“The Ferritic Solution” - published by ISSF ( Hindi verision pdf file ...

2vUrjkZcVªh; LVsuysl LVhy eaPk ¼ vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q ½LFkkfir 1996 esa] vUrjkZcVªh; LVsuysl LVhy eaPk ¼ vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q ½,d xSj&ykHkkjh ’kks/k laxBu gS tks fo’o eaPk ij vUrjkZcVªh; LVsuyslLVhy m|ksx ds fofHkUu i{kksa dks lsok,¡ iznku dj jgk gS] tcfd bldkLo;a dk funs’kd eUMy] ctV vkSj egklfpo gS] vkbZ ,l ,l ,QvUrjkZcVªh; yksgk vkSj LVhy laLFkku ¼ vkbZ vkbZ ,l vkbZ ½ dk gh ,dHkkx gSA vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q ds orZeku esa vc 67 dEifu;ksa lfgr 24ns’kksa esa lEc} lnL; gSA la;qDr #i ls fo’ko ds 85 izfr’kr LVhymRiknu ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA lnL;ksa dh iw.kZ lwph vkbZ ,l ,l ,Qdh osclkbV : www.worldstainless.org ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA

fock; lwphlkjka’k “yksg lek/kku” }kjk Tkk¡u bZl fty 5vxszfckr “LVhy ftldk le; vk pqdk gS” }kjk vkbZ lh Mh , 6os yksg inZkFkZ ds ckjs esa D;k dg jgs gSa 9“’kkunkj yksgk” 13{kj.k izfrjks/kh rÙo 21;kfU=dh vkSj HkkSfrd rRo 27LFkkiu yksg xzsMt 31yksg xzsMksa dks tksMuk 37mRikn vkSj mi;ksx 45ifjf’kcV:jlk;fud ljapuk yksg LVsuysl LVhy dk 59lrg cukuk ¼iw.kZrk½ 63lUnHkZ 64vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q lnL;rk 66ikorh 673

4lajpuk LkVhy dk;Z mPpekxZ¼ gkbos ½ iqy gsrq Mjcu]nf{k.kh vizhdk esa isUVsaMyksg LVhy dkA

yksg LVsuysl LVhy vkn’kZgS ckgjh lrgh O;kolkf;djlkbZ midj.kksa esa A7

8yksgs dk pedhyk izn’kZu]LoPNrk rFkk LokLF;dk lwpd gS [kk| lEidZiz;ksx esaA

10phuh m|ksx esa yksgLVsuysl LVhy ,dizHkfor mPp inkFkZgS dkWcZu LVhy LsakizR;sd Lrj ijA

xsVkuks jksUphofjcB izcU/kd] lkexzh vf/kxzg.k] bdsvk“ge LVsuysl LVhy dk mi;ksx CkRkZUk rFkkikWUl] dVyjh&pkdw lfgr vkSj Luku/kjrFkk jlksb midj.kksa lfgr djrs gSA gekjkorZeku okfckZd mi;ksx 60]000 Vu lkykukgS ftlesa lkykuk 15 izfr’kr dh o`f) gksjgh gSA ;g yksgs dk ,d mifgLlk gSA“2003 ds e/; esa] bdsvk us yksg xszMl xzg.k fd;k LVsuyslLVhYl esa lkekU; mís’; gsrq] vf/kdrj lkexzh dh vuqekfureqY; ij fLFkjrksa esaA ijh{k.k crkrs gS fd oLrq,¡ osYMsM lhEl,d xzsM mPp gksuh pkfg;s mPp Økse dh rqyuk 430 LVsUMMZ{kj.k izfrjks/kd {kerk gsrq vkSj osYMsM midj.k vxyh izfØ;kgsrq vko’;drk iwjh djsxsA ;g fu.kZ; LVsuysl LVhy ds fodkldk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA gekjh fcØh c

yksg LVsuysl LVhy osYMsMV~;wCl cktkj esa ,d ’kkunkj“foc; j[krk gSA bu xzsMks dsrduhdh vkSj vkfFkZd ;ksX;rkds dkj.kAos yksg inZkFkZ ds ckjs esa D;k dg jgs gSDyksfol VªkeksufVukv/;{k] VªkeksufVuk] lsvks ikmyks] czkthyA“,d izeq[k czkftfy;u dEiuh tks ?kjsywoLrqvksa vkSj vkStkjksa dh fuekZrk gS] O;kidfu;kZr xfrfof/k lfgr] VªkeksukfVd oeZekuesa 850 Vul LVsuysl LVhy dk izfrekgmi;ksx djrs gq, yksg dk 30 izfr’kr gSAmRikn ftlesa yksg dk mi;ksx eq[;:ils fd;k tkrk gSA bduksfedy Vªst vkSjdVyjh] flUdl~ rFkk ikUl ds iSans gSA“ge 1974 ls yksg ds mi;ksx djrs vk;s gSa tc geus ikYl vkSjlfoZl lsVsks dk mRiknu vius la;U= QSjksfiYgk esa fd;kA yksg dsmi;ksx dk eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd dPps eky dh de ls de dher];g lgh rF; gS dh bl inkFkZ dh fo’ksckkrk,sa o rRo&xq.k gekjs iz;ksxksds fy, ykHknk;d gSA“xgjs vkbVe mRiknuksa ds ekeys esa ;Fkk ys&vkWu flUdl] yksg dkdk;Z ljy ugha gSA ftlesa fo’kq) rFkk rqjar jksfyax izfØ;k ’kkfeygSA eSa vHkh Hkh LVsuysl LVhy ls vPNh ilUn ikrk gw ewY;@ykHkds vuqikr esa ljyrk o lkQ vkSj j[kj[kko esa ;g inkFkZ LoPN gSAblesa lHkh fo’ksckkrk,¡ gS LVsuysl LVhYl dk gS vkSj ;g fofHkUu lrg:iksa esa miyC/k gSA“la{ki esa] ge yksg ds lkFk izlUu gSa vkSj bldk mi;ksx yEcs le;ls djrs gSA okLro esa ge lnSo u;s iz;ksxksa ds ykHk esa gS ftlesa mldkmi;ksx fd;k tk;s vkSj ftlls ykxr esa ykHk gSA”12

“’kkunkj yksgk”dPpk eky ewY;ksa esa foLQksV dks ns[krs gq,] yksg LVsuysl LVhy ,d mi;ksxh inkFkZfofHkUu mi;ksxksa esa gh tgk¡ ykxr&deh lkexzh fodYi ,d izHkko’kkyh rF; gSAgkfyd ockksZ esa dPpk eky dh dhersa ;Fkk ,Y;qehfu;e] rkWck]ftad rFkk fudy dh c

5 yksg “ifjokj”yksg Js.kh ikWp lewgksa esa gS&rhu lewg LVsUMMZ Js.kh esa gS vkSj nksfo’ksck Js.kh esa gSA yksg ds cM+s orZeku mi;ksx nksuksa Vuksa rFkkvf/kd la[;k esa vuqiz;ksxksa] LVs.MMZ {ks.kh ij dsfUnªr gSA LVsUMMZyksg LVsuysl LVhYl lknk gS iwjh rjg larkscktud vkSj iwjhrjg mfpr g]S vusd ek¡x&mi;ksx gsrqAdUVsulZ] Js.kh esa 409 ,y vkSj 410 ,ylewg 2 ¼izdkj 430½ T;knkrj yksgs /kkrqvksa gsrq dke fy;ktkrk gSA mPp Øksfe;e rRo] lewg 2 Js.kh cM+h izfrjks/kh {kerk{kju gsrq j[krh gS rFkk fo’kq) xzsM 304 dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSAdqN iz;ksxksa esa ;g Js.kh;k¡ mfpr gS izdkj 304 ds LFkku ij rFkkvkUrfjd iz;ksxksa gsrq dke fy;k tkrk gSA fo’ksck iz;ksx /kqykbZe’khu Mªe] vkUrfjd isuYl bR;kfn esa izdkj 430 lkekU;rkizdkj 304 fodYi gS gtkjksa crZuksa esa fM’kok’klZ] crZu vkSj ikWUlesaA bldh osfYMax fo’ksckrk tkudkjh gsrq i`- 37 nsf[k,Alewg 1 ¼ izdkj 409@410 ,y½ fuEure Øksfe;e lfgrlHkh LVsuysl LVhy esa vkSj de ls de [kphZyk gSA ;g lewgvkn’kZ gks ldrk gSA xSj ;k gYdk {kj.k i;kZoj.k ;k vuqiz;ksxksa gsrq tgk¡ FkskM+h lh LFkkuh; Lohdk;Z VsLV gSA izdkj 409ewy :i ls Lopkfyr ,XtkLV flLVe lkbysalj ¼ ckgjh HkkxxSj&ld {kj.k i;kZoj.k ½ gsrq fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA izdkj410 vf/kdka’kr% dUVsuj] clsa rFkk dksp vkSj orZeku esa ,ylhMhekWfuVj Ýseksa gsrqAlewg 3 izdkj 403 Vh vkbZ] 439 441 vkfn ’kkfey gS lewg 2ds lkFk rqyuk bu Js.kh dh djus ij vPNh ;ksX;rk,¡ crkrh gSAmudk O;ogkj vf/kdka’k ekeyksa esa 304 fo’kq) xzsMks dh rqyukesa vPNk gksrk gSA fo’ksck rjg ds mi;ksx esa flUdl] ,DlpsUtjV~;wCl ¼ phuh m|ksx] mtkZ bR;kfn ½ ,XtkLV flLVEl ¼ yEckthou Vkbi 409 dh rqyuk esa ½ rFkk osYMsM ikVZ~l /kqykbZ e’khuksadsA lewg 3 xzsM~l Vkbi 304 Vkbi ds LFkku ij bu vuqiz;ksxesa yxk;s tk ldrs gS ;g xszM ,d vf/kd fo’ksckhd`r gSaAlewg 4 ’kkfey izdkj 434] 436] 444 bR;kfn bu Js.kh esa“vLVs.MMZ yksg LVsuysl ldy larksscki`ngS vkSj iwjh rjg mfpr gS vusd ek¡xvuqiz;ksxksa gsrqA”14

eksfYcfMue ’kkfey gS] vfrfjDr {kj.k izfrjks/khA fo’ksck izdkj dsvuqiz;ksxksa esa xeZ ikuh ds VSad] lksyj okVj ghVlZ] ,XtkLV flLVeds ckg; fn[kus okys iqtsZ] fo|qr dsryh rFkk ekbZØksoso vksou,yhesUVl~ Lopkfyr fVªe rFkk vkmVMksj isuy bR;kfn izdkj 444dk {kj.k izfrjks/kh Lrj leku gks ldsxk izdkj 316 dsAlewg 5 ¼ izdkj 446] 445@447 bR;kfn ½ vfrfjDrØksfe;e rFkk ekWyhcfMue rÙo] vfrfjDr {kj.k vkSj Ldsfyax¼ vkWDlhMs’ku ½ izfrjks/kh gsrq ;g Js.kh 316 izdkj ls mPpgSA bu rRoksa ds laca/k esa fo’ksck mi;ksx rVh; vkSj vU; mPp{kj.k okrkoj.k iz;ksxksa gsrqA {kj.k izfrjks/kh th vkbZ ,l 447fVVkfu;e /kkrq ds leku gSAegRoiw.kZ lUnHkZyksg LVsuysl LVhy dh lQyrk dgkfu;ksa esa nks fo’ksck vkSjloksZPp ek¡x vuqiz;ksxksa dh gSA ockksZ ds fy, yksg Js.kh O;kid:i ls mi;ksx esa vkrh gS nks loksZPp ek¡x vuqiz;ksxksa Lopkfyr,DtkLV flLVe rd /kqykbZ e’khu ds MªeA,DtkLV flLVe mPp rkiØe vkSj {kj.k okrkoj.k fLFkfr;k¡de djrk gSA LVsuysl LVhy ¼yksg½ esa mi;ksx buds iqtksZ dhokjUVh vof/k dks cwBk fopkj gks] dqN Hkkx esa fdyksg ?kfV;k gS vkSj og dsoy fo’kq) gh djsxkAyksgk dkQh vjlsigys ls izpfyr gS vktbldks lEiw.kZ rduhdhlg;ksx miyC/k gS vkSjxzsM Js.kh esa O;kid o`f)gqbZ gS rFkk fofo/khdj.kHkh] mi;ksxdrkZvksa dhvko’;drkvksa dk iw.kZdjus gsrq lEink esa bulEinkvksa dk O;kidrqyukRed fo’kq) esa ;g ns[kuk xyr gksxk fd yksg xzsM~lfuEu ;k mPp gSA ;s fcYdqy vyx gSAvksoj ikl ukWbt & ,Ctksjfcax IysV] tkiku ÅtkZ ty ghVj] rkbZoku] phu15

