TASK 2-INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

TASK 2. THE NATURE OF LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE
TUTORA: MARÍA ISABEL FUENTES
STUDENTS: LOLITA BUITRAGO CARDENAS
ANDREY FERNANDO RIVEROS PAEZ
GROUP: 518017_6
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION SCIENCES
BACHELOR’S DEGREES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES WITH EMPHASIS IN ENGLISH
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
JANUARY 2021

AUTHORS OF LINGUISTICS
Ferdinand de Saussure
He was born on November 26 th of 1857 in Ginebra, Suiza
He passed away on February 22 nd of 1913 in Suiza. (55 years old)
He was considered the modern linguistics and semiotics founder
He was a linguistic and this is his signature
Avram Noam Chomsky
He was born on December 7 th of 1928 in Filadelphia, United states.
He is an American linguist, philosopher, political scientist and activist
and one of the most prominent figures in 20th century linguistics.
He proposed generative grammar, a discipline that places syntax
at the center of linguistic research.
This is his signature

Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (o M. A. K.
Halliday)
He was born on April 13 th of 1925 in Leeds, United kingdom
He passed away on April 15 th of 2018 in Sidney, Autralia.(93 years old)
He was an Australian linguist, philosopher, pedagogue and
university professor of British origin. He is known for having developed
a theory of grammar known as Functional Systemic Grammar or
Functional Systemic Linguistics.
Unknown signature

THE NATURE OF LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE
1.‘If we could embrace the sum of word-images stored in
the minds of all individuals, we could identify the social
bond that constitutes language. It is a storehouse filled by
the members of a given community through their active
use of speaking, a grammatical system that has a
potential existence in each brain, or, specifically, in the
brains of a group of individuals. For language is not
complete in any speaker; it exists perfectly only within a
collectivity.
This phrase belongs to Ferdinand de Saussure, --It is interesting how Ferdinand saw the language,
It is like if we would get an images store, I mean that, our brain is in the capacity of going loading
the grammatical language and, analysing that I said before, there is much of reason in it,
because when we were babies, anyone of us were be able to talk and by the time we were going learning
new language from the close environment and getting more information to can be able to talk.

2. ‘It seems clear that we must regard linguistic
competence – knowledge of a language – as an abstract
system underlying behavior, a system constituted by rules
that interact to determine the form and intrinsic meaning of
a potentially infinite number of sentences
This phrase belongs to Noam Chomsky.
Nowadays the majority of the humans know that if we want to have a good language management,
We need to be obedient complying the rules, a series of rules that exits in all the language
without any exception to be linguistically competent.
3. ‘Every text – that is, everything that is said or written –
unfolds in some context of use; furthermore, it is the uses
of language that, over tens of thousands of generations,
have shaped the system. Language has evolved to satisfy
human needs; and the way it is organized is functional
with respect to these needs.
This phrase belongs to M.A.K Halliday
As Michael says, the language has been obligated to change to advance and evolution to satisfy
the necessities of the people.

4. ‘Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal
speaker-hearer, in a completely homogeneous speech
community, who knows its language perfectly and is
unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as
memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and
interest, errors (random or characteristic) in applying his
knowledge of the language in actual performance.
This phrase belongs to Noam Chomsky.
The linguistics theory allow us to master a language perfectly, without forget or let in background
our mother tongue’s knowledge. For explaining better, to learn the English language we need to
go to the grammatical rules and still we do not forget or change were we came from.

5. ‘Language is a system of interdependent terms in which
the value of each term results solely from the
simultaneous presence of the others ... [for example]. To
determine what a five-franc piece is worth one most know:
(1) that it can be exchanged for a fixed quantity of a
different thing, e.g. bread; and (2) that it can be compared
with a similar value of the same system, e.g. a one-franc
piece, or with coins of another system (a dollar, etc.). In
the same way a word can be exchanged for something
dissimilar, an idea; besides, it can be compared with
something of the same nature, another word. Its value is
therefore not fixed so long as one simply states that it can
be ‘exchanged’ for a given concept.’
This phrase belongs to Ferdinand de Saussure
It means that a word can be used for several reasons, it can give diverse concepts

