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Digestibilidad de nutrimentos en lechones alimentados con dietas ...

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María <strong>de</strong> los Ängeles Aguilera Barreiro, et al. / Téc Pecu Méx 2006;44(3):301-311<br />

los cuales reportan que la adición <strong>de</strong> subproductos<br />

lácteos, tales como el suero <strong>de</strong> leche o la lactosa<br />

cristalina, <strong>en</strong> <strong>dietas</strong> <strong>de</strong> iniciación, aum<strong>en</strong>ta su<br />

digestibilidad y <strong>con</strong>secu<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te el <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> los<br />

<strong>lechones</strong> (26) . En el pres<strong>en</strong>te trabajo, la asociación <strong>de</strong><br />

las proteínas <strong>de</strong>l suero <strong>de</strong> leche <strong>con</strong> las <strong>de</strong>l aislado <strong>de</strong><br />

proteína <strong>de</strong> soya tuvo una respuesta positiva <strong>en</strong> P3,<br />

mostrando un efecto aditivo <strong>de</strong> la digestibilidad <strong>de</strong><br />

estos dos ingredi<strong>en</strong>tes, lo que sugiere que por<br />

periodos <strong>de</strong> <strong>con</strong>sumo más prolongados, una fu<strong>en</strong>te<br />

única <strong>de</strong> proteína a partir <strong>de</strong> un ingredi<strong>en</strong>te tan<br />

digestible como el APS no es recom<strong>en</strong>dable.<br />

Aguilera (34) observó que al final <strong>de</strong>l P3 los <strong>lechones</strong><br />

que <strong>con</strong>sumieron aislado <strong>de</strong> soya pres<strong>en</strong>taron un<br />

m<strong>en</strong>or <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> las vellosida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>con</strong> una mayor<br />

frecu<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> atrofia y las criptas fueron m<strong>en</strong>os<br />

profundas, <strong>en</strong> relación a los animales <strong>de</strong> CPS; lo<br />

que pue<strong>de</strong> explicar la m<strong>en</strong>or digestibilidad ileal <strong>en</strong><br />

P3. Al adicionarle suero <strong>de</strong> leche (APSSL) se<br />

estimuló el crecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> las vellosida<strong>de</strong>s y<br />

aum<strong>en</strong>tó la profundidad <strong>de</strong> las criptas.<br />

Efecto <strong>de</strong>l periodo <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminación <strong>de</strong> la<br />

digestibilidad<br />

En <strong>lechones</strong> recién <strong>de</strong>stetados la etapa <strong>de</strong>l <strong>de</strong>sarrollo<br />

<strong>en</strong> que se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra los animales (edad), es muy<br />

importante, <strong>de</strong>bido al rápido crecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong>l aparato<br />

digestivo <strong>en</strong> la fase pos<strong>de</strong>stete, por lo que<br />

g<strong>en</strong>eralm<strong>en</strong>te existe un efecto “periodo” <strong>en</strong> las<br />

<strong>de</strong>terminaciones <strong>de</strong> digestibilidad (4) . Sohn et al (13)<br />

observaron que <strong>en</strong> <strong>dietas</strong> a base <strong>de</strong> leche <strong>en</strong> polvo,<br />

aislado <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>de</strong> soya, <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trado <strong>de</strong> proteína<br />

<strong>de</strong> soya y pasta <strong>de</strong> soya, la digestibilidad ileal y<br />

total <strong>de</strong>l nitróg<strong>en</strong>o y <strong>de</strong> todos los aminoácidos,<br />

excepto <strong>de</strong>l ácido glutámico, aum<strong>en</strong>tó <strong>de</strong> los 25 a<br />

los 53 días <strong>de</strong> edad. En <strong>dietas</strong> <strong>con</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> soya<br />

tratada o no <strong>con</strong> <strong>en</strong>zimas, se observó un aum<strong>en</strong>to<br />

<strong>en</strong> la digestibilidad ileal apar<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> la proteína<br />

cruda y <strong>de</strong> los aminoácidos <strong>de</strong> 5 a 16 % <strong>en</strong>tre los<br />

días 7 y 16 pos<strong>de</strong>stete, lo que repres<strong>en</strong>tó un proceso<br />

<strong>de</strong> adaptación digestiva bastante acelerado (7) . En<br />

el pres<strong>en</strong>te estudio el increm<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> la digestibilidad<br />

ileal <strong>en</strong>tre P1 y P3 (3.5, 4.1 y 3.3 puntos para la<br />

MS, PC y En, respectivam<strong>en</strong>te) indica una<br />

maduración <strong>de</strong>l aparato digestivo <strong>en</strong> términos<br />

morfofisiológicos, proporcionando una mayor<br />

capacidad <strong>de</strong> digestión y absorción <strong>de</strong> los<br />

308<br />

SPI (73.0 and 67.1 % for DM AID and CP AID,<br />

respectively).<br />

Energy AID and ATD in the three experim<strong>en</strong>tal<br />

diets most probably were related to the high amount<br />

of corn starch, whose digestibility is close to<br />

100 % (9,30) . In a study (31) in which diets based on<br />

dried whey and soy protein <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate to which no<br />

starch was ad<strong>de</strong>d, lower <strong>en</strong>ergy digestibility values<br />

relative to SPC diets at the ileal (68.0 vs 80.6 %) and<br />

fecal (81.0 vs 87.8 %) levels are reported. Lactose<br />

pres<strong>en</strong>ce in SPI diets could have be<strong>en</strong> a factor which<br />

<strong>con</strong>tributed to a higher <strong>en</strong>ergy AID than in SPIDW<br />

diets, because it has be<strong>en</strong> reported (4) that in animals<br />

fed with diets ad<strong>de</strong>d with crystalline lactose wh<strong>en</strong><br />

compared to animals fed with diets <strong>con</strong>taining dried<br />

whey, lactase activity was stimulated in a higher<br />

gra<strong>de</strong>, thus increasing <strong>en</strong>ergy digestion.<br />

A possible explanation to the better digestibility of<br />

SPI diets as the only protein source in the first two<br />

periods, is based on reports of some authors (32,33)<br />

who state that the addition of milk byproducts, as<br />

dried whey or crystalline lactose, to starter diets<br />

increases digestibility and therefore growth of<br />

weaned pigs (26) . In the pres<strong>en</strong>t study, association<br />

of whey proteins to soy protein isolated showed a<br />

positive response in P3, showing an additive effect<br />

on digestibility of both ingredi<strong>en</strong>ts, which suggests<br />

that in longer feeding periods, a single protein<br />

source coming from a highly digestible ingredi<strong>en</strong>t<br />

as SPI is not recomm<strong>en</strong>dable. Aguilera (34) reports<br />

that at the <strong>en</strong>d of P3 piglets fed with soy protein<br />

isolated showed poorer villi <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t with higher<br />

atrophy frequ<strong>en</strong>cy and less <strong>de</strong>eper crypts than<br />

animals fed diets with SPC, which could help<br />

explain the lower ileal digestibility in P3. Wh<strong>en</strong><br />

dried whey was ad<strong>de</strong>d (SPIDW) villi <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t<br />

was stimulated and crypt <strong>de</strong>epness increased.<br />

Effect of age in digestibility analysis<br />

In rec<strong>en</strong>tly weaned pigs, the <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t stage of<br />

animals (age) is very important, owing to the fast<br />

growth of the digestive tract in the post weaning<br />

phase, and therefore there is a “stage” effect in<br />

digestibility analyses (4) . Sohn et al (13) observed that<br />

in diets based on pow<strong>de</strong>red milk, soybean protein<br />

isolated, soybean protein <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate and soybean

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