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D. A. Robinson & R. B. G. Williams Sandstone cliffs and weathering in England, UK 44 Table 1: Rock properties and weathering features of the four sandstones. Fell Sandstone Millstone Grit New Red Sandstone Wealden Sandstone ROCK PROPERTIES1 Dry strength (MPa) 74.1 39-104 11.6 31.5-51.9 Wet strength (MPa) 52.8 24.3 4.8 13.4-51.4 Porosity (%) 9.4-14.0 7.0-17.0 8.9-25.8 26-27 Water saturation LARGE SCALE FEATURES 0.51-0.74 0.62 0.67-0.72 Basal undercutting rare occasional occasional fairly frequent Controlling Factor(s) Rock Strength Slope erosion Pedestal rocks rare occasional very rare occasional Undercutting Pillars rare fairly frequent very rare occasional Erosion of joints Cambering Pavements rare and limited in extent rare and limited in extent occasional occasional, but limited in extent Erosion of soil cover, not associated with glaciation Widened joints rare fairly frequent occasional abundant Cambering Gelifluction Caves rare rare rare very rare Widened joints and undercutting Deep Tors absent fairly frequent very rare very rare weathering? Freeze/thaw and gelifluction Blockfields/ clitter slopes SMALLER SCALE FEATURES fairly frequent fairly frequent very rare rare Gelifluction Cambering Surface crust inconspicuous inconspicuous conspicuous conspicuous Porosity Surface abrasion and granular disintegration limited limited common and widespread common and widespread Rock Strength Loss of crust Rock basins fairly frequent fairly frequent occasional very rare Porosity Flutes fairly frequent fairly frequent occasional absent Porosity/salts Porosity/ Honeycombs fairly frequent occasional fairly frequent abundant Exposure to wetting/drying cycles Crust Polygonal cracking fairly frequent very rare occasional fairly frequent development Wet/dry, heating/ cooling cycles? Tafoni very rare very rare very rare absent Porosity/salts Cyclical Crust Surface spalling rare rare fairly frequent occasional development Vegetation change 1 Data collated from Bell (1983), Leary (1986), Natural Stone Directory (1991). Ferrantia • 44 / 2005
D. A. Robinson & R. B. G. Williams Sandstone cliffs and weathering in England, UK References Aitkenhead M., Chisholm J. I. & Stevenson I. P. 1985. - Geology of the country around Buxton, Leek and Bakewell. British Geological Survey, London. Bell F. G. 1978. - Petrographical factors relating to porosity and permeability in the Fell Sandstone. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 11: 113-126. Bell F. G. 1983. - Engineering properties of soils and rocks, 2nd edit. Butterworth, London. Hains B. A. & Horton A. 1969. - Central England, British Regional Geology. Inst. Geol. Sciences, NERC/HMSO, London. Linton D. L. 1964. - The origin of Pennine tors; an essay in analysis. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie NF 8: 5-24. Leary E. 1986. - The building sandstones of the British Isles. Building Research Establishment, Watford. Natural Stone Directory 1991, 8th edit. Stone Industries, Maidenhead. Palmer J. & Radley J. 1961 - Gritstone tors of the English Pennines. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF5: 37-52. Ferrantia • 44 / 2005 Robinson D. A. & Williams R. B. G. 1976. - Aspects of the geomorphology of the sandstone cliffs of the Central Weald. Proceedings of the Geologists Association 87: 93-100. Robinson D. A. & Williams R. B. G. 1987. - Surface crusting of sandstones in southern England and northern France, in Gardiner V. (ed.), Inter<strong>national</strong> Geomorphology 1986, Part 2: 623-635, Wiley, Chichester. Robinson D. A. & Williams R. B. G. 1994. - Sandstone weathering and landforms in Britain and Europe, in Robinson D.A. & Williams R.B.G. (eds.), Rock Weathering and Landform Evolution: 371-391, Wiley, Chichester. Williams R. B. G. & Robinson D. A. 1989. - Origin and distribution of polygonal cracking of rock surfaces. Geografiska Annalar 71A: 145-159. Sparks B. W. 1971. - Rocks and relief. Longman, London. Turner B. & Smith A. 1995. - The Lower Carboniferous at Bowden Doors, Roddam Dene and the Coquet Gorge, in Scrutton C. (ed.), Northumberland rocks and landscape, a field guide: 105- 113, Yorkshire Geological Society, Leeds. 45
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J. Werner Intérêt et richesse de
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J. Jung Cretaceous-Tertiary Weather
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29 Etude sur les genres Globoriluso
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