okLro esa] vusd ekeyksa esa yksgk ,d mÙke ilan gS vU; egaxs/kkrqvksa dh rqyuk esaA ;s dkQh xgjkbZ ls lHkh mi;ksxksa ls lSVgks tkrk gSA DokfyVh dh miyC/krk lfgr dksbZ ?kkVk ugha vkSjleku egRo vf/kd ughAokLro esa] yksg xszM dk pqEdh; inkFkZ dk ,d eq[; rRo gSAftldk fo|eku rFkk egRoiw.kZ mi;ksx rFkk ykHk gS LVhfdax feekstfÝt esa pkdw vkSj vU; /kkrq midj.kksa j[kusA okLro esa ;g vko’;dgSA ikWu dk mi;ksx bUMD’ku esa dqfdax pqEcd gS tc ls ÅtkZlapkyu izfØ;k dqdos;j esa Lo;a pqEcdh; ÅtkZ LFkkukUrj.k }kjkAnq/k VSadj] DysfMax xszM esa 430] n- vÝhdkcukus esa mÙkeizR;sd fcV dkWcZu LVhy ;Fkk vkÄkroèkZuh;] yksg xzsMl LFkkiuklapkyu ds fy, lokZf/kd mi;qDr gSA ;s de yphyk gS fo’kq)LVsuysl LVhy dh rqqyuk esa tks vuwBh lEink gSA ysfduvf/kdka’k ekeys esa fo’kq) vf/kd fo’kssckhd`r gSAdkcZu LVhy vkSj yksgk LVsuysl LVhy izn’kZu O;ogkjled{k LFkkfir gSA ,d dsoy lksp dh vko’;drk gSA dfBuvkdkj esa tgk¡ dkWcZu LVhy orZeku esa LFkkfir gSA ¼ mnk- dkjckWMh ½ iz’kkluh; O;kid lEHkkouk,¡ yksg LVsuysl LVhYl gsrqnsuk lgh :i vkStkj vkSj xzsM ilan] vufxur vkdkj] yksgxzsMl ls mi;ksx lsApqEcdh; dk xoZ;g Hkzked /kkj.kk gks xbZ gS fd yksg pqEcdh; gS ;s gdhdr esaLVsuysl LVhy ugha gS vkSj dkWcZu LVhy dh rjg gSA ;g ew[kZrkgSA lgh :i ls ijeek.kq

yksg fo’ksck rq:i iRrsA• yksg eSXusfVd ¼ pqEcd ½ gSA• yksg fuEu rki foLrkj j[krk gS ¼ os de foLrkjdjrs gS vkLVsfufVDl dh rqyuk esaA ½• yksg ’kkunkj mPp rkiØe vkWDlhMs’u izfrjks/kh gSA¼ os de gS fo’kq) dh rqyuk esa ½• yksg mPp rki lqpkyd gS ¼ os vf/kd rki lqpkyd gSfo’kq) dh rqyuk esa nh?kZdkyhu ncko dsjsLiksUl esa ½• yksg fLFkj jgrk gS fu;ksfc;e ds lky ’kkunkjØhi izfrjks/kh ¼ os de fMQkWe gS fo’kq)dh rqyuk essa nh?kZdkyhu LVsªls[k dsa ½• yksg dkVus esa rFkk dk;Z esa ljy gSAvkfLVfufVDl dh rqyuk esa ¼ ftlesa fo’ksckvkStkj rFkk vf/kd ’kfDr’kkyh e’khuks vkSjcM+s Vwfyax fo;j gks ½ j[krs gSA• vkfLVfufVDl dh rqyuk esa yksg egRoiw.kZ deizksu j[krs gS fLizax cSad esa BaMk djus ds nkSjkuA• yksg mPp ;hYM ’kfDr j[krs gS ¼ yksdfiz; dkWcZuLVhy ds leku 304 vkfLVfufVDl dh rqyuk esa ½• yksg] fo’kq) ds vleku] izksu ughgS >qfj;kW {kj.k fc[kjus esaA17

Lisd feyu esa mÙke gSorZeku cktkj ’krksZ esa] fo|keku vkSj izHkko’kkyh mi;ksxdrkZ]lcls mij] vf/kd fo’ksckhd`r ls cpuk pkfg;s tc os LVhy dkp;u ,d iz;ksx gsrq dj jgs gSA,frgkfld] fo’kq) xszM 304 lokZf/kd fodflr gS vkSjLVsuysl LVhy xszM esa lnSo miyC/k gSa] O;kid fofHkUu iz;ksxksaesa ftlds fy, ;g mi;qDr gSA vkt yksg LVsuysl LVhy xszM~tiwjh rjg fo’ksckhd`r gS] 304 gsrq fodYi fn;k tk ldrk gS]’kkunkj izHkko gsrqA?kfucB vkSj okLrfod ijh{k.k lajpuk vkSj lsokesa xq.koRrkvko’;drk gsrq ;g yksg xszM mRre rFkk mi;qDr gS fo’ksckrkvksalfgr mRiknd rFkk miHkksxdrkZ gsrqA“vkt yksg LVsuysl LVhy xszMt vPNhrjg fo’ksckhd`r gS] lkekU;r;k 304xszMl fodYi gks ldrk gS] ’kkunkjizHkko gsrqA”dHkh dHkh ,d mfpr lsok vuqcU/k ¼ mnk- lykg mi;ksxdrkZgsrq fd os vius mRikn dh lrg dh fu;fer lQkbZ djsa ½;g gS fd yksg xszM dk {kj.k eqDr j[kus gsrq vius mrikn dkfo’ksckr /;ku j[ksaA“,d LVhy ftldk vkt ;qx gS”vkt yksg xszMt dks xq.koRrk nsus ds fy, mlds ewY; ykHkrFkk vuwBs rRo dks cuk;s j[kus esa mlesa vfrfjDr /kkrq rRoiz;qDr fd;s tk ldrs gSA yksg LVsuysl LVhy gsrq vlhfervolj gSA;g izi= yksg dh xq.koRrk ljyrk ls cus ;ksX; gS] bls ljy ’kCnksa esa O;Dr djrk gSA bldk y{;LVsuysl LVhy ds O;kid mi;ksx dks izksRlgu gksuk gSA fuEuykxr xszMt dh fo’ksckrk dh lrZdrh esa o`f) djrs gq,AfuEufyf[kr i`cB vkt yksg lEink dks ijh{k.k djrs gSa]fofHkUu /kkrq rRoksa dk Hkwfedk vkSj vusd fo|eku rFkk egRoiw.kZiz;ksxksa dk bu LVhyksa esaADysfMax isuYl] xszM 430 esa dksVsM] bVyh jlksbZ ykbu & vi] xzsM 430 esa] n- vÝhdk18

fuf’pr okrkoj.k esa yksgLVsuysl LVhy miyC/k djukgSA ,d ,LFksfVd] nh?kZdkyhumi;ksxh rFkk vkfFkZd lek/kku’kgjh QuhZpj vko’;drk gsrqA19

os yksg inZkFkZ ds ckjs esa D;k dg jgs gSaMksfeuhD;w ekjsVfoi.ku funs’kd] QkÅjhfl;k ,DtkLV flLVel] Ýkal“,d fo’oLrjh; vkWVkseksckby midj.klIyk;yj ds :i esa] QkÅjhfl;e dkeq[; mi;ksx LVsuysl LVhy dk ,XtkLVflLVe esa gSA 200]000 ehfVªd Vu ;kvf/kd LVsuysl dk ge mi;ksx okfckZdy{; dk yksg dk 90 izfr’kr gSA okLroesa ge yksg dk mi;ksx 1970 ds e/; lsdj jgs gS] tc ls ge ds dsVk;fVddUoVZlZ dk mRiknu dj jgs gS] ;w-,l- bfe’ku LVsUMMZ dks yksg fuEu rkifoLFkj fo’ksckrk j[krk fo’kq) dh rqyuk esa] tks fd ,d fueZe rF; gS budsVkyk;fVd dUoVZlZ dh M~;wjkfcfyVh ¼yEcs thou dky½ esaA“yksg vkt gekjs fy, ,d lQy dgkuh gS D;ksfd gekjh xgjh le>fofHkUu ,XtkLV okrkoj.k] vFkkZr ge ,d lgh xzsM dk p;u djs lghmi;ksx gsrqA okLro esa izk:i ;ksX;rk lhek,¡ vkSj f=dks.kkRed {kj.k lscpus dh vko’;d ds /;ku esa j[krs g, mRikn fMtkbu vkSj mRiknuizfØ;k dgrs gSA ge yksgs esa fujUrj o`f) dh vko’;drk mPp rkiØedk;Z dq’kyx 900 fMªxh lsfYl;l ls Åij rFkk {kj.k izfrjks/kh ds lkFkAge fo’okl j[krs gS fd yksgk xszMks esa ;g lq/kkj fo’kq)rk dk;Zdq’kyrkesa ?kfucBk yk;sxk ysfdu vfr fuEu rFkk vf/kd fLFkj ykxr ijA ;gdgk fd ge yksg ds lkFk igys ls gh iw.kZr;k larqcV gSA”20

{kj.k izfrjks/kh rÙoLVsuysl LVhy **/kCckjfgr** gS D;ksafd mldk Øksfe;e rÙo mldks {kj.k dhvuwBh izfrjks/kh {kerk nsrk gSAlHkh LVhy {kj.k v/kkseq[k gS] fofHkUu dks.kksa ls LVsuysl LVhYlegRoiw.kZ :Ik esas {kj.k izfrjks/kh gS dkcZu LVhYl dh rqyukesa] Øksfe;e rRo ds dkj.kA Øksfe;e ¼fudy ugha] tSlk dqNle; eku gS½ {kj.k izfrjks/kh esa ,d eq[; feJ.k gS LVsuyslLVhy esaA“yksg vkSj vkWfLVfufVd ¼fudy½ nksvUrZifjorZu’khy LVsuysl LVhy ifjokjksaesa ns[ks tk ldrs gSA”LFkkuh; {kj.k izfrjks/khLVsuysl LVhy mi;ksx vf/kdjr j[kj[kko eqDr gS ysfdu dqNekeyksa esa gYdk j[kj[kko ¼tek dks gVkuk] mnkgj.k ds fy,½vko’;d gS {kj.k eqDr lsok thou ds fy;sALVsuysl LVhYl dh {kj.k izfrjks/kh {kerk T;knkrj jlk;ulajpuk }kjk fuf’pr gS fo’kq) ;k yksg ijek.kq lajpuk dhrqyuk esaA okLro esa {kj.k izfrjks/kh ds ekeys esa] yksg rFkkfo’kq) nks vUrj ifjorZuh; LVsuysl LVhYk ifjokjksa esa ns[khtk ldrh gSAikaWp yksg lewgksa dh {kj.k izfrjks/kh rRoksa dh rqyuk esa fo’kq)izdkj 304 LicV :Ik ls eq[; Hkwfedk Øksfe;e dh gS vkSjizdV djrk gS fd {kj.k izfrjks/kh fudy rÙo ¼vkWfLVfufVd½xszMl feyk;k tk ldrk yksg ifjokjksa dh izeq[krk esaAmi;qZDrk pkVZ crykrk gS fd dsoy eksyhfCM;e rÙo yksg xszMtmÙke LFkkuh; ¼fizfVax½ {kj.k izfrjks/kh {kerk j[krk gS 304 dhrqyuk esaaA rFkkfi] fLFkj yksg Lrjh; xszMl] 304 ls FkksM+k uhpkLFkku j[krs gS] vHkh Hkh cgqr vPNh izfrjks/kh {kerk Nsn {kj.k dhj[krk gSAxszM 439 esa eks;’pj lsijsVj jhghVj] ;wjksijsfM;sVj fxzy ,.M fVªe] xszM 436 esa444 ikf’kZ;yh fcfYMax DykfMax] czkthy21

Lkewg 1 yksg xSj&xaHkhj fLFkfr;ksa gsrq mÙke gksrk gSa] ;Fkk?kj ds vUnj ¼ tgk¡ fd lkexzh ty ds lEidZ esa u gks ;kfu;fer xhyh lw[kh jgrh gks½ ;k ckgjh txgksa esa tgk lrgh{kj.k Lohdk;Z gS ,sls esa ;g lewg yksgk dk vf/kd thou j[krkgS dkWcZu LVhy dh rqyuk esaAiwoZ rF;iwoZ ;k Nsn izfrjks/kh ledl la[;k Nsn {kj.k izfrjks/kh dk lEcnekin.M gS LVsuysl LVhy xszM dk DyksjksbM rÙo okrkoj.kesa mPp xszM dh iwoZ ewY;] vf/kd {kj.k izfrjks/kh tks xszM dhgksxhALkewg 2 xszM~l izHkko’kyh gS ty esa lg lEidZ] xSj&xaHkhjfLFkfr;ksa esaALkewg 3 xszM~l leku ifjizs{; esa lgh gS tks lewg 2 xszM gsrqmfpe gS] ysfdu osYM esa ljy gSALkewg 4 yksg vf/kd izfrjks/kh gS izdkj 304 dh rqyuk esa vkSjfofHkUu mi;ksxksa esa O;kid Lrj ij mÙke gSALkewg 5 ’kkfey] mnkgj.k ds fy,] xszM~l mPp Øksfe;e rRolfgr yxHkx 29 izfr’kr] Iyl 4 izfr’kr] ,evksa] tks mudk{kj.k izfrjks/kh curk gS lewnªh ty esa ;Fkk VkbZVsfu;e /kkrqAiwoZ lajpuk rkfydk crykrh gS ,d ifjn`’; esa fd izR;sd fo’kq)xszM ,d yksg xszM gS rqyukRed {kj.k izfrjks/kh lfgrAlkekU;rk laf{kIr mi;ksx iwoZ QkewZyk fiz %izfr’kr Øksfe;e$ 3-3 izfr’kr ekWfyfCMue izdV gS ;Fkk 3-3 ckj vf/kd izHkkohgS Øksfe;e dh rqyuk esa Nsn {kj.k ds fo:)A rFkkfi] Øksfe;elnSo vo’;d gh ewy {kj.k izfrjks/kh miyC/k djokus gsrqAekWfyfCMue bl ewy ls fjIysl ugh dj ldrk Øksfe;e dhek=k dks LVsuysl LVhy esa ysfdu {kj.k izfrjks/kh ds c

