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Las Mejores Prácticas Para el Manejo de Azufre en los Viñedos ...

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<strong>Las</strong> <strong>Mejores</strong> <strong>Prácticas</strong> <strong>Para</strong> <strong>el</strong> <strong>Manejo</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Azufre</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>los</strong> <strong>Viñedos</strong> para Vino<br />

El azufre es un <strong>el</strong>em<strong>en</strong>to que ocurre <strong>en</strong> la naturaleza y que se ha usado por c<strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>ares <strong>de</strong> años para<br />

<strong>el</strong> control <strong>de</strong> plagas. El azufre como ingredi<strong>en</strong>te activo es <strong>el</strong> pesticida <strong>de</strong> más uso <strong>en</strong> la agricultura <strong>de</strong><br />

California. Es un producto efectivo e importante para <strong>el</strong> control <strong>de</strong> la c<strong>en</strong>icilla polvori<strong>en</strong>ta conocida<br />

también como mildiú, una <strong>de</strong> las <strong>en</strong>fermeda<strong>de</strong>s más importantes que ataca a la viña <strong>en</strong> todo <strong>el</strong> mundo. La<br />

falta <strong>de</strong> control <strong>de</strong> mildiú pue<strong>de</strong> causar reducciones importantes <strong>de</strong> r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to y calidad <strong>en</strong> las uvas para<br />

vino.<br />

El ser expuesto al azufre pue<strong>de</strong> ocasionar <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> hombre, irritación <strong>en</strong> <strong>los</strong> ojos y la pi<strong>el</strong> y<br />

dificulta<strong>de</strong>s <strong>en</strong> respirar, especialm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> <strong>los</strong> individuos s<strong>en</strong>sibles. Pero <strong>en</strong> comparación con la mayoría<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>los</strong> pesticidas, ti<strong>en</strong>e un efecto mínimo <strong>en</strong> <strong>los</strong> seres humanos y <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> medio ambi<strong>en</strong>te. De hecho, <strong>el</strong> uso<br />

<strong>de</strong> azufre está aceptado <strong>en</strong> la producción orgánica.<br />

¿Entonces, cuál es la inquietud?<br />

En <strong>los</strong> últimos años han habido <strong>de</strong>nuncias <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>riva <strong>de</strong> azufre hacia <strong>los</strong> vecinos. Una <strong>en</strong>cuesta<br />

hecha por <strong>el</strong> Departam<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> Reglam<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> Pesticidas <strong>en</strong>contró que <strong>de</strong> 1997 a Junio <strong>de</strong> 1999 hubo<br />

86 <strong>de</strong>nuncias <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>riva <strong>de</strong> azufre. En dos tercios <strong>de</strong> <strong>los</strong> informes, las aplicaciones estaban dirigidas hacia<br />

viñedos. Dichas <strong>de</strong>nuncias estaban distribuidos por todas las regiones <strong>de</strong> uva para vino. Es más, <strong>el</strong> 80%<br />

<strong>de</strong> las <strong>de</strong>nuncias hechas <strong>en</strong> uvas fueron atribuidos a las aplicaciones <strong>de</strong> azufre <strong>en</strong> polvo. Los inci<strong>de</strong>ntes<br />

incluy<strong>en</strong> la <strong>de</strong>riva <strong>de</strong> polvo sobre estructuras adyac<strong>en</strong>tes, como ser resi<strong>de</strong>ncias, escu<strong>el</strong>as y negocios<br />

vecinos. También se reportó <strong>de</strong>riva <strong>de</strong> azufre <strong>en</strong> polvo sobre trabajadores <strong>en</strong> campos y vehícu<strong>los</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong><br />

vecindario.<br />

Inci<strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>riva <strong>de</strong> azufre por rubro (1997-99) Inci<strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>riva <strong>de</strong> azufre por región <strong>de</strong> uva (1997-99)<br />

2%<br />

5%<br />

5%<br />

6%<br />

6%<br />

10%<br />

66%<br />

uvas<br />

tomates<br />

fresas<br />

chícharos<br />

remolacha<br />

manzanas<br />

otros<br />

Por toda California, <strong>el</strong> uso <strong>de</strong> azufre <strong>en</strong> polvo es la base d<strong>el</strong> manejo <strong>de</strong> mildiú <strong>en</strong> uvas. Es más, la<br />

mayoría <strong>de</strong> <strong>los</strong> acres don<strong>de</strong> se crece uva para vinos son tratados con azufre <strong>en</strong> polvo todos <strong>los</strong> años y<br />

muchos son tratados repetidas veces. Sin embargo, han aum<strong>en</strong>tado las quejas d<strong>el</strong> público sobre <strong>el</strong> arrastre<br />

