables <strong>de</strong><br />

amplitud <strong>de</strong> banda asimétrica.<br />

57


EL VIDEO TELEFONO DE<br />

IMÁGENES FIJAS Y MÓVILES


CAPITULO III<br />

3.1. EL VIDEO TELÉFONO DE IMÁGENES FIJAS.-<br />

3.1.1.- DESCRIPCIÓN Y FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL TELÉFONO "PICASSO" DE AT&T<br />

La vi<strong>de</strong>o telefonía <strong>en</strong> g<strong>en</strong>eral se divi<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong> dos etapas: una es <strong>la</strong> transmisión, a más<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> voz y datos, <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es inmóviles, y <strong>la</strong> segunda compr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> transmisión<br />

<strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es móviles <strong>en</strong> tiempo real. La primera parte <strong>de</strong> este capítulo ti<strong>en</strong>e por<br />

objeto el estudio <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfonos con transmisión <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es fijas, y para el<br />

efecto se realiza un estudio <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono "Picasso" <strong>de</strong> AT&T, ya que este<br />

mo<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong>o, a más <strong>de</strong> que se lo <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra <strong>en</strong> nuestro medio, a nivel tecnológico está<br />

muy <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>do.<br />

3.1.1.1 El Sistema Picasso.-<br />

Introducido <strong>en</strong> 1993, el Picasso AT&T es un teléfono <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es inmóviles con<br />

transmisiones simultáneas <strong>de</strong> voz e imág<strong>en</strong>es a color <strong>de</strong> alta resolución sobre una<br />

línea telefónica. Los dos usuario par<strong>la</strong>ntes pue<strong>de</strong>n observar y discutir <strong>la</strong>s<br />

imág<strong>en</strong>es transmitidas mi<strong>en</strong>tras usan un mouse para apuntar y hacer anotaciones<br />

sobre <strong>la</strong>s mismas. Las imág<strong>en</strong>es pue<strong>de</strong>n ser grabadas y almac<strong>en</strong>adas por un PC a<br />

través <strong>de</strong> una interfaz apropiado.<br />

3.1.1.2 Características.-<br />

El sistema Picasso ti<strong>en</strong>e un amplio set <strong>de</strong> características que prove<strong>en</strong> al usuario <strong>la</strong><br />

habilidad <strong>de</strong> transmitir, observar y manipu<strong>la</strong>r repres<strong>en</strong>taciones <strong>de</strong> objetos e<br />

imág<strong>en</strong>es capturadas.<br />

a) Anotaciones.- La aplicación conocida como "anotación" permite a los usuarios,<br />

tanto al que l<strong>la</strong>ma como al que recibe, realizar anotaciones y dibujos sobre <strong>la</strong><br />

imag<strong>en</strong> que está si<strong>en</strong>do mostrada <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> pantal<strong>la</strong>, <strong>de</strong> esta manera se da <strong>la</strong><br />

oportunidad <strong>de</strong> discutir <strong>de</strong>talles, y <strong>de</strong>stacar áreas <strong>de</strong> particu<strong>la</strong>r interés. El usuario<br />

pue<strong>de</strong> realizar <strong>la</strong>s anotaciones <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> pantal<strong>la</strong> con <strong>la</strong> ayuda <strong>de</strong> un mouse conectado<br />

58


<strong>en</strong> uno <strong>de</strong> los pórticos RS-232 <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> teléfono. Las anotaciones podrán ser<br />

almac<strong>en</strong>adas como parte <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>, o borradas haci<strong>en</strong>do un simple doble clic<br />

con el botón <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> mouse.<br />

b) Perfeccionami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> Imag<strong>en</strong>.- Se provee al usuario un gran grupo <strong>de</strong><br />

utilitarios <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema Picasso. Este grupo <strong>de</strong> utilitarios mejora <strong>la</strong> apari<strong>en</strong>cia visual<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> y <strong>la</strong> velocidad <strong>de</strong> transmisión, Estos incluy<strong>en</strong>:<br />

• Perfeccionami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> fotografía. Imág<strong>en</strong>es oscuras pue<strong>de</strong>n ser ac<strong>la</strong>radas<br />

significativam<strong>en</strong>te aplicando <strong>la</strong> técnica conocida como histograma <strong>de</strong><br />

ecualización,<br />

• Perfeccionami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> texto. Las imág<strong>en</strong>es que se combinan con el texto<br />

pue<strong>de</strong>n ser mejoradas por afinami<strong>en</strong>to <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> texto usando una técnica conocida<br />

como <strong>de</strong>tección <strong>de</strong> marg<strong>en</strong>.<br />

• Operación libre <strong>de</strong> fluctuación. Una trama simple que captura movimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong><br />

objetos pue<strong>de</strong> g<strong>en</strong>erar un efecto <strong>de</strong> fluctuación <strong>de</strong>bido al modo <strong>de</strong> interfer<strong>en</strong>cia<br />

<strong>de</strong> operación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> mayoría <strong>de</strong> los estándares <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s cámaras. Si un<br />

objeto esta <strong>en</strong> movimi<strong>en</strong>to durante <strong>la</strong> captura, cada mitad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong><br />

capturada pue<strong>de</strong> ser ligeram<strong>en</strong>te difer<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>bido al retardo <strong>en</strong>tre los campos<br />

<strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o. Cuando <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> es <strong>de</strong>splegada, aparec<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s fluctuaciones. Este<br />

efecto pue<strong>de</strong> ser eliminado tanto por visualización <strong>de</strong> uno solo <strong>de</strong> los campos o<br />

por construcción <strong>de</strong> un nuevo cuadro por medio <strong>de</strong> interpo<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> los<br />

campos. Ambos métodos afectan <strong>la</strong> resolución vertical <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>. La técnica<br />

<strong>de</strong> interpo<strong>la</strong>ción, sin embargo, usualm<strong>en</strong>te produce mejor calidad <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>.<br />

c) Calidad <strong>de</strong> Imag<strong>en</strong> versus Tiempo <strong>de</strong> transmisión.- Los algoritmos <strong>de</strong><br />

compresión JPEG usados <strong>en</strong> el sistema Picasso produc<strong>en</strong> pérdida durante el<br />

proceso, esto es, alguna información se pier<strong>de</strong> irremediablem<strong>en</strong>te cuando se<br />

realiza compresión <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>. Una alta compresión da como resultado mayor<br />

información que se pier<strong>de</strong>, y una gran pérdida afecta a <strong>la</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>.<br />

59


3.1.1.3 Modo <strong>de</strong> Operación.-<br />

Para efectuar <strong>la</strong> transmisión se necesita t<strong>en</strong>er insta<strong>la</strong>do un teléfono Picasso <strong>en</strong><br />

cada extremo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> línea, y un monitor o PC <strong>de</strong> recepción. El sistema <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o<br />

teléfono Picasso ofrece <strong>la</strong>s sigui<strong>en</strong>tes opciones durante una l<strong>la</strong>mada:<br />

- Al inicio <strong>de</strong> una l<strong>la</strong>mada telefónica el usuario pue<strong>de</strong> capturar imág<strong>en</strong>es<br />

propias para <strong>en</strong>viar<strong>la</strong>s como parte introductoria <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conversación.<br />

- Si se va a <strong>en</strong>viar muchas imág<strong>en</strong>es, este ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono pue<strong>de</strong> acelerar <strong>la</strong><br />

transmisión usando el modo Sil<strong>en</strong>t Ví<strong>de</strong>o (activado por medio <strong>de</strong> m<strong>en</strong>ú) que<br />

permite hab<strong>la</strong>r sin vi<strong>de</strong>o durante <strong>la</strong> transmisión usando este modo, y <strong>la</strong>s<br />

imág<strong>en</strong>es luego se <strong>en</strong>viarán mucho más rápido.<br />

Pue<strong>de</strong> realizarse anotaciones y com<strong>en</strong>tarios <strong>de</strong> los puntos más<br />

sobresali<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> una imag<strong>en</strong>, los mismos que pue<strong>de</strong>n ser archivado para<br />

revisarlos posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te,<br />

- Se pue<strong>de</strong> a<strong>de</strong>más organizar y archivar <strong>la</strong>s imág<strong>en</strong>es que se <strong>de</strong>sea <strong>en</strong>viar<br />

durante <strong>la</strong> conversación <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> memoria interna <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> teléfono Picasso (memoria<br />

para 32 cuadros) o <strong>en</strong> algún dispositivo externo <strong>de</strong> memoria.<br />

Provee a<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> iluminación apropiada para <strong>la</strong> captura <strong>de</strong> bu<strong>en</strong>as<br />

imág<strong>en</strong>es. Si se <strong>en</strong>vía imág<strong>en</strong>es que conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> texto, éste t<strong>en</strong>drá el estilo y<br />

tamaño apropiado para que sea legible, especialm<strong>en</strong>te cuando se hace uso <strong>de</strong><br />

pantal<strong>la</strong>s pequeñas.<br />

De esta manera, <strong>la</strong>s personas <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong>s que se realiza <strong>la</strong> comunicación, pue<strong>de</strong>n<br />

discutir sobre <strong>la</strong>s imág<strong>en</strong>es que están vi<strong>en</strong>do, modificar<strong>la</strong>s, sombrear áreas <strong>de</strong><br />

interés, realizar com<strong>en</strong>tarios escritos, etc. consigui<strong>en</strong>do <strong>de</strong> esta forma, elevar <strong>la</strong><br />

calidad y utilidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> comunicación. A<strong>de</strong>más, <strong>en</strong> cualquiera <strong>de</strong> los dos terminales<br />

se pue<strong>de</strong> almac<strong>en</strong>ar imág<strong>en</strong>es para revisar<strong>la</strong>s <strong>en</strong> un futuro.<br />

3.1.1.4 Funciones <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> teléfono Picasso.-<br />

Entre <strong>la</strong>s principales funciones que nos ofrece el ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono Picasso se pue<strong>de</strong><br />

m<strong>en</strong>cionar <strong>la</strong>s sigui<strong>en</strong>tes:<br />

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Comunicaciones simultáneas <strong>de</strong> voz e imag<strong>en</strong>.<br />

Capacidad para almac<strong>en</strong>ar internam<strong>en</strong>te hasta 32 imág<strong>en</strong>es.<br />

Permite escoger <strong>en</strong>tre resolución <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es y <strong>la</strong> velocidad <strong>de</strong><br />

transmisión<br />

Permite hacer com<strong>en</strong>tarios.<br />

Muestra m<strong>en</strong>ús <strong>en</strong> pantal<strong>la</strong> para manejo <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> equipo<br />

Permite <strong>la</strong> operación a control remoto<br />

Selección para funcionami<strong>en</strong>to como teléfono <strong>de</strong> tonos o pulsos<br />

Opciones flexibles <strong>de</strong> interfaz:<br />

* Soporta equipos compatibles con formatos NTSC para<br />

captura, muestreo y almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to.<br />

+ Posee un puerto serial <strong>de</strong> 9 pines para com<strong>en</strong>tarios.<br />

* Posee un puerto paralelo por conectar el PC.<br />

* Interfaz <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong>trada / salida.<br />

* Inerfaz <strong>de</strong> S-Vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong>trada / salida.<br />

Velocidad estándar <strong>de</strong> 14.4 Kbps, con mó<strong>de</strong>m V.32<br />

Interfaz para P C (opcional)<br />

Permite a<strong>de</strong>más todas <strong>la</strong>s facilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> un teléfono estándar <strong>de</strong> voz<br />

como: facilidad <strong>de</strong> espera, remarcado <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> último número, 5 números <strong>de</strong><br />

memoria para marcado rápido, control <strong>de</strong> volum<strong>en</strong> para par<strong>la</strong>nte y<br />

timbrado etc.<br />

3,1.2 EQUIPOS Y COMPONENTES DEL SISTEMA<br />

Los compon<strong>en</strong>tes típicos <strong>de</strong> un sistema con ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono Picasso se muestra <strong>en</strong><br />

<strong>la</strong> Figura 3.1. El equipo básico necesario para realizar una comunicación por vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

teléfono Picasso es:<br />

- Un vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono Picasso (uno a cada <strong>la</strong>do <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> línea)<br />

- Una cámara <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o (una a cada <strong>la</strong>do <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> línea)<br />

- Un monitor (uno a cada <strong>la</strong>do <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> línea)<br />

- Una línea telefónica<br />

El tipo <strong>de</strong> cables y adaptadores que se necesita, <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> tipo <strong>de</strong> señal <strong>de</strong><br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o usada y <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> tipo <strong>de</strong> aparato <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> que se disponga.<br />

Exist<strong>en</strong> varios tipos <strong>de</strong> cables y adaptadores; el cable RCA que provee el teléfono<br />

Picasso es usado por <strong>la</strong> mayoría <strong>de</strong> aparatos <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

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El vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono Picasso esta compuesto por <strong>la</strong>s sigui<strong>en</strong>tes partes:<br />

• Unidad base <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> teléfono Picasso<br />

• cordón espiral <strong>de</strong> teléfono<br />

• Adaptador <strong>de</strong> AC<br />

• Unidad <strong>de</strong> control remoto<br />

• dispositivo <strong>de</strong> anotación (mouse serial)<br />

• batería <strong>de</strong> 9 voltios<br />

• 2 baterías 7WV (para el control remoto)<br />

• Adaptador BNC-RCA<br />

La fig. 3.2 muestra <strong>la</strong> localización <strong>de</strong> los jacks <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o, <strong>de</strong> los pórticos <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>en</strong>trada/salida para conectar los difer<strong>en</strong>tes aparatos <strong>de</strong> captura y disp<strong>la</strong>y, <strong>de</strong><br />

anotación e interfaz para PC <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> teléfono Picasso:<br />

CONFIGURACIÓN DEL VIDEO TELEFONO<br />

PICASSO<br />

VIDEO TELEFONO<br />

PICASSO<br />

Fig 3,1 Compon<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> un sistema con Vi<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono "Picasso"<br />

MONITOR<br />

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Fig. 3.2 LocaÜzación <strong>de</strong> jacks <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o y pórticos <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>trada/salida<br />

3.1.2.1 Arquitectura <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Sistema Picasso.-<br />

La Fig. 3,3 muestra un diagrama <strong>de</strong> bloques simplificado <strong>de</strong> los subsistemas que<br />

son ¡mplem<strong>en</strong>tados <strong>en</strong> el sistema Picasso.<br />

a) Procesador Principal. Todo el control <strong>de</strong> cada elem<strong>en</strong>to esta dado por el<br />

procesador principal (host processor), el cual se interconecta con todos los <strong>de</strong>más<br />

subsistemas. La función principal <strong>de</strong> los procesadores host es juntar <strong>la</strong> compresión<br />

<strong>de</strong> datos <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o, imag<strong>en</strong>, y audio <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> los respectivos procesadores y realizar<br />

una transmisión fiable <strong>de</strong> esos datos y otros sistemas <strong>de</strong> información a través <strong>de</strong><br />

un mó<strong>de</strong>m.<br />

En el <strong>la</strong>do <strong>de</strong> recepción, el procesador principal toma datos <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el terminal<br />

lejano vía mó<strong>de</strong>m, chequea <strong>la</strong> integridad <strong>de</strong> éstos, para luego <strong>de</strong>sempaquetar esta<br />

información ya sea <strong>en</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o, imag<strong>en</strong>, audio u otro tipo <strong>de</strong> información.<br />

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Pórtico<br />

Paralelo<br />

Procesador Host<br />

Micro procesador.<br />

:..GomercÍat ;.,.-.<br />

Fig.3.3 Diagrama <strong>de</strong> bloques <strong>de</strong> los subsistemas <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono Picasso<br />

Entrada<br />

<strong>de</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

El procesador host esta basado <strong>en</strong> el microcontro<strong>la</strong>dor MC68302 <strong>de</strong> Motoro<strong>la</strong>. Este<br />

dispositivo usa un chip Motoro<strong>la</strong> 68000 como su Unidad C<strong>en</strong>tral <strong>de</strong> Procesami<strong>en</strong>to<br />

(CPU). El MC68302 ti<strong>en</strong>e también varias funciones periféricas <strong>de</strong> procesami<strong>en</strong>to<br />

que manejan tanto <strong>la</strong> <strong>en</strong>trada como <strong>la</strong> salida, <strong>de</strong> este modo se <strong>de</strong>scargan estas<br />

operaciones <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el CPU.<br />

b) El Mó<strong>de</strong>m.- El sistema Picasso usa un estándar industrial para mó<strong>de</strong>m V.32bis<br />

a 2.400 baudios, (mó<strong>de</strong>m con cance<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> eco). Este mó<strong>de</strong>m es capaz <strong>de</strong><br />

transmitir datos con un ritmo <strong>de</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> hasta 14.4 Kb/s. También pue<strong>de</strong><br />

soportar bajos ritmos <strong>de</strong> transmisión (12, 9.6, 7.2, y 4.8 Kb/s) si el <strong>de</strong> 14.4 Kb/s no<br />

es exitoso.<br />

El sistema <strong>de</strong> mó<strong>de</strong>ms está basado <strong>en</strong> un grupo <strong>de</strong> chips para mó<strong>de</strong>ms <strong>de</strong> alta<br />

velocidad <strong>de</strong> AT&T Microelectronics. Este grupo <strong>de</strong> chips incluye un procesador<br />

para señal digital ROM-co<strong>de</strong>d AT&T Microelectrionics DSP16A, el chip <strong>de</strong> interfaz<br />

lógico CAMIL2, y el co<strong>de</strong>e lineal AT&T T7525 para conversión análogo/digital y<br />

64


digital/análogo, facilitan una conexión con <strong>la</strong> línea telefónica.<br />

c) Procesador <strong>de</strong> Audio.- La compresión y <strong>de</strong>scompresión <strong>de</strong> los datos <strong>de</strong> audio<br />

son ejecutadas por el procesador <strong>de</strong> audio usando un algoritmo <strong>de</strong> predicción lineal<br />

(CELP). Tanto el procesador <strong>de</strong> audio como el grupo <strong>de</strong> chips <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> mó<strong>de</strong>m, se<br />

basan <strong>en</strong> un procesador digital <strong>de</strong> señal ROM-co<strong>de</strong>d DSP16A.<br />

c) Subsistema <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o para Picasso.- Todo lo re<strong>la</strong>cionado con <strong>la</strong>s funciones <strong>de</strong><br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o se lleva a cabo por el subsistema <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o Picasso, Estas funciones<br />

incluy<strong>en</strong>:<br />

• Vi<strong>de</strong>o I/O<br />

• Conversiones A/D y D/A<br />

• Captura <strong>de</strong> tramas<br />

• Compresión y <strong>de</strong>scompresión <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong><br />

• Almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to y recuperación <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong><br />

• Texto sobrepuesto<br />

• Interfaz con PC, y<br />

• Anotaciones.<br />

El sistema Picasso usa los sigui<strong>en</strong>tes formatos <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o:<br />

• NTSC (National Televisión Standards Commitee), y<br />

• S-VHS (Super-VHS)<br />

La señal <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>trada esta separada <strong>en</strong> luminancia (Y), crominancia roja (Cr), y<br />

crominancia azul (Cb). Cada una <strong>de</strong> estas compon<strong>en</strong>tes, por turnos, son<br />

digitalizadas y almac<strong>en</strong>adas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> memoria <strong>de</strong> acceso aleatorio <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o (VRAM)<br />

para cada trama <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o capturada. La máxima resolución espacial es <strong>de</strong> 512 x<br />

480 pixels. Para compresión y <strong>de</strong>scompresión <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es, el algoritmo que se<br />

usa, se basa <strong>en</strong> el estándar ISO-JPEG.<br />

El subsistema <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o esta basado <strong>en</strong> el procesador AT&T Microelectronics<br />

DSP3210, este chip soporta una resolución <strong>de</strong> 32 bits, y ti<strong>en</strong>e acceso para 2<br />

65


Mbytes <strong>de</strong> memoria para compresión <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>, almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to y procesami<strong>en</strong>to<br />

por software <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>. Adicionalm<strong>en</strong>te, este subsistema conti<strong>en</strong>e 512 Kilobytes<br />

(KB) <strong>de</strong> VRAM para captura <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>, y 128 KB <strong>de</strong> VRAM para datos <strong>de</strong><br />

anotaciones.<br />

d) POTS/Tec<strong>la</strong>do.- Los POTS (Servicio Telefónico <strong>de</strong> Configuración Antigua) y <strong>la</strong><br />

circuitería asociada a los par<strong>la</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong> teléfono provee el interfaz análogo <strong>de</strong> audio.<br />

Estos circuitos están basados <strong>en</strong> el Vi<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono 2500 (que se lo estudia<br />

posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te). Simi<strong>la</strong>rm<strong>en</strong>te, el sistema <strong>de</strong> tec<strong>la</strong>do <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Picasso es una versión<br />

modificada <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> tec<strong>la</strong>do <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono 2500. También conti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>la</strong> circuitería<br />

necesaria para control remoto.<br />

3.1.2.2 Protocolos <strong>de</strong> Comunicación.- El Sistema Picasso multiplexa cuatro<br />

difer<strong>en</strong>tes tipos <strong>de</strong> datos sobre una línea física. El tipo <strong>de</strong> datos incluye<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o/imag<strong>en</strong>, anotaciones, audio, y control. Se usa el protocolo X.25 para ejecutar<br />

estas tareas, X25 proporciona un sistema <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>tección <strong>de</strong> errores y retransmisión<br />

para obt<strong>en</strong>er una fiable transmisión <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> flujo <strong>de</strong> datos. El canal <strong>de</strong> control se lo usa<br />

para realizar el control <strong>de</strong> terminal a terminal, y para contro<strong>la</strong>r <strong>la</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong><br />

información, <strong>en</strong>tre otras funciones.<br />

3.1.3 INTERCONECTIVIDAD CON OTROS EQUIPOS.-<br />

El sistema Picasso es compatible con cualquier dispositivo <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong> interfaz<br />

NTSC o S-VHS. Los ejemplos incluy<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s vi<strong>de</strong>o cámaras, camcor<strong>de</strong>rs, cámaras<br />

<strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> fija, cámaras <strong>de</strong> docum<strong>en</strong>tos, VCRs, monitores <strong>de</strong> TV, Cds fotos, e<br />

impresoras <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o. La figura 3.4 muestra los distintos dispositivos <strong>de</strong> captura,<br />

almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to, y disp<strong>la</strong>y que se pue<strong>de</strong>n conectar al vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono Picasso.<br />

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3.1.3.1 Conectividad con PC'S:<br />

El Picasso posee un puerto paralelo para conectarse directam<strong>en</strong>te con un PC<br />

cualquiera lo cual permite <strong>en</strong>viar imág<strong>en</strong>es almac<strong>en</strong>adas <strong>en</strong> cualquier programa o<br />

viceversa, almac<strong>en</strong>ar imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>en</strong>viadas <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> un punto remoto.<br />

3.1.3.2 Conectividad con Equipos <strong>de</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o:<br />

Picasso permite <strong>en</strong>viar imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> cualquier equipo <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o, ya sea VCR,<br />

camcor<strong>de</strong>r, V-8, super V-8, etc. El sistema incluye puertos para ví<strong>de</strong>o normal y<br />

para super ví<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

CÁMARA<br />

FOTOGRÁFICA<br />

CÁMARA<br />

CAMCORDER<br />

Dispositivos <strong>de</strong><br />

Captura<br />

Dispositivos <strong>de</strong><br />

Almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to<br />

TELEFONO PICASSO<br />

CAMCORDER<br />

Fig. 3.4 Dispositivos <strong>de</strong> captura, almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to y disp<strong>la</strong>y <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> teléfono Picasso<br />

3.1.3.3 Mouse para anotaciones:<br />

VCR<br />

Dispositivos <strong>de</strong><br />

Disp<strong>la</strong>y<br />

MONITOR<br />

VIDEO<br />

PRINTER<br />

Para que una comunicación sea completa no es únicam<strong>en</strong>te necesario transmitir<br />

una imag<strong>en</strong>, sino también el que ambas partes posean mecanismos que les<br />

permitan hacer anotaciones sobre <strong>la</strong>s mismas. Por tal motivo, se incorpora un<br />

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mouse que permite realizar este tipo <strong>de</strong> anotaciones. El Picasso dispone para el<br />

efecto <strong>de</strong> un puerto serial al que va conectado un mouse común y corri<strong>en</strong>te, el cual<br />

pue<strong>de</strong> seña<strong>la</strong>r regiones especificas <strong>de</strong> una imag<strong>en</strong> para que pueda ser modificada<br />

<strong>de</strong> acuerdo al criterio <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> usuario, e incluso almac<strong>en</strong>ar estas imág<strong>en</strong>es<br />

modificadas.<br />

A<strong>de</strong>más posee también un Control Remoto para <strong>en</strong>viar imág<strong>en</strong>es a lugares<br />

remotos <strong>en</strong> el cual se esta llevando a cabo una pres<strong>en</strong>tación, mediante un control<br />

remoto, el confer<strong>en</strong>cista pue<strong>de</strong> manejar a su gusto <strong>la</strong>s imág<strong>en</strong>es a mostrarse <strong>en</strong><br />

pantal<strong>la</strong>.<br />

3.1.3.4 Mercado y Aplicaciones.-<br />

Des<strong>de</strong> que se introdujo al mercado <strong>en</strong> 1993, el sistema Picasso ha sido usado <strong>en</strong><br />

una amplia variedad <strong>de</strong> aplicaciones y para muchos difer<strong>en</strong>tes mercados<br />

alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> mundo. Estos mercados incluy<strong>en</strong> servicios creativos, publicidad,<br />

ing<strong>en</strong>iería industrial, etc. El sistema Picasso es particu<strong>la</strong>rm<strong>en</strong>te bu<strong>en</strong>o para<br />

satisfacer aplicaciones <strong>en</strong> el campo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> medicina e ing<strong>en</strong>iería industrial.<br />

Cuidados Médicos. La comunidad médica fue <strong>la</strong> que primero empezó a<br />

interesarse por el sistema Picasso para el propósito <strong>de</strong> intercambio <strong>de</strong> información<br />

y consulta <strong>en</strong> forma remota. Estas aplicaciones se han visto ahora expandidas al<br />

incluir el adiestrami<strong>en</strong>to remoto, <strong>la</strong> información <strong>de</strong> emerg<strong>en</strong>cia se transmite por<br />

ejemplo <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s ambu<strong>la</strong>ncias hacia los c<strong>en</strong>tros hospita<strong>la</strong>rios, o se pue<strong>de</strong><br />

interactuar con algún <strong>la</strong>boratorio requerido.<br />

El sistema Picasso permite hacer consultas <strong>de</strong> una forma interactiva y fácil<br />

<strong>en</strong>tre médicos <strong>de</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes especialida<strong>de</strong>s y <strong>en</strong> cualquier parte <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> mundo para<br />

ayudar <strong>en</strong> un diagnóstico o tratami<strong>en</strong>to. Otras disciplinas médicas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s cuales el<br />

sistema Picasso ha empezado a introducirse incluye <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>rmatología, oftalmología,<br />

y cuidados <strong>de</strong> emerg<strong>en</strong>cia.<br />

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3.2 EL VIDEO TELEFONO DE IMÁGENES MÓVILES<br />

3.2.1 INTRODUCCIÓN<br />

En el pres<strong>en</strong>te capítulo se estudiará el servicio <strong>de</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>otelefonía que esta <strong>de</strong>finida<br />

para re<strong>de</strong>s que ofrec<strong>en</strong> canales a 64 Kbit/s y concebida para <strong>la</strong> RDSI, a <strong>la</strong> que se<br />

le consi<strong>de</strong>ra actualm<strong>en</strong>te como idónea para ofrecer este servicio.<br />

Al mom<strong>en</strong>to se está estudiando servicios vi<strong>de</strong>o telefónicos que necesitan uno o<br />

dos canales a 64 Kbits/s. En caso <strong>de</strong> normalizarse dos velocida<strong>de</strong>s binarias, será<br />

necesario prever una intercomunicación básica, con <strong>la</strong>s calida<strong>de</strong>s audiovisuales<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> velocidad más baja. Esa intercomunicación básica <strong>de</strong>berán ofrecer<strong>la</strong> los<br />

terminales. A continuación se estudiará dos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s tecnologías y marcas que<br />

actualm<strong>en</strong>te están <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>ndo vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfonos como son: AT&T (con e! vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

teléfono 2500) y ALCATEL (con el vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono 2838 ó 4040)<br />

3.2.2 DESCRIPCIÓN DEL VIDEO TELEFONO 2500 DE AT&T.-<br />

Este tipo <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono a difer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono Picasso permite a los<br />

usuarios verse mutuam<strong>en</strong>te, con imág<strong>en</strong>es móviles, <strong>en</strong> tiempo real, a todo color y<br />

<strong>en</strong> tonos naturales durante <strong>la</strong>s l<strong>la</strong>madas que se efectúan.<br />

La pantal<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> teléfono se monta justo <strong>en</strong>cima <strong>de</strong>! tec<strong>la</strong>do numérico, esta<br />

pantal<strong>la</strong> se inclina y gira para obt<strong>en</strong>er el mejor ángulo <strong>de</strong> visión, ti<strong>en</strong>e controles <strong>de</strong><br />

contraste y regu<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> brillo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong>, y un botón para verse uno mismo<br />

para así mostrar al usuario exactam<strong>en</strong>te como lo ve <strong>la</strong> otra persona al otro <strong>la</strong>do <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

hilo durante <strong>la</strong> l<strong>la</strong>mada.<br />

Este tipo <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfonos ti<strong>en</strong>e también un altavoz incorporado, con un<br />

micrófono direccional especialm<strong>en</strong>te diseñado para reducir los ruidos <strong>de</strong> fondo y el<br />

70


eco <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> habitación, permiti<strong>en</strong>do así que más <strong>de</strong> una persona se sume a <strong>la</strong><br />

conversación.<br />

La tecnología <strong>de</strong> compresión <strong>de</strong> audio, los procesadores <strong>de</strong> señales digitales y los<br />

mó<strong>de</strong>ms insta<strong>la</strong>dos <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> éstos vi<strong>de</strong>oteléfonos fueron <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>dos por<br />

AT&T.<br />

El mó<strong>de</strong>m transmite a una velocidad <strong>de</strong> 19,2 kilobits por segundo. La pantal<strong>la</strong> es<br />

<strong>de</strong> 3,3 pulgadas <strong>en</strong> diagonal, a color, <strong>de</strong> cristal liquido (LCD). La cámara<br />

electrónica a color, <strong>de</strong> 1/3 <strong>de</strong> pulgada esta incorporada al teléfono justo sobre <strong>la</strong><br />

pantal<strong>la</strong>, y ti<strong>en</strong>e un alcance <strong>de</strong> foco <strong>de</strong> 1 a 9 pies con igual calidad. El teléfono se<br />

pue<strong>de</strong> insta<strong>la</strong>r fácilm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> un jack telefónico modu<strong>la</strong>r (RJ11) y <strong>en</strong> un<br />

tomacorri<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> 110 voltios con 60 hertz <strong>de</strong> frecu<strong>en</strong>cia.<br />

En <strong>la</strong> actualidad se están haci<strong>en</strong>do estudios y <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>ndo <strong>la</strong> tecnología<br />

a<strong>de</strong>cuada para que este ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono pueda funcionar <strong>en</strong> otras configuraciones<br />

<strong>de</strong> red, y por líneas que aceptan velocida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> transmisión difer<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> 19,2<br />

kilobits, para que sea un producto que pueda ser utilizado <strong>en</strong> cualquier parte <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

mundo adaptándose así a <strong>la</strong>s difer<strong>en</strong>tes normas y tecnologías.<br />

La <strong>en</strong>trada <strong>de</strong> luminancia es <strong>de</strong> 128 pixels por 112 líneas. Los compon<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong><br />

cada producto incluy<strong>en</strong> un mó<strong>de</strong>m, un co<strong>de</strong>e, una cámara, y una pantal<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o,<br />

un procesador <strong>de</strong> audio, y un software específico para este tipo <strong>de</strong> teléfonos.<br />

3.2.2.1 Modo <strong>de</strong> utilización para los usuarios <strong>de</strong> un vi<strong>de</strong>oteléfono.-<br />

Para <strong>la</strong> utilización <strong>de</strong> este tipo <strong>de</strong> tecnología, se requiere que cada usuario t<strong>en</strong>ga<br />

uno <strong>de</strong> estos aparatos a cada <strong>la</strong>do <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> línea; una vez que se establece <strong>la</strong><br />

comunicación como <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> un teléfono normal, una o ambas partes <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>n<br />

cambiar <strong>de</strong> una l<strong>la</strong>mada <strong>de</strong> voz, a una l<strong>la</strong>mada <strong>de</strong> audio y vi<strong>de</strong>o. Se oprime el<br />

botón <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong> cualquiera <strong>de</strong> los dos ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfonos, activándose así el<br />

mó<strong>de</strong>m que conecta los dos teléfonos, permiti<strong>en</strong>do el intercambio <strong>de</strong> datos <strong>de</strong><br />

71


audio y <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o codificados digitalm<strong>en</strong>te. So<strong>la</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s partes ti<strong>en</strong>e que<br />

oprimir el botón <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o para que los aparatos pas<strong>en</strong> a <strong>la</strong> conexión <strong>de</strong> mó<strong>de</strong>m.<br />

Sin embargo, para mant<strong>en</strong>er <strong>la</strong> privacidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s partes, no se emite ningún dato<br />

<strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o hasta que se oprima el botón correspondi<strong>en</strong>te, aun cuando se <strong>en</strong>víe una<br />

señal digital <strong>de</strong> audio y se reciba señales digitales <strong>de</strong> audio y ví<strong>de</strong>o. Por lo tanto, si<br />

<strong>la</strong> persona a qui<strong>en</strong> se ha l<strong>la</strong>mado oprime el botón <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o, usted podrá ver a esa<br />

persona, pero esa persona no podrá verlo, hasta que usted oprima el botón <strong>de</strong><br />

ví<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong> su ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono. Otra característica <strong>de</strong> privacidad <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono es<br />

el obturador manual que permite al usuario cubrir <strong>la</strong> l<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cámara <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o<br />

teléfono para impedir que se transmita imág<strong>en</strong>es, aun habi<strong>en</strong>do oprimido el botón<br />

<strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

En este tipo <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono, cuando se oprime el botón <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o, se interrumpe<br />

<strong>la</strong> conversación por unos segundos mi<strong>en</strong>tras los mó<strong>de</strong>ms inician el <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce. Ningún<br />

otro aparato telefónico o mó<strong>de</strong>m pue<strong>de</strong> utilizar <strong>la</strong>s líneas telefónicas<br />

simultáneam<strong>en</strong>te con el Ví<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono 2500, <strong>de</strong>bido a que estos son mó<strong>de</strong>ms <strong>de</strong><br />

alta velocidad que utilizan datos modu<strong>la</strong>dos. Esto significa que <strong>la</strong> conexión <strong>de</strong><br />

ví<strong>de</strong>o se corta si otra persona levanta una ext<strong>en</strong>sión telefónica <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> misma línea<br />

para unirse a <strong>la</strong> conversación. Sin embargo, este ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono ti<strong>en</strong>e un altavoz<br />

interno que permite utilizarlo sin usar <strong>la</strong>s manos y <strong>en</strong>tab<strong>la</strong>r una conversación <strong>en</strong>tre<br />

varias personas.<br />

3.2.2.2 Diseño Físico.-<br />

Debido a <strong>la</strong> electrónica <strong>de</strong> alta velocidad, el Vi<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono 2500 podría haber<br />

t<strong>en</strong>ido insuperables problemas con interfer<strong>en</strong>cias electromagnéticas (EMI),<br />

interfer<strong>en</strong>cias <strong>de</strong> radiofrecu<strong>en</strong>cia (RFI), <strong>de</strong>scargas electrostáticas (ESD), y<br />

cal<strong>en</strong>tami<strong>en</strong>to, si no se hubiese tomado precauciones <strong>en</strong> el diseño original. Los<br />

diseñadores <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> parte física, trabajaron juntam<strong>en</strong>te con los diseñadores<br />

industriales, asesores <strong>de</strong> EMI y calor, y diseñadores <strong>de</strong> hardware eléctrico para<br />

<strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>r un diseño arquitectónico que esté dirigido a todo lo concerni<strong>en</strong>te para<br />

72


obt<strong>en</strong>er una bu<strong>en</strong>a imag<strong>en</strong>, un correcto tamaño <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> teléfono, y un costo efectivo <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

paquete.<br />

Para mitigar el electromagnetismo y <strong>la</strong> interfer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> radiofrecu<strong>en</strong>cia, se conecta<br />

un p<strong>la</strong>no <strong>de</strong> tierra al host <strong>de</strong> alta velocidad y a <strong>la</strong>s tarjetas <strong>de</strong> circuitos <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong><br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o. A<strong>de</strong>más, los circuitos <strong>de</strong> alta velocidad son agrupados tan estrecham<strong>en</strong>te<br />

juntos como sea posible, <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> cubiertas <strong>de</strong> metal para minimizar <strong>la</strong>s<br />

interconexiones.<br />

El gran número <strong>de</strong> salidas, orificios y <strong>la</strong> proximidad <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> grupo <strong>de</strong> tarjetas <strong>de</strong><br />

circuitos pusieron <strong>en</strong> relieve el problema <strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong>scargas electrostáticas (ESD). Para<br />

prev<strong>en</strong>ir los daños <strong>de</strong> los compon<strong>en</strong>tes por <strong>la</strong> ESD, cualquier <strong>de</strong>scarga <strong>de</strong>bería<br />

estar ligada directam<strong>en</strong>te a tierra antes <strong>de</strong> que llegue <strong>de</strong>masiado lejos <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

tarjeta <strong>de</strong> circuitos, así mismo, el diseño provee <strong>de</strong> un camino a tierra para <strong>la</strong> ESD<br />

que g<strong>en</strong>eralm<strong>en</strong>te esta <strong>en</strong> el filo superior o inferior <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> tarjeta <strong>de</strong> circuitos. Ese<br />

camino se empata con un cable ver<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> tierra (estandarizado) o <strong>en</strong> el extremo <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>la</strong> línea telefónica.<br />

3.2.3 DESCRIPCIÓN DEL VIDEO TELEFONO ALCATEL.<br />

(Mo<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong>os 2838/4040)<br />

3.2.3.1 Concepto <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono Alcatel.<br />

El ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono Alcatel ti<strong>en</strong>e una alta calidad <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> y permite el contacto<br />

visual directo con el interlocutor gracias a una solución que emplea un espejo semi<br />

transpar<strong>en</strong>te. Va <strong>en</strong> el interior <strong>de</strong> una caja s<strong>en</strong>cil<strong>la</strong> y ti<strong>en</strong>e un interfaz <strong>de</strong> usuario<br />

simple y amigable.<br />

Una conexión RDSI con un interfaz <strong>de</strong> frecu<strong>en</strong>cia básica (BRl) <strong>de</strong> 64 Kb/s es un<br />

excel<strong>en</strong>te vehículo para servicios <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o telefonía. La repres<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

imag<strong>en</strong> pue<strong>de</strong> ser llevada a 56 kb/s y <strong>la</strong> repres<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> sonido a 8 kb/s. Si se<br />

usa una conexión full RDSI BRl para el servicio <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o telefonía, <strong>en</strong>tonces el<br />

73


itmo <strong>de</strong> transmisión total disponible es <strong>de</strong> 128 kb/s con dos canales <strong>de</strong> soporte (ej.<br />

canales B) que pue<strong>de</strong>n ser divididos para llevar <strong>la</strong> repres<strong>en</strong>tación digital tanto <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

audio como <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o. Por ejemplo, <strong>la</strong> señal <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> pue<strong>de</strong> ser llevada a 112<br />

kb/s usando el estándar px64, mi<strong>en</strong>tras que <strong>la</strong> voz acompañante pue<strong>de</strong> ser llevada<br />

a 16 kb/s, <strong>de</strong> esta manera, se provee <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> y sonido <strong>de</strong> alta calidad.<br />

El ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono RDSI fabricado por Alcatel SEL se pue<strong>de</strong> conectar tanto<br />

directam<strong>en</strong>te a un abonado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red pública RDSI como también a una c<strong>en</strong>tral<br />

privada. La imp<strong>la</strong>ntación <strong>de</strong> futuros protocolos <strong>de</strong> canal-D es muy s<strong>en</strong>cil<strong>la</strong>, solo<br />

por medio <strong>de</strong> modificaciones al software. La codificación y <strong>de</strong>codificación <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o,<br />

constituye el corazón <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono RDSI. El diseño consta <strong>de</strong> unida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong><br />

procesami<strong>en</strong>to especiales que proporcionan velocida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> proceso muy<br />

elevadas, y también <strong>de</strong> una memoria c<strong>en</strong>tral.<br />

Se necesita una eficacia máxima <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> procesador <strong>de</strong> hasta 1,2 x 109 operaciones<br />

por segundo para el proceso <strong>de</strong> los algoritmos <strong>de</strong> compresión y <strong>de</strong>scompresión <strong>de</strong><br />

datos. La función <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> co<strong>de</strong>e se integra <strong>en</strong> el mismo hardware usado para g<strong>en</strong>erar <strong>la</strong><br />

señalización <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> banda y formar <strong>la</strong> trama <strong>de</strong> transmisión.<br />

Se ha <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>do una p<strong>la</strong>ca <strong>de</strong> procesami<strong>en</strong>to con cuatro circuitos integrados (IC)<br />

procesadores para imp<strong>la</strong>ntar el co<strong>de</strong>e.<br />

3.2.3.2 El compon<strong>en</strong>te es<strong>en</strong>cial "CAP ///"(Celu<strong>la</strong>r Array Processor).<br />

Se ha <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>do para el vi<strong>de</strong>oteléfono un circuito específico que realiza<br />

aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te 750.000 funciones <strong>de</strong> transistor. El "CAP ¡II" (Celu<strong>la</strong>r Array<br />

Processor) es un procesador integrado con un total <strong>de</strong> seis unida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> proceso<br />

idénticas, cada una <strong>de</strong> estas unida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> procesami<strong>en</strong>to ti<strong>en</strong>e una memoria<br />

interna <strong>de</strong> 1024 bytes. Este ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono ti<strong>en</strong>e cuatro unida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> "CAP ¡II" con<br />

un total <strong>de</strong> 24 elem<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> proceso. Esto proporciona un total <strong>de</strong> 24 Kbytes <strong>de</strong><br />

memoria <strong>de</strong> chip. El IC procesador está especialm<strong>en</strong>te diseñado para funciones<br />

<strong>de</strong> señal y pue<strong>de</strong> procesar campos <strong>de</strong> datos unidim<strong>en</strong>sionales o bidim<strong>en</strong>sionales.<br />

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El circuito <strong>de</strong> procesador lo diseñó LSl-Logic, EE.UU. y su estructura permite una<br />

alta integración conforme a <strong>la</strong> tecnología VLSI disponible sin necesidad <strong>de</strong><br />

modificaciones substanciales <strong>de</strong> software.<br />

3.2.4 EQUIPOS Y COMPONENTES DEL SISTEMA.-<br />

3.2.4.1 Arquitectura <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono<br />

En términos g<strong>en</strong>erales un Vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono ti<strong>en</strong>e un procesador que actúa como un<br />

policía <strong>de</strong> tráfico <strong>en</strong> una intersección ocupada. En esta intersección, los datos<br />

tomados <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o y el procesador <strong>de</strong> audio <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> ser empaquetados<br />

y <strong>en</strong>viados a través <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> mó<strong>de</strong>m para <strong>la</strong> transmisión. A<strong>de</strong>más, los datos <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> equipo <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

terminal a distancia vi<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> a través <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> mó<strong>de</strong>m y <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> ser chequeados para verificar<br />

su integridad, luego <strong>de</strong>sempaquetados y separados <strong>en</strong> datos <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o y audio,<br />

posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te son <strong>en</strong>viados ai co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o y al procesador <strong>de</strong> audio<br />

respectivam<strong>en</strong>te. En suma, mi<strong>en</strong>tras el tráfico <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> mó<strong>de</strong>m esta si<strong>en</strong>do contro<strong>la</strong>do, el<br />

usuario esta haci<strong>en</strong>do solicitu<strong>de</strong>s a través <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s tec<strong>la</strong>s presionadas que son<br />

s<strong>en</strong>sadas por el procesador POTS (servicio telefónico <strong>de</strong> configuración antigua), para<br />

posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te ir al procesador c<strong>en</strong>tral (host) para su ejecución.<br />

La figura 3.5 conti<strong>en</strong>e un diagrama <strong>de</strong> bloques simplificado <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono 2500.<br />

A continuación se realiza una explicación <strong>de</strong> cada bloque.<br />

a) PROCESADOR PRINCIPAL: El procesador principal es un Motoro<strong>la</strong> MC68302 el cual<br />

ti<strong>en</strong>e un microprocesador Motoro<strong>la</strong> 68000 <strong>en</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong> unidad <strong>de</strong> proceso c<strong>en</strong>tral<br />

(CPU). En esta arquitectura con tecnología RISC (Conjunto reducido <strong>de</strong><br />

comunicaciones para el computador), los procesadores periféricos manejan el<br />

protocolo serial <strong>de</strong> comunicaciones, reduci<strong>en</strong>do <strong>la</strong> cargada <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> CPU.<br />

"75


it/s. El algoritmo ampliado, CELP+, fue <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>do <strong>en</strong> los <strong>la</strong>boratorios AT&T <strong>en</strong><br />

1991.<br />

d) Co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o: El co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o codifica y <strong>de</strong>codifica imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o y<br />

maneja tres ¡nterfaces:<br />

1. Interfaz <strong>de</strong> datos y comando principal.- Esta interfaz permite un intercambio <strong>de</strong><br />

datos robusto1, una secu<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> arranque, g<strong>en</strong>eración <strong>de</strong> caracteres para <strong>la</strong><br />

pantal<strong>la</strong>, ajuste <strong>de</strong> parámetros <strong>de</strong> codificación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o, ajuste <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> color,<br />

diagnóstico, y otras características.<br />

2. Interfaz analógica <strong>de</strong> ingreso <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

3. Interfaz analógica <strong>de</strong> salida <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

e) Pantal<strong>la</strong>: La pantal<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> cristal líquido <strong>de</strong> 3.3 pulgadas (LCD) muestra imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong><br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong> color usando superposición <strong>de</strong> campo <strong>en</strong> vez <strong>de</strong> un cuadro completo <strong>de</strong><br />

ví<strong>de</strong>o el cual requiere un <strong>en</strong>tre<strong>la</strong>zado por cuadro. En suma, el ingreso <strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o es una<br />

variante <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema NTSC. Por ejemplo, utiliza el temporizador <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> NTSC, pero no el<br />

voltaje ni <strong>la</strong> sincronización, aún cuando el término también se refiere a <strong>la</strong>s normas <strong>de</strong><br />

televisión que este Comité configuró para los Estados Unidos. En ese contexto, NTSC<br />

significa 525 líneas <strong>de</strong> resolución transmitidas a 60 semicuadros (<strong>en</strong>tre<strong>la</strong>zados) por<br />

segundo.<br />

f) Cámaras y l<strong>en</strong>tes: La cámara provee una variante <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> NTSC <strong>en</strong> señal <strong>de</strong> salida <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

ví<strong>de</strong>o a color y una función <strong>de</strong> ba<strong>la</strong>nce <strong>de</strong> b<strong>la</strong>nco automático. (El ba<strong>la</strong>nce <strong>de</strong> b<strong>la</strong>nco<br />

automático significa que el color es ba<strong>la</strong>nceado automáticam<strong>en</strong>te, usando <strong>la</strong>s áreas<br />

b<strong>la</strong>ncas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> como refer<strong>en</strong>cia). Sony Corporation diseñó <strong>la</strong> cámara<br />

específicam<strong>en</strong>te para esta aplicación y ahora <strong>la</strong> fabrica para <strong>la</strong> AT&T.<br />

1 Robusto implica que <strong>de</strong>tecta su propios problemas durante el intercambio <strong>de</strong> datos<br />

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Tx<br />

Fkj. 3.5 Diagrama <strong>de</strong> bloques <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> VIDEO TELEFONO AT&T 2500. La mo<strong>de</strong>rna tecnología incluye compresión <strong>de</strong> audio y<br />

ví<strong>de</strong>o y un mó<strong>de</strong>m <strong>de</strong> afta velocidad<br />

g) Interfaz <strong>de</strong> Usuario: La ¡nterfaz <strong>de</strong> usuario es lo que e! cli<strong>en</strong>te contro<strong>la</strong> y recibe.<br />

Esta ¡nterfaz incluye <strong>la</strong> visión g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> equipo, el sonido y <strong>la</strong> facilidad <strong>de</strong> uso <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

equipo. El vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono (Fig. 3.6) ti<strong>en</strong>e que ser tan fácil <strong>de</strong> usar como un teléfono<br />

vocal normal, para esto, se tuvo que construir con atributos físicos que<br />

proporcion<strong>en</strong> al cli<strong>en</strong>te seguridad <strong>de</strong> privacidad <strong>en</strong> su operación. Se estimó, por lo<br />

tanto, que se <strong>de</strong>berá t<strong>en</strong>er obligatoriam<strong>en</strong>te un obturador mecánico visible fr<strong>en</strong>te a<br />

<strong>la</strong> cámara con lo que el usuario sabe que <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> suya no será transmitida.<br />

Este tipo <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o comunicaciones pue<strong>de</strong> hacer al inicio que el cli<strong>en</strong>te se si<strong>en</strong>ta un<br />

poco incómodo, por lo tanto, <strong>la</strong>s acciones <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> ser hechas tan simples como<br />

sean posibles. El set ti<strong>en</strong>e un gran botón azul etiquetado con VIDEO <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> esquina<br />

<strong>de</strong>recha <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> área <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> campo <strong>de</strong> botones. Después <strong>de</strong> que una l<strong>la</strong>mada se ha<br />

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El botón <strong>de</strong> FOCUS sirve para <strong>en</strong>focar <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> que se recibe, provee <strong>de</strong> una<br />

forma con <strong>la</strong> que el usuario pueda componer sus imág<strong>en</strong>es y chequear su<br />

iluminación y esc<strong>en</strong>ario.<br />

Durante una l<strong>la</strong>mada el usuario pue<strong>de</strong> activar SELF VIEW si quiere saber si su<br />

imag<strong>en</strong> y voz han sido transmitidas. Ya que <strong>la</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o continúa<br />

cuando SELF VIEW está activado, <strong>la</strong> pantal<strong>la</strong> informa al usuario qui<strong>en</strong> esta <strong>en</strong><br />

modo SELF VIEW y que esta todavía <strong>en</strong>viándose voz e imag<strong>en</strong>.<br />

3.3 LA VIDEO CONFERENCIA COMO APLICACIÓN PARTICULAR.-<br />

El servicio <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>oconfer<strong>en</strong>cia ha l<strong>la</strong>mado <strong>la</strong> at<strong>en</strong>ción <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> público como un servicio<br />

no telefónico (<strong>en</strong> e! estricto s<strong>en</strong>tido). El rápido a<strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>nto <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> tecnología digital ha<br />

culminado con <strong>la</strong> Red Digital <strong>de</strong> Servicios Integrados que es especialm<strong>en</strong>te<br />

a<strong>de</strong>cuada para proporcionar el servicio <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o confer<strong>en</strong>cia. Se espera que <strong>la</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong>manda <strong>de</strong> este servicio aum<strong>en</strong>te rápidam<strong>en</strong>te.<br />

Una configuración básica <strong>de</strong> este sistema se muestra <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> Figura 3.7 <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> cual a<br />

más <strong>de</strong> los equipos <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>oconfer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> escritorio (cámara, monitor, micrófono,<br />

software, etc.) se necesita <strong>de</strong> un servicio RDSI (más cualquier hardware adicional<br />

que se requiera) y dos pórticos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> PC. Es importante cumplir con <strong>la</strong>s normas<br />

nacionales e internacionales <strong>en</strong> cuanto al sistema <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o, que compr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong><br />

cámara, monitores, esquema <strong>de</strong> codificación para co<strong>de</strong>es, y los sistemas <strong>de</strong><br />

transmisión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red. A! seleccionar el equipo terminal y <strong>la</strong> red para una<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>oconfer<strong>en</strong>cia se <strong>de</strong>be t<strong>en</strong>er <strong>en</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>la</strong> finalidad, <strong>la</strong> frecu<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> utilización,<br />

<strong>la</strong> calidad y el aspecto económico.<br />

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VIDEOCONFERENC1AS PUNTO A PUNTO A TRAVEZ DE ISDN<br />

Flujo AA/ digital<br />

comprimido<br />

Fig, 3.7 Configuración básica <strong>de</strong> un sistema <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>oconfer<strong>en</strong>cia.<br />

Tarjeta ví<strong>de</strong>o/sonido<br />

y co<strong>de</strong>e<br />

En esta parte <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> capítulo se estudia, principalm<strong>en</strong>te tres sistemas: el Picture Tel<br />

Uve PCS 50, el ProShare Vi<strong>de</strong>o System 200 <strong>de</strong> Intel y el TeleWork-5 <strong>de</strong> Vivo;<br />

todos estos se pue<strong>de</strong>n conectar sobre líneas RDSI. El POTS (servicio telefónico<br />

antiguo simple) no pue<strong>de</strong> proporcionar <strong>la</strong> sufici<strong>en</strong>te velocidad, y los <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ces <strong>de</strong> alta<br />

velocidad usualm<strong>en</strong>te ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> un precio alto.<br />

3.3.1 ProShare Personal Confer<strong>en</strong>cing Vi<strong>de</strong>o System 200.<br />

ProShare Personal Confer<strong>en</strong>cing Vi<strong>de</strong>o System <strong>de</strong> Intel es muy fácil <strong>de</strong> usar y se<br />

ofrece a un precio razonable. Actualm<strong>en</strong>te esta realizando <strong>la</strong> transición <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> sus<br />

oríg<strong>en</strong>es PCs hacia estar integrado completam<strong>en</strong>te al estándar H.320. Su precio<br />

<strong>de</strong> lista es <strong>de</strong> $1,999 USD, sin embargo <strong>la</strong> mayor parte <strong>de</strong> sus unida<strong>de</strong>s se v<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>n<br />

por $999 USD a través <strong>de</strong> un acuerdo <strong>de</strong> v<strong>en</strong>ta conjunta que asocia cada sistema<br />

con una or<strong>de</strong>n para un nuevo servicio RDSI.<br />

NT-1<br />

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El paquete incluye: una tarjeta <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o Smart Vi<strong>de</strong>o Recor<strong>de</strong>r, un<br />

micrófono/audífono, una interfaz RDSI y tres paquetes <strong>de</strong> software; el audio es full<br />

dúplex. La calidad <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong> ProShare es fluctuante, usa una tarjeta <strong>de</strong> captura<br />

<strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o Intel Smart Vi<strong>de</strong>o Recor<strong>de</strong>r integrada al sistema, que produce, sin<br />

embargo, una imag<strong>en</strong> granulosa y velocida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> cuadro que rara vez exce<strong>de</strong>n <strong>de</strong><br />

10 fps (cuadros por segundo). Intel está trabajando para mejorar <strong>la</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong><br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

Los tres paquetes <strong>de</strong> software que vi<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> con el equipo son:<br />

• El Intel ProShare Personal Confer<strong>en</strong>cing Vi<strong>de</strong>o System que es <strong>la</strong> versión más<br />

reci<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> aplicación PCs original <strong>de</strong> Intel. Ti<strong>en</strong>e una interfaz parecida al<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>oteléfono que es fácil <strong>de</strong> usar y con una resolución <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong> 325 por<br />

264.<br />

• El ProShare Vi<strong>de</strong>o System 200 Room Vi<strong>de</strong>o Confer<strong>en</strong>cing <strong>de</strong> Intel es una<br />

nueva versión apegada al estándar H.320. Su interfaz es simi<strong>la</strong>r, pero algunas<br />

funciones, incluso <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> marcado <strong>de</strong> teléfono rápido, no son tan fáciles <strong>de</strong> usar.<br />

• El Intel ProShare Persona Confer<strong>en</strong>cing Premier Edition proporciona facilidad<br />

<strong>en</strong> el uso <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema y <strong>en</strong> g<strong>en</strong>eral un bu<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>sempeño. Su pizarrón <strong>de</strong> carpeta<br />

con l<strong>en</strong>güetas es intuitivo y almac<strong>en</strong>a una cantidad muy gran<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es.<br />