{kj.k tksf[ke rÙo• Åijh teko• lrgh nksck• lajpukRe vfujUrjrk• lajkpukRe vfujUrjrk• yo.k ¼{kjh; {ks=] leqnª ty] bR;kfn½• rkiØe esa o`f)• mPp rstkch fLFkfr;k¡ ¼’kfDr’kyh rstkc½• ,d lqn`

{kj.k lSV tc ih,p ,d uktqd de ek=k esa igqpark ¼deih ,p mPp ,lhfMVh½ ^^ih ,p^^ Lrj eki dh ,d bdkbZ dkscrykrk gS fd fMxzh ,lhfMVh dk ;k ,Ydkfyuh dk ,l ?ksyA;g ,d iSekuk ekik tkrk gS 0 ls 14 rd aAOkrkoj.kh; {kj.kbl izdkj dk {kj.k LVhy dh lrg ij gksrk gS] iryh esa] xhyhfQYe esa vknZªrk dk feJ.k gd vkSj vknZªrk esa gksrk gSA ;glkekU;rk;k DyksjkbM~l ;k lYQj rRoksa dh mifLFkfr ls gksrkgS& ,d vkS|ksfxd okrkoj.k esaA xaHkhj fLFkfr;k¡ gks ldrh&mnkgj.k ds fy,] DyksjkbZM tek vknZªrk leqnªh; okrkoj.k esagksxhARailway station safety barrier, in SUS430J1L, Japan.xszM dk p;uYkksg xszMl dk mi;ksx okrkoj.kh; Ik;kZoj.kh; es O;kid fofo/k{kj.k esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA lHkh ekin.M ,d lsok&fLFkfr;ksa lslEokfUdr mfpr xszM ds p;u esa ?kfucB :Ik ls ekU; gksxhA;fn gYdh LFkkfir lrg jLV ¼fNnªrk {kj.k½ mnkgj.k ds fy,bldk dkbZ egRo ugha gS ,d fuf’pr mi;ksx esa ;k Ik;kZoj.kksaesa ,d fuEu ykxr xszM ,d lgh inkFkZ p;u gksxkAFkEc ds fu;e• ,d vkdZfed Ik;kZoj.k ekeys esa] ,d xszM dkp;u mPp Øksfe;e ds vkSj@;k eksfyfCMue rRods lkFk dhft,A• jQ lrg fQfuaf’kax ls cfp;s] ,d vPNh ikWfy’kdh gqbZ lrg cuk;s de dPpk eky ykxr ijA• lgh fMtkbu **/kqykbZ ;ksX;** gsrq ¼mnk- deldse15°

vkWDlhfM’ku izfrjks/khmijksDr nks izdkj ds {kj.k mPp rkiØe pØh; vkWDlhfM’kulw[kk {kj.k gS mPp rkiØe ¼500° lh½ vkSj vkWDlhMkbftaxokrkoj.k rkiØe pØ jfgr ;k lfgrATkc LVsuysl LVhy xeZ gksrk gSA mudh Øksfe;e rRo ,dizfrj{kkRed Øksfe;e vkWEQbM lrg iSekuk cukrh gSA tks vkxsvkWDlhMs’ku esa nsjh djrh gSA iSekuk vkSj /kkrq mi fofo/k rki foLrjO;ogkj] tksfd iSeku fLFkjrk dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA fo’ksck rFkk lsokfLFkfr;ks esa fujUrj rki pØ.k esaA foLrkj lgdq’kyrk iSekus dhcgqr de gS vkSj /kkrq mPp gS] vf/kd iSekuk mikftZr gksxk tks Øsdtc /krq BaMk vkSj lEc) gksAfuEurki foLFkj lgdq’kyrk ds fy, mudks /kU;okn] yksg xszMlde izksu j[krs gS fo’kq) /kkrqvksa dh rqyuk esa mPp rkiØe pØvkWDlhMs’ku ekiks ;g iz;ksxksa esa ,d fo’kssck Qk;nk gS rFkk rki flLVe]cuZj ;k ,DtLV flLVel esuh QksYMAO;kid vuqiz;ksx laHkkouk,¡bu bPNqd {kj.k izfrjks/kh rRoksa nwj gS] yksg LVsu lfgr] dsoyvdZck.k gSA ;s dkQh gSA rFkk yksgk gsrq orZeku tyok;q esa mPplkexzh ykxr ds fe=ksa ds thruk gksAYksg rRo ds Vs.Ml dh utnhdh tk¡p ykHk nsrh gSA dqN orZekuvkLVsfufVd mi;ksxdrkZ ik;saxs] viuh fo’ksckrk dh tk¡p esa fd ,dyksg xszM okLro esa mPp ;ksX; gh muds mi;ksx gsrqAYkksgk xszMl esa de izksu gh fo’kq)/kkrqvksa dh rqyuk esa mPp rkiØe pØh;vkWDlhMs’ku :Ik esaAcuZj] xszM 430 esaIkzeq[k LVsuysl LVhy mi;ksxdrkZ yksg dh vuwBh xq.koRrk gq,vk’p;Zpfdr gS vkSj LVsuysl LVhy dk lHkh esa O;kid fodYi[kkstrs gSAThou pØ ykxr %,d vewY; ekxZn’kZuTkhou pØ ykxr fdlh egRoiw.kZ iz;ksx esa mPp :Ik esa tksjugha fn;k tk ldrk gsA v/;;u dh n`fcV ls LVsuysl LVhylkekU;r~ ,d cgqewY; feJ.k gS tks okLro esa de ykxr fodYiyacs le; ls fopkfjr gSAVsuysl LVhy {kj.k izfrjks/kh vFkkZr nk?kZdkyhu thou] dej[kj[kko] mPp iquZ fcØh ewY;] mRre izn’kZu bR;kfnA ;gjax ;k /kkrqvuko’;dA vkSj ;Fkk ;fn ;g de fuos’k ykxryksg xszaM~l dh ,d lgh rdZ ugha gksxk LVsuysl LVhy lkexzhds p;u esaAIkgys ls O;kid vkSj izfrfcBr :i esa mi;ksxh] yksg xszM~ldh [kkst tkjh gSA dqN izekf.kr fo|eku vuqiz;ksx fQj Hkh bumRre LVhYl dh ubZ laHkkoukvksa ij izdk’k Mkyrh gSAesuhQksyM] xszM 441 esasftEusfl;e Nr] 445 xszM esa n- dksfj;kfuEu fuos’k ykxr yksg xszMl dh ,dgYdk rdZ gh LVsuysl LVhy ds i{k esaA25

UMD’ku dqfdax vko’;drkpqEcdh; rRoksa yksgkxszMl dhAos yksg inZkFkZ ds ckjs esa D;k dg jgs gSfl;wax rkbZ csbdVhe yhMj] /kqykbZ e’khu vf/kxzg.k] ,y th]bysDVªksfudl] dksfj;k“ge yksg LVsuysl LVhYl dk T;knkrjmi;ksx /kqykbZ e’khu Mªeksa esa djrs gS vkSj;g ,slk dkQh igys ls dj jgs gS viuhLokpkfyr /kqykbZ e’khuksa esaA okLro esa 2006esa geusa 15]500 Vu yksg dk mi;ksx fd;k2500 Vu vkLVafufVd ds foijhr] vr% yksggeij LVsuysl LVhy ds mi;ksx dk 86izfr’kr jgkA“gekjs ykHk dh lknxh ;g gSa] fd yksg xszMl cgqr larkscktud ;kfU=dhxq.koRrk gS ysfdu de ykxr okyk gS vkWLVfufVd dh rqyuk esaArduhdh :Ik esa eksfYMax ¼eksM+uk½ VsDuksyksth esa ;g dkQh vkxs gSvkSj yksg xszM~l dh mPp DokfyVh dk fodkl gksrk gS vFkkZr yksgs dkmi;ksx bu fnuksa lQyrk iwoZd dj jgs gSA ncko esa Øsd gksuk vkSjØhftax jguk dHkh dHkkj dk nksck gS vkSj ges xgjh Mkbªax izfØ;k esalq/kkj dh t:jr gSA rFkkfi yksgs ds lkFk ge larqcV gS vkSj dherrFkk DokfyVh nksuks esa vPNk ifj.kke izkIr dj jgs gSaA ”26

;kfU=dh vkSj HkkSfrd rRoYkksg LVsuysl LVhy xszMt lajpuk fHkUu vkSj O;kid Lrj ij gsrq mRre gSAYkksgk vPNk ;kf=d rRo gS] ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gS tcge bldh rqyuk LVsulsl LVhy ifjokj ds lkFk djrs gSA;s vf/kd lwn`

Ykksg LVsuySl LVhy cy&QSyko eksM+uk vPNh rjg j[krkgS ;k dkcZu LVhy ds led{k gSA mnkj mPp mRiUu ’kfdr¼lkekU;rk fo’kq} ls Hkh mPp½] mnkj mPp rqjar ’kfDr vkSjvPNh dqy QSyko dq’kyrk] tksa vPNh tksM+ nsrk gSAck;yj dh Hkhjrh V~;wc xszM 444 esa] n- dksfj;kmijksDr rkfydk rRokssa ds lacaèk esa vejhdk ] tkiku vkSj ;wjksih; Lrjksa ds ÁdV djrk gS ] yksg xzsMksa dh rqyuk esa LVsUMMZvkWLVsfufVd 304 lfgr A vkj ,e rqjar rhoz ’kfDr vkj ih 02 ¾ mRiUu ’kfDr vkSj , 5 @ , 80 ¾ QSykuk rksM+us AHkkSfrd rRo,d /kkrq ds HkkSfrd rRo inkFkZ dh ;ksX;rk&mtkZ lqpkyd]fo|qr lqpkyd] foLrkj ;k fldqMuk bR;kfn gSAYkksg pqEcdh; gSA muds vU; ykHknk;d mi;ksx gSvkWLVsfufVd xszM ls T;knkA budh rki lqpkydrk] mnkgj.kds fy, vR;f/kd mPp gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd osa rki vPNhrjg vf/kd QSykrs gS tks muds mPp vPNk mi;ksxh cukrs gS;Fkk yksg bL=h ;k rki ,Dlpsatj ¼V~;wc IysVl½ARkki foLrkj lagdq’kyrk yksg LVsuySl LVhy leku gSdkWcZu LVhy ds vkSj vf/kd fuEu gS vkLVsfufVd LVsuysl dhrqyuk esaA ,d ifj.kke esa yksg dks tc xeZ fd;k tk; rks ogde v’kq) gksrk gSAbysfDVªd vkbju dh eq[; IysV] cQSV xzsM 430 esaAekM~;wyl yksg xzsMl dh ¼20° ½ mPp gS 304 vkWLVsfufVd dh rqyuk esa A vkbZ ,l ;wfuV~t -g/cm3 = kg/dm3 – J/kg • °C = J/kg • °K – W/m • c = W/m • K –10-6/°c =10-6/°K – N/mm3 = MPa28

dkWcZu LVhy ds leku’kfDr’kkyh] fuEu Øksfe;e yksgxszMl Hkh {kj.k izfrjks/kh gS yksgjsy v;Ld oSxu fuEu thoupØ ykxr j[krs gSA29

lkSUn;Z rFkk ’kq) rRo yksgsds ,d vkn’kZ inkFkZ xSlgkWYl ¼ vaxhBh ½ ds fy,cukrh gSAos yksg inZkFkZ ds ckjs esa D;k dg jgs gS>kax lsufuns’kd LVsuysl LVhy Ø;] fDoxMkvks gs;j bUVjus’kuyVªsfMax dEiuh fyfeVsM] tudokMh phu x.kjkT;A“fo’o dk ,d izeq[k ’osr oLrq,Wa ?kjsywmidj.k cukus okyh gs;j lewg O;kid Js.khesa yksgs dk mi;ksx djrh gS] okf’kax e’khu]fM’kok’kj] xsldwdj] fdpu ,DlVªsDVjgqMl~ vkSj ekbØksoso vksouA bu xzsM+ks dkmi;ksx ockZ 2000 ls igys ’kq: fd;k] orZekuesa ge 14]500 eh- Vu yksg dk lkykukmi;ksx djrs gS tks gekjs dqy LVsuyslLVhy ds mi;ksx ds 85 izfr’kr izfrfuf/kRodjrk gSA yksg xzsMl de ykxr ds gS vkLVsfufVd xzsMl dh rqyukesa vkSj bu vkuqiz;ksx ds fy, mRre gSA“fo’kq) xzsM vi dh rqyuk esa] LVsUMMZ yksg deh dh xgjh Mªkbaxvko’;drk izR;sd Hkkx esa] ugh vPNh {kj.k izfrjks/kh {kerk DyksjkbZMi;kZoj.k dh] nf’kZr djrk gS] vkSj u os ogh osfYMax fo’ksckrk, j[krs gSArFkfi os ?kjsyw midj.k esa gsrq ’kkunkj lkexzh j[krs gS vkSj mRiknuds laca/k esa xzsMt ge iz;ksx esa ysrs gh vPNh iafpax rFkk Mªkbax rRoj[krs gSA vr% ge yksgs ds lkFk izlUu gSA“fudy dh dhersa ikxyiu dh gn rd gh] gekjh [kjhn ykxrasLVsuySl LVhy dh rsth ls c