<strong>de</strong> azufre. ¿Porqué? La razón principal apar<strong>en</strong>ta ser un aum<strong>en</strong>to <strong>en</strong> la proximidad <strong>de</strong> la zonas agrícolas a<br />

las zonas urbanas.<br />

El uso <strong>de</strong> las “<strong>Mejores</strong> <strong>Prácticas</strong> para <strong>el</strong> <strong>Manejo</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Azufre</strong>” disminuye <strong>el</strong> riesgo <strong>de</strong> que ocurran<br />

<strong>de</strong>rivas prov<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> viñedos tratados, especialm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> <strong>los</strong> alre<strong>de</strong>dores <strong>de</strong> “áreas s<strong>en</strong>sibles”. La<br />

aplicación <strong>de</strong> azufre <strong>en</strong> polvo <strong>de</strong>be <strong>de</strong> ser manejado con extremo cuidado <strong>de</strong>bido a su alta visibilidad y a<br />

la posibilidad <strong>de</strong> ser movido por <strong>el</strong> vi<strong>en</strong>to fuera d<strong>el</strong> viñedo.<br />

¿Cuáles son las áreas s<strong>en</strong>sibles?<br />

<strong>Las</strong> áreas d<strong>el</strong>icadas son aqu<strong>el</strong>las localida<strong>de</strong>s adyac<strong>en</strong>tes al viñedo don<strong>de</strong> g<strong>en</strong>te, animales o<br />

estructuras pue<strong>de</strong>n estar expuestas a <strong>los</strong> pesticidas. En <strong>el</strong> caso d<strong>el</strong> azufre, estas áreas incluy<strong>en</strong> escu<strong>el</strong>as,<br />

43%<br />

9% 2% 11%<br />

35%<br />

Costa Norte<br />

Costa C<strong>en</strong>tral<br />

Costa Sur<br />

Interior N<br />

S d<strong>el</strong> valle <strong>de</strong> SJ


paradas <strong>de</strong> autobús, calles o caminos concurridos , vivi<strong>en</strong>das y otras áreas habitadas por <strong>el</strong> hombre. Áreas<br />

s<strong>en</strong>sibles al azufre también pue<strong>de</strong> incluir cultivos lin<strong>de</strong>ros (como ser huertas <strong>de</strong> peras) y cursos <strong>de</strong> agua.<br />

¿Cómo se pue<strong>de</strong> reducir <strong>el</strong> riesgo <strong>de</strong> arrastres y cómo se pue<strong>de</strong> evitar inci<strong>de</strong>ntes?<br />

<strong>Las</strong> sigui<strong>en</strong>tes prácticas pue<strong>de</strong>n ser integradas <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> programa para <strong>el</strong> manejo <strong>de</strong> azufre obt<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>do<br />

control <strong>de</strong> mildiú al mismo tiempo evitando la <strong>de</strong>riva y las quejas d<strong>el</strong> público. Cada productor <strong>de</strong>be<br />

<strong>de</strong>sarrollar un plan <strong>de</strong> manejo incorporando las prácticas apropiadas para sus circunstancias. Qui<strong>en</strong>es<br />

aplican <strong>el</strong> azufre <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> compr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r dicho plan <strong>en</strong> r<strong>el</strong>ación a la topografía d<strong>el</strong> viñedo y las áreas<br />

lin<strong>de</strong>ras.<br />

<strong>Las</strong> mejores prácticas <strong>de</strong> manejo<br />

Ser un bu<strong>en</strong> vecino. La correcta administración d<strong>el</strong> azufre incluye estar al tanto <strong>de</strong> las inquietu<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>los</strong> vecinos y las comunida<strong>de</strong>s locales. Platique con sus vecinos <strong>de</strong> las prácticas que usted efectúa <strong>en</strong><br />

su viñedo, hable con organizaciones <strong>de</strong> la comunidad sobre la importancia d<strong>el</strong> azufre como una<br />

herrami<strong>en</strong>ta r<strong>el</strong>ativam<strong>en</strong>te b<strong>en</strong>igna para la protección <strong>de</strong> <strong>los</strong> cultivos, y establezca un grupo regional<br />

<strong>de</strong> productores para servir <strong>de</strong> primer contacto con <strong>el</strong> público para negociar y solucionar problemas.<br />

