比例計数管
比例計数管
比例計数管
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I <br />
<br />
· · ·<br />
<br />
1000-2000V<br />
<br />
1<br />
http://www.astro.isas.ac.jp/ginga/detail/lacGenri.html <br />
1. <br />
2. <br />
3. <br />
4. <br />
5. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
· · ·<br />
• <br />
1
• <br />
• <br />
<br />
• <br />
• · · · <br />
1 <br />
1.1 <br />
• <br />
• (→ )<br />
→ <br />
• → <br />
→ <br />
• <br />
→ <br />
• <br />
• <br />
• 2 <br />
• drift <br />
• <br />
• <br />
<br />
• <br />
dn<br />
n<br />
= αx (1)<br />
(α : → ) <br />
<br />
→ α = const<br />
1.2 <br />
6.2 <br />
• <br />
<br />
<br />
2
→ < <br />
• <br />
• → <br />
· · · <br />
• <br />
<br />
• · · · <br />
<br />
1.3 <br />
• <br />
• <br />
• <br />
• <br />
<br />
E(r) =<br />
V<br />
r ln(b/a)<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
<br />
→ <br />
2 <br />
2.1 <br />
• <br />
• <br />
<br />
• <br />
<br />
• <br />
<br />
• <br />
<br />
• <br />
→ <br />
3
α <br />
→ <br />
()<br />
→ <br />
→ <br />
→ <br />
→ <br />
2.2 <br />
♣ <br />
• <br />
• <br />
• <br />
• 2π <br />
<br />
♠ ( 6.8)<br />
• <br />
• <br />
• <br />
2.3 <br />
<br />
→ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• <br />
• <br />
<br />
• <br />
• <br />
• <br />
• 100 2 <br />
4
• P-10 <br />
• BF 3 3 He <br />
• <br />
• <br />
<br />
→ <br />
3 <br />
3.1 <br />
<br />
<br />
→ <br />
<br />
<br />
n 0 <br />
Q <br />
M:<br />
<br />
ln M =<br />
<br />
α δ <br />
ln M =<br />
Q = n 0 eM (3)<br />
∫ rτ<br />
a<br />
∫ δ(rτ )<br />
δ(a)<br />
α(r)dr (4)<br />
α(δ) ∂r dδ (5)<br />
∂δ<br />
(6.3) <br />
ln M =<br />
V ∫ δ(rτ )<br />
ln b/a δ(a)<br />
α(δ)<br />
δ<br />
.dδ δ<br />
(6)<br />
α δ Diethorn M <br />
ln M =<br />
V<br />
ln b/a . ln 2<br />
∆V<br />
[<br />
ln<br />
]<br />
V<br />
pa ln b/a − ln K<br />
(7)<br />
<br />
• M=<br />
• a=<br />
• b=<br />
• p=<br />
5
∆V <br />
K δ/p <br />
()<br />
(6.8) V <br />
M V <br />
→ M <br />
3.2 <br />
µs <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• · · · <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• · · · <br />
<br />
3.3 <br />
3.3.1 <br />
Q <br />
<br />
n 0 n 0 <br />
A <br />
M <br />
i eA i <br />
Q <br />
M = 1 ∑n 0<br />
A i ≡<br />
n Ā (8)<br />
0<br />
M =<br />
i=1<br />
Q<br />
en 0<br />
(9)<br />
n 0 M <br />
<br />
6
( σĀ<br />
A<br />
<br />
( ) 2 σQ<br />
=<br />
Q<br />
(<br />
σn0<br />
n 0<br />
) 2<br />
+<br />
( σM<br />
M<br />
( ) 2 1 ∑ n0<br />
σ 2 M =<br />
n 0<br />
i=1<br />
σ M 2 = 1 n 0<br />
σ A<br />
2<br />
σ Ai<br />
2<br />
) 2<br />
(10)<br />
(11)<br />
(12)<br />
A:<br />
<br />
( ) 2 σQ<br />
=<br />
Q<br />
(<br />
σn0<br />
n 0<br />
) 2<br />
+ 1 n 0<br />
( σĀ<br />
A<br />
) 2<br />
(13)<br />
• n 0 <br />
• <br />
1. <br />
n 0 F <br />
σ 2 n0 = F n 0 (14)<br />
<br />
:<br />
2. <br />
(<br />
σn0<br />
n 0<br />
) 2<br />
= F n 0<br />
(15)<br />
· · · <br />
<br />
<br />
P (A) =<br />
• A:<br />
• Ā:A (=M)<br />
A <br />
(1 − 1/Ā)A−1<br />
Ā<br />
P (A) ∼ = 1 A e−A/Ā<br />
(16)<br />
(17)<br />
<br />
) 2<br />
= 1 (18)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
7
Byrne (6.16) <br />
[ ] θ [ ]<br />
A(1 − θ) A(1 + θ)<br />
P (A) =<br />
exp<br />
Ā<br />
Ā<br />
(19)<br />
θ: (0 < θ < 1)<br />
<br />
b ≡ (1 + θ) −1<br />
Ā <br />
( σĀ<br />
A<br />
( σĀ<br />
A<br />
) 2<br />
=<br />
1<br />
Ā + b (20)<br />
) 2<br />
∼= b (21)<br />
3. <br />
n 0 <br />
Q <br />
n 0 A <br />
<br />
(σ A /Ā)2 (σQ<br />
Q<br />
) 2<br />
= 1 n 0<br />
(F + b) (22)<br />
F b <br />
<br />
n 0 = E/W <br />