LFkkiu yksg xzsMt/kU;okn mudh vPNh Mªkbax fo’ksckrkvksa ds] yksg LVsuysl LVhYl isphnkpqukSfr;kas dk eqdkcyk dj ldrk gS] f=dks.kh; fMtkbuksa dh n`fcV lsmudk mi;ksx isphnk fMtkbu esa djus ij Hkh mudh {kj.kizfrjks/kh {kerk rki izfrjks/kh rFkk lqUnj xq.koRrk esa deh ughvkrh yksg xzsM~l T;knkrj vkW|ksfxd vkSj miHkksDrk mRiknks esalgh p;u gSA“-----dqN yksg xzzsMl ’kkunkj Mªkbax iz;ksxnf’kZr djrs gSA”Mªkbax dk;Z dSlsMªkbax izfØ;k esa ftl Hkkx dks vkdkj nsrk gSA ,d ncko nsdjIysV [kkyh ’khV dks Mkb :i esa tksj&cy ds ek/;e }kjk] /kkrqHkhrj Mkyuk vkSj [kkyh gksYMj ds e/; fQlyrs gq, fdukjcukrs gq, ;k LdVZ Hkkx dkAdksYM QksfeZx lapkyu iRrh ;k pn~nj mRiknksa ds vkdkj esaifjorZu djrs gS fo’ksckr;k IykfLVd QSyko dh rqyuk esaA LFkkiuklapkyu isphnk feJ.k QSykus esa vkSj Hkkj ncko feJ.k mi;ksxdjrs gq, vkSj xgjh MªkabZax cs

yksg xszMl esa mPp ,y Mh vkj rRo gksrs gSA fo’kq) dh rqyukesa] tks fd mudks Mªkbax ds fy, mi;ksxh cukrs gSAekbdzksoso vksou xszM 430 esa ch , fQfu’k] n- dksfj;k]lQy Mªkbax lk/kuk• rksM+us dk vHkko• ’kkunkj lrg dk gksuk• U;wure lkexzh mi;ksx• mPp fuekZ.k mRikndrk• fuEu vkStkj yxkuklh/kk LFkkiuk yksgk xzsMlyksg xszM~l fuEu gSA fo’kq) esa ’kq) LFkkiuk esaA,y Mh vkj QSDVjlhfer Mªkbax vuqikr ¼,y Mh vkj½ ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kfucB &Mªk;ksX;rk isjkehVj gSAlh/ks

fpdukgV ¼rsy½vPNh fpukgV [kkyh vkSj vkStkjksa dh lQy vkdkj ds fy,vfuok;Z gS] lrg fn[kko ls cpus ds fy, rFkk fpidkuk dk;Zjksduk vkstkj ds thou gsrqA;fn yksgk LVsuysl pedhys] fpduh lrg lfgr fn;k] ,dmPp fpduk vkdkj mi;ksx fd;k tk;s fpdukgV LVsuyslLVhy ds lkFk mi;ksx dh tk; fo’kck rsy ncko izfrjks/khlfgr vkSj FkksM+k ;k ugha Dyksjhu lfgrA iwjh rjg [kkyh LFkkuij yxk;s] ;s LVsuySl LVhy midj.k ls Mªkbax ¼vkdkj½ ds cknljyrk ls gVk;s tk ldrs gSAvkStkjlgh vkStkj dk mi;ksx egRoiw.kZ gSA blls izHkko fuEu fLFkfr;ksaesa vkSj /kkrq ds izokg ds nkSjku cuus dh cukus dh izfØ;k esaiM+rk gSA ftlesa ekeyksa esa] vkStkj ¼eksM+uk vkSj vkdkj½ rkWack]yksgk] ,Y;qfefu;e rk¡ck ls ckuk;s tk ldrs gSAeq[; LVhy lewg ds LFkkiUu rRofuEu rkfydk yksgk LVsuyslLVhy ds LFkkiu rRoks a dh rqyukdjrh gS ¼tks fd fo’ksck /kkrqlajpuk vkSj fo’ksck O;kogkj½bu dkWcZu LVhy vkSj fo’kq)LVsuysl LVhy xz sMt dhA ;gLrjh; ekin.M dk mi;ksx gScs

yksg gsrq &

o`f) dBksj i;kZoj.kjks/khfu;eksa] rduhdh rFkk vkfFkZdvko’;drkvksa lfgr yksgkeq[; /kkrq curk gSA ,DtkLV¼ok;qfudkyu gsrq½ flLVeds fy,Aos yksg inZkFkZ ds ckjs esa D;k dg jgs gScuZgkMZ Cystjfuns’kd] esdkMEl csfdax flLVEl ¼ihVhokbZ½ fy- nf{k.k vÝhdk“esjh dEiuh csfdax vksoul vkSj izwolZ cukrh gS gky gh esa fo’kq)dh dherksa esa vkbZ o`f) us vusd m|ksx ifr;ksa ls gVus ds fy, ;kLVsuysl LVhy lfgr ?kVus dh izfØ;k esa gSA ;g fo’ksckr;k xSj&mTkkZiz;ksxksa esa gS] tSls vksou ds ckgjh isuy vkSj vU; csdjh midj.k tkslh/ks :i esa [kk| ls lEcfU/kr ugh gSA tSlk yksg dhersa xaHkhjrk lsizHkkfor ugha djrh] ,d yksg dk mi fodYi ds :i esa A rc lkj esafuekZrkvksa ds fo’kq) dk fodYi yksg lfgr j[kuk pkfg;sA LVsuyslLVhy dk iwjh rjg gVkus ds fopkj dks R;kxrs gq,A”36

yksg xzsMksa dks tksMuk)yksg xszMl ds tksM+us ds rjhdksa gsrq LVsuysl LVhYl lcls vPNk gSA• tksMuk: iw.kZ tksMusa dh fLFkfr izkIr djuk nks ;k vf/kd inkFkksaZds }kjk fi?kykdj rFkk&iqu% lqn`

;g fo’ksckr;k lgh fLFkj yksg xzsMl esa] tks fd lqn`< dkckZbMLFkkiu] ;Fkk fVVsfu;e] vkSj ukbfc;e j[krk gSA ;g xBcU/kugSA dkcZu dk LVhy esa tksM+us osfYMax dh izfØ;k esa feykuØksfe;e ls Øksfe;e dkckZbM ds cuus ls jksdrk gSAiw.kZ fLFkfr dsUnz fuf’pr gsrq] VhvkbZ rRo ikWp xq.kk cqdkuk tksM {ks= esa Øksfe;e dh dehgksxhA fodYi :i esa fo’kq) tksM+ /kkrq fd;k tkos ,d vkSojeSplhvkj rFkk ,evks /kkrq rRoksa dkA“--------fLFkj yksg xszMl okLro esaf=dks.kkRed {kj.k esa gksrs gaSA ”,DtkLV flLVe osfYMaXk] XskzM 439] n- dksfj;kj{kkRed xSlasØksfe;e esa mPp] LVsuySl LVhYl mPpvkWDlhMkbtscy fi?kyh] gqbZ fLFkfr esagksrk gSA ;fn gok ls budh j{kk ughadh tk;s osfYMax ds nkSjku] Øksfe;e degks tk;sxk vkSj vkWDlhtu cuk tk;sxk]ftldk ifj.kke etcwrh de gksuk vkSj tksM+ dh {kj.k izfrjks/kh{kerk esa deh gksxhA ¼osYM½ lrg vkS lEcf/kr {ks= dh ,dfuf’pr djus ds fy, ,d lhfer xSl ;qDr ’khYM dk izko/kkugSA ;g ’khfYMax xSl ,d Hkhrj xSl ’kq) vkxZu ;k ghfy;e ;k,d feJ.k vkxZu vkSj ghfy;e dk gks ldrk gSAyksgs ds tksM+us gsrq ;s ’khfYMax xSls ’kq) rRoksa ¼vkxZu ;k vk jxughfy;e feJ.k gksuk pkfg;s½ vkjxu&gkbMªkstu feJ.k] cgq/kkfo’kq) yksgs xzsM~l esa dke fy;k tkrk gSA ,d tksf[ke ykrk gSAgkbMªkstu rÙo osYM tksbUV esa yksg xzsM~l easA vkjxu ,d lokZf/kdlayXu cSfdax xSl gS ¼dk;Z /kMs dh fiNyh Hkkx dh j{kk½Ayksg osfYMax leL;kvksa dk fujkdj.kÅij crk;s x;s tkSf[keksa ds lkFk tksf[ke rÙo }kjk pj.k LFkkiukde gksuk mPp rkiØe esaA buds fuEukfyf[kr lek/kku rkfydkesa gSAOksYMsM VsSassd] XskzM 444] ;wjksi38

yksg V~;wc fey] czkthyo`Ùk [k.M osfYMax ¼tksM+uk½o`Ùk[k.M osfYMax ¼tksM+uk½ ,d osfYMax dk izdkj gS tks vf/kdkrjyksg xszMksa esa dke esa fy;k tkrk gSAxSl VaXLVu o`Ùk[k.M oSfYMax ¼th Vh , MCY;w ;k Vh vkbZth@MCY;w vkbZ th½bl fØ;k esa ¼VaXLVu ;k oksYQke buVZ xSl izfØ;k ds :i esa tkuktkrk gSA½ /kkrqvkas dks fi?kykus ds fy, ÅtkZ dh t:jr gksrh gSog ,d fo|qr o`Ùk[k.M }kjk lIykbZ dh tkrh gSA VaXLVu fo|qrjksM vkSj dk;Z{ks= ds chpAXkSLk èkkrq o`Ùk [k.M osfYMax ¼tksM+uk½th Vh , MCY;w izfØ;k esa th ,e , MCY;wesa ¼/kkrq buVZxSl izfØ;k ds :i esa yksdfiz;½ bysDVªksM dk mi;ksx gSAo`Ùk[k.M fi?kyk fQyj vkSj dk;Z VqdM+k ds chp esa gksrk gSA’khfYMax xSl VkpZ ds }kjk izksfckr gksrk gSA ok;j ds ?ksjs esalkekU;r;k vkjxksu vfrfjDr 2 izfr’kr ls 3 izfr’kr vkWDlhtu]vf/kd isphnk feJ.k fuf’pr osfYMax izdkj esa dke esa fy;ktk;sAfQyj /kkrq gsrq osYM ,d vfuok;Z lajpuk gS] ;g egRoiw.kZ gSfd fQyj /kkrq dh lajpuk fuos’k o`f) djs¬vkSj mi;qDr csl /kkrqdh gksuh pkfg;sA;g mPp mRikndrk izfØ;k vf/kd dfBu gS dk;Z dh rqyukth Vh , MCY;w osfYMax ds ysfdu ifj.kke ’kkunkj gks ldrs gStc izfØ;k iwjh rjg fu;fU=r gSAizfrjks/kh osfYMaxizfrjks/kh osfYMax esa] ,d fo|qr izokg iqtksaZ }kjk izdkf’kr dhtkrh gSA tksM+us vkSj osfYMax dh izfrjks/kh rki lsALVsuySl LVhYl lnSo lh/kk [kEHkk Mh lh eksM esa osYM djrh gSA¼bysDVªksM lh/ks esa ugha djrk½ ,d buVZ okrkoj.k esaA ;fn ,dfQYVj /kkrq iz;ksx fd;k tkos] ;g vudksVsM jkWMl ¼ekuod`rosfYMax½ ;k dksbYMok;j ¼Lopkfyr osfYMax½AosYMsM VSad xzsM 441 n- vÝhdkosYMsM lajpuk Ýse xszM 1 esa 1-400339

dqN izfrjks/kh osfYMax fo|eku rduhd] lokZf/kd lkekU; LikWVosfYMax >qdko osfYMax ekeyksa esa] izeq[k ykHk izfrjks/kh osfYMaxds gS%&••••lhfer lq/kkj lw{e lajpuk rki izHkkfor {ks=ksa esa ¼,p,stsM½eq[; lrgh vkWDlhMs’ku] ;fn pn~nj ¼’khV~l½ lgh BaMh gSAosfYMax ds ckn cgqr fuEu Lrj Hkn~nk Lrj ’khVl~ dkosfYMax ds nkSjku dwVus ls cs

