30.01.2015 Views

比例計数管

比例計数管

比例計数管

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.

I <br />

<br />

· · ·<br />

<br />

1000-2000V<br />

<br />

1<br />

http://www.astro.isas.ac.jp/ginga/detail/lacGenri.html <br />

1. <br />

2. <br />

3. <br />

4. <br />

5. <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

· · ·<br />

• <br />

1


• <br />

• <br />

<br />

• <br />

• · · · <br />

1 <br />

1.1 <br />

• <br />

• (→ )<br />

→ <br />

• → <br />

→ <br />

• <br />

→ <br />

• <br />

• <br />

• 2 <br />

• drift <br />

• <br />

• <br />

<br />

• <br />

dn<br />

n<br />

= αx (1)<br />

(α : → ) <br />

<br />

→ α = const<br />

1.2 <br />

6.2 <br />

• <br />

<br />

<br />

2


→ < <br />

• <br />

• → <br />

· · · <br />

• <br />

<br />

• · · · <br />

<br />

1.3 <br />

• <br />

• <br />

• <br />

• <br />

<br />

E(r) =<br />

V<br />

r ln(b/a)<br />

(2)<br />

<br />

<br />

→ <br />

2 <br />

2.1 <br />

• <br />

• <br />

<br />

• <br />

<br />

• <br />

<br />

• <br />

<br />

• <br />

→ <br />

3


α <br />

→ <br />

()<br />

→ <br />

→ <br />

→ <br />

→ <br />

2.2 <br />

♣ <br />

• <br />

• <br />

• <br />

• 2π <br />

<br />

♠ ( 6.8)<br />

• <br />

• <br />

• <br />

2.3 <br />

<br />

→ <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

• <br />

• <br />

<br />

• <br />

• <br />

• <br />

• 100 2 <br />

4


• P-10 <br />

• BF 3 3 He <br />

• <br />

• <br />

<br />

→ <br />

3 <br />

3.1 <br />

<br />

<br />

→ <br />

<br />

<br />

n 0 <br />

Q <br />

M:<br />

<br />

ln M =<br />

<br />

α δ <br />

ln M =<br />

Q = n 0 eM (3)<br />

∫ rτ<br />

a<br />

∫ δ(rτ )<br />

δ(a)<br />

α(r)dr (4)<br />

α(δ) ∂r dδ (5)<br />

∂δ<br />

(6.3) <br />

ln M =<br />

V ∫ δ(rτ )<br />

ln b/a δ(a)<br />

α(δ)<br />

δ<br />

.dδ δ<br />

(6)<br />

α δ Diethorn M <br />

ln M =<br />

V<br />

ln b/a . ln 2<br />

∆V<br />

[<br />

ln<br />

]<br />

V<br />

pa ln b/a − ln K<br />

(7)<br />

<br />

• M=<br />

• a=<br />

• b=<br />

• p=<br />

5


∆V <br />

K δ/p <br />

()<br />

(6.8) V <br />

M V <br />

→ M <br />

3.2 <br />

µs <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

• · · · <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

• · · · <br />

<br />

3.3 <br />

3.3.1 <br />

Q <br />

<br />

n 0 n 0 <br />

A <br />

M <br />

i eA i <br />

Q <br />

M = 1 ∑n 0<br />

A i ≡<br />

n Ā (8)<br />

0<br />

M =<br />

i=1<br />

Q<br />

en 0<br />

(9)<br />

n 0 M <br />

<br />

6


( σĀ<br />

A<br />

<br />

( ) 2 σQ<br />

=<br />

Q<br />

(<br />

σn0<br />

n 0<br />

) 2<br />

+<br />

( σM<br />

M<br />

( ) 2 1 ∑ n0<br />

σ 2 M =<br />

n 0<br />

i=1<br />

σ M 2 = 1 n 0<br />

σ A<br />

2<br />

σ Ai<br />

2<br />

) 2<br />

(10)<br />

(11)<br />

(12)<br />

A:<br />

<br />

( ) 2 σQ<br />

=<br />

Q<br />

(<br />

σn0<br />

n 0<br />

) 2<br />

+ 1 n 0<br />

( σĀ<br />

A<br />

) 2<br />

(13)<br />

• n 0 <br />

• <br />

1. <br />

n 0 F <br />

σ 2 n0 = F n 0 (14)<br />

<br />

:<br />

2. <br />

(<br />

σn0<br />

n 0<br />

) 2<br />

= F n 0<br />

(15)<br />

· · · <br />

<br />

<br />

P (A) =<br />

• A:<br />

• Ā:A (=M)<br />

A <br />

(1 − 1/Ā)A−1<br />

Ā<br />

P (A) ∼ = 1 A e−A/Ā<br />

(16)<br />

(17)<br />

<br />

) 2<br />

= 1 (18)<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

7


Byrne (6.16) <br />

[ ] θ [ ]<br />

A(1 − θ) A(1 + θ)<br />

P (A) =<br />

exp<br />

Ā<br />

Ā<br />

(19)<br />

θ: (0 < θ < 1)<br />

<br />

b ≡ (1 + θ) −1<br />

Ā <br />

( σĀ<br />

A<br />

( σĀ<br />

A<br />

) 2<br />

=<br />

1<br />

Ā + b (20)<br />

) 2<br />

∼= b (21)<br />

3. <br />

n 0 <br />

Q <br />

n 0 A <br />

<br />

(σ A /Ā)2 (σQ<br />

Q<br />

) 2<br />

= 1 n 0<br />

(F + b) (22)<br />

F b <br />

<br />

n 0 = E/W <br />

σ Q<br />