3.3.2 Picture Tel Live PCS 500.-<br />

Es el mejor <strong>de</strong> los sistemas <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o confer<strong>en</strong>cias personales; proporciona una<br />

calidad <strong>de</strong> audio y vi<strong>de</strong>o sobresali<strong>en</strong>tes, soporta H.320, es robusto para una<br />

interoperabilidad, superior a una amplia selección <strong>de</strong> características docum<strong>en</strong>to-<br />

confer<strong>en</strong>cias. Asimismo, el precio es el más elevado, pero no hay duda que se<br />

obti<strong>en</strong>e un producto <strong>de</strong> alta calidad. Su precio está alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> los $2,495 USD.<br />

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vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong> software se apoyan por lo g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong>en</strong> el procesador <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> computadora<br />

para comprimir y <strong>de</strong>scomprimir el vi<strong>de</strong>o.) Su calidad <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> no esta a <strong>la</strong> par con<br />

<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> los sistemas basados <strong>en</strong> hardware.<br />

Este sistema transmite vi<strong>de</strong>o a resolución QCIF y pue<strong>de</strong> recibir QCIF o CIF. La<br />

calidad <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> es aceptable. "Vivo" produce su propio software <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o H.320<br />

y lo junta con una interfaz RDSI IBM WaveRunner Digital Mó<strong>de</strong>m; soporta los<br />

co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong> audio G.711 y G.722 <strong>de</strong> H.320. Manejadores <strong>de</strong> pórtico permit<strong>en</strong> que <strong>la</strong><br />

¡nterfaz integrada RDSI WaveRunner trabaje con paquetes <strong>de</strong> comunicaciones que<br />

por lo común requier<strong>en</strong> mó<strong>de</strong>ms y líneas telefónicas análogas.<br />

Los audífonos proporcionan audio full-duplex, aunque <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> actualidad no son aun<br />

muy confortables. Work-5 trabaja con una variedad <strong>de</strong> paquetes <strong>de</strong> docum<strong>en</strong>to-<br />

confer<strong>en</strong>cia.<br />

3.3.4 Otras Aplicaciones <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>oteléfono.-<br />

La tecnología, estándares y p<strong>la</strong>taformas <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>das por <strong>la</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>otelefonía hace<br />

que sea posible que se provea <strong>de</strong> un amplio rango <strong>de</strong> aplicaciones para el usuario.<br />

Estas aplicaciones incluy<strong>en</strong> confer<strong>en</strong>cias con vi<strong>de</strong>o y multimedia, educación a<br />

distancia, aplicaciones <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong> tiempo real (como vi<strong>de</strong>o sobre <strong>de</strong>manda) y<br />

servicios informativos multimedia, <strong>en</strong>tre otros.<br />

• Vi<strong>de</strong>o m<strong>en</strong>sajería.- Un servicio <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o comunicación básica es <strong>la</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

m<strong>en</strong>sajería. Este servicio incluye <strong>la</strong> grabación <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o m<strong>en</strong>sajes <strong>en</strong> un<br />

mailbox, simi<strong>la</strong>r al que se utiliza con los m<strong>en</strong>sajes <strong>de</strong> voz <strong>de</strong> los sistemas<br />

actuales. También m<strong>en</strong>sajes <strong>de</strong> correo electrónico pue<strong>de</strong>n ser mejorados para<br />

incluir compon<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o, y suplem<strong>en</strong>tariam<strong>en</strong>te imág<strong>en</strong>es fijas o <strong>en</strong><br />

movimi<strong>en</strong>to con voz y sonido que pue<strong>de</strong>n ser ligados con m<strong>en</strong>sajes <strong>de</strong> texto.<br />

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Educación a Distancia.- Otra importante aplicación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>otelefonía es <strong>la</strong><br />

educación a distancia. En una aplicación para <strong>la</strong> educación a distancia, el<br />

instructor pue<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>señar a sus estudiantes <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> una localización remota. Los<br />

estudiantes pue<strong>de</strong>n ver y oír a su instructor remoto con una gran calidad y<br />

variedad <strong>de</strong> información; esta información incluye imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> fotografía, notas<br />

<strong>de</strong> lectura que el instructor pue<strong>de</strong> escribir <strong>en</strong> tiempo real, y segm<strong>en</strong>tos cortos<br />

<strong>de</strong> material <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o sobre <strong>de</strong>manda.- Otro importante servicio <strong>en</strong> esta área es el vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

sobre <strong>de</strong>manda, el cual da a los usuarios <strong>la</strong> oportunidad <strong>de</strong> seleccionar un<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o para verlo cuando ellos lo especifiqu<strong>en</strong>. El servicio <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o sobre<br />

<strong>de</strong>manda pue<strong>de</strong> ser llevado por un servicio <strong>de</strong> cable y por <strong>la</strong>s compañías<br />

telefónicas.<br />

Servicio <strong>de</strong> información multimedia.- Los terminales <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o y <strong>la</strong><br />

infraestructura <strong>de</strong> re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o acelerarán <strong>la</strong> introducción <strong>de</strong> otros nuevos<br />

servicios. Así por ejemplo, los cli<strong>en</strong>tes podrán acce<strong>de</strong>r al vi<strong>de</strong>o interactivo y<br />

re<strong>la</strong>cionar datos <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes fu<strong>en</strong>tes. Como ejemplo, <strong>la</strong> búsqueda <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

prototipo <strong>de</strong> un docum<strong>en</strong>to alerta y revisa el sistema, l<strong>la</strong>ma a una base <strong>de</strong> datos<br />

<strong>de</strong> librería <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es, <strong>de</strong>mostrando <strong>la</strong> forma como <strong>en</strong> el futuro se podrá<br />

acce<strong>de</strong>r y hojear varios vi<strong>de</strong>o-periódicos y vi<strong>de</strong>o-publicaciones, hacer compras<br />

y pedidos <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el hogar a través <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o catálogos, etc.<br />

El Ví<strong>de</strong>o Teléfono <strong>en</strong> combinación con una Cámara <strong>de</strong> Docum<strong>en</strong>tos.- La<br />

posibilidad <strong>de</strong> expandir el ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono <strong>de</strong> forma modu<strong>la</strong>r, por ejemplo,<br />

conectando una cámara <strong>de</strong> docum<strong>en</strong>tos como <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>da por Alcatel Sel<br />

ti<strong>en</strong>e una consi<strong>de</strong>rable importancia.<br />

Esta opción da lugar a importantes y nuevas aplicaciones que podrían contribuir<br />

substancialm<strong>en</strong>te a un increm<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> eficacia <strong>en</strong> el trabajo. Así, por<br />

85


ejemplo, una empresa <strong>de</strong> diseño podría explicar <strong>la</strong> apari<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> un producto<br />

nuevo a sus cli<strong>en</strong>tes usando simplem<strong>en</strong>te el ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono y <strong>la</strong> cámara <strong>de</strong><br />

objetos.<br />

El cli<strong>en</strong>te podría así consi<strong>de</strong>rar <strong>de</strong> inmediato si el producto cubre o no sus<br />

expectativas, y pue<strong>de</strong>, si es necesario, expresar sin ambigüedad y c<strong>la</strong>ram<strong>en</strong>te<br />

cualquier modificación que consi<strong>de</strong>re necesaria. Este ejemplo <strong>de</strong> aplicación<br />

pue<strong>de</strong> tras<strong>la</strong>darse a muchas áreas por ejemplo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> economía, administración,<br />

publicidad, marketing etc., como <strong>la</strong> cooperación espontanea <strong>en</strong>tre cli<strong>en</strong>tes,<br />

arquitectos, ing<strong>en</strong>ieros <strong>de</strong> estructuras <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> construcción o <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> industria textil<br />

permiti<strong>en</strong>do llegar a un acuerdo <strong>en</strong>tre diseñador y taller.<br />

El uso <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono con cámara <strong>de</strong> objetos es b<strong>en</strong>eficioso siempre que <strong>la</strong><br />

g<strong>en</strong>te situada <strong>en</strong> distintos lugares quiera c<strong>la</strong>rificar <strong>de</strong>talles re<strong>la</strong>tivos a un<br />

<strong>de</strong>terminado objeto.<br />

El ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono RDS1 <strong>de</strong> Alcatel Sel ti<strong>en</strong>e una serie <strong>de</strong> características<br />

especiales que permit<strong>en</strong> nuevas aplicaciones como <strong>la</strong>s sigui<strong>en</strong>tes:<br />

Imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> Imag<strong>en</strong>:<br />

La facilidad <strong>de</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> muestra <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> que se transmite <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

esquina superior <strong>de</strong>recha <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> que se recibe. Esto asegura una<br />

verificación continua <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> que se esta transmiti<strong>en</strong>do <strong>en</strong> su composición y<br />

cont<strong>en</strong>ido, tanto como si <strong>la</strong> imag<strong>en</strong> sea <strong>la</strong> <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> usuario o <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> un objeto<br />

seleccionado.<br />

El usuario pue<strong>de</strong> también si esta <strong>en</strong> "transmisión", saber si su propia imag<strong>en</strong> se<br />

esta <strong>en</strong>viando. Esta posibilidad se pue<strong>de</strong> fácilm<strong>en</strong>te activar y eliminar <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

pantaUa por medio <strong>de</strong> una tec<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> teléfono.<br />

86


(Fig.3.8). Se pue<strong>de</strong> observar el <strong>de</strong>partam<strong>en</strong>to a través <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce RDSI así creado<br />

y <strong>de</strong>tectar cualquier cambio, tomándose <strong>la</strong>s a<strong>de</strong>cuadas medidas si fuera necesario.<br />

RED<br />

PUBLICA<br />

E LE HE O»BOUR<br />

WAVORCOtirEHIDO DE<br />

WEHOS<br />

Fig. 3.8 Sistema TeleNeighbour para protección y supervisión <strong>de</strong> ev<strong>en</strong>tos<br />

Otro esc<strong>en</strong>ario es aquel <strong>en</strong> el que el propietario l<strong>la</strong>ma a <strong>la</strong> cámara <strong>de</strong> supervisión.<br />

De esta manera, por ejemplo, pue<strong>de</strong> conocer <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> su lugar <strong>de</strong> vacaciones<br />

situaciones no <strong>de</strong>seables que afect<strong>en</strong> a su resi<strong>de</strong>ncia. Esto es posible<br />

actualmerite-<strong>en</strong> Europa al haberse ya introducido el proíocoip


CAPITULO IV<br />

ESTUDIO Y PLANIFICACIÓN<br />

UN MODELO DE RED PARA<br />

VIDEOTELÉFONO


CAPITULO IV<br />

ESTUDIO Y PLANIFICACIÓN DE UN MODELO DE RED PARA<br />

VIDEO TELEFONO.-<br />

4.1 ESTUDIO DE LAS REDES DE VIDEO TELEFONÍA POR FIBRA ÓPTICA<br />

En los últimos años se ha dado un gran interés por el estudio y <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> re<strong>de</strong>s<br />

<strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>ocomunicaciones a gran esca<strong>la</strong>, que permitan establecer una rápida<br />

comunicación <strong>en</strong>tre usuarios y el intercambio <strong>de</strong> gran cantidad <strong>de</strong> información<br />

(audio, datos vi<strong>de</strong>o) con el mínimo <strong>de</strong> errores y con alta calidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> misma. Se ha<br />

comprobado que un excel<strong>en</strong>te medio <strong>de</strong> transmisión es <strong>la</strong> red <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica, por lo<br />

tanto, <strong>la</strong> insta<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> una amplia red <strong>de</strong> cables <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica y puntos <strong>de</strong><br />

distribución <strong>de</strong> abonados requier<strong>en</strong> una eficaz p<strong>la</strong>nificación para el diseño <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

red.<br />

4.1.1 FUNDAMENTOS DE PROPAGACIÓN DE LA LUZ EN SISTEMAS DE<br />

FIBRAS ÓPTICAS.<br />

La luz se pue<strong>de</strong> propagar a través <strong>de</strong> un cable <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica por reflexión o<br />

refracción. La forma <strong>de</strong> propagación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> luz <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>rá <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> modo <strong>de</strong> propagación<br />

y <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> índice <strong>de</strong> contorno <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra. En terminología <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica, <strong>la</strong> pa<strong>la</strong>bra<br />

modo simple significa una trayectoria, esto es que <strong>la</strong> luz pue<strong>de</strong> tomar un solo<br />

camino a lo <strong>la</strong>rgo <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> cable <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica, se lo conoce como monomodo; si <strong>la</strong> luz<br />

pue<strong>de</strong> seguir mas <strong>de</strong> una trayectoria <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> cable, se lo conocerá como<br />

multimodo<br />

Por el índice <strong>de</strong> refracción <strong>la</strong>s fibras se <strong>la</strong>s pue<strong>de</strong> c<strong>la</strong>sificar <strong>en</strong> dos tipos: Fibra<br />

óptica <strong>de</strong> índice gradual y fibra óptica <strong>de</strong> índice escalonado<br />

En <strong>la</strong>s fibras <strong>de</strong> índice escalonado se produce un cambio abrupto <strong>en</strong> el índice <strong>de</strong><br />

refracción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> luz, mi<strong>en</strong>tras que <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s fibras <strong>de</strong> índice gradual el índice <strong>de</strong><br />

refracción cambia gradualm<strong>en</strong>te.<br />

89


Para realizar <strong>la</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong>'información a través <strong>de</strong> fibras ópticas, es necesario<br />

utilizar conversores eléctrico/ópticos y óptico/eléctricos los cuales conviert<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

señal eléctrica <strong>en</strong> óptica y viceversa. Hay dos dispositivos que se usan<br />

comúnm<strong>en</strong>te como conversores eléctrico/ópticos para g<strong>en</strong>erar luz <strong>en</strong> un sistema<br />

<strong>de</strong> comunicaciones por fibra óptica: Diodos Emisores <strong>de</strong> Luz (LEDs) y Diodos<br />

Láser <strong>de</strong> Inyección (ILDs). Aun cuando los LED prove<strong>en</strong> m<strong>en</strong>os <strong>en</strong>ergía y operan<br />

a m<strong>en</strong>or velocidad, satisfac<strong>en</strong> ampliam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong>s aplicaciones <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s que se requiere<br />

velocida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> varios ci<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> megabits y distancias <strong>de</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> varios<br />

kilómetros. Para altas velocida<strong>de</strong>s y <strong>la</strong>rgas distancias se <strong>de</strong>berá consi<strong>de</strong>rar los<br />

diodos láser. En el otro extremo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra, un fotodiodo realiza <strong>la</strong> función <strong>de</strong><br />

conversor óptico/eléctrico.<br />

4.1.2 TIPOS DE FIBRA OPTICA.-<br />

Hay tres tipos <strong>de</strong> fibras ópticas disponibles hoy <strong>en</strong> día. Estos están construidos ya<br />

sean <strong>en</strong> vidrio, <strong>en</strong> plástico o una combinación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s dos. Las tres varieda<strong>de</strong>s son:<br />

• Con núcleo y <strong>en</strong>voltura <strong>de</strong> plástico<br />

• Con núcleo <strong>de</strong> vidrio y <strong>en</strong>voltura <strong>de</strong> plástico (l<strong>la</strong>mada fibra PCS)<br />

• Con núcleo y <strong>en</strong>voltura <strong>de</strong> vidrio (l<strong>la</strong>mada fibra SCS).<br />

Las fibras plásticas ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> gran<strong>de</strong>s v<strong>en</strong>tajas sobre <strong>la</strong>s fibras <strong>de</strong> vidrio, primero<br />

porque <strong>la</strong>s fibras plásticas son más flexibles que <strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> vidrio, son fáciles <strong>de</strong><br />

insta<strong>la</strong>r, pue<strong>de</strong>n resistir mejor <strong>la</strong> presión, son m<strong>en</strong>os costosas y su peso es<br />

aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te un 60% m<strong>en</strong>or que <strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> vidrio.<br />

Las <strong>de</strong>sv<strong>en</strong>tajas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s fibras plásticas' están <strong>en</strong> que ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> una at<strong>en</strong>uación<br />

re<strong>la</strong>tivam<strong>en</strong>te alta, no pue<strong>de</strong>n propagar <strong>la</strong> luz con tanta efici<strong>en</strong>cia como <strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong><br />

vidrio, <strong>la</strong>s fibras plásticas están limitadas para trayectorias cortas como <strong>la</strong>s que se<br />

utilizan <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> un edificio.<br />

En cuanto al tipo <strong>de</strong> cables <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica, hay básicam<strong>en</strong>te dos tipos: los loóse<br />

(suelto, flojo) buffer y los tight (ajustado) buffer.<br />

90


Los cables loóse buffer están diseñados para ser usados <strong>en</strong> exteriores y <strong>en</strong><br />

ambi<strong>en</strong>tes don<strong>de</strong> ios cambios <strong>de</strong> temperatura son probables <strong>de</strong> ocurrir, estos son<br />

i<strong>de</strong>ales para <strong>la</strong>rgas distancias <strong>en</strong> líneas <strong>de</strong> telecomunicación.<br />

Los cables tight buffer están diseñados para cableado horizontal, <strong>en</strong> aplicaciones<br />

don<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s variaciones <strong>de</strong> temperatura son mínimas y con recorridos cortos <strong>de</strong><br />

cable<br />

4.1.3 ESTRUCTURA DEL CABLE DE FIBRA ÓPTICA<br />

Los cables se compon<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> un núcleo <strong>de</strong> polietil<strong>en</strong>o eximido <strong>de</strong> 4,5 mm <strong>de</strong><br />

diámetro con un elem<strong>en</strong>to c<strong>en</strong>tral resist<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> acero galvanizado <strong>de</strong> 1,8 mm <strong>de</strong><br />

diámetro. El núcleo incorpora varios surcos helicoidales para alojar <strong>la</strong>s fibras<br />

ópticas. Varios <strong>de</strong> estos núcleos se agrupan y proteg<strong>en</strong> con una capa <strong>de</strong> aluminio<br />

<strong>la</strong>minado/polietil<strong>en</strong>o <strong>de</strong> alta <strong>de</strong>nsidad para obt<strong>en</strong>er un cable que cont<strong>en</strong>ga 10, 20,<br />

30, 50, 70, 90,120, 150 o 210 fibras. (Fig. 4.1)<br />

SECCIONES TRANSVERSALES DE CABLES ÓPTICOS<br />

10<br />

20<br />

50 70<br />

Fig.4.1 Secciones transversales <strong>de</strong> cables ópticos <strong>de</strong> diversos tamaños que se utilizan <strong>en</strong><br />

<strong>la</strong> red <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>ocomunícaciones, mostrando su construcción a partir <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> mismo<br />

núcleo básico estriado.<br />

La tab<strong>la</strong> 4.1 resume <strong>la</strong>s características <strong>de</strong> estos cables.<br />

30<br />

91


Características <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s Fibras<br />

Máximo diámetro exterior (mm)<br />

Peso Aproximado<br />

(Kg/Km)<br />

Mínimo radio <strong>de</strong> curvatura<br />

Estático<br />

Dinámico<br />

Número <strong>de</strong> Fibras<br />

20<br />

16<br />

210<br />

200<br />

200<br />

30<br />

18<br />

230<br />

200<br />

200<br />

TABLA 4.1 Principales características <strong>de</strong> los cables <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica<br />

Para los puntos <strong>de</strong> distribución se utiliza un cable especial <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica<br />

construido a base <strong>de</strong> un núcleo cilindrico <strong>de</strong> 4,5 mm <strong>de</strong> diámetro con cinco surcos,<br />

cada uno <strong>de</strong> ellos capaz <strong>de</strong> alojar una fibra óptica. Exist<strong>en</strong> tres versiones para <strong>la</strong><br />

insta<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>en</strong> distintos <strong>en</strong>tornos:<br />

1.- Versión para uso <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> edificios: pres<strong>en</strong>ta una cubierta <strong>de</strong> aluminio y<br />

50<br />

20<br />

320<br />

230<br />

250<br />

70<br />

21<br />

450<br />

230<br />

250<br />

90<br />

27<br />

500<br />

230<br />

250<br />

120<br />

30<br />

720<br />

300<br />

300<br />

polietil<strong>en</strong>o <strong>de</strong> alta <strong>de</strong>nsidad (Fig.4.2) Con un diámetro exterior <strong>de</strong> 7.5 mm<br />

F8fU CfTCA 1WLT1MOOO C€ MXE GíUDIW.<br />

Híuemo peseiEKTE CENTÍW, MEW.CG<br />

cuero DE PUSTCD con<br />

SURCOS B(V<br />

CW« EWCUJUMS<br />

ENHEUCE<br />

OttTA DE ALUMfW LCW3TUWAL<br />

CUSEUIA EXTEflCfl OE PCLETUIO<br />

NEGRO DE AOA DENSJWD<br />

Cable do fibra óptica<br />

con núcleo estriado<br />

para Insta<strong>la</strong>ciones <strong>en</strong><br />

edificios o conduceío-<br />

150<br />

33<br />

720<br />

300<br />

300<br />

92<br />

210<br />

35<br />

900<br />

300<br />

300<br />

Fig, 4.2 Estructura <strong>de</strong> un cable<br />

<strong>de</strong> fibra óptica.


2.- Versión para insta<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> muros exteriores: cable obt<strong>en</strong>ido mediante<br />

incorporación <strong>de</strong> un material <strong>de</strong> rell<strong>en</strong>o <strong>en</strong> el núcleo y con una cubierta <strong>de</strong><br />

polietil<strong>en</strong>o <strong>de</strong> alta <strong>de</strong>nsidad.<br />

3.- Versión para insta<strong>la</strong>ción aérea: este cable autosoportado ti<strong>en</strong>e una sección<br />

<strong>en</strong> forma <strong>de</strong> 8, con un elem<strong>en</strong>to resist<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> acero galvanizado (fig.4.3).<br />

Utiliza <strong>la</strong> misma estructura impermeable que el cable anterior.<br />

El cable <strong>de</strong> fibra <strong>de</strong> abonado es <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> tipo U, provisto <strong>de</strong> tres refuerzos, como se<br />

aprecia <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> Fig. 4.4. se fabrica <strong>en</strong> dos versiones. Una <strong>de</strong>stinada a insta<strong>la</strong>ciones<br />

aéreas y exteriores, incorpora un rell<strong>en</strong>o <strong>de</strong> ge<strong>la</strong>tina <strong>de</strong> petróleo impermeable y un<br />

refuerzo externo <strong>de</strong> kev<strong>la</strong>r; su diámetro exterior es <strong>de</strong> 7,5 mm. La otra, para uso<br />

interno, ti<strong>en</strong>e una cubierta <strong>de</strong> polietil<strong>en</strong>o <strong>de</strong> 5 mm <strong>de</strong> diámetro.<br />

Fig. 4.3 Cable <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica con sección <strong>en</strong> forma <strong>de</strong> 8<br />

Cable Coaxial: Este cable es <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> tipo 3,9/17,3 mm, con un conductor c<strong>en</strong>tral <strong>de</strong><br />

cobre, ais<strong>la</strong>mi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> polietil<strong>en</strong>o celu<strong>la</strong>r y conductor externo <strong>de</strong> aluminio soldado<br />

longitudinalm<strong>en</strong>te. Ti<strong>en</strong>e una impedancia <strong>de</strong> 75 ± 2 Q y una at<strong>en</strong>uación <strong>de</strong> 3,8 dB<br />

por 100m a 420 Mhz.<br />

93


RELLENO DE GRASA<br />

FIBRA DE V1DEOCOM<br />

KEVLAR TRENZADO<br />

CINTA TERFAN<br />

PORTADOR PVC<br />

HELICOIDAL<br />

ELEMENTOS RESIS-<br />

TENTES DE FIBRA<br />

DE VIDRIO<br />

CUBIERTA DE POUET1LENO DE ALTA DENSIDAD<br />

F¡g.4.4 Cable óptico monofibra <strong>de</strong> usuario. Tipo U<br />

4.1.4 VENTAJAS AL USAR REDES DE FIBRA OPTICA.-<br />

Las fibras ópticas ofrec<strong>en</strong> un número significativo <strong>de</strong> v<strong>en</strong>tajas, <strong>en</strong> comparación con<br />

otras re<strong>de</strong>s, <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong>s que po<strong>de</strong>mos m<strong>en</strong>cionar:<br />

• Aum<strong>en</strong>to <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> capacidad <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ancho <strong>de</strong> banda; un solo par <strong>de</strong> fibras ópticas<br />

pue<strong>de</strong>n proveer 3 Giga bps <strong>de</strong> amplitud <strong>de</strong> banda. Los progresos <strong>en</strong> los<br />

sistemas láser utilizados para g<strong>en</strong>erar señales ópticas y los foto diodos<br />

utilizados para captar<strong>la</strong>s, ya han llevado a límites superiores <strong>la</strong>s tasas <strong>de</strong><br />

transmisión, mas allá <strong>de</strong> los billones <strong>de</strong> bits por segundo.<br />

• Baja at<strong>en</strong>uación <strong>de</strong> señal y altas tasas <strong>de</strong> transmisión. La at<strong>en</strong>uación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

señal ti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>en</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>la</strong> pérdida que ocurre durante <strong>la</strong> transmisión, <strong>la</strong> cual es<br />

medida <strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>cibeles (dB). Cuando <strong>la</strong> señal recibida es m<strong>en</strong>or que <strong>la</strong> señal<br />

transmitida, <strong>la</strong> perdida se atribuye, <strong>en</strong>tre otras causas, a <strong>la</strong> ¡mpedancia<br />

inher<strong>en</strong>te <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> medio <strong>de</strong> transmisión. Con el cable metálico, <strong>la</strong>s pérdidas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

transmisión, ocasionadas por <strong>la</strong> at<strong>en</strong>uación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> señal, aum<strong>en</strong>tan<br />

proporcionalm<strong>en</strong>te con <strong>la</strong> frecu<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> señal y <strong>la</strong> distancia que <strong>la</strong> misma<br />

<strong>de</strong>be recorrer. En contraste, <strong>la</strong> fibra óptica, exhibe una impedancia inher<strong>en</strong>te<br />

94


aja, lo que significa que el medio pue<strong>de</strong> manejar tasas mas altas <strong>de</strong><br />

transmisión para distancias mayores, sin necesidad <strong>de</strong> repetidores para<br />

reg<strong>en</strong>erar <strong>la</strong> señal.<br />

• Alta integridad <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> información; los <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ces <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica, aum<strong>en</strong>tan <strong>de</strong> una<br />

manera significativa el nivel <strong>de</strong> r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to cuando se los compara con el cable<br />

metálico/cobre, como resultado, los sistemas <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica, no requier<strong>en</strong> el<br />

uso excesivo <strong>de</strong> protocolos <strong>de</strong> prueba <strong>de</strong> errores.<br />

• Inmunidad a <strong>la</strong> infer<strong>en</strong>cia electromagnética (HE) y a <strong>la</strong> interfer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />

frecu<strong>en</strong>cias <strong>de</strong> radio (IFR), ME e IFR, son <strong>la</strong>s principales causas <strong>de</strong> errores <strong>en</strong><br />

<strong>la</strong> información (datos), <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> transmisión a través <strong>de</strong> re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> cobre/metálicas.<br />

La fibra óptica, es inmune a este tipo <strong>de</strong> alteraciones, y es también inmune a<br />

los problemas ocasionados por condiciones <strong>de</strong> tiempo adversas, una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />

mayores <strong>de</strong>sv<strong>en</strong>tajas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s microondas como medio <strong>de</strong> transmisión.<br />

• Durabilidad.- Un corte <strong>de</strong> sección <strong>de</strong> una fibra óptica, muestra cuatro<br />

segm<strong>en</strong>tos: el Núcleo, el cual transmite <strong>la</strong> señal <strong>de</strong> luz, el Revestimi<strong>en</strong>to<br />

Metálico, el cual manti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>la</strong> señal <strong>de</strong> luz <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> núcíeo, <strong>la</strong> Cobertura, y el<br />

Reforzami<strong>en</strong>to, el cual le da consist<strong>en</strong>cia al cable. Como resultado, <strong>la</strong> fibra<br />

ti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>la</strong> resist<strong>en</strong>cia, que le permite ser conducida a través <strong>de</strong> pare<strong>de</strong>s, pisos y<br />

ductos subterráneos, sin que se dañe.<br />

4.1.5 PÉRDIDAS EN LAS FIBRAS<br />

a) Pérdidas <strong>en</strong> Transmisión.-<br />

Las perdidas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> transmisión por cables <strong>de</strong> fibras ópticas son una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />

características más importantes <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s fibras. Estas pue<strong>de</strong>n darse por una<br />

reducción <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> fu<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> luz lo que motivará <strong>la</strong> reducción <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ancho <strong>de</strong> banda <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

sistema, el ritmo <strong>de</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> información, <strong>la</strong> efici<strong>en</strong>cia, y sobretodo <strong>la</strong><br />

capacidad <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema. Las causas predominantes <strong>de</strong> éstas pérdidas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s fibras<br />

son; pérdidas por microtorceduras <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra, perdidas por conexión <strong>de</strong> fibras,<br />

perdidas por malos empalmes, perdidas por malos acoples<br />

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) Pérdidas por Absorción<br />

Las pérdidas por absorción <strong>en</strong> fibras ópticas son análogas a <strong>la</strong>s perdidas por<br />

disipación <strong>de</strong> calor <strong>en</strong> los cables <strong>de</strong> cobre; <strong>la</strong>s impurezas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s fibras absorb<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

luz y <strong>la</strong> conviert<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> calor, <strong>la</strong> pureza <strong>de</strong> los vidrios <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> fabricación <strong>de</strong> fibras<br />

ópticas <strong>de</strong>be ser <strong>de</strong> aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> 99,9999 por ci<strong>en</strong>to. Exist<strong>en</strong> tres<br />

factores que contribuy<strong>en</strong> a <strong>la</strong>s perdidas por absorción <strong>en</strong> una fibra óptica<br />

1. La absorción ultravioleta<br />

2. La absorción infrarroja<br />

3. La absorción por resonancia iónica<br />

1.- Absorción Ultravioleta. La absorción ultravioleta es causada por los<br />

electrones <strong>de</strong> val<strong>en</strong>cia <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> material <strong>de</strong> silicio con el que se fabrica <strong>la</strong> fibra. La luz<br />

ioniza los electrones <strong>de</strong> val<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> conductor. La ionización es<br />

equival<strong>en</strong>te a <strong>la</strong>s pérdidas <strong>en</strong> el total <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> campo <strong>de</strong> luz y contribuye a <strong>la</strong>s pérdidas<br />

<strong>de</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra.<br />

2.- Absorción Infrarroja La absorción infrarroja es el resultado <strong>de</strong> fotones <strong>de</strong> luz<br />

que son absorbidos por los átomos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s molécu<strong>la</strong>s <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> vidrio <strong>en</strong> el núcleo. Los<br />

fotones absorbidos se conviert<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> vibraciones mecánicas <strong>de</strong> tipo aleatorio<br />

típicas <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> calor<br />

3.- Absorción <strong>de</strong> resonancia Iónica Esta es causada por los iones OH <strong>en</strong> el<br />

material. La fu<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> los iones OH son <strong>la</strong>s molécu<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> agua <strong>la</strong>s mismas que son<br />

atrapadas <strong>en</strong> el vidrio <strong>en</strong> el proceso <strong>de</strong> fabricación. La absorción iónica también es<br />

causada por <strong>la</strong>s molécu<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> hierro, cobre y cromo que pue<strong>de</strong>n estar pres<strong>en</strong>tes.<br />

c) Pérdidas por Difracción.<br />

Durante el proceso <strong>de</strong> fabricación el vidrio es extruido (estirado <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>rgas fibras <strong>de</strong><br />

diámetro pequeño), y <strong>la</strong> t<strong>en</strong>sión aplicada causa el <strong>en</strong>friami<strong>en</strong>to <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> vidrio<br />

<strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>ndo irregu<strong>la</strong>rida<strong>de</strong>s submicroscópicas perman<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra. Cuando<br />

96


los rayos <strong>de</strong> luz se propagan a lo <strong>la</strong>rgo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra, chocan con estas impurezas y<br />

son difractados; <strong>la</strong> difracción causa que <strong>la</strong> luz se disperse o se propague hacia<br />

afuera <strong>en</strong> muchas direcciones y se escape hacia el manto <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra<br />

repres<strong>en</strong>tando perdidas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> fu<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> luz<br />

4.1.6 TOPOLOGÍA DE REDES,<br />

Red Punto a Punto. La topología punto a punto es común hoy <strong>en</strong> día, esta<br />

requiere dos nodos comunicados directam<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>zados normalm<strong>en</strong>te por un<br />

par <strong>de</strong> hebras <strong>de</strong> fibras ópticas, una para transmisión y otra para recepción. Entre<br />

ias aplicaciones punto a punto se incluy<strong>en</strong>:<br />

• Canales para computación<br />

• Terminales multiplexíng<br />

• Transmisión <strong>de</strong> Vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

La Fig. 4.5 muestra el montaje para una red <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica punto a punto.<br />

COMPUTADOR<br />

A<br />

m<br />

RS232<br />

T E<br />

90<br />

ÓPTICA<br />

BIT DRIVER<br />

FIBRA ÓPTICA DÚPLEX CABLE<br />

RS232<br />

TERMINAL<br />

97<br />

Fig. 4.5 Montaje para una<br />

red <strong>de</strong> Fibra Óptica punto a<br />

punto


Red <strong>en</strong> Estrel<strong>la</strong>. Las re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>en</strong> estrel<strong>la</strong> son arreglos <strong>en</strong> torno a un único hub que<br />

pue<strong>de</strong> actuar como un controtador c<strong>en</strong>tral para <strong>la</strong> red. La transmisión <strong>en</strong>viada<br />

<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> un nodo o terminal <strong>de</strong>be primero pasar a través <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> hub. Las aplicaciones<br />

comunes <strong>de</strong> una red estrel<strong>la</strong>r incluy<strong>en</strong> PBX y Mainframe<br />

Topología Anillo. En una red tipo Anillo todos los terminales son <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>zados <strong>en</strong><br />

series punto a punto. Si una parte fal<strong>la</strong>, el sistema se cae, a m<strong>en</strong>os que se use<br />

compon<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> bypass.<br />

Para evitar conflictos, cada sistema usa un bit patrón (patern), l<strong>la</strong>mado tok<strong>en</strong>. El<br />

tok<strong>en</strong> circu<strong>la</strong> hacia cada nodo, autorizando al nodo a capturar el tok<strong>en</strong> y el ring a<br />

transmitir datos.<br />

Topología Bus. Las re<strong>de</strong>s basadas <strong>en</strong> topología bus usan también un diseño<br />

tok<strong>en</strong> o un diseño <strong>de</strong> acceso conocido como carrier-s<strong>en</strong>se múltiple access con<br />

<strong>de</strong>tección <strong>de</strong> colisiones (CSMA/CD) o con anu<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> colisiones (CSMA/CA)<br />

Como un anillo, los m<strong>en</strong>sajes <strong>en</strong> el bus son transmitidos a todos los terminales.<br />

(Fig. 4.6) Los sistemas más popu<strong>la</strong>res que usan topología bus son Ethernet y<br />

MAP (Manufacturing Automation Protoco!).<br />

4.1.7 EMPALMES EN FIBRAS OPTICAS.-<br />

Para realizar empalmes <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s fibras se emplea un bloque e<strong>la</strong>stómero mol<strong>de</strong>ado<br />

con un surco <strong>de</strong> sección rectangu<strong>la</strong>r, ligeram<strong>en</strong>te m<strong>en</strong>or que <strong>la</strong> sección <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra.<br />

Este surco se ll<strong>en</strong>a con un adhesivo transpar<strong>en</strong>te polimerizable y se cubre el<br />

bloque con una <strong>la</strong>mina <strong>de</strong> vidrio. Una vez <strong>de</strong>spojadas <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> recubrimi<strong>en</strong>to primario y<br />

tal<strong>la</strong>das <strong>en</strong> su extremo, <strong>la</strong>s dos fibras a conectarse se empujan <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>dos<br />

opuestos, a través <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> adhesivo, y son automáticam<strong>en</strong>te alineadas por <strong>la</strong>s fuerzas<br />

que produce <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>formación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> e<strong>la</strong>stómero. El empalme se protege luego <strong>en</strong> un<br />

receptáculo rell<strong>en</strong>o con <strong>la</strong> misma resina polímera. Tras comprobar el empalme con<br />

un microscopio, el adhesivo se polimeriza mediante <strong>la</strong> exposición a <strong>la</strong> luz<br />

ultravioleta, y <strong>la</strong> conexión se protege <strong>en</strong> un receptáculo metálico. Los diez<br />

98


empalmes que requiere cada estructura <strong>de</strong> núcleo con fibras embutidas <strong>en</strong> surcos<br />

(o dos estructuras <strong>de</strong> 5 fibras) 'se insta<strong>la</strong>n <strong>en</strong> un estuche <strong>de</strong> empalmes circu<strong>la</strong>r que<br />

protege <strong>la</strong>s fibras <strong>de</strong>scubiertas.<br />

4.1.8 Apertura Numérica (An)<br />

Es un parámetro importante <strong>en</strong> fibras ópticas, y es igual al s<strong>en</strong>o <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> semiángulo<br />

máximo <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> cono <strong>en</strong> el cual están cont<strong>en</strong>idas todas <strong>la</strong>s direcciones <strong>de</strong> los rayos<br />

que inci<strong>de</strong>n <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> sección transversal <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra y produc<strong>en</strong> reflexión total.<br />

4.2 PLANIFICACIÓN DE UN MODELO DE RED PARA ESTA<br />

TECNOLOGÍA (CON FIBRA ÓPTICA)<br />

4.2.1 Diseño <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Sistema<br />

Como un primer paso, se realiza un p<strong>la</strong>no o diagrama <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>talles <strong>en</strong> el que están<br />

especificados <strong>la</strong> distancia, el recorrido <strong>de</strong>! cable y el <strong>en</strong>torno <strong>de</strong> operación. Cada<br />

sistema simple punto a punto, requiere <strong>de</strong> un diagrama esquemático <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema<br />

(En el anexo 1 se adjuntan los p<strong>la</strong>nos y diagramas m<strong>en</strong>cionados).<br />

Como topología <strong>de</strong> red se utilizará <strong>en</strong> el pres<strong>en</strong>te trabajo una tipo estrel<strong>la</strong>, cuyas<br />

características se <strong>de</strong>scribió anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te:<br />

4.2.1.1 Selección <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Número <strong>de</strong> Fibras<br />

La selección <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cantidad <strong>de</strong> fibras <strong>en</strong> el cable matriz, es un dato importante que<br />

influye <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> futura capacidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red <strong>de</strong> comunicación. Muchos <strong>de</strong> los <strong>la</strong>zos <strong>de</strong><br />

cables <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica individuales insta<strong>la</strong>dos ahora se integrarán a <strong>la</strong> red <strong>de</strong><br />

comunicaciones futura. Puesto que este sistema proveerá <strong>de</strong> servicio para un<br />

difer<strong>en</strong>te número <strong>de</strong> aplicaciones, el número <strong>de</strong> fibras insta<strong>la</strong>do <strong>en</strong> el backbone y <strong>la</strong><br />

distribución <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> cable <strong>de</strong>be ser cuidadosam<strong>en</strong>te consi<strong>de</strong>rado.<br />

99


La <strong>de</strong>cisión con respecto al número <strong>de</strong> fibras ópticas a insta<strong>la</strong>r es muy <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>te<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> aplicación, así pues se ti<strong>en</strong>e:<br />

• Aplicaciones <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o. Estas usualm<strong>en</strong>te emplean soluciones <strong>de</strong> una o dos<br />

fibras insta<strong>la</strong>das <strong>en</strong> topologías punto a punto o <strong>en</strong> estrel<strong>la</strong>. Vi<strong>de</strong>o con<br />

aplicaciones <strong>de</strong> seguridad son <strong>en</strong> un solo s<strong>en</strong>tido, portante, se requiere <strong>de</strong> una<br />

fibra, mi<strong>en</strong>tras que el vi<strong>de</strong>o interactivo requiere dos fibras.<br />

• Telemetría.- Involucra <strong>la</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> datos a distancia monitoreados <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>la</strong> estación. Esta aplicación es g<strong>en</strong>eralm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> un solo s<strong>en</strong>tido <strong>de</strong> transmisión<br />

y requiere <strong>de</strong> una so<strong>la</strong> fibra. Ciertos tipos <strong>de</strong> telemetría, sin embargo, pue<strong>de</strong>n<br />

ser interactivos. Correcciones <strong>de</strong> señal, basados <strong>en</strong> receptores <strong>de</strong> datos, son<br />

<strong>en</strong>viadas a los mismos aparatos remotos. Esta aplicación típicam<strong>en</strong>te usa dos<br />

fibras, una para transmisión <strong>de</strong> datos y <strong>la</strong> otra para recepción <strong>de</strong> corrección <strong>de</strong><br />

señal.<br />

• Comunicación <strong>de</strong> Voz y Datos.- Hoy <strong>en</strong> día <strong>la</strong>s comunicaciones <strong>de</strong> voz y<br />

datos g<strong>en</strong>eralm<strong>en</strong>te emplean dos fibras por nodo. Para muchos <strong>de</strong> los usuarios<br />

finales se prevé <strong>la</strong> insta<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> un par <strong>de</strong> fibras adicionales <strong>de</strong> protección.<br />

Esta filosofía es consist<strong>en</strong>te con <strong>la</strong> actual topología <strong>de</strong> red<br />

Para el pres<strong>en</strong>te proyecto se utilizaran 4 fibras por nodo, 2 para comunicación y 2<br />

<strong>de</strong> reserva.<br />

4.2.1.2 Cálculos <strong>de</strong> Pérdidas.<br />

Entre <strong>la</strong>s principales causas <strong>de</strong> pérdidas se ti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> los conectores, pérdidas<br />

por <strong>en</strong>vejecimi<strong>en</strong>to (transmisor, receptor y conectores), variaciones <strong>de</strong> temperatura<br />

y el marg<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> error que se <strong>de</strong>be asignar al sistema.<br />

Para el sigui<strong>en</strong>te cálculo, se usará <strong>la</strong> información <strong>de</strong> acuerdo a lo que se ha<br />

obt<strong>en</strong>ido <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas <strong>de</strong> especificaciones <strong>de</strong> los fabricantes.<br />

100


Especificaciones <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> fabricante,<br />

Fu<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> luz " LED<br />

Tipo <strong>de</strong> fibra 62.5/125 índice Gradual<br />

Longitud <strong>de</strong> Onda <strong>de</strong> Operación 850 nm<br />

R<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to promedio <strong>de</strong> transmisión -14 dBm<br />

S<strong>en</strong>sibilidad <strong>de</strong> Recepción (10~9 BER) -52 dBm<br />

Rango Dinámico 2.0 dB<br />

Cálculo <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Promedio <strong>de</strong> Pérdidas <strong>en</strong> el En<strong>la</strong>ce (l_LB)(l_ink Loss Budget)<br />

A. Determinación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ganancia <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema .<br />

R<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to promedio <strong>de</strong> transmisión -14 dBm<br />

- S<strong>en</strong>sibilidad <strong>de</strong> Recepción -(-52 dBm)<br />

Ganancia <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Sistema: 38 dBm<br />

B. Cálculo <strong>de</strong> Pérdidas por Márg<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> Error<br />

1. Márg<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> Operación. Estas pérdidas se dan por variaciones <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

longitud <strong>de</strong> onda <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> fu<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> transmisión, estos cambios <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> fu<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong><br />

transmisión y <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> s<strong>en</strong>sibilidad <strong>de</strong> recepción se <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> a <strong>la</strong> edad<br />

(<strong>en</strong>vejecimi<strong>en</strong>to), y a variaciones <strong>de</strong> temperatura <strong>en</strong> los compon<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong>ntro<br />

<strong>de</strong> los rangos <strong>de</strong> operación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema. Si no exist<strong>en</strong> especificaciones <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

fabricante <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema, se pue<strong>de</strong>n consi<strong>de</strong>rar los valores <strong>de</strong> 2 dB para LED y<br />

3 dB para láser.<br />

2. Oíros Márg<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> Error: Algunos fabricantes pue<strong>de</strong>n especificar otros<br />

márg<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> error que disminuy<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> ganancia <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema tales como <strong>la</strong><br />

dispersión, el jitter, e! ancho <strong>de</strong> banda etc., y si se proporciona esta<br />

información, se <strong>de</strong>bería también restar <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> promedio <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ganancia <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

sistema.<br />

Determinación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Marg<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> Error<br />

Por Marg<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> Operación Se usa 2.0 dB<br />

Por otros Márg<strong>en</strong>es no formu<strong>la</strong>do<br />

Por Marg<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> Reparaciones: 1.0 dB<br />

Total: = 2.0 dB + 1.0 dB = 3.0 dB<br />

101


C. Determinación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Promedio <strong>de</strong> Pérdidas <strong>en</strong> el En<strong>la</strong>ce (LLB)<br />

Restando los valores para cada uno <strong>de</strong> los márg<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> error (dB) <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

ganancia <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema, nos dará <strong>la</strong> máxima pérdida permitida para el sistema<br />

<strong>de</strong> cable <strong>de</strong> terminal a terminal. Esta pérdida máxima a m<strong>en</strong>udo se refiere al<br />

Link Loss Budget (LLB). En algunos casos, el fabricante <strong>de</strong> hardware ti<strong>en</strong>e<br />

ya calcu<strong>la</strong>dos los valores <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> LLB. Los márg<strong>en</strong>es por reparación, a m<strong>en</strong>os<br />

que se diga lo contrario, usualm<strong>en</strong>te no se incluye <strong>en</strong> los cálculos <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> LLB<br />

realizados por el fabricante, <strong>en</strong>tonces se <strong>de</strong>be aún restar ésto <strong>en</strong> el dis<strong>en</strong>o<br />

<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema;<br />

Cálculo <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> LLB:<br />

Ganancia <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Sistema<br />

m<strong>en</strong>os el Marg<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> Error<br />

Promedio <strong>de</strong> Pérdidas<br />

4.2.1.3 At<strong>en</strong>uación <strong>de</strong> Cable Máxima Permitida<br />

38.0 dB<br />

- 3.0 dB<br />

35.0 dB<br />

Cada difer<strong>en</strong>te ruta <strong>de</strong> cable <strong>en</strong> el sistema <strong>de</strong>bería ser analizada para <strong>de</strong>terminar<br />

<strong>la</strong> at<strong>en</strong>uación máxima permitida <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra. Usualm<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>la</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra que<br />

se escoja <strong>de</strong>berá satisfacer los requerimi<strong>en</strong>tos <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce consi<strong>de</strong>rando el valor<br />

mas alto <strong>de</strong> pérdidas. Para gran<strong>de</strong>s sistemas <strong>en</strong> los que se ti<strong>en</strong>e varias<br />

ext<strong>en</strong>siones <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ces, pue<strong>de</strong> ser más económico usar algunas calida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> fibra<br />

que satisfagan los requerimi<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> cada <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce, <strong>en</strong> lugar <strong>de</strong> seleccionar una so<strong>la</strong><br />

calidad.<br />

4,2.1.4. Cálculo <strong>de</strong> Pérdidas <strong>en</strong> Conectores.<br />

Se <strong>de</strong>be sumar los valores <strong>de</strong> at<strong>en</strong>uación local individual (<strong>en</strong> dB) para cada par <strong>de</strong><br />

conectores a lo <strong>la</strong>rgo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el transmisor hacia el receptor, excluy<strong>en</strong>do<br />

los conectores propios <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> transmisor y receptor. (Tab<strong>la</strong> 4.3)<br />

Multimodo<br />

Tipo <strong>de</strong> Conect<strong>en</strong><br />

ST<br />

SMA 906<br />

Biconic<br />

Monomodo<br />

Tab<strong>la</strong> 4.3 Pérdidas <strong>en</strong> conectores<br />

Pérdidas <strong>en</strong> dB<br />

Típica Máxima<br />

0.5<br />

1.2<br />

0.8<br />

1.8<br />

0.7<br />

1.5<br />

0.7<br />

1.3<br />

102


Para <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ces con 10o más conectores, es razonable usar los valores típicos para<br />

el p<strong>la</strong>neami<strong>en</strong>to <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema. Para m<strong>en</strong>os <strong>de</strong> 10 conectores es recom<strong>en</strong>dable usar<br />

los valores máximos.<br />

Cálculo <strong>de</strong> pérdidas <strong>en</strong> los Conectores <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Sistema. De acuerdo al recorrido y<br />

distancias <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce, se ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> 7 conectores utilizados para el <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce, los mismos<br />

que se indican <strong>en</strong> los p<strong>la</strong>nos respectivos. (Excluy<strong>en</strong>do los conectores <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

Transmisor y Receptor)1<br />

Siete Conectores ( c/u 1.8 dB) 12.6 dB<br />

Cálculo <strong>de</strong> Otras Pérdidas<br />

Se <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> sumar <strong>la</strong>s pérdidas <strong>de</strong> cualquier otro compon<strong>en</strong>te que contribuya a <strong>la</strong>s<br />

pérdidas <strong>en</strong> el recorrido <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fibra, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el transmisor hacia el receptor<br />

Cálculo <strong>de</strong> otros compon<strong>en</strong>tes con pérdida:<br />

Para el pres<strong>en</strong>te proyecto: Ninguno 0.0 dB<br />

Restando <strong>la</strong>s perdidas <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Link Loss Budget nos da <strong>la</strong> máxima perdida permitida <strong>en</strong><br />

el cable a una longitud <strong>de</strong> onda específica.<br />

Por lo tanto, <strong>en</strong> el pres<strong>en</strong>te caso, <strong>la</strong> máxima pérdida permitida para el cable a<br />

850 nm 22.4 dB<br />

4.2.1.5 Cálculos Requeridos Según el Tipo <strong>de</strong> Fibra<br />

Dividi<strong>en</strong>do el máximo valor permitido para pérdida <strong>en</strong> cables por el total <strong>de</strong> longitud<br />

<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> cable <strong>en</strong> el <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce, se ti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>la</strong> máxima at<strong>en</strong>uación permisible para fibras<br />

normalizadas <strong>en</strong> dB/km<br />

Nótese que este valor final repres<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>la</strong> at<strong>en</strong>uación máxima absoluta permisible<br />

bajo <strong>la</strong>s especificaciones <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> transmisor/receptor dados por el fabricante<br />

103


La at<strong>en</strong>uación máxima normalizada para el cable se <strong>de</strong>termina dividi<strong>en</strong>do el<br />

máximo valor permisible <strong>de</strong> pérdidas <strong>en</strong> el cable por el total <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> longitud <strong>de</strong> cable<br />

<strong>en</strong> el <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce.<br />

El total <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> longitud <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> cable2 , L, para este diseño es:<br />

L = 30m + 15m +270m + 15m + 50m<br />

L = 380m ó 0.38 km<br />

Por tanto <strong>la</strong> máxima at<strong>en</strong>uación normalizada para este tipo <strong>de</strong> cable es:<br />

22.4 dB ó 58.94 dB/Km para una fibra <strong>de</strong> 850 nm con una longitud <strong>de</strong> 0.38 Km<br />

4.2.1.6 Selección <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Fibra.<br />

Varias propieda<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s fibras como <strong>la</strong> at<strong>en</strong>uación, <strong>la</strong> apertura numérica (NA), y<br />

el diámetro <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> núcleo se <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> tomar <strong>en</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ta. Todas <strong>la</strong>s fibras pue<strong>de</strong>n ser<br />

comparadas sobre un kilómetro <strong>de</strong> longitud. Ciertam<strong>en</strong>te los tipos <strong>de</strong> fibras ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong><br />

que probarse satisfactoriam<strong>en</strong>te para aplicaciones especiales.<br />

Cuatro son los tamaños que se consi<strong>de</strong>ran mas a m<strong>en</strong>udo:<br />

Núcleo<br />

(miaron)<br />

50<br />

62.5<br />

85<br />

100<br />

Envoltura<br />

(micron)<br />

125<br />

125<br />

125<br />

140<br />

Ancho <strong>de</strong><br />

850nm<br />

400<br />

100<br />

200<br />

150<br />

Banda (MHz)<br />

1300nm<br />

Todas son fibras mulíimodo, <strong>de</strong> índice gradual para asegurar un a<strong>de</strong>cuado ancho<br />

<strong>de</strong> banda y pérdidas bastante bajas.<br />

Para nuestro caso seleccionaremos fibras <strong>de</strong> 62.5/125 y <strong>de</strong> 850 nm por t<strong>en</strong>er esta<br />

un sufici<strong>en</strong>te ancho <strong>de</strong> banda tanto para aplicaciones <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o telefonía como para<br />

otros servicios.<br />

1 Datos obt<strong>en</strong>idos <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> diseño que se muestra <strong>en</strong> el anexo 1<br />

2 Datos obt<strong>en</strong>idos <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> diseño que se muestra <strong>en</strong> el anexo 1<br />

400<br />

400<br />

600<br />

500<br />

104


4.2.1.7 Descripción y Diseño para <strong>la</strong> Red Interna <strong>de</strong> Fibra Óptica<br />

Según el pres<strong>en</strong>te diseño, se parte <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> un Panel Principal (Main Cross-<br />

Connect (MC)) que estará ubicado <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> C<strong>en</strong>tral <strong>de</strong> Iñaquito. (Se <strong>de</strong>be tomar <strong>en</strong><br />

cu<strong>en</strong>ta que <strong>la</strong> red <strong>en</strong>tre c<strong>en</strong>trales es <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica). Este Panel Principal vi<strong>en</strong>e<br />

si<strong>en</strong>do el c<strong>en</strong>tro administrativo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red, provee interconectividad <strong>en</strong>tre varios<br />

Sub Paneles <strong>de</strong> Distribución (IC) que pue<strong>de</strong>n estar ubicados <strong>en</strong> el mismo<br />

edificio o <strong>en</strong> otros edificios <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sector. El (MC) se interconecta a los difer<strong>en</strong>tes<br />

(IC) mediante un Backbone <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica. El MC funcionará como un hub<br />

físico principal para una configuración <strong>en</strong> estrel<strong>la</strong>. Fig. 4.7<br />

Quct Astdtítono Cstbte<br />

Fig. 4.7 Diseño g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red <strong>de</strong> fibra óptica,<br />

Para el diseño <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red interna que va <strong>en</strong> un edificio, se <strong>de</strong>be consi<strong>de</strong>rar <strong>la</strong><br />

utilización <strong>de</strong> un Sub Panel <strong>de</strong> Distribución (Intermedíate Cross-Connect (IC))<br />

que sirve <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce <strong>en</strong>tre el panel principal y los paneles <strong>de</strong> telecomunicación<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red horizontal <strong>de</strong> cada piso.<br />

Por último, <strong>en</strong> cada piso irá ubicado un Panel <strong>de</strong> Telecomunicación (TC), que<br />

sirve <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce y distribución para <strong>la</strong> red horizontal y terminales <strong>de</strong> usuario.<br />

Un <strong>la</strong>zo <strong>de</strong> 72 fibras irá <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el MC hasta el IC#1 ubicado, para nuestro caso,<br />

<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> Av. Gaspar <strong>de</strong> Vil<strong>la</strong>rruel 1477 y calle Japón edificio La Nacional, se<br />

105


utilizará <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce aéreo a través <strong>de</strong> postes <strong>de</strong> hormigón (postes <strong>de</strong> luz<br />

exist<strong>en</strong>tes). Entre el MC y el ÍC#1 existe una distancia aproximada <strong>de</strong> 380m.<br />

Se <strong>de</strong>ja previsto un segundo <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ce <strong>de</strong> 72 fibras que pue<strong>de</strong> unir el MC con un<br />

IC#2, que podrá estar ubicado <strong>en</strong> cualquier otro edificio don<strong>de</strong> se rerquiera <strong>de</strong><br />

este servicio Por lo tanto, dos <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ces típicos e in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>tes pue<strong>de</strong>n utilizar<br />

un cable <strong>de</strong> 144 fibras que sal<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el MC hacia un punto <strong>de</strong> empalme<br />

(Manhole) y <strong>de</strong> allí se reparte hacia cada IC (72 fibras para cada uno) Ver<br />

(Anexo 1)<br />

Diseño Interconexión Intrabuilding (D<strong>en</strong>tro <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Edificio).<br />

El diseño esta consi<strong>de</strong>rado para un edificio <strong>de</strong> 7 pisos interconectado con fibra<br />

óptica. Se consi<strong>de</strong>ra <strong>la</strong> sigui<strong>en</strong>te estructura <strong>de</strong> cableado:<br />

Uno <strong>de</strong> los pisos se <strong>de</strong>be diseñar como el Hub principal para una configuración<br />

<strong>en</strong> estrel<strong>la</strong>, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> aquí funcionara el IC, para nuestro caso estará ubicado <strong>en</strong> el<br />

cuarto <strong>de</strong> equipos ubicado <strong>en</strong> P<strong>la</strong>nta Baja. En los otros pisos se ubicarán los<br />

armarios <strong>de</strong> telecomunicaciones (TC) (anexo 1), cada TC estará <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>zado con<br />

el IC por medio <strong>de</strong> un cable <strong>de</strong> 8 fibras.<br />

J&rízonteJ Catite<br />

Fig. 4.8 Diseño g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red horizontal<br />

tetacommumcatúms<br />

Ctosst<br />

106


Diseño Horizontal. Se consi<strong>de</strong>ran 5 áreas <strong>de</strong> trabajo por cada piso, que<br />

necesitarán ser cableados con" fibra óptica, <strong>en</strong> cada área <strong>de</strong> trabajo se proveerá <strong>de</strong><br />

tomas (outlets). El cableado tradicional para <strong>la</strong> red horizontal interconectará cada<br />

área <strong>de</strong> trabajo con el armario <strong>de</strong> telecomunicaciones ubicado <strong>en</strong> cada piso.<br />

El TC estará diseñado como el Hub <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> configuración física <strong>en</strong> estrel<strong>la</strong> con<br />

<strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ces <strong>de</strong> cables para cada área <strong>de</strong> trabajo. (Fig. 4.8)<br />

4.3 DESCRIPCIÓN DE EQUIPOS Y ANÁLISIS ECONÓMICO.-<br />

Para <strong>la</strong> insta<strong>la</strong>ción <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema <strong>de</strong>scrito anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te se requiere <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sigui<strong>en</strong>te<br />

equipo que se <strong>de</strong>tal<strong>la</strong> a continuación.<br />

Equipos y Cableado <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Backbone (Red Vertical)<br />

MC (Main Cross-Connect) .^___________<br />

Cantidad Descripción P, Unitario<br />

{U.S.D.)<br />

Hardware<br />

107<br />

P. Total<br />

(U.S.D)<br />

Gabinetes metálicos para 72 puertos (56 habilitados) <strong>de</strong> Fibra óptica tipo SC 392.10 784.20<br />

24 6 Fiber Connector panel wrth two dúplex multimo<strong>de</strong> SC adapt<strong>en</strong> 91.50 2,196.00<br />

12 Fiber Buffertube Fan-Out Krt for direct termínation of loóse tube cable 57.19 686.28<br />

Unicam SC muftimo<strong>de</strong> Field-lnstal<strong>la</strong>ble connector<br />

Patch Corete and Cable Assemblies<br />

72 iDuplex SC to two ST compatible mutómo<strong>de</strong> cable 84.97 6,117.84<br />

MC hacia el Manhole<br />

Cable<br />

156 m 144 fiber muHimo<strong>de</strong> MIC Rise-Rated cable; 18.60 2,901.6


Manhote<br />

Hardware<br />

1 Cajetín <strong>de</strong> empalmes 92.10 92.10<br />

Manga <strong>de</strong> empalme <strong>de</strong> 144 fibras<br />

12 Ban<strong>de</strong>jas <strong>de</strong> empalme para 12 fibras c/u<br />

21.19 254.28<br />

108<br />

12.50 12.50<br />

Manhole hacia el IC<br />

Cable<br />

224 m Cable <strong>de</strong> 72 fibras muftimodo MIC Rise-Rated 14.50 3,248.00<br />

(P<strong>la</strong>nta Baja)<br />

IC (Intermedíate Cross-Connect)<br />

Cantidad Descripción P. Unitario<br />

(U.S.D)<br />

Hardware<br />

Connectors<br />

P. Total<br />

(U.S.D)<br />

1 Gabinete metálico para 72 puertos (56 habilitados) <strong>de</strong> Fibra óptica tipo SC 392.10 392.10<br />

10 Panel <strong>de</strong> conexión <strong>de</strong> 6 fibras con adaptadores dobles muftimodo SC 91.50 915.00<br />

6 Fiber Buffer tube Fan-Out Ktt for direct termination of loóse tube cable 57.19<br />

400.33<br />

56 Unicam SC muttimo<strong>de</strong> Field-lnstal<strong>la</strong>ble connector 19.61 1,098.16<br />

Patch Cords and Cable Assemblies<br />

28 [Dúplex SC to two ST compatible multimo<strong>de</strong> cable 84.97 2,379.16<br />

IC toTC<br />

Cable<br />

135 m 8 fiber muttimo<strong>de</strong> MIC Rise-Rated cable; 1,093.50


TC#1 (Primer Piso)<br />

Hardware<br />

Con e ctores<br />

1 12 Fiber Rack-Mount Connector Module Housing (8 habilitados) 326.80 326.80<br />

6 Fiber Connector panel with two dúplex muttimo<strong>de</strong> of loóse tube cable 91.50 183.00<br />

6 Fiber Buffer tube Fan-Out Kft for direct termínation of loóse tube cable<br />

Unicam SC muttimo<strong>de</strong> Field-lnstal<strong>la</strong>ble connector<br />

Patch Cords and Cable Assembfíes<br />

109<br />

57.19 57.19<br />

4 (Dúplex SC to two ST compatible mufómo<strong>de</strong> cable; l<strong>en</strong>gth: 84.97 339.88<br />

TC#2 - #6 (Típico para cada piso) (5 pisos)<br />

Hardware<br />

1(5) 12 Fiber Wall-Mouned premises interconnect c<strong>en</strong>ter with a dúplex SC adapter 196.08 980.40<br />

2(10) 6 Fiber Connector panel with two dúplex muttimo<strong>de</strong> of loóse tube cable 91.50 915.00<br />

1(5) 6 Fiber Buffer tube Fan-Out Kft for direct termination of loóse tube cable 57.19 285.95<br />

Connectors<br />

8(40) Unicam SC multimo<strong>de</strong> Field-lnstal<strong>la</strong>ble connector 19.61 784.40<br />

Patch Cords and Cable Assemblies<br />

4 (20) Dúplex SC to two ST compatible multimo<strong>de</strong> cable; l<strong>en</strong>gth: 84.97 1,699.4<br />

SUBTOTAL1 31,123.79<br />

Equipos y Cableado Red Horizontal<br />

Cantidad Descripción P. Unitario<br />

(U.S.D)<br />

19.61<br />

P. Total<br />

(U.S.D)<br />

35 Costo por punto <strong>de</strong> insta<strong>la</strong>ción 150.00 5250.00<br />

SUBTOTAL 2 5,250.00<br />

TOTAL 36,37^79<br />

El costo para implem<strong>en</strong>tar <strong>la</strong> red horizontal se <strong>la</strong> consi<strong>de</strong>ra por punto <strong>de</strong> insta<strong>la</strong>ción<br />

(el punto compr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> el cable, <strong>la</strong> toma (outlet) y los accesorios necesarios <strong>de</strong><br />

insta<strong>la</strong>ción).