;kfU=dh tksM+uk;kfU=dh tksM+us dh rduhdsa dkWcZu LVhy gsrq mi;ksx ykbZtkrh gSA leku :i ls lQyrkiwoZd LVsuysl LVhYl esaA;kfU=dh tksM+uk ds fuf’pr ykHk gS:• vleku inkFkZ vklkuh ls tksM+s tk ldrs gSA• buds dbZ rki izHkkfir {k; ¼,p , tsM½ ugh gksxkA• fofHkUu irys Hkkx Hkh tksM+s tk ldrs gSA• buesa dbZ rki foLRkkj ugha gksrk gSA/;ku gksuk pkfg;s] rFkkfi] lR; crk;k tk;s fd ;kfU=dh rRo;kfU=dh tksM+ ds fuf’pr detksjh j[krs gksxs dgha Hkh iw.kZdluk TkksM+ fgLls dk ughaA tksM+us dh izkfd`;k i)fr Hkh nksrjQ vf/kd dh vko’;drk gSA;g egRo gS fd dksbZ Hkh lrg {kj.k ds fy, lEidZ esaugh gS xkYosfud dfIyax djukA bl tksf[ke ls cpus ds fy,tksM+us okys fgLlsa mlh LVsuySl LVhy ;k led{k xszM ds cusgksus pkfg,A fuf’pr :i;s isp] cksYV] tksM+] rRo ;k LVsuyslLVhy ds gksuk pkfg,Aisfpax vkSj cksYV djukLVsuySl LVhy isp vkSj cksYV lHkh izfØ;k xzsMksa esa miyC/k gSAtcfd 17 izfr’kr Øksfe;e xszM~l mRre gksrs gS dsoy vkØkedokrkoj.k esa] mudh {kj.k izfrjks/kh {kerk DyksjkbZM &lfgrekfM;k ij vfrfjDr 1 izfr’kr ls 1-5 izfr’kr eksfyfCMueAnks /kkrqvksa dks tksM+us dh dhyh;g rduhd lnSo ,d egRoiw.kZ rkiØe ij dke esa yh tkrhgS] dh yksd vf/kdre Mk;kehVj ¼O;kl½ yxHkx 5 ,e ,eA ;glqn`

fpidkdj tksM+ukfpidkdj tksM+uk ;kfU=d tksM+ks esa lqn`

os yksg inZkFkZ ds ckjs esa D;k dg jgs gSfud eSd MkWukYMekdsZfVax eSustj] fyudsV fyfeVsM] fyudkWu] ;w- ds-“1971 esa LFkkfir fyudsV igyh iafDr dhjlksbZ midj.k cukus okyh O;kolkf;ddEiUuh 36 ockksZ ls dk;Z’khy gSA xzsM 430yksg LVsuySl LVhy ftldk mi;ksx ge’kq: ls dj jgs gSA gekjh mRikn J`[kykdh vk/kkj f’kyk gSA“;g xzsM bu vuqiz;ksxksa dh fo’kckrkvksadk vkn’kZ esy gS vkSj LVsuysl LVhyds ykHkksa dks vkfFkZd rjhds ls ,Utks;¼vkuUn½ djus dk gS tks fd vkSj egRoiw.kZ gS Hkkstu rS;kj djusvkSj izLrqr djus easA blds vkykok 430 dk lEcf/kr fuEu rkifoLrkj fo’kckrk ,d cM+h rduhdh ykHk gS mPp rkiØe mi;ksxks esaA430 yksg xzsM esa ge lHkh [kkl oLrq,¡ cukrs gS] flok; dqN midj.kksadsa ;Fkk Hkhrjh VSadl~ vPNh xhyh fLFkfr tgk¡ ge vHkh 304 dk mi;ksxdjrs gSA fuekZ.k djus dh vksj gekjk mRikn] fMtkbu djus esa cgqrljy gS vkSj 430 ,d ljy inkFkZ gS bl dk;Z gsrqA“vius xzkgdksa ds lkFk ?kfucBrk ls tqM+s jgus dh vko’;drk esageus vPNh izfrcBrk cuk j[kh gSA vius mRiknks dks fo’oluh;rk]fVdkÅiu fuekZ.k csgrjhu cukdj xzsM 430 yksg ,d vko’;d HkkxgS lekurk dk ge rFkk gekjs xzkgd blds lkFk cgqr larqcV gSA”44

mRikn vkSj mi;ksxyksg xzsM vf/kdrj lqanj] etcwrh] flaDl ¼crZu /kksuk] Mwckuk½ vk Sj dkj ,XtkLV ls lEcfU/krAmudk okLrfod vkSj egRoiw.kZ mi;ksfxrk foLrkj gS blds fuEu mi;ks xksa ls nwjAyksg LVsuySl LVhy lh/kk Øksfe;e LVhYl] fudy jfgr gksrkgSA ;s {kj.k vkSj vkWDlhMs’ku izfrjks/kh mPp izfrjks/kh {kj.k rksM+uk]mi;ksxh eSXusfVd gS vkSj vU; rduhdh vkSj O;kogkfjd ykHkizLrkfor djrk gSA ;s vf/kdrj yEcs dky rd mRre ewY; nsrsgS dkcZu LVhy dh rqyuk esa vkSj dher esa [kkl de gS fudylfgr inkFkZ dh rqyuk esaAorZeku esa mi;ksx J`a[kyk izxfr dh vkj vxzlj gS vkSj i`cBbu inkFkksZ dkA v/;k; fofHkUu {ks=ksa mi;ksx cktkj vkSj nqfu;kds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dh tkudkjh nsrk gSAbl izdk>ku dk mn~ns>; yksg LVsuySl LVhy ds fo|eku]lQy iz;ksx dks LicV djds orZZeku vkSj laHkkfor mi;ksxdrkZdks Ásfjr djuk gS A bldk vfrfjDr mÌs>; fo[;kr vkSjlwfpr lkexzh p;u dks ÁksRlkgu nsuk gS & D;ksafd lkexhz vkSjÁ;ksx dk bcVre esy vR;fèkd vko>;d gks x;k gS ALopkfyr,XtLV flLVemidj.k,XtLV flLVemidj.k,XtLV flLVemidj.k,XtLV flLVemidj.kxzsM 1-4509@441] Mhty ikfVZdyfQYVj] fixV 607]Qkmfjf’k;kxzsM 1 4509@441]eSuhQksYM] Qkmfjf’k;kxzsM 1 4512@409] flfyUlj]Qkmfjf’k;k- n- dksfj;kxzsM 304 vkSj 441] MhtyikfVZly fQYV] bZ DyklekflZMht Qkmfjf’k;k,XtLV flLVemidj.k,XtLV flLVemidj.klTtk dh lqanjrklTtk dh lqanjrkxzsM ,l ;w ,l 430 tS 1 ,ydsVkyk;fVd dUoVZV ’kSy]guh dksEc bu 20 izfr’kr lhvkj 5 izfr’kr ,Y;wfefu;exzsM 1-4509@441 dsVkyk;fVddUoVZj] Qkmfjf’k;kxszM ,l;w,l 430] n- dksfj;kxzsM ,l ;w ,l 430 ts 1 ,y]tkiku45

LopkfyrlTtk dh lqanjrklTtk dh lqanjrklTtk dh lqanjrk,l-;w-ch- lkeus rRoxszM ,l;w,l 430] n- dksfj;kxzsM 1-4016@430] CysddksVsM fVªe] ;w-,l-,-xzsM 1-4113@434] ;w-,l-,-xszM 1-4513] IykfLVdvksefu;e] Ýkaldkj cwV fly ¼nsgjh½gsMykbV ¼eq[; ykbV½Vªdikgw ¼idM+] gRFkk½xzsM 1-4510@430 VkbVsfu;e]fitkV 307 ÝkUlxzsM 1-4513] gsMykbVetcwrh] bVyhxzsM 1-4113] Vªd lqanjrketcwrh] ;w- ,l- ,xzsM~l 1-4509@441vkSj 1-4016@430fQYVlZczsd fMLDlFkeksZLVsVisMy OghyxzsM 1-4512@4091] rkboku] phuxzsM 1-4028@420xzsM 1-4512@409] ÝkUlxszM 1-4512@409 1-5,e,e eksVk] ÝkUl46

Hkou vkSj fuekZ.klgk;d lkexzhvkbVuewaxjh&f[kM+dh dLtk¼pwy½ ,oa cka/kuxVfjax ¼ukyh & ikbi½xVfjax ¼ukyh & ikbi½fpeuh iz.kkyhxzsM 1]4016@430] ;wjksixzsM 1-4510@430 VkbZVsfu;e]fVu&dksVsM] ;wjksixzsM 1-4521@441 ;wjksixzsM 1-4521@444 ;wjksifuekZ.ko`Ùkkdkj V~;wc ckgjhfolaokfgr esEclZvkikr vkokl ¼?kj½lapkj & iz.kkyh j{kkdkj[kkuk HkouxzsM ,l;w,p 409 ,y¼1-4512@409½ ts ,l ,l ,tkikuxzsM 1-4016@430] isUVsM] ojusLVvkj lsUVªks buksDl bVyhxzsM ,l;w,l 436 ,y¼1-4526@436½ ts ,l ,l ,a]tkikuxzsM 1-4003] dksyEclU;w fQfuf’kaxfey n-vÝhdkNr lajpukHkouHkouHkouNr&lg;ksx% ,d egRoiw.kZmi;ksx yksg ds fy,AxzsM ,l ;w ,l 445 ts 2] udkukldkÅ fcfYMax]1996] tkiku,sflu dksVsM ,l ;w ,l 445 ts2] QksfuDl fjlksVZ] 1994] tkikuckgjh Hkkx ,l ;w ,l 445 ts 1]buj ,l ;w ,l 304] fugksuck’kh]ferlwbZ fcfYMax] 2005 tkiku47

fuekZ.kHkou vkSj fuekZ.k’kksj xzg.k djus okyh IysVvksoj ikl gsrqxzsM ,l;w,l 436 ¼1-4526@436½ ts,l ,l ,] tkikuiqy dh bLikr dk;Z lajpuk¼M ua 4¼gksfjtksUVy isuYl½ ohoks Hkou]fj;k fM tkfujks] U;wfdyks buksDlczkthyxzsM ,l ;w ,l 445 ts2] Hkfoc;foKku laxzgky;] ts ,l ,l ,]tkikuxzsM 1-4526@436 mfpt ,.MvYt LVhy lfoZl lasVj] vkjflyksjfeRry LVsuySl] dkVksckbt] iksySaM48

fyVl~NrLokpkfyr lhfqUMh rduhd½ mfxu,UM vYt] vkWfLVª;kHkou vkSj fuekZ.kftEuksft;e Nrp¡nok cka/kuk ¼Nk;k djuk½pkfyV NrgokbZ vM~Mk] NrxzsM 445] dkslk] n- dksfj;kxzsM 446 dkslk] flvksy] n- dksfj;kxzsM 1- 4510@430 Vh vkbZ¼[kM+h gqbZ >qdh rduhd½] mfxu ,oa,Yt] teZuhxzsM ,l ;w ,l 447 ts 1]dUlkbZ gokbZ vM~Mk VkfeZuyfcfYMax ¼okLrqdkj jsUtksfi;kuks½tLlk] vkslkdk] tkiku’kgjh QuhZpjysEi iksLViksLV ckWDl~fVdV e>khu jsyosIysVQkeZ ijfo|qrhdj.k ckWDlstxzsM 1-4510@439]fo/kqr ikWfy’M osYM dh ikbi]dkslk] fl;ksy] n- dksfj;kxzsM 1-4003@410] isUVsM] lkLlkMk]nf{k.k vÝhdk mi;ksxh yksgk cgq/kkjaxfd;k gksrk gS] tcfd fo’kq) rRoegRo j[krs gSAxzsM 1-4003@410] isUVsM ¼15 ockksZ lslsok esa½ ,l , ,l ,l Mh , ;w-ds-xzsM 1-4003@410] isUVsM ¼15 ockksZls lsok esa½ ,l , ,l ,l Mh ,]n-vÝhdk49

okf.kfT;d [kk| midj.kcsdjh vksouxSl dqfdax midj.kdkWQh loZjghVsM edsZUMkbtjxzsM 430 esdkmsel csfdax flLVel~¼ihVh okbZ½ fy- n- vÝhdkxszM 430] fyUdsV] ;w-ds-xzsM ,l ;w ,l 430 ts 1] ts ,l,l ,] tkikuxzsM 430] fyUdsV] ;w-ds-dUos;j VksLVkjekbØksoso vksoucuZj J`a[kykjsfÝtjsVjxzsM 430] fyUdsV] ;w-ds-xszM 430 ¼vkUrfjd vkSj ckgjh½ts ,l ,l ,] tkikuxzsM 430 ¼xSl gkWc vaxhBh½]iksldks] n-dksfj;kjsflu dksVsM ,l;w,l 430 ts 1,y isuy] ts ,l ,l , tkikudkWQh ¼dgok½ e’khujsLrjka VªkyhfMLiys edsZUMkbtjokWy dicksMZ ¼vkyekjh½xzsM 430] fyUdsV] ;w-ds-xzsM 430xzsM 430] fyUdsV] ;w-ds-xzsM 430] fyUdsV] ;w-ds-50

