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Digestibilidad de nutrimentos en lechones alimentados con dietas ...

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María <strong>de</strong> los Ängeles Aguilera Barreiro, et al. / Téc Pecu Méx 2006;44(3):301-311<br />

a las <strong>dietas</strong> <strong>de</strong> iniciación ingredi<strong>en</strong>tes digestibles<br />

para facilitar los procesos <strong>de</strong> digestión y absorción<br />

<strong>de</strong> los <strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong> (1) . En este s<strong>en</strong>tido las proteínas <strong>de</strong><br />

orig<strong>en</strong> animal, como los subproductos lácteos, son<br />

bastante recom<strong>en</strong>dadas. El suero <strong>de</strong> leche <strong>de</strong>shidratado<br />

es una fu<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> proteínas <strong>de</strong> bu<strong>en</strong> valor nutritivo<br />

(11 a 13 % <strong>de</strong> proteína cruda) (2) y <strong>de</strong> lactosa (63 a<br />

70 %) (2) , a<strong>de</strong>más, por estimular la actividad <strong>en</strong>zimática<br />

(3,4,5) , mejora la función digestiva. Por otro<br />

lado, para que se <strong>de</strong> el proceso <strong>de</strong> adaptación digestiva<br />

es necesario que los <strong>lechones</strong> recién <strong>de</strong>stetados<br />

<strong>con</strong>suman proteínas <strong>de</strong> orig<strong>en</strong> vegetal (6,7) .<br />

La soya es la fu<strong>en</strong>te proteica <strong>de</strong> mayor elección <strong>en</strong><br />

la alim<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> cerdos, <strong>de</strong>bido a su alto <strong>con</strong>t<strong>en</strong>ido<br />

<strong>de</strong> proteína cruda; sin embargo, la pres<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong><br />

algunos factores antinutricionales (FAN) limita su<br />

uso <strong>en</strong> la alim<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> <strong>lechones</strong>, por los efectos<br />

negativos que estos ejerc<strong>en</strong> sobre las vellosida<strong>de</strong>s<br />

intestinales (8,9) ; la actividad <strong>de</strong> las <strong>en</strong>zimas<br />

digestivas (10) , y <strong>con</strong>secu<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te sobre la ganancia<br />

<strong>de</strong> peso <strong>en</strong> las primeras semanas pos<strong>de</strong>stete (11) . El<br />

procesami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> la soya por medio <strong>de</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes<br />

tratami<strong>en</strong>tos tecnológicos (térmicos, físicos o<br />

químicos) produce una mejora <strong>de</strong>l aprovechami<strong>en</strong>to<br />

digestivo por la disminución <strong>de</strong> los FAN (6) .<br />

Los subproductos <strong>de</strong> la soya <strong>con</strong> un elevado<br />

porc<strong>en</strong>taje <strong>de</strong> proteína cruda son obt<strong>en</strong>idos por<br />

medio <strong>de</strong> procesos <strong>de</strong> precipitación <strong>de</strong> las proteínas<br />

(aislado <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>de</strong> soya <strong>con</strong> 92 % <strong>de</strong> PC) (12)<br />

o a través <strong>de</strong> la extracción <strong>de</strong> los carbohidratos<br />

solubles y <strong>de</strong> la grasa, resultando un producto<br />

altam<strong>en</strong>te soluble y rico <strong>en</strong> proteína (<strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trado <strong>de</strong><br />

proteína <strong>de</strong> soya <strong>con</strong> 65 a 70 % <strong>de</strong> PC) (12) . Estos<br />

subproductos especiales pue<strong>de</strong>n reemplazar o<br />

complem<strong>en</strong>tar los subproductos <strong>de</strong> leche <strong>en</strong> las <strong>dietas</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong> iniciación (12-15) , por lo tanto, <strong>en</strong> el pres<strong>en</strong>te<br />

trabajo se midió a nivel <strong>de</strong>l intestino <strong>de</strong>lgado y <strong>en</strong><br />

la totalidad <strong>de</strong>l tracto digestivo, la digestibilidad <strong>de</strong><br />

los <strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>dietas</strong>, cuyas fu<strong>en</strong>tes proteicas<br />

fueron el <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trado o el aislado <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>de</strong><br />

soya solo, o asociado a suero <strong>de</strong> leche <strong>de</strong>shidratado.<br />

MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS<br />

En el experim<strong>en</strong>to se utilizaron 15 <strong>lechones</strong> hembras<br />

(Landrace x Duroc), <strong>de</strong>stetadas <strong>en</strong> promedio a los<br />

302<br />

digestible ingredi<strong>en</strong>ts to starter diets to <strong>en</strong>hance<br />

both the digestion process and nutri<strong>en</strong>t absorption (1) .<br />

Animal proteins and milk byproducts are<br />

recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d for this. Dehydrated milk whey is<br />

an acceptable source of protein with good nutritional<br />

value (11-13 % cru<strong>de</strong> protein) (2) and also of lactose<br />

(63-70%) (2) . Besi<strong>de</strong>s, improves digestion through<br />

stimulating <strong>en</strong>zymatic activity (3,4,5) . On the other<br />

hand, for a good <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t of the digestive<br />

process adaptation, intake of vegetable proteins by<br />

piglets becomes necessary (6,7) .<br />

Soybeans are the more common source of protein<br />

in pig feeding, owing to its high cru<strong>de</strong> protein<br />

<strong>con</strong>t<strong>en</strong>t. However, pres<strong>en</strong>ce of some anti-nutritional<br />

factors (ANF) places some restraints on its use in<br />

piglet feeding, due to negative effects on intestinal<br />

villi (8,9) ; digestive <strong>en</strong>zyme activity (10) and therefore<br />

on daily weight gain in the first weeks<br />

postweaning (11) . Soybeans processing through<br />

diverse methods (heat, physical, chemical) results<br />

in a better digestive use due to ANF diminution (6) .<br />

Soy byproducts <strong>con</strong>taining a high perc<strong>en</strong>tage of<br />

cru<strong>de</strong> protein are obtained through either protein<br />

precipitation processes (soy protein isolate with 92 %<br />

CP) (12) or fat and soluble carbohydrate extraction<br />

which provi<strong>de</strong>s a highly soluble and protein rich<br />

product (soy protein <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate with 65-70 %<br />

CP) (12) . These special byproducts can replace or<br />

supplem<strong>en</strong>t milk byproducts in starter diets (12-15) .<br />

Owing to this, in the pres<strong>en</strong>t study, diets’ nutri<strong>en</strong>t<br />

digestibility whose protein source was either soy<br />

protein <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate or isolated, alone or associated<br />

to <strong>de</strong>hydrated milk whey, was measured at both<br />

small intestine and total digestive tract levels.<br />

MATERIALS AND METHODS<br />

Fifte<strong>en</strong> female piglets (Landrace x Duroc) with 17 d<br />

of age and weighing 6.1 ± 1.8 kg were used in<br />

this trial. They were distributed in three treatm<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

in a completely randomized <strong>de</strong>sign in accordance<br />

with repeated measures (16) (three periods to estimate<br />

digestibility). Experim<strong>en</strong>tal treatm<strong>en</strong>ts <strong>con</strong>sisted in<br />

three diets with two protein ingredi<strong>en</strong>ts, i) soy<br />

protein <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate (SPC), ii) soy protein isolated<br />

(SPI) as the only protein source and iii) SPI plus

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