En el pres<strong>en</strong>te diseño se p<strong>la</strong>ntea t<strong>en</strong>er <strong>en</strong> total 35 puntos <strong>de</strong> insta<strong>la</strong>ción, por tanto<br />

et costo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> implem<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> parte horizontal es <strong>de</strong> $5,250 U.S.D.<br />

Cosío total <strong>de</strong> equipos y cable: $36,373.79 U.S.D.<br />

Una vez que se ha <strong>de</strong>finido <strong>la</strong> infraestructura básica necesaria para implem<strong>en</strong>tar<br />

esta red <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o telefonía que se ha <strong>de</strong>scrito anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te, es necesario<br />

<strong>de</strong>terminar los costos estimados <strong>de</strong> su implem<strong>en</strong>tación<br />

4,3.1 ESTIMACIÓN DEL CAPITAL NECESARIO.-<br />

De acuerdo a los requisitos <strong>de</strong> infraestructura <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema <strong>de</strong>scrito <strong>en</strong> el punto<br />

4.3.1 se pres<strong>en</strong>ta a continuación el <strong>de</strong>talle <strong>de</strong> los costos <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema, tanto <strong>en</strong><br />

moneda nacional como <strong>en</strong> dó<strong>la</strong>res (moneda refer<strong>en</strong>cial)<br />

Cotización <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> dó<strong>la</strong>r estimado al 21 <strong>de</strong> diciembre <strong>de</strong> 1998: 6.500 sucres<br />

4.3.1.1 COSTO DE EQUIPOS Y CABLE<br />

Según el análisis anterior, el monto total <strong>de</strong> equipo y cable necesario para<br />

implem<strong>en</strong>tar <strong>la</strong> red diseñada asci<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> a: $ 36,373.79 U.S.D.<br />

4.3.1.2 COSTOS POR MANO DE OBRA Y SERVICIOS<br />

Para el análisis <strong>de</strong> este punto se consi<strong>de</strong>ran los sigui<strong>en</strong>tes aspectos:<br />

Tiempo estimado para <strong>la</strong> realización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> obra: 4 semanas<br />

• Pago m<strong>en</strong>sual <strong>de</strong> personal<br />

• Costos por servicios básicos<br />

• Costos <strong>de</strong> operación<br />

• Imprevistos<br />

110


Pago m<strong>en</strong>sual <strong>de</strong> personal<br />

a) Personal Técnico - Administrativo<br />

Descripción Sueldo (sucres)<br />

<strong>Ing<strong>en</strong>iero</strong> <strong>de</strong> re<strong>de</strong>s<br />

Técnico Resi<strong>de</strong>nte<br />

Secretaria<br />

Total Pagos<br />

b) Personal <strong>de</strong> Operación<br />

Descripción Sueldo (sucres)<br />

Maestro electricista (catg. 4)<br />

electricista (catg. 3)<br />

Ayudante 1 (Catg 2)<br />

Bo<strong>de</strong>guero<br />

Total Pagos<br />

6,000.000<br />

4,000.000<br />

1,500.000<br />

1,300.000<br />

950.000<br />

600.000<br />

600.000<br />

Cantidad<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

Cantidad<br />

1<br />

2<br />

4<br />

1<br />

Total<br />

6,000.000<br />

4,000.000<br />

1,500.000<br />

9,500.000<br />

Total<br />

1,300.000<br />

1,900.000<br />

2,400.000<br />

600.000<br />

6,200.000<br />

Total <strong>de</strong> Pago m<strong>en</strong>sual a personal: 17,700.000<br />

4.3.1.3 COSTOS POR SERVICIOS BÁSICOS<br />

Por servicios básicos se <strong>en</strong>ti<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> los costos por consumo <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>ergía eléctrica,<br />

agua potable y teléfono, e! cual y para fines <strong>de</strong> estimación <strong>de</strong> cálculos se<br />

consi<strong>de</strong>rará como el 3% <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> costo <strong>de</strong> mano <strong>de</strong> obra (pagos a personal)<br />

Costo total (3% <strong>de</strong> M.O) 531.000 (sucres)<br />

4.3.1.4 COSTOS DE OPERACIÓN<br />

En este punto se consi<strong>de</strong>ran los gastos por movilización, (transporte, combustible,<br />

mant<strong>en</strong>imi<strong>en</strong>to) como <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> 10% <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> costo <strong>de</strong> Mano <strong>de</strong> Obra (M.O.)(pagos personal)<br />

111


4.3.1.5 COSTOS TOTALES DE OPERACIÓN<br />

Pagos a personal 17,700.000<br />

Servicios básicos (3% <strong>de</strong> M.O) 531.000<br />

Costos <strong>de</strong> operación (10% <strong>de</strong> M.O) 1,700.000<br />

Imprevistos (10% <strong>de</strong> M.O) 1,700.000<br />

Total 21,631.000 sucres<br />

3,330.00 U.S.D<br />

4.3,2 Cobertura <strong>de</strong> costos <strong>de</strong> implem<strong>en</strong>tación y operación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema<br />

Para cubrir los costos <strong>de</strong> operación y mant<strong>en</strong>imi<strong>en</strong>to es necesario cobrar<br />

m<strong>en</strong>sualm<strong>en</strong>te a los usuarios <strong>de</strong> este servicio una tarifa que se <strong>de</strong>termina <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

sigui<strong>en</strong>te manera:<br />

Costo total <strong>de</strong> impiem<strong>en</strong>tación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> sistema: 36,373.79 + 3,330 = 39,703.79 U.S.D<br />

Número <strong>de</strong> usuarios 35<br />

Cuota por usuario = 39.703.79 = 1,134.39 U.S.D<br />

35<br />

Se estima un período <strong>de</strong> pago (n) igual a diez años (120 mese)<br />

La tasa <strong>de</strong> interés / para evaluación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> proyecto (<strong>en</strong> dó<strong>la</strong>res ) se consi<strong>de</strong>ra <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong><br />

12% anual (1% m<strong>en</strong>sual)<br />

Fórmu<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> cálculo <strong>de</strong> m<strong>en</strong>sualida<strong>de</strong>s (M): M = CE<br />

Por lo tanto se ti<strong>en</strong>e:<br />

' 0.01(1 +0.01)120<br />

M = 1,134.39<br />

(1 + 0.01)120-1<br />

i(I + i)<br />

= 16.27 dó<strong>la</strong>res/mes durante 10 años<br />

112


CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES.-<br />

Muchos <strong>de</strong> los servicios no vocales requier<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> un nuevo equipo terminal<br />

ubicado <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s insta<strong>la</strong>ciones <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> abonado, como <strong>en</strong> el caso <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono,<br />

que requiere <strong>de</strong> un aparato especial para <strong>la</strong> comunicación ví<strong>de</strong>o telefónica. Asi<br />

pues cada aparato <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o telefonía osci<strong>la</strong> <strong>en</strong>tre los $700 a $1200 U.S.D.<br />

Para fom<strong>en</strong>tar <strong>la</strong> utilización <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> nuevo servicio, pue<strong>de</strong> ser necesario suministrar<br />

el equipo <strong>de</strong> insta<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> abonado con una formu<strong>la</strong> conv<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>te y económica.<br />

Se pue<strong>de</strong>n dar varias alternativas para <strong>la</strong> adquisición <strong>de</strong> este tipo <strong>de</strong> aparatos<br />

tales como:<br />

1) ofrecer el equipo a precio <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> mercado;<br />

2) arr<strong>en</strong>dar el equipo;<br />

3) v<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r e! equipo al precio <strong>de</strong> promoción para estimu<strong>la</strong>r <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda; u<br />

4) ofrecer el equipo gratuitam<strong>en</strong>te.<br />

Los costos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> dos últimas opciones pue<strong>de</strong>n cubrirse con los ingresos que<br />

g<strong>en</strong>er<strong>en</strong> los costos por prestación <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> servicio o ser comp<strong>en</strong>sados por otros<br />

inversionistas <strong>en</strong> los servicios que t<strong>en</strong>gan productos conexos o que se<br />

b<strong>en</strong>efici<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> los nuevos servicios no vocales.<br />

En este estudio es importante consi<strong>de</strong>rar el hecho <strong>de</strong> que <strong>en</strong> el servicio <strong>de</strong><br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o teléfono, el número <strong>de</strong> abonados comparado con el número <strong>de</strong> abonados<br />

<strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> servicio telefónico normal será evi<strong>de</strong>ntem<strong>en</strong>te inferior, por lo tanto estos<br />

aparatos <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> ser totalm<strong>en</strong>te compatibles con los teléfonos normales a fin <strong>de</strong><br />

evitar que los abonados al ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfono puedan comunicarse únicam<strong>en</strong>te<br />

<strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> un grupo cerrado <strong>de</strong> usuarios, esta condición <strong>de</strong> compatibilidad <strong>de</strong>be<br />

cumplirse in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> tecnología usada (análoga, digital, RDSI)<br />

<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> c<strong>en</strong>tral local a <strong>la</strong> que esté conectado el abonado.<br />

114


Las normas <strong>de</strong> codificación <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es son cruciales para el crecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong><br />

los servicios visuales y sistemas <strong>de</strong> comunicación, sin ellos, <strong>la</strong> comunicación<br />

<strong>en</strong>tre los terminales y los sistemas llegan a ser extremadam<strong>en</strong>te l<strong>en</strong>ta, y<br />

costosa. Las normas JBIG, JPEG, Px64 y MPEG suministran algoritmos <strong>de</strong><br />

compresión para todos los tipos <strong>de</strong> imág<strong>en</strong>es que pue<strong>de</strong>n ser llevadas <strong>en</strong><br />

servicios multimedia<br />

El mercado <strong>de</strong> los productos multimedia <strong>en</strong> especial <strong>en</strong> lo que ti<strong>en</strong>e que ver con<br />

comunicación audio-visual, esta recién empezando a emerger. Sin embargo, los<br />

estudios <strong>de</strong> mercado realizados a nivel mundial, indican que estos servicios<br />

ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> una <strong>de</strong>manda cada vez mayor, y si a esto le añadimos <strong>la</strong> reducción <strong>de</strong><br />

costos <strong>de</strong> los equipos, y <strong>la</strong> ampliación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s características <strong>de</strong> los productos, el<br />

futuro <strong>de</strong> éste tipo <strong>de</strong> servicios parece estar asegurado. Adicionalm<strong>en</strong>te el<br />

increm<strong>en</strong>to <strong>en</strong> el <strong>de</strong>sarrollo tecnológico tanto <strong>en</strong> software como <strong>en</strong> hardware<br />

con flexibilidad <strong>en</strong> el diseño, con po<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong> modificación y reutilización, y una<br />

rápida introducción <strong>de</strong> estos productos <strong>en</strong> el mercado hac<strong>en</strong> prever un futuro<br />

muy promisorio para el <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> este tipo <strong>de</strong> tecnología.<br />

Como se m<strong>en</strong>cionó anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te, para satisfacción <strong>de</strong> los usuarios se necesita<br />

<strong>de</strong> aplicaciones que reúnan <strong>la</strong> especial <strong>de</strong>manda que últimam<strong>en</strong>te se esta<br />

creando <strong>en</strong> el mercado universal <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s aplicaciones multim<strong>en</strong>dia. Los bajos<br />

costos se lograrán por medio <strong>de</strong> incorporar nuevas tecnologías <strong>en</strong> circuitos<br />

integrados y por un <strong>de</strong>sarrollo funcional tanto <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> hardware como <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> software.<br />

Se <strong>de</strong>be tomar <strong>en</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ta también que se <strong>de</strong>be crear productos que estén<br />

regu<strong>la</strong>dos bajo estándares globales <strong>de</strong> comunicación, que jugarán un rol<br />

importante para <strong>la</strong> intercomunicación e interconexión con difer<strong>en</strong>tes aparatos<br />

<strong>de</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes tecnologías como <strong>la</strong>s máquinas <strong>de</strong> Fax, <strong>la</strong>s PCs, los VCRs, etc..<br />

Para los sigui<strong>en</strong>tes años el <strong>de</strong>sarrollo y características <strong>de</strong> los ví<strong>de</strong>o teléfonos<br />

será tal que se continuará <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> mejora <strong>de</strong> tecnología y los precios <strong>de</strong> estos<br />

115


RED PRINCIPAL<br />

SIMBOLIGIA<br />

MC = Main Cross-Connect<br />

1C = Intermedíate Cross-Connecct<br />

~ Conector Mecánico<br />

= Conector


6 Piso<br />

SIMBOLOGIA<br />

EH3 = Hub<br />

= Eiem<strong>en</strong>ío Activo<br />

Vv = Conector<br />

DIAGRAMA VERTICAL<br />

TC<br />

Área <strong>de</strong> Trabajo<br />

Cableado Horizontal<br />

'—Equipos Activos<br />

'—Cableado <strong>de</strong> backbone


EQUIPOS Y COMPONENTES DEL SISTEMA<br />

TC


Calle Japón<br />

MAPA DE UBICACIÓN<br />

0<br />

9<br />

CÑ C<br />

Manhole.<br />

0<br />

e<br />

15m I ^Jj<br />

50m<br />

38m<br />

<strong>de</strong> V<br />

sp<br />

0<br />

SIMBQLQGIA<br />

Poste Exist<strong>en</strong>te<br />

<strong>de</strong><br />

Au. Amazonas<br />

Is<strong>la</strong> Isabe<strong>la</strong><br />

Is<strong>la</strong> San Cristoba<br />

Pozo <strong>de</strong> acometida (por construir)<br />

Manhote (punto <strong>de</strong> empalmes)<br />

Cable <strong>de</strong> Fibra Óptica


INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION<br />

ITU-T H.221<br />

TELECOMMUNICATION (03/93)<br />

STANDARDIZARON SECTOR<br />

OF ITU<br />

LINE TRANSMISSION OF NON-TELEPHONE<br />

SIGNÁIS<br />

FRAME STRUCTURE FOR<br />

A 64 TO 1920 kbit/s CHANNEL<br />

IN AUDIOVISUAL TELESERVICES<br />

ITU-T Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221<br />

{Previously "CCITT Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation")


FOREWORD<br />

e ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a perman<strong>en</strong>t organ of the International Telecommícation<br />

Union. The ITU-T is responsible for study ing technical, operatíng and tariff questions and issuing<br />

comm<strong>en</strong>dations on them with a víew to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwi<strong>de</strong> basis.<br />

e World Telecommunication Standardization Confer<strong>en</strong>ce (WTSC), which meets every four years, establlshed the topics<br />

• study by the ITU-T Study Groups whích, in their tum, produce Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations on these topics.<br />

U-T Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 was revised by the ITU-T Study Group XV (1988-1993) and was approved by the WTSC<br />

elsinkí, March 1-12, 1993).<br />

NOTES<br />

As a consequ<strong>en</strong>ce of a reform process within the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the CCITT<br />

ised to exist as of 28 February 1993. In its p<strong>la</strong>ce, the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) was<br />

;ated as of 1 March 1993. Simi<strong>la</strong>rly, in this reform process, the CCIR and the IFRB have be<strong>en</strong> rep<strong>la</strong>ced by the<br />

diocommunication Sector.<br />

or<strong>de</strong>r not to <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y publicatíon of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation, no change has be<strong>en</strong> ma<strong>de</strong> in the text to refer<strong>en</strong>ces containing<br />

acronyms "CCITT, CCIR or IFRB" or their associated <strong>en</strong>tities such as Pl<strong>en</strong>ary Assembly, Secretariat, etc. Future<br />

tions of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation will contain the proper terminology re<strong>la</strong>ted to the new ITU structure.<br />

In this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation, the expression "Administration" ís used for concis<strong>en</strong>ess to indícate both a<br />

¡communícation administration and a recognized operating ag<strong>en</strong>cy.<br />

© ITU 1994<br />

, rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or<br />

chanical, including photocopying and microfilm, wilhout perraission in writing from the ITU.


CONTENTS<br />

Basic principie • • 1<br />

1.1 Frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t signal (FAS) 1<br />

1.2 Bit-rate allocatíon signal (BASJ 2<br />

1.3 Encryption control signal (ECS) 2<br />

1.4 Remaining capacíty 2<br />

Frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t 3<br />

2.1 G<strong>en</strong>eral..,, 3<br />

2.2 Multiframe structure 4<br />

2.3 Loss and recovery of frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t 5<br />

2.4 Loss and recovery of multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t.....í 6<br />

2.5 Procedure to recover octet timing from frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t 6<br />

2.6 Description of the CRC4 procedure ." 7<br />

2.7 Synchronízation of múltiple connectlons , 8<br />

Bit-rate allocatíon signal 9<br />

3.1 Encoding of the BAS 9<br />

3.2 Valúes of the BAS 10<br />

3.3 Procedures for the use of BAS 15<br />

,nex A — Definitions and tables of BAS valúes 15<br />

A.l Audiocommand valúes (000) 17<br />

A.2 Transfer-rate command valúes (001) 18<br />

A.3 Vi<strong>de</strong>o, <strong>en</strong>cryption, loop and other commands (010) 19<br />

A.4 LSD/MLP commands (Olí) 20<br />

A.5 Audio capabilities (100) 21<br />

A.6 Vi<strong>de</strong>o, MEE and <strong>en</strong>cryption capabilities (101) 21<br />

A.7 Transfer-rate capabilities (100) 22<br />

A.S LSD/MLP capabilities (101) 22<br />

A.9 Escape table valúes (111)......... 23<br />

A.10 HSD/H-MLP capabilities (111) [10000]-(101) 23<br />

A.11 HSD/H-MLP commands (111) [10000]-(0 11) 24<br />

A.12 Applications within LSD/HSD channels- capabilities (111) [10010]-(101) 25<br />

A.13 Applications within LSD/HSD channels - commands (111) [10010]-(011) 25<br />

nex B — Frame structure for ínterworking betwe<strong>en</strong> a 64 kbit/s terminal and a 56 kbit/s terminal 26<br />

B.l Sub-channel arrangem<strong>en</strong>t. 26<br />

B.2 Operation of the 64 kbit/s terminal 26<br />

B.3 Restriction against some communicatíon mo<strong>de</strong>s 26<br />

B.4 Audio command co<strong>de</strong>s (000) 26<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93)<br />

Page


INTRODÜCTION<br />

e purpose of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation Ís to <strong>de</strong>fine a frame structure for audiovisual teleservices ín single or múltiple B or<br />

channels or a single HH or H12 channel whích makes the best use of the characteristics and properties of the audio and<br />

Íeo <strong>en</strong>coding algorithms, of the transmissíon frame structure and of the exísting Recomm<strong>en</strong>datíons. It offers several<br />

vantages:<br />

— It takes into account Recomm<strong>en</strong>datíons such as G.704, X.30/1,461, etc. It may allow the use of existing<br />

hardware or software.<br />

- It is simple, economic and flexible. It may be implem<strong>en</strong>ted on a simple microprocessor using well-known<br />

hardware principies.<br />

— It ís a synchronous procedure. The exact tíme of a configuration change is the same in the transmitter and<br />

the receiver. Configuratíons can be changed at20 ms ¡ntervals.<br />

- Itneeds no retum Hnk for audiovisual signal transmissíon, sínce a configuration is signalled by repeatedly<br />

Iransmitted co<strong>de</strong>words.<br />

- It is very secure in case of transmission errors, since the co<strong>de</strong> controlling the multiplex is protected by a<br />

double-error correcting co<strong>de</strong>.<br />

- It allows the synchronization of múltiple 64 kbit/s or 384 kbit/s connections and the control of the<br />

multiplexing of audio, vi<strong>de</strong>o, data and other signáis within the synchronized multiconnection structure in<br />

the case of multimedia servíces such as ví<strong>de</strong>oconfer<strong>en</strong>ce.<br />

- It can be used to <strong>de</strong>rive octet synchronization in networks where this is not provi<strong>de</strong>d by other means.<br />

— It can be used in multipoint configurations, where no dialogue is nee<strong>de</strong>d to negotiate the use of a data<br />

channel.<br />

- It pro vi<strong>de</strong>s a varíety of data bit-rates (from 300 bit/s up to almost2 Mbit/s) to the user.<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93)


comm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221<br />

FRAME STRÜCTÜRE FOR A 64 TO 1920 kbit/s CHANNEL<br />

IN AUDIOVISUAL TELESERVICES1'<br />

Basic principie<br />

(revised 1990 and'at Helsinki, 1993)<br />

is Recomra<strong>en</strong>datíon provi<strong>de</strong>s for dynamically subdívlding an overall transmission channel of 64 to 1920 kbít/s into<br />

ver rates suitable for audio, ví<strong>de</strong>o, data and telematics purposes. The overall transmission channel is <strong>de</strong>rived by<br />

ichronízing and or<strong>de</strong>ring transmissíons overfrom 1 to 6 B-connections, from 1 to 5 H0-connect¡ons, or an HH or H¡2<br />

imection. The first connectíon established is the initial connection and carries the inítial channel in each dírection. The<br />

iitional connectíons carry additional channels,<br />

e total rate of transmitted information is called the "transfer rale"; it is possible to fíx the transfer rate less than the<br />

jacity of the overall transmission channel (valúes listed in Annex A).<br />

¡ingle 64 kbit/s channel is structured into octets transmitted at 8 kHz. Each bit position of the octets may be regar<strong>de</strong>d as<br />

ub-channel of 8 kbit/s (see Figure 1). The eíghth sub-channel is called the service channel (SCJ, consístíng of several<br />

ts as <strong>de</strong>scribed in 1.1 to 1.4.<br />

HO, HH or H|,2 channel may be regar<strong>de</strong>d as consisting of a number of 64 kbit/s time-slots (TS) (see Figure 2). The<br />

fest numbered time-slot Ís structured exactly as <strong>de</strong>scribed for a single 64 kbit/s channef, while the other TS have no<br />

¡h structure. In the case of múltiple B or Hg channels, all channels have a frame structure; that in the initial channel<br />

itrols most functions across the overall transmission, while the frame structure ín the additional channels is used for<br />

ichronization, channel numbering and re<strong>la</strong>ted controls.<br />

e térra "I-channel" is applied to the initial or only B channel, to TS1 of initial or only HQ channel, and to TS 1 of HI \,<br />

2 channels.<br />

Frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t signal (FAS)<br />

is signal structures the I-channel and other framed 64 kbit/s channels into frames of 80 octets each and multlframes<br />

F) of 16 frames each. Each multlframe is divi<strong>de</strong>d into eight 2-frame sub-multiframes (SMF). The term "frame<br />

jnm<strong>en</strong>t signal" (FAS) refers to bits 1-8 of the SC ¡n each frame. In addition to framíng and multiframing information,<br />

itrol and a<strong>la</strong>rm information may be inserted in the FAS, as well as error check information lo control <strong>en</strong>d-to-<strong>en</strong>d error<br />

formance and to check frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t validity. Other time-slots are allgned to the first.<br />

s bits are transmitted to Une in or<strong>de</strong>r, bit 1 first.<br />

l<strong>en</strong> an 8 kHz network clock is provi<strong>de</strong>d, FAS is transmitted and received in the leasl signifícant bit of the octei within<br />

h 125 microsecond, e.g. in an ISDN basic or primary rate interface. It should be noted that, where ínterworking<br />

we<strong>en</strong> the audiovisual terminal and the telephone is required, transmission using the network timing is ess<strong>en</strong>tial. In the<br />

eíver si<strong>de</strong>, FAS should be sought in all bit positions. If received FAS position conflícts with the network octet timing,<br />

FAS position is gív<strong>en</strong> priority. This may happ<strong>en</strong> wh<strong>en</strong> the receiver utilizes network octet timing while the transmitter<br />

is not as in a terminal using co<strong>de</strong>es sepárate wíth ISDN terminal adaptor, or wh<strong>en</strong> Ínterworking betwe<strong>en</strong> 64 kbit/s and<br />

kbit/s termináis takes p<strong>la</strong>ce.<br />

; FAS can be used to <strong>de</strong>rive receive octet timing wh<strong>en</strong> it is nol provi<strong>de</strong>d by the network. However, in the <strong>la</strong>tter case,<br />

terminal cannot transmít FAS wíth correct alígnm<strong>en</strong>t into the octet timed part of the network and cannot<br />

¡rcommunicate with termináis which rely only on network timing for octet alignm<strong>en</strong>t.<br />

TTiis Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation completely rep<strong>la</strong>ces the text of Recoram<strong>en</strong>dations H.221 and H.222 pubíished in Fascicle III.6 of the Biue<br />

Book.<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93) 1


Bit number<br />

1 2 3 * 5 6 7 8 (SC)<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

.<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

I<br />

#<br />

1<br />

S<br />

U<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

I<br />

*<br />

2<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

I<br />

#<br />

3<br />

S<br />

U<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

I<br />

#<br />

4<br />

FAS Frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t signal<br />

BAS Bit-rate allocalion signal<br />

ECS Encryptíon control signal<br />

Bit-rate allocation signal (BAS)<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

B<br />

]<br />

#<br />

5<br />

S<br />

U<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

I<br />

#<br />

6<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

I<br />

tí<br />

7<br />

FIGURE 1/H.221<br />

FAS<br />

BAS<br />

ECS<br />

Frame structure of a single 64 kbit/s (B-channel<br />

#<br />

&<br />

1 Octet number<br />

:<br />

8<br />

9<br />

:<br />

16<br />

17<br />

:<br />

24<br />

25<br />

-<br />

•<br />

•<br />

80<br />

ts 9-16 of the SC in each frame are referred to as BAS. This sígnal allows the transmission of co<strong>de</strong>words to <strong>de</strong>scribe<br />

! capabílity of a terminal to structure the capacity of the channel or synchronized múltiple channels ¡n various ways, and<br />

command a receiver to <strong>de</strong>multiplex and make use of the constítu<strong>en</strong>t signáis in such structures. This signal is also used<br />

• controls and indications.<br />

NOTE - For some countries havíng 56 kbit/s channels, the net avai<strong>la</strong>ble bit rales will be 8 kbit/s less, Interworking betwe<strong>en</strong><br />

4 kbit/s terminal and a 56 kbít/s terminal ís establíshed accordíng to the frame structure in Annex B.<br />

Encryption control signal (ECS)<br />

future <strong>en</strong>cryptíon capability may require a <strong>de</strong>dicated transmission channel. It is anticípated that 800 bit/s should be<br />

>vi<strong>de</strong>d wh<strong>en</strong> required by allocatíng the bits 17-24 of the service channel. This reduces variable data and vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

nsmission rales herein by 800 bit/s, The 800 bit/s ¡s referred to as the ECS channel.<br />

I Remaining capacity<br />

e remaining capacity (including the rest of the service channel), carried in bits 1-8 of each ocíet in the case of a single<br />

kbit/s connection, may convey a variety of signáis within the framework of a multimedia service, un<strong>de</strong>r the control of<br />

i BAS. Some examples follow:<br />

- voice <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d at 56 kbit/s using a truncated form of PCM of Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation G.711 (A-<strong>la</strong>w or u-Iaw);<br />

- voice <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d at 16 kbit/s and vi<strong>de</strong>o at 46.4 kbit/s;<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93)


- voice <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d at 56 kb¡t/s with a bandwidth 50 to 7000 Hz (subband ADPCM according to<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation G.722); the coding algorithm is also able to work at 48 kbit/s - data can th<strong>en</strong> be<br />

dynaraically inserted at up to 14.4 kbit/s;<br />

— still pictures co<strong>de</strong>d at 56 kbit/s;<br />

- data at 56 kbit/s insi<strong>de</strong> an audiovisual session (e.g. file transfer for communicating betwe<strong>en</strong> personal<br />

computéis).<br />

125 microseconds<br />

1 2 3 4 S 6 7 6/1-2 6/7-1 6/1<br />

1<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

I<br />

#<br />

1<br />

2<br />

S<br />

U<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

I<br />

Frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t<br />

#<br />

2<br />

Audio 4- serv¡C9 channel<br />

3 4 5 6<br />

S<br />

U<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

I<br />

*<br />

3<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

I<br />

*<br />

4<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

I<br />

*<br />

5<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

I<br />

#<br />

6<br />

7<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

1<br />

*<br />

7<br />

8<br />

FAS<br />

BAS<br />

S<br />

U<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

1<br />

#<br />

8<br />

H0 n- 1<br />

Ht1 n - 4<br />

H12 n = 5<br />

1 Oclel number<br />

:<br />

8<br />

9<br />

:<br />

16<br />

FIGURE 2/H.221<br />

Frame structure of higher-rate single channels<br />

(H0, Hll3 H12 channels)<br />

G<strong>en</strong>eral<br />

80-octet frame l<strong>en</strong>gth produces an 80-bÍt word in the service channel. These 80 bits are numbered 1-80. Bits 1-8 of<br />

service channel in every frame constitute the FAS (see Figure 3), whose cont<strong>en</strong>í ís as follows:<br />

- multíframe structure (see 2.2);<br />

- Frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t word (FAW);<br />

- A-bit;<br />

E- and C-bits (see 2.6).<br />

17<br />

•<br />

•<br />

•<br />

80<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93)


e FAW consists of "0011011" ¡n bits 2-8 of the FAS in ev<strong>en</strong> frames, complem<strong>en</strong>ted by an "1" in bit 2 of the<br />

:ceedíng oda frame.<br />

e "A-bit" of the I-channel is set to zero wh<strong>en</strong>ever the receiver is in multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t, and is set lo "1" otherwise<br />

¡e 2.3); for additional channels, see 2.7.1.<br />

Successive<br />

frames<br />

v<strong>en</strong> frames<br />

dd frames<br />

[OTES<br />

See 2.2 and Figure 4.<br />

1<br />

{Note 1)<br />

(Note 1)<br />

2<br />

0<br />

1<br />

(Note 2)<br />

Bitnumber<br />

3 4 5 6 7 8<br />

0 1 1 0 1 1<br />

A<br />

(Note 3)<br />

Frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t word (Note 2)<br />

E<br />

(Note 4)<br />

Cl C2 C3 C4<br />

The fírst sev<strong>en</strong> bits of the frarae alignm<strong>en</strong>t word are ín the ev<strong>en</strong> frames. The eighth bit of the FAW in the odd frame ís the<br />

omplem<strong>en</strong>t of the first FAW bit in or<strong>de</strong>r to avoid símu<strong>la</strong>tion of FAW by a frarae-repetitive pattem.'<br />

A-bít: loss of multiframe alignra<strong>en</strong>t indication (O = alignra<strong>en</strong>t; 1 = loss).<br />

The use of bits E and C1-C4 ís <strong>de</strong>scribed ín 2.6 (O =no error or cyclic redundancy check (CRC) not in use; 1 = error).<br />

t Multiframe structure<br />

; Figure 4,<br />

FIGURE 3/H.221<br />

Assignm<strong>en</strong>t of bits 1-8 of the service channel in each frame<br />

:h multiframe contains 16 consecutive frames numbered O to 15 dívi<strong>de</strong>d into eighl sub-multiframes of two frames each<br />

e Figure 4). The multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t signal is located in bit 1 of frames 1-3-5-7-9-11 and has the form 0010] 1. Bit 1<br />

frame 15 remains reserved forfuture use. The valué Ís fixed at 0.<br />

1 of frames 0-2-4-6 may be used for a modulo 16 counter to number multiframes in <strong>de</strong>sc<strong>en</strong>díng or<strong>de</strong>r, The least<br />

níficant bit is transmitted in frame O, and the most signifícant bit ín frame 6. The receiver uses the multiframe<br />

nberíng to equalize out the dlffer<strong>en</strong>tial <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y of sepárale conneclions, and to synchronize ihe received signáis,<br />

; multiframe numbering is mandatory both in inítial and additional channels for múltiple B or múltiple HQ<br />

nmunications, bul it may or may not be inserted for single B or single H0 or HU/H¡2 for other Communications where<br />

chronization betwe<strong>en</strong> múltiple channels is not required.<br />

1 of frame 8 Ís setto 1 wh<strong>en</strong> multiframes are numbered and is set to O wh<strong>en</strong> they are not.<br />

1 of frames 10-12-13 must be used to number each channel Ín a multiconnection structure so that the distant receiver<br />

p<strong>la</strong>ce the octets received ¡n each 125 microseconds Ín the correct or<strong>de</strong>r.<br />

Drmation bits in the multiframe should be validated by, for example, being received consist<strong>en</strong>lly for three multiframes.<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93)


Multhrame<br />

Sub-multi frame<br />

(SMF)<br />

SMF1<br />

SMF2<br />

SMF3<br />

SMF4<br />

SMF5<br />

SMF6<br />

SMF7<br />

SMF8<br />

Frame<br />

0<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

5<br />

6<br />

7<br />

8<br />

9<br />

10<br />

11<br />

12<br />

13<br />

14<br />

15<br />

Channel number, least significan! bit in L1<br />

Channel 13 L2 L1<br />

Initial O O 1<br />

Second<br />

Third<br />

Sixth 1 1 0<br />

Reserved forfuture use set lo 0.<br />

E, C1-C4 As in Figure 3.<br />

1<br />

N1 '<br />

0<br />

N2<br />

0<br />

N3<br />

1<br />

N4<br />

0<br />

N5<br />

1<br />

L1<br />

1<br />

L2<br />

L3<br />

TEA<br />

R<br />

2<br />

. 0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

Bits 1 to 8 of the service channel in every frame<br />

-N4 Used for multiframe numbering as <strong>de</strong>scríbed in 2.2; set to O while numbering Ís inactive.<br />

3<br />

0<br />

A<br />

0<br />

A<br />

0<br />

A<br />

0<br />

A<br />

0<br />

A<br />

0<br />

A<br />

0<br />

A<br />

0<br />

A<br />

N4 N3 N2 N1<br />

Uultiframe number 0 0 0 0 0 (or numbaring inactiva)<br />

1 0 0 0 1<br />

2 0 0 1 0<br />

15 1 1 1 1<br />

Indícales whether muliíframe numbering ¡s active (N5 = 1} or inactive (N5 = 0).<br />

A The termina! equipm<strong>en</strong>t a<strong>la</strong>rm ís set to 1 in the outgoing signa! while an internal terminal equipm<strong>en</strong>t fault exists such that it<br />

cannot receíve and act on Ihe incoming signa!. Otherwise it Ís set to 0.<br />

FIGURE 4/H.221<br />

Assigntn<strong>en</strong>t of bits 1-8 of the service channel in each frame in a multiframe<br />

i Loss and recovery of frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t<br />

irae alignm<strong>en</strong>t is <strong>de</strong>fined to have be<strong>en</strong> lost wh<strong>en</strong> three consecutive frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t words have be<strong>en</strong> received with an<br />

4<br />

1<br />

E<br />

1<br />

E<br />

1<br />

E<br />

1<br />

E<br />

1<br />

E<br />

1<br />

E<br />

1<br />

E<br />

1<br />

E<br />

5<br />

1<br />

C1<br />

1<br />

C1<br />

1<br />

C1<br />

1<br />

C1<br />

1<br />

Cl<br />

1<br />

C1<br />

1<br />

C1<br />

1<br />

C1<br />

6<br />

0<br />

C2<br />

0<br />

C2<br />

0<br />

C2<br />

0<br />

C2<br />

0<br />

C2<br />

0<br />

C2<br />

0<br />

C2<br />

0<br />

C2<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93)<br />

7<br />

1<br />

C3<br />

1<br />

C3<br />

1<br />

C3<br />

1<br />

C3<br />

1<br />

C3<br />

1<br />

C3<br />

1<br />

C3<br />

1<br />

C3<br />

8<br />

1<br />

C4<br />

1<br />

C4<br />

1<br />

C4<br />

1<br />

C4<br />

1<br />

C4<br />

1<br />

C4<br />

1<br />

C4<br />

1<br />

C4


ime alignm<strong>en</strong>t is <strong>de</strong>fined to have be<strong>en</strong> recovered wh<strong>en</strong> the followíng sequ<strong>en</strong>ce is <strong>de</strong>tected:<br />

- for ihe fírst time, the pres<strong>en</strong>ce of the correct fírst se v<strong>en</strong> bits of the frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t word;<br />

- the eighth bit of the frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t word in the foliowing frame is <strong>de</strong>tecled by verifying that bit 2 is a 1;<br />

- for the second time, the pres<strong>en</strong>ce of the correct first sev<strong>en</strong> bits of the frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t word ín the next<br />

frame.<br />

Frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t is achieved but muitiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t cannot be achieved, th<strong>en</strong> frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t should be sought at<br />

other position.<br />

íi<strong>en</strong> the frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t is lost, A-bit of the next odd frame is set to 1 in the transmit direction.<br />

[ Loss and recovery of muitiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t<br />

iltiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t is nee<strong>de</strong>d to number and synchronize two or more channels, and possibly also for <strong>en</strong>cryptíon.<br />

rminals such as those having only single-channel capabilities whích have no use for the muitiframe structure must<br />

Qsmit the muitiframe structure, but need not check for multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t on the incoming signal: they may transmit<br />

:going A = O wh<strong>en</strong> frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t ís recovered.<br />

NOTE - Such a terminal cannot transmit TEA (see Figure 4).<br />

!er multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t has be<strong>en</strong> validated the other functions repres<strong>en</strong>ted by bit 1 of the service channel can be used.<br />

t<strong>en</strong> multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t of the distant terminal has be<strong>en</strong> signalled (A — O receíved) the distant terminal is expected to<br />

fe validated BAS co<strong>de</strong>s and to be able to interpret BAS co<strong>de</strong>s.<br />

.Mírame alignm<strong>en</strong>t is <strong>de</strong>fined to have be<strong>en</strong> lost wh<strong>en</strong> three consecutive multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t signáis have be<strong>en</strong><br />

eived with an error. It is <strong>de</strong>fined to have be<strong>en</strong> recovered wh<strong>en</strong> the multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t signal has be<strong>en</strong> received with<br />

error in the next multiframe. Wh<strong>en</strong> multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t is lost, ev<strong>en</strong> wh<strong>en</strong> an unframed mo<strong>de</strong> is received, the A-bit of<br />

next odd frame is setto 1 in the transmit directíon. It is reset to O wh<strong>en</strong> multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t is regained. It is reset in<br />

litional channels wh<strong>en</strong> multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t and synchronism with the iniual channel ¡s regaíned.<br />

Procedure to recover octet timing from frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t<br />

,<strong>en</strong> the network does not provi<strong>de</strong> octet timing, the terminal may recover octet timing Ín the receive direction from bit<br />

¡ng and from the frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t. The octet timing in the transmit direction may be <strong>de</strong>rived from the network bit<br />

ing and an internal octet timing.<br />

,1 G<strong>en</strong>eral rule<br />

receive octet tlming is normally <strong>de</strong>termined from the FAS position. But at the start of the cali and before the frame<br />

nm<strong>en</strong>t is gained, the receive octet timing may be tak<strong>en</strong> to be the same as the internal transmit octel timing. As soon as<br />

•st frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t is gained, the receive octet tímíng ¡s initialized at the new bít position, but it is not yet validated. It<br />

be validated only wh<strong>en</strong> frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t is not lost during the next 16 frames.<br />

2 Particu<strong>la</strong>r cases<br />

a) Wh<strong>en</strong>, ai the initiation of a cali, the terminal is in a forced reception mo<strong>de</strong>, or wh<strong>en</strong> the frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t<br />

has not yet be<strong>en</strong> gained, the terminal may temporarily use the transmit octet timing,<br />

b) Wh<strong>en</strong> frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t is lost after being gained, the receive octet timing should not change until frame<br />

alignm<strong>en</strong>t is recovered.<br />

c) As soon as frame and multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t have be<strong>en</strong> gained once, the octet timing is consi<strong>de</strong>red as valid<br />

for the rest of the cali, unless frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t is lost and a new frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t is gained at another bit<br />

position.<br />

Recomro<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93)


'.1 Múltiple B-connections<br />

S and BAS are transmitted in each B-channel (see Note).<br />

NOTE - The actual bit rates allowed by this Recoram<strong>en</strong>dation for these audio codíngs within a 64 kbít/s I-channel are 64<br />

156 Icbit/s, coramands (000) [4/5 and 18/19], respectively. Thus in a 2B audiovisual cali ít !s not permitted to transrait fraraed G.711<br />

lio in the I-channel and vi<strong>de</strong>o ín the additíonal channel. The two. channels raust be synchronüsed, the audio raust be set to 56 kbit/s,<br />

I wh<strong>en</strong> the vi<strong>de</strong>o is ON it musí occupy the reraaining 68.8 kbit/s.<br />

S operatíon is as follows:<br />

- multiframe numbering ís used to <strong>de</strong>termine re<strong>la</strong>tíve transmission <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y betwe<strong>en</strong> B-channels as <strong>de</strong>scríbed in<br />

2.2;<br />

- the channel numbers are transmitted as <strong>de</strong>scribed in 2.2 with the channel of the initial connection being<br />

numbered 1 and there being up to five additional connections;<br />

- the outgoing A-bit is set to 1 Ín the additional B-channel of the same connecüon wh<strong>en</strong>ever the received<br />

additional channel is not synchronízed to the initial channel;<br />

- wh<strong>en</strong> receive synchronlzation is achíeved betwe<strong>en</strong> the initial and additional channels by introducing <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y<br />

to align their respective multiframe signáis, the transmitted A-bit is set to 0;<br />

- the E-bit for each additional B-channel is transmitted in the additional B-channel in the same connection,<br />

because Ít re<strong>la</strong>tes to a physical condition of the transmission path.<br />

; BAS operatíon in additional connections is restricted to the transmission of the additional channel number and TTX<br />

e Recomm<strong>en</strong>datíon H.230) (thus the channel numbering of any additional connection must be s<strong>en</strong>t both in BAS<br />

ording to Annex A and in the FAS as in 2.2), while channel numbering of the initial channel is s<strong>en</strong>t only in FAS.<br />

i dístant terminal, upon receíving the A-bÍt set to zero with respect to sequ<strong>en</strong>tially numbered channels, can add their<br />

•acity to the initial connection by s<strong>en</strong>ding the transfer rate BAS in Annex A. The or<strong>de</strong>r of the bits transmílted in the<br />

.nnels is in accordance wilh the examples giv<strong>en</strong> in Figure 5.<br />

.2 Múltiple H0 connections<br />

S and BAS are transmitted Ín the fírst time-slot of each HQ-<br />

S operation is as in 2.7.1 except that the channel number is used to or<strong>de</strong>r the six octets received each 125 microonds<br />

with respect to the six octet groups received Ín other channels.<br />

¡ BAS operation in additional channels is as specified in 2.7.1.<br />

Bit-rate allocation signal<br />

Encoding of the BAS<br />

: bit-rate allocation signal (BAS) occupies bits 9-16 of the service channel in every frame. An eight bit BAS co<strong>de</strong> (b0,<br />

b2, b3l 64, b5, bg, b7) Ís complem<strong>en</strong>ted by eíght error correctíon bits (p0, p¡, P2- P3- P-4- P5< P6- P?) to ¡mplem<strong>en</strong>t a (16,8)<br />

ble error correcting co<strong>de</strong>. This error correcting co<strong>de</strong> is obtained by short<strong>en</strong>ing ine (17,9) cyclic co<strong>de</strong> wlth g<strong>en</strong>erator<br />

("normal:<br />

g(x) = x8 + xl + x6 -f x4 + x2 + x + 1<br />

The error correction bits are calcu<strong>la</strong>led as coefficí<strong>en</strong>ts of the remain<strong>de</strong>r polynomíal in the following equation:<br />

PQX1 "f píX6 = p2X5 + /73X4 + p4X3 + pSX2 + p6X + p1<br />

re RESg(x-)[f(x)'] repres<strong>en</strong>ts the residue obtained by dividing/(x) by g(x).<br />

BAS co<strong>de</strong> Ís s<strong>en</strong>t in the ev<strong>en</strong>-numbered frame, whíle ihe assoc<strong>la</strong>ted error correction bits are s<strong>en</strong>t Ín the subsequ<strong>en</strong>t<br />

•numbered frame. The bits of the BAS co<strong>de</strong> or the error correction are transmitted Ín the or<strong>de</strong>r shown in Table 2 lo<br />

¡d emu<strong>la</strong>tion of the frame alígnm<strong>en</strong>t word.<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93) 9


le <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d BAS valué is valíd if:<br />

Bít posítion<br />

9<br />

10<br />

11<br />

12<br />

13<br />

14<br />

15<br />

16<br />

TABLE 2/H.221<br />

Ev<strong>en</strong> f rara e<br />

bo<br />

- b3<br />

- the receiver is in frame and multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t, and<br />

b2<br />

bi<br />

b5<br />

b4<br />

b6<br />

b7<br />

Odd frame<br />

- the FAW In the same sub-multiframe was received with two or fewerbits in error,<br />

h<strong>en</strong>víse the <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d BAS valué is ignored.<br />

h<strong>en</strong> the receiver actually looses frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t, it may be advisable to undo any changes caused by the three<br />

;vÍously <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d valúes as they may well have be<strong>en</strong> erroneous ev<strong>en</strong> after correction.<br />

I Valúes of íheBAS<br />

,e <strong>en</strong>coding of BAS is ma<strong>de</strong> accordíng to a hierarchical attribute method. This consists of attribute c<strong>la</strong>ss (8 c<strong>la</strong>sses),<br />

ribute family (8 famílies), attríbute (8 attributes) and valué (32 valúes). The first three bits of an attribute repres<strong>en</strong>t its<br />

mber <strong>de</strong>scnbing the g<strong>en</strong>eral command or capability, and the other five bits i<strong>de</strong>ntífy the "valué" - the specific command<br />

capability.<br />

e followíng attributes are <strong>de</strong>fíned in the C<strong>la</strong>ss (000) and Family (000):<br />

Attribute<br />

000<br />

001<br />

010<br />

Olí<br />

100<br />

101<br />

110<br />

111<br />

Significarme<br />

Audio coding comrnand<br />

Transfer rate comrnand<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o and other comrnand<br />

Data command<br />

Terminal capability ]<br />

Terminal capability 2<br />

Reserved<br />

Escape co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

e valúes of these attributes are Usted and <strong>de</strong>fined Ín Ahnex A. They provi<strong>de</strong> for the followíng facilities:<br />

— transmission at various total rates and on single and múltiple channels, on clear channels and on networks<br />

subject lo restrictions to 56 kbit/s and its múltiples;<br />

— audio transmission, digitally <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d to various recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d algorithms;<br />

- vi<strong>de</strong>o transmission, digitally <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d to a recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d algorilhm, wilh provisión for future recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d<br />

ímprovem<strong>en</strong>t;<br />

- Low-speed data (LSD) within the I-channel, or TS 1 of a higher rale inilial channel;<br />

- High-speed data (HSD) in the highest-numbered 64 kbit/s channel or time-slots (excluding ihe I-channel):<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H-221 (03/93)<br />

P2<br />

Pl<br />

Po<br />

p¿<br />

P3<br />

P3<br />

P6<br />

P7


- data transmission within a multi<strong>la</strong>yer protocol, either in the I-channel (MLP) or in capacity other than the Ichannel<br />

(H-MLP);<br />

- an <strong>en</strong>cryption control signal;<br />

- loopback towards the network for maint<strong>en</strong>ance purposes;<br />

— signalling for control and indícations;<br />

- a message system for, Ínter alia, conveying information concerning equipm<strong>en</strong>t manufacturer and lype.<br />

,e command BAS attributes have the following signifícance: on receipt of a BAS command co<strong>de</strong> in one (ev<strong>en</strong>) frame<br />

d its error-correcting co<strong>de</strong> ín the next (odd), the receiver prepares to accept the stated mo<strong>de</strong> change beginning from the<br />

bsequ<strong>en</strong>t (ev<strong>en</strong>) frame; thus a mo<strong>de</strong> change can be effected in 20 milliseconds. The command remains in forcé until<br />

unterman<strong>de</strong>d (see 12/H.242), The bit positions occupied by combinations of BAS commands are exemplified in Figures<br />

to 5g.<br />

e capability BAS attributes have the following signifícance: they indícate the ability of a terminal to receíve and<br />

)perly treat the various types of signal. It follows that having received a set of capability valúes from the remote terminal<br />

terminal X must not transmít signáis lying outsi<strong>de</strong> that <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>red range.<br />

ilues [0-7] ofthe attribute (111) are reserved for setting the c<strong>la</strong>ss, and [8-15] for setting the family; the <strong>de</strong>fault valué is<br />

30) for both,<br />

ie next eight attribute valúes ofthe attribute (111) are temporary escape BAS co<strong>de</strong>s of single byte ext<strong>en</strong>sión (SBE). The<br />

¡t three bits ofthe temporary escape BAS form a pointer to one of eight possible escape BAS tables of 224 <strong>en</strong>tries each<br />

