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Caracterización de los factores familiares de riesgo en el consumo ...

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Revista <strong>de</strong> Salud Pública, (XVI) 2:67-81, jul. 2012 Rivolta SE | Caracterización <strong>de</strong> <strong>los</strong> <strong>factores</strong> <strong>familiares</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>riesgo</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> <strong>consumo</strong> <strong>de</strong> sustancias<br />

r<strong>el</strong>ación con <strong>los</strong> <strong>factores</strong> <strong>de</strong> protección, si<strong>en</strong>do mayor su significación para aqu<strong>el</strong><strong>los</strong> que<br />

la probaron alguna vez <strong>en</strong> la vida. Por todo lo anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te analizado es que po<strong>de</strong>mos<br />

afirmar que <strong>los</strong> <strong>factores</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>riesgo</strong> <strong>familiares</strong> son <strong>los</strong> más significativos. Se <strong>de</strong>terminó que<br />

<strong>los</strong> <strong>factores</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>riesgo</strong> familiar son fuertes compon<strong>en</strong>tes al mom<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> probar la droga.<br />

Palabras clave: <strong>consumo</strong>, sustancias, <strong>factores</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>riesgo</strong>, estudiantes.<br />

Abstract<br />

The world drug problem is one of the social epi<strong>de</strong>mics which grew the fastest and the<br />

most in the last c<strong>en</strong>tury and will probably spread ev<strong>en</strong> more and become more serious.<br />

This ph<strong>en</strong>om<strong>en</strong>on repres<strong>en</strong>ts a threat to human beings’ health and w<strong>el</strong>lbeing since it<br />

diminishes the socio-economic, cultural and political foundations of a society (32). In this<br />

study we characterize high school stu<strong>de</strong>nts using the National Survey 2005 carried out by<br />

SEDRONAR in or<strong>de</strong>r to observe risk factors and their connection with drugsconsumption.<br />

Four thousand five hundred ninety three surveys corresponding to the province of Cordoba<br />

were analyzed. From all the surveyed people, 12.1% recognized having tried drugs sometime<br />

in their lives. Wh<strong>en</strong> analyzing if drug consumption is r<strong>el</strong>ated to school shift, the results<br />

showed that in both cases, people who have consumed drugs sometime in their lives as<br />

w<strong>el</strong>l as those who consumed the previous month, afternoon and ev<strong>en</strong>ing shifts involve<br />

significant higher risk. As regard the age wh<strong>en</strong> more drugs where consumed, once in life<br />

or in the previous month, results were more significant for 15 and ol<strong>de</strong>r and less for 14<br />

and younger. Regarding the analysis of drug consumption in r<strong>el</strong>ation to both par<strong>en</strong>ts living<br />

together, it is observed that a nuclear family is highly significant and there is a r<strong>el</strong>ation<br />

with the protection factors m<strong>en</strong>tioned before, significance being higher for those who tried<br />

drugs once in their lives. According to our analysis, we can state that family risk factors<br />

are the most significant. It was <strong>de</strong>termined that family risk factors are strong compon<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

at the mom<strong>en</strong>t of trying drugs.<br />

Key words: consumption, drugs, risk factors, stu<strong>de</strong>nts.<br />

Introducción<br />

El Profesor Gallagher <strong>en</strong> 1952, comi<strong>en</strong>za a usar <strong>el</strong> <strong>en</strong>foque “<strong>riesgo</strong>” sobre todo <strong>en</strong><br />

<strong>el</strong> campo <strong>de</strong> la salud g<strong>en</strong>eral y m<strong>en</strong>tal, don<strong>de</strong> se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tran <strong>el</strong> uso y abuso <strong>de</strong> drogas,<br />

tabaquismo, alcoholismo, etc., don<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong> las últimas décadas adquiere gran r<strong>el</strong>evancia<br />

<strong>en</strong> este y otros campos r<strong>el</strong>acionados con lo antes m<strong>en</strong>cionado: la viol<strong>en</strong>cia, acci<strong>de</strong>ntes,<br />

<strong>de</strong>serción y repit<strong>en</strong>cia escolar y <strong>en</strong> salud m<strong>en</strong>tal <strong>los</strong> disturbios afectivos, la <strong>de</strong>presión,<br />

etc. (8)<br />

Una <strong>de</strong> las epi<strong>de</strong>mias sociales <strong>de</strong> mayor y más rápida ext<strong>en</strong>sión <strong>en</strong> la pasada c<strong>en</strong>turia<br />

y con probabilidad <strong>de</strong> ext<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>rse y hacerse aún más grave, es <strong>el</strong> problema mundial <strong>de</strong> las<br />

drogas, f<strong>en</strong>óm<strong>en</strong>o que repres<strong>en</strong>ta una am<strong>en</strong>aza para la salud y <strong>el</strong> bi<strong>en</strong>estar <strong>de</strong> <strong>los</strong> seres<br />

humanos, al m<strong>en</strong>oscabar las bases socio-económicas, culturales y políticas <strong>de</strong> una sociedad<br />

(32).<br />

La trasc<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ncia actual y las lam<strong>en</strong>tables perspectivas <strong>de</strong>l uso in<strong>de</strong>bido <strong>de</strong> drogas<br />

sobrepasan <strong>los</strong> límites conv<strong>en</strong>cionales <strong>de</strong> la salud humana y ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> a<strong>de</strong>más nefastas<br />

consecu<strong>en</strong>cias sociales que tra<strong>en</strong> aparejados <strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong>terioro personal, familiar y <strong>de</strong> la<br />

comunidad.<br />

La iniciación <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> <strong>consumo</strong> <strong>de</strong> drogas se trata casi siempre <strong>de</strong> un recorrido exploratorio<br />

por difer<strong>en</strong>tes sustancias, don<strong>de</strong> lo frecu<strong>en</strong>te es <strong>el</strong> inicio con <strong>el</strong> abuso <strong>de</strong>l alcohol y tabaco<br />

a eda<strong>de</strong>s muy tempranas. Contrario a la cre<strong>en</strong>cia g<strong>en</strong>eral que su<strong>el</strong>e ubicar <strong>el</strong> inicio <strong>en</strong>

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