?kj vkSj dk;kZy;fuEefyf[kr vuqiz;ksxks esa] yksg ¼400 lhjht½ xzsMl vc ,d LFkkfir vkn’kZ gS] mudh fo’kq)rk DokfyVh ds dkj.k] mudh {kerklQkbZ vkSj ,tsUVl~] budh fuEu rki foLrkj lgdq’kyrk vkSj mudh eSXusfVTe ¼bUMD’ku dqfdax½ ;s vPNs vkfFkZd YkkHk lhlkexzh ij gsrq½ izLrkfor djrs gSA?kjsyw dqfdaxmidj.kxSl dqdjfofo/kekbZØksoso vksouxSl dqfdax Vksidsvks,l,] n- dksfj;kVhds,u] teZuhxszM ,l;w,l430ts1]ts,l,l,] tkikuVh ,l ,l Mh ,] FkkbZyS.Mdqdos;j vkSj crZu ¼jlksbZ½ckjchD;wckjchD;woksdb.MD’ku dqdos;jxzsM 1-4016@430] fo.MLØhu vkSj czstj] vkseikfxzy,.M lsUVªks buksDl] bVyhxzsM 1-4016@430 ckjchD;w] vejhdkxzqi ,lbZch ¼fVQky½fM’kok’kj ¼crZu /kksuk½izs’kj dqdjikWul~fM’kok’kj ¼crZu /kksuk½fM’kok’kj ¼crZu /kksuk½xzsM 430] xzqi ,lbZchxzsM 430] ikslkdks] n-dksfj;kaxzsM 430 bUVhfj;j isuyjsflu dksVsM ,l ;w ,l430 ts1 ,y ckgjh isuy]ts ,l ,l , tkiku51

fctyh midj.k?kj vkSj dk;kZy;fM’kok’kj ¼crZu /kksuk½xzsM 430 ¼ckgjh vkSj Hkhrjhisuy½ gsvj] ih vkj lhfeDljxzsM 1-4513] Vhds,u] bVyhfeDljxzsM 430fo|qr pkoy dqdjjsfly dksfVM ,l;w,l 430] ts ,l,l , tkikumidj.kfctyh dh dsryh’ksYot ¼vyekjh½dpjk laxzg.kfoHkktujsflu dksVsM ,l ;w ,l 430] ts,l ,l ,] tkikuxzsM 1-4016@430 {kSfRkTk ’ksYot]xzsvfiy ,.M lsUVªks buksDl] bVyhxszM 1-4016@430] xzsvfiy ,.MlsUVªks buksDl] bVyhxzsM 430] ikslkdks] n- dksfj;kgqMl~ ¼gqd½gS.Mjsy,y lh Mh ÝsejlksbZ gqMjlksbZ gqMxzsM 430 osYmsM V~;wcxszM 410] ikslkdks] n- dksfj;kxzsM 430] Cykudks] Vh ds ,u teZuhxzsM 430] Qkyesd] U;wDyhvksbuksDl] czkthy52

jlksbZ midj.kjsÝhtjsVjrjy fMLisUljxszM 430fctyh dsryhxzsM 430] xzqi ,lbZchikLrk [kkuk cukus ds crZuflaxy ,l ;w ,l 430 ts 1 ,y¼xeZdhyj ½ ts ,l ,l , tkikufÝt rFkk jsÝhtjsVjxzsM 430 isuy?kj vkSj dk;kZy;flUdl ¼crZu /kksus dsmidj.k½/kqykbZ e’khufÝt rFkk jsÝhtjsVj?kjsyw jlksbZ flUdMªe ¼

m|ksxyksgs dk O;kid mi;ksx ogkW fd;k tkrk gS tgkWWa dkWcZu LVhy dk j[kj[kko oLrqr% vlaHko gSAck¡/k ckgjh ikbZick

[kkuk izfØ;k,¡ ¼QwM izkslsflt½nhokj vkSj NrsghV ,Dl psUtleks;’pj lsijsVj jh ghVjosYMsM V~;wClfodYi D;wjks&fudy ¼{kj.k ds dkj.k okiksj }kjk vkSj rk¡ck ds xeu }kjk ½ dkWcZu LVhy¼{kj.k leL;k,¡a½ vkSj 304 ¼mPp rki foLrkj dkWcZu LVhy Ýse dh rqyuk esa½AQhMokVj ghVj osYMsMV~;wCld.MsU’kj osYMsM V~;wClm|ksxxzsM 445 ,e 2] esYcksuZ] vkLVªsfu;kxzsM 1-4510@439] okyfVfeV] ;wjksixzsM 1-4510@439 okyfVfej] ;wjksixzsM 1-4510@439] okyfVfeV] ;wjksilksyj okVj ghVlZphuh m|ksxlksyj okVj ghVjlksyj okVj ghVjlksyj okVj ghVjdUos;j flLVexzsM ,l ;w ,l 444] luD;w dEiuhfy- vkSj ;wLdks] rkbZoku] phuxzsM 1-4509@441 ¼flfy.Mj½ lw;ZVSd vkSj ,l , ,l,l Mh ,l]Mh- vÝhdklksyj ¼lw;Z½ isuYl% Ýse vkSjdysDVj iksVsafV;y mi;ksxyksg rRo dk 441@444xzsM 1-4003@410 dksyEcl]n- vÝhdk] ;gk yksgfiNys 18 ockksZ ls gSALysV dsfj;jLdkyfMax twl ghVj dWojghV ,Dlpsatj V~;wClfØLVykbtj ,UM fMQ;wljxzsM 1-40003@410] dksyEcl] n-vÝhdk] ;g e’khu 22 ockksZ ls lsokns jgh gSAxzsM 1-4003@410] dksyEcl] n-vÝhdk] dkcZu LVhy rqyuk yksg¼iSank½ 6 ockksZ ds ckn lsok esaxzsM 1-4521@444] U;wfDy;ks buksDl]czkthyxzsM 1-4003@410 dksyEcl] n-vÝhdk55

VSaDlm|ksxokVj VaSDl vkSj ikbIlokVj VSadokVj VSadokVj VSadxzsM 444] czkthy.xzsM 444] dsvks,l,l ¼dkslk½n- dksfj;kHkkxr xzsM ,l ;w ,l 444 esa]fQfu’k ua 4] ts ,l ,l ,] tkikuHkkxr xzsM ,l ;w ,l 444 esa]fQfu’k ua 4] ts ,l ,l ,] tkikueksVj lkbdyQjesUV’ku ,.M LVksjst VSadQjesUV’ku ,.M LVksjst VSadeksVj lkbdy ,XtkLVeksVj lkbdy ,XtkLVxzsM 444] uDyhvksa buksDl] czkthy]lSUMj buksDl lQyrk] iwoZdmRiknu fd;k ,ls VSadk dk7 ockksZ gsrqAxzsM 444] U;wDyhvksa buksDl] czkthyxzsM 1-4512@409 ;wLdks] rkbZoku]phuxzsM 1-4509@441] lSUVªks buksDl]bVyh U;wosLFkk bZVh-2 ess ,d yksgds Vkyk;fVd lkbysUlj yxk;kx;k gSAeksVj lkbdy ,XtkLVeksVj lkbdy ,XtkLVfMLd czsd jksVjfofo/kxzsM 409,yxzsM 409 ,y] ,lhflVk] czkthyxzsM ,l ;w ,l 410 , ,lvkbZ] ts ,l ,l ,] tkikuxzsM 420 czsd fMLdl] 1-4113lqlfTtr etcwrh] bVyhA56

ifjogucl vkSj dksp ckWMh Ýsecl vkSj dksp ckWMh Ýsecl vkSj dksp ckWMh ÝsedUVsujxzsM 1-4003@410] dksyEcl] n-vÝhdkxzsM 1]4003@410 ¼fuEu Hkkx isUVfd;k½ dksyEcl] n- vÝhdkxzsM 1-4003 osYMsM V~;wCl vkSj isuy]Lyksfjl cl vkSj dksp d-ikSys.MxzsM 1-4003@410 ¼Ýse vkSj isuYl½ikslkdks] n- dksfj;kdUVsujdks;yk fMCcsdks;yk fMCcsdks;yk fMCcsxzsM 1-4003@410 isUVsM ¼Ýse vkSjnjokts isuYl½xzsM 1-4003@410 ¼isuYl½dksyEcl] n- vÝhdk] 20ockksZ ls vf/kd lsokjrAxszM 1-4003@410 ¼isuYl½dks yEcl] n- vÝhdk 15ockksZ ls vf/kd lsokjrAxzsM 1-4003 ¼iwoZ dk Hkhrjh½] ,l ,,l ,l Mh] vÝhdkdks;yk fMCcsdks;yk fMCcsdks;yk fMCcsVªse osxszM 1-4003@410] isUVsM ;wjksixzsM 409@410 isUVsM]fVLdks] ih vkj lh]xzsM 1-4003] ,y , ,l,lMh ,] n- vÝhdkxzsM 1-4003@410 ¼okWaMh ÝsevkSj isUVsM isuYl ;wjksi½57

ifjf’kcBjlk;fud lajpuk yksg LVsuysl LVhy dkyksg LVsuysl LVhYl leku rRo j[krs gS tks ekbYM LVhy esa gS ysfdu vPNh{kj.k izfrjks/kh {kerk j[krs gSA budk fodkl ,d ’krkCnh iwoZ ’kq: gqvkA’kq:vkrh yksgkLVsuysl LVhy dh [kkst yxHkx 1900&1915 esa gqbZ A cgqrlh [kkstksas ds lkFk okLro esa ;g dqN oSKkfud iz;kl FksA ’kks/kljapUkkvksa ij fd vkt ;g 410]420] 442 vkSj 440 xzsMksa ds:i esa tUe tkus yxkALVsuysl LVhYl esa dkWcZu dk Lrj cgqr gh de gksrk gSAcgqr ockksZ rd ;g dfBu jgk fuEu dkWcZu Lrj izkIr djuk tksfd nsjh igqp vPNh yksg xzsMksa dk LicV djrh gSArRo vkSj jlk;u ’kkL=Øksfe;e ¼lh vkj½ lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ rRo gS LVhy ds LVsuyslLVhy ds mRiknu esaA ;g lrg dks fLFkj cukrk gSA tks fdLVsuySl LVhy dk {kj.k izfrjks/kh cukrk gSA vkSj izfrjks/kh {kerkesa o`f) djrk gSA,d uU;wre 10-5 izfr’kr Øksfe;e rRo ¼otu }kjk½ dhvko’;drk j{kkRed Lo&ejEer lrg ys;j Øksfe;e vkWDlkbZMfo’oluh; cukrk gSA Øksfe;e rRo ls c