)<strong>de</strong>s beginning wíth 111 are not used in the escape BAS tables). Th<strong>en</strong> the next received BAS indícales the specific<br />

try Ín the escape BAS table.<br />

e valué (111) [24] is the capability marker (see 2/H.242) which is followed by normal BAS co<strong>de</strong>s, not by any escape<br />

lúes.<br />

e <strong>la</strong>st sev<strong>en</strong> attribute valúes ofthe attribute (111) are of múltiple byte ext<strong>en</strong>sión (MBE) and are used lo s<strong>en</strong>d messages<br />

specified in the Notes to Tables A.2 and A.3.<br />

Bit number<br />

7 8<br />

1<br />

2<br />

8<br />

9<br />

16<br />

17<br />

19<br />

143<br />

:<br />

:<br />

FAS<br />

BAS<br />

18<br />

20<br />

144<br />

FIGURE 5a/H.221<br />

Oc<strong>la</strong>l<br />

number<br />

Bit numbering and positíon for 14.4 kbit/s LSD<br />

16<br />

17<br />

18<br />

80<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93) 11


ec. G.711<br />

50<br />

1<br />

:<br />

57<br />

:<br />

106<br />

113<br />

120<br />

554<br />

50<br />

57<br />

106<br />

113<br />

121<br />

617<br />

:<br />

1<br />

:<br />

Audío bít rate<br />

ec. G.722, 64 kbit/s<br />

ec. G.722, 56 kbit/s<br />

ec. G.722, 48 kbit/s<br />

ec. G.728, 16 kbit/s<br />

Hígh-band audio<br />

low-band audío<br />

51<br />

2<br />

:<br />

58<br />

:<br />

107<br />

114<br />

121<br />

555<br />

51<br />

58<br />

107<br />

114<br />

122<br />

618<br />

:<br />

2<br />

:<br />

:<br />

52<br />

3<br />

:<br />

59<br />

:<br />

108<br />

115<br />

122<br />

:<br />

556<br />

52<br />

3<br />

:<br />

59<br />

:<br />

108<br />

115<br />

123<br />

619<br />

1<br />

MSB<br />

H<br />

H<br />

H<br />

Bit number<br />

4 5 6<br />

53<br />

4<br />

:<br />

60<br />

:<br />

109<br />

116<br />

123<br />

557<br />

53<br />

:<br />

4<br />

:<br />

60<br />

;<br />

109<br />

116<br />

124<br />

620<br />

See below<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>cUtion H.221 (03/93)<br />

54<br />

5<br />

:<br />

61<br />

:<br />

110<br />

117<br />

124<br />

;<br />

558<br />

55<br />

62<br />

111<br />

118<br />

6<br />

:<br />

:<br />

125<br />

:<br />

559<br />

FIGURE 5b/H.221<br />

56 kbit/s LSD<br />

5<br />

54<br />

:<br />

61<br />

:<br />

110<br />

117<br />

125<br />

621<br />

55<br />

6<br />

:<br />

62<br />

:<br />

111<br />

118<br />

126<br />

622<br />

FIGURE 5c/H.221<br />

62.4 kbit/s LSD<br />

2<br />

...<br />

H<br />

H<br />

H<br />

3<br />

...<br />

L<br />

L<br />

L<br />

-<br />

56<br />

63<br />

112<br />

119<br />

7<br />

:<br />

:<br />

126<br />

;<br />

560<br />

56<br />

63<br />

112<br />

119<br />

127<br />

623<br />

7<br />

:<br />

Bit nuraber<br />

4<br />

...<br />

L<br />

L<br />

L<br />

-<br />

FAS<br />

BAS<br />

Sub-channel 8<br />

FAS<br />

BAS<br />

120<br />

128<br />

624<br />

5<br />

...<br />

L<br />

L<br />

L<br />

-<br />

6<br />

L<br />

L<br />

L<br />

-<br />

Oclel<br />

numbQr<br />

1<br />

2<br />

16<br />

17<br />

18<br />

16<br />

17<br />

18<br />

7<br />

...<br />

L<br />

L<br />

-<br />

-<br />

8<br />

LSB<br />

L<br />

-<br />

_<br />

-


728 audio<br />

e LD-CELP 2.5 ms frarae consiste of the following 40 numbered bits:<br />

Co<strong>de</strong>word O, bit 9 (MSB) to bit O (LSB): 09,08,07,06,05,04,03,02,01,00<br />

Co<strong>de</strong>word 1, bit 9 (MSB) to bit O (LSB): 19,18,17,16,15,14,13,12,11,10<br />

Co<strong>de</strong>word 2, bit 9 (MSB) to bit O (LSB): 29,28,27,26,25,24,23,22,21,20<br />

Co<strong>de</strong>word 3, bit 9 (MSB) to bit O (LSB): 39,38,37,36,35,34,33,32,31,30<br />

iese are pacfced into two 8 kbit/s H.221 sub-channels by putting odd nurabered bits in the first sub-channel and ev<strong>en</strong> nurabered bits<br />

the second. This structure ¡s repeated four limes ¡n each 10 ras H.221 frarae as shown below. The ftrst co<strong>de</strong>word in each H.221<br />

une is th<strong>en</strong> always the first co<strong>de</strong>word in the speech co<strong>de</strong>r frarae also. The speech co<strong>de</strong>r synchronization can th<strong>en</strong> be <strong>de</strong>rived frora<br />

221 FAS (frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t slgnal). '<br />

Bit number<br />

Speech<br />

co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

frame 0<br />

Speech<br />

co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

trame 1<br />

Speech<br />

co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

frame 2<br />

Spaech<br />

co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

frame 3<br />

1<br />

09<br />

07<br />

05<br />

03<br />

01<br />

19<br />

17<br />

•<br />

11<br />

29<br />

•<br />

21<br />

39<br />

•<br />

31<br />

09<br />

07<br />

•<br />

33<br />

31<br />

09<br />

07<br />

-<br />

33<br />

31<br />

09<br />

07<br />

•<br />

33<br />

31<br />

2<br />

08<br />

06<br />

04<br />

02<br />

00<br />

18<br />

16<br />

•<br />

10<br />

28<br />

•<br />

20<br />

38<br />

•<br />

30<br />

08<br />

06<br />

"<br />

32<br />

30<br />

08<br />

06<br />

•<br />

32<br />

30<br />

08<br />

06<br />

"<br />

32<br />

30<br />

The 10 ms H.221 frame<br />

3 4 5 6 7 8<br />

FIGURE 5d/H.221<br />

Bit positions for audio<br />

F<br />

A<br />

S<br />

Octel<br />

number<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

-<br />

-<br />

-<br />

•<br />

•<br />

-<br />

-<br />

-<br />

•<br />

•<br />

•<br />

-<br />

•<br />

-<br />

•<br />

-<br />

•<br />

•<br />

-<br />

-<br />

•<br />

-<br />

•<br />

-<br />

•<br />

79<br />

80<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93) 13


B!t1<br />

M<br />

\<br />

A2<br />

3<br />

A3<br />

TS1<br />

Inltial channel .<br />

4<br />

A4<br />

5<br />

AS<br />

• •<br />

A<br />

6<br />

A6<br />

A A A A A A A F<br />

A<br />

S<br />

B<br />

A<br />

S<br />

V<br />

V<br />

\n H.221 (03/93)<br />

A<br />

•<br />

,7<br />

V1<br />

V9<br />

' V121<br />

•<br />

•V129<br />

V139<br />

V759<br />

8<br />

FAS<br />

BAS<br />

V130<br />

i<br />

i<br />

. « ;<br />

V2<br />

1<br />

V10<br />

V122<br />

V131<br />

2<br />

V3<br />

3<br />

V4<br />

FIGU5Í.E. 5e/H.221<br />

Bit positions for yi<strong>de</strong>o in two B-channels<br />

V<br />

TS2 '<br />

VI V.8<br />

V25 !<br />

V361<br />

V386 :. '<br />

V411<br />

V1961 • •'<br />

TS3<br />

V9 V16<br />

FIGURE 5Í/H.221<br />

128 kbit/s HSD ín H0 channel<br />

Additional channel , .<br />

TS4<br />

4<br />

V5<br />

V17 V24<br />

V48<br />

V3fl4<br />

V409<br />

• • V1984<br />

5<br />

V6<br />

6<br />

V7<br />

TS5<br />

D1 D8<br />

D17<br />

D241<br />

D257<br />

D1265 -•<br />

7<br />

-V81<br />

V1'6<br />

V128<br />

VÍ37<br />

•<br />

TS6<br />

8<br />

FAS<br />

BAS<br />

V138<br />

V148<br />

•<br />

V768<br />

D9 D16<br />

D32<br />

0256<br />

• • D1280


Initial B-channel<br />

A A A A A A F<br />

A<br />

S<br />

B<br />

A<br />

S<br />

V<br />

V<br />

V<br />

2nd channel<br />

V1 V7<br />

V29<br />

V421<br />

V450<br />

V483<br />

V2529 • •<br />

.3 Procedures for the use of BAS<br />

F<br />

A<br />

S<br />

B<br />

A<br />

S<br />

3rd channel<br />

V8 V14 F<br />

A<br />

S<br />

B<br />

A<br />

S<br />

4th channnel<br />

V15 V21<br />

V42<br />

FIGURE 5g/H.221<br />

64 kbit/s HSD in 6 x 64 kbit/s channels<br />

he use of BAS co<strong>de</strong>s is specified in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.242.<br />

Annex A<br />

Definitions and tables of BAS valúes<br />

(Thís annex fonns an integral part of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation)<br />

F<br />

A<br />

S<br />

B<br />

A<br />

S<br />

Sth channel<br />

V22 V28 F<br />

V56 A<br />

S<br />

B<br />

A<br />

V448 s<br />

V481<br />

V514<br />

• • V2560<br />

6lh channel<br />

DI D8 F<br />

D9 D16 A<br />

D121 D128 s<br />

S<br />

B<br />

A<br />

D129 D136<br />

D137 D144<br />

D633 • • D640<br />

he <strong>de</strong>finitions of BAS valúes are giv<strong>en</strong> below, and the corresponding numerical valúes are Usted in Tables A.l and A.2.<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93) 15


[0]<br />

[1]<br />

[2]<br />

[3]<br />

[4]<br />

[5]<br />

[6]<br />

[7]<br />

[8]<br />

[9]<br />

[10]<br />

[11]<br />

[12]<br />

[13]<br />

[14]<br />

[15]<br />

[16]<br />

[17]<br />

[18]<br />

[19]<br />

[20]<br />

[21]<br />

[22]<br />

[23]<br />

[24]<br />

[25]<br />

[26]<br />

[27]<br />

[28]<br />

[29]<br />

[30]<br />

31]<br />

(000)<br />

Audio coramand<br />

Neutral*'<br />

A-<strong>la</strong>w, OU<br />

Jl-Uw, OU<br />

G.722, mi*1<br />

Au-off.U1'<br />

(Note 2)<br />

(Note 2)<br />

Au-ISO-64<br />

Au-ISO-128<br />

Au-ISO-192<br />

Au-ISO-256<br />

Au-ISO-384<br />

A-<strong>la</strong>w, OF'><br />

Jl-Iaw, OF1'<br />

0<br />

•)<br />

G.722, ra2<br />

(Note 3)'><br />

G.722, m3<br />

(Note 3)'><br />

(Au-40k)<br />

(Au-32k)<br />

(Au-24k)<br />

G.728*><br />

(Au-


[0]<br />

[1]<br />

[2]<br />

[3]<br />

[4]<br />

[5]<br />

[6]<br />

[7]<br />

[8]<br />

[9]<br />

[10]<br />

[U]<br />

[12]<br />

[13]<br />

[14]<br />

[15]<br />

[16]<br />

[17]<br />

[18]<br />

[19]<br />

[20]<br />

[21]<br />

[22]<br />

[23]<br />

[24]<br />

[25]<br />

[26]<br />

[27]<br />

[28]<br />

[29]<br />

[30]<br />

[31]<br />

Var-HSD(R)<br />

H-MLP-62,4<br />

H-MLP-64<br />

H-MLP-128<br />

H-MLP-192<br />

H-MLP-256<br />

H-MLP-320<br />

H-MLP-384<br />

Var-H-MLP(R)<br />

64k<br />

128k<br />

192k<br />

256k<br />

3201c<br />

384Ic<br />

512k(R)<br />

768k(R)<br />

1152k(R)<br />

1536Ic(R)<br />

TABLE A.2/H.221<br />

HSD/H-MLP numerical valúes<br />

Capabilities (101)<br />

HSD-off<br />

Var-HSD(R)<br />

H-MLP-62.4<br />

H-MLP-64<br />

H-MLP-12S<br />

H-MLP-192<br />

H-MLP-256<br />

H-MLP-320<br />

H-MLPH-384<br />

Var-H-MLP(R)<br />

H-MLP-off<br />

64k<br />

128k<br />

192k<br />

256k<br />

320k<br />

384k<br />

512k(R)<br />

768k(R)<br />

11521c(R)<br />

1536k(R)<br />

Comraands (Olí)<br />

NOTES<br />

1 The column hea<strong>de</strong>r gives the attnbute <strong>de</strong>signation as bus (bfl, b]t b2); the left-hand<br />

column gíves the <strong>de</strong>cimal valué of bits [b3, b¿, bs, b^, b7], AI1 assigned valúes are<br />

reserved, as are valúes marked (R).<br />

2 Escape <strong>la</strong>ble reached by BAS (111) [16].<br />

1 Audio command valúes (000)<br />

r bilposition illustrations see Figure 4. Abbreviations "G.711" and "G.722" refer to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations.<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93) 17


;utral<br />

j-off, U<br />

a-off, F<br />

-<strong>la</strong>w, OU<br />

•<strong>la</strong>w, OF<br />

<strong>la</strong>w, OU<br />

<strong>la</strong>w, OF<br />

722, mi<br />

722, m2<br />

722, ra3<br />

i-40k<br />

i-32k<br />

i-2 4k<br />

i-l 6k<br />

i-


i Signal occupies one 64 kbit/s channel.<br />

X 64 Signal occupies two 64 kbit/s channels, with FAS and BAS in each.<br />

[06 X 64 Signal occupies three to six 64 kbit/s channels, with FAS and BAS ín each.<br />

14 Signal occupies 384 kbit/s, with FAS and BAS Ín the first 64 kbit/s lime-slot; the<br />

effective channel may be the whole of an HQ channel or the lowest numbered time-slots of<br />

an HU orHi2 channel.<br />

X 384 Signal occupies two channels of 384 kbit/s, with FAS and BAS in each.<br />

to 5 X 384 Sígnal occupies three to five 384 kbit/s channels, with FAS and BAS Ín each.<br />

136 Signal occupies 1536 kbit/s, with FAS and BAS in the first 64 kbit/s time-slot. The<br />

effective channel occupies the whole of an HU channel or the lowest numbered tíme-slots<br />

of an H¡2 channel.<br />

120 Signal occupies 1920 kbit/s, with FAS and BAS in the first 64 kbit/s time-slot. The<br />

effective channel occupies the whole of an H¡2 channel.<br />

18/192/256 Signal occupies 128/192/256 kbit/s, with FAS and BAS in the first 64 kbit/s time-slot.<br />

The effective channel occupies the lowest numbered time-slots of a channel with<br />

correspondíng or hígher capacity.<br />

2/768/1152/1472 Signal occupies 512/768/1152/1472 kbit/s, with FAS and BAS in the first 64 kbit/s tímeslol.<br />

The effective channel occupies the lowest numbered time-slots of a channel with<br />

corresponding orhigher capacity.<br />

jss-i.c. Designated "Initial channel", especially used following loss of the channel previously so<br />

<strong>de</strong>signated (see 7.2.3/H.242).<br />

<strong>la</strong>nnel No. 2-6 Numbering of additional channels - see 2.7.1.<br />

.3 Vi<strong>de</strong>o, <strong>en</strong>cryptioiij loop and other commands (010)<br />

¡<strong>de</strong>o-off No vi<strong>de</strong>o; vi<strong>de</strong>o switched off.<br />

,261 Vi<strong>de</strong>o on, to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.261: vi<strong>de</strong>o occupies all capacity not otherwise allocated<br />

by other commands; vi<strong>de</strong>o cannot be inserted in the I-channel wh<strong>en</strong> var-LSD or var-MLP<br />

¡s in forcé; examples are giv<strong>en</strong> Ín Figure 5e.<br />

Specifically, the vi<strong>de</strong>o rate in initial B-channel (framed) or TS 1 is: 62.4 kbit/s - audio rate<br />

- (800 bít/s if ECS is ON} - {MLP rate if ON} - [LSD rate if ON}.<br />

¡d-imp,(R) Reserved for vi<strong>de</strong>o on, to ¡mproved recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d algorithm.<br />

,<strong>de</strong>o-ISO Vi<strong>de</strong>o on, to ISO standard: vi<strong>de</strong>o occupies the same capacity as stipu<strong>la</strong>ted above for the<br />

case of H.261 vi<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

I/-ISO Composite audio/ví<strong>de</strong>o to ISO standard: the composíte signal occupies the same capacity<br />

as stipu<strong>la</strong>ted above for the case of H.261 ví<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

eeze-pic. Freeze-picture request (see Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.230, VCF).<br />

st-update Fast-update request (see Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.230, VCU).<br />

icryp-on ECS Channel active.<br />

icryp-off ECS channel off.<br />

NOTE - Wh<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>cryption is active, ít applíes to all Information bits in all channels of the<br />

connection, except bits 1-24 of the SG in the I-channel and the FAS and BAS posltions of the other<br />

channels; use of <strong>en</strong>cryption in conjunction with MLP ís for further study.<br />

4-loop Audio loop request (see Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.230, LCA).<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93) 19


id-Ioop Vi<strong>de</strong>o loop request (see Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.230, LCV).<br />

ig-loop Digital loop request (see Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.230, LCDJ.<br />

oop-off Loop off request (see Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.230, LCO).<br />

NOTE — Loopback requests are ¡at<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d for use by maint<strong>en</strong>ance staff.<br />

B-Hrj-comp To provi<strong>de</strong> for compatibility betwe<strong>en</strong> termináis connected to single HQ channel and six Bchannel<br />

accesses, the least significant bits of the first 16 octets of all tíme-slots of the HQ<br />

channel, except TS1, are not used; the HQ terminal must discard these bits from the<br />

incoming signal on receipt of this co<strong>de</strong>, and must set the same bits to "1" ín the outgoing<br />

signal.<br />

ot-6B-H0 Negates the command "6B-H0-comp".<br />

NOTE — Used, for example, Ín testíng.<br />

estrict To provi<strong>de</strong> for operation on a restricted network, and for interconnectíon betwe<strong>en</strong> a<br />

terminal on restricted and unrestricted networks: on receipt of this co<strong>de</strong>, a terminal must<br />

treat the SC as being in bit 7 of the 1-channel, and discard bit 8 of every other channel<br />

and/or time-slot; in the outgoing direction these bits are set to "1".<br />

erestrict On receipt of this co<strong>de</strong>, a terminal must revert to "unrestricted network" operation,<br />

treatíng the SC as being in bit 8 of the I-channel.<br />

,.4 LSD/MLP coraraands (Olí)<br />

or bit position illustrations see Figure 5.<br />

SD off LSD switched off.<br />

These LSD rates are not allowed if ECS channel is in use.<br />

In restricted cases, the starred bit numbers are reduced by one.<br />

)0 Low-speed data at 300 bit/s in SC, octets 38-40.<br />

200 Low-speed data at 1200 bit/s in SC, octets 29-40.<br />

300 Low-speed data at 4800 bit/s ¡n SC, octets 33-80.<br />

100 Low-speed data at 6400 bit/s in SC, octets 17-80#.<br />

)00 Low-speed data at 8000 bit/s in bit 7*.<br />

500 Low-speed data at 9600 bit/s in bil 7* and octets 25-40 of SC.<br />

MOO Low-speed data at 14400 bit/s in bit 7* and octets 17-80 of SC#.<br />

ík Low-speed data at 16 kbít/s Ín bit 6* and bit 7*.<br />

tk Low-speed data at 24 kbit/s ¡n bits 5*. 6* and 7*.<br />

lk Low-speed data at 32 kbít/s Ín bits 4*-71*.<br />

)k Low-speed data at 40 kbit/s in bits 3*-l*.<br />

!k Low-speed data at 48 kbit/s in bits 2*-7*.<br />

ík Low-speed data at 56 kbit/s in bits 1-7 (no framing in restricted case).<br />

L4k Low-speed data at 62.4 kbit/s in bits 1-7 and octets 17-80 of SC. If ECS channel is Ín use,<br />

the data rale is reduced to 61.6 kbit/s, but returns to 62.4 kbit/s if ECS channel is closed.<br />

I Recomro<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93)


ík Low-speed data at 64 kbit/s in bits 1-8, no framing.<br />

ar-LSD Low-speed data occupying all I-channel capacíty not allocated un<strong>de</strong>r other fixed-rate<br />

commands; cannot be invoked wh<strong>en</strong> other LSD is on, or wh<strong>en</strong> varíable-MLP ¡s on (may<br />

also be impractical wh<strong>en</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o is on in I-channel alone).<br />

Exact var-LSD rate: 62.4 kbit/s - audio rate - {800 bit/s if ECS is ON} - {fixed-MLP<br />

ifONJ.<br />

TI(R) Three co<strong>de</strong>s reserved for cornmunicatíng the status of the data terminal equipm<strong>en</strong>t<br />

ínterfaces.<br />

[LP-off MLP off in all channels.<br />

[LP-4k MLP on at 4 kbit/s in octets 41-80 of SC.<br />

ÍLP-6.4k MLP on at 6.4 kbit/s in octets 17-80 of SC; if ECS channel is in use, the data rate is<br />

reduced to 5.6 kbit/s in octets 25-80, but returns to 6.4 kbit/s if ECS channel is closed.<br />

ar-MLP MLP occupying all I-channel capacity not allocated un<strong>de</strong>r other fixed-rate commands:<br />

cannot be invoked wh<strong>en</strong> other MLP is on, or wh<strong>en</strong> variable-LSD is on (may also be<br />

impractical wh<strong>en</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o is on in I-channel alone).<br />

.5 Audio capabilities<br />

Exact var-MLP rate: 62.4 kbit/s - audio rate- {800 bit/s if ECS is ON} - (fixed-LSD<br />

if ON}.<br />

eutral Neutral capability: no change in the curr<strong>en</strong>t capabiliiies of ihe terminal.<br />

-<strong>la</strong>w Capable of <strong>de</strong>coding audio to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation G.711, A-<strong>la</strong>w.<br />

<strong>la</strong>w Capable of <strong>de</strong>coding audio to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation G.711, u-<strong>la</strong>w.<br />

.722-64 Capable of <strong>de</strong>coding audio to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation G.722 (mo<strong>de</strong> 1) and to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation<br />

G.711.<br />

.722-48 Capable of <strong>de</strong>coding audio to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation G.722 (mo<strong>de</strong>s 1, 2, 3) and to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation<br />

G.711.<br />

u-16k Capable of <strong>de</strong>coding audio, both to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation G.728 and Recomm<strong>en</strong>datión G.711.<br />

u-ISO Capable of <strong>de</strong>coding audio to ISO standard al all rates up lo 384 kbít/s.<br />

.6 Vi<strong>de</strong>Oj MBE and <strong>en</strong>cryption capabilities (101)<br />

CIF Can <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o to QCIF picture format, but not CIF (see Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.261) -<br />

this co<strong>de</strong> must be followed by one of the four minimum piciure interval (MPI) valúes<br />

below.<br />

7 Can <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong> ví<strong>de</strong>o to CIF and QCIF formáis (see Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.261) - this co<strong>de</strong><br />

must be followed by two MPI valúes, the first applicable to QCIF and the other to CIF<br />

format.<br />

Minimum picture interval (MPI) co<strong>de</strong>s are as follows:<br />

29.97 Can <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o, having a minimum picture interval . of 1/29.97 seconds, to<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.261.<br />

29.97 Can <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o, having a minimum picture interval of 2/29.97 seconds, to<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.261.<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93) 21


'29.97<br />

'29.97<br />

id-imp(R)<br />

i<strong>de</strong>o-ISO<br />

V-ISO<br />

[BE-cap<br />

ic-CF(R)<br />

[icryp.<br />

.7<br />

X H0<br />

H0<br />

18/192/256<br />

12/768/1152/1472<br />

.8 LSD/MLP capabilities (101)<br />

10 (to 64k)<br />

ir-LSD<br />

LP-4k<br />

LP-6.4k<br />

ar-MLP<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93)<br />

Can <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o, having a mínimum picture interval of 3/29.97 seconds, to<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>datlon H.261.<br />

Can <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o, having a mínimum picture interval of 4/29.97 seconds, to<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.26 I.<br />

Reserved for future ímproved recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d vi<strong>de</strong>o algorithm.<br />

Can <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o to ISO standard.<br />

Can <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong> composite audío/vi<strong>de</strong>o signal to ISO standard.<br />

Can handle multíple-byte ext<strong>en</strong>sions messages in the BAS posltion, those beginning with<br />

co<strong>de</strong>s in the range (111) [25-31], in addition to other valúes.<br />

Reserved for capability to accept non-zero c<strong>la</strong>ss/family escape co<strong>de</strong>s.<br />

Capable of handling signáis on the ECS channel.<br />

Transfer-rate capabilities (100)<br />

Can accept signáis only on one 64 kbit/s channel, one 384 kbit/s channel.<br />

Can accept signáis on one or two 64 kbit/s channels, and synchronize them.<br />

Can accept signáis on one to six 64 kbit/s channels, and synchronize them.<br />

Can accept signáis on one or two 384 kbit/s channels, and synchronize them.<br />

Can accept signáis on one to five 384 kbít/s channels, and synchronize them.<br />

Can accept signáis on a 1536 kbit/s channel, a 1920 kbít/s channel.<br />

Can work only at p X 56 kbit/s, rate-adapted to p X 64 kbit/s by moving the SC to bit<br />

posilion 7 and setting bit 8 to "one" in every channel or lime-slot; a constant "one",<br />

however, may be sel in bit 8 íf ít is known by out-of-band signalling prior to the<br />

connectíon that the restriction exists; this co<strong>de</strong> has the effect of forcing the remote<br />

terminal to work in the p x 56 kbít/s mo<strong>de</strong> (see Annex BJ.<br />

Capable of acting upon the corresponding command.<br />

Capable of accepting the transfer rate specífied by the corresponding command.<br />

Capable of accepting the transfer rate specífíed by the corresponding command.<br />

Can accept LSD at 300 blt/s (to 64 kbit/s) in the bit positions specífied against the<br />

corresponding commands.<br />

Can accept LSD variable rate ín the bit positions specífíed againsl the corresponding<br />

command.<br />

Can accept MLP at 4 kbit/s in the SC.<br />

Can accept MLP at up to 6.4 kbit/s in the SC,<br />

Can accept MLP at up to 64 kbit/s ¡n the I-channel.


.9 Escape table valúes (111)<br />

SD Hígh-speed data: a 32-co<strong>de</strong> table contamíng HSD capabílities and commands.<br />

,230 Control and indications: see <strong>de</strong>finitions in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.230.<br />

art-MBE First byte of (N +2) octet BAS message; the message format is;<br />

start-MBE//value of N (max = 255)//W bytes.<br />

S-cap First byte of non-CCITT capabílities message; the message format is:<br />

NS-cap//value of N (max = 255)//country co<strong>de</strong>5V/manufacturer co<strong>de</strong>*//(jV- 4) bytes,<br />

S-comm Fírst byte of non-CCITT command message; the message format ís:<br />

NS-comm//value of N (max — 255)//country co<strong>de</strong>5V/manufacturer co<strong>de</strong>*//(N - 4) bytes.<br />

ip-mark Capability marker - the first Ítem in a capability set- see 2/H.242.<br />

ata-apps Applications within LSD/HSD channels: a 32-co<strong>de</strong> table - see Table A.3.<br />

NOTES<br />

1 The valué of N is co<strong>de</strong>d by its binary repres<strong>en</strong>tatíon.<br />

1 The raost signifícant bit of each MBE message byte is transraitted as the b0 bit of BAS.<br />

.10 HSD/H-MLP capabilities (111) [lOOOO)-(lOl)<br />

•k to 1536k Can accept HSD at the specified rate in the bit positions specified against the<br />

corresponding commands.<br />

SD-other Reserved for otherHSD rates.<br />

ir-HSD Can accept HSD variable rate in the bit positions specified against the corresponding<br />

command.<br />

•MLP-62.4k Can accept MLP at 62.4 kbit/s in the bit positions specified against the corresponding<br />

command.<br />

•MLP-r Can accept MLP at r= 64/128/192/256/320/384 kbit/s in the bit positions specified<br />

against the corresponding command.<br />

ir-H-MLP Reserved for capability to accept H-MLP variable rate in the bit positions specified against<br />

the corresponding command.<br />

Country co<strong>de</strong> consists of two bytes, the first being according to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation T.35; ihe second byte and the terminal<br />

manufacturer co<strong>de</strong> of two bytes are assigned nationally.<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93) 23


[0]<br />

[1]<br />

[2]<br />

[3]<br />

[4]<br />

[5]<br />

[6]<br />

m [8]<br />

[9]<br />

[10]<br />

[11J<br />

[12]<br />

[13]<br />

[14]<br />

[15]<br />

[16]<br />

[17]<br />

[ÍS]<br />

[19]<br />

[20]<br />

[21]<br />

[22]<br />

[23]<br />

[24]<br />

[25]<br />

[26]<br />

[27]<br />

[28]<br />

[29]<br />

[30]<br />

[31]<br />

TABLE A.3/H.221<br />

Numerical valúes for applicalions in LSD/HSD channels<br />

Capabílities (101)<br />

i. •<br />

IS"O-SP baseline on LSD '' .<br />

ISO-SP.baseline on HSD<br />

ISO-SP, spatial<br />

ISO-SP progressive<br />

ISO-SP aríthraetic<br />

-<br />

Süirimage (Rec. H.261)<br />

Graphics" cursor<br />

Group 3 fax<br />

Group 4 fax<br />

y, i 20 LSD<br />

V.120 HSD<br />

,<br />

ISO-SP on in LSD<br />

ISO-SP on in HSD<br />

Coramands (Olí)<br />

Cursor data on in LSD<br />

Fax on ín LSD<br />

Fax on in HSD<br />

V.120 LSD<br />

V.120 HSD<br />

NOTES<br />

1 The column.hea<strong>de</strong>r gíves the attribute <strong>de</strong>signalion as bits (b0, bj, b2); the left-hand<br />

colurnn gíves the <strong>de</strong>cimal valué of bits [b3, b¿, b^, bfi' b7], AII assígned valúes are reserved,<br />

as are valúes raa'rked (R).<br />

2 Escape tableVeachedby BAS (111) [18].<br />

11 HSD/H-MLP commands (111) [10000]-(011)<br />

NOTE — In the cases of múltiple channels, the térra "highest-numbered líme-slot" refers to the highest-numbered channel.<br />

D-off HSD switched off; FAS and BAS restored in additional channels,<br />

k HSD on, Ín highest numbered channel/time-slot: FAS and BAS are removed Ín the case of<br />

múltiple B-channels.<br />

8/192/256k<br />

Dk<br />

Recorom<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93)<br />

HSD on in highest-numbered time-slots of an HQ or greater channel.<br />

HSD on in highest-numbered time-slots of an HQ or greater channel.


D-other<br />

r-HSD<br />

MLP-off<br />

MLP-62,4k<br />

MLP-28k<br />

MLP-192k<br />

MLP-256k<br />

MLP-320k<br />

MLP-384k<br />

r-H-MLP<br />

HSD on in highest-numbered H0 channel, or highest-numbered time-slots of a greater<br />

channel; FAS and BAS are removed in the case of muItiple-H(j channels.<br />

Reserved for other HSD rates.<br />

Reserved for high-speed data occupying all capacity, other than in the I-channel, not<br />

allocated un<strong>de</strong>r other commands: cannot be invoked wh<strong>en</strong> other HSD is on, or wh<strong>en</strong> var-<br />

H-MLP is on (may also be impractical wh<strong>en</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o ¡s on, the <strong>la</strong>tter th<strong>en</strong> being confined to<br />

the I-channel).<br />

H-MLP switched off (this does not affect I-channel MLP).<br />

H-MLP on at 62.4 kbit/s, occupying second 64 kbit/s channel except FAS and BAS<br />

positions.<br />

H-MLP on at 64/128/192/256/320 kbít/s in the lowest-numbered time-slots, (other than<br />

TS3) of an HQ or greater channel.<br />

H-MLP on at 384 kbit/s in time-slots 2-7 of a greater channel than HQ.<br />

Reserved for MLP occupying all capacity, other than in the I-channel, not allocated un<strong>de</strong>r<br />

other commands: cannot be invoked wh<strong>en</strong> other MLP is on, or wh<strong>en</strong> var-HSD ¡s on.<br />

NOTE- Wh<strong>en</strong> the "restrict" comrnand is in forcé the least significant bit of all octets covered by the HSD and H-MLP<br />

arnands is set to " 1", so the effective data rale is less than that indícated by the command.<br />

12 Applications within LSD/HSD channels - capabilities (111) [10010]-(101)<br />

)~SP baseline on on LSD Can accepl ISO-still picture (SP) baseline mo<strong>de</strong> on specified LSD rale.<br />

D-SP baseline on HSD Can accept ISO-still picture baseline mo<strong>de</strong> on specified HSD rate.<br />

3-SP spatial<br />

)-SP progressive<br />

3-SP aríthmetic<br />

llimage (H.261)<br />

aphics cursor<br />

aup 3 fax<br />

oup 4 Fax<br />

[20 LSD<br />

120 HSD<br />

Can accept ISO-still picture baseline and spatial mo<strong>de</strong>s.<br />

Can accept ISO-still picture baseline and progressive mo<strong>de</strong>s.<br />

Can accept ISO-still picture baseline and amhmetic mo<strong>de</strong>s.<br />

Can accepl s til I images <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d by the method <strong>de</strong>fined in Annex D/H.261 (See Note)<br />

NOTE - Admínistrations may use this optional procedure as a simple and inexp<strong>en</strong>sive method<br />

to transmit still images. However, Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation T.S 1 (JPEG) is preferred wh<strong>en</strong> the procedures<br />

for usíng T.81 wíthin audiovisual systems are standardized.<br />

Can handle graphics cursor data.<br />

Can accept group 3 fax.<br />

Can accept group 4 fax.<br />

Can accept V.120 terminal adaptation within an LSD channel.<br />

Can accepl V.120 terminal adaptation within an HSD channei.<br />

13 Applications within LSD/HSD channels - commands (111) [10010]-(OU)<br />

)-SP on in LSD ISO-still picture switched on in specified LSD.<br />

)-SP on in HSD ISO-still picture switched on in specified HSD.<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93) 25


irsor data on in LSD Cursor data swítched on in specified LSD.<br />

x on in LSD Fax switched on in specified LSD.<br />

x on in HSD Fax switched on in specified HSD.<br />

,120 LSD V.120 switched on in specified LSD.<br />

120 HSD V.120 switched on in specified HSD.<br />

Annex B<br />

Frame structure for interworking betwe<strong>en</strong> a 64 kbit/s terminal<br />

1 Sub-channel arrangem<strong>en</strong>t<br />

ie sub-channel arrangem<strong>en</strong>t is giv<strong>en</strong> in Table B.l.<br />

2 Operation of the 64 kbit/s terminal<br />

and a 56 kbit/s terminal<br />

(Thís annex forms an integral part of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation)<br />

le transmitter filis the eighth sub-channel wlth "1", whíle the receiver searches FAS at every sub-channel. lt should be<br />

ted that at the receiver si<strong>de</strong> stuffing bits "1" appear always at Bit number 8, but FAS and BAS appear at any of Bit<br />

mbers 1-7.<br />

3 Restriction against some communication mo<strong>de</strong>s<br />

nce the interworkmg bit rate becomes 56 kbit/s, the transmission mo<strong>de</strong>s using more than 56 kbil/s are forbid<strong>de</strong>n<br />

ceívers ignore these command BAS co<strong>de</strong>s). Facilities using the original sev<strong>en</strong>th sub-channel move to the sixth subannel.<br />

4 Audio command co<strong>de</strong>s (000)<br />

,e following are applicable ínstead of those in Annex A.<br />

¡utral Neutralizad ]-channel, contaíning only FAS and BAS; all other bits are to be Ignored at<br />

the receiver.<br />

i-off, U No audio signal, no framíng; bits 1-7 of the I-channel are avai<strong>la</strong>ble.<br />

i-off, F No audio signal, FAS and BAS in use; 54.4 kbit/s avai<strong>la</strong>ble for use un<strong>de</strong>r other<br />

commands.<br />

<strong>la</strong>w, U7 G.711 audio at 56 bit/s, A-<strong>la</strong>w truncated to 7 bits, no framing (mo<strong>de</strong> OU).<br />

<strong>la</strong>w, F6 G.711 audio at 48 kbit/s, A-<strong>la</strong>w truncated to 6 bits, with FAS and BAS in bit 7.<br />

<strong>la</strong>w, U7 G.711 audio at 56 kbit/s, Ji-<strong>la</strong>w truncated to 7 bits, no framing (mo<strong>de</strong> OU).<br />

|aw, F6 G.711 audio at 48 kbit/s, ]I-<strong>la</strong>w truncated lo 6 bits, with FAS and BAS ín bit 7.<br />

722, U8 Not possíble to transmit 8 bits per octet.<br />

722, U7 G.722 7 kHz audio in bits 1-7, 56 kbít/s (unframed).<br />

722, F6 G.722 7 kHz. audio at 48 kbit/s, in bits 1-6 (mo<strong>de</strong> 3).<br />

1-16 kbit/s Audio at 16 kbit/s to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation G.728 in bits 1,2 (mo<strong>de</strong> 7).<br />

ther] All other valúes reserved.<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93)


TABLE B.1/H.221<br />

Transmitter of the 64 kbit/s terminal<br />

Bit nuraber<br />

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (SC) 8<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

1<br />

#<br />

1<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

1<br />

#<br />

2<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

1<br />

#<br />

3<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

1<br />

#<br />

4<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b _<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

1<br />

#<br />

5<br />

S<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

1<br />

#<br />

6<br />

FAS<br />

BAS<br />

(ECS)<br />

#<br />

7<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1 Octet number<br />

:<br />

8<br />

9<br />

16<br />

17<br />

:<br />

24<br />

25<br />

NOTE- Cl, C2, C3 and G4 ¡n the FAS arecomputedforthe 160 septets.or 1120 bits.<br />

A frame<br />

structured<br />

by the<br />

56 kbit/s<br />

terminal<br />

Receiver of the 64 kbit/s terminal<br />

Bit number*'<br />

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8<br />

s<br />

u<br />

b -<br />

c<br />

h a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

1<br />

#<br />

3<br />

s<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

1<br />

#<br />

4<br />

s<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

1<br />

#<br />

5<br />

s<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

1<br />

#<br />

6<br />

pb)<br />

A<br />

S<br />

B<br />

A<br />

S<br />

#7<br />

•<br />

80<br />

s<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

I<br />

#<br />

1<br />

*) Synchronized with the octet tirning of the network.<br />

b' FAS may appear at any of Bit number 1-7.<br />

s<br />

u<br />

b<br />

-<br />

c<br />

h<br />

a<br />

n<br />

n<br />

e<br />

!<br />

#<br />

2<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 (03/93) 27<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1


INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION<br />

CCITT<br />

THE INTERNATIONAL<br />

TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE<br />

CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE<br />

LINE TRANSMISSION<br />

OF NON-TELEPHONE SIGNÁIS<br />

FRAME-SYNCHRONOUS CONTROL<br />

AND INDICATION SIGNALS<br />

FOR AUDIOVISUAL SYSTEMS<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.230<br />

G<strong>en</strong>eva, 1990<br />

H.230


FOREWORD<br />

The CCITT (the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee) is the perman<strong>en</strong>t organ of<br />

the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). CCITT is responsible for studying technical, operáting and tariff<br />

questions and issuing Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations on them with a view to staudardizing telecomnaunications on a worldwi<strong>de</strong><br />

basis.<br />

The Pl<strong>en</strong>ary Assembly of CCITT which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study and approves<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations prepared by its Study Groups. The approval of Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations by the members of CCITT<br />

betwe<strong>en</strong> Pl<strong>en</strong>ary Assemblies is covered by the procedure <strong>la</strong>id down in CCITT Resolution No. 2 (Melbourne, 1988).<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.230 was prepared by Study Group XV and was approved un<strong>de</strong>r the Resolution No. 2<br />

procedure on the 14 of December 1990.<br />

CCITT NOTE<br />

In this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation, the expressíon "Administration" is used for concis<strong>en</strong>ess to indícate both a<br />

telecommunication Administration and a recognized prívate operáting ag<strong>en</strong>cy.<br />

© ITU 1990<br />

All ríghts reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utüized in any fonn or by any means, electronic<br />

or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the ITU.


Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.230<br />

1 Introduction<br />

FRAME-SYNCHRONOUS CONTROL AND INDICATION SIGNALS<br />

FOR AUDIOVISUAL SYSTEMS<br />

Digital audiovisual services are provi<strong>de</strong>d by a transmission system in which the relevant signáis are<br />

multiplexed onto a digital path. In addition to the audio, vi<strong>de</strong>o, user data and telematic information, these signáis<br />

inclu<strong>de</strong> information for the proper functioning of the system. The additional information has be<strong>en</strong> named control and<br />

indication (C&I) to reflect the fact that while some bits are g<strong>en</strong>uinely for "control", causing a state change somewhere<br />

else in the system, others provi<strong>de</strong> for indications to the users as to the functioning of the system.<br />

The C&I may be categorized into three groups:<br />

a) cali control — these are treated in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations of the Q-Series;<br />

b) transmission frame-synchronous, or otherwise requiring rapid response;<br />

c) confer<strong>en</strong>ce, data, and Telematic control not requiring frame synchronism, governed by the multi<strong>la</strong>yer<br />

protocol (MLP) of Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.200/AV.270.<br />

This Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation conceras only those C&I coming in category b) which inclu<strong>de</strong>s a simplified set of<br />

confer<strong>en</strong>ce C&I for multipoint connections of simple termináis.<br />

2 Procedures<br />

There are two procedures: some frame-synchronous C&I are provi<strong>de</strong>d for directly as a bit-rate allocation<br />

signal (BAS) co<strong>de</strong>s in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221, while the remain<strong>de</strong>r require the use of an escape co<strong>de</strong>.<br />

2.1 C&I co<strong>de</strong>s provi<strong>de</strong>d in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H. 221<br />

The foliowing co<strong>de</strong>s, whose functions are <strong>de</strong>fined in section 3, are provi<strong>de</strong>d in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221:<br />

•— VCF, VCU (procedures for use in multipoint calis according to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.200/AV.243);<br />

— LCV, LCD, LCA, LCO (for maint<strong>en</strong>ance — no standardized procedures).<br />

In each case the co<strong>de</strong> is transmitted in the BAS position at an appropriate time.<br />

2.2 Other C&I co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

All frame-synchronous C&I co<strong>de</strong>s not Usted in section 2.1 are transmitted by a sequ<strong>en</strong>ce involving the BAS<br />

positions in two consecutivo sub-multiframes. In the fírst, the co<strong>de</strong> (111)[10001] is transmitted. In the second, the<br />

co<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>fíned in Table 1/H.230 is transmitted.<br />

It should be noted that only one symbol is transmitted by this method — the co<strong>de</strong> in the subsequ<strong>en</strong>t<br />

sub-multiframe is again treated as a normal BAS co<strong>de</strong>.<br />

3 Befinitions of C&I symbols<br />

The ftill <strong>de</strong>fínitions of these symbols are set out below and co<strong>de</strong> valúes in Table 1/H.230. (The first letter of<br />

the alphabetic co<strong>de</strong>-name indicates the type; the second is C for command, I for indication; the third is for the specific<br />

function.)


3.1 C&I re<strong>la</strong>ted to vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

VIS Vi<strong>de</strong>o Indícate Suppressed: mis symbol is used to indícate that the cont<strong>en</strong>t of the vi<strong>de</strong>o channel<br />

does not repres<strong>en</strong>t a normal camera image. The vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r may be without vi<strong>de</strong>o input or an<br />

electronically-g<strong>en</strong>erated pattefn may nave be<strong>en</strong> substituted.<br />

VÍA Vi<strong>de</strong>o Indícate Active: complem<strong>en</strong>tary to VIS. The vi<strong>de</strong>o source is the only one, or, in the case<br />

that more vi<strong>de</strong>o sources are to be distinguished, it is that <strong>de</strong>signated "vi<strong>de</strong>o No. 1".<br />

VIA2 Equival<strong>en</strong>t to VIA, but <strong>de</strong>signating "vi<strong>de</strong>o No. 2" as the source.<br />

VIA3 Equival<strong>en</strong>t to VTA, but <strong>de</strong>signating "vi<strong>de</strong>o No. 3" as the source.<br />

VIR Vi<strong>de</strong>o Indícate Ready-to-Activate: mis symbol is transmitted by a terminal whose user has <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d<br />

not to s<strong>en</strong>d vi<strong>de</strong>o unless he will also receive vi<strong>de</strong>o from the other <strong>en</strong>d.<br />

VCF Vi<strong>de</strong>o Command "Freeze-Picture Request": this symbol may be transmitted prior to the<br />

"vi<strong>de</strong>o-off" mo<strong>de</strong> switch, to prepare the vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r for this ev<strong>en</strong>t. This symbol is also<br />

transmitted by a multipoint control unit (MCU) prior to vi<strong>de</strong>o switching. On receipt, a terminal<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r should complete updating of the curr<strong>en</strong>t vi<strong>de</strong>o frame but subsequ<strong>en</strong>tly disp<strong>la</strong>y the<br />

froz<strong>en</strong> picture until receipt of the freeze-picture reléase control which is embed<strong>de</strong>d in the vi<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

VCU Vi<strong>de</strong>o Command "Fast Update Request": this symbol is transmitted by an MCU after performing a<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o switch. It may also be transmitted by a terminal at the start of communication wh<strong>en</strong> the vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

<strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r is first ready to receive. On receipt, the terminal vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r should <strong>en</strong>ter the fast-update<br />

mo<strong>de</strong> at its earliest opportunity.<br />

3.2 C&I re<strong>la</strong>ted to audio<br />

AIM Audio Indícate Muted: this symbol is used to indícate that the cont<strong>en</strong>t of the audio channel<br />

does not repres<strong>en</strong>t a normal audio signa!. The audio <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r may be without audio input or an<br />

electronically-g<strong>en</strong>erated tone may have be<strong>en</strong> substituted.<br />

AIA Audio Indícate Active: complem<strong>en</strong>tary to AIM.<br />

3.3 C&I for maim<strong>en</strong>ance parpases<br />

LCV Loopback Command, "Vi<strong>de</strong>o Loop Request": on receipt of this symbol, a terminal must connect<br />

the output of the vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r to the input of the vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r.<br />

LCD Loopback Command, "Digital Loop Request": on receipt of this symbol, the terminal must<br />

disconnect the output of the multiplexer from the outgoing path, rep<strong>la</strong>cing it with the input to the<br />

<strong>de</strong>multiplexer. In the case of múltiple B or HO connections, loopback is activated in each<br />

connection.<br />

LCA Loopback Command, "Audio Loop Request": on receipt of this symbol, the terminal should if<br />

possible connect the output of the audio <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r to the input of the audio <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r.<br />

LCO Loopback Command Off: on receipt of this symbol, the terminal must disconnect all loops and<br />

restore audio and data paths to their normal conditíon.


3.4 C&I re<strong>la</strong>ted to simple multipoint confer<strong>en</strong>ces not using MLP<br />

Note — Some of the following co<strong>de</strong>s may be cancelled by transmission of appropríate co<strong>de</strong>s as listed in<br />

Table 1/H.230 but not separately <strong>de</strong>fined here.<br />

MCV Multipoint Command Visualization-Forcing: transmitted by a terminal to forcé an associated MCU<br />

to broadcast its vi<strong>de</strong>o signal. (Used to transmit the picture of a chairman or VIP, alternatively to<br />

hold a picture source during the transmission of graphics.)<br />

MIV Multipoint Indication Visualizaron: transmitted by an MCU to indícate to a terminal that its<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o signal is being se<strong>en</strong> by other termináis (otherwise known as "On-air" indication).<br />

MCC Multipoint Command Confer<strong>en</strong>ce: transmitted by an MCU to a terminal. The terminal receiving<br />

MCC must make its outgoing transfer rate equal to its incoming transfer rate, and its outgoing<br />

audio rate equal to its incoming audio rate.<br />

Note — The command could also be used to invoke an on-scre<strong>en</strong> user indication.<br />

MCS Multipoint Command Symmetrical Data-transmission: transmitted by an MCU wh<strong>en</strong> setting up<br />

data broadcasting. On receipt, a terminal must prepare itself for data reception and <strong>en</strong>sure, by<br />

mo<strong>de</strong> change if necessary, that its outgoing data channel occupies the same capacity as its incoming<br />

data channel. A terminal in receipt of MCS cannot initiate data broadcasting.<br />

MCN Multipoint Command Negating MCS: transmitted by an MCU at the completion of data<br />

broadcasting. On receipt, a terminal must cióse any outgoing data channel which it has op<strong>en</strong>ed as a<br />

result of the previous reception of MCS. Following the <strong>en</strong>d of data reception and the receipt of<br />

MCN, a terminal is permitted to initiate data broadcasting.<br />

MIL Multipoint Indication Loop: an MCU has had iís ports extemally looped. The topic is for further<br />

study.<br />

MIZ Multipoint Indication Zero-communication: transmitted by an MCU to a terminal for information,<br />

with the meaning that no other termináis are yet connected to the MCU.<br />

MIS Multipoint Indication Secondary-status: transmitted by an MCU to a terminal for information, with<br />

the meaning that since other termináis of higher capability are participating in the confer<strong>en</strong>ce-call,<br />

this terminal will not necessarily receive all the signáis that are s<strong>en</strong>t to those other termináis (see<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.200/AV.243).<br />

MCA Multipoint Command Assign-tok<strong>en</strong>: possession of the tok<strong>en</strong> gives the holding terminal the right to<br />

give the MCU certain cornmands (see Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.200/AV.243).<br />

MCT Multipoint Command Tok<strong>en</strong>-c<strong>la</strong>im: s<strong>en</strong>t by a terminal to the MCU. The MCU acce<strong>de</strong>s to this<br />

c<strong>la</strong>im if the tok<strong>en</strong> is unassigned or has be<strong>en</strong> released.<br />

MCR Multipoint Command Reléase-tok<strong>en</strong>: s<strong>en</strong>t to the MCU by the terminal holding the tok<strong>en</strong> to give the<br />

MCU the authority to reassign the tok<strong>en</strong> to another terminal wh<strong>en</strong>/if it receives MCT.


4 Requirem<strong>en</strong>ts for C&I<br />

The C&I functions are <strong>de</strong>fined such that, un<strong>de</strong>r various appropnate circumstances, the audiovisual system<br />

will opérate in a fauH-free manner and also such that sympathetic pres<strong>en</strong>tation to users is possible. Some functions<br />

must therefore be mandatory, others optional. This section, together with the categorization in Table 1/H.230,<br />

c<strong>la</strong>rines the circumstances un<strong>de</strong>r which C&I functions are mandatory.<br />

CM <strong>de</strong>notes "conditionally mandatory": if the terminal (or MCU) is capable of <strong>en</strong>tering the giv<strong>en</strong> state,<br />

th<strong>en</strong> it must transmit the giv<strong>en</strong> co<strong>de</strong> and, wh<strong>en</strong> leaving that state, the complem<strong>en</strong>tary co<strong>de</strong>. If it has<br />

no such capabiiity it can ignore both.<br />

M <strong>de</strong>notes "mandatory" for all equipm<strong>en</strong>ts of either terminal or MCU type.<br />

X <strong>de</strong>notes "non-mandatory": on receipt of such a co<strong>de</strong>, it may be unrecognized, or recognized but<br />

not acted upon, or recognized and acted upon, <strong>en</strong>tirely at the discretion of the manufacturer or<br />

NA <strong>de</strong>notes that the co<strong>de</strong> is not applicable in that case.<br />

It will be noted that there are only a few mandatory requirem<strong>en</strong>ts on most terruinals. All audiovisual<br />

termináis must recognize and obey the command to make or break the digital loopback, and vi<strong>de</strong>o loopback if they<br />

have vi<strong>de</strong>o capabiiity. All termináis having a vi<strong>de</strong>o capabiiity must also obey fast-update, freeze-picture, and<br />

MCS/MCN, otherwise there will be system misoperation on a multipoint cali.