Q = [ F + b<br />

n 0<br />

] 2<br />

(23)<br />

) 1/2<br />

(24)<br />

σ Q<br />

Q = ( C<br />

E<br />

• E:<br />

• W:<br />

• C=W(F+b):<br />

<br />

→ <br />

∝ √ W (F + b)<br />

3.3.2 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

8


(6.8) <br />

<br />

<br />

• <br />

• <br />

• <br />

• <br />

<br />

→ <br />

→ <br />

3.4 <br />

<br />

<br />

• <br />

– <br />

<br />

– <br />

<br />

<br />

• <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

→ <br />

<br />

<br />

∆φ Q ∆E <br />

dE = −Qdφ (25)<br />

<br />

dE<br />

dr = Qδ(r) = Q V 0<br />

r ln b/a<br />

(26)<br />

6.13 ρ n 0 <br />

<br />

9


Q = n 0 e <br />

E + =<br />

∫ b<br />

a+ρ<br />

dE<br />

dr dr = QV 0<br />

ln b/a ln b<br />

a + ρ<br />

(27)<br />

<br />

E − = QV 0<br />

ln b/a ln a + ρ<br />

a<br />

(28)<br />

2 <br />

∆E = E + + E − = QV (<br />

0 b<br />

ln b/a ln a + ρ<br />

)<br />

a + ρ<br />

= QV 0 (29)<br />

a<br />

<br />

V ch + V 0<br />

∼ = 2V0 V R = V 0 − V ch <br />

1<br />

2 CV 2<br />

ch − 1 2 CV 2<br />

0 = −∆E<br />

1<br />

2 C(V ch + V 0 )(V ch − V 0 ) = −∆E<br />

V R = ∆E<br />

CV 0<br />

= Q C<br />

(30)<br />

RC <br />

<br />

-<br />

<br />

(6.2) <br />

<br />

E − ln | (a + ρ)/a |<br />

=<br />

E<br />

+<br />

ln | b/(a + ρ) |<br />

(31)<br />

a=25µ m ,b=1cm,ρ=3µ m <br />

E −<br />

= 0.019 (32)<br />

E<br />

+<br />

2% <br />

→ <br />

<br />

<br />

v + (r) = µ δ(r)<br />

p<br />

= µ p<br />

V 0<br />

ln b/a .1 r<br />

(33)<br />

<br />

∫ r(t)<br />

a<br />

∫<br />

dr t<br />

v + (r) = dt (34)<br />

0<br />

10


(t) =<br />

r(t)=b <br />

<br />

[<br />

2 µ ] 1/2<br />

V 0<br />

p ln b/a t + a2 (35)<br />

t + = (b2 − a 2 )p ln b/a<br />

2µV 0<br />

(36)<br />

E + (t) = QV ∫ r(t)<br />

0 dr<br />

ln b/a a r = QV 0 r(t)<br />

ln<br />

ln b/a a<br />

(37)<br />

r(t) (6.32) V R (t) = E + (t)/CV 0 <br />

V R (t) = Q C<br />

1<br />

ln b/a ln 2µV 0<br />

a 2 p ln b/a + 1 1/2<br />

(38)<br />

<br />

t + (6.33) <br />

t | halfamplitude =<br />

a<br />

a + b t+ (39)<br />

√ a.b √ a/b <br />

<br />

<br />

6.14 2 <br />

• <br />

<br />

• <br />

→ <br />

<br />

• µm <br />

<br />

→ <br />

<br />

• <br />

→ <br />

• <br />

to <br />

• <br />

<br />

• <br />

<br />

11


2 <br />

<br />

→ <br />

→ <br />

3.5 <br />

• <br />

1 2 <br />

→ <br />

• <br />

1 <br />

→ <br />

• <br />

→ <br />

• <br />

<br />

• 1 µs <br />

• <br />

<br />

4 <br />

4.1 <br />

<br />

1 2 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

4.2 <br />

<br />

→ → 1 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

12


4.3 <br />

<br />

→ <br />

2 <br />

<br />

<br />

4π <br />

4.4 <br />

<br />

<br />

→ 2 <br />

4.5 <br />

X <br />

<br />

X 1 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

X keV <br />

X X <br />

<br />

1 KX <br />

X <br />

X <br />

<br />

X <br />

X <br />

<br />

1 <br />

<br />

13


5 <br />

5.1 <br />

• <br />

<br />

<br />

→ <br />

• <br />

<br />

• <br />

• LET Q <br />

• <br />

LET <br />

→ LET <br />

• → <br />

<br />

→ LET <br />

• <br />

5.2 <br />

<br />

<br />

:<br />

<br />

10 4 <br />

∆E <br />

∆E <br />

5.3 <br />

· · · <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

· · · <br />

14


5.4 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

→ <br />

5.5 <br />

<br />

<br />

(10µm) <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

→<br />

<br />

6.22(a) <br />

<br />

→ <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

6.22(b)<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

2 <br />

<br />

<br />

15


5.6 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

· · ·<br />

• · · · <br />

• · · · <br />

<br />

<br />

→ <br />

16

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!