Estas acciones establec<strong>en</strong> un <strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to mutuo y crean mejores r<strong>el</strong>aciones, por lo cual <strong>de</strong>crec<strong>en</strong> las<br />

posibilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> recibir quejas.<br />

<strong>Manejo</strong> d<strong>el</strong> follaje. Use espal<strong>de</strong>ras y técnicas para <strong>de</strong>sahijar (como ser <strong>de</strong>shojar, <strong>de</strong>sahijar <strong>el</strong> retoño,<br />

podar la caña) para abrir <strong>el</strong> follaje a niv<strong>el</strong>es recom<strong>en</strong>dados. A<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> b<strong>en</strong>eficiar la calidad <strong>de</strong> la<br />

fruta, cuando se abre <strong>el</strong> follaje correctam<strong>en</strong>te se crean condiciones que son m<strong>en</strong>os propicias al mildiú<br />

y otras <strong>en</strong>fermeda<strong>de</strong>s, haci<strong>en</strong>do posible que se disminuya la cantidad o <strong>el</strong> número <strong>de</strong> aplicaciones <strong>de</strong><br />

azufre y obt<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>do una cobertura a<strong>de</strong>cuada.<br />

Monitorear <strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> mildiú. Use <strong>el</strong> ín<strong>de</strong>x <strong>de</strong>sarrollado para mildiú para <strong>de</strong>terminar cuando es<br />

<strong>el</strong> tiempo óptimo para aplicar un fungicida y posiblem<strong>en</strong>te reducir la frecu<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> las aplicaciones <strong>de</strong><br />

fungicidas (incluy<strong>en</strong>do <strong>el</strong> azufre).<br />

Establezca zonas <strong>de</strong> cont<strong>en</strong>ción. Establezca zonas razonables <strong>de</strong> cont<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>en</strong> las cuales no se<br />

aplica azufre para prev<strong>en</strong>ir la <strong>de</strong>riva hacia áreas s<strong>en</strong>sibles y para evitar exponer a la g<strong>en</strong>te a la<br />

aplicación. <strong>Las</strong> zonas <strong>de</strong> cont<strong>en</strong>ción varían con las condiciones climáticas, la formulación d<strong>el</strong><br />

producto (polvo, soluble), <strong>el</strong> método <strong>de</strong> aplicación (por tierra, avión), la pres<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> barreras (ej.<br />

árboles), y las características <strong>de</strong> las áreas d<strong>el</strong>icadas. Si la zona <strong>de</strong> cont<strong>en</strong>ción abarca algunos surcos a<br />

la orilla d<strong>el</strong> viñedo, aplique otro fungicida (uno que no cause <strong>de</strong>riva) <strong>en</strong> estos surcos o aplique <strong>el</strong><br />

polvo bajo aqu<strong>el</strong>las condiciones don<strong>de</strong> se pue<strong>de</strong> disminuir <strong>el</strong> tamaño <strong>de</strong> la zona <strong>de</strong> cont<strong>en</strong>ción.<br />

En áreas extremadam<strong>en</strong>te s<strong>en</strong>sible. Consi<strong>de</strong>re aplicar azufre mojable u otro fungicida <strong>de</strong> bajo riesgo<br />

a partes o a todo <strong>el</strong> viñedo que se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra cerca <strong>de</strong> áreas que son extremadam<strong>en</strong>te d<strong>el</strong>icadas.<br />

Dosis s<strong>el</strong>ectivas. Ajuste la dosis <strong>de</strong> azufre u otro fungicida a la dosis efectiva más baja <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>do<br />

d<strong>el</strong> crecimi<strong>en</strong>to y <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> la viña. Temprano <strong>en</strong> la estación pue<strong>de</strong> que no se requieran dosis altas<br />

para obt<strong>en</strong>er una cobertura a<strong>de</strong>cuada. El uso <strong>de</strong> bajas dosis <strong>de</strong>crece <strong>el</strong> riesgo <strong>de</strong> arrastre <strong>de</strong> pesticidas,<br />

especialm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> caso <strong>de</strong> azufre <strong>en</strong> polvo.<br />