TABLE 1/H.230<br />

Co<strong>de</strong><br />

First 3 bits<br />

(000)<br />

(001)<br />

Last 5 bits in<br />

<strong>de</strong>cimal form<br />

[0,1]<br />

[2]<br />

[3]<br />

[4-15]<br />

[16]<br />

[17]<br />

[18]<br />

[19]<br />

[20-30]<br />

[31]<br />

[0]<br />

[1]<br />

[2]<br />

[3]<br />

[4]<br />

[5]<br />

[6,7]<br />

[8]<br />

[9]<br />

[10]<br />

[11-15]<br />

[16]<br />

[17]<br />

[18]<br />

[19]<br />

[20]<br />

[21]<br />

[22-30]<br />

[31]<br />

Valué<br />

Reserved<br />

AIM<br />

AIA<br />

Reserved<br />

VIS<br />

VÍA<br />

VIA2<br />

VIA3<br />

Reserved<br />

VIR<br />

MCC<br />

Cancel-MCC<br />

MIZ<br />

Cancel-MIZ<br />

MIS<br />

Cancel-MIS<br />

Reserved<br />

MCT<br />

MCR<br />

MCA<br />

Reserved<br />

MCV<br />

Cancel-MCV<br />

MIV<br />

Cancel-MIV<br />

MCS<br />

MCN<br />

Reserved<br />

MIL<br />

Transmit<br />

Terminal<br />

CM<br />

CM<br />

CM<br />

CM<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

MCU<br />

CM<br />

CM<br />

CM<br />

CM<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

M<br />

M<br />

M<br />

M<br />

M<br />

M<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

M<br />

M<br />

M<br />

M<br />

NA<br />

Receive<br />

Terminal<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

M<br />

M<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

X<br />

X<br />

M<br />

M<br />

NA<br />

MCU<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

M<br />

M<br />

M<br />

M<br />

M<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

M<br />

Refer<strong>en</strong>ce for<br />

procedures<br />

Section 3.2<br />

Section3.1<br />

Section 3.1<br />

H.320/AV.312<br />

H.320/AV.312<br />

H.320<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

H.200/AV.243<br />

(111) All co<strong>de</strong>s forbid<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Co<strong>de</strong> valúes listed<br />

in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221,<br />

Annex A<br />

VCF<br />

VCU<br />

LCV<br />

LCA<br />

LCD<br />

LCO<br />

X<br />

X<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

M<br />

M<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

M<br />

M<br />

CM<br />

X<br />

M<br />

M<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

NA<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

H.221<br />

H.221<br />

H.221<br />

H.221<br />

H.221<br />

H.221


INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION<br />

ITU-T H.242<br />

TELECOMMUNICATION (03/93)<br />

STANDARDIZARON SECTOR<br />

OF ITU<br />

LINE TRANSMISSION OF NON-TELEPHONE<br />

SIGNÁIS<br />

SYSTEM FOR ESTABLISHING<br />

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN AUDIOVISUAL<br />

TERMINALS USING DIGITAL CHANNELS<br />

UP TO 2 Mbit/s<br />

ITU-T Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.242<br />

(Previously "CCITT Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation")


FOREWORD<br />

Che ITU Telecommunication Standardizatíon Sector (ITU-TJ is a perman<strong>en</strong>t organ of the International Telecomnunication<br />

Union. The ITU-T ís responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing<br />

ilecomm<strong>en</strong>dations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwi<strong>de</strong> basis.<br />

rhe World Telecommunication Standardizaron Confer<strong>en</strong>ce (WTSC), which meets every four years, established the<br />

opics for study by the ITU-T Study Groups which, in their turn, produce Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations on these topics.<br />

TU-T Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.242 was revísed by the'ITU-T Study Group XV (1988-1993) and was approved by the<br />

VTSC (Helsinki, March 1-12, 1993).<br />

NOTES<br />

As a consequ<strong>en</strong>ce of a reform process withín the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the CCITT<br />

eased to exist as of 28 February 1993. In íts p<strong>la</strong>ce, the ITU Telecommunication Standardízation Sector (ITU-T) was<br />

reated as of 1 March 1993. Simi<strong>la</strong>rly, in this reform process, the CCIR and the IFRB have be<strong>en</strong> rep<strong>la</strong>ced by the<br />

Ladiocommunication Sector.<br />

El or<strong>de</strong>r not to <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y publícation of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation, no change has be<strong>en</strong> ma<strong>de</strong> in the texí to refer<strong>en</strong>ces containing<br />

le acronyms "CCITT, CCIR or IFRB" or their associated <strong>en</strong>tities such as Pl<strong>en</strong>ary Assembly, Secretariat, ele. Future<br />

ditions of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation will contain the proper terminology re<strong>la</strong>ted to the new ITU structure.<br />

In this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation, the expression "Administration" is used for concis<strong>en</strong>ess to indícate both a<br />

ilecommunication administration and a recognized operating ag<strong>en</strong>cy.<br />

© ITU 1994<br />

11 rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any ineans, electronic or


CONTENTS<br />

Introduction 1<br />

Terminal capabilíties ,. 1<br />

2.1 Audio capabilities „ 2<br />

2.2 Vi<strong>de</strong>o capabilities 2<br />

2.3 Transfer rate capabilities 2<br />

2.4 Data capabilities , 2<br />

2.5 Termináis on restricted networks: capability 2<br />

2.6 Encryption and ext<strong>en</strong>síon-BAS capabilities........... 3<br />

Transmission 3<br />

3.1 Transmission mo<strong>de</strong>s 3<br />

3.2 Establishm<strong>en</strong>t of compatible mo<strong>de</strong>s of operatíon 3<br />

Frame structure , 3<br />

Basic sequ<strong>en</strong>ces for in-channel procedures ., 4<br />

5.1 Capability exchange sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A 4<br />

5.2 Mo<strong>de</strong> switching sequ<strong>en</strong>ce B 5<br />

5.3 Frame reinstatem<strong>en</strong>t sequ<strong>en</strong>ce C 5<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong> inítialízation, dynamic mo<strong>de</strong> switching and mo<strong>de</strong> O forcíng 7<br />

6.1 Mo<strong>de</strong> ínitialization procedure 7<br />

6.2 Dynamic mo<strong>de</strong> switching...... 9<br />

6.3 Mo<strong>de</strong> O forcing procedure , 9<br />

6.4 Mo<strong>de</strong> mismatch recovery procedure , 12<br />

Recovery from fault conditions , 12<br />

7.1 Unexpected loss of synchronízation or frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t 12<br />

7.2 Recovery from loss of connection(s) 13<br />

Network consi<strong>de</strong>ration: cali connection, disconnection and calí transfer....... 14<br />

8.1 Cali connection............. 14<br />

8.2 Terminal disconnection ., 15<br />

8.3 Cali transfer 15<br />

8.4 Confer<strong>en</strong>cing , ,. 15<br />

8.5 PCM format conversión 15<br />

Procedure for activation and <strong>de</strong>-activation of data channels 16<br />

9.1 Data equipm<strong>en</strong>t not conforming to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.200/AV.270 16<br />

9.2 Equipm<strong>en</strong>t operating with an MLP according to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.200/AV.270 16<br />

9.3 Simultaneous transmission of low-speed data and MLP 16<br />

Procedures for operation of termináis in restricted networks 17<br />

10.1 Network aspects ., 17<br />

10.2 Refer<strong>en</strong>ce connections 17<br />

10.3 Transmission formats .• 17<br />

10.4 Interworking betwe<strong>en</strong> 56 kbit/s and 64 kbií/s termináis 19<br />

10.5 Interworking betwe<strong>en</strong> HQ orHn termináis in restricted and unrestricted networks 19<br />

Procedure for use of BAS-ext<strong>en</strong>sion co<strong>de</strong>s 19<br />

Bit occupancy and the sequ<strong>en</strong>cing of BAS co<strong>de</strong>s 20<br />

Procedure for <strong>de</strong>aling with 6B-Ho ínterconnection 22<br />

Page


¿Vnnex A — I<strong>de</strong>ntification of the <strong>en</strong>d of sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A , , , 23<br />

(\pp<strong>en</strong>dix I — Initialization: Case of vi<strong>de</strong>ophone-to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320, type Xb2/s 24<br />

íVpp<strong>en</strong>dix II — Mo<strong>de</strong>-0 forcing: Case of vi<strong>de</strong>ophone to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320, type Xbj/3 „ 27<br />

\pp<strong>en</strong>dix III - Example of use of message structure , 28<br />

111.1 Initial capability exchange, including MBE-cap 28<br />

111.2 Subsequ<strong>en</strong>t capability exchange, including MBE capabílíty message 29<br />

111.3 Mo<strong>de</strong> switch to non-standard mo<strong>de</strong> using MBE command , 29<br />

\pp<strong>en</strong>dix IV — Examples of symmetrical and unsymmetricaí transmission mo<strong>de</strong>s , 30<br />

IV. 1 Example of symmetrical transmission mo<strong>de</strong> 30<br />

IV.2 Example of unsymmetricaí transmission mo<strong>de</strong> 30<br />

Vpp<strong>en</strong>dix V — Examples re<strong>la</strong>ting to data transmissíons 30<br />

V.l Transfer-rate IB, audio at 48 kbit/s, no vi<strong>de</strong>o or vi<strong>de</strong>o off 30<br />

V.2 Transfer-rate IB, audio at 16 kbit/s, no vi<strong>de</strong>o or vi<strong>de</strong>o off.... 31<br />

V.3 Transfer-rate IB, audio at 16 kbit/s, vi<strong>de</strong>o on 31<br />

V.4 Transfer-rate 2B, audio at 48 kbit/s, vi<strong>de</strong>o on....... 31<br />

V.5 Transfer-rate 2B, audio at 16 kbit/s, vi<strong>de</strong>o on 31<br />

Vpp<strong>en</strong>dix VI - Hierarchical capability BAS co<strong>de</strong>s....... 32<br />

\.pp<strong>en</strong>dix VII - Interpretation of received audio capability BAS co<strong>de</strong>s 32<br />

^.pp<strong>en</strong>dix VIII — Examples of legal and illegal capability BAS sequ<strong>en</strong>ces 33<br />

Page


lecomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.242<br />

[ Introduction<br />

SYSTEM FOR ESTABLISHING COMMÜNICATION<br />

BETWEEN AUDIOVISUAL TERMINALS<br />

ÜSING DIGITAL CHANNELS ÜP TO 2 Mbit/s<br />

(G<strong>en</strong>ova, 1990; revised at Helsinki, 1993)<br />

^his Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation should be associated with Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations G.725 (System aspects for the use of the 7 kHz<br />

udio co<strong>de</strong>e within 64 kbit/s), H.221 (Frame structure for 64 to 1920 kbít/s channels in audiovisual teleservices)<br />

nd H.230 (Frame-synchronous control and indication signáis for audiovisual systems).<br />

L number of applications utilizing narrow (3 kHz) and wi<strong>de</strong>band (7 kHz) speech together with vi<strong>de</strong>o and/or data have<br />

ic<strong>en</strong> i<strong>de</strong>ntified, including high quality telephony, audio and vi<strong>de</strong>oconfer<strong>en</strong>cing (with or without various kinds of<br />

elematic aids), audíographic confer<strong>en</strong>cing and so on. More applications will undoubtedly emerge in the future.<br />

'o proví<strong>de</strong> these services, a scheme ís recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d ín which a channel accommodates speech, and optionally vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

nd/or data at several rates, in a number of díffer<strong>en</strong>t mo<strong>de</strong>s. Signalling procedures are required to establish a<br />

ompatible mo<strong>de</strong> upon cali set-up, to switch betwe<strong>en</strong> mo<strong>de</strong>s during a cali and to allow for cali transfer.<br />

lome services wíll require only a single channel, which could according to the procedures in this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation be<br />

! (64 kbit/s), H0 (384 kbit/s), Hn (1536 kbit/s) or H12 (1920 kbit/s). Other services will require the establishm<strong>en</strong>t of<br />

tvo or more connections providíng B or HQ channels: in such cases the first established is called hereafter the initial<br />

hannel while the others are called addítíonal channels, Unless otherwise specified, all refer<strong>en</strong>ces to frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t<br />

ignal (FAS), bit rate allocation signal (BAS) and service channel (SC) refer to the initial channel or, in the case of a<br />

ígher-or<strong>de</strong>r channel, to the time-slot No. 1 of this channel.<br />

Lll audio and audiovisual termináis using G.722 audio coding and/or G.711 speech coding or other standardizad audio<br />

odings at lower bit rales should be compatible to permit connection betwe<strong>en</strong> any two termináis. This implies that a<br />

ommon mo<strong>de</strong> of operation has to be established for the cali. The initial mo<strong>de</strong> might be the only one used during a cali<br />

r, altematively, switching to another mo<strong>de</strong> can occur as nee<strong>de</strong>d <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>ding on the capabilities of the termináis. Thus,<br />

or these termináis an in-channel procedure for dynamic mo<strong>de</strong> switching is required,<br />

'he followíng c<strong>la</strong>uses <strong>de</strong>velop these consi<strong>de</strong>rations and <strong>de</strong>scribe recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d in-channel procedures.<br />

Terminal capabilities<br />

'he procedures in this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation are mt<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d to <strong>en</strong>sure that only those signáis are transmitted which can be<br />

;ceived and appropriately treated by the remote terminal, without ambiguity. This requíres that the capabilities of each<br />

¡rminal to receive and <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong> be known to the other terminal. Some capabilities are <strong>de</strong>fined with a hierarchical<br />

Eructure; a terminal with capability valué N is th<strong>en</strong> also capable of all lower valúes. Where there Ís no hierarchy, th<strong>en</strong><br />

¡vo or more co<strong>de</strong>s of the same type may have to be transmitted in successive frames.<br />

'he following subc<strong>la</strong>uses <strong>de</strong>fine audio, ví<strong>de</strong>o, transfer rate, and data rate capabilities of a terminal. It Ís not necessary<br />

<strong>la</strong>t a terminal un<strong>de</strong>rstand or store all íncoming capabilities. Those which are not un<strong>de</strong>rstood, or which cannot be used<br />

secause the terminal has no means to transmít corresponding information), can be ignored.


'he total capability of a terminal to receive and <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong> various signáis is ma<strong>de</strong> known to the other terminal by<br />

ransmission (see 5.1) of its capability set, consisting of the BAS-capability marker followed by all of the curr<strong>en</strong>t<br />

apabilities. The co<strong>de</strong>s are specified in Annex A/H.221; Table 1 (see 12) summarizes the capabilities which may be<br />

aclu<strong>de</strong>d in a valid set. The transmission or<strong>de</strong>r is immaterial with the exception that ví<strong>de</strong>o picture format valúes must<br />

e followed by mínimum picture interval valúes.<br />

NOTE - G.725 termináis s<strong>en</strong>d only a single capability valué without a marker. The valué is valid only if repeated at least<br />

nce: this may be used to í<strong>de</strong>ntify a G.725 terminal. Having so i<strong>de</strong>ntified, the H.242 terminal should foliow the procedures of<br />

¡ecomm<strong>en</strong>dation G.725.<br />

,.1 Audio capabilities<br />

Ludio capability valúes are <strong>de</strong>fined in Annex A/H.221.<br />

ill audiovisual termináis int<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d for interregional operation should be capable of transmítting and receivlng<br />

i- and jl-<strong>la</strong>w G.711.<br />

formally, it is not necessary to transmit G.711 capabilities in a set containing other audio capabilities. Inclusión of just<br />

ne valué (A or (I) must be interpreted as a request not to s<strong>en</strong>d audio <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d signáis to the other <strong>la</strong>W (see 6.3.1).<br />

.2 Vi<strong>de</strong>o capabilities<br />

'i<strong>de</strong>o capabilities are <strong>de</strong>fined in Recomm<strong>en</strong>daííon H.221, including:<br />

— picture format: quarter-CIF, or both quarter-CIF and CIF;<br />

minimum picture interval (MPI): 1/29.97, 2/29.97, 3/29.97, 4/29.97 seconds.<br />

he quarter-CIF valué must be followed by one MPI valué. The full-CIF valué must be followed by two MPI valúes, the<br />

rst applicable to quarter-CIF and the other to CIF.<br />

.3 Transfer rate capabilities<br />

ransfer-rate capabilities are <strong>de</strong>fined in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221.<br />

he capability to receive a giv<strong>en</strong> number of múltiple 64 kbit/s channels inclu<strong>de</strong>s the capability to receive fewer 64 kbit/s<br />

tiannels. Simí<strong>la</strong>rly, the capability to receive a gív<strong>en</strong> number of H0 channels inclu<strong>de</strong>s the capability to receive fewer<br />

'.Q channels. In both cases the receiving terminal will synchronize the connected additional channels to the initial<br />

nannel and maintain that synchronism throughout the period of connection.<br />

11 other ranges of capability must be sígnalled by inclusión ín the capability seí of more than one transfer rate<br />

ipability co<strong>de</strong>. For example, a terminal may list its transfer-rate capabilities as [2B and HQ and Hj \d H¡2]; in this<br />

tse IB capability is also ímplied.<br />

,4 Data capabilities<br />

ata capabilities are <strong>de</strong>fined Ín Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221.<br />

a terminal is able to accept more than one data rate of whatever type (LSD, HSD, MLP, H-MLP), th<strong>en</strong> all relevant<br />

ilues must be inclu<strong>de</strong>d in the capability sel. Statem<strong>en</strong>t of one valué does not inclu<strong>de</strong> any other valúes.<br />

,5 Termináis on restricted networks: capability<br />

terminal connected to a network whose B-channels are effectively restricted to p X 56 kbit/s (p = J to 6), or whose<br />

Lannels at HQ or higher are restricted by ones-<strong>de</strong>nsity consi<strong>de</strong>rations, must <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>re the capability valué (100) [22] as<br />

v<strong>en</strong> in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221. All termináis int<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d for interworking with termináis on restricted networks must<br />

tve the cauabilitv to resuond to this co<strong>de</strong> accordíne to Annex B.


1.6 Encryption and ext<strong>en</strong>sion-BAS capabilities<br />

lie capabilities are <strong>de</strong>fined in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221.<br />

I Transmission<br />

1.1 Transmission mo<strong>de</strong>s<br />

Ludio mo<strong>de</strong>s of operation are <strong>de</strong>fíned in Annex A/H.221 audio commands.<br />

!or analogue telephone termináis, it may be assumed that the speech sígnal is converted to PCM to G.711 at a digital<br />

etwork interface. These termináis are viewed as workíng in mo<strong>de</strong> OU wh<strong>en</strong> connected to wi<strong>de</strong>band speech termináis.<br />

'he ví<strong>de</strong>o transmission is govemed by the vi<strong>de</strong>o-on and vi<strong>de</strong>o-off commands. Wh<strong>en</strong> switched on, the vi<strong>de</strong>o signal<br />

ccupies all of the capacily, both in the initial channel and in any additional channels, whích is not specifícally<br />

Ilocated to other signáis by other commands. Thus differ<strong>en</strong>t vi<strong>de</strong>o bit rates will result from audio, transfer-rate, ECS<br />

nd data commands, the resultant vi<strong>de</strong>o bit rate being: [transfer rate, less audio rate, less data rate if pres<strong>en</strong>t, less<br />

ncryption control channel if pres<strong>en</strong>t, less FAS and BAS in all the channels/tíme-slots where they are pres<strong>en</strong>t}.<br />

'ransfer-rate mo<strong>de</strong>s are <strong>de</strong>fined in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221, and specify the total capacity of íhe communication<br />

ffectíve in the following the BAS command sub-multiframe.<br />

<strong>la</strong>ta mo<strong>de</strong>s are <strong>de</strong>fined in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221, and specify only the bit rate and bit positíons used for a user data<br />

ígnal. The protocol used for data applications is <strong>de</strong>fined by the termináis, but see also 9.<br />

.2 Establishm<strong>en</strong>t of compatible mo<strong>de</strong>s of operation<br />

,t the beginníng of the communication phase of a cali, all termináis start to work in mo<strong>de</strong> OF (outgoing signal<br />

•amed). Termináis other than those limited to G.71 1 capability will th<strong>en</strong> begin an initialization procedure.<br />

his procedure (further <strong>de</strong>scribed in 6) consists of;<br />

— the transmission of Information conceming the capabilities of the respective termináis for receiving and<br />

<strong>de</strong>coding audio, vi<strong>de</strong>o, transfer rate, data rates and other capabilities;<br />

— the <strong>de</strong>termination of a suitable transmission mo<strong>de</strong>, consist<strong>en</strong>t with the known capabilities of both<br />

termináis. An example is giv<strong>en</strong> ín IV.1, in which the transmission mo<strong>de</strong> is the same in both dírections,<br />

but the H.242 procedures are equally applicable to systems in which asymmetric bidirectional<br />

communication is optimal (examples are surveil<strong>la</strong>nce — see IV.2 — and retrieval servicesj;<br />

— switching to thís mo<strong>de</strong>; and establishing additional channels if relevant.<br />

he termináis connected to a cali may change during the cali. This may require re-initialization in or<strong>de</strong>r to i<strong>de</strong>ntify the<br />

rminal type and to re-establish the <strong>de</strong>sired mo<strong>de</strong> of operation. In panicu<strong>la</strong>r, this feature is used in mo<strong>de</strong> O forcing,<br />

hich is necessary Ín the case of a cali transfer (see 8).<br />

Frame structure<br />

ti e frame structure <strong>de</strong>scribed in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 is used for mo<strong>de</strong> initialization and dynamic mo<strong>de</strong> switching<br />

ee the following subc<strong>la</strong>uses) and more g<strong>en</strong>erally to <strong>de</strong>fine the multiplex of the various bit streams (audio, ví<strong>de</strong>o, data,<br />

icryption control signal, frame structure) wíthin the frame.<br />

ecomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 <strong>de</strong>fines a bit rate allocation signal (BAS) whích is used ínter alia to allocate sub-channels and<br />

indícate the coding algorithm(s).<br />

A.S co<strong>de</strong>s are c<strong>la</strong>ssified by the valué of the first three bits which repres<strong>en</strong>t the BAS attribute; each attribute may<br />

e.refore have, un to 32 <strong>de</strong>fíned valúes.


ourBAS attríbutes are commands: they <strong>de</strong>fine the multiplex within the next and following sub-multiframes, as well as<br />

ludio coding algoríthm, and therefore command the distant receiver to treat the signáis accordingly. The four attributes<br />

iré ín<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>nt; that is, a valué of one attribute does not modify that of another.<br />

i-urther BAS attributes are <strong>de</strong>fined to signal terminal capabilities to the distant terminal. Wh<strong>en</strong> received, these<br />

tttributes do not directly affect the curr<strong>en</strong>t transmission mo<strong>de</strong>, However, they may lead to the ínitiation of a specific<br />

tctíon to be carried out by the terminal, Thís feature is utilized in the mo<strong>de</strong> initialization procedure and in the mo<strong>de</strong> O<br />

'orcing procedure (see 6).<br />

rhe third bit of the H.221 frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t signal (FAS) in odd frames of the initíal channel, called the A-bit, is set to 1<br />

m loss of frame or multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t, and is set to O on acquiring both frame and multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t (see Note).<br />

Üonsequ<strong>en</strong>tly, a terminal which is receiving a framed signal with the A-bit set to O can assume that the distant terminal<br />

s able to act upon a change of BAS.<br />

NOTE — A terminal having capabilities only for single-channel workíng, and wíthout <strong>en</strong>crypnon capabilíty, does not need<br />

Q seek and gain multíframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t since the <strong>la</strong>tter serves for numbering and synchronizing múltiple channels.<br />

í Basic sequ<strong>en</strong>ces for in-channel procedures<br />

'hree sígnalling sequ<strong>en</strong>ces are <strong>de</strong>fined in this c<strong>la</strong>use. These sequ<strong>en</strong>ces are used as the building blocks for the<br />

rocedures <strong>de</strong>fined in 6 and 7.<br />

.1 Capability exchange sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A<br />

'he capability exchange sequ<strong>en</strong>ce forces framing in both dírections of transmission and the exchange of terminal<br />

apability co<strong>de</strong>s. Either terminal may initiate the sequ<strong>en</strong>ce and there is no problem caused by boíh doing so<br />

ímultaneously or nearly simultaneously. Capability BAS should not be s<strong>en</strong>t unnecessarily wh<strong>en</strong> the incoming signal is<br />

nframed.<br />

'he terminal X which initíates the capability exchange sequ<strong>en</strong>ce must fírst reínsíate framing by using sequ<strong>en</strong>ce C<br />

¡ee 5.3) if previously transmitting unframed; ít th<strong>en</strong> sets a timer TI (valué 10 seconds) and transmits its curr<strong>en</strong>t<br />

apability set (see 2) repetitively, or at least one complete set followed by the marker co<strong>de</strong> (to indícate completion of<br />

le set); these capabilities will be one or more of the set Usted in Table 1.<br />

/"h<strong>en</strong> Y first <strong>de</strong>tects any incoming capability co<strong>de</strong> except neutral (see 5.3), it begins transmission of its own set of<br />

ipability co<strong>de</strong>s. This, of course, requires switching to a framed mo<strong>de</strong> if transmission had be<strong>en</strong> unframed. To <strong>en</strong>sure<br />

<strong>la</strong>t each receives the complete set of capabilities of the other, they must continué repetitive transmission beyond the<br />

me they <strong>de</strong>tect incoming A = O by at least one complete set and the marker co<strong>de</strong>.<br />

NOTE-See Note on G.725 termináis in 2.<br />

here are three possible outcomes:<br />

Outcome I: Within the timer expiratíon period, multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t has be<strong>en</strong> gained, the A bit is<br />

received with a valué of zero and the complete set of capability BAS co<strong>de</strong>s of the distant<br />

terminal has be<strong>en</strong> validated. In this case the sequ<strong>en</strong>ce ¡s completed successfully.<br />

NOTE 1 - If sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A ís inítiated whíle incoming A = O, repetítion of the set is not necessary.<br />

Outcome II: The timer has expíred without multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t. In this case, the sequ<strong>en</strong>ce failed,<br />

NOTE 2 — Thís Ís the expected case of connection to a PCM tclephony terminal, so the<br />

communícation should proceed verbally from here.<br />

Outcome III: The timer has expired with multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t achieved, but without either the validation of<br />

the A bit as O or the receiving of the complete set of the distant terminal1 s capability BAS co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

(or both). In this case, the sequ<strong>en</strong>ce is restarted. Outcome III should be notífíed to the user as a<br />

pot<strong>en</strong>tial fault condition (whích might, however, be in the remote terminal).<br />

E any time during a cali, the terminal can initiate sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A, which may inclu<strong>de</strong> a capability set díffer<strong>en</strong>t from the<br />

¡e used at the cali setup for changing communication mo<strong>de</strong>s (e.g, from mo<strong>de</strong> a0 to mo<strong>de</strong> bj, from mo<strong>de</strong> b2 to mo<strong>de</strong> a¡<br />

per Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320). Wh<strong>en</strong> a terminal has received such a capability set of the remote terminal during the


it shall respond by s<strong>en</strong>ding its own capability set, but the set need not be changed in response to the remote terminal's<br />

iew capability.<br />

ÍVh<strong>en</strong> a terminal activates sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A during a cali, it must maintain the curr<strong>en</strong>t mo<strong>de</strong> of multimedia multiplexing,<br />

¡ncluding FAS and BAS ín additional channels if relevant.<br />

Dscil<strong>la</strong>tion of the capability exchange can be avoi<strong>de</strong>d by the arrangem<strong>en</strong>ts to i<strong>de</strong>ntify the <strong>en</strong>d of sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A as giv<strong>en</strong> in<br />

Annex A.<br />

5.2 Mo<strong>de</strong> switching sequ<strong>en</strong>ce B<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong> switching is performed using BAS command co<strong>de</strong>s, each being effective from the begínning of the ev<strong>en</strong> frame<br />

following the sub-multiframe in which the co<strong>de</strong> is first transmitted. Mo<strong>de</strong> switching is possible at any time during a<br />

iommunication, after the initialization procedure has be<strong>en</strong> completed.<br />

Wh<strong>en</strong> the transmitting terminal signáis the mo<strong>de</strong> of operation, this is valid from the next sub-multiframe. It is ess<strong>en</strong>tial<br />

:o note that transmitted signáis must always be in accordance with the known capabilhies of the remote terminal to<br />

receive and <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>; in the abs<strong>en</strong>ce of such knowledge, only mo<strong>de</strong> OF or OU (audio to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation G.711) may be<br />

¡<strong>en</strong>t. If a change of capability, indicated in performing sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A, has the result that the curr<strong>en</strong>í mo<strong>de</strong> is no longer<br />

•eceivable/<strong>de</strong>codable, there must be a swltch as soon as possible to a mo<strong>de</strong> which can be received and <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d.<br />

3AS commands other than <strong>de</strong>fault ones (IB transfer rate, A/JI <strong>la</strong>w audio, vi<strong>de</strong>o off, etc. in Table 2) shall not be<br />

;ransmitted before the sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A is finished at the start of the communication.<br />

BAS commands whích exceed the curr<strong>en</strong>t transmission capacity must not be transmitted (e.g. transmission of 2B<br />

;ransfer rate command before the second channel is established).<br />

rhe receiving terminal <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>s and valídales the BAS co<strong>de</strong>, and switches its receive mo<strong>de</strong> of operation accordingly. If<br />

for any reason a terminal receives a BAS command it cannot obey, a mo<strong>de</strong> mísmatch may result (see 6.3).<br />

ji addition to switching of the audio mo<strong>de</strong>, mo<strong>de</strong> switching inclu<strong>de</strong>s turning vi<strong>de</strong>o off or on; the adoption/cessaüon of<br />

ise of additional channels; the op<strong>en</strong>ing/closing of the <strong>en</strong>cryption control channel; the op<strong>en</strong>ing/closing of a data<br />

¡hannel.<br />

rhe mo<strong>de</strong> switching is in principie performed in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>níly for the two transmission directions; some applications may<br />

)e fundam<strong>en</strong>tal!y asymmetric. For conversational servíces the terminal procedures will g<strong>en</strong>erally be such as to proví<strong>de</strong><br />

lymmetrical transmission, though this is not mandatory (see Notes 1, 2).<br />

NOTES<br />

1 See App<strong>en</strong>dix IV for some examples of symmetrical and asymmetrical transmission mo<strong>de</strong>s.<br />

2 Desígn of H.221/H.242 equipm<strong>en</strong>t should avoíd any ¡nsist<strong>en</strong>ce on symmetry, though H.320 poirits in that direction.<br />

t is for the termináis to talce such <strong>de</strong>císíons at theír servíce/application <strong>la</strong>yer. If a terminal supplier or user wíshes that his terminal<br />

idopt the same mo<strong>de</strong> as the incoming signal, the interna! software may do this without further recourse to standards, There is an<br />

ibvious risk that two such termináis remain in mo<strong>de</strong> O, though, so the algorithm should contaín "if the selected mo<strong>de</strong> is within the<br />

ange i<strong>de</strong>ntified as suítable for the applicatíon".<br />

¡.3 Frame reinstatem<strong>en</strong>t sequ<strong>en</strong>ce C (see Figure 1)<br />

f terminal A is transmilting unframed but receiving framed, frame reinstatem<strong>en</strong>t consists in the insertion of FAS<br />

,nd BAS into the first 16 bits of the service channel, waiting for incoming A = 0; the over<strong>la</strong>id frame can contain<br />

icutral BAS capability to avoid triggering a full capacity exchange.<br />

í cutral capability (100)[0] shall always be <strong>en</strong>closed betwe<strong>en</strong> BAS capability markers. It should be noted that the<br />

leutral-cap shall never be inclu<strong>de</strong>d in a capability set.<br />

^ terminal A which ís receiving unframed may wish the remote terminal B to reinstale framing: to do this, A must first<br />

tself reinstale framing if it is not already transmitting framed and th<strong>en</strong> s<strong>en</strong>d the neutral BAS capability; B must<br />

espond by reinstatíng framing in or<strong>de</strong>r to return the neutral BAS capability and A = O, and continuíng this at íeast<br />

intil it receives A = O itself.


ame reínstatem<strong>en</strong>t sequ<strong>en</strong>ce C<br />

¡thout consí<strong>de</strong>ration of restricted networks)<br />

Is curr<strong>en</strong>t outgoing signal<br />

64 kbit/s data? (mo<strong>de</strong> 10)<br />

Is curr<strong>en</strong>t outgoing signal<br />

64 kbit/s vi<strong>de</strong>o?<br />

Is curr<strong>en</strong>t outgoing signal<br />

audío mo<strong>de</strong> 1 ?<br />

Fhe curr<strong>en</strong>t mo<strong>de</strong> must be<br />

PCM audio.<br />

ime reinstatem<strong>en</strong>t sequ<strong>en</strong>ce C<br />

)p!Ícat¡on to restricted networks)<br />

!s curr<strong>en</strong>t outgoing signal<br />

56 kbit/s data?<br />

s curr<strong>en</strong>t outgoing signal<br />

56 kbit/s vi<strong>de</strong>o?<br />

N<br />

s curr<strong>en</strong>t outgoing signal 56<br />

tbit/s<br />

)f Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation G.722?<br />

fhe curr<strong>en</strong>t mo<strong>de</strong> must be<br />

3CM audio.<br />

Y<br />

Y<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d framed signal wíth suitable data command (62.4 kbit/s or less) — note<br />

that data is corrupted in the receiver until FAS is recovered at other <strong>en</strong>d;<br />

interleave neutral-cap if relevant.<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d framed signal with (000) [31] and (010) [1]- note thatvi<strong>de</strong>o is corrupted<br />

in the receiver until FAS is recovered at other <strong>en</strong>d; ¡nterleave neutral-cap if<br />

relevant.<br />

Over<strong>la</strong>y framing without mo<strong>de</strong> change; use (000) [6] and interleave neutralcap<br />

if relevant.<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d mo<strong>de</strong> OF with (000) [18 or 1 9] and interleave neutral-cap if relevant.<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d framed signal with suitable data command (54.4 kbit/s or less) — note<br />

that data is corrupted in the receiver until FAS is recovered at other <strong>en</strong>d;<br />

interleave neutral-cap if relevant.<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d framed signal with (000) [31] and (010) [1 or 2] - note that vi<strong>de</strong>o is<br />

corrupted ¡n the receiver until FAS is recovered at other <strong>en</strong>d; interleave<br />

neutral-cap ¡f relevant.<br />

Over<strong>la</strong>y framíng without mo<strong>de</strong> change and interleave neutral-cap if relevant.<br />

S<strong>en</strong>dmo<strong>de</strong>OF with (000) [18 or 1 9] and interleave neutral-cap ¡f relevant.<br />

FIGURE 1/H.242


í Mo<strong>de</strong> initialization, dynamic mo<strong>de</strong> switching and mo<strong>de</strong> O forcing<br />

Audiovisual termináis will be connected to digital networks where other kinds of termináis will also be connected:<br />

3.711 termináis but also data termináis, telematic termináis, servéis, etc. Wh<strong>en</strong> compatibility betwe<strong>en</strong> the differ<strong>en</strong>t<br />

.ervices involving those termináis is required, an initialization procedure is necessary.<br />

Vh<strong>en</strong> automatic compatibility ís required, a procedure based on the sequ<strong>en</strong>ces <strong>de</strong>fined in 5 is used.<br />

;or cali transfer or mo<strong>de</strong> mismatch recovery, it is necessary for termináis to opérate ín the common mo<strong>de</strong> OF and a<br />

ao<strong>de</strong> O forcíng procedure Ís required, again based on the sequ<strong>en</strong>ces <strong>de</strong>fined in 5.<br />

\.t the comm<strong>en</strong>cem<strong>en</strong>t of the cali, after cali transfer and after the procedure of 6.3, there is a need for an initialization<br />

irocedure to <strong>en</strong>sure that the two connected termináis can opérate in the most suitable common mo<strong>de</strong>.<br />

í.l Mo<strong>de</strong> initialization procedure<br />

¡.1.1 Single cnannel<br />

^he initialization procedure begins as soon as a connection message is received from the network, or any indication<br />

aeaning that the physical connection is established.<br />

U the beginning of mo<strong>de</strong> initialization, each terminal wíll start to transmit Ín mo<strong>de</strong> OF.<br />

?he receive part of the terminal should be in frame search and the receive audio is mo<strong>de</strong> OF. Sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A is started.<br />

Jpon completion of sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A according to outcome I (see Figure 2 outcome <strong>la</strong>), sequ<strong>en</strong>ce B will comm<strong>en</strong>ce.<br />

?he BAS co<strong>de</strong> which is s<strong>en</strong>t in sequ<strong>en</strong>ce B is calcu<strong>la</strong>ted from the knowledge of the capabilitíes of the local and distant<br />

erminals and is used to switch to a suitable working mo<strong>de</strong>. Thís process may involve terminal procedures effecting<br />

hoices ma<strong>de</strong> by the user or preset in the terminal. An example illustrating conformance to a <strong>de</strong>fined teleservice is<br />

;Ív<strong>en</strong> in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320.<br />

n the ev<strong>en</strong>t of outcome II, the terminal will switch ¡ts transmíssíon and reception to mo<strong>de</strong> OU. The receive part of the<br />

erminal should remain in frame search throughout the cali.<br />

n the ev<strong>en</strong>t of outcome III, íimer TI Ís reset and the terminal remains within sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A.<br />

'he initialization procedure is completed wh<strong>en</strong> both termináis have switched to the <strong>de</strong>sired working mo<strong>de</strong>(s).<br />

.1.2 Additional channels<br />

L possibility of addíng more channels is established from the capability exchange sequ<strong>en</strong>ce, The calling terminal may<br />

a<strong>en</strong> immediately begin establíshing the additional connections. Wh<strong>en</strong> each is established, ít transmits only FAS<br />

nd BAS on that channel, setting a timer Ta of valué 10 seconds. Synchronization with the ínitial channel is performed<br />

ccording to 2.7/H.221, Wh<strong>en</strong> the incoming A bits on additional channels are observed to be O, mo<strong>de</strong> swítchíng to<br />

ccupy sequ<strong>en</strong>tially numbered channels is initiated by an appropriate transfer-rate command BAS. If the timer Ta has<br />

xpired without receiving A = O, it Ís <strong>de</strong>alt with as a fault condition.<br />

LS the buffering process may involve the insertion of additional <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y in the initial channel, which may already<br />

e carrying user information (speech, vi<strong>de</strong>o, data), it may be necessary to make some provisión for this interruption<br />

E.g. short-term muting of audio output).<br />

Ls additional channels achieve synchronization they are sequ<strong>en</strong>tially numbered using both FAS and BAS numbering as<br />

rovi<strong>de</strong>d in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221.<br />

tn example of mo<strong>de</strong> initialization on two channels is giv<strong>en</strong> in App<strong>en</strong>dix I.


4WOA<br />

TX m mo<strong>de</strong> OF,<br />

BAS-cap.cycle<br />

FAS searchfl)<br />

Yes ^ \o \1 expired? Recovered<br />

frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t?<br />

Outcome Il<strong>la</strong><br />

(indícate faült<br />

Note incommg<br />

BAS-cap.cycle<br />

Incoming FAS<br />

in bits?<br />

Put outgomg SC<br />

bit?<br />

All-ones ¡n bit 8<br />

Incoming FAS<br />

in bit??<br />

Shift mcommg<br />

bits 1-7 til! FAS<br />

in bit?<br />

:Óütcomé:lá:;.. Outcome: Ib<br />

a' Unless there is octettiming and It is certain that a restricted network is notinvolved, FAS should atthis pomt be<br />

sought throughoutthe ¡ncoming signal.<br />

' Outcome IV: communication is ¡mpossible, because it is notknown which bit is lost or stuffed; the terminal should<br />

so indícate to the user and wait<br />

c) If the cali is known to be ínter-regional, itis advisableto mute the loudspeaker(s) until the audio <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r ¡s setto<br />

the corred coding <strong>la</strong>w.<br />

FIGURE 2/H.242<br />

Initial capability exchange - G<strong>en</strong>eral case<br />

TlS14250-93/dDl


¡.2 Dynamic mo<strong>de</strong> switching (see Figure 3)<br />

'he mo<strong>de</strong> switching procedure makes use of the frame structure specifíed in 4 and of the sequ<strong>en</strong>ces <strong>de</strong>fíned in 5. It<br />

hould be noted that all terminal receivers musí remain in frame search throughout the cali.<br />

Vh<strong>en</strong> the terminal ís receiving ín a framed mo<strong>de</strong>, that is, it ís capable of <strong>de</strong>coding bit A, mo<strong>de</strong> switching should be<br />

le<strong>la</strong>yed if the A bit is set to 1; ev<strong>en</strong>tually the mo<strong>de</strong> mismatch recovery procedure as <strong>de</strong>scribed in 6.4 míght be used.<br />

Vh<strong>en</strong> the terminal X wishing to make a mo<strong>de</strong> switch is receiving unframed signáis, the capability exchange sequ<strong>en</strong>ce<br />

nay be used fírst to forcé the other terminal Y to a framed mo<strong>de</strong>; h<strong>en</strong>ee terminal X can check for incoming A — 0. This<br />

ise of sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A Ís particu<strong>la</strong>rly necessary if X was previously transmítting unframed signáis, since Y would not be in<br />

i posítion to <strong>de</strong>al wíth a mo<strong>de</strong> change from X until it had regaíned frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t (see 6.2.3). If X had previously<br />

le<strong>en</strong> transmitting framed signáis, the capability exchange sequ<strong>en</strong>ce may be omitted on the assumption that if Y had<br />

tnexpectedly lost frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t it would already have attempted a recovery procedure (see 7),<br />

[.2.1 Dynamic mo<strong>de</strong> switching from a framed mo<strong>de</strong> to another framed mo<strong>de</strong><br />

'he basic sequ<strong>en</strong>ce mo<strong>de</strong> switching <strong>de</strong>scribed Ín 5.2 is used.<br />

U the transmitting terminal, if a BAS command is transmitted to sígnal a new mo<strong>de</strong>, the transmitter must opérate in<br />

he appropriate mo<strong>de</strong> from the first octet of the next sub-multiframe.<br />

¡imi<strong>la</strong>rly, at the receiving terminal, if the received BAS signáis a new mo<strong>de</strong>, the receiver must opérate in the<br />

ppropriate rno<strong>de</strong> from the first octet of the next sub-multiframe.<br />

1.2.2 Dynamic mo<strong>de</strong> switching from a framed mo<strong>de</strong> to an unframed mo<strong>de</strong><br />

^.s in 6.2.1, the basíc sequ<strong>en</strong>ce mo<strong>de</strong> switching <strong>de</strong>scribed in 5.2 is used.<br />

íowever, as the BAS for sígnalling an unframed mo<strong>de</strong> is transmitted for a single sub-multiframe, a mo<strong>de</strong> mismatch<br />

nay occur in drastic error condítions. Optionally, a method may be used to improve the reliability of the switching: the<br />

iew BAS valué Ín the basic sequ<strong>en</strong>ce mo<strong>de</strong> switching is repeated three times; this WÍ11 cause a temporary corruption of<br />

Ele least significant bit of the received ínformation.<br />

1.2.3 Dynamic mo<strong>de</strong> switching from an unframed mo<strong>de</strong> to another mo<strong>de</strong> (framed or unframed)<br />

?he basic sequ<strong>en</strong>ces frame reínstatem<strong>en</strong>t and mo<strong>de</strong> switching are sequ<strong>en</strong>tially transmitted, the former including<br />

apabilíty exchange if necessary.<br />

1.3 Mo<strong>de</strong> O forcing procedure<br />

¡ee Figure 4<br />

>.3.1 Single channel<br />

Vhere ít is necessary to <strong>en</strong>sure that both termináis are operating in mo<strong>de</strong> O (for ínstance before cali transfer), tras<br />

irocedure is used.<br />

'he forcing terminal uses dynamic mo<strong>de</strong> switching (see 6.2) with BAS audio command to switch to mo<strong>de</strong> OF, followed<br />

ly sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A using BAS (100) indicating only G.711 audio capability. The valué [1 or 2] appropriate to the terminal"s<br />

iwn región Ís used in case.the cali is to be transferred to a local G.725 type-0 terminal. On receipt of this, the remote<br />

erminal Ís obliged to switch to mo<strong>de</strong> OF also using the indicated <strong>la</strong>w for its <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r and <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r. The procedure is<br />

omplete wh<strong>en</strong> the forcing terminal <strong>de</strong>tects incomíng mo<strong>de</strong> OF. Changes of network configuraron can now be<br />

mplem<strong>en</strong>ted (see 8).


TERMINAL X<br />

Incommg<br />

signal<br />

ramed<br />

Outgoing<br />

signa!<br />

ramed<br />

Frame relnst. wltn Frame reinst. wlth<br />

SetTl;<br />

FAS search in bit8)<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d BAS-cap.b)<br />

Incoming FAS <strong>de</strong>tected<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d A = O<br />

Swltch to <strong>de</strong>s red mo<strong>de</strong><br />

Is it a framed<br />

mo<strong>de</strong> that has be<strong>en</strong><br />

wítched to<br />

If byte-timed, search in appropríate bit.<br />

Incoming<br />

A = 1 after<br />

2 sec.7<br />

Prpc'edüre cdrrüpted<br />

]- i;Répeat attempt .<br />

Neutral or complete BAS-cap cycle, <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>ding on received BAS-cap.<br />

Incoming BAS-cap causes outgoing frame reinstatem<strong>en</strong>t.<br />

FIGURE 3/H.242<br />

No \i<br />

SetT1<br />

FAS search, In bit3)<br />

TERMINAL Y<br />

\ffa<br />

^^^ i<br />

Frame re¡nst.with<br />

neutral BAS-cap.b)<br />

and A = O<br />

No<br />

Procedure corrupted:<br />

Awaít BAS.command or'<br />

mismatch recov. proc.<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong> switching - Terminal X initiates the mo<strong>de</strong> switch<br />

Yes<br />

Acl on Incomlng mo<strong>de</strong> swltch<br />

Is it a (rameo ^--^^ No<br />

moda thal has be<strong>en</strong><br />

swftched to?<br />

COMPLETION; ;<br />

•can-drop-outgoing :".<br />

fráming:if dasired- •-,<br />

Tl51í260-93/d02


«i-<br />

Frame reinst, with<br />

neutral BAS-cap.<br />

SetT1<br />

FAS search<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d neutral BAS-cap.<br />

Incoming FAS <strong>de</strong>tected<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d A = O<br />

TERMINALX<br />

Frame reinst.<br />

wlthout BAS-cap<br />

;-:-:Fáülí;<br />

:téll<br />

Swltch te- mo<strong>de</strong>OF<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d cap. setwith (100) [1 or 2]<br />

.3.2 Two or more channels<br />

^<br />

No<br />

: "Pracédúre.corrupted '<br />

~--\t anempt •<br />

FIGURE 4/H.242<br />

Frame reinst. wlth<br />

neutral BAS-cap.<br />

and A =0<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong> zero forcing — Terminal X initiates the forcing<br />

TERMINALY<br />

START<br />

Acton incoming mo<strong>de</strong> OF<br />

Note Incoming (1 00}<br />

Switch to mo<strong>de</strong> OF<br />

Procedure corrupted:<br />

iMismatch recovery<br />

.procedur.e<br />

T15U27o.93/d03<br />

n this case the mo<strong>de</strong> O forcing is applied to the initial channel only, and sepárate consi<strong>de</strong>rations apply to treatm<strong>en</strong>t of<br />

ti e additional channels. Three cases are consi<strong>de</strong>red here by way of guidance for the multiple-B case:<br />

a) Additional channels dropped — This would be necessary, for example, prior to dísconnection. The<br />

procedure is as for one channel, the forcing terminal <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>ring capabílity of PCM audio only wíth<br />

transfer rate capabilíty of 1 X 64 kbit/s; this wíll result in mo<strong>de</strong> switches successively to "data OFF",<br />

"vi<strong>de</strong>o OFF" and audio mo<strong>de</strong> OF or OU, such that all additional channels are vacated and can be<br />

disconnected;


) Additional channels idle — This is the same as a), except that the forcing terminal makes no move to<br />

disconnect; the channels carry FAS, the multiframe number and the BAS indicatíng channel number; the<br />

cont<strong>en</strong>t of the remain<strong>de</strong>r of the idle channels ís irrelevant;<br />

c) Additional channels ma'mtained active — This might be b<strong>en</strong>eficial in some recovery procedures. The<br />

forcing terminal <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>res a capability of PCM audio plus transfer rate unchanged from its previous valué,<br />

and th<strong>en</strong> itself switches to the appropriate mo<strong>de</strong>.<br />

^.n example of mo<strong>de</strong> O forcing a) is giv<strong>en</strong> in App<strong>en</strong>dix II.<br />

5.3.3 Ad<strong>de</strong>nda<br />

1) Mo<strong>de</strong> zero forcing may be activated at any time during the cali. Since mo<strong>de</strong> zero forcing comprises<br />

sequ<strong>en</strong>ce B (mo<strong>de</strong> switching) followed by sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A (capability exchange), the forced terminal may not<br />

recognize "forcing", but must respond to the capability exchange first by returning its ordinary capability<br />

set and th<strong>en</strong> reduced commands correspondíng to the capability set of the forcing terminal. Sophisticated<br />

terminal <strong>de</strong>sign may inclu<strong>de</strong> recognition of "being forced", thus returns reduced commands first and th<strong>en</strong><br />

responds to the capability exchange.<br />

2) If IB transfer rate is inclu<strong>de</strong>d in the capability set of the forcing terminal, the cont<strong>en</strong>t of the additional<br />

channel(s) are not concemed; they may inclu<strong>de</strong> only FAS and BAS with any bits ín other bit positions, or<br />

may ev<strong>en</strong> become vacant wíthout FAS and BAS.<br />

3) After mo<strong>de</strong> zero forcing is activated and both termináis start to opérate at the int<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d forcing mo<strong>de</strong>, reactivation<br />

of sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A for ordinary capability exchange, actívation of additional channel(s),<br />

disconnection, or other mo<strong>de</strong> changes may take p<strong>la</strong>ce according to the terminal procedure.<br />

&.4 Mo<strong>de</strong> mismatch recovery procedure<br />

[n the case where mo<strong>de</strong> mismatch has occurred, the mo<strong>de</strong> O forcing procedure may be used to establish a common<br />

tvorking mo<strong>de</strong>. Following this procedure, re-ínítialization can be achieved by using the mo<strong>de</strong> initialization procedure.<br />

7 Recovery from fault conditions<br />

Fhe provisions of this c<strong>la</strong>use are not wholly mandatory. In g<strong>en</strong>eral it is expected that fault conditions will be rare and it<br />

may be uneconomical to provi<strong>de</strong> e<strong>la</strong>bórate recovery procedures to cover all ev<strong>en</strong>tualities. It is mandatory that proper<br />

indications of fault conditions be transmitted on the outgoing channel(s) - in particu<strong>la</strong>r, A must be set to 1 where<br />

ippropriate conditions for A — O are not met. Other action to be tak<strong>en</strong> on losing frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t, multiframe<br />

alignm<strong>en</strong>t, synchronism, or a connectíon, or on receiving incoming A = 1, is pres<strong>en</strong>ted here for guidance.<br />

7.1 Unexpected loss of synchronixation or frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t<br />

7.1.1 Loss of frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t in the initial channel<br />

[f a terminal unexpectedly loses frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t on its receive path, a timer T^ is set (valué for example 1 second) and<br />

incoming information is discar<strong>de</strong>d if unintelligíble. During this time the status of the framing in the receive direction is<br />

monitored:<br />

a) If framing is recovered before the timer expires, the normal operation is resumed,<br />

/<br />

b) If framing is not recovered before the tirner expires, the terminal goes to the mo<strong>de</strong> O forcing procedure<br />

followed by re-Ínitialization.


M.2 Loss of frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t or synchronization in an additional channel<br />

f a terminal unexpectedly loses synchronization (including that due to loss of frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t) on an additional<br />

ihannel, a timer T3 is set, outgoing A-bít is set to 1 and incoming information díscar<strong>de</strong>d if unintelligible; íf the loss of<br />

his information also causes information on other channels to become meaningless that also is discar<strong>de</strong>d,<br />

a) if synchronization is recovered before the timer expires, normal operation ís resumed; this takes into<br />

account recoverable synchronization loss due to bit or synchronization errors on the transmission Une;<br />

b) if synchronization is not recovered before the timer expires, the mo<strong>de</strong> O forcing procedure may be used.<br />

f.2 Recovery from loss of connection(s)<br />

L.OSS of a connection means that <strong>en</strong>d-to-<strong>en</strong>d transmission on that channel has be<strong>en</strong> díscontinued, so that al] appar<strong>en</strong>tly<br />

•eceived bits are meaningless. The receíver will, of course, lose frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t and may follow the procedures of 7.1.<br />

íowever, an indícation may be avai<strong>la</strong>ble from the network (D-channel or otherwise) that the connection has be<strong>en</strong> lost;<br />

n this case the procedures of this subc<strong>la</strong>use are followed. It is assumed that connection loss is bidirectional; the case of<br />

oss in one direction only is for further study.<br />

r.2.1 R<strong>en</strong>umbering of channels<br />

Phis procedure is used for reconstnicting the remaining normal additional channels wh<strong>en</strong> one additional channel<br />

treaks down.<br />

i) make the transmission mo<strong>de</strong> of all channels into "framed";<br />

U) vacate the s<strong>en</strong>ding additional channel(s);<br />

iii) r<strong>en</strong>umber the additional channel(s);<br />

ív) wait for the synchronization establishm<strong>en</strong>t of the remote terminal and th<strong>en</strong> expand communication onto<br />

the additional channels.<br />

r.2.2 Loss of an additional connection<br />

f any remaining channels are unframed (for example, data transmission) they must immedíately have frame structure<br />

according to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221) reimposed and maintained until conditíons have returned to normal. The<br />

mtgoing A-bit on additional channels is set to 1 if the incoming direction Ís unframed or out of sequ<strong>en</strong>ce, or if<br />

ynchronism has be<strong>en</strong> lost.<br />

f the lost channel was carrying part of a signal (such as <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d vi<strong>de</strong>o) which also involved other channels, so that íts<br />

oss r<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>rs the information in those other channels meaningless, th<strong>en</strong> by dynamic mo<strong>de</strong> switching those channels are<br />

•acated.<br />

'he next step is to r<strong>en</strong>umber the avai<strong>la</strong>ble channels if appropriate, to obtain a continuous sequ<strong>en</strong>ce; this ís done using<br />

;ie procedure of 7.2.1.<br />

)ynamíc mo<strong>de</strong> switching is applíed to re-establish the vi<strong>de</strong>o or other transmission on the channels for which<br />

iicoming A-bíts are zero.<br />

El the ev<strong>en</strong>t that the lost channel be reconnected, it is ad<strong>de</strong>d to the capacity in the same way as at the start of the cali.<br />

.2.3 Loss of the initial connection<br />

'his results in the loss of the initial channel in both directions. Both termináis immediately regard #2 as the initial<br />

hannel and transmit thereon the foílowing BAS:<br />

i) reinstatem<strong>en</strong>t of FAS and BAS in any unframed channels;<br />

ü) transfer rate (001) [O or 6] — co<strong>de</strong> havíng the effect of vacating all additional channels; also audio<br />

command (000) unchanged from previous valué;<br />

iii) transfer rate (001) [17] on original second channel, indicating loss of original channel, and from next<br />

sub-multiframe original second channel substitutes for original initial channel; simultaneously any


iv) wait for confirmation that the synchronism at the remote terminal is retained/regained (all incoming<br />

An=0);<br />

v) expand communication onto all channels using appropriate transfer-rate command;<br />

NOTE — As a result of this procedure, s<strong>en</strong>ding and receiving initial channels may not be on the same<br />

connection.<br />

vi) the terminal tries to re-establish the lost channel.<br />

£ Network consi<strong>de</strong>ration: cali connection, disconnectíon and cali transfer<br />

i.l Cali connection<br />

í.1.1 Initial channel<br />

t is assumed that the termináis for switched network operation will have a signalling arrangern<strong>en</strong>t for originating calis<br />

i ver the network.<br />

n the case that the network provi<strong>de</strong>s an indication that the connection is established (CONNECT-ACK message), the<br />

iriginating terminal will set its transmit and receive audio mo<strong>de</strong>s to PCM and begín the mo<strong>de</strong> initialization procedure<br />

bllowing the connection establishm<strong>en</strong>t indication. V/here the network does not provi<strong>de</strong> an indication of connection<br />

¡stablishm<strong>en</strong>t, the originating terminal wíll begin the mo<strong>de</strong> initialization procedure immediately.<br />

Jpon answering a cali, the terminal will begin the mo<strong>de</strong> initialization procedure,<br />

termináis for use on leased circuits may have a means for s<strong>en</strong>ding the alerting signal to the distant terminal and for<br />

nsweríng the alerting signal. In this case, the s<strong>en</strong>ding of the alerting signal is equival<strong>en</strong>t to dialling and the foregoing<br />

irocedures apply,<br />

Vh<strong>en</strong>ever a terminal is manually reset, or recovers from a fault condition, íhe terminal will begin the mo<strong>de</strong> O forcing<br />

irocedure of 6.3. Th<strong>en</strong> the terminal wíll begin mo<strong>de</strong> initialization.<br />

1.1.2 Additional channels<br />

?all connection to provi<strong>de</strong> additional channels may be initiated by one of the following:<br />

a) manually (in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ntly of the capability exchange through the initial channel);<br />

b) on completion of the capability exchange sequ<strong>en</strong>ce indícating mutual additional-channel capability;<br />

c) at some time <strong>la</strong>ter than in b), prompted by user action.<br />

'he cholee betwe<strong>en</strong> these will <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>d on servíce provisión and/or terminal procedures.<br />

'or ISDN switched services, the initial connection shall be first established and according to the outcome of the in-band<br />

apability exchange the additional connectíons shall be established, This means that only choices b) and c) are allowed<br />

i this case.<br />

lonsequ<strong>en</strong>tly, for2B or2Ho Communications, the initial connection contaíns the initial channels of both directions, and<br />

le additional connection contains the additional channels of both directions as well. Another implication of this<br />

;qu<strong>en</strong>cing of in-channel negotiation and additional cali establishm<strong>en</strong>t is that the capability set should inclu<strong>de</strong> "2B (or<br />

HQ) or hígher transfer rate" at the first capability exchange, otherwíse íhe additional cali seíup ¡s not activated at the<br />

tart of communication.<br />

'he capabilities in both directions should indicate the ínt<strong>en</strong>tions/ability of the two to use the additional B/Ho-channel:<br />

— the calling terminal signáis both its abílíty to <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong> and (implicitly) íts int<strong>en</strong>íion to make a second cali<br />

request;<br />

— the called terminal signáis its ability (or inability) to cope with a second B-channel, and (implicitly) its<br />

intp.ntion tn «nswp.r stn ínr.nrmnp r.all rfiniiRKt if nnp. ís forfhcrunin cr.


Wh<strong>en</strong> two or more connections are to be established betwe<strong>en</strong> two units (termináis or MCUs or one of each), one unit<br />

nust make all of the cali requests — it is not permitted that a terminal, havíng answered an íncoming cali, make a<br />

request for a connection back to the same unit, To put this another way, we are not expecting to <strong>de</strong>sign termináis which,<br />

iiaving ma<strong>de</strong> a cali to Y, will th<strong>en</strong> accept an incoming cali from Y and not from any other address.<br />

[f more than two connections are used, all the additional connections may be called simultaneously, Each additional<br />

íhannel number is allocated in the or<strong>de</strong>r of cali establishm<strong>en</strong>t at the transmitter, a connection may convey two channels<br />

tvith differ<strong>en</strong>t channel numbers in each dírection.<br />

Wh<strong>en</strong> the establishm<strong>en</strong>t of connection is known to the terminal, the mo<strong>de</strong> initialization procedure of 6.1,2 is applied.<br />

During cali establishm<strong>en</strong>t, an originating terminal should reserve additional channels by not answering incoming calis<br />

on those channels until it is <strong>de</strong>termined whether the additional channels will be used in the connection. This prev<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

múltiple cali collisions and cont<strong>en</strong>tion for the avai<strong>la</strong>ble channels. A network solution is un<strong>de</strong>rstudy.<br />

5.2 Terminal disconnection<br />

Wh<strong>en</strong> a terminal disconnects from a cali, the terminal must fírst initiate the mo<strong>de</strong> O forcing procedure, await<br />

;ompletion of the procedure and th<strong>en</strong> allow the actual disconnection of the cali to occur.<br />

Ef for any reason a terminal can no longer use one (or more) of the additional connections, it should first itself switch to<br />

i mo<strong>de</strong> occupying the <strong>de</strong>síred lower capacity, th<strong>en</strong> s<strong>en</strong>d a capset showing the lower transfer rate as máximum, th<strong>en</strong> wait<br />

;or the incoming signáis to drop to the lower rate, and finally disconnect the unwanted connections. The capset is to<br />

prev<strong>en</strong>t any attempt from the other <strong>en</strong>d to remake the connection. There ís no need to forcé all the way down to mo<strong>de</strong>-0<br />

n thís case, though un<strong>de</strong>r some fault condilions it may still turn out to be the best route to recovery.<br />

3.3 Cali transfer<br />

\ a consequ<strong>en</strong>ce of the above, the terminal which continúes to particípate in a transferred cali will be receiving ín<br />

i PCM-forced state and therefore will be transmitting its capability sel in framed PCM. Wh<strong>en</strong> the transferred-to<br />

;erminal answers, mo<strong>de</strong> initialization will occur in both directions.<br />

í.4 Confer<strong>en</strong>cing<br />

^onfer<strong>en</strong>cing will be accomplished by means of a multipoint control unit (MCU). Each terminal will be connected to a<br />

>ort of the MCU by a switched connection or a leased círcuit. Each connection betwe<strong>en</strong> the terminal and the MCU ¡s<br />

¡onsi<strong>de</strong>red to be a point-to-point connection as far as cali connection, terminal disconnection and cali transfer<br />

jrocedures are concerned.<br />

5.5 PCM format conversión<br />

n the above procedures, no automatic method for establishing A-<strong>la</strong>w or u,-<strong>la</strong>w compatible PCM operation was <strong>de</strong>fined.<br />

U the beginning of the cali, <strong>en</strong>coding and <strong>de</strong>coding by each terminal is according to the <strong>la</strong>w prevailing in its own<br />

egion. The <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r must adapt to the coding <strong>la</strong>w of the incoming signáis. In a framed signal this wilí be clear from the<br />

3AS command; for unframed audio, signal analysis or local knowledge should be applied, and if this indicates that the<br />

ither terminal is using a differ<strong>en</strong>t coding <strong>la</strong>w th<strong>en</strong> the H.242 terminal should switch both its <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r and <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r to the<br />

¡oding <strong>la</strong>w of the other terminal.<br />

n the case where both termináis transmit framed signáis, once the capability exchange is completed they may transmit<br />

n either PCM mo<strong>de</strong> if <strong>de</strong>sired.<br />

3efore cali transfer, in the case where both termináis can transmit framed audio, the distant termmal's <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r and<br />

[eco<strong>de</strong>r must be forced .by the relevant BAS capabüities and commands to the coding <strong>la</strong>w of íhe región where the<br />

ransferis lo take p<strong>la</strong>ce.