Lrj: - ASTM A 280 - 06C, Nov. 2006- EN 10088-2, Sept. 2005- JIS G 4305, 1991lewg 1jlk;fud dEiksusaV ¼vf/kdre otu izfr’kr½AISI, ASTMC Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ti Nb Cu Al N Ni403(M) 0.15 0.5 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.0 JIS SUS4030.12-0.17 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 EN 1.4024405 0.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-14.5 0.1-0.3 0.6 UNS S405000.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 EN 1.40000.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 0.1-0.3 EN 1.40020.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-14.5 0.1-0.3 JIS SUS405LrjlUn409L 0.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.02 10.5-11.7 6x(C+N)-0.5 0.17 0.03 0.5 UNS S409100.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.02 10.5-11.7 8x(C+N)-0.5 0.1 0.03 0.5 UNS S409200.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.02 10.5-11.7 [0.08+8x(C+N)]-0.75 0.03 0.5 UNS S409300.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.02 10.5-11.7 0.05-0.2 0.18-0.4 0.03 0.5 UNS S409450.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.02 10.5-11.7 6x(C+N)-0.75 0.03 0.5-1.0 UNS S409750.03 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 10.5-12.5 0.03 0.3-1.0 UNS S409770.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 10.5-12.5 6x(C+N)-0.65 0.5 EN 1.45120.08 0.7 1.5 0.04 0.015 10.5-12.5 0.05-0.35 0.5-1.5 EN 1.45160.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 10.5-11.75 6xC-0.75 0.6 JIS SUH409L10%-14%Cr410(M) 0.08-0.15 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.5 0.75 UNS S410000.08-0.15 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 11.5-13.5 0.75 EN 1.40060.15 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.5 JIS SUS410410L 0.03 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.03 10.5-12.5 0.03 1.5 UNS S410030.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 12.0-13.0 9(C+N)-0.6 0.03 0.5 UNS S410450.04 1.0 1.0 0.045 0.03 10.5-12.5 0.1 0.6-1.10 UNS S410500.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.0-13.5 JIS SUS410L0.03 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 10.5-12.5 0.3-1.0 EN 1.4003410S(M) 0.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.5 0.6 UNS S410080.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.5 0.6 JIS SUS410S420J1(M) 0.16-0.25 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 12.0-14.0 JIS SUS420J10.16-0.25 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 EN 1.4021420J2(M) 0.26-0.40 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 12.0-14.0 JIS SUS420J20.26-0.35 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 EN 1.40280.36-0.42 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.5-14.5 EN 1.40310.43-0.50 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.5-14.5 EN 1.4034lewg 2jlk;fud dEiksusaV ¼vf/kdre otu izfr’kr½AISI, ASTMC Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ti Nb Cu Al N Ni420 0.08 1.0 1.0 0.045 0.03 13.5-15.5 0.2-1.2 0.3-0.5 1.0-2.5 UNS S420350.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 13.5-15.5 0.2-1.2 0.3-0.5 1.0-2.5 EN 1.4589429 0.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 14.0-16.0 UNS S429000.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 14.0-16.0 JIS SUS429LrjlUn14%-18%Cr429J1(M) 0.25-0.4.0 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 15.0-17.0 JIS SUS429J1430 0.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75 UNS S430000.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 EN 1.40160.12 0.75 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 JIS SUS4301.4017 0.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 1.2-1.6 EN 1.4017440(M) 0.6-0.75 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 JIS SUS440A60

lewg 3jlk;fud dEiksusaV ¼vf/kdre otu izfr’kr½AISI, ASTMC Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ti Nb Cu Al N Ni430J1L 0.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-20.0 8x(C+N)-0.8 0.3-0.8 0.025 JIS SUS430J1L430LX 0.03 0.75 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-19.0 0.1-1.0 0.6 JIS SUS430LXLrjlUn14%-18%CrfLFkjrk439 0.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.0-19.0 [0.2+4x(C+N)]-1.10 0.15 0.03 0.5 UNS S430350,05 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 [0.15+4x(C+N)]-0.8 EN 1.45100.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.0-19.0 [0.2+4x(C+N)]-0.75 0.15 0.03 0.5 UNS S439320.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 17.5-18.5 0.1-0.6 [0.3+(3xC)] UNS S439400.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-17.5 0.35-0.55 EN 1.45900.025 0.5 0.5 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.3-0.6 EN 1.45200.02 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 13.0-15.0 0.2-0.6 EN 1.4595430Ti 0.05 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.6 EN 1.4511441 0.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.5-18.5 0.1-0.6 9xC+0.3-1 1.0 UNS S441000.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 17.5-18.5 0.1-0.6 3xC+0.3-1 EN 1.4509lewg 4jlk;fud dEiksusaV ¼vf/kdre otu izfr’kr½AISI, ASTMC Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ti Nb Cu Al N Ni Other415 0.05 0.6 0.5-1.0 0.03 0.03 11.5-14.0 0.5-1.0 3.5-5.5 UNS S41500434 0.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75-1.25 UNS S434000.08 0.75 0.8 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.9-1.4 EN 1.41130.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.8-1.4 [7x(C+N)+0.1]-1.0 0.04 EN 1.45260.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75-1.25 JIS SUS434LrjlUn436 0.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75-1.25 8x(C+N)-0.8 0.025 UNS S436000.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.9-1.4 0.3-0.6 EN 1.45130.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-19.0 0.75-1.25 8x(C+N)-0.8 0.025 JIS SUS436L;ksfxr ,evks1.4419(M) 0.36-0.42 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 13.0-14.5 0.6-1.0 EN 1.44191.4110(M) 0.48-0.60 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 13.0-15.0 0.5-0.8 V≤0.15 EN 1.41101.4116(M) 0.45-0.55 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 14.0-15.0 0.5-0.8 0.1≤V≤0.2 EN 1.41161.4122(M) 0.33-0.45 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 15.5-17.5 0.8-1.3 ≤1.0 EN 1.41221.4313(M) ≤0.05 0.7 1.5 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 0.3-0.7 ≥0.02 3.5-4.5 EN 1.43131.4418(M) ≤0.06 0.7 1.5 0.04 0.015 15.0-17.0 0.8-1.5 ≥0.02 4.0-6.0 EN 1.4418436J1L 0.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.0-20.0 0.4-0.8 8x(C+N)-0.8 0.025 JIS SUS436J1L444 0.025 1.0 0.7-1.5 0.04 0.03 17.5-19.5 1.75-2.5 0.2+4(C+N)-0.8 1.0 UNS S444000.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 17.0-20.0 1.8-2.5 4x(C+N)+0.15-0.8 0.03 EN 1.45210.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.0-20.0 1.75-2.5 8x(C+N)-0.8 0.025 JIS SUS444lewg 5jlk;fud dEiksusaV ¼vf/kdre otu izfr’kr½AISI, ASTMC Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ti Nb Cu Al N Ni445 0.02 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.012 19.0-21.0 10x(C+N)-0.8 0.3-0.6 0.03 0.6 UNS S44500445J1 0.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 21.0-24.0 0.7-1.5 0.025 JIS SUS445J1LrjlUn445J2 0.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 21.0-24.0 1.5-2.5 0.025 JIS SUS445J2vU;446 0.06 0.75 0.75 0.04 0.02 25.0-27.0 0.75-1.5 0.2-1.0 0.2 0.04 UNS S446260.01 0.4 0.4 0.02 0.02 25.0-27.5 0.75-1.5 0.05-0.2 0.2 0.015 0.5 UNS S446270.025 0.75 1.0 0.04 0.03 24.5-26.0 3.5-4.5 [0.2+4(C+N)]-0.80 0.035 3.5-4.5 UNS S446350.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 25.0-28.0 3.0-4.0 6x(C+N)-1.0 0.04 1.0-3.5 UNS S446600.01 0.4 0.4 0.03 0.02 25.0-27.5 0.75-1.5 0.015 0.5 JIS SUSXM27447 0.01 0.2 0.3 0.025 0.02 28.0-30.0 3.5-4.2 0.15 0.02 0.15 (C+N) 0.025 UNS S447000.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 28.0-30.0 3.6-4.2 6x(C+N)-1.0 0.045 1.0 UNS S447350.025 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.01 28.0-30.0 3.5-4.5 [4x(C+N)+0.15]-0.8 0.045 EN 1.45920.01 0.4 0.4 0.03 0.02 28.5-32.0 1.5-2.5 0.015 JIS SUS447J1448 0.01 0.2 0.3 0.025 0.02 28.0-30.0 3.5-4.2 0.15 0.02 2-2.5 (C+N) 0.025 UNS S4480061

62yksg osYMsM V~;wcksa dk ikWojLVs’ku dUMs.Lkj esa izHkko’kkyhmi;ksxA ifjf’kcV lrg cukuk¼iw.kZrk½A

ifjf’kcBlrg cukuk ¼iw.kZrk½lrg iw.kZrk dk;Z LVsuySl LVhYl esa fofHkUu izdkj fd;s tk ldsxsaA eq[; iwuZrk fuEufyf[kr gSA yksg lrg iw.kZrk ogh gSA tks fo’kq) vkSj vU; xzsMksa esa gksrh gSAfooj.k ,,lVh,e bZ,u10088&2 uksV~lxje jksYM 1 1E/1D,d rqyukRed jQ] gYdh lrg xeZ jksfyax }kjk mRikfnrfo'ksck :i dh eksVlZ] vkx ls iDdh dh gqbZ vkSj MsLdsfyaxAdksYM jksYM 2D 2D,d gYdk] dksYM jksYM fQfu'k mRiknu dksYM jksfyax }kjkfo'ksck :i eksVkbZ] vkx ls iDdk djds vkSj myVksYl ijQkbZy ykbV ikl djds Hkh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSAdksYM jksYM 2B 2B,d pedhyk] dksYM jksYM fQfu'k vkerkSj ij mlh rjg mRiknu fd;ktkrk gSA tSls 2Mh esa fQfy'k mRikn flok; fd vkx esa iDdk djdsvkSj MsLdsYMsM 'khV ¼pn~nj½ vafre dksYM jksy ikl izkIr djs iksfy'Mjksy ij ;g vf/kd gS rS;kj iksfy'M dh rqyuk esa ua- 1 ;k 2Mhch , fQfu'k BA 2Rch , fQfu'k ¼iw.kZ½ mRikfnr {kj.k vPNh pedhyhvkx esa iDdh djds ,d vpj okrkoj.k dksYM jksfyaxds cknA fpduk vkSj pedhyk u 2ch rqyuk esaAczq'M ¼;k My½ikWfy'MNo. 4 1J/2J,d lkeku mns~n'; ped ikSfy'M iw.kZrk fQfuf'kax }kjk ,d120&150 es'k ,czsflo izkjfEHkd fxzufMax dksjlj ,czsf'ko }kjkAlkfBu fQfu'k¼iw.kZ½izfrfcEc fQfu'k¼iw.kZrk½bysDVªkikWfy'MlrgNo. 6 1K/2KNo. 8 1P/2P- -,d eqyk;e lkfBu fQfu'k ¼iw.kZ½ fuEu izfrfcEckRed czq'M ¼;k MyikWfy'M½ fQfu'kA ;g Vsefidks czq'k }kjk mRikfnr dh tkrh gSAlokZf/kd izfrfcEc fQfu'k ¼iw.kZrk½ lkekU;r;k mRikfnrdh tkrh gSA ;g ikWfy'k djds izkIr dh tkrh gSA ikWfy'klQyrkiwoZd fQuj ,czksf'ko tc cfQax ,d cgqr vPNhcfQax ¼peduk½ lEiw.kZ pØ esaA lrg vko';d :i ls fxzVykbUl eqDr gks] izkjfEHkd xzkbfMax lapkyu ds le; gSA;g lrg bysDVªksyk;fVd ncko }kjk cuk;h tkrh gSA ;gbysDVªksdsfedy izfØ;k lrg fQfu'k ¼iw.kZrk½ dks vPNkcukrh gS lrg dh Åij dh dfe;ksa dks nwj djrs gq,A(uksV% ;g rkfydk vkf/kdkfjd ugh gSS vkSj bldk mi;ksx dsoy ekxZn’kZu ds fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA)2D 2B BA no. 4 no.663