Mant<strong>en</strong>imi<strong>en</strong>to d<strong>el</strong> equipo. Mant<strong>en</strong>ga, calibre y <strong>el</strong>ija <strong>el</strong> equipo para aplicar la dosis estipulada con la<br />

mejor precisión y con <strong>el</strong> mayor sil<strong>en</strong>cio. Cuando aplique azufre <strong>en</strong> polvo tome extra precaución para<br />

evitar la <strong>de</strong>riva al doblar <strong>el</strong> surco y disminuya las revoluciones, o si es posible, apague <strong>el</strong> equipo al<br />

final d<strong>el</strong> surco.<br />

Monitoreo <strong>de</strong> las condiciones meteorológicas. Monitorée las condiciones climáticas antes y durante<br />

la aplicación. No se pue<strong>de</strong> aplicar azufre cuando <strong>el</strong> vi<strong>en</strong>to exce<strong>de</strong> 10 millas por hora, pero consi<strong>de</strong>re<br />

usar un umbral más bajo. Evite hacer una aplicación cuando <strong>el</strong> vi<strong>en</strong>to va <strong>en</strong> dirección hacia áreas<br />

d<strong>el</strong>icadas o cuando hay una inversión <strong>de</strong> temperaturas <strong>en</strong> la atmósfera.<br />

Período <strong>de</strong> aplicación. Haga las aplicaciones <strong>en</strong> períodos <strong>de</strong> m<strong>en</strong>or actividad humana (ej. <strong>en</strong> la noche<br />

o durante <strong>el</strong> fin <strong>de</strong> semana) para disminuir la visibilidad al público y la posibilidad <strong>de</strong> recibir quejas.


Desarrolle un esquema <strong>de</strong> aplicaciones para no atraer at<strong>en</strong>ción. Cuando efectúe aplicaciones durante<br />

la noche, comi<strong>en</strong>ce cerca <strong>de</strong> las resi<strong>de</strong>ncias vecinas para evitar t<strong>en</strong>er quejas por <strong>el</strong> ruido.<br />

<strong>Manejo</strong> <strong>de</strong> resist<strong>en</strong>cia. Si bi<strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> mildiú no ha <strong>de</strong>sarrollado resist<strong>en</strong>cia al azufre, consi<strong>de</strong>re la rotación<br />

con otros fungicidas para prev<strong>en</strong>ir <strong>de</strong>sarrollar resist<strong>en</strong>cia y evitar causar <strong>de</strong>riva.<br />

La comunidad <strong>de</strong> productores <strong>de</strong> uvas para vino <strong>de</strong>be tomar la iniciativa <strong>en</strong> resolver problemas<br />

sociales y d<strong>el</strong> medio ambi<strong>en</strong>te. Esto incluye tratar <strong>de</strong> resolver las quejas hechas por <strong>el</strong> público sobre la<br />

<strong>de</strong>riva <strong>de</strong> azufre. El mayor uso <strong>de</strong> las “<strong>Mejores</strong> <strong>Prácticas</strong> para <strong>el</strong> <strong>Manejo</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Azufre</strong>” permitirá lograr<br />

m<strong>en</strong>os inci<strong>de</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>riva, prev<strong>en</strong>ir más reglam<strong>en</strong>taciones gubernam<strong>en</strong>tales y permitir la ret<strong>en</strong>ción d<strong>el</strong><br />

azufre como un instrum<strong>en</strong>to orgánico viable <strong>en</strong> la producción agrícola.<br />

____________________________________<br />

Producido por la Alianza <strong>de</strong> Control <strong>de</strong> Plagas <strong>en</strong> Uvas <strong>de</strong> Vino <strong>de</strong> California, una asociación <strong>en</strong>tre la comunidad <strong>de</strong><br />

Productores <strong>de</strong> Vinos <strong>de</strong> California y <strong>el</strong> Departam<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> Reglam<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> Pesticidas (DRP). Los fondos fueron<br />

proporcionados por DRP.<br />

Traducido por Lucia G. Var<strong>el</strong>a, Universidad <strong>de</strong> California.<br />

Best Managem<strong>en</strong>t Practices for Sulfur in Winegrapes<br />

Sulfur is a natural <strong>el</strong>em<strong>en</strong>t used saf<strong>el</strong>y for c<strong>en</strong>turies to control plant pathog<strong>en</strong>s and mites. As an<br />

active ingredi<strong>en</strong>t, sulfur is the leading pestici<strong>de</strong> used in California agriculture. It is an important and<br />

effective tool for managing pow<strong>de</strong>ry mil<strong>de</strong>w – one of the major diseases affecting grapes throughout the<br />

world. Uncontrolled mil<strong>de</strong>w seriously reduces winegrape yi<strong>el</strong>ds and quality.<br />