) Procedurefor activation and <strong>de</strong>-activation of data channels<br />

1.1 Data equipm<strong>en</strong>t not conforming to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.200/AV.270<br />

Hach terminal must transmit a data-rate capability co<strong>de</strong> (see Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221) for each data rate it Ís able to<br />

'eceive. This may be done during the capability exchange sequ<strong>en</strong>ce at the start of the cali or at a <strong>la</strong>ter time by initíatíng<br />

i new capability exchange,<br />

\ terminal may transmit data at any rate which has be<strong>en</strong> indícated in the data-rate capability co<strong>de</strong>s it has received from<br />

he other terminal (see Note). The appropriate data command (see Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221) is s<strong>en</strong>t and in the following<br />

lub-multiframe the data transmission is comm<strong>en</strong>ced, occupying the bits within each frame <strong>de</strong>fined in Recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>tion<br />

H.221. However, at the time the data command is first s<strong>en</strong>t, these bits must be unoccupied or contain only vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

nformation; therefore audio or any other signáis must be removed from this part of the frame with the prior<br />

ransmission of an appropriate command. In the case of occupancy by vi<strong>de</strong>o ínformation, commands are not avaí<strong>la</strong>ble to<br />

educe the vi<strong>de</strong>o rate, but the vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r continúes to opérate correctly on the lower ñow of Ínformation. However, if<br />

he vi<strong>de</strong>o rate is being ma<strong>de</strong> very low (for example, less than 30.4 kbit/s) or slopped altogether by the introduction of a<br />

[ata stream, itis advisable fírstto s<strong>en</strong>d freeze-picture request, followed by the ví<strong>de</strong>o OFF command.<br />

NOTE 1 — Sometimes symmetrícal data transmission ís required, e.g. in data transmission th'rough the V.24/V.28<br />

tlterface. If more than one data rates have be<strong>en</strong> i<strong>de</strong>ntified as common betwe<strong>en</strong> two termináis, asymmetrical data transmission may<br />

ake p<strong>la</strong>ce according to differ<strong>en</strong>t terminal procedures. This can be avoi<strong>de</strong>d by using the highest common rate.<br />

Phe command variable LSD i<strong>de</strong>ntifies as a data path the whole of the I-channel capacity not otherwise allocated by<br />

ither commands; ít must not be used wh<strong>en</strong> variable MLP is on,-or wh<strong>en</strong> another LSD valué is in forcé. If used while<br />

á<strong>de</strong>o is on, vi<strong>de</strong>o is exclu<strong>de</strong>d from the I-channel.<br />

U the conclusión of the data Transmission the data OFF command is s<strong>en</strong>t. If vi<strong>de</strong>o is ON, Ít will th<strong>en</strong> occupy the freed<br />

lits in the next sub-multiframe and thereafter; otherwise those bits remain unoccupied until another command is s<strong>en</strong>t.<br />

U any time during data transmission the rate may be changed by an appropriate data command, subject to the<br />

irovisions gív<strong>en</strong> above.<br />

NOTE 2 — In the case where 64 kbit/s HSD, for example, has be<strong>en</strong> transmitted ín the highest-numbered channel of a<br />

nultiple-B channel connection, a slip during this data transmission would leave a misalígnm<strong>en</strong>t wh<strong>en</strong> the HSD is mrned off. To<br />

voíd corruption of vi<strong>de</strong>o un<strong>de</strong>r these circumstances, it may be advisable to switch off the vi<strong>de</strong>o stream before s<strong>en</strong>díng HSD-off,<br />

witchíng it on again as soon as A = O is received on the erstwhile data channel.<br />

L2 Equipm<strong>en</strong>t operating with an MLP according to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.200/AV.270<br />

iach terminal capable of operating with an MLP must transmit one of the MLP-capability co<strong>de</strong>s. This may be done<br />

luring the capability exchange sequ<strong>en</strong>ce at the start of the cali, or at a <strong>la</strong>ter time by ínitiating a new capability<br />

xchange.<br />

Vh<strong>en</strong> terminal X wishes to transmit MLP, it transmits MLP ON at the appropriate rate. Receiving the <strong>la</strong>tter, terminal<br />

f, must establish an MLP channel at an appropriate rate (not necessarily íhe same rate) Ín the return direction.<br />

'he above provisions apply equally to the use of MLP on the I-channel, or in other channels or time-slots. Normally<br />

nly one of these is required; however if both are in forcé, with appropriaíe commands, th<strong>en</strong> a single MLP sub-channel<br />

t the combíned rate may be interpreted — this would be specified within the appropriate service Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation<br />

s.g. MLP rates of about 100 kbit/s on a 2B cali).<br />

'o change the MLP rate, an appropriate MLP command Ís s<strong>en</strong>t.<br />

'o discontinué use of the MLP, this matter may first be negotiated within the MLP itself; th<strong>en</strong> one or both termináis<br />

ransmitMLP-OFF.<br />

1.3 Simultaneous transmission of low-speed data and MLP<br />

i<br />

,SD and MLP may be active simultaneously, provi<strong>de</strong>d that no over<strong>la</strong>p is implied by the commands in forcé; however,<br />

ariable LSD and variable MLP cannot coexist. No more than one LSD channel and one MLP channel may be active at<br />

nvtimp. fse.R also 1 2X


LO Procedures for operation of termináis in restricted networks<br />

Jn<strong>de</strong>r study; the followíng subc<strong>la</strong>uses give preliminary consi<strong>de</strong>rations.<br />

rerminals connected to a restricted network shall transmit the BAS capability "restricted" (100) [22] continuously<br />

ivh<strong>en</strong> receiving an incomíng A = 1 at the start of a cali.<br />

LO.l Network aspects<br />

!n this Recomm<strong>en</strong>datlon the term "restricted network" applies to a network havíng restricted 64 kbit/s transfer<br />

;apability, <strong>de</strong>fined m Recomm<strong>en</strong>datlon 1.464 as 64 kbit/s octet-structured capability with the restriction that an all-zero<br />

>ctet is not permitted.<br />

LO.2 Refer<strong>en</strong>ce connections<br />

LO.2.1 Case 1: 56 kbit/s, V.35 interfaces<br />

Diagram a) of Figure 5 shows a refer<strong>en</strong>ce connection by a 56 kbit/s data service using V.35 interfaces. A 56 kbit/s clock<br />

s avai<strong>la</strong>ble at the V.35 ínterface; 8 kHz clock is not assumed. Diagram c) of Figure 5 shows a refer<strong>en</strong>ce connection,<br />

¡onnected by 56 kbit/s network service with network clock.<br />

LO.2.2 Case 2: n X 56 kbit/s, V.35 interfaces<br />

Diagram b) of Figure 5 shows a refer<strong>en</strong>ce connection with more than two 56 kbit/s connections. Frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t wíll<br />

>e according to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221. Neither septet timing ñor septet alignm<strong>en</strong>t is assumed. Diagram d) of Figure 5<br />

ihows a múltiple n X 56 kbit/s without septet alignm<strong>en</strong>t or septet tirning.<br />

LO.2.3 Case 3: n X 64 kbit/s with octet timing and alignm<strong>en</strong>t<br />

Diagram e) of Figure 5 shows a refer<strong>en</strong>ce connection consisting of two visual telephones connected by facilities<br />

>perating in a private Une <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t. Unrestricted mo<strong>de</strong> of operation is not assumed.<br />

LO.2.4 Case 4: H0 (384 kbit/s) operation<br />

ÍVh<strong>en</strong> working in a restricted network a "1" shall be p<strong>la</strong>ced ín the eighth bit position of every octet of every time-slot;<br />

he service channel is th<strong>en</strong> in the sev<strong>en</strong>th bit.<br />

LO.2.5 Case 5: 56 kbit/s satellite operation<br />

"or further study.<br />

LO.2.6 Case 6: 56 kbit/s interconnecting a 64 kbit/s network<br />

V 64 kbit/s terminal will interwork with a 56 kbit/s terminal as a rate adapted data cali over a 64 kbit/s bearer channel,<br />

rhe terminal connected to the 64 kbit/s connection will rate adapt according to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221. In the case of<br />

[64 kbit/s terminal connected to ISDN, the terminal may optionally be equipped to intercommunicate through an<br />

SDN V.35 terminal adaptor, In any case, because the 56 kbit/s terminal cannot transmit correctly aligned septets, the<br />

erminal at the 64 kbit/s <strong>en</strong>d cannot assume septet timing.<br />

L0.3 Transmission formáis<br />

LO.3.1 Framing signal (56 kbit/s)<br />

rhe transmission shall be arranged in 80 septet frames as specified in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221.<br />

LO.3.2 Transmission formats (56 kbit/s operation)<br />

n 56 kbit/s operation the septets of each 7 X 80 bit frame will be transmitted in or<strong>de</strong>r, most significant bit first at the<br />

i6 kbit/s rate. Septet alignm<strong>en</strong>t will be recovered from the frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t signal as specified in Recomm<strong>en</strong>iot;~n<br />

TJ 001


Rec. V.35<br />

VT DSU<br />

VT<br />

0 sil<br />

E g DDS or PSDS<br />

W\i|<br />

Rec. V.35<br />

DSU VT<br />

Rec. V.35 Rec, V.35<br />

DSU<br />

oíNI<br />

Rec. V.35 rMi •<br />

E g DDS or PSDS<br />

DSU E.g. DDS or PSDS<br />

1^ NI<br />

CNI<br />

DSU<br />

b) Refer<strong>en</strong>ce connection wlth morethan two 56 kblt/a connectlons<br />

VT<br />

VT<br />

VT<br />

VT Vi<strong>de</strong>o telephone<br />

DSU Data service unit<br />

CNI Customer network ínterface<br />

DDS Digital data s<strong>en</strong>/ice<br />

PSDS Public swltched digital service<br />

LO.3.3 n x 56 kbit/s operation<br />

E.g. ISDN<br />

56/64 kbit/s<br />

c) Refer<strong>en</strong>ce connection by 56 kblt/s network service<br />

E.g, ISDN<br />

56/64 kbií/s<br />

C fJ i *<br />

I<br />

E.g. ISDN<br />

56/64 kbit/s<br />

d) Múltiple n x 56 kblt/s connection<br />

E.g.Hu<br />

prívate une<br />

e) Refer<strong>en</strong>ce connection conslstlng of two visual telephones<br />

connected by facllltles operating In a prívate Une <strong>en</strong>vlronm<strong>en</strong>t<br />

FIGURE 5/H.242<br />

VT<br />

VT<br />

VT<br />

Rec. V .35<br />

VT<br />

T1502420-89/dOÍ<br />

ii n X 56 kbit/s operation each 56 kbit/s connection will be framed and transmitted separately. Sepíet timíng will be<br />

•ecovered in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ntly from the frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t signal of each channel, and the differ<strong>en</strong>tial <strong>de</strong>jay betwe<strong>en</strong> the<br />

¡hannels will be comp<strong>en</strong>sated for on the basis of the multiframe numbering method specified in Recomm<strong>en</strong>-<br />

<strong>la</strong>tínn W 901


The voice signal will be carried in the initial connection and ví<strong>de</strong>o, graphics and auxiliary data may be carried in the<br />

initial and/or other connections.<br />

10.3.4 n X H0 operation<br />

In n X HQ operation, each connection will he framed separately and differ<strong>en</strong>t<strong>la</strong>l <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y betwe<strong>en</strong> the channels will be<br />

comp<strong>en</strong>sated accordíng to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221.<br />

10.3.5 Dynamic allocation within a primary-rate connection<br />

Intellig<strong>en</strong>t termináis may have a means for dynamically increasing or <strong>de</strong>creasing the bit rate during a connection. The<br />

means for controlling these allocations will be performed according to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221. There may be a need to<br />

recover framing by extractíon from the received signal in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ntly.<br />

10.4 Interworking betwe<strong>en</strong> 56 kbit/s and 64 kbit/s termináis<br />

In the worst case it must he assumed that neither terminal is aware (by means of a D-channel message or otherwise)<br />

that it is connected to a terminal of the other type; furthermore septet timing cannot be assumed at the 56 kbit/s <strong>en</strong>d. At<br />

the 64 kbít/s <strong>en</strong>d, byte timíng is indisp<strong>en</strong>sable, since without this it cannot be known which bit (1 in every 8) will not be<br />

transmitted to the remote <strong>en</strong>d (see Figure 2, outcome IV).<br />

Initially, terminal X (at 64 kbií/s) transmits FAS and capability-BAS on bit 8, on the false assumption that the remote<br />

terminal ís also at 64 kbit/s. Frame search is carried out on the whole incoming signal; clearly, searching only on bit 8<br />

will result in outcome II (see Figure 2).<br />

If frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t is found, and this may be in any bit posítion, giv<strong>en</strong> the <strong>la</strong>ck of septet timing at the other <strong>en</strong>d, th<strong>en</strong><br />

the fact of interworking with a 56 kbit/s terminal immediately becomes known from the capability BAS, which terminal<br />

Y must inclu<strong>de</strong> in its capability BAS cycle. Terminal X immediately changes to transmhting FAS and BAS on bit 7,<br />

since bit 8 is the one whích is not transmitted through the restricted networks. Initialization should th<strong>en</strong> proceed as in<br />

6.1, with outcome Ib in Figure 2.<br />

In the ev<strong>en</strong>t that no frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t is found in any sub-channel, outcome II of 6.1.1 applies.<br />

NOTES<br />

1 All 56 kbit/s audiovisual termináis must transmit the appropriate capability BAS (100J [22] ¡n every capability<br />

exchange.<br />

2 Unless it Ís sure that they will never be requíred to interwork with 56 kbit/s networks, termináis manufacturad for<br />

use on 64 kbit/s networks should preferably have the capability to search for frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t in all bit positíons.<br />

3 It may be advisable to mute audio output untíl incoming frame alignrn<strong>en</strong>t has be<strong>en</strong> achíeved or a switch to<br />

unframed PCM has be<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d upon.<br />

10.5 Interworking betwe<strong>en</strong> HQ or HU termináis in restricted and unrestricted networks<br />

At the start of the communication, the terminal on the restricted network transmits framed signáis with the service<br />

channel in.bit 7 of the I-channel and all "1 "s in bit 8 of every time-slot; the restricted capability BAS (100) [22] is s<strong>en</strong>t.<br />

In the terminal on the unrestricted network, frame search is carried out on the whole incoming signal (or incoming TSI<br />

if synchronizatíon betwe<strong>en</strong> H0/Hn framing and H.221 framing is maintained). Wh<strong>en</strong> BAS (100) [22] Ís <strong>de</strong>tected, a<br />

terminal immediately shifts the outgoíng service channel to bit 7 and sets all "l"s on bit 8 of every time-slot.<br />

It should be noted that the re<strong>la</strong>tive posítion betwe<strong>en</strong> received FAS and stuffing T Ís fixed for the restricted HQ/H ¡ i<br />

or 128/192/256/512/768/1152/1472 kbit/s case, while it is variable for the 56 kbit/s case (see Annex B/H.221).<br />

All termináis int<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d for interworking with termináis connected to restricted networks must be capahle of performing<br />

thís procedure.<br />

11 Procedure for use of BAS-ext<strong>en</strong>sion co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221 provi<strong>de</strong>s for the attribute (111) for ext<strong>en</strong>sión of the use of the BAS position in the subsequ<strong>en</strong>t<br />

sub-multlframe(s) for other purposes. There are 32 valúes of this attribute, the meanings of these being <strong>de</strong>fined in


Note that the valué (111) [24] is the capability marker (see 2) which is followed by normal BAS co<strong>de</strong>s, not by any<br />

:scape valúes.<br />

Valúes [0-15] are reserved for future ext<strong>en</strong>sión of the scheme to úiclu<strong>de</strong> attribute c<strong>la</strong>ss and family.<br />

Valúes [16-23] are <strong>de</strong>fined as single-byte ext<strong>en</strong>sión (SBE); co<strong>de</strong>s of SBE type may be transmitted at any time and to any<br />

terminal.<br />

Valué [18] gives access to a table of valúes specifying applícations of a data channel (LSD or HSD), The application is<br />

active from the sub-multiframe following that in which the relevant specific application command BAS is transmitted.<br />

The closure of the data channel (usíng LSD/HSD-off) effectively closes the application.<br />

A1I termináis must recognize the SBE attributes, at least to the ext<strong>en</strong>t of ignoring the subsequ<strong>en</strong>t co<strong>de</strong>, whose meaning<br />

ís not prescribed in this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation. However, wh<strong>en</strong> (111) [17] is received, the subsequ<strong>en</strong>í co<strong>de</strong> may be one of the<br />

mandatory valúes specified ín Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.230. The abilíty of a terminal to use the cont<strong>en</strong>í of other such co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

¡s governed by other Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations. For example, Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320 <strong>de</strong>fines the requirem<strong>en</strong>ts for visual<br />

telephone termináis to act upon some of the control and indication valúes.<br />

Valúes [25-31] are of múltiple byte ext<strong>en</strong>sión (MBE); co<strong>de</strong>s of MBE may only be transmitted to a terminal which has<br />

previously indicated its capability to receive MBE. It follows that a non-CCITT capabilities message may not be<br />

transmitted Ín the ínitial capability exchange, until the MPE-cap has be<strong>en</strong> received. An example of the structure of<br />

MBE messages is giv<strong>en</strong> in App<strong>en</strong>dix III.<br />

12 Bit occupancy and the sequ<strong>en</strong>cing of BAS co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

[n g<strong>en</strong>eral, wh<strong>en</strong> there is no set procedure governing the sequ<strong>en</strong>ce of BAS co<strong>de</strong>s, priorities may be <strong>de</strong>termined by the<br />

;<strong>en</strong>ding terminal. Wh<strong>en</strong> there Ís no other <strong>de</strong>mand for use of the BAS positíon, it is advisable to cycle through all the<br />

valid BAS commands, so that in the ev<strong>en</strong>t of a temporary disturbance the proper mo<strong>de</strong> will be restored as soon as<br />

possible thereafter.<br />

Pable 1 summarizes the BAS capabílitíes that can be simultaneously valid.<br />

Phe capability set consists of the capability marker (111) [24] followed by all curr<strong>en</strong>tly valid valúes, in any or<strong>de</strong>r; this<br />

may in turn be followed by a repetition of the set, or by the marker alone to indícale completion of the set prior to<br />

s<strong>en</strong>ding commands. L<strong>en</strong>gth of the capability set ¡teration is not Hmited, but the <strong>la</strong>st capability set shall be followed by a<br />

:ap-marker and at least one command Usted in Table 2. No valúes should be repeated within a set. If it is <strong>de</strong>síred to<br />

shange the capability set during íts transmission, the existing set must first be completed without change, followed by<br />

the marker alone and at least one BAS command before the new, changed set is starled. See App<strong>en</strong>dix VIII for some<br />

sxamples of legal and ¡Ilegal BAS sequ<strong>en</strong>ces.<br />

rhe inclusión of more than a very occasional "<strong>de</strong>fault" command in the initial capability sequ<strong>en</strong>ce might not be a good<br />

;hing, since the receiver would be loa<strong>de</strong>d with many "new but unchanged" capsets each requiring a response, and there<br />

night ev<strong>en</strong> be instability betwe<strong>en</strong> two termináis doing this. It should be noted that the purpose of including the<br />

5ccasÍonaI "<strong>de</strong>fault" command is to establish PCM audio communicatíon as soon as a cali has be<strong>en</strong> set up.<br />

Fable 2 summarizes the BAS commands that can be simultaneously valid.<br />

Dnly one valué in each row can be in forcé at any one instant, up to 17 valúes on the initial channel (all the above<br />

falues except (001) [18-22] apply only to the ínitial channel); however in practíce many of the combinations are<br />

íreclu<strong>de</strong>d by the fact that they would affect the same bits of the channel (for example, (Olí) [31] and (Olí) [19] cannot<br />

loexist).<br />

f\d remains Ín forcé until another from the same row is transmitted. A command must not be transmitted if to<br />

obey it would cause a simultaneous mo<strong>de</strong> change on another row; in such a case the other row valué must be changed<br />

first (for this purpose, a change of bit-rate of vi<strong>de</strong>o or any of the variable data valúes does not constitute a mo<strong>de</strong><br />

;hange). /<br />

[n g<strong>en</strong>eral, unless specified otherwíse, a BAS co<strong>de</strong> which is invalid or which contrav<strong>en</strong>es the provisions of this table, or<br />

ítherwise indicates an imüossible frame structure or svstem status, must not be transmilted.


Audio<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

Transfer rate<br />

Restricted network<br />

Low-speed data (LSD)<br />

High-speed data (HSD)<br />

Low-speed MLP<br />

High-speed MLP<br />

Applications in data channel<br />

Capabilitíes <strong>de</strong>fíned in Rec. H.230<br />

Encryption<br />

Multíple-byte ext<strong>en</strong>sión<br />

TABLE 1/H.242<br />

Capability summary*)<br />

One or more valúes from A-<strong>la</strong>w, fl-<strong>la</strong>w, G.725-T1,<br />

G.725-T2, Au-16 kbit/s, Au-ISOb)<br />

Abs<strong>en</strong>t, or (QGIF plus one MPI valué), or (QCIF + CIF<br />

plus two MPI valúes), and/or vi<strong>de</strong>o-ISO and/or AV-ISO<br />

Abs<strong>en</strong>t (meaning rate = 64 kbit/s onlyc*) or up to four<br />

valúes: max. no. of 64, 384 kbít/s channels, 1536,<br />

1920 kbit/s; and optíonally any relevanl valúes from<br />

(128, 192,256,512,768, 1152, 1472 kbit/s)<br />

Abs<strong>en</strong>t or pres<strong>en</strong>t<br />

Abs<strong>en</strong>t or all relevant valúes<br />

Abs<strong>en</strong>t or all relevant valuesd^<br />

Abs<strong>en</strong>t or al! relevant valúes<br />

Abs<strong>en</strong>t or all relevant valúes<br />

Abs<strong>en</strong>t or all relevant valúes<br />

Abs<strong>en</strong>t or all relevant valúes<br />

Abs<strong>en</strong>t or pres<strong>en</strong>t<br />

Abs<strong>en</strong>t or pres<strong>en</strong>t<br />

*' See App<strong>en</strong>dix VI for híerarchical capability BAS co<strong>de</strong>s.<br />

b' See App<strong>en</strong>dix VII for interpretaron of received audio capabilities.<br />

c' Wh<strong>en</strong> reducing the transfer-rate capability to 64 kbit/s from a higher valué, the valué transfer-capacíty<br />

= 64 kbit/s must be inclu<strong>de</strong>d.<br />

d) A capability set must not inclu<strong>de</strong> any HSD capabilíties whose bit rates exceed the transfer rate<br />

capability (e.g. 256 kbit/s HSD for 2B transfer ratej.<br />

[n g<strong>en</strong>eral, a terminal is not required to recognize BAS-commands which do not correspond to capabilities it has<br />

previously <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>red; however it is better practice to recognize such commands and c<strong>la</strong>ssify them as (i) those which can<br />

be ignorad, and (n) those which may result in a mo<strong>de</strong> mismatch (see 6.4). It is important not to initiate a recovery<br />

arocedure unnecessarily (for example, on receipt of LSD-off wh<strong>en</strong> it had never be<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>red or turned on), since this<br />

;ould result in system lock-up betwe<strong>en</strong> two termináis having differ<strong>en</strong>t intemal procedures,<br />

Fhe following notes serve To c<strong>la</strong>rify the application of these rules to the multiplexing of audío, ví<strong>de</strong>o and the various<br />

;orms of data. Some examples re<strong>la</strong>ting to data transmission are giv<strong>en</strong> in App<strong>en</strong>dix V.<br />

a) Audio cannot p<strong>en</strong>étrate into fixed rate data (LSD or MLP) bit positíons. It can expand its capacity into<br />

vacant or vi<strong>de</strong>o or variable data bh positions. It can reduce its capacity withín the audio bit positions<br />

curr<strong>en</strong>tly occupíed.<br />

b) Vi<strong>de</strong>o occupies all bit positions which are not assigned by other commands (ECS, audio, LSD/MLP<br />

regardless of being fixed rate or variable rate).<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o can be turned on at any time ev<strong>en</strong> if the avai<strong>la</strong>ble capacity for vi<strong>de</strong>o is zero at íhe corresponding<br />

sub-multiframe; (it may happ<strong>en</strong>, for example, that ví<strong>de</strong>o is switched on just before the variable rate LSD<br />

or MLP channel is closed); the <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r must not ignore "vi<strong>de</strong>o on" ev<strong>en</strong> ín this case, otherwise a mo<strong>de</strong><br />

mismatch occurs. However, if vi<strong>de</strong>o capacity is less than about 30 kbit/s averaged over several submultiframes,<br />

itmay not be practical.<br />

Ti c>iíMilH K*> nrvtoH fViot (Ti 1 fU nr»fpraMxi rvr^r ai\r*r\f f rf>í"/p-n í/'tlt rf> rf»nuopt ffl 1 (\\


To <strong>en</strong>sure that the picture builds up quickly wh<strong>en</strong> the vi<strong>de</strong>o transmíssion first begins, the <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r should<br />

transmit in INTRA mo<strong>de</strong> (see Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.261).<br />

Since thís INTRA can be received completely oníy if the remote <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r ís ready, the <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r should<br />

estímate wh<strong>en</strong> it should start INTRA. One way may be to repeat INTRA appropríate times or s<strong>en</strong>d<br />

Fill bits (<strong>de</strong>fined in 5.4.3/H.261) before s<strong>en</strong>ding INTRA. Another way may be that the <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r estimates<br />

wh<strong>en</strong> the remote <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r is ready and issues a VCU command at an appropriate timing.<br />

c) Fixed rate LSD/MLP cannot p<strong>en</strong>étrate into audio bitpositions ñor into fixed rate MLP/LSD bit positions.<br />

It can expand íts capacity into vacant or ví<strong>de</strong>o or variable MLP/LSD bit positions. It can reduce its<br />

capacity within the data bit positions curr<strong>en</strong>tly occupied. As a combination, fixed rate LSD/MLP can<br />

occupy new bit positions which have previously be<strong>en</strong> either vacant, vi<strong>de</strong>o, variable rate MLP/LSD or<br />

occupied by the same type of fixed rate data.<br />

d) Variable rate LSD/MLP occupies all bit positions which are not assigned by other fixed rate commands<br />

(ECS, audio, fixed rate MLP/LSD). If vi<strong>de</strong>o has be<strong>en</strong> on, it is exclu<strong>de</strong>d wh<strong>en</strong> variable rate LSD or MLP<br />

is turned on. If variable rate LSD/MLP has be<strong>en</strong> on, op<strong>en</strong>ing a variable rate MLP/LSD channel should be<br />

prece<strong>de</strong>d by closing the existing variable rate LSD/MLP channel.<br />

Variable rate LSD or MLP can be turned on at any time ev<strong>en</strong> if the avai<strong>la</strong>ble capacity for it is zero at the<br />

corresponding sub-multíframe; (it may happ<strong>en</strong>, for example, that the variable MLP is switched on just<br />

before closing the LSD channel which has be<strong>en</strong> occupying all the capacity other than audio); the <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

must not ignore "variable rate LSD or MLP on" ev<strong>en</strong> in this case, otherwise a mo<strong>de</strong> mismatch occurs.<br />

e) LSD/MLP rate may be changed without first closing the data channel — this applies equally to changes<br />

betwe<strong>en</strong> fixed and variable rate. It is emphasized that there can only be one LSD and one MLP channel<br />

at any mstant.<br />

f) Capacity of ví<strong>de</strong>o or variable LSD/MLP can be temporarily reduced to zero in a sub-multíframe as part of<br />

dynamíc bit rate allocations. It is ¡mpractical, however, if that sítuation continúes for a long time.<br />

g) The rules for the use of HSD and H-MLP (in other than the I-channel) are i<strong>de</strong>ntical to those giv<strong>en</strong> above<br />

for LSD and MLP in the I-channel.<br />

h) Any co<strong>de</strong> can be s<strong>en</strong>t in bit positions which have not yet be<strong>en</strong> op<strong>en</strong>ed by the BAS commands, In a 2B<br />

communication, for example, the additional channel may s<strong>en</strong>d "O" or "1" or any combinations in bit<br />

positions except those for FAS and BAS till a 2B transfer rate command Ís s<strong>en</strong>t. It should be noted that<br />

although the terminal may set the "unop<strong>en</strong>ed" bits to any valúes, there is no assurance that those bits wíll<br />

be <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong>ívered to other termináis in a multipoint confer<strong>en</strong>ce by the MCU.<br />

L3 Procedure for <strong>de</strong>aling with 6B-H0 interconnection<br />

por further study.<br />

L4 Procedure for use of <strong>en</strong>cryption control signal channel<br />

Each terminal must transmit the <strong>en</strong>cryption capabilhy co<strong>de</strong> if il Ís able to handle the ECS channel. No terminal may<br />

ictivate the channel without first receiving the corresponding capabílity co<strong>de</strong>. Once an ECS capability co<strong>de</strong> has be<strong>en</strong><br />

iransmitted it cannot be cancelled by omission from a subsequ<strong>en</strong>t capability exchange. That is to say, a terminal having<br />

anee received, stored and ma<strong>de</strong> use of an ECS capability co<strong>de</strong> should assume continued valídity until cancelled by the<br />

[ocal user. Thus <strong>en</strong>cryption can be discontinued by the users themselves but not by a third party tampering with<br />

the BAS-capability exchange,<br />

The initiating terminal transmits the command "ECS channel ON"; from the next multiframe it op<strong>en</strong>s the 800 bit/s<br />

ECS channel <strong>de</strong>fined in /Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221, whose use is specified in the Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation <strong>de</strong>fining the<br />

sncryption system (FAS, BAS and the ECS channel itself are in any case not <strong>en</strong>crypled).<br />

V/h<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>cryption has be<strong>en</strong> turned off, the BAS command "ECS channel OFF" is used ío cióse the ECS channel.


Attribute<br />

Audio (000)<br />

Transfer<br />

rate (001)<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o and<br />

other(OlO)<br />

LSD and<br />

MLP(Oll)<br />

HSD and<br />

H-MLP<br />

Altemative valúes<br />

(<strong>la</strong>st valué only is valid)<br />

[0,4-7, 13-19,24-31]<br />

[0-15,23,24,26,29]<br />

D7]<br />

[18-22]<br />

[0-4]<br />

[6,7]<br />

[16]<br />

[17]<br />

[18,21]<br />

[19,21]<br />

[20,21]<br />

[25, 26]<br />

[27,28]<br />

[0-15,31]<br />

[16-19]<br />

[0, 17-22]<br />

[2-8, 13, 14]<br />

TABLE 2/H.242<br />

Command summary<br />

Default<br />

assumed<br />

[18 or 19]<br />

[0]<br />

[0]<br />

[7]<br />

[21]<br />

[21]<br />

[21]<br />

[26]<br />

[28]<br />

[OJ<br />

[16]<br />

[OJ<br />

[14]<br />

Annex A<br />

Comm<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

See 7.2.3<br />

additíonal channels only<br />

Cancelled by command ¡n vi<strong>de</strong>o frame<br />

Expires after fast update completed<br />

Escape rabie (11 1)[16]<br />

I<strong>de</strong>ntification of the <strong>en</strong>d of sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A<br />

(This annex forms an integral part ofthis Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation)<br />

fhe following arrangem<strong>en</strong>ts are effective forboth of normal and neutral capability exchanges.<br />

Perminal X activating sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A<br />

terminal X s<strong>en</strong>ds capability sets until both the following conditions are met:<br />

i) one complete set has be<strong>en</strong> transmitted since receivíng A = 0;<br />

ii) it <strong>de</strong>tects an incoming cap-mark followed by at least one normal capability co<strong>de</strong> (to await a full cap-set is<br />

better as it increases robustness).<br />

t th<strong>en</strong> completes transmission of the curr<strong>en</strong>t set (since partial cap-sets are not allowed) followed by cap-mark and at<br />

east one command. If condítion ii) does not materialize within 10 seconds of i), the sequ<strong>en</strong>ce must be terminated, a<br />

ommand s<strong>en</strong>t, and th<strong>en</strong> a new sequ<strong>en</strong>ce started.<br />

t i<strong>de</strong>ntifies the <strong>en</strong>d of sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A wh<strong>en</strong> it receives a command following the capability sets from the remote terminal<br />

(. At any time after the <strong>en</strong>d of sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A, the terminal X should respond to reception of a capability set by returning<br />

ts own capability set.<br />

ferminal Y responding to the reception of capability co<strong>de</strong><br />

'h<strong>en</strong> it starts to s<strong>en</strong>d commands. The <strong>en</strong>d of sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A is i<strong>de</strong>ntifíed by receiving a command from the remote<br />

srminal X. At any time after the <strong>en</strong>d of sequ<strong>en</strong>ce A, the terminal Y should respond to reception of a capability set by


App<strong>en</strong>dix I<br />

Initialization: Case of vi<strong>de</strong>ophone to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320, type<br />

(This app<strong>en</strong>dix does not form an integral part of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation)<br />

Jn<strong>de</strong>rlined letters in the comm<strong>en</strong>ts column correspond topoints in the associated Figure I.l.<br />

FAS,<br />

A-bit<br />

XX<br />

F.l<br />

F,l<br />

F.l<br />

F.l<br />

F.l<br />

F,l<br />

F,l<br />

F,l<br />

F,l<br />

F.l<br />

F.l<br />

F.l<br />

F.l<br />

F,l<br />

F,l<br />

F.l<br />

F,0<br />

F.O<br />

F,0<br />

F,0<br />

F.O<br />

F,0<br />

F.O<br />

F,0<br />

F,0<br />

F.O<br />

F,0<br />

F.O<br />

F.O<br />

F.O<br />

F.O<br />

F.O<br />

F.O<br />

F.O<br />

F,0<br />

F.O<br />

F,0<br />

F.O<br />

BAS<br />

Attr.<br />

XX<br />

Transmítted<br />

Valué<br />

XX<br />

Audio<br />

mo<strong>de</strong><br />

XX<br />

(UD [24] 0<br />

(100) [5] 0<br />

(100) [4] 0<br />

(101) [20] 0<br />

(101)<br />

(100)<br />

(111)<br />

[24]<br />

rni<br />

[24]<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

(100) [5] 0<br />

(Continué to cycle caps)<br />

(101) [24] 0<br />

(100)<br />

(111)<br />

[17]<br />

[24]<br />

0<br />

0<br />

(100) [5] 0<br />

(100) [4] 0<br />

(101) [20] 0<br />

(101) [24] 0<br />

(100) [17] 0<br />

(101)<br />

(100)<br />

(100)<br />

(111)<br />

(100)<br />

(100)<br />

(101)<br />

(101)<br />

(100)<br />

(111)<br />

(000)<br />

fOlO)<br />

(000)<br />

(010)<br />

(000)<br />

(010)<br />

(010)<br />

(000)<br />

(010)<br />

(000)<br />

(010)<br />

(000)<br />

[24]<br />

[17]<br />

[17]<br />

[24]<br />

[5J<br />

[4]<br />

[20]<br />

[24]<br />

[17]<br />

[24]<br />

[29J<br />

ÜJ<br />

[29]<br />

[U<br />

[29]<br />

[1]<br />

[1J<br />

[29]<br />

U ,<br />

[29]<br />

[1]<br />

[29]<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

7.<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

Successive sub-multiframes at terminal "X" only<br />

Ví<strong>de</strong>o<br />

rate<br />

XX<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

46.4<br />

46.4<br />

46.4<br />

46.4<br />

46.4<br />

46.4<br />

46.4<br />

46.4<br />

46.4<br />

46.4<br />

FAS.<br />

A-bít<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

BAS<br />

Atrr.<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

Valué<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

Audio<br />

mo<strong>de</strong><br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

(Searching forframe alígnm<strong>en</strong>t)<br />

Receíved<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

rate<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

XX<br />

F.l<br />

XX<br />

ÜJJJ<br />

XX<br />

[24]<br />

XX<br />

0<br />

XX<br />

(off)<br />

F,l (100) [5] 0 (off)<br />

F,l (100) [4] 0 (off)<br />

F,l (10Í) [20] 0 (off)<br />

F,l (101) [24J 0 (off)<br />

F,l (100) [17] 0 (off)<br />

F.l (111) [24] 0 (off)<br />

(Searching for multiframe align.)<br />

F,l<br />

F,l<br />

(100)<br />

(111)<br />

[17]<br />

[24]<br />

0<br />

0<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(Waitíng for íncoming A = 0)<br />

F,l (111) [24] 0 (off)<br />

F.O (100) [5] 0 (off)<br />

F,0 (100) [4] 0 (off)<br />

F.O (101) [20] 0 (off)<br />

F.O (101) [24] 0 (off)<br />

F.O<br />

F.O<br />

(100)<br />

(111)<br />

[17]<br />

[24]<br />

0<br />

0<br />

toff)<br />

(off)<br />

F.O (100) [5] 0 (off)<br />

F,0 (100) [4] 0 (off)<br />

F.O (101) [20] 0 (off)<br />

F.O (101) [24] 0 (off)<br />

F.O<br />

F.O<br />

(100)<br />

(111)<br />

[17]<br />

[24]<br />

0<br />

0<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

F.O (100) [5] 0 (off)<br />

(Waítíng for Íncoming mo<strong>de</strong> changes)<br />

F.O (101) [24] 0 (off)<br />

F.O (000) [29] 0 (off)<br />

F.O (010) [U 7 (off)<br />

F.O (000) [29] 7 46.4<br />

F.O (010) [1] 7 46.4<br />

F.O (000) [29] 7 46.4<br />

Comm<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

A.cap-mark<br />

Audío BAS-cap 1<br />

Audio BAS-cap 2<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o CapabiÜty-QCIF<br />

MPI 3/29.97<br />

Transfer rate capability 2B<br />

Repeat capabÍIÍty-set<br />

About one transit?<br />

B_ incomíng capability-set<br />

Capabílity-set complete<br />

up to 320 ms<br />

C.mfa achieved, A = 0<br />

D Íncoming A = 0<br />

Capability-set complete<br />

E.start mo<strong>de</strong> switch<br />

(see Note)<br />

Eíncoming switch<br />

16 kbit/s audio<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o ON<br />

repeat valid commands


FAS,<br />

A-bit<br />

XX<br />

BAS<br />

Attr.<br />

XX<br />

Transmitted<br />

Valué<br />

XX<br />

Audio<br />

mo<strong>de</strong><br />

XX<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

rate<br />

XX<br />

FAS,<br />

A-bÍt<br />

XX<br />

BAS<br />

Attr.<br />

XX<br />

Valué<br />

XX<br />

Audio<br />

mo<strong>de</strong><br />

XX<br />

Received<br />

Ví<strong>de</strong>o<br />

rate<br />

(Now <strong>de</strong>al with second B-channel, once connection is completed)<br />

FF.OI (010) U] 7 46.4 Fx.Ox (000) [29] 7 46.4<br />

FF.Ol (000) [29] 7 46.4 Fx.Ox (010) [i] 7 46.4<br />

(Searching for frame alígnm<strong>en</strong>t on<br />

channel No. 2)<br />

FF.01 (010) ni 7 46.4 FF.OI (000) [29] 7 46.4<br />

FF.01 (000) [29] 7 46.4 FF.01 (010) [1] 7 46.4<br />

(Finding multiframe alignm<strong>en</strong>t and<br />

buffering to synchronize)<br />

FF.OO. (010) [1] 7 46.4 FF.01 (000) [29] 7 46.4<br />

FF.OO (000) [29] 7 46.4 FF.01 (010) [1]<br />

-7 46.4<br />

(Waíting for incoming A2 = 0)<br />

FF.OO (010) DI 7 46.4 FF.OO. (000) [29] 7 46.4<br />

FF.OO (001) ÜJ 7 46.4 FF.OO (010) [1] 7 46.4<br />

FF.OO (001) [1] 7 108.8 FF.OO (000) [29] 7 46.4<br />

FF.OO (010) [1] 7 108.8 FF.OO (010) [U 7 46.4<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

(000)<br />

(001)<br />

[29]<br />

m<br />

7<br />

7<br />

108.8<br />

108,8<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

(000)<br />

(010)<br />

[29]<br />

[1]<br />

7<br />

7<br />

46.4<br />

46.4<br />

(Continué to cycle BAS commands)<br />

FF.OO (010) [u 7 108.8<br />

(Waiting for incomíng mo<strong>de</strong> changes)<br />

FF.OO foon ÜJ 7 46.4<br />

FF.OO (000) [29] 7 108.8 FF.OO (001) fi] 7 108,8<br />

(Initialízation completed)<br />

XX<br />

G.<br />

Comm<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

H.alignm<strong>en</strong>t recovered<br />

Is<strong>en</strong>d A = 0 on channel No. 2<br />

J incomíng A2 = 0<br />

start mo<strong>de</strong> switch to expand<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o (see Note)<br />

EC incoming mo<strong>de</strong> sw.<br />

NOTE — The mo<strong>de</strong>s selected for switching are governed by terminal procedures which in g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>d on the application;<br />

in the pres<strong>en</strong>t case of vi<strong>de</strong>ophone service. the procedure is specífíed ¡n Recomm<strong>en</strong>datíon H.320,


TERMINAL-X-<br />

Start<br />

communication<br />

TERMINAL "X"<br />

Start<br />

communication<br />

Searching for FAS<br />

Detect FAS<br />

Store BAS capability-set<br />

Recover MFA<br />

D etect A = O,<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d one more capabllity-set<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d mo<strong>de</strong> switch<br />

Swilch receive mo<strong>de</strong><br />

Searching for FAS No. 2<br />

Detect FAS No. 2<br />

Recover MFA No. 2 and<br />

buff er to synchronization<br />

with inítial<br />

channel... completed<br />

D'etectA2 = O<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d mo<strong>de</strong> switch<br />

D eco<strong>de</strong><br />

108.8 kbit/s vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

First connection estabiished<br />

Second connection established<br />

FIGURE I.1/H.242<br />

TERMINAL-Y-<br />

Start<br />

(a littíe <strong>la</strong>ter}<br />

TERMINAL "Y-<br />

Start<br />

(alittle<strong>la</strong>ter)<br />

Searching for FAS<br />

Detect FAS<br />

Store BAS capability-set<br />

Recover MFA<br />

Detect A = O, s<strong>en</strong>d<br />

one more capability-set<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d mo<strong>de</strong>-switch<br />

Switch receive mo<strong>de</strong><br />

Searching for FAS No. 2<br />

Detect FAS No. 2<br />

Recover MFA<br />

and synchronization<br />

D etect A = O<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d mo<strong>de</strong> switch<br />

Deco<strong>de</strong><br />

108.8 kbit/s vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

T15D6a70-9D/dOS


App<strong>en</strong>dix II<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong>-0 forcing: Case of vi<strong>de</strong>ophone to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320, type<br />

(This app<strong>en</strong>dix does not form an integral part of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation)<br />

Lín<strong>de</strong>rlined letters in the comm<strong>en</strong>ts column correspond to points in the associated Figure 11.2.<br />

FAS,<br />

A-bit<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

BAS<br />

Attr.<br />

(010)<br />

(000)<br />

(001)<br />

(OH)<br />

(010)<br />

(P_1D<br />

(0101<br />

(001)<br />

COPO)<br />

(000)<br />

(010)<br />

(000)<br />

OÍD<br />

ÜOO)<br />

flOO)<br />

OÍD<br />

Transmítted<br />

Valué<br />

[1J<br />

[29J<br />

[U<br />

[2]<br />

tu<br />

[OJ<br />

[01<br />

[OJ<br />

[18]<br />

[18]<br />

[0]<br />

[18J<br />

[24]<br />

06J<br />

ÜJ<br />

[24]<br />

Audio<br />

mo<strong>de</strong><br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

(continué to cycle these capabilities)<br />

(100)<br />

(100)<br />

(111)<br />

(100)<br />

(100)<br />

(010)<br />

(001)<br />

(000)<br />

.(Olí)<br />

(010)<br />

(001)<br />

(000)<br />

Successive sub-multiframes at terminal "X" only<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

rate<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

108.8<br />

(off)<br />

(ofí)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

FAS.<br />

A-bit<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

BAS<br />

Attr.<br />

(000)<br />

(001)<br />

(Olí)<br />

(010)<br />

(000)<br />

(001)<br />

(Olí)<br />

(010)<br />

(000)<br />

(001)<br />

(Olí)<br />

(010)<br />

(000)<br />

(001)<br />

(Olí)<br />

(010)<br />

Valué<br />

[29]<br />

[1J<br />

[2]<br />

[1J<br />

[29]<br />

[1]<br />

[2J<br />

[1]<br />

[29]<br />

[1]<br />

[2]<br />

[1]<br />

[29J<br />

[1]<br />

[2]<br />

[1]<br />

Audio<br />

mo<strong>de</strong><br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

(Awaiting incoming mo<strong>de</strong> change<br />

and capabílity set)<br />

[16] OF (off) FF.OO (000) [29]<br />

[1] OF (off) FF.OO (Olí) [0]<br />

[24] OF (off) FF.OO (010) [PJ<br />

[16]<br />

[1]<br />

[0]<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

(001)<br />

(000)<br />

(111)<br />

[OJ<br />

US]<br />

[24]<br />

[OJ OF (off) FF.OO (100) [5]<br />

[18] OF (off) FF.OO (100) [4J<br />

[OJ OF (off) FF.OO (101) [20]<br />

[0] OF (off) FF.OO (101) [24]<br />

[OJ<br />

[18J<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

FF.OO<br />

FF.OO<br />

(100)<br />

(111)<br />

[17J<br />

[24J<br />

(Continué to cycle all valid BAS commands)<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

OF<br />

Received<br />

Ví<strong>de</strong>o<br />

rate<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

107.6<br />

108.8<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

(off)<br />

Comm<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o isON (Rec. H.261)<br />

Audio is 16 kbit/s<br />

Transfer rate is 2 X 64<br />

Data is ON at 1.2 kbit/s<br />

L dta to go off<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o to go off<br />

Transfer rate 64 kbít/s<br />

Audío A-<strong>la</strong>w, OF<br />

M. capabílity mark<br />

64 kbít/s-capability only<br />

A-Iaw capabílity only<br />

Capabilíty mark<br />

N. incoming data to go off<br />

Incoming vi<strong>de</strong>o to go off<br />

Incoming channel No. 2 off<br />

Incoming audio co be OF<br />

he mo<strong>de</strong>-0 forcing procedure is not complete: subsequ<strong>en</strong>t action <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>ds on the terminal procedure, according to the<br />

;ason for performing the switch to mo<strong>de</strong> O


TERMINAL "X-<br />

Swltch to mo<strong>de</strong> OF L<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d capabllity-set y<br />

FIGURE II.2/H.242<br />

App<strong>en</strong>dix III<br />

T1S0608l-00/d06<br />

Example of use of message structure<br />

(This app<strong>en</strong>dix does not form an integral part of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation)<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d Receive<br />

Initial capability exchange, including MBE-cap<br />

(111) [24] Capabllity-mark<br />

(100) [4] Audio type 2 (G.722, 56 kbit/s)<br />

(100) [17] 2 X 64 kbií/s transfer rate<br />

(101) [21] CIF vi<strong>de</strong>o capability<br />

(101) [22] 1729.97 MPIforQCIF<br />

(101) [23] 2/29.97 MPI for CIF<br />

TERMINAL "Y"<br />

Switch receive mo<strong>de</strong><br />

Detect reduced capability<br />

s<strong>en</strong>d mo<strong>de</strong> swItch<br />

S<strong>en</strong>d capab¡l¡ry-set


S<strong>en</strong>d Receive<br />

(101) [31] MBE-capability<br />

(111) [16] Set to escape tableforHSD .<br />

(101) [17] 64kbit/s HSD-capability<br />

(111) [24] Capability-mark, repetition of capability set<br />

(100) [4] Audio type 2 (Rec. G.722, 56 kbit/s)<br />

Subsequ<strong>en</strong>t capability exchange, including MBE capability message<br />

(111) [24] Capability-mark<br />

(100) [4] Audio type 2 (Rec. G.722, 56 kbit/s)<br />

(100) [17] 2 X 64 kbit/s transfer rate<br />

(101) [21] CIF vi<strong>de</strong>o capability<br />

(101) [22] 1/29.97 MPI for QCIF<br />

(101) [23] 2/29.97 MPI for CIF<br />

(101) [31] MBE-capability<br />

(111) [16] Set to escape tableforHSD<br />

(101) [17] 64 kbit/s HSD-capability<br />

(111) [30] Startofnon-CCITT capability message<br />

(M) Information will be M-bytes<br />

[byte 1) Country co<strong>de</strong> according to Rec.T.35<br />

{byte 2] Country co<strong>de</strong><br />

[bytes 3, 4] Manufacturer co<strong>de</strong> (Company XYZ)<br />

[bytes 5-M) Type i<strong>de</strong>ntity<br />

(111) [24] Capability-mark, repetition of capability set<br />

(100) [4] Audio type 2 (Rec. G.722, 56 kbit/s)<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong> switch to non-standard mo<strong>de</strong> using MBE command<br />

(111) [30] Start of non-CCITT command message<br />

{N} Information will be N-bytes<br />

{byte 1} Country co<strong>de</strong> according to Rec. T.35<br />

[byte 2} Country co<strong>de</strong><br />

{bytes 3, 4) Manufacturer co<strong>de</strong> (Company XYZ)<br />

{bytes 5-N} Type i<strong>de</strong>ntity<br />

Deco<strong>de</strong> incoming BAS capabilities;<br />

these inclu<strong>de</strong> (101) [31], so remóte <strong>en</strong>d<br />

can handle MBE co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

Incoming capability cycle now inclu<strong>de</strong>s<br />

the same non-standard mo<strong>de</strong>


App<strong>en</strong>dix IV<br />

Examples of symmetrical and unsymmetrical transmission mo<strong>de</strong>s<br />

(This app<strong>en</strong>dix does not form an integral part of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation)<br />

[V.l Example of symmetrical transmission mo<strong>de</strong><br />

Capabilities of Terminal X<br />

Capabilities of Terminal Y<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong> ín X-to-Y direction<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong> in Y-to-X direction<br />

Audio<br />

16 kbít/s<br />

Type2<br />

+ 16 kbit/s<br />

16kbít/s<br />

16kbÍt/s<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

Yes<br />

Yes<br />

[V.2 Example of unsymmetrical transmission mo<strong>de</strong><br />

-<br />

Capabilities of Terminal X<br />

Capabilities of Terminal Y<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong> Ín X-to-Y direction<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong> in Y-to-X direction<br />

Audio<br />

PCM<br />

16 kbít/s<br />

OFF<br />

OFF<br />

ON<br />

ON<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

Yes<br />

No<br />

OFF<br />

ON<br />

Transfer<br />

rate<br />

IB<br />

2B<br />

IB<br />

IB<br />

Transfer<br />

rate<br />

2B<br />

2B<br />

2B<br />

2B<br />

LSD<br />

1.2 kbit/s<br />

1.2kbit/s<br />

1.2 kbit/s<br />

1.2 kbit/s<br />

LSD<br />

1 .2 kbít/s<br />

56 kbit/s<br />

56 kbit/s<br />

1.2 kbit/s<br />

App<strong>en</strong>dix V<br />

Examples re<strong>la</strong>ting to data transmissions<br />

(This app<strong>en</strong>dix does not form an integral part of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation)<br />

NOTE- For the examples giv<strong>en</strong> below:<br />

* These rates are reduced by 800 bit/s wh<strong>en</strong> the ECS is active;<br />

# "Vi<strong>de</strong>o-on" may not be practica! in these cases.<br />

Transfer-rate IB, audio at 48 kbit/Sj no vi<strong>de</strong>o or vi<strong>de</strong>o off<br />

MLP LSD Forbld<strong>de</strong>n next commands (example)<br />

4k<br />

4k<br />

1200/<br />

Sk<br />

#, LSD = 4.8k/6.4k/14.4k and over, MLP = 6.4k<br />

Au = 56k, #, LSD = 4.8k/6.4k/14.4k and over<br />

HSD<br />

-<br />

-<br />

-<br />

- -<br />

HSD<br />

No<br />

No<br />

-<br />

-<br />

MLP<br />

. No<br />

Yes<br />

OFF<br />

OFF<br />

MLP<br />

No<br />

No<br />

OFF<br />

OFF


6.4*k 8k<br />

var 1200<br />

var 6.4k<br />

var 9.6k<br />

Au = 56k, #, LSD = 300/1200/4.8k/6.4k/9.6k/14.4k and over<br />

#, LSD = 16k and over/var, MLP = 6.4k<br />

#, LSD = 16k and over/var, MLP = 4k/6.4k<br />

Au = 56k,#,'LS-D = 16k and over/var, MLP = 6.4k<br />

Transfer-rate IBj audio at 16 kbit/Sj no vi<strong>de</strong>o or vi<strong>de</strong>o off<br />

MLP LSD Forbid<strong>de</strong>n next commands (example)<br />

4k<br />

4k<br />

4k<br />

4k<br />

6.4*k<br />

6.4*k<br />

var<br />

var<br />

var<br />

300<br />

8k<br />

16k<br />

var<br />

8k<br />

40k<br />

4.8k<br />

9.6k<br />

16k<br />

Transfer-rate IBj audio at 16 kbit/Sj vi<strong>de</strong>o on<br />

LSD = 4.8k/6.4k/14.4k/48k and over, MLP = 6,4k<br />

Au = 56k, LSD = 4.8k/6.4k/14.4k/48k and over<br />

Au = 48k/56k, #, LSD = 4.8k/6.4k/14.4k/48k and over<br />

#, LSD = 4.8k/6.4k/14.4k/48k and over, MLP = var<br />

Au = 56k, LSD = 300/1200/4.8k/6.4k/9.6k/14.4k/48k and over<br />

Au = 48k/56k, #, LSD = 300/1200/4.Sk/6,4k/9.6k,/14.4k/4Sk and over<br />

#, LSD = 48k and over/var, MLP = 4k/6.4k<br />

Au = 56k, #, LSD = 48k and over/var, MLP = 6.4k<br />

Au = 4Sk/56k, #, LSD = 48k and over/var<br />

MLP LSD Forbld<strong>de</strong>n next commands (example)<br />

4k 1200<br />

4k Sk<br />

6.4*k 8k<br />

Transfer-rate 2B, audio at 48 kbit/Sj vi<strong>de</strong>o on<br />

LSD = 4.8k/6.4k/14.4k/48k and over, MLP = 6.4k<br />

Au = 56k, LSD = 4.8k/6.4k/14.4k/48k and over<br />

Au = 56k, LSD = 300/1200/4.8k/6.4k/9.6k/14.4k/48k and over<br />

MLP LSD Forbid<strong>de</strong>n next commands (example)<br />

var<br />

var<br />

var<br />

4k<br />

1200<br />

4.8k<br />

9.6k<br />

8k<br />

LSD = 16k and over/var, MLP = 6.4k<br />

Transfer-rate 2Bj audio at 16 kbit/s, vi<strong>de</strong>o on<br />

LSD= 16kand over/var, MLP = 4k/6.4k<br />

Au = 56k, LSD = I6k and over/var, MLP = 6.4k<br />

Au = 56k, LSD = 4.8k/6.4k/14.4k/16k and over<br />

MLP LSD Forbid<strong>de</strong>n next commands (example)<br />

var<br />

var<br />

var<br />

var<br />

4k<br />

var<br />

LSD<br />

HSD<br />

1200<br />

4.8k<br />

8k<br />

16k<br />

8k<br />

Variable<br />

i<br />

Low speed data<br />

Hígh speed data<br />

LSD = 48k and over/var, MLP = 6.4K<br />

LSD = 48k and over/var, MLP 4k/6.4k<br />

Au = 56k, LSD = 48k and over/var<br />

Au = 48k/56k, LSD = 48k and over/var<br />

Au = 56k, LSD = 4.8k/6.4k/14.4k/48kand over


App<strong>en</strong>dix VI<br />

Hierarchical capability BAS co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

(This app<strong>en</strong>dix does not form an integral part of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation)<br />

Che following capability co<strong>de</strong>s are hierarchically structured:<br />

G.711 (A or ü. or both) < G.722-64 < G.722-48<br />

IB


App<strong>en</strong>dix VIII<br />

Examples of legal and illegal capability BAS sequ<strong>en</strong>ces<br />

(This app<strong>en</strong>dix does not form an integral part of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation)<br />

To be clear about legal and illegal capability BAS sequ<strong>en</strong>ces, it may be appropriate to quote the following examples<br />

(Al, A2 repres<strong>en</strong>t audio capabilíties):<br />

Allowed:<br />

S'ot allowed:<br />

{cap-mark, Al, A2, QCIF, 2/29.97} cap-mark<br />

(cap-mark, Al, A2, QCIF, 2/29.97] [repeat} [repeat] {repeat] cap-mark<br />

{cap-mark, Al, A2, QCIF, 2/29.97] cap-mark;<br />

command; [cap-mark, Al, A2, QCIF, 2/29.97, 2B] cap-mark<br />

[cap-mark, neutral} cap-mark<br />

{cap-mark, Al, A2, QCIF, 2/29.97]; command (final cap-mark missíng)<br />

{cap-mark, Al, A2, QCIF, 2/29.97] [repeat} {repeat] [repeat]; command<br />

(final cap-mark missing)<br />

[cap-mark, Al, A2, Al, QCIF, 2/29.97] cap-mark (repeated valué)<br />

{cap-mark, neutral}; command (final cap-mark missing)<br />

command; neutral; command (both cap-marks missing)<br />

{cap-mark, Al, A2, QCIF, 2/29.97}<br />

cap-mark {cap-mark Al, A2, QCIF,<br />

2/29.91', 2B] cap-mark (changad capset without command betwe<strong>en</strong>)<br />

{cap-mark, Al, A2, QCIF, 1/29.97, 2/29.97} cap-mark (two MPI valúes)<br />

[cap-mark, Al, A2, GIF. 2/29,97} cap-mark (one MPI valué)<br />

cap-mark, cap-mark (no capabüities)<br />

command; {Al, A2, QCIF, 2/29.97); command (no cap-marks)


or! Error!<br />

ot a valid<br />

leñame.<br />

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION<br />

CCITT<br />

5rror!Error!<br />

Jot a valid<br />

lléname. G<strong>en</strong>eva,,1990<br />

THE INTERNATIONAL<br />

TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE<br />

CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE<br />

LINE TRANSMISSION<br />

ON NON-TELEPHQNE SIGNALS<br />

H.261<br />

VIDEO CODEC FOR AUDIOVISUAL SERVICES<br />

AT p x 64 kbit/s<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.261


FOREWORD<br />

The CCITT (the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee) is the perman<strong>en</strong>t organ of<br />

le International Teleconrmunicatión Union (ITU). CCITT is responsible for studying technical, operating and tarüT<br />

uestions and issuing Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwi<strong>de</strong><br />

asís.<br />

The Pl<strong>en</strong>ary Assembly of CCITT which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study and approves<br />

lecomm<strong>en</strong>dations prepared by its Study Groups. The approval of Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations by the members of CCITT betwe<strong>en</strong><br />

leñar}' Assernblies is covered by the procedure <strong>la</strong>id down in CCITT Resolution No. 2 (Melbourne, 1988).<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.261 was prepared by Study Group XV and was approved un<strong>de</strong>r the Resolution No. 2<br />

rocedure on the 14 of December 1990.<br />

ccm NOTE<br />

In this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation, the expression "Administration" is used for concis<strong>en</strong>ess to indícate both a<br />

¡lecommunication Administration and a recognized prívate operating ag<strong>en</strong>cy.<br />

© ITU 1990<br />

ai rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any fonn or by any rneans, electronic or<br />

aechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the ITU.


iecomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.261<br />

'onsi<strong>de</strong>ríng<br />

ervices;<br />

The CCITT,<br />

VIDEO CODEC FOR AUDIOVISUAL SERVICES AT p x 64 kbit/s<br />

(revised 1990)<br />

(a) that there is signifícant customer <strong>de</strong>mand for vi<strong>de</strong>ophone, vi<strong>de</strong>oconfer<strong>en</strong>ce and other audiovisual<br />

(b) that circuits to meet this <strong>de</strong>mand can be provi<strong>de</strong>d by digital transmission using the B, HO rates or their<br />

lultiples up to the primary rate orHn/Hi2 rates;<br />

(c) that ISDNs are likely to be avai<strong>la</strong>ble in some countries that provi<strong>de</strong> a switched transmission service at<br />

íieB, HQ orHn/Hi2 rate;<br />

(d) that the exist<strong>en</strong>ce of difíer<strong>en</strong>t digital hierarchies and differ<strong>en</strong>t televisión standards in difíer<strong>en</strong>t parts of<br />

íie world complicates the problems of specifying coding and transmission standards for international connections;<br />

(e) that a number of audiovisual services are likely to appear using basic and primary rate ISDN accesses<br />

nd that some means of intercommunication among these termináis should be possible;<br />

(f) that the vi<strong>de</strong>o co<strong>de</strong>e provi<strong>de</strong>s an ess<strong>en</strong>tial elem<strong>en</strong>t of the inírastructure for audiovisual services which<br />

llows such intercommunication in the framework of Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.200;<br />

(g) that Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.120 for vi<strong>de</strong>oconfer<strong>en</strong>cing using primary digital group transmission was the<br />

irst in an evolving series of Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations,<br />

ppreciating<br />

that advances have be<strong>en</strong> ma<strong>de</strong> in research and <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t of vi<strong>de</strong>o coding and bit rate reduction techniques<br />

i'hich lead to the use of lower bit rates down to 64 kbit/s so that this may be consi<strong>de</strong>red as the second in the evolving<br />

sries of Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations,<br />

nd noñng<br />

zcomm<strong>en</strong>ds<br />

that it is the basic objective of the CCITT to recomm<strong>en</strong>d unique solutions for international connections,<br />

that in addition to those co<strong>de</strong>es complying to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.120, co<strong>de</strong>es having signa! processing and<br />

'ansmission coding characteristics <strong>de</strong>scribed below should be used for international audiovisual services.<br />

Note 1 — Co<strong>de</strong>es of this type are also suitable for some televisión services where full broadcast quality is not<br />

iquired.<br />

Note 2 — Equipm<strong>en</strong>t for transcoding from and to co<strong>de</strong>es according to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H. 120 is un<strong>de</strong>r study.<br />

Scope<br />

This Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation <strong>de</strong>scribes the vi<strong>de</strong>o coding and <strong>de</strong>coding methods for the moving picture compon<strong>en</strong>t of<br />

udiovisual services at the rates ofp x 64 kbit/s, where/? is in the range 1 to 30.