σ Q<br />
Q = [ F + b<br />
n 0<br />
] 2<br />
(23)<br />
) 1/2<br />
(24)<br />
σ Q<br />
Q = ( C<br />
E<br />
• E:<br />
• W:<br />
• C=W(F+b):<br />
<br />
→ <br />
∝ √ W (F + b)<br />
3.3.2 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
8
(6.8) <br />
<br />
<br />
• <br />
• <br />
• <br />
• <br />
<br />
→ <br />
→ <br />
3.4 <br />
<br />
<br />
• <br />
– <br />
<br />
– <br />
<br />
<br />
• <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
→ <br />
<br />
<br />
∆φ Q ∆E <br />
dE = −Qdφ (25)<br />
<br />
dE<br />
dr = Qδ(r) = Q V 0<br />
r ln b/a<br />
(26)<br />
6.13 ρ n 0 <br />
<br />
9
Q = n 0 e <br />
E + =<br />
∫ b<br />
a+ρ<br />
dE<br />
dr dr = QV 0<br />
ln b/a ln b<br />
a + ρ<br />
(27)<br />
<br />
E − = QV 0<br />
ln b/a ln a + ρ<br />
a<br />
(28)<br />
2 <br />
∆E = E + + E − = QV (<br />
0 b<br />
ln b/a ln a + ρ<br />
)<br />
a + ρ<br />
= QV 0 (29)<br />
a<br />
<br />
V ch + V 0<br />
∼ = 2V0 V R = V 0 − V ch <br />
1<br />
2 CV 2<br />
ch − 1 2 CV 2<br />
0 = −∆E<br />
1<br />
2 C(V ch + V 0 )(V ch − V 0 ) = −∆E<br />
V R = ∆E<br />
CV 0<br />
= Q C<br />
(30)<br />
RC <br />
<br />
-<br />
<br />
(6.2) <br />
<br />
E − ln | (a + ρ)/a |<br />
=<br />
E<br />
+<br />
ln | b/(a + ρ) |<br />
(31)<br />
a=25µ m ,b=1cm,ρ=3µ m <br />
E −<br />
= 0.019 (32)<br />
E<br />
+<br />
2% <br />
→ <br />
<br />
<br />
v + (r) = µ δ(r)<br />
p<br />
= µ p<br />
V 0<br />
ln b/a .1 r<br />
(33)<br />
<br />
∫ r(t)<br />
a<br />
∫<br />
dr t<br />
v + (r) = dt (34)<br />
0<br />
10
(t) =<br />
r(t)=b <br />
<br />
[<br />
2 µ ] 1/2<br />
V 0<br />
p ln b/a t + a2 (35)<br />
t + = (b2 − a 2 )p ln b/a<br />
2µV 0<br />
(36)<br />
E + (t) = QV ∫ r(t)<br />
0 dr<br />
ln b/a a r = QV 0 r(t)<br />
ln<br />
ln b/a a<br />
(37)<br />
r(t) (6.32) V R (t) = E + (t)/CV 0 <br />
V R (t) = Q C<br />
1<br />
ln b/a ln 2µV 0<br />
a 2 p ln b/a + 1 1/2<br />
(38)<br />
<br />
t + (6.33) <br />
t | halfamplitude =<br />
a<br />
a + b t+ (39)<br />
√ a.b √ a/b <br />
<br />
<br />
6.14 2 <br />
• <br />
<br />
• <br />
→ <br />
<br />
• µm <br />
<br />
→ <br />
<br />
• <br />
→ <br />
• <br />
to <br />
• <br />
<br />
• <br />
<br />
11
2 <br />
<br />
→ <br />
→ <br />
3.5 <br />
• <br />
1 2 <br />
→ <br />
• <br />
1 <br />
→ <br />
• <br />
→ <br />
• <br />
<br />
• 1 µs <br />
• <br />
<br />
4 <br />
4.1 <br />
<br />
1 2 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
4.2 <br />
<br />
→ → 1 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
12
4.3 <br />
<br />
→ <br />
2 <br />
<br />
<br />
4π <br />
4.4 <br />
<br />
<br />
→ 2 <br />
4.5 <br />
X <br />
<br />
X 1 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
X keV <br />
X X <br />
<br />
1 KX <br />
X <br />
X <br />
<br />
X <br />
X <br />
<br />
1 <br />
<br />
13
5 <br />
5.1 <br />
• <br />
<br />
<br />
→ <br />
• <br />
<br />
• <br />
• LET Q <br />
• <br />
LET <br />
→ LET <br />
• → <br />
<br />
→ LET <br />
• <br />
5.2 <br />
<br />
<br />
:<br />
<br />
10 4 <br />
∆E <br />
∆E <br />
5.3 <br />
· · · <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
· · · <br />
14
5.4 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
→ <br />
5.5 <br />
<br />
<br />
(10µm) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
→<br />
<br />
6.22(a) <br />
<br />
→ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
6.22(b)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
2 <br />
<br />
<br />
15
5.6 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
· · ·<br />
• · · · <br />
• · · · <br />
<br />
<br />
→ <br />
16