Human exposure to sulfur can cause eye and skin irritation and breathing difficulty – especially in<br />

s<strong>en</strong>sitive individuals. But, compared to most pestici<strong>de</strong>s, it has minimal effects on humans and the<br />

<strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t. In fact, sulfur use is approved for organic farming.<br />

So, what is the concern?<br />

Reports of sulfur drift have occurred in rec<strong>en</strong>t years. A survey by the Departm<strong>en</strong>t of Pestici<strong>de</strong><br />

Regulation found 86 reported inci<strong>de</strong>nts of sulfur drift during 1997 to June 1999. Two thirds of the reports<br />

cited grapes as the target source, distributed throughout all winegrape regions. Moreover, 80% of reports<br />

for grapes were attributed to dust applications. Inci<strong>de</strong>nts inclu<strong>de</strong>d dust drifting onto surrounding<br />

structures, such as neighboring resi<strong>de</strong>nces, schools, and places of business. Dust drift onto workers in<br />

surrounding fi<strong>el</strong>ds and moving vehicles also was reported.<br />

Sulfur Drift Inci<strong>de</strong>nts by Crop (1997-99) Sulfur Drift Inci<strong>de</strong>nts for Grapes by Region (1997-99)<br />

2%<br />

5%<br />

5%<br />

6%<br />

6%<br />

10%<br />

66%<br />

grapes<br />

tomato<br />

strawberry<br />

peas<br />

sugar beets<br />

apple<br />

other<br />

43%<br />

9% 2% 11%<br />

35%<br />

N Coast<br />

C Coast<br />

S Coast<br />

N Interior<br />

S SJ Valley


Dusting sulfur constitutes the foundation for pow<strong>de</strong>ry mil<strong>de</strong>w control in grapes throughout<br />

California. In fact, a majority of winegrape acres are treated with dusting sulfur each year – many treated<br />

repeatedly. However, public complaints of sulfur drift have increased. Why? The key factor seems to be<br />

the increase in agricultural/urban interfaces.<br />

Uses of sulfur best managem<strong>en</strong>t practices will minimize the pot<strong>en</strong>tial for drift from treated<br />

vineyards, especially onto surrounding “s<strong>en</strong>sitive areas”. Dusting sulfur must be managed with particular<br />

care because of its high visibility and susceptibility to offsite movem<strong>en</strong>t by wind.<br />

What are s<strong>en</strong>sitive areas?<br />

S<strong>en</strong>sitive areas are locations surrounding vineyards where people, organisms, or structures could<br />

be exposed to pestici<strong>de</strong>s. For sulfur, these areas inclu<strong>de</strong> schools, bus stops, busy roadways, resi<strong>de</strong>nces, or<br />

other areas of human activity. Sulfur s<strong>en</strong>sitive areas also can inclu<strong>de</strong> nearby crops (such as pears) and<br />

waterways.<br />

How to reduce the pot<strong>en</strong>tial for drift and avoid inci<strong>de</strong>nts?<br />

The following practices can be integrated into programs for managing sulfur that achieve mil<strong>de</strong>w<br />

control while prev<strong>en</strong>ting drift and public complaints. A managem<strong>en</strong>t plan should be <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>oped<br />

incorporating those practices appropriate for each grower’s vineyard and circumstances. Applicators<br />

must un<strong>de</strong>rstand the plan as it r<strong>el</strong>ates to the geography of the vineyard and surrounding areas.<br />

Best Managem<strong>en</strong>t Practices<br />

Being a Good Neighbor. Sulfur stewardship inclu<strong>de</strong>s being aware of the concerns of neighbors<br />

and local communities. Consi<strong>de</strong>r a policy of discussing vineyard actions with neighbors,<br />

speaking with community organizations about the importance of sulfur as a r<strong>el</strong>ativ<strong>el</strong>y b<strong>en</strong>ign crop<br />

protection tool, and forming a regional team of growers to serve as the first contact with the<br />

public for negotiations and troubleshooting. These actions <strong>en</strong>able mutual un<strong>de</strong>rstandings and<br />

better r<strong>el</strong>ations, thus <strong>de</strong>creasing the probability of complaints.<br />