Brief specification<br />

An outline block diagram of the co<strong>de</strong>e is giv<strong>en</strong> in Figure 1/H.261.<br />

1.1 Vi<strong>de</strong>o input and output<br />

FIGURE 1/H.261<br />

To permit a single Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation to cover use in and betwe<strong>en</strong> regions using 625- and 525-line televisión<br />

¡tandards, the source co<strong>de</strong>r opérales on pictures based on a common intermedíate format (CIF). The standards of the<br />

nput and output televisión signáis, which may, for example, be composite or compon<strong>en</strong>t, analogue or digital and the<br />

nethods of performing any necessary conversión to and from the source coding format are not subject to<br />

lecomm<strong>en</strong>dation.<br />

1.2 Digital output and input<br />

The vi<strong>de</strong>o co<strong>de</strong>r provi<strong>de</strong>s a self-contained digital bit stream which may be combined with other multi-facüity<br />

¡ignals (for example as <strong>de</strong>fined in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221). The vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r performs the reverse process.<br />

1.3 Samplingfrequ<strong>en</strong>cy<br />

Pictures are sampled at an intcger múltiple of the vi<strong>de</strong>o line rate. This sampling clock and the digital<br />

letwork clock are asynchronous.


,4 Source codirig olgorithm<br />

. . ,, *TÍ-«^*^T~ ^<br />

A hybnd of inter-picture prediction to uühze temporal redundancy and transform coding of the remaining<br />

ignal to reduce spatial redundancy is adopted. The <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r has motion comp<strong>en</strong>sation capability, allowing optional<br />

icorporation of this technique in the co<strong>de</strong>r.<br />

.5 Bitrate<br />

This Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation is primarily int<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d for use at vi<strong>de</strong>o bit rates betwe<strong>en</strong> approximately 40 kbit/s and<br />

Mbit/s.<br />

.6 Symmetry oftronsmission<br />

The co<strong>de</strong>e may be used for bidirectional or unidirectional visual communication.<br />

.7 Error handlmg<br />

The transmitted bit-stream contains a BCH1) (511,493) ibrward error correction co<strong>de</strong>. Use of this by the<br />

eco<strong>de</strong>r is optional.<br />

.8 Multipoint operation<br />

Features necessary to support switched rnultipoint operation are inclu<strong>de</strong>d.<br />

Source co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

.1 Source format<br />

The source co<strong>de</strong>r operates on non-inter<strong>la</strong>ced pictures occurring 30 000/1001 (approximately 29.97) times per<br />

econd. The tolerance on picture frequ<strong>en</strong>cy is ± 50 ppm.<br />

Pictures are co<strong>de</strong>d as luminance and two colour difíer<strong>en</strong>ce compon<strong>en</strong>ts (Y, CB and CR). These compon<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

nd the co<strong>de</strong>s repres<strong>en</strong>ting their sampled valúes are as <strong>de</strong>fined in CCIR Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation 601.<br />

B<strong>la</strong>ck = 16<br />

White = 235<br />

Zero colour differ<strong>en</strong>ce = 128<br />

Peak colour differ<strong>en</strong>ce =16 and 240.<br />

These valúes are nominal ones and the coding algoritiim functions with input valúes of 1 through to 254.<br />

Two picture scanning formats are specifíed.<br />

In the fírst format (CIF), the luminance sampling structure is 352 pels per Une, 288 Unes per picture in an<br />

rthogonal arrangem<strong>en</strong>t. Sampling of each of the two colour differ<strong>en</strong>ce compon<strong>en</strong>ts is at 176 pels per Une, 144 Unes per<br />

icture, orthogonal, Colour differ<strong>en</strong>ce samples are sited such that their block boundaries coinci<strong>de</strong> with luminance block<br />

oundaries as shown in Figure 2/H.261. The picture área covered by these numbers of pels and Unes has an aspect ratio<br />

f 4:3 and correspondí to the active portion of the local standard vi<strong>de</strong>o input.<br />

Note - The number of pels per Une is compatible with sampling the active portions of the luminance and<br />

olour differ<strong>en</strong>ce signáis from 525- or 625-line sources at 6.75 and 3.375 MHz respectively. These frequ<strong>en</strong>cies have a<br />

imple reíationship to those in CdRUecomm<strong>en</strong>dation 601.<br />

BCH = Bose, Chaudhuri and Hocqu<strong>en</strong>ham (co<strong>de</strong>).


FIGURE 2/H.261<br />

The second format, quarter-CIF (QCIF), has half the number of pels and half the number of Unes stated<br />

bove. All co<strong>de</strong>es must be able to opérate using QCIF. Some co<strong>de</strong>es can also opérate with CIF.<br />

Means shall be provi<strong>de</strong>d to restrict the máximum picture rate of <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>rs by having at least O, 1, 2 or 3 nonransmitted<br />

pictures betwe<strong>en</strong> transmitted ones. Selection of this minimum number and CIF or QCIF shall be by external<br />

neans (for example via Recomrn<strong>en</strong>dation H.221).<br />

-.2 Vi<strong>de</strong>o source coding algorithm<br />

The source co<strong>de</strong>r is shown in g<strong>en</strong>eralized form in Figure 3/H.261. The main elem<strong>en</strong>ts are prediction, block<br />

ransformation and quantization.<br />

The prediction error (ÍNTER mo<strong>de</strong>) or the input picture (INTRA mo<strong>de</strong>) is subdivi<strong>de</strong>d into 8 peí by 8 line<br />

docks which are segm<strong>en</strong>ted as transmitted or non-transmitted. Further, four luminance blocks and the two spatially<br />

orresponding colour differ<strong>en</strong>ce blocks are combined to form a macroblock as shown in Figure 10/H.261.<br />

The criteria for choice of mo<strong>de</strong> and transmitting a block are not subject to recomm<strong>en</strong>dation and may be varied<br />

[ynamically as part of the coding control strategy. Transmitted blocks are transformed and resulting coeffici<strong>en</strong>ts are<br />

[uantized and variable l<strong>en</strong>gth co<strong>de</strong>d.<br />

.2.1 Prediction<br />

The prediction is inter-picture and may be augm<strong>en</strong>ted by motion comp<strong>en</strong>sation (see § 3.2.2) and a spatial<br />

ilter (see § 3.2.3).


3.2.2 Motion comp<strong>en</strong>sation<br />

FIGURE 3/H.261<br />

Motion comp<strong>en</strong>sation (MC) is optional in the <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r. The <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r will accept one vector per macroblock.<br />

Both horizontal and vertical compon<strong>en</strong>ts of these motion vectors have integer valúes not exceeding ± 15. The vector is<br />

used for all four luminance blocks in the macroblock. The motion vector for both colour differ<strong>en</strong>ce blocks is <strong>de</strong>rived by<br />

halving the compon<strong>en</strong>t valúes of the macroblock vector and truncating the magnitu<strong>de</strong> parts towards zero to yield<br />

integer compon<strong>en</strong>ts.<br />

A positive valué of the horizontal or vertical compon<strong>en</strong>t of the motion vector signiñes that the prediction is<br />

formed frorn pels in the previous picture which are spatially to the right or below the pels being predicted.


Motion vectors are restrícted such that all pels refer<strong>en</strong>ced by them are witiiin the co<strong>de</strong>d picture área.<br />

3.2.3 Loopfüter<br />

The prediction process may be modiñed by a two-dim<strong>en</strong>sional spatial fílter (FIL) which operates on pels<br />

within a predicted 8 by 8 block.<br />

The filter is separable into one-dim<strong>en</strong>sional horizontal and vertical functions. Both are non-recursive with<br />

coeffici<strong>en</strong>ts of 1/4, 1/2, 1/4 except at block edges where one of the taps would fall outsi<strong>de</strong> the block. In such cases the<br />

1-D filter is changed to nave coeffici<strong>en</strong>ts of O, 1, 0. Full aríthmetic precisión is retained with rounding to 8 bit integer<br />

valúes at the 2-D filter output. Valúes whose fractional part is one half are roun<strong>de</strong>d up.<br />

The filter is switched on/oíffor all six blocks in a macroblock according to the macroblock type (see § 4.2.3<br />

MTYPE).<br />

3.2.4 Transforme?<br />

Transmitted blocks are first processed by a separable two-dim<strong>en</strong>sional discrete cosine transform of size 8 by 8.<br />

The output from the inverse transform ranges írom -256 to +255 añer clipping to be repres<strong>en</strong>ted with 9 bits. The<br />

transfer function of the inverse transform is giv<strong>en</strong> by:<br />

with u, v,x,y = O, 1, 2, . , ., 7<br />

7 7<br />

Jfy, y) - 1/4 Z 2 C(i/) C(v) F(u, v) eos [TT (2x + 1) u/16] eos [TI (2y + 1) v/16]<br />

u=0 v=0<br />

where xj> = spatial coordinates in the peí domain,<br />

u,v = ccordinates in the transform domain,<br />

C(w) = II A/2 for u = O, otherwise 1,<br />

C(v) = I/ V2 for v = O, oth<strong>en</strong>vise 1.<br />

Note — Within the block being transformed, x = O and y = O refer to the peí nearest the leít and top edges of<br />

the picture respectively,<br />

The arithmetic procedures for computmg the transforms are not <strong>de</strong>fined, but the inverse one should meet the<br />

error tolerance specified in Annex A.<br />

3.2.5 Ouantization<br />

The number of quantízers is 1 for the INTRA <strong>de</strong> coeffici<strong>en</strong>t and 31 for all other coefEíci<strong>en</strong>ts. Within a<br />

macroblock the same quantizer is used for all coefEíci<strong>en</strong>ts except the INTRA <strong>de</strong> one. The <strong>de</strong>cisión levéis are not<br />

<strong>de</strong>fined. The INTRA <strong>de</strong> coeffici<strong>en</strong>t is nominally the transform valué linearly quantized with a stepsize of 8 and no<br />

<strong>de</strong>ad-zone. Each of the other 31 quantizers is also nominally linear but with a c<strong>en</strong>tral <strong>de</strong>ad-zone around zero and with a<br />

step size of an ev<strong>en</strong> valué in the range 2 to 62.<br />

The reconstruction levéis are as <strong>de</strong>ñned in § 4.2.4.<br />

Note — For the smaller quantization step sizes, the full dynamic range of the transform coeffici<strong>en</strong>ts cannot be<br />

repres<strong>en</strong>ted.


3.2.6 Clipping of reconstructed picture<br />

To prev<strong>en</strong>t quantizaüon distortion of transform coeffici<strong>en</strong>t amplitu<strong>de</strong>s causing arithmetic overflow in the<br />

<strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r and <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r loops, clipping functíons are inserted. The clipping function is applied to the reconstructed picture<br />

which is formed by summing the prediction and the prediction error as modifled by the coding process. This clipper<br />

operates on resulting peí valúes less than O or greater than 255, changing them to O and 255 respectively.<br />

3.3 Codlng control<br />

Severa! parameters may be varied to control the rate of g<strong>en</strong>eration of co<strong>de</strong>d vi<strong>de</strong>o data. These inclu<strong>de</strong><br />

processing prior to the source co<strong>de</strong>r, the quantizer, block significance criterion and temporal subsampling. The<br />

proportions of such measures in the overall control strategy are not subject to recomm<strong>en</strong>dation.<br />

Wh<strong>en</strong> invoked, temporal subsampling is performed by discarding complete pictures.<br />

3.4 Forcea updating<br />

This function is achieved by forcing the use of the INTRA mo<strong>de</strong> of the coding algorithm. The update pattern<br />

is not <strong>de</strong>fined. For control of accumu<strong>la</strong>üon of inverse transform mismatch error a macroblock should be forcibly<br />

updated at least once per every 132 times it is transmitted.<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o múltiples co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

4.1 Data structure<br />

Urüess speciñed oth<strong>en</strong>vise the most significant bit is transmitted first. This is bit 1 and is the leftmost bit in<br />

the co<strong>de</strong> tables in this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation. Unless specifíed oth<strong>en</strong>vise all unused or spare bits are set to "1". Spare bits<br />

must not be used until their functions are specified by the CCITT.<br />

4.2 Vi<strong>de</strong>o multiplex arrangem<strong>en</strong>t<br />

The vi<strong>de</strong>o multiplex is arranged in a hierarchical structure with four <strong>la</strong>yers. From top to bottom the <strong>la</strong>yers are:<br />

— Picture.<br />

- Group of blocks (GOB).<br />

- Macroblock (MB).<br />

- Block.<br />

A syntax diagram of the vi<strong>de</strong>o multiplex co<strong>de</strong>r is shown in Figure 4/H.261. Abbreviations are <strong>de</strong>ñned in <strong>la</strong>ter<br />

sections.


Level<br />

-127<br />

-126<br />

-2<br />

-1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

5<br />

56<br />

57<br />

58<br />

59<br />

60<br />

125<br />

126<br />

127<br />

1<br />

-255<br />

-253<br />

-5<br />

-3<br />

0<br />

3<br />

5<br />

7<br />

9<br />

11<br />

113<br />

115<br />

117<br />

119<br />

121<br />

251<br />

253<br />

255<br />

2<br />

-509<br />

-505<br />

—9<br />

-5<br />

0<br />

5<br />

9<br />

13<br />

17<br />

21<br />

225<br />

229<br />

233<br />

237<br />

241<br />

501<br />

505<br />

509<br />

3<br />

-765<br />

-759<br />

-15<br />

-9<br />

0<br />

9<br />

15<br />

21<br />

27<br />

33<br />

339<br />

345<br />

351<br />

357<br />

363<br />

753<br />

759<br />

765<br />

4<br />

-1019<br />

-1011<br />

-19<br />

-11<br />

0<br />

11<br />

19<br />

27<br />

35<br />

43<br />

451<br />

459<br />

467<br />

475<br />

483<br />

1003<br />

1011<br />

1019<br />

Recoustruction levéis (REC)<br />

QUANT<br />

8<br />

-2039<br />

-2023<br />

-39<br />

-23<br />

0<br />

23<br />

39<br />

55<br />

71<br />

87<br />

903<br />

919<br />

935<br />

951<br />

967<br />

2007<br />

2023<br />

2039<br />

9<br />

-2048<br />

-2048<br />

-45<br />

-27<br />

0<br />

27 •<br />

45<br />

63 -<br />

81<br />

99<br />

1017 •<br />

1035<br />

1053<br />

1071<br />

1089<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

17<br />

-2048<br />

-2048<br />

-85<br />

-51<br />

0<br />

51<br />

85<br />

119<br />

153<br />

187<br />

1921<br />

1955<br />

1989<br />

2023<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

18<br />

-2048<br />

-2048<br />

-89<br />

-53<br />

0<br />

53 •<br />

89 •<br />

125 •<br />

161<br />

197<br />

2033<br />

2047<br />

2047 •<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047 -<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

Note -Reconstruction levéis are symmetrical \vith respect to the sign of level except for 2047/-2048.<br />

For INTRA blocks the íirst coeffici<strong>en</strong>t is<br />

30<br />

-2048<br />

-2048<br />

-149<br />

-89<br />

0<br />

89<br />

149<br />

209<br />

269<br />

329<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

31<br />

-2048<br />

-2048<br />

-155<br />

-93<br />

0<br />

93<br />

155<br />

217<br />

279<br />

341<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

2047<br />

nominally the transform <strong>de</strong> valué linearly quantized<br />

with a step size of 8 and no <strong>de</strong>ad-zone. The resulting valúes are repres<strong>en</strong>ted with 8 bits. A nominally b<strong>la</strong>ck block will<br />

give 0001 0000 and a nominally white one 1110 1011, The co<strong>de</strong> 0000 0000 is not used. The co<strong>de</strong> 1000 0000 is not<br />

used, the reconstruction level of 1024being co<strong>de</strong>d as 1111 1111 (see Table 6/H.261).<br />

Coeffici<strong>en</strong>ts añer the <strong>la</strong>st non-zero one are not transmitted. EOB (<strong>en</strong>d of block co<strong>de</strong>) is always the <strong>la</strong>st Ítem in<br />

blocks for which coeffici<strong>en</strong>ts are transmitted.<br />

4.3 Mitltipoint consi<strong>de</strong>rations<br />

The following facilities are provi<strong>de</strong>d to support switched multipoint operation.<br />

4.3,1 Freeze picture request<br />

Causes the <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r to freeze its disp<strong>la</strong>yed picture until a freeze picture reléase signa! is received or a timeout<br />

period of at least six seconds has expired. The transmission of this signal is via external means (for example by<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221).


4.2.1 Picture ¡ayer<br />

Data for each picture consists of a picture hea<strong>de</strong>r followed by data for GOBs. The structure is shown in<br />

Figure 5 /H.261. Picture hea<strong>de</strong>rs for dropped pictures are not transmitted.<br />

PSC TR PTYPE PEÍ PSPARE PEÍ GOB Data<br />

4.2.1.1 Picture Start Co<strong>de</strong> (PCS) (20 bits)<br />

FIGURE 5/H.261<br />

Structure of picture <strong>la</strong>yer<br />

A word of 20 bits. Its valué is 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000.<br />

4.2. 1.2 Temporal Refer<strong>en</strong>ce (TR) (5 bits)<br />

A 5-bit number which can have 32 possible valúes. It is formed by increm<strong>en</strong>ting its valué in the previously<br />

transmitted picture hea<strong>de</strong>r by one plus the number of non-transmitted pictures (at 29.97 Hz) since that <strong>la</strong>st transmitted<br />

one. The arithmetic is performed with only the fíve LSBs.<br />

4.2.1.3 Type Information (PTYPE) (6 bits)<br />

Information about the complete picture:<br />

Bit 1 Split scre<strong>en</strong> indicator, "O" off, "1" on.<br />

Bit 2 Docum<strong>en</strong>t camera indicator. "O" off, "1" on.<br />

Bit 3 Freeze Picture Reléase. "O" off, "1" on.<br />

Bit 4 Source Format. "O" QCEF, "1" CIF.<br />

Bits 5 to 6 Spare.<br />

1.2.1.4 Extra Jnsertion Information (PEÍ) (1 bit)<br />

A bit which wh<strong>en</strong> set to "1" signáis the pres<strong>en</strong>ce of the following optional data field.<br />

[.2.1.5 Spare Information (PSPARE) (0/8/16 . . . bits)<br />

If PEÍ is set to "1", th<strong>en</strong> 9 bits follow consisting of 8 bits of data (PSPARE) and th<strong>en</strong> another PEÍ bit to<br />

.ndicate if a further 9 bits follow and so on. Enco<strong>de</strong>rs must not insert PSPARE until specified by the CCITT. Deco<strong>de</strong>rs<br />

cnust be <strong>de</strong>signed to discard PSPARE if PEÍ is set to 1. This will allow the CCITT to specify future backward<br />

:ompaüble additions in PSPARE.<br />

4.2.2 Group of blocks <strong>la</strong>yer<br />

i<br />

Each picture is divi<strong>de</strong>d into groups of blocks (GOBs). A group of blocks (GOB) compases one twelfth of the<br />

[TF or one third of the QCIF picture áreas (see Figure 6/H.261). A GOB re<strong>la</strong>tes to 176 pels by 48 lines of Y and the<br />

rpatially corresponding 88 pels by 24 lines of each of CB and CR.


1<br />

3<br />

5<br />

7<br />

9<br />

11<br />

CIF<br />

2<br />

4<br />

6<br />

8<br />

10<br />

12<br />

QCIF<br />

FIGURE 6/H.261<br />

Arrangem<strong>en</strong>t of GOBs in a picture<br />

Data for each group of blocks consists of a GOB hea<strong>de</strong>r followed by data for macroblocks. The structure is<br />

shown in Figure 7/H.261. Each GOB hea<strong>de</strong>r is transmitted once betwe<strong>en</strong> picture start co<strong>de</strong>s in the CEF or QCIF<br />

sequ<strong>en</strong>ce numbered in Figure 6/H.261, ev<strong>en</strong> if no macroblock data is pres<strong>en</strong>t in that GOB.<br />

4.2.2.1 Group of blocks start co<strong>de</strong> (GBSC) (16 bits)<br />

A word of 16 bits, 0000 0000 0000 0001.<br />

GBSC GN GQUANT GEI GSPARE GEI MB Data<br />

4.2.2.2 Group number (GN) (4 bits)<br />

HGURE 7/H.261<br />

Structure of group of blocks <strong>la</strong>yer<br />

Four bits indicating the position of the group of blocks. The bits are the binary repres<strong>en</strong>tation of the number<br />

in Figure 6/H.261. Group numbers 13, 14 and 15 are reserved for future use. Group number O is used in the PSC.<br />

4.2.2.3 Quantizer Information (GQUANT) (5 bits)<br />

A fixed l<strong>en</strong>gth co<strong>de</strong>word of 5 bits which indicates the quantizer to be used in the group of blocks until<br />

overrid<strong>de</strong>n by any subsequ<strong>en</strong>t MQUANT. The co<strong>de</strong>words are the natural binary repres<strong>en</strong>tations of the valúes of<br />

QUANT (§ 4.2.4) which, being half the step sizes, range from 1 to 31.<br />

4.2.2.4 Extra insertion Information (GEI) (1 bit)<br />

A bit which wh<strong>en</strong> set to "1" signáis the pres<strong>en</strong>ce of the following optional data íleld.


4.2.2.5 Spare Information (GSPARE) (0/8/16 . . . bits)<br />

If GEI is set to "1", th<strong>en</strong> 9 bits follow consisting of 8 bits of data (GSPARE) and th<strong>en</strong> another GEI bit to<br />

indícate if a further 9 bits follow and so on. Enco<strong>de</strong>rs must not inserí GSPARE until specifíed by the CCITT. Deco<strong>de</strong>rs<br />

must be <strong>de</strong>signed to discard GSPARE if GEI is set to 1. This will allow the CCITT to specify future "backward"<br />

compatible additions in GSPARE.<br />

Note - Emu<strong>la</strong>tion of start co<strong>de</strong>s may occur if the future speciflcation of GSPARE has no restríctions on the<br />

final GSPARE data bits.<br />

4.2.3 Macroblock <strong>la</strong>yer<br />

Each GOB is divi<strong>de</strong>d into 33 macroblocks as shown in Figure 8/H.261. A macroblock re<strong>la</strong>tes to 16 pels by 16<br />

lines of Y and the spatially corresponding 8 pels by 8 lines of each of CB and CR.<br />

1<br />

12<br />

23<br />

2<br />

13<br />

24<br />

3<br />

14<br />

25<br />

4<br />

15<br />

26<br />

5<br />

16<br />

27<br />

6<br />

17<br />

28<br />

7<br />

18<br />

29<br />

8<br />

19<br />

30<br />

9<br />

20<br />

31<br />

10<br />

21<br />

32<br />

FIGURE 8/H.261<br />

11<br />

22<br />

33<br />

Arrangem<strong>en</strong>t of macroblocks in a GOB<br />

Data for a macroblock consists of a MB hea<strong>de</strong>r followed by data for blocks (see Figure 9/H.261). MQUANT,<br />

MVD and CBP are pres<strong>en</strong>t wh<strong>en</strong> indicated by MTYPE.<br />

MBA MTYPE MQUANT MVD CBP Block data<br />

4.2.3.1 Macroblock address (MBA) (Variable l<strong>en</strong>gth)<br />

FIGURE 9/H.261<br />

Structure of macroblock <strong>la</strong>yer<br />

A variable l<strong>en</strong>gth co<strong>de</strong>word indicating the position of a macroblock within a group of blocks. The<br />

transmission or<strong>de</strong>r is as shown in Figure 8/H.261. For the first transmitted macroblock in a GOB, MBA is the absolute<br />

address in Figure 8/H.261. For subsequ<strong>en</strong>t macroblocks, MBA is the differ<strong>en</strong>ce betwe<strong>en</strong> the absolute addresses of the<br />

macroblock and the <strong>la</strong>st transmitted macroblock. The co<strong>de</strong> table for MBA is giv<strong>en</strong> in Table 1/H.261.


An extra co<strong>de</strong>word is avai<strong>la</strong>ble In the table for bit stufñng immediately after a GOB hea<strong>de</strong>r or a co<strong>de</strong>d<br />

macroblock (MBA stuffing). This co<strong>de</strong>word should be discar<strong>de</strong>d by <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>rs.<br />

MBA<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

5<br />

6<br />

7<br />

8<br />

9<br />

10<br />

11<br />

12<br />

13<br />

14<br />

15<br />

16<br />

The VLC for start co<strong>de</strong> is also shown in Table 1/H.261.<br />

Co<strong>de</strong><br />

1<br />

Olí<br />

010<br />

0011<br />

0010<br />

0001 1<br />

0001 0<br />

0000 111<br />

0000 110<br />

0000 1011<br />

0000 1010<br />

0000 1001<br />

0000 1000<br />

0000 0111<br />

0000 0110<br />

0000 0101 11<br />

TABLE 1/H.261<br />

VLC table for macroblock addressing<br />

MBA<br />

17<br />

18<br />

19<br />

20<br />

21<br />

22<br />

23<br />

24<br />

25<br />

26<br />

27<br />

28<br />

29<br />

30<br />

31<br />

32<br />

33<br />

MBA stufFing<br />

Start co<strong>de</strong><br />

MBA is always inclu<strong>de</strong>d in transmitted macroblocks.<br />

Co<strong>de</strong><br />

0000 0101 10<br />

0000 0101 01<br />

0000 0101 00<br />

0000 0100 11<br />

0000 0100 10<br />

0000 0100 Olí<br />

0000 0100 010<br />

0000 0100 001<br />

0000 0100 000<br />

0000 0011 111<br />

0000 0011 110<br />

0000 0011 101<br />

0000 0011 100<br />

0000 0011 Olí<br />

0000 0011 010<br />

0000 0011 001<br />

0000 0011 000<br />

0000 0001 111<br />

0000 0000 0000 0001<br />

Macroblocks are not transmitted wh<strong>en</strong> they contain no information for that part of the pictiire.<br />

4.2.3.2 Type information (MTYPE) (Variable l<strong>en</strong>gth)<br />

Variable l<strong>en</strong>gth co<strong>de</strong>words giving information about the macroblock and which data elem<strong>en</strong>ts are pres<strong>en</strong>t.<br />

Macroblock types, inclu<strong>de</strong>d elem<strong>en</strong>ts and VLC words are listed in Table 2/H.261.<br />

MTYPE is always inclu<strong>de</strong>d in transmitted macroblocks.


Intra<br />

Intra<br />

Prediction<br />

ínter<br />

ínter<br />

ínter + MC<br />

ínter -í-MC<br />

ínter + MC<br />

ínter -fMC + HL<br />

Inter + MC + HL<br />

ínter + MC + FIL<br />

MQUANT<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

MVD<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

TABLE2/H.261<br />

VLCtable for MTYPE<br />

CBP<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

TCOEFF<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

X<br />

0001<br />

VLC<br />

0000001<br />

1<br />

0000 1<br />

0000 0000 1<br />

0000 0001<br />

0000 0000 01<br />

001<br />

01<br />

000001<br />

Note J — "x" means that íhe Ítem is pres<strong>en</strong>t in the macroblock.<br />

Note 2 — It is possible to apply the fílter in a non-motion comp<strong>en</strong>sated macroblock by <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>ring it as MC + F1L<br />

but wíth a zero vector.<br />

4.2.3.3 Quantizer (MQUANT) (5 bits)<br />

MQUANT is pres<strong>en</strong>t only if so indicated by MTYPE.<br />

A co<strong>de</strong>word of 5 bits signifying the quantizer to be used for this and any following blocks in the group of<br />

blocks until overrid<strong>de</strong>n by any subsequ<strong>en</strong>t MQUANT.<br />

Co<strong>de</strong>words for MQUANT are the same as for GQUANT.<br />

4.2.3.4 Motion vector dato (MVD) (Variable l<strong>en</strong>gth)<br />

Motion vector data is inclu<strong>de</strong>d for all MC macroblocks. MVD is obtained from the macroblock vector by<br />

subtracting the vector of the preceding macroblock. For this calcu<strong>la</strong>tion the vector of the preceding macroblock is<br />

regar<strong>de</strong>d as zero in the following three situations:<br />

1) evaluating MVD for macroblocks 1, 12 and 23;<br />

2) evaluating MVD for macroblocks in which MBA does not repres<strong>en</strong>t a differ<strong>en</strong>ce of 1;<br />

3) MTYPE of the previous macroblock was not MC.<br />

MVD consists of a variable l<strong>en</strong>gth co<strong>de</strong>word for the horizontal compon<strong>en</strong>t followed by a variable l<strong>en</strong>gth<br />

co<strong>de</strong>word for the vertical compon<strong>en</strong>t. Variable l<strong>en</strong>gth co<strong>de</strong>s are giv<strong>en</strong> in Table 3/H.261.<br />

Advantage is tak<strong>en</strong> of the fact that the range of motion vector valúes is constrained. Each VLC word<br />

repres<strong>en</strong>ts a pair of differ<strong>en</strong>ce valúes. Only one of the pair will yield a macroblock vector falling witliin the permitted<br />

range.


-- '*.'• . : '^VV'- ;: ' '' .'.'í.V ~-'~^Sp&'( - '' ' ',"' "'v í&-^ >:ü;?'1''^- "


CBP<br />

60<br />

4<br />

8<br />

16<br />

32<br />

12<br />

48<br />

20<br />

40<br />

28<br />

MVD<br />

-16 & 16<br />

-15 & 17<br />

-14 & 18<br />

-13 & 19<br />

-12 & 20<br />

-11 & 21<br />

-10 & 22<br />

-9& 23<br />

-8& 24<br />

-7& 25<br />

-6& 26<br />

-5 «fe 27<br />

-4& 28<br />

-3& 29<br />

-2& 30<br />

-1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

2&-30<br />

3&-29<br />

4&-2S<br />

5&-27<br />

6&-26<br />

7&-25<br />

S&-24<br />

9&-23<br />

10&-22<br />

11 &-21<br />

12 & -20<br />

13&-19<br />

14&-18<br />

15&-17<br />

Co<strong>de</strong><br />

111<br />

1101<br />

1100<br />

1011<br />

1010<br />

1001 1<br />

1001 0<br />

1000 1<br />

1000 0<br />

0111 1<br />

Co<strong>de</strong><br />

0000 0011 001<br />

0000 0011 Olí<br />

0000 0011 101<br />

0000 0011 111<br />

0000 0100 001<br />

0000 0100 Olí<br />

0000 0100 11<br />

0000 0101 01<br />

0000 0101 11<br />

0000 0111<br />

0000 1001<br />

0000 1011<br />

0000 111<br />

0001 1<br />

0011<br />

Olí<br />

1<br />

010<br />

0010<br />

0001 0<br />

0000 110<br />

0000 1010<br />

0000 1000<br />

0000 0110<br />

0000 0101 10<br />

0000 0101 00<br />

0000 0100 10<br />

0000 0100 010<br />

0000 0100 000<br />

0000 0011 110<br />

0000 0011 100<br />

0000 0011 010<br />

CBP<br />

35<br />

13<br />

49<br />

21<br />

41<br />

14<br />

50<br />

22<br />

42<br />

15<br />

TABLE 3/H.261<br />

VLCtableforMVD<br />

TABLE 4/H.261<br />

VLC table for CBP<br />

Co<strong>de</strong><br />

0001 1100<br />

0001 1011<br />

0001 1010<br />

0001 1001<br />

0001 1000<br />

0001 0111<br />

0001 0110<br />

0001 0101<br />

0001 0100<br />

0001 0011


4.2.4 Block <strong>la</strong>yer<br />

A macroblock compases four luminance blocks and one of each of the two colour differ<strong>en</strong>ce blocks (see<br />

Figure 10/H.261).<br />

Data for a block consists of co<strong>de</strong>words for transform coeffici<strong>en</strong>ts followed by an <strong>en</strong>d of block marker (see<br />

Figure 11/H.261). The or<strong>de</strong>r of block transmission is as in Figure 10/H.261. '•r*-¿---- - -<br />

TCOEFF EOB<br />

CB CR<br />

4.2.4.1 Transform coeffici<strong>en</strong>ts (TCOEFF)<br />

HGURE 10/H.261<br />

Arrangem<strong>en</strong>t of blocks in a macroblock<br />

HGURE 11/H.261<br />

Structure of block <strong>la</strong>yer<br />

Transform coeffici<strong>en</strong>t data is always pres<strong>en</strong>t for all six blocks in a macroblock wh<strong>en</strong> MTYPE indicates<br />

INTRA. In other cases MTYPE and CBP signal which blocks have coeffici<strong>en</strong>t data transmitted for them. The quantized<br />

transform coeffici<strong>en</strong>ts are sequ<strong>en</strong>tially transmitted according to the sequ<strong>en</strong>ce giv<strong>en</strong> in Figure 12/H.261.


1<br />

3<br />

4<br />

10<br />

11<br />

21<br />

22<br />

36<br />

2<br />

5<br />

9<br />

12<br />

20<br />

23<br />

35<br />

37<br />

6<br />

8<br />

13<br />

19<br />

24<br />

34<br />

38<br />

49<br />

7<br />

14<br />

18<br />

25<br />

33<br />

.39<br />

48<br />

50<br />

15<br />

17<br />

26,<br />

,32.<br />

40<br />

47<br />

51 :<br />

58<br />

16<br />

27<br />

31:<br />

-41". '<br />

46<br />

52<br />

57<br />

"30<br />

•42<br />

:45<br />

;'!53:'<br />

•;56<br />

-^P<br />

59\8-63<br />

'29<br />

-43<br />

44<br />

54<br />

55<br />

61<br />

62<br />

64<br />

—>>lncreasing cycles per<br />

picture width<br />

Increasing cycles per<br />

picture heíght<br />

FÍGURE 12/H.261<br />

Transmission or<strong>de</strong>r for transform coeffici<strong>en</strong>ts


The most commoiüy occurríng combinations of successive zeros (RUN) and the following valué (LEVEL) are<br />

<strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d with variable l<strong>en</strong>gth co<strong>de</strong>s. Other combinations of (RUN, LEVEL) are <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d with a 20-bit word consisting<br />

of 6 bits ESCAPE, 6 bits RUN and 8 bits LEVEL. For the variable l<strong>en</strong>gth <strong>en</strong>coding there are two co<strong>de</strong> tables, one being<br />

used for the first transmitted LEVEL in ÍNTER, INTER+MC and INTER+MC+FIL blocks, the second for all other<br />

LEVELs except the first one in INTRA blocks which is fixed l<strong>en</strong>gth co<strong>de</strong>d with 8 bits.<br />

Co<strong>de</strong>s are giv<strong>en</strong> in Table 5/H.261.<br />

The most commonly occurring combinations of zero-run and the following valué are <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d with variable<br />

l<strong>en</strong>gth co<strong>de</strong>s as Usted in the table below. End of block (EOB) is in this set. Because CBP indícales those blocks with no<br />

coefñci<strong>en</strong>t data, EOB cannot occur as the first coeffici<strong>en</strong>t. H<strong>en</strong>ee EOB can be removed írom the VLC table for the first<br />

coeffici<strong>en</strong>t.<br />

The <strong>la</strong>st bit "s" <strong>de</strong>notes the sign of the level, "O" for positive and "1" for negativo.<br />

Run<br />

EOB<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1 1<br />

1 11<br />

Level<br />

1<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

5<br />

6<br />

7<br />

8<br />

9<br />

10<br />

11<br />

12<br />

13<br />

14<br />

15<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

5<br />

6<br />

7<br />

a) Neveroised in INTRA macroblocks.<br />

TABLE 5/H.261<br />

VLC table for TCOEFF<br />

Co<strong>de</strong><br />

10<br />

lsa) If first coeíííci<strong>en</strong>t in block<br />

lis Not first coeffici<strong>en</strong>t in block<br />

0100 s<br />

0010 Is<br />

0000 11 Os<br />

0010 0110 s<br />

0010 0001 s<br />

0000 0010 lOs<br />

0000 0001 1101 s<br />

0000 0001 1000 s<br />

0000 0001 0011 s<br />

0000 0001 0000 s<br />

0000 0000 1101 Os<br />

0000 0000. 1100 Is<br />

0000 0000 1100 Os<br />

0000 0000 1011 Is<br />

Olls<br />

0001 lOs<br />

0010 0101 s<br />

0000 0011 OOs<br />

oooo 0001 ion s<br />

0000 0000 1011 Os<br />

0000 0000 1010 Is


Run<br />

2<br />

2<br />

2<br />

2<br />

2<br />

3<br />

3<br />

3<br />

3<br />

4<br />

4<br />

4<br />

5<br />

5<br />

5<br />

6<br />

6<br />

7<br />

7<br />

8<br />

8<br />

9<br />

9<br />

10<br />

10<br />

11<br />

12<br />

13<br />

14<br />

15<br />

16<br />

17<br />

18<br />

19<br />

20<br />

21<br />

22<br />

23<br />

24<br />

25<br />

26<br />

Escape<br />

Level<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

5<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

1<br />

2<br />

1<br />

2<br />

1<br />

2<br />

1<br />

2<br />

1<br />

2<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

TABLE 5/H.261 (Cont)<br />

Co<strong>de</strong><br />

0101 s<br />

0000 lOOs<br />

0000 0010 lis<br />

0000 0001 0100 s<br />

0000 0000 1010 Os<br />

0011 Is<br />

0010 0100 s<br />

0000 0001 1100 s<br />

0000 0000 1001 Is<br />

0011 Os<br />

0000 0011 lis<br />

0000 0001 0010 s<br />

0001 lis<br />

0000 0010 Oís<br />

0000 0000 1001 Os<br />

0001 Oís<br />

0000 0001 1110 s<br />

0001 OOs<br />

0000 0001 0101 s<br />

0000 llls<br />

0000 0001 0001 s<br />

0000 lOls<br />

0000 0000 1000 Is<br />

0010 0111 s<br />

0000 0000 1000 Os<br />

0010 0011 s<br />

0010 0010 s<br />

0010 0000 s<br />

0000 0011 lOs<br />

0000 0011 Oís<br />

0000 0010 OOs<br />

0000 0001 1111 s<br />

0000 0001 1010 s<br />

0000 0001 1001 s<br />

0000 0001 0111 s<br />

0000 0001 0110 s<br />

0000 0000 1111 Is<br />

0000 0000 1111 Os<br />

0000 0000 1110 Is<br />

0000 0000 1110 Os<br />

0000 0000 1101 Is<br />

0000 01


The remaining combinations of (run, level) are <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d with a 20-bit word consisüng of 6 bits escape 6 bits<br />

run and 8 bits level. Use of this 20-bit word form <strong>en</strong>coding the combinations Usted in the VLC table is not prohibited.<br />

Run is a 6 bit fixed l<strong>en</strong>gth co<strong>de</strong> Level is an 8 bit fixed l<strong>en</strong>gth co<strong>de</strong><br />

Run<br />

0<br />

1<br />

2<br />

63<br />

Co<strong>de</strong><br />

0000 00<br />

0000 01<br />

0000 10<br />

1111 11<br />

Level<br />

-128<br />

-127<br />

-2<br />

—1<br />

O<br />

1<br />

2<br />

127<br />

Co<strong>de</strong><br />

FORBIDDEN<br />

1000 0001<br />

1111 1110<br />

1111 1111<br />

FORBIDDEN<br />

0000 0001<br />

0000 0010<br />

0111 1111<br />

For all coeffici<strong>en</strong>ts other than the INTRA <strong>de</strong> one, the reconstruction levéis (REC) are in the range —2048<br />

to 2047 and are giv<strong>en</strong> by clipping the results of thefollowing formules:<br />

REC = QUANT • (2 • level + 1); level > O<br />

REC = QUANT • (2 • level - 1); level < O<br />

REC = QUANT • (2 • level + !)-!; level > O<br />

REC = QUANT • (2 • level + !) + !; level < O<br />

REC = 0; level = O<br />

QUANT = "odd"<br />

QUANT = "ev<strong>en</strong>"<br />

Note - QUANT ranges írom 1 to 31 and is transmitted by either GQUANT or MQUANT.


FLC<br />

0000 0001 (1)<br />

0000 0010 (2)<br />

0000 0011 (3)<br />

0111 1111 (127)<br />

1111 1111 (255)<br />

1000 0001 (129)<br />

1111 1101 (253)<br />

1111 1110 (254)<br />

4.3.2 Fast update request<br />

TABLE6/H.261<br />

Recoustruction levéis for INTRA-mo<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> coeffici<strong>en</strong>t<br />

Reconstruction level unto<br />

inversa transform<br />

16<br />

24<br />

1016<br />

1024<br />

1032<br />

2024<br />

2032<br />

Note - The <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d valué corresponding to FLC "n" is 8n<br />

exceptFLC 255 gives 1024.<br />

Causes the <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r to <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong> its next picture in INTRA mo<strong>de</strong> with coding parameters such as to avoid buffer<br />

overílow. The transrnission method for this signal is vía external means (for example by Recomm<strong>en</strong>datíon H.221).<br />

4.3.3 Freeze picture reléase<br />

A signal from an <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r which has respon<strong>de</strong>d to a fast update request and allows a <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r to exit from its<br />

freeze picture mo<strong>de</strong> and disp<strong>la</strong>y <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>d pictures in the normal manner. This signa! is transmitted by bit 3 of PTYPE<br />

(see § 4.2.1) in the picture hea<strong>de</strong>r of the first picture co<strong>de</strong>d in response to the fast update request.<br />

5 Transmission co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

5.1 Bit r ate<br />

The transmission clock is provi<strong>de</strong>d externally (for example from an 1.420 interface).<br />

5.2 Vi<strong>de</strong>o data bitffering<br />

<strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>fined in Annex B.<br />

\e <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r must control its output bitstream to comply with the requirem<strong>en</strong>ts o<br />

Wh<strong>en</strong> operating with CIF the number of bits created by coding any single picture must not exceed<br />

256 -Kbits. ,£=1024.


Wh<strong>en</strong> operating with QCIF the number of bits created by coding any single picture musí not exceed<br />

64 -K bits.<br />

In both the above cases the bit count inclu<strong>de</strong>s the picture start co<strong>de</strong> and all other data re<strong>la</strong>ted to Üiat picture<br />

including PSPAKE, GSPARE and MBA stuffíng. The bit count does not inclu<strong>de</strong> error correction framing bits, fill<br />

indicator (Fi), fill bits or error correction parity'information <strong>de</strong>scribed in § 5.4 below.<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o data must be provi<strong>de</strong>d on every valid clock cycle. This can be <strong>en</strong>sured by the use of either the fill bit<br />

indicator (Fi) and subsequ<strong>en</strong>t fill all l's bits in the error corrector block framing (see Figure 13/H.261) or MBA stuffing<br />

(§ 4.2.3) or both.<br />

5.3 Vi<strong>de</strong>o coding <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y<br />

HGURE 13/H.261<br />

This item is inclu<strong>de</strong>d in this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation because the vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r and vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>ys need to be<br />

known. to allow audio comp<strong>en</strong>sation <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>ys to be íixed wh<strong>en</strong> H.261 is used to form part of a conversational service. This<br />

will afíow lip synchronization to be maintained. Annex C recomm<strong>en</strong>ds a method by which the <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y figures are<br />

established. Other <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y measurem<strong>en</strong>t methods may be used but they must be <strong>de</strong>signed in a way to produce simi<strong>la</strong>r<br />

results to the method giv<strong>en</strong> in Annex C.<br />

5.4 Fonvard error correction for co<strong>de</strong>a vi<strong>de</strong>o signa!<br />

5.4,1 Error correctlng co<strong>de</strong><br />

!<br />

The transmitted bitstream contains a BCH (511,493) fonvard error correction co<strong>de</strong>. Use of this by the <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

is optional.


5.4.2 G<strong>en</strong>erator polynomial<br />

g(x) = (x* + x^<br />

Example: for the input data of "01111 . . . 11" (493 bits) the resulting correction parity bits are<br />

"011011010100011011" (18 bits).<br />

5.4.3 Error correction framing<br />

To allow the vi<strong>de</strong>o data and error correction parity information to be i<strong>de</strong>ntifíed by a <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r an error<br />

correction framing pattern is inclu<strong>de</strong>d. This consistí of a multiframe of eight frames, each frame comprising 1 bit<br />

framing, 1 bit fill indicator (Fi), 492 bits of co<strong>de</strong>d data (or £11 all Is) and 18 bits parity. The frame alignm<strong>en</strong>t pattern<br />

is:<br />

(SiS2S3S4S5S6S7S8) = (00011011).<br />

See Figure 13/H.261 for the frame arrangem<strong>en</strong>t. The parity is calcú<strong>la</strong>te*! against the 493-bits including fill<br />

indicator (Fi).<br />

The fill indicator (Fi) can be set to zero by an <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r. In this case only 492 consecutive fill bits (fill all Is)<br />

plus parity are s<strong>en</strong>t and no co<strong>de</strong>d data is transmitted. This may be used to meet the requirem<strong>en</strong>t in § 5.2 to provi<strong>de</strong><br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o data on every valid clock cycle.<br />

5.4.4 Relock time for error corrector framing<br />

Three consecutive error correction framing sequ<strong>en</strong>ces (24 bits) should be received before frame lock is<br />

<strong>de</strong>emed to have be<strong>en</strong> aclüeved. The <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r should be <strong>de</strong>signed such that frame lock will be re-established within<br />

34 000 bits after an error corrector framing phase change. ¿Cuo o<<br />

Note — This assumes that the vi<strong>de</strong>o data does not contain three correctly phased emu<strong>la</strong>tions of the error<br />

correction framing sequ<strong>en</strong>ce during the relocking period.<br />

ANNEXA<br />

(to Recomm<strong>en</strong>datíon H.261)<br />

Inverse transform accuracy specifícation<br />

A.l G<strong>en</strong>érate random integer peí data valúes in the range -L to +H according to the random number g<strong>en</strong>erator<br />

giv<strong>en</strong> below ("C" versión). Arrange into 8 by 8 blocks. Data set of 10 000 blocks should each be g<strong>en</strong>erated for (L = 256,<br />

H=255), (L = H=5)and(L = H =<br />

A.2 'For each 8 by 8 block, perform a separable, orthonormal, matrix multiply, fonvard discrete cosine transform<br />

using at least 64-bit floating point accuracy.<br />

\\ith u, v^x,y~ O, 1,2,.. .,7<br />

7 7<br />

F(u, v) = 1/4 C(w) C(v) £ Z A*, y) eos [n (2x + 1) u/16] eos [n (2y + 1) v/16]<br />

x=0 y=0<br />

where xy = spatial coordinates in the peí domain,<br />

u,v = coordinates in the transform domain,<br />

C(w) = I/ -v/2 for u = O, oth<strong>en</strong>vise 1,<br />

C(v) = I/ ^2 for v = O, oth<strong>en</strong>vise 1.