6. ‘Spoken and written language, then, tend to display
different KINDS of complexity; each of them is more
complex in its own way. Written language tends to be
lexically dense but grammatically simple; spoken
language tends to be grammatically intricate but lexically
sparse’ ... ‘The value of having some explicit knowledge of
the grammar of written language is that you can use this
knowledge, not only to analyze the texts, but as a critical
resource for asking questions about them.’
This phrase belongs to M.A.K Halliday
Everyone has spoken and written language, every one of them have their complexity
and I am agree with that argument, however I consider that we can see it perfectly at the time
To learn a new language because it is really a bit complicated for someone that
is learning a new one the phonology topic, but this does not happen in our natural language

What does the quote tell you about their perspective
on the study and analysis of language?
I think the three points of view are necessary it depends
on if we will follow the linguistic study on a diachronic or
synchronic way because I think Chomsky and Saussure are
following the synchronic way of linguistic that is related to
the code or grammar, rules without Emphasize the origin of
a language, or needs to express a feeling or mood as
Halliday’s way who this linguistics’ point of view is related to
the context to the heritage of a community, how it could
express the feelings of a community, the evolution of a
language.

Why Linguistics is definitely considered a science? In
your answer, involve the other language areas such
as semiotics, philology and literature.
Because the linguistics study the ways of using a language how
the speakers and hearings could share their emotions, their
behaviors, and the human behavior is studied in psychology and
medical science. As in many sciences, the argument in
linguistics runs from the observed data to the potentially
explanatory theories to provide an account of the data also
concerned about with giving a systematic account of the
language system: the focus is on the language description rather
than on the texts from which the system is deduced that the
difference between linguistics and philology, because the
philology is concerned on written older texts and their structure
and evolution and historic development of a language.

In the following two questions you have to consult and
then explain:
1-The concept of ‘double articulation’ is a classic one
at identifying language, please, explain it, and give
examples.
The double articulation is a feature of linguistic concerned on decomposition of a linguistic sign in minimum units with
meaning (moneme) and with a (phoneme)
In order to communicate, language operates with a double articulation
Moneme is the minimum unit of the language that has a significant and meaning can be of two types lexemes, root,
lexical meaning (they provide the meaning to the word) or morphemes (they give the grammatical meaning: gender,
number, person, time.) Example cats
Cat: lexeme s= plural morpheme
Shoe=lexeme
Maker= person who performs the action
Phonemes are minimal units of the language that have significant but do not have any meaning.
/C/a/t/s
/s/h/o/e/m/a/k/e/r

2-Human language is different from other semiotic
systems, explain at least three characteristics, that
according to Linguistics, are unique to human
language.
Human language has certain properties that as a whole
no animal communication system has other semiotic
systems, animals, for example bees, transmit information
about the direction and distance from a food source.
The properties of human language are prevarication
properties, flexibility, arbitrariness, displacement,
creativity, productivity, dual articulation and discrete units

REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHIS
https://writingcommons.org/section/rhetoric/rhetorical
-situation/audience/discourse-community-communityof-practice/semiotics-sign-signifier-signified/
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Halliday#Referen
cias
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fw
ww.topuniversities.com%2Fcourses%2Fenglish-languageliterature%2Fguide&psig=AOvVaw0PBCauPSHMSKblXbIpKt
wb&ust=1610210902594000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved
=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCOic96jljO4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Flo
uisville.edu%2Fhumanities%2Flinguistics&psig=AOvVaw1x
n97LY4WfH5Q49j4nbCgi&ust=1610211372786000&source=
images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCOidy_nmjO4CFQA
AAAAdAAAAABAN
https://www.timeshighereducation.com/cn/student/sub
jects/what-can-you-do-linguistics-degree
https://www.makemyassignments.com/blog/characteris
tics-and-features-of-language-analysis/
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/reading/ad
vanced-c1/how-humans-evolved-language
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-arrows-show-
the-interaction-between-a-Semiotic-System-of-Cultural-
Significations_fig1_239590497

https://libquotes.com/michael-halliday/quote/lbf1j1l
https://www.slideshare.net/eyenabainza/languagedefinition-nature-and-characteristics
https://nomadrs.com/20-noam-chomsky-quotes-thatreveal-whats-happening-in-our-world-today/
https://sharefest.me/learn-how-to-teach-a-newlanguage-today/