Canopy Managem<strong>en</strong>t. Use tr<strong>el</strong>lis systems and canopy thinning techniques (e.g., leaf pulling,<br />

shoot thinning, cane cutting) that op<strong>en</strong> canopies to recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d lev<strong>el</strong>s. Besi<strong>de</strong>s b<strong>en</strong>efiting fruit<br />

quality, a properly op<strong>en</strong>ed canopy provi<strong>de</strong>s conditions less conducive to mil<strong>de</strong>w and other<br />

diseases, pot<strong>en</strong>tially <strong>en</strong>abling use of lower sulfur rates and fewer applications for achieving<br />

a<strong>de</strong>quate coverage.<br />

Monitoring Mil<strong>de</strong>w Dev<strong>el</strong>opm<strong>en</strong>t. Use the pow<strong>de</strong>ry mil<strong>de</strong>w in<strong>de</strong>x as a tool for optimally timing<br />

and possibly reducing the frequ<strong>en</strong>cy of fungici<strong>de</strong> applications (including sulfur).<br />

Establishing Buffers. Establish reasonable buffer zones to prev<strong>en</strong>t drift onto s<strong>en</strong>sitive areas and<br />

human exposure to applications. Buffer distances vary with weather conditions, formulation<br />

(dust/wettable), application method (ground/air), pres<strong>en</strong>ce of barriers (e.g., trees), and<br />

characteristics of s<strong>en</strong>sitive areas. If buffers <strong>de</strong>termined for dust application overlap some bor<strong>de</strong>r<br />

vine rows, apply separate fungici<strong>de</strong> sprays (less prone to drift) to these rows or dust bor<strong>de</strong>r rows<br />

during conditions wh<strong>en</strong> buffers can be reduced.<br />

Dealing with Extra-S<strong>en</strong>sitive Areas. Consi<strong>de</strong>r applying wettable sulfur or other low-risk<br />

fungici<strong>de</strong> sprays to parts of or <strong>en</strong>tire vineyards near extrem<strong>el</strong>y s<strong>en</strong>sitive areas.<br />

S<strong>el</strong>ecting Rates. Adjust rates of sulfur or other fungici<strong>de</strong>s to the lowest effective rate according<br />

to vine growth and <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>opm<strong>en</strong>t. Higher lab<strong>el</strong> rates may not be required early in the season to<br />

achieve a<strong>de</strong>quate coverage. Use of lower rates <strong>de</strong>creases risks of pestici<strong>de</strong> drift, particularly for<br />

dusting sulfur.


Equipm<strong>en</strong>t Operation. Maintain, calibrate, and s<strong>el</strong>ect application equipm<strong>en</strong>t to d<strong>el</strong>iver the<br />

int<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d rate as accurat<strong>el</strong>y and quietly as possible. For dust, be extra cautious of drift during row<br />

turns and reduce RPM at row <strong>en</strong>ds or shutoff dusting equipm<strong>en</strong>t if possible.<br />

Weather Monitoring. Monitor weather conditions before and during applications. No sulfur<br />

applications can be ma<strong>de</strong> wh<strong>en</strong> winds exceed 10 miles per hour, but consi<strong>de</strong>r using an ev<strong>en</strong> lower<br />

threshold. Avoid applications wh<strong>en</strong> winds are blowing towards s<strong>en</strong>sitive areas and during<br />

temperature inversions.<br />

Timing Applications. Decrease public visibility and the pot<strong>en</strong>tial for complaints by making<br />

applications during periods of least human activity (e.g., at night, week<strong>en</strong>ds). Dev<strong>el</strong>op a<br />

sequ<strong>en</strong>ce for application that attracts the least att<strong>en</strong>tion. For nighttime applications, minimize<br />

“noise” complaints by treating rows c<strong>los</strong>est to resi<strong>de</strong>ntial areas first.<br />

Resistance Managem<strong>en</strong>t. Although mil<strong>de</strong>w resistance to sulfur has never be<strong>en</strong> found, consi<strong>de</strong>r<br />

rotations with other fungici<strong>de</strong>s as a prev<strong>en</strong>tive measure against resistance and sulfur drift.<br />

The winegrowing community must be proactive in resolving important <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>tal and social<br />

issues. Addressing the issue of public complaints of sulfur drift is no exception. The greater use of sulfur<br />

best managem<strong>en</strong>t practices should <strong>de</strong>crease drift inci<strong>de</strong>nts, prev<strong>en</strong>t further regulation, and retain sulfur as<br />

a viable organic tool for agricultural production.<br />

____________________________________<br />

Produced by the California Winegrape Pest Managem<strong>en</strong>t Alliance, a partnership betwe<strong>en</strong> the California winegrape community<br />

and the Departm<strong>en</strong>t of Pestici<strong>de</strong> Regulation (DPR). Funding is provi<strong>de</strong>d by grants from DPR.

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