A.3 For each block, round the 64 resulting transformed coeffici<strong>en</strong>ts to the nearest integer valúes. Th<strong>en</strong> clip them<br />

to the range -2048 to +2047. This is the 12-bit input data to the inverse transfonn.<br />

A.4 For each 8 by 8 block of 12-bit data produced by § A.3, perform a separable, orthonormal, matrix multiply,<br />

inverse discrete transfonn (IDCT) using'at least 64-bit floating point accuracy. Round the resulting pels to the nearest<br />

integer and clip to the range —256 to +255. These blocks of 8 x 8 pels are tiie refer<strong>en</strong>ce IDCT input data.<br />

A.5 For each 8 by 8 block produced by § A.3, apply the IDCT un<strong>de</strong>r test and clip the output to the range -256 to<br />

4-255. These blocks of 8 x 8 pels are the test IDCT output data.<br />

A.6 For each of the 64 IDCT output pels, and for each of the 10,000 block data sets g<strong>en</strong>erated above, measure the<br />

peak, mean and mean square error betwe<strong>en</strong> the refer<strong>en</strong>ce and the test data.<br />

A.7 For any peí, the peak error should not exceed 1 in magnitu<strong>de</strong>.<br />

For any peí, the mean square error should not exceed 0.06.<br />

Overall, the mean square error should not exceed 0.02.<br />

For any peí, the mean error should not exceed 0.015 in magnitu<strong>de</strong>.<br />

Overall, the mean error should not exceed 0.0015 in magnitu<strong>de</strong>.<br />

A.8 All zeros in must produce all zeros out.<br />

A.9 Re-run the measurem<strong>en</strong>ts using exactly the same data valúes of step 1, but change the sign on each peí.<br />

"C" programfor random number g<strong>en</strong>eration<br />

/* L and H must be long, that is 32 bits */<br />

long rand (L,H)<br />

long L,H;<br />

static long randx = 1; /* long is 32 bits */<br />

static double z = (double)<br />

long ij;<br />

double x; /* double is 64 bits */<br />

randx = (randx * 1103515245) + 12345;<br />

i = randx & OxVffiffife; /* keep 30 bits */<br />

x = ( (double)i ) / z; /* range O to 0.99999 ... */<br />

x * = (L+H+1); /* range O to < L+H+1 */<br />

j = x; ' /* trúncate to integer */<br />

return( j - L); /* range -L to H */


ANNEXB<br />

(to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.261)<br />

Hypothetical refer<strong>en</strong>ce <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

The Hypothetical refer<strong>en</strong>ce <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r (HRD) is <strong>de</strong>fíned as follows:<br />

B. 1 The HRD and the <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r have the same clock frequ<strong>en</strong>cy as well as the same CIF rate, and are operated<br />

synchronously.<br />

B.2 The HRD receiving buffer size is (B + 256 • ¿Tbits). The valué of B is <strong>de</strong>fined as follows:<br />

B = 4Rmax/29.97 where R^iax is the máximum vi<strong>de</strong>o bit rate to be used in the connection.<br />

B.3 The HRD buffer is initially empty.<br />

B.4 The HRD buffer is examined at CIF intervals (=33 ms). If at least one complete co<strong>de</strong>d picture is in the buffer<br />

th<strong>en</strong> all the data for the earliest picture is instantaneously removed (e.g. at tn+i in Figure B-1/H.261). Immediately after<br />

removing the above data the buffer occupancy must be less than B. This is a requirem<strong>en</strong>t on the co<strong>de</strong>r output bitstream<br />

including co<strong>de</strong>d picture data and MBA stuffing but not error correction framing bits, fíll mdicator (Fi), fíll bits or error<br />

correction parity Information <strong>de</strong>scribed in § 5.4.<br />

FIGURE B-1/H.261


where:<br />

To meet this requirem<strong>en</strong>t the number of bits for the (w+l)th co<strong>de</strong>d picture dn+± must satisfy:<br />

bn is buffer occupancy just after the time tn,<br />

tn is the time the nth co<strong>de</strong>d picture is removed from the HRD buffer,<br />

R(f) is the vi<strong>de</strong>o bit rate at the time t.<br />

ANNEX C<br />

(to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.261)<br />

Co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y measurem<strong>en</strong>t method<br />

The vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r and vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>ys wül vary <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>ding on implem<strong>en</strong>tation. The <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y will also<br />

<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>d on the picture íbnnat (QCIF, CIF) and data rate in use. This annex specifies the method by which the <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y<br />

figures are established for a particu<strong>la</strong>r <strong>de</strong>sign. To allow correct audio <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y comp<strong>en</strong>satíon the overall vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y needs<br />

to be established from a user perception point of view un<strong>de</strong>r typical viewing conditions.<br />

FIGURE C.1/H.261<br />

Point A is the vi<strong>de</strong>o input to the vi<strong>de</strong>o co<strong>de</strong>r. Point B is the channel output from the vi<strong>de</strong>o terminal<br />

(i.e. including any KEC, channel framing, etc.). Point C is the vi<strong>de</strong>o outputfrom the <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r.


A vi<strong>de</strong>o sequ<strong>en</strong>ce <strong>la</strong>sting more than 100 seconds is connected to the vi<strong>de</strong>o co<strong>de</strong>r input (point A) in<br />

Figure C-1/H.261 above. The vi<strong>de</strong>o sequ<strong>en</strong>ce should nave the following characteristics:<br />

- it should contain a typical moving sc<strong>en</strong>e consist<strong>en</strong>t with the int<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d purpose of the vi<strong>de</strong>o co<strong>de</strong>e;<br />

- it should produce a mínimum co<strong>de</strong>d picture rate of 7.5 Hz at the bit rate in use;<br />

it should contain a visible i<strong>de</strong>ntification mark at intervals throughout the l<strong>en</strong>gth of the sequ<strong>en</strong>ce. The<br />

visible i<strong>de</strong>ntification should change every 97 vi<strong>de</strong>o input frames and be located within the picture área<br />

repres<strong>en</strong>ted by the first GOB in the picture. For example, the first block in the picture could change from<br />

b<strong>la</strong>ck to white at intervals of 97 vi<strong>de</strong>o frame periods. The i<strong>de</strong>ntification mark should be chos<strong>en</strong> so that it<br />

can be <strong>de</strong>tected at point B and does not significantly contribute to the overall coding performance.<br />

The co<strong>de</strong>e and vi<strong>de</strong>o sequ<strong>en</strong>ce should be arranged so that the bitstream contains less than 10% stuffing (MBA<br />

stuffing + error correction fill bits).<br />

The <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y is obtained by measuring the time from wh<strong>en</strong> the visible i<strong>de</strong>ntification changes at point A<br />

to the time that the change is <strong>de</strong>tected at point B. Simi<strong>la</strong>rly, the <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y is obtained by taking measurem<strong>en</strong>ts at<br />

points B and C.<br />

Several measurem<strong>en</strong>ts should be ma<strong>de</strong> during the sequ<strong>en</strong>ce l<strong>en</strong>gth and the average period obtained. Several<br />

tests should be ma<strong>de</strong> to <strong>en</strong>sure that a consist<strong>en</strong>t average figure can be obtained for both <strong>en</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r and <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y<br />

times.<br />

Average results should be obtained for each combination of picture format and bit rate within the capability of<br />

the particu<strong>la</strong>r co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong>sign.<br />

Note — Due to pre- and post-temporal processing it may be necessary to take a mid-level for establishing the<br />

transition of the i<strong>de</strong>ntification mark at points B and C.


INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION<br />

ITU-T H.320<br />

TELECOMMUNICATION (03/93)<br />

STANDARDIZARON SECTOR<br />

OF ITU<br />

LINE TRANSMISSION<br />

OF NON-TELEPHONE SIGNÁIS<br />

NARROW-BAND VISUAL TELEPHONE<br />

SYSTEMS AND TERMINAL EQUIPMENT<br />

ITU-T Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320<br />

(Previously "CCITT RGComm<strong>en</strong>dation")


FOREWORD<br />

be ITU Telecommunication S<strong>la</strong>ndardixalinn Sector (ITU-T) is a perman<strong>en</strong>i organ of Ihe Inlemalionai Telecomunication<br />

Union. The ITU-T'is responsible for sludying technícal, operating and <strong>la</strong>rifí queslions and issuíng<br />

ecomm<strong>en</strong>dations on ihem wilh a view lo siandardr/ing teleeommunicalions on a worldwi<strong>de</strong> basis.<br />

he V/orld Telecommunícalion S<strong>la</strong>ndardhalíon Confer<strong>en</strong>ce (WTSC), whieh meéis every fuur years, established ihe topics<br />

ir study by ihe ITU-T Study Groups whích, in their lurn, produce Recomm<strong>en</strong>dations on these tupies. .<br />

PU-T Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320 was revi.sed by the ITU-T Sludy Group XV (1988-1993) and was approved by Ihe WTSC<br />

ielsinki, March 1-12, 1993).<br />

NOTKK<br />

As a consequ<strong>en</strong>ce o¡' a rel'orm procesa wilhin ihe Iniernalional Te-lecommunicalion Unión (!TU), Ihe CC1TT<br />

sased to exist as of 28 Fehrtiary 1993. In iis p<strong>la</strong>ce, the 1TU Telecommunication Siandardizalion Secior (ITU-T) was<br />

reaied as of 1 March 1993. Simi<strong>la</strong>rly, in this reform process, ihe CC1K and the 1FRB have he<strong>en</strong> rep<strong>la</strong>ced by the<br />

.adiocommunication Sector.<br />

\r not to <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y publícation of ihis Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation, no change has he<strong>en</strong> ma<strong>de</strong> in ihe lexl to refer<strong>en</strong>ces con<strong>la</strong>ining<br />

le acronyms "CCITT, CC1R or 1FRB" or Iheir associated <strong>en</strong>iíties suuh as Pl<strong>en</strong>ary Assembly, Secre<strong>la</strong>riai, etc. Fuiure<br />

dílions of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation will uomaín the proper lerrninology re.Iated lo the new 1TU slrunuire.<br />

In thís Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalion, ¡he. expres.sion "Adminüslralion" i.s u sed for üo n cus<strong>en</strong> es s lo indiuaie both a<br />

ílecommunication adminisiraiion and a recognixed operaling ag<strong>en</strong>cy.<br />

© ITU 1994<br />

Ul righls reserved. No parí of (his publicalion may he reproducid or ulilixed ¡n any ibrm or by any means, elecironíc or<br />

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ecomra<strong>en</strong>dation H.320<br />

Scope<br />

NARROW-BAND VISUAL TELEPHONE SYSTEMS<br />

AND TERMINAL EQÜIPMENT<br />

(G<strong>en</strong>eva, J990; revised ai Helsinki, ¡993)<br />

'hís Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation covers I he teehnical requirem<strong>en</strong>ls for narro w-band visual lelephone services <strong>de</strong>fined<br />

i H.200/AV.120-Series Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalions, where channel rales do nol exeeed 1920 kbtl/s.<br />

NOTE - It ís anlicipaled ihal ihis Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalion will he ext<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d lo a numlier of Recomrn<strong>en</strong>dations each of whích would<br />

over a single vi<strong>de</strong>oconfer<strong>en</strong>clng or ví<strong>de</strong>ophone service (narrow-band, broadband, ele.). Ilowever, <strong>la</strong>rge parts of these<br />

ecomm<strong>en</strong>dalions would have i<strong>de</strong>nlical wordíny, while in ihe pninis of diverg<strong>en</strong>ce [he actual cholees beiwe<strong>en</strong> allcmaiives have not yel<br />

e<strong>en</strong> ma<strong>de</strong>; for the lime being, iherefore, ti is conv<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>i lo [real al! [he Icxl in a single Rtícomm<strong>en</strong>dalion.<br />

'he servíce requirem<strong>en</strong>l.s for visual Itikphone servicies are. pre.s<strong>en</strong>led \\\s F.72U for vi<strong>de</strong>olelephony and<br />

'.730 for ví<strong>de</strong>oconferttiuití; vi<strong>de</strong>o and audio «oding sysiem.s and oiher ieL-.hnit:al sel aspcícts uommon lo audiovisual<br />

ervíces are covered in othcr Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalinns in Ihe H.20Ü/A V.2í)0-Series.<br />

\í<br />

:or the purpose of this Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalion, Ihe following <strong>de</strong>finilions apply:<br />

i¡t-rate allocatian sígnal (RAS): 8 hils posilioned wilhín ihe framt; slrueiure of H.221 lo transmil, e.g. commands,<br />

onlrol and indicaiion signáis, capabililitís.<br />

:ontrol and indication (C&I): <strong>en</strong>d-lo-e.nd signalling heiwe<strong>en</strong> I e rm i na I.s uonsisliiig of i: mitro I whic-h causes a si al e change<br />

n Ihe receiver and indicalion which pruvi<strong>de</strong>s for informal ion as lo ihe funclíoning of I he syslem, see also<br />

lecomm<strong>en</strong>dalion H.230.<br />

<strong>la</strong>ta port: ínpui/ouipui gaie for ihe ustír da<strong>la</strong> iransmiiled wilhin .service channel or suh-tih aunéis accordíng lo<br />

lecomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.221.<br />

ip synchronixation; operation lo provi<strong>de</strong> feeling ihal .speaking nioiion nf the di.sp<strong>la</strong>yed person i.s .synchronixed wilh the<br />

(he person makes.<br />

n-band signalling: sígnalling via BAS of Ihe H.221 j'ramt: .striuiiure.<br />

nultipoint control unit (MCU): a píete nf equipm<strong>en</strong>l localed ¡n a no<strong>de</strong> of Ihe neiwork or in a terminal which receives<br />

leveral channels from acces.s pnrls and, ar.cording 10 c'.ertain «rileria, proces.se.s audiovisual signáis and distrilniles ihem lo<br />

he connecled channels.<br />

nan-raachine interface (MMI): niuii-manhine inierfane helwe<strong>en</strong> user and lerniinal/syslem which consisls of a physícal<br />

leclíon (electro-acouslic, electro-opiic iransducer, key.s, ele.) and a logical seclitin <strong>de</strong>aling wilh runctional operalion staies.<br />

<strong>la</strong>rrow-band: bil rales ranging from 64 khil/s lo 192Ü khil/.s. Thís channel capacíly may be provi<strong>de</strong>d as a single<br />

3/Ho/Hn/H[2-channeI or muliiple B/Hf)-«hanneIs in KSDN.<br />

out-band signalling: signalling via a channel nol hc-ing parí of ihe B/H|)/H i i/H [2-channel (due lo !.400-Ser¡es<br />

Recomrn<strong>en</strong>dalions).<br />

visual telephone services: a group of audiovisual .serviles inHuding vi<strong>de</strong>ophone <strong>de</strong>fined in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalion F.721 and<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>oconfer<strong>en</strong>cing <strong>de</strong>fined in (he Rettomm<strong>en</strong>daiion F.730.<br />

/<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>daEion H.320 (03/93) 1


System <strong>de</strong>scription<br />

1 ' Block diagram and I<strong>de</strong>ntification of elem<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

g<strong>en</strong>eric visual lelephone system is shown in Figure 1. !( consists of terminal equipm<strong>en</strong>t, nelwork, mullipoinl control<br />

lít (MCUJ and other system operalíon <strong>en</strong>iílies.<br />

configuration of the terminal equipm<strong>en</strong>i consisiing uf several funciional uníis is also shown in Figure 1. Vi<strong>de</strong>o I/O<br />

¡uipm<strong>en</strong>t ¡nclu<strong>de</strong>s cameras, monitors and vi<strong>de</strong>o processing unils lo provi<strong>de</strong> funciions such as splíl-scre<strong>en</strong> scheme. Audio<br />

0 equipm<strong>en</strong>l inclu<strong>de</strong>s microphones, loud-speakers and audio processing unils lo provi<strong>de</strong> such funciions as ac.oustíc echo<br />

incel<strong>la</strong>tion. Teletnaüc equipm<strong>en</strong>l are vi.sual aid.s such a.s electronic b<strong>la</strong>ckboard, slill piclure Iransceiver lo <strong>en</strong>hance basic<br />

isual lelephone communicalion. System conirol unil carries oul such functlions as nelwork access ihrough <strong>en</strong>d-to-network<br />

gnalling and <strong>en</strong>d-to-<strong>en</strong>d control lo e.s<strong>la</strong>blish common mo<strong>de</strong> of op<strong>en</strong>Umn and üignalling l'or proper operalion of ihe<br />

irminal through <strong>en</strong>d-lo-<strong>en</strong>d signalling. Vi<strong>de</strong>o co<strong>de</strong>e carnes oul rf.dimdaiu:y reducllon codmg and <strong>de</strong>coding for ví<strong>de</strong>o<br />

gnals. whíle audio co<strong>de</strong>e does ihe same ihing for atidio signáis. De<strong>la</strong>y in the atidiu path compénsales ví<strong>de</strong>o co<strong>de</strong>e <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y<br />

1 maintain lip synchronizatíon. Mtix/dmux unil mulliplexes iransmilling ví<strong>de</strong>o, audio, data and control signáis inlo a<br />

ngle bit stream and <strong>de</strong>mulüplexes a receíved bit slream inlo consisling multimedia signáis. Network inlerface makes<br />

ecessary adaptation belwe<strong>en</strong> the nelwork and the lerminal according lo Ihe usf.r-network inlerface requírem<strong>en</strong>ls <strong>de</strong>fined<br />

t the 1.400-Seríes Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalions (see Note).<br />

NOTE - For leased line nelworks, the nelwork inlerface is <strong>de</strong>fined in Recomm<strong>en</strong>datíon G.703 for bit rales in lhe range of 64<br />

ait/s lo 2048 kbit/s. An altemalive inlerfacc is <strong>de</strong>fined ín Recnmmündation X.21. Fnr nxllo channels, timeslot allocalíon is giv<strong>en</strong><br />

i5/G.704 for ihe G.703 inlerface. ll Is stressed ihal inlerworking uiwards ISDN need synchronous operalion of the leased line<br />

iiwork.<br />

Rec.H.320<br />

onl/Ooqupmont <strong>de</strong>c<br />

Audlo |/O equlprn<strong>en</strong>t — Audio co<strong>de</strong>e<br />

System control<br />

MCU Multipoint control unil<br />

5.2 Signáis<br />

T-Serles, H.200/AV.270-Sertes Recs., etc<br />

Telernallc equipmsnt<br />

Recs. H.242.H.230. H.221<br />

Rec.H.261 Rec. H.221 [.400-Series Raes.<br />

H.200/AV.250-Series RQCS.<br />

End-to-<strong>en</strong>d signalling C&l<br />

— De<strong>la</strong>y<br />

— End-to-nerwork signalling<br />

1.400-SarÍes Raes.<br />

—<br />

F1GLJRH 1/H.320<br />

Vi.suul telepliune .syslum<br />

MUX/DMUX<br />

Visual telephone signáis are c<strong>la</strong>ssifíed inlo vi<strong>de</strong>o, audio, da<strong>la</strong> and control as follows:<br />

Audio signáis are continuou.s Iraffíc and require real-líme transmíssíon.<br />

Network<br />

interface<br />

NOTB - In or<strong>de</strong>r lo reduce the average híl rale nf audin signáis, voice actlvatinn can be inlroduced (in whích case<br />

Ihe audio signáis are no longer uoniinuous).<br />

Recomra<strong>en</strong>dation H.320 (03/93)


Vi<strong>de</strong>o signáis are also contiiuious iraffic. the hii rale allocated lo vi<strong>de</strong>o signáis should be as high as<br />

possible, in or<strong>de</strong>r lo maximi'/e ihe qualiiy wiihin Ihe avai<strong>la</strong>ble channel capacity.<br />

Da<strong>la</strong> signáis Inclu<strong>de</strong> fililí piulurtt.s, fae-simile and dmuim<strong>en</strong>ts, or olher facililies, this signal may occur only<br />

occasionally as requíred and may lemporarily disp<strong>la</strong>ce all or parí of Ihe audiovisual signal cont<strong>en</strong>í. It<br />

should be noled ihal da<strong>la</strong> signáis are associaied only wilh opiional <strong>en</strong>hanciem<strong>en</strong>ls lo (he basic visual<br />

lelephone sysiem, iherefore, Ihe op<strong>en</strong>ing of a palh 10 carry suah signáis ís prece<strong>de</strong>d hy negolialion betwe<strong>en</strong><br />

Ihe termináis.<br />

Control signáis are some sysiem control signáis hy <strong>de</strong>finilion. The palh for Ihe lermínal-lo-nelwork control<br />

signáis is provi<strong>de</strong>d in Ihe D-channel, while Ihe palh for the lerminal-lo-ierminal cunlrol signáis is provi<strong>de</strong>d<br />

in BAS orservice channel only wh<strong>en</strong> neee.ssary hy Ihe meehanism <strong>de</strong>fíned in Hec:omme.ndalion H.221.<br />

.3 Bit rate options and infrastructure<br />

.3.1 Comrnunication rno<strong>de</strong>s of visual telephime<br />

lommunicatíon mo<strong>de</strong>s of visual lelephone are <strong>de</strong>fined in Table 1 aceordíng lo iheir channel configuraron and coding.<br />

Visual<br />

lelephone<br />

mo<strong>de</strong><br />

a a0<br />

al<br />

b bj<br />

^2<br />

b3<br />

q qi<br />

Nole3) q2<br />

qs<br />

g<br />

h<br />

i<br />

JOTES<br />

j<br />

k<br />

I<br />

m '<br />

Channel<br />

rale<br />

(khit/s)<br />

1536<br />

1536<br />

1920<br />

TABLK 1/H.32Ü<br />

Communication mu<strong>de</strong>s urvisiuil telephime<br />

ISDN i ;<br />

channel - ISDN inlerface<br />

(Nou2)<br />

Codiny<br />

! . [ I<br />

i Basic ; Priniary rale Audio ¡ Vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

64<br />

H • Rey. 0.711 (Nolc 4) ¡ Nal applícable<br />

Ret:. G .728 1<br />

128 211 ¡ RCK.CI .711 ¡<br />

Rec. C, .722 i<br />

': Rec. 0 .728 i<br />

! ¡ j Rec. Ü.7I1 j<br />

n XÓ4 ni! | : Rec-. C! .722<br />

Kec. G<br />

\8 ¡ . Rec. 11.261<br />

384<br />

768<br />

¡ l¡0 ' Appl¡c--ab!e Km-. (1.722<br />

;<br />

1152<br />

5) !<br />

j<br />

2n« - ;<br />

3II[, ' Niil ap- i ; (Noití<br />

; plit-ahle !<br />

4l»o ' ! i<br />

"n • !<br />

5"o ! 1<br />

1920 | u,, ; ;<br />

(Audio coding of mo<strong>de</strong> h^ In addilion ID O.728, higlier t¡ua|ily audin uodiny such as II.20Ü/AV.253 may be used for this<br />

no<strong>de</strong>.<br />

For muliiple channels of n/IIn, al! chaiinels are synwhroni/eiJ ai ihe lerminal auuording lo 2.7/11.22 1.<br />

q = c/d/e/f correspondí:; 10 n = 3/4/5/6, respeciively.<br />

If a visual telephone inlerwork wilh a G.725 terminal, G.722 audio may he used insiead of G.7 I 1 audio.<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong>s (G.711 and G.728 audio) other iban this recnmm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d mo<strong>de</strong> may b e in volved by 11.242 prncedures.<br />

Recnmm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320 (03/93)<br />

i


,3.2 Terminal types of visual telephtme<br />

able 2 lists terminal types of visual lelephmie. The. lerniinal lype i.s categorixed according lo Ihe. communicaiion mo<strong>de</strong>s<br />

id the type of communicalion channels with whiuh Ihe lermmal can commuaicale; mxB (type X with parameler a-f),<br />

xHo (lype Y wilh parameler 1-5; see Note), Hu/Hl2 Oype ^ with parameter Cí-B) or Iheir combinalions.<br />

NOTE - Type Y lerrninals musí have ihe II(j-6I3 cornpallbility mo<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>fined in Recomrn<strong>en</strong>dalion 11.221 for inlerworking of<br />

networks.<br />

Transfer rale<br />

ao B<br />

al B<br />

bj 2B<br />

b2 2B<br />

b3 2B<br />

5<br />

X<br />

X<br />


i.2.1 Examples:<br />

a) type Xb2/3 is a [erminal uapuhle of operaling al mnatas &0, a}, b|, b2 and b3 ihrough B or 2xB-channe!;<br />

b) lype Xb2/3Yl ¡s a lerrnina! capable of operaling al mu<strong>de</strong>s a{1, a,, b], b2, b3 and g ihrough B, 2xB- or<br />

Hrj-chamiel.<br />

c) type Xf2/3Y4Za ¡s a leonina! capable oí' operating al mo<strong>de</strong>s arj-k ihrough (l-fi)xB, (l-4)xH0- or<br />

Htl-channel.<br />

jr MxB and NxHo calegories, ihe terminal shnuld be able lo opérale al all the valúes of m and n nol hígher iban M<br />

id N in principie. The [ype of remole [erminal is ¡<strong>de</strong>ntified through ihe [ransfer rale capabilily exchange <strong>de</strong>fined in<br />

Bcomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.242.<br />

3.3 Vi<strong>de</strong>o co<strong>de</strong>e<br />

s per Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.261.<br />

3.4 Audio cu<strong>de</strong>c<br />

sperRecomm<strong>en</strong>dalions G.711, G.722. G.72K, H.20U/AV.253 (see Table 1).<br />

,3.5 Frarae structure<br />

s per Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.22 1.<br />

,3.6 Control and indication (C&l)<br />

í<strong>en</strong>tifíed subsel of H.230 is u.sed (.see 4.4).<br />

.3.7 Cummunication procedí!re<br />

,s per "Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalion H.242.<br />

.4 Cali control arrangem<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

'o establish intercommunicaiíon beiwe<strong>en</strong> varitius audiovisual termináis, it is necessary to carry out ín-band and out-band<br />

rocedures according to Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalion H.242 and olher re-levaní Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalion.s.<br />

*he differ<strong>en</strong>t stages of Ihe cali are referred ¡utcording lo a poinl-lo-pninl confíguralion where terminal X is Ihe calüng<br />

erminal and Y Ihe called terminal.<br />

1.4.1 Estublishm<strong>en</strong>t of a vi.sual lelephone cali - Normal procedure<br />

l"he provisión of ihe communlcalion is madtj in lh« iiinin fnlUnving sieps:<br />

- phase. A: cali sut-up, oui-band HÍgn;illing',<br />

- phase Bl: mo<strong>de</strong> inilializalinn nn ¡nitial channel;<br />

- phase CA: cali set-up of addílional channel(.s), if relevaní:<br />

- phase CB1: initÍalÍ7.aiion on addilmnaí channel(s);<br />

- phase B2 (or CB2): esiablishme.nl of uimimnn parameters:<br />

- phase C: visual le.lephone communicalion;<br />

- phase D: te.rrninalion pha.se;<br />

— phase E: cali releuse.<br />

3.4.1.1 Phase A - Cali set-up<br />

After user ¡nilializalion, !he I erminal X pe-rform.s a cali set-up procedure (ihis procedurtí lo be <strong>de</strong>fined ín<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalion H.200/AV.420 is un<strong>de</strong>r siudy). As soon as the. [erminal receives an indicalion from Ihe nelwork that ihe<br />

connectíon is esiabüshed, a bidireciional channel is op<strong>en</strong>ed from <strong>en</strong>d lo ei\d, and it over<strong>la</strong>ys H.221 framing on the<br />

channel. .<br />

f<br />

Recnmm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320 (03/93)


)IIowing the conneclion esiahlishmmil, all Ihe lerminals will s<strong>la</strong>rl lo work in Ihe following mo<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>fined in Recom<strong>en</strong>daüon<br />

H.22I:<br />

- lype X: mo<strong>de</strong> OF (A-<strong>la</strong>w or p-Iaw):<br />

- type Y and type Z: mo<strong>de</strong> OF (A-<strong>la</strong>w or u-<strong>la</strong>w) audío only.<br />

i-band procedure is aciivaied.<br />

4.1.2 Ph.ase Bl - Mo<strong>de</strong> mitiuliy.atian<br />

,4.1.3 Phase Bl-1<br />

sing Ihe procedures proví<strong>de</strong>d in Recornrn<strong>en</strong>dalion H.242, l'ramed PCM audiu is iransmilled in holh direcuíons, afler<br />

ame and mulliframe altgnm<strong>en</strong>l is gained, le.rminal capabíliiies are extihanged.<br />

,4.1.4 Phase Bl-2 (terminal pro ce dure)<br />

lelertnination of ihe appropriale mo<strong>de</strong> lo he iransmilled. This will normally be Ihe highesl uotnmon mo<strong>de</strong> (see Table 3 for<br />

le case using a B or 2xB-channel), huí a lower compatible mo<strong>de</strong> could he chosea inslead.<br />

i Ihe case that both termináis have announced Ihe tiapahitily lo work on addiiíonal c'.haniiel(s), lerminal X iniliales Ihe<br />

¡quesl for supplem<strong>en</strong>iary cal! sel-up. Allernaiively, ihis aclion may be susp<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d unül ihe user ai X has giv<strong>en</strong> ihe<br />

[t-ahead, (he Y user may also control Ihe addilional channul requesls. ll is for furlher sludy.<br />

NOTE- If ihe user ai eilher lerniina! dnes nol wish ihe cali 10 proceed lo two or more channels, ev<strong>en</strong> ihough his terminal<br />

is ihís capabiliiy, he musí sel the termina! sucli ihai nnly .single-channe! capabílily is <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>red in phase R 1-1. In ihat cass, we should<br />

islinguish ihe active capabilíiy, wíshed hy Ihe users, from ihe virtual capahilily of the terminal.<br />

al<br />

NOTES<br />

TABLE 3/H.320<br />

Cummon mo<strong>de</strong> (<strong>de</strong>fault) fnr ctimmunicutiim betwe<strong>en</strong> differ<strong>en</strong>t types<br />

of visual telephone.s using a B or 2xB-channeI<br />

Xb5 Terminal ivpe<br />

1 "b2/h:j" indícales Ihai eilher of b? or bi can be common. h? gives beiier audio, while b^<br />

gives belier vi<strong>de</strong>o.<br />

2 The communiciuion minies indicaled in Ihe <strong>la</strong>ble alnwe inclu<strong>de</strong> ihe possibiliiy lo use ihe<br />

GIF formal as weil as ihe QCIP formal. The C!F formal is used In both díreclions of<br />

iransmission, if both lerminals indícale ibis capubüily. In a!l olher cases the QCIP formal is<br />

used.<br />

Each terminal may use a mínimum <strong>de</strong>eoiiahle piclure inlervaí in iis s<strong>en</strong>ding dirección<br />

which makes hesl use oflhe f.apabiliiy iiulif-aled by (he olher terminal.<br />

This table iloes nol inulu<strong>de</strong> inierworking silualions belwe<strong>en</strong> visual lelephones and<br />

telephone lerminals. ¡f visual lelephone lerminals are c'onnecled lo telephones, rno<strong>de</strong> a() is used<br />

for the comrnunicaiion.<br />

3.4,1.5 Phase Bl-3 (mu<strong>de</strong> switfhing)<br />

Both lerminals swilch lo Ihe mo<strong>de</strong> Ihey have i<strong>de</strong>nlii'ied in pha.se Hl-2, using Ihe prociedure of Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalíon H.242.<br />

NOTE - íf ihe lerminals havc no| bolh adnpled the cununon rno<strong>de</strong>, an asymmetric communícalion may result.<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>datirin H.320 (03/93)<br />

Xb<br />

2/3<br />

Xb5


4.1.6 Phase CA - Cali set-up of the additional channel(s)<br />

>Ilowing phases Bl-3 and B2 ¡f relevan!, ihe communicatíon phase C proceeds on thal channel. If additional channels<br />

ive be<strong>en</strong> requesled ihese go also ihrough pha.se A (he.nt'.e ihe nom<strong>en</strong>e<strong>la</strong>iure "Phase CA"), exacüy as in phase A above,<br />

id addilional cali sel-ups are performed by Ihe termináis. On each of Ihe e.s<strong>la</strong>hlíshed channels H.221 framing i.s over<strong>la</strong>id<br />

ee Note).<br />

NOTE - During phase CA an imermediale audiovisual mo<strong>de</strong> could he offered on ihe ínílial channel used for inH¡aliy.ation,<br />

ilil ful! completion of inilia|Í7.a[inn phase.<br />

,4.1.7 Phase CB1 ~ Mu<strong>de</strong> ¡nitialr/.atiim on additional chunnel(s)<br />

.4.3.8 Phase CBl-11<br />

sing the procedure proví<strong>de</strong>d in "Recomm<strong>en</strong>daiion H.242, frame and mullU'rame alignm<strong>en</strong>ls are gainud.<br />

,4.1,9 Phase CB1-12<br />

ynchroiiization of the channels ís aehieved.<br />

,4.1.10 Phase CB1-2 (terminal procedure)<br />

'eterminatíon of ihe appropriate mu<strong>de</strong> ui be [ran.smitled. This WÍII normally be (he highest common mo<strong>de</strong>, bul a lower<br />

ampatible mo<strong>de</strong> could be chos<strong>en</strong> instead.<br />

.4.1.11 Phase CB1-3 (mo<strong>de</strong> switching)<br />

¡oth termináis sw i tch lo ihe mo<strong>de</strong> ihey ha ve. i<strong>de</strong>nlified in phase B 1-2 u.sing ihe. procedure of Recomm <strong>en</strong> dal<strong>la</strong>n H.242.<br />

¡sull.<br />

NOTE - Mere ngain, if Ihe lerminals have noi holh adopted the same comrnon mo<strong>de</strong>, an a^yriimelric communícation will<br />

.4.1.12 Phase B2 (or CB2) - Establíshmtínt of common paranieter.s<br />

'hís phase es<strong>la</strong>blishes common operalional parameler.s specífic to visual le.lephone (e.g. <strong>en</strong>eryplion) afler phase Bl<br />

rocess Ís finíshed. Capabililíes or requirerntínis ni' ihe ref.e.iving sí<strong>de</strong> are firsl indicaied Ih<strong>en</strong> ihe ü<strong>en</strong>ding si<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>s<br />

peral ío nal pararneiers and con i ruis Ihe rüceivmg si <strong>de</strong>.. HAS co<strong>de</strong>s i'or ihi.s purpure are <strong>de</strong>fined ¡n Recomm<strong>en</strong>alion<br />

H.221.<br />

.4.1.13 Phase C - Visual telephime communicatttin<br />

ti the case where more than one channel i.s usad, there will be intermedíale phases CA, CB], CB2 as <strong>de</strong>scribed ¡n this<br />

ubc<strong>la</strong>use. Ltkewise, if additional c.hannels are dropped during ihe cali there will be intermedíale phases CO, CE as<br />

lescribed ín 3.4.4. The provisimus of ihl.s .suhit<strong>la</strong>ustt apply lo any channel, Inil<strong>la</strong>l or addilional, for which phases Bl<br />

nd B2 have be<strong>en</strong> compleled and phase. I) nol yel siarted.<br />

1.4.1.13.1 Mo<strong>de</strong> ¡rvvitching<br />

^ccordíng lo action by either user (for example, siariing a facsimile machine) a differe.nl mo<strong>de</strong> from Ihe highesl common<br />

no<strong>de</strong> may become more appropriate. Swilching lo lilis mo<strong>de</strong>. i.s ma<strong>de</strong> acxording lo [he procedure of Recomn<strong>en</strong>dation<br />

H.242.<br />

1.4.1.13.2 Capability changu<br />

Phe ustir may change ihe capabilily of h¡.s terminal during Ihe cali (for examplc. by connecling or swílching-on auxiliary<br />

elemaiíc equipm<strong>en</strong>l); ihe terminal musí initialtí ihe capabiltly e.xchange. procedure. <strong>de</strong>fined in Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalion H.242.<br />

L4.1.14 Phase D - Terminatiim pha.ve<br />

L4.1.15 Phase Di (terminal procedure)<br />

iVh<strong>en</strong> one of ihe users hangs up, ihe terminal involve.s phase í)2 direclly.<br />

3.4.1.16 Phase D2 (mo<strong>de</strong> swítching)<br />

Mo<strong>de</strong> OF is forced according lo Recomni<strong>en</strong>dalion H.242 (or <strong>la</strong>king inlu acuinint Ihe result uf phase DI if differ<strong>en</strong>l; for<br />

further study).<br />

: ' Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320 (03/93) 7


case the cali is dísconnecied for some rea.son, il may take a long lime ÍJ' il keeps awalling reacííon from ihe remole<br />

rminal, and receplíon or ¡niliaiíon of ihe ne.xl cali rnay líe blocked. 1SON disconneclion should he giv<strong>en</strong> príoriiy over ihe<br />

.242 cali terminaiíon procedure. A líme-oiu of lwo secuild.s is' suggesled.<br />

4.1.17 Phase E - Cali terminatiun (reléase)<br />

he terminal which has inilíated Ihe hang up .s<strong>en</strong>ds messages over Ihe D-channel wílh respecl In all channels and idles all<br />

'them (ihat means no more informalinn s<strong>en</strong>l over).<br />

t Ihe other lerminal, the firsl discnnnecí message receivr.d wíll idle all channels.<br />

he actual disconnection occurs al reeeplion of Ihe oiher di.sconneci message(s).<br />

,4.2 Exceptional procedures for phases A and K<br />

i case of unsuccessful oulcome during phases A and R (due lo many causes), excepiúmal proeedures are provi<strong>de</strong>d ín<br />

r<strong>de</strong>r to <strong>en</strong>sure a suítable service. The maner Í.s for furlher sludy.<br />

,4.3 Exceptional procedures during pha.se C<br />

uring Ihe actual exchange of audiovisual da<strong>la</strong>, pmhiems may oüeur in sorne channels. Fallhack procedures, managed hy<br />

e lerminal are aclivated. The <strong>de</strong>seriplion of Ihe procedures and ihe appropriale indícations are for furlher study.<br />

,4.4 Addition and drnpping of channels during u visual telephone culi<br />

.4,4.1 Addition<br />

ccordíng lo aclíon hy a user (for example Ihe aclivalion of auxiliary equipm<strong>en</strong>l) one or more addiiional channels are<br />

¡quested. The procedure follows those. <strong>de</strong>scrihed for phases CA and CB1.<br />

.4.4,2 Dropping<br />

'wo phases are <strong>en</strong>visaged.<br />

.4.4.2.1 Phase CD1<br />

'he common mo<strong>de</strong>, appropriale tu Ihe channel(s) which remains, is selecied.<br />

.4.4.2.2 Phase CD2<br />

'he mo<strong>de</strong> swiichlng procedure of Kecomni<strong>en</strong>dalíon H.242 is appliei! lo involve Ihe mo<strong>de</strong> idttnlified ¡n phase CD1; the<br />

ímainíng channel ¡s the channc! used for iniliali'/alinn (see phase A), ll suppiiris an appropriale fallhack mo<strong>de</strong>. The<br />

<strong>la</strong>tter is for furlher sludy.<br />

.4.S Transmission and disp<strong>la</strong>y of pictures at the síart nf a visual telephone cali<br />

iccording to ihe chos<strong>en</strong> lerminal procedures, píclures may or may nol he visihle lo liolh users as soon as ínitíalixalion is<br />

omplete. In the case thal eilher phase Rl-3 or phase ('Hl-3 has aclivuled a common mo<strong>de</strong>, including vi<strong>de</strong>o, muiual<br />

isibility of Ihe users is po.ssihle.<br />

'he followíng ilems collect allernalive procedures which can he used lo susp<strong>en</strong>d píclure disp<strong>la</strong>y unlil user inlerv<strong>en</strong>tion<br />

by mutual agreem<strong>en</strong>l orolherwise) causes piciures lo he disp<strong>la</strong>yed.<br />

1) No vi<strong>de</strong>o íransmitted - !n phase BÍ-2 and (if relevanl) phase CB1-2 ihe mo<strong>de</strong> selecled inclu<strong>de</strong>s vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

OFF. During phase C eilher user may uni<strong>la</strong>lerally swilch lo vi<strong>de</strong>o ON, alternalively, his lerminal may s<strong>en</strong>d<br />

the C&I BAS co<strong>de</strong> V1R (vi<strong>de</strong>o indícale ready-to-aetivate), huí not swilch to vi<strong>de</strong>o-ON unlil ViR is also<br />

received from ihe olher terminal. While the incoming vi<strong>de</strong>o-OFF stale remains, the visual lelephone scre<strong>en</strong><br />

should disp<strong>la</strong>y a symbol or message ¡ndicaiing Ihi.s (i.e. there is no faull).<br />

As already noled ¡n 3.4.1, phase Bl-2, ihe requesl for addílional channel may, according lo terminal<br />

procedure, be <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>yed whilr, vi<strong>de</strong>o-OFF is mainiained; user aclion lo aelivate vi<strong>de</strong>o would ih<strong>en</strong> resull in<br />

procedure phases CA 1, CB1 (CB2 ¡f required).<br />

I Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320 (03/93)


2) Vi<strong>de</strong>o paltern iransmiíted- An üleclroniüally g<strong>en</strong>eraled ur olher paltern is iransmilied inslead of Ihe sígnal<br />

/"rom a normal camera. Trie C&l RAS co<strong>de</strong> VIS (ví<strong>de</strong>o indicíale suppressed) is used lo indícale the situatian<br />

lo the remole party.<br />

3) Vi<strong>de</strong>o transmitted bal no! disp<strong>la</strong>yed - Terminal proeedures simply involve local action lo disp<strong>la</strong>y not ihe<br />

incomíng signal huí an exp<strong>la</strong>naiory symbol or me.ssage. User action would cause the incurrí ing signa! to be<br />

disp<strong>la</strong>yud, bul ií ihis should <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>d on mulual atuion by bolh usera ih<strong>en</strong> a new C£I BAS co<strong>de</strong> VRD (vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

ready-lo-disp<strong>la</strong>y) musí be <strong>de</strong>fined. Thi.s poinl is for furlher siudy.<br />

,5 O p ti o nal <strong>en</strong>hancem<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

5.1 Bata porís<br />

ata porís as physical l/O ports oí' Ihe lermínal for lelemalk: and olher equípm<strong>en</strong>l are aclivaled/<strong>de</strong>aclíved by HAS<br />

immands. Dep<strong>en</strong>ding on Ihe transmission ciipahility of a eonneelion, e.g. mulliples of R/H(| channels, ele., varíous bit<br />

ites are avai<strong>la</strong>blt at (hese porís. AHocaiion ol'bii slmanis lo lh« pori(.s) is peri'ornied by in-band .signalling. Da<strong>la</strong> conveyed<br />

. the port(s) is iranspar<strong>en</strong>t, da<strong>la</strong> rales being lisliid in Atinex A/H.22!.<br />

,5.2 Encryption<br />

ncrypiion may be applíed on audio and ví<strong>de</strong>o sigoal.s separaiely (preferul>ly J'or mitltipoinl üonneulions) or on audio and<br />

<strong>de</strong>o signáis multiplexed. vSwíichíng-on and olí the <strong>en</strong>cryplion process has to be sigiialled beiwe<strong>en</strong> Ihe termináis (or<br />

rminal and MCU respeclively) vía ¡n-band signalling.<br />

Terminal requirem<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

,1 Environm<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

n<strong>de</strong>r sludy.<br />

.2 Audio and vi<strong>de</strong>o arrangem<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

ín<strong>de</strong>r study.<br />

.3 De<strong>la</strong>y comp<strong>en</strong>sation in the audio path<br />

lie H.261 vi<strong>de</strong>o co<strong>de</strong>es require so me. processing <strong>de</strong>.<strong>la</strong>y, while ihe H.200/A V.2.1t)-ííe.rÍes audio tm <strong>de</strong>cís involve. mucih le.s.s<br />

e<strong>la</strong>y. H<strong>en</strong>ee, if Üp synchroniy.alion is lo be rnain<strong>la</strong>ined, ihal vi<strong>de</strong>o proce.s.sing <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y musí be ctomp<strong>en</strong>saled ¡n ihe audio<br />

aih. Since vi<strong>de</strong>o co<strong>de</strong>r and <strong>de</strong>c-.o<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>ys may vary acciording lo implern<strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>iion, <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y f.omp<strong>en</strong>salion musí be yarried<br />

ut indivídually al the co<strong>de</strong>r and <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r. A refere.ncui me.asurtíme.iil melhod of vi<strong>de</strong>o co<strong>de</strong>r and <strong>de</strong>co<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>ys i.s <strong>de</strong>fined<br />

i Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalion H.261.<br />

A Control and indications (C&I)<br />

!&I are chos<strong>en</strong> from Ihe g<strong>en</strong>eral audiovisual .sel tumiained in Rr.üomni<strong>en</strong>dalion H.230. For visual lelephone systems,<br />

lose signáis m Table 4 are used mandalory, whe.re iheir sourcte., sink, synchroniy.alion wilh pif.lure, Iransmíssion channel<br />

nd co<strong>de</strong>words are ¡iidícaied.<br />

ill visual íelephone lerrninals have a vi<strong>de</strong>o .source providing a piciure o!' parlicipanls, and some termináis may nave<br />

ddítional ví<strong>de</strong>o sources; the. parlicipanl-piclure source ís <strong>de</strong>.signaied #1, havíng Ihe assoeialed symbol VÍA. Wh<strong>en</strong><br />

icoming vi<strong>de</strong>o is ON (BAS cornmand (OJO) [1 or 21) and VIA. V!A2, V1A3 have nol be<strong>en</strong> iransmiiled, sourceífl is<br />

ssumed.<br />

Jome supplem<strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ry services provi<strong>de</strong>d by sonie coni'ereiu:e bridges, servers, ele. may require termináis 10 s<strong>en</strong>d out the<br />

.ymbols on iheir diallíng keyboards. il ís highly <strong>de</strong>sirable. Ihai all visual lerminals be able lo irans<strong>la</strong>le ihese symbols inlo<br />

3AS co<strong>de</strong>s repres<strong>en</strong>líng Ihe Alphabel of Figure 2/T.fi] as provi<strong>de</strong>d for ín Recomm<strong>en</strong>t<strong>la</strong>iíon H.230.<br />

! Kecumm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320 (03/93) 9


f<strong>la</strong>co<br />

wcu<br />

Maint<strong>en</strong>ance<br />

Confer<strong>en</strong>ce<br />

Terminal<br />

C&Isignal<br />

Pícture formal<br />

Picture formal<br />

Mínimum <strong>de</strong>uodable<br />

picturtí inlerval<br />

Freeitt pícture<br />

requesl control,<br />

VCF<br />

Fas! update request<br />

control, VCD<br />

Freey,e picture<br />

reléase coptrol<br />

Multipoint<br />

command<br />

confer<strong>en</strong>ce, MCC<br />

and cancel-MCC<br />

Muliipoint<br />

cornmand<br />

symmelrical da<strong>la</strong><br />

transmission, MCS<br />

Multipoint<br />

command negalíng<br />

MCS, MCN<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o loop requesl<br />

control. LCV<br />

Digital loop reqnesl<br />

control, LCD<br />

Loop off reqtiest,<br />

LCO<br />

Splil «cre<strong>en</strong><br />

¡ndicalion<br />

Docum<strong>en</strong>i camera<br />

indication<br />

Audio active/rmiied<br />

indicalion, AIA/AÜM<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o active<br />

indication VÍA<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong>o suppressed<br />

indication VIS<br />

TAHLK 4/H.32Ü<br />

C&I signáis mündatury for visual telephnne<br />

C/I<br />

Recomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320 (03/93)<br />

Source<br />

I Deco<strong>de</strong>r<br />

C Co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

1 Deco<strong>de</strong>r<br />

•<br />

:<br />

C Co<strong>de</strong>r or<br />

MCU<br />

C Deco<strong>de</strong>r or<br />

MCU<br />

C Co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

C MCU<br />

C MCU<br />

C MCU<br />

i<br />

C Terminal<br />

C. Terminal<br />

.<br />

C. Terminal<br />

¡<br />

1 .Semliny<br />

terminal<br />

1 i S<strong>en</strong>diny<br />

terminal<br />

1 j S<strong>en</strong>ding<br />

terminal<br />

1 S<strong>en</strong>ding<br />

terminal<br />

1 S<strong>en</strong>ding<br />

i terminal<br />

Co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

Sink<br />

Deco<strong>de</strong>r<br />

Co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

Deco<strong>de</strong>r<br />

Co<strong>de</strong>r<br />

Deco<strong>de</strong>r<br />

Terminal<br />

Terminal<br />

Terminal<br />

Terminal<br />

Termina!<br />

Terminal<br />

Rectíiving<br />

terminal<br />

Receiving<br />

terminal<br />

Rectíiving<br />

terminal<br />

Receíving<br />

lerrninal<br />

Receiving<br />

lerminal<br />

Sync.<br />

whh<br />

piclure<br />

No<br />

Yes<br />

No<br />

No<br />

No<br />

Yes<br />

No<br />

No<br />

No<br />

No<br />

No<br />

No<br />

Yes<br />

Yes<br />

No<br />

No<br />

No<br />

Transmission<br />

channel<br />

DAS<br />

Hmbed<strong>de</strong>d in<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

RAS<br />

DAS<br />

BAS<br />

Brnhed<strong>de</strong>d in<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

BAS<br />

HAS<br />

BAS<br />

BAS<br />

BA.S<br />

BAS<br />

Bmhed<strong>de</strong>d in<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

P.mhed<strong>de</strong>d in<br />

vi<strong>de</strong>o<br />

BAS<br />

BAS<br />

BAS<br />

Co<strong>de</strong>word<br />

<strong>de</strong>finilion<br />

H.221<br />

11.261<br />

H.221<br />

11.221<br />

H.221<br />

11.261<br />

Í1.230<br />

11.230<br />

11.230<br />

H.221<br />

11.221<br />

11.221<br />

11.261<br />

11.261<br />

11.230<br />

11.230<br />

11.230


,5 Multipoint operation<br />

is híghly <strong>de</strong>sirable thal lermínals not having any auxiliar)' da<strong>la</strong> equípm<strong>en</strong>l be able lo op<strong>en</strong> LSD and/ur HSD channels so<br />

<strong>la</strong>t they could particípale in mullipoinl comnuinieatmns wiihoul losing vi<strong>de</strong>o. This could be ext<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d 10 the use of MLP<br />

id/or H-MLP, bul is for furlher siudy.<br />

>ther aspects of muliipoinl operalion nf the terminal are un<strong>de</strong>r xludy.<br />

ínter Communications<br />

he mechanisms for iniercommunicalion wilh other .servicies are <strong>de</strong>scribed in Ihe H.200/AV.240-Series Recomm<strong>en</strong>atíons.<br />

.1 Intercommunication betwe<strong>en</strong> differ<strong>en</strong>t visual telephone terminal types<br />

, common mo<strong>de</strong> of aperalíon i.s <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong>ermíned a.s <strong>de</strong>scribed in 3.4.1. I)-channel signalling shuuld inclu<strong>de</strong> new LLC and<br />

!LC which are appropriale for audiovisual services, bul Ihis .sul)u<strong>la</strong>use i.s for furlher sludy.<br />

.2 Intercommunication with telephony<br />

NOTE - Descriplion of this subu<strong>la</strong>uss is fnr Communications using a li-uhannel.<br />

.2.1 Intercommunication with ISDN telcphune.s<br />

L cali from a visual lelephone to an 1SDN lelephone is firsl p<strong>la</strong>r.ed as an audiovisual cali, bul Ihe ISDN lelephone reiurns<br />

icompaiible <strong>de</strong>siination orihe neiwurk reiurns recuivery on limerexpiry in case of no responses from Ihe called si<strong>de</strong>, ih<strong>en</strong><br />

le visual lelephone may .swíich lo a spee.ch or 7 kHx auiüii liearer .servicie cali.<br />

, cali from ISDN lelephone lo a visual [elf.plume is Mt'.uepted hy ihe visual leleplione. het:austi every audiovisual terminal is<br />

quípped with this lelephone capahilily as a minimum fuiíulion.<br />

'or both of Ihe abo ve cases, ihe ope rallona I mo<strong>de</strong> of com ni un lea I ion is 0.71 1 speech or G.722 audio.<br />

.2.2 ínter cora mun i catión with PSTN telephone.s<br />

t cali from visual lelephone 10 a PSTN lelephone may be ínilialed as an audiovisual cali, bul (he nelwork reiurns no roule<br />

D <strong>de</strong>stinatíon, ih<strong>en</strong> the visual lelephone may swilch lo a sptsetih or 3.1 kHv, audio bearer service t:all. The operalional<br />

of communication is G.711 audio iiti<br />

I cali from a PSTN lelephone is routed inlu ihe ISDN as a 3.1 kHv audio cali which can be respon<strong>de</strong>d by Ihe visual<br />

elephone for the same reason as <strong>de</strong>scribed in 5.2.1. The operalion a I mo<strong>de</strong> nf f.omniunicaikm ¡s 3.1 kHv, audio.<br />

1.3 Intercommunication with other audiovisual termináis<br />

^ common mo<strong>de</strong> of operalion is <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong>ermined auunrdiny lo Ihe H.20()-.Se.rÍes Recomm<strong>en</strong>dalíons.<br />

í Maint<strong>en</strong>ance<br />

lome loop-back funclions are <strong>en</strong>visaged lo aílow verificalion of thtí i'unclional as p<strong>en</strong>is of Ihe terminal ín or<strong>de</strong>r lo <strong>en</strong>sure<br />

.orrect operalion of ihe sy.stem and .snlis<strong>la</strong>clory qualiiy o!' ihe serviue lo Ihe remole party. The f'ollowíng loop-back<br />

unctions (see Figure 2) are <strong>en</strong>visaged:<br />

a) Loop at lerminal-neiwork inle.r!'ace (imvard.s nelwork)<br />

Upon receíving ihe digital loop-back HAS, loop-back is aclivaled ai ihe digital mterfaee of the terminal<br />

lf.iM,V loward Ihe network si<strong>de</strong>. In ua.se of a múltiple. B/Ho channel arrangem<strong>en</strong>t, [oop-bauk is aclivaled in each<br />

connection.<br />

Kecomm<strong>en</strong>dation H.320 (03/93) 11


) Loop ai lerminal-nelwork inlerl'ace (lowards lerminal}<br />

The procedure is for furlher sludy.<br />

c) Loop ai analogue ]/Q iiilerface<br />

U pon receivíng ihe vi<strong>de</strong>o hiop-back or audio loup-hack BAS, loop-hack ís aciivaled al Ihe analogue<br />

ínlerface of ihe vi<strong>de</strong>o/audio co<strong>de</strong>e lowards Ihe vi<strong>de</strong>u/audio co<strong>de</strong>e.<br />

he opponuniíy of havíng a self-checking procedure al lerminal siage is for furlher sindy.<br />

a) Normal<br />

7 Human factor<br />

b) Digital loop request (LCD)<br />

(H<br />

( )<br />

— — —<br />

c) Audio/vi<strong>de</strong>o loop requ est (LCA/LCV)<br />

(H<br />

Co<strong>de</strong>e<br />

PKUJRH 2/H.32C)<br />

Loop back<br />

/- -N<br />

á i Neiwork<br />

* V ^<br />

Po achieve error free and uncomplicaied uiilixaiinn o!'lerminal equipm<strong>en</strong>l and sf.rvice froni Ihe tusers s<strong>la</strong>ndpoini, human<br />

actor re<strong>la</strong>led aspecls have lo he sludied and reaomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d. These. a.specls <strong>de</strong>al wilh ihe. I'low of informalion heiwe<strong>en</strong> user<br />

ind lerminal/nelwork. Thi.s informalion c'.an he divi<strong>de</strong>d inlo a phyfiical seclion and a logical s<strong>en</strong>iinn of Ihe MM1.<br />

7.1<br />

7.2<br />

Physical sectíon<br />

- Figures and properlitfs of Iransducers (ciuniera, microphone, ele.).<br />

- Signáis parlicu<strong>la</strong>rly re<strong>la</strong>led lo ihe .service, keys, piciogram.s.<br />

Lógica] section<br />

- Procedures, e.g. for cali e.s<strong>la</strong>hli.shm<strong>en</strong>l/release, durin^ communicalion phase.<br />

- Consisl<strong>en</strong>cy helwe<strong>en</strong> Ihe MM Is o i' visual lelephone and lermlnals of olher leleservícK.s.<br />

12 Recorara<strong>en</strong>dation H.320 (03/93)


BIBLIOGRAFÍA<br />

- F,W. KRUGER. Comunicaciones por Vi<strong>de</strong>oteléfono. Alcatel SEI, Stuttgart,<br />

República Fe<strong>de</strong>ral Alemana, 1993, pags 241 -247.<br />

- ALCATEL, User Cui<strong>de</strong> Alcatel 2838. France, pp 1-14<br />

- AT&T, Picasso User Gui<strong>de</strong>, EEUU, 1994, pp, 1.1 -5.7<br />

- AT&T TECHNICAL JOURNAL, The Ví<strong>de</strong>o Phone 2500 - Vi<strong>de</strong>o Telephonv<br />

on the Public Switched Telephone Network. EEUU, January/February 1993<br />

pp. 22 - 32<br />

- HUMBERTO E, PALACIN C., Curso Básico <strong>de</strong> RDSI. Quito, Aseta, 1995<br />

- ZAHIR EBRAHIM, Conceptos Básicos sobre ATM. Colombia, Revista Cintel,<br />

pp. 4-30<br />

- J. P. BOINET, Re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> Ví<strong>de</strong>o Comunicación por Fibra Óptica, Francia.<br />

Volum<strong>en</strong> 63, Número 3, 1989, pp. 286-293<br />

- ELECTRÓNICA & COMPUTADORES, Fundam<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> Fibra Óptica.<br />

Publicaciones CEKIT S.A, Pereira Colombia, 1994, pags 21 - 24.<br />

- SIECOR, Premises Fiber Qptic Products Cataba. EEUU, 1997<br />

- FIBER OPTIC INSTALLATION, Technical Traninq Confer<strong>en</strong>ce and<br />

Exhíbítion, Cabling the Workp<strong>la</strong>ce 1998, pp. 1 -55.


MARTIN E. ZULTOSKI, Aplicaciones <strong>de</strong> Banda Ancha, Requisitos <strong>de</strong> Red,<br />

X Congreso Nacional y I Andino <strong>de</strong> Telecomunicaciones, pp 1-11<br />

T. VAN LANDEGEM, 2005. Una Visión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Red <strong><strong>de</strong>l</strong> Futuro.<br />

Comunicaciones Eléctricas, Ser Trimestre 1994<br />

J.P. BONICEL, Tecnología <strong>de</strong> cable <strong>de</strong> fibras ópticas. Comunicaciones •<br />

Eléctricas, lerTrimestre 1994, pgs 39-44<br />

CCITT, B-ISDN G<strong>en</strong>eral Aspects. Recom<strong>en</strong>dación 1.311, 1992<br />

CCITT, Arquitectura <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> red <strong>de</strong> transporte basada <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> jerarquía digital<br />

sincrónica (SDH). Draft Recom<strong>en</strong>dation G.803, Junio 1992

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