ifjf’kcBlUnHkZBucher, L., P.-O. Santacreu, et al. “Elasto-ViscoplasticBehaviour of Ferritic Stainless Steel AISI 441-EN 1.4509 fromroom temperature to 850°C.” Journal of ASTM International(JAI) Vol. 3, Issue 7 (2006). Also: Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics(symposium), Vol. 35.Cunat, Pierre-Jean. “Working with Stainless Steels” Paris: SIRPE,1998.Fedosseev, A, and D. Raabe. “Application of the methodof superposition of harmonic currents for the simulationof inhomogeneous deformation during hot rolling of FeCr.”Scripta Metall. Mater Vol. 30 (1994): 1-6.Gümpel, P., N. Arlt, et al. “Simulation des Korrosionsverhaltensvon nichtrostenden Stählen in PKW-Abgasanlagen.“Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift (ATZ) No. 4 (2004):350-356.Huh, M.-Y., J.-H. Lee, et al.“Effect of Through-ThicknessMacro and Micro-Texture Gradients on Ridging of 17%CrFerritic Stainless Steel Sheet.” Steel Research Vol. 76,No. 11 (2005): 797-806.Kim, D. S., J. H. Park, et al.“Improvement of Cleanliness of16%Cr-containing Ferritic Stainless Steel in AOD Processes”,La Revue de Metallurgie No. 4, Paris (2004): 291-299.Kim, K, Y. Kim, et al.“POSCO’s development of Ferritic StainlessSteel.” The Second Baosteel Biennial Academic Conference Vol. 3,Shanghai, China (2006).Lee, S.-B., M.-C. Jung, et al. “Effect of Niobium on NitrogenSolubility in High Chromium Steel.” ISIJ InternationalVol. 42 (2002): 603-608.Lee, S.-B., J.-H. Choi, et al.“Aluminum Deoxidation Equilibriumin Liquid Fe-16 Pct Cr Alloy.” Metallurgical and MaterialsTransactions B, Vol. 36B (2005): 414-416.Miyazaki, A., J. Hirasawa, et al. “Development of High Heat-Resistant Ferritic Stainless Steel with High Formability, RMH-1, for Automotive Exhaust Manifolds.” Kawasaki Steel TechnicalReport No. 48 (2003): 328.Miyazaki, A., Takao, et al.“Effect of Nb on the Proof Strengthof Ferritic Stainless Steels at Elevated Temperatures.”ISIJ International Vol. 42, No. 8 (2002): 916-920.Murayama, M, N. Makiishi, et al. “Nano-scale chemical analysisof passivated surface layer on stainless steels.” CorrosionScience Vol. 48 (2006): 1307-1308.Park, J. H., D. S. Kim, et al.“Inclusion Control of Fe-16%CrStainless Steel Melts by Aluminum Deoxidation and CalciumTreatment.” AIST Transactions in Iron & Steel Technology MagazineVol. 4, No. 1 (2007): 137-144.Park, S. H., K.Y. Kim, et al.“Evolution of Microstructure andTexture Associated with Ridging in Ferritic Stainless Steels.”ICOTOM 13, Seoul, Korea (2002): 1335.Park, S. H., K. Y. Kim, et al.“Investigation of Microstructureand Texture Evolution in Ferritic Stainless Steels,ISIJ International Vol.42, No.1 (2002): 100.Park, S. H., K. Y. Kim, et al.“Effect of Annealing Process onthe Microstructure and Texture Evolution in Type 430 StainlessSteel.” Journal of the Korean Institute of Metals & Materials Vol.39,No. 8 (2001): 883.Park, S. H., K. Y. Kim, et al. “Effect of annealing process onthe microstructure and texture evolution in Fe-16%Cr ferriticstainless steel.” Rex & GG Aachen, Germany (2001): 1203.Park, S. H., K. Y. Kim, et al. “Effect of initial orientation andaustenitic phase on the formation of deformation band andrecrystallization behavior in hot rolled ferritic stainless steels.”THERMEC 2000, Las Vegas, USA (2000): 163.Raabe, D. “Experimental investigation and simulation ofcrystallographic rolling textures of Fe-11wt.% Cr.” MaterialsScience and Technology No. 11 (1995): 985-993.Raabe, D. “On the influence of the Chromium content on theevolution of rolling textures in ferritic stainless steels.” Journalof Materials Science No. 31 (1996): 3839-3845.64

Raabe, D. “Metallurgical reasons and mechanical consequencesof incomplete recrystallization.” Stahl und Eisen No. 120 (2000):73–78.Raabe, D, and K. Lücke. “Influence of particles on recrystallizationtextures of ferritic stainless steels.” Steel Research No. 63 (1992):457-464.Raabe, D, and K. Lücke. “Textures of ferritic stainless steels.”Materials Science and Technology No. 9 (1993): 302-312.Santacreu, P.-O., L. Bucher, et al. “Thermomechanical fatigue ofstainless steels for automotive exhaust systems.” La Revue deMétallurgie No. 1, Paris (Jan. 2006): 37-42.Santacreu, P.-O., O. Cleizergues, et al. “Design of stainlesssteel automotive exhaust manifolds.”La Revue de MétallurgieNos. 7-8, Paris (July-Aug. 2004): 615-620. Also: JSAE PaperNo. 20037127 (2003).Schmitt, J.-H., F. Chassagne, et al. “Some Recent Trends inNiobium Ferritic Stainless Steels”. Proceedings of the symposiumRecent Advances of Niobium Containing Materials in Europe,Düsseldorf (20 May 2005): 137.Sinclair, C.W., J.-D. Mithieux, et al. “Recrystallization ofStabilized Ferritic Stainless Steel Sheet”, Metallurgical andMaterials Transactions A, Vol. 36A (Nov. 2005): 3205.Van Hecke, B. “The Forming Potential of Stainless Steel”Materials and Applications Series Vol. 8, Euro Inox (2006).Toscan, F., Galerie, et al. “Relations between Oxidation Kineticsand Chromium Diffusion in Stainless Steels.” Materials ScienceForum Vols. 461-464 (2004): 45-52. Online at www.scientific.net.Yazawa, Y., Y. Kato, et al.“Development of Ferritic StainlessSteel with Excellent Deep Drawability for Automotive Fueltanks.” Review of Automotive Engineering Vol. 26 (2005): 59.Yazawa, Y., M. Muraki, et al. “Effect of Chromium Content onRelationship Between r-value and {111} RecrystallizationTexture in Ferritic Steel.” ISIJ International Vol. 43, No. 10 (2003):1647-1651.Yazawa, Y., Y. Ozaki, et al. “Development of ferritic stainless steelsheets with excellent deep drawability by {111} recrystallizationtexture control.” JSAE Review No. 24 (2003): 483.Sinclair, C. W., and J.-D. Mithieux, “Coupling recrystallizationand texture to the mechanical properties of ferritic stainlesssteel sheet.” Proceedings of 2nd International Conferenceon Recrystallization & Grain Growth, Annecy, France(30 Aug.–3 Sept. 2004): 317.65

ifjf’kcBvkbZ ,l ,l ,Q lnL;rkdEiuh lnL;Acciaierie ValbrunaAcerinox S.A.Acesita S.A.Aichi Steel CorporationArcelor MittalBaoshan Iron and Steel Co. (Stainless Steel Branch)Cogne Acciai Speciali S.p.A.Columbus Stainless (Pty) LtdDaido Steel Co. Ltd.Deutsche Edelstahlwerke GmbHHyundai Steel CompanyIndusteelJFE Steel CorporationJindal Stainless Ltd.JSC DneprospetsstalNingbo Baoxin Stainless Steel Co., Ltd.Nippon Kinzoku Co., Ltd.Nippon Metal Industry Co. Ltd.Nippon Steel and Sumikin StainlessNippon Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd.Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd.North American StainlessOutokumpu OyjPanchmahal Steel Limited (PSL)POSCOPOSCO Specialty Steel Co., Ltd.Shanghai Krupp Stainless (SKS)SIJ - Slovenska industrija jekla d.d./Slovenian Steel GroupSteel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL)Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd.Taiyuan Iron and Steel (Group) Co. Ltd. (TISCO)Takasago Tekko K.K.Tang Eng Iron Works Co. Ltd.Thainox Stainless Public Company LimitedThyssenKrupp Acciai Speciali Terni S.p.A.ThyssenKrupp Mexinox S.A. de C.V.ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbHUgine & ALZUgitech S.A.Viraj GroupWalsin Lihwa CorporationYieh United Steel Corporation (YUSCO)Zhangjiagang Pohang Stainless Steel Co. Ltd. (ZPSS)lEc) lnL;Australian Stainless Steel Development Association(ASSDA)British Stainless Steel Association (BSSA)CedinoxCENDICentro InoxEdelstahl-Vereinigung e.V.Euro InoxEUROFERInstitut de Développement de l’Inox (ID Inox)Informationsstelle Edelstahl Rostfrei (ISER)Indian Stainless Steel Development Association (ISSDA)Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA)JernkontoretKorea Iron and Steel Association (KOSA)New Zealand Stainless Steels Development Association(NZSSDA)Nucleo InoxSouthern Africa Stainless Steel Development Association(SASSDA)Special Steel and Alloys Consumers and SuppliersAssociation (USSA)Specialty Steel Industry of North America (SSINA)Stainless Steel Council of China Specialist Steel EnterprisesAssociation (CSSC)Swiss InoxTaiwan Steel and Iron Industries Association (TSIIA)Thai Stainless Steel Development Association (TSSDA)Union de Empresas Siderúrgicas (UNESID)66

ifjf’kcBikorhvkbZ ,l ,l ,Q ÝkbMjhp VsVksbZM ¼vkbZ lh Mh ,½ dk vkHkkjh gSbl czkspj dks fy[kdj QkjoMZ djus ds fy, vkSj fQfyIi fjpMZvklZyskj feÙky LVsuysl] Ýkal dk ftUgksus ,d ofdZax xzqi dkleUo; fd;k ftlesa tSDl pkYlZ ¼;wfxu ,.M vYt] Ýkal½ iFkZgqvkax ;wLd] rkbZoku] phu dokax;wd fde ¼ikslkdks n-dksfj;k½tksdu dkjkbflVfpd ¼Fkk;Llu Øqi fujksLVk teZuh½ tqvku ,UVhuhvks lkbeu ¼,dVZysDl] Lisu½ vkSj gkbZMsdh ;kekf’krk ¼ts,QvkbZ] tkiku½] /kU;okn csfuVoku gsd ¼;wjks buksDl csfYt;e½ dksHkh tkrk gS fock; oLrq dh tkWap djus gsrq vkSj iky LVsuxzkso dksHkh LorU= lykgdkj vkSj vaxzsth Hkkckk ys[kd ¼isfjl] Ýkal½ dkmudh cgqewY; lgk;rk bl czks’kj ds rS;kj djus esaAfMcyk;w oh ihvj ¼xsUV csfYt;e½ dks Hkh /kU;okn gS fMtkbuds fy, vkSj cukus ds ,ech dkWe ¼isfjl] Ýkal½ QksVks ØsfMV~ldWoj dh fMtkbu cukus vkSj LVhosUV fØ,fVo fizfUVax ¼fefjycsd csfYTk;e dks NikbZ gsrq½AQksVks ØsfMV~lvkbZ ,l ,l ,Q lHkh lHkh dEifu;k vkSj mu lHkh dks /kU;oknnsrk gS ftUgksus bu izdk’ku ds QksVksxzkl gsrq viuk ;ksxnkufn;k gSA mu ekeys esa tgkWa QksVks dk ewy L=ksr Kkr ugha gSogk vkb ,l ,l ,Q dh dkWihjkbV dk vf/kdkj j[krk gSAFront cover: MBCOM, Paris, France; p. 2-3: Ugine & Alz (Arcelor MittalGroup), France; p. 4: Columbus Stainless [Pty] Ltd, S. Africa; p. 5: Acesita(Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 7: Lincat Limited, Lincoln, UK; p. 8: ISSFChina, PRC; p. 9 (tl): BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich,Germany; p. 9 (bl): Whirlpool Corporation, Cassinetta di Biandronno, Italy;p. 9 (r): Groupe SEB, Rumilly, France; p. 10: Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group),Brazil; p. 11 (tl): IKEA, Aelmhult, Sweden; p. 11 (bl): Yiu Heng InternationalCompany Limited, Macao; p. 11 (r): Takara Standard Corporation, Japan;p. 12 (t): Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 12 (b): Tramontina, São Paulo,Brazil; p. 13 (l): Lincat Limited, Lincoln, UK; p. 13 (r): South Korea Iron & SteelAssociation (KOSA), Seoul, S. Korea; p. 14: POSCO, Pohang, S. Korea; p. 15(l & c): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 15 (tr): Suncue CompanyLtd. and Yieh United Steel Corp. (YUSCO), Taiwan, China; p. 15 (br): JapanStainless Steel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan; p. 16 (l): South Africa StainlessSteel Development Association (SASSDA), Rivonia, S. Africa; p. 16 (r): Acesita(Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 17: Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil;p. 18 (l): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 18 (tr): Mac BrothersCatering Equipment, Cape Town, S. Africa; p. 18 (br): Centro Inox andThyssenKrupp Acciai Speciali Terni S.p.A., Italy; p. 19: Acesita (Arcelor MittalGroup), Brazil; p. 20 (t): BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich,Germany; p. 20 (b): Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. 21 (l): Valtimet, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; p. 21 (c): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France;p. 21 (r): Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 22 (l): Sander Inox andNucleo Inox, Brazil; p. 22 (r): Ompagrill and Centro Inox, Italy; p. 23: BSHBosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich, Germany; p. 24 (tl & tr):Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan; p. 24 (br): ColumbusStainless [Pty] Ltd, S. Africa; p. 25 (l): South Korea Iron & Steel Association(KOSA), Seoul, S. Korea; p. 25 (tc): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France;p. 25 (tr): Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. 26 (t): Group SEB, Rumilly, France;p. 26 (b): LG Electronics, S. Korea; p. 27 (l): Columbus Stainless [Pty] Ltd,S. Africa; p. 27 (r): Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan;p. 28 (l): BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich, Germany;p. 28 (r): South Korea Iron & Steel Association (KOSA), Seoul, S. Korea;p. 29: Taiyuan Iron & Steel (Group) Company Ltd. (TISCO), Taiyuan, PRC;p. 30 (t): ISSF China, PRC; p. 30 (b): Qingdao Haier International Trading Co.Ltd., PRC; p. 31 (l): SunTank, Pretoria, S. Africa; p. 31 (r): Japan Stainless SteelAssociation (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan; p. 32 (box): POSCO, Pohang, S. Korea;p. 33 (all): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 34 (l): Centro Inox,Italy; p. 34 (tr): Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. 34 (b): all 4 photos Ugine & Alz(Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 35: Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil;p. 36 (t): ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, Krefeld, Germany; p. 36 (b): MacadamsBaking Systems (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town, S. Africa; p. 37 (l): Faurecia, Nanterre,France; p. 37 (r): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 38 (l):Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. 38 (r): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group),France; p. 39 (l): SunTank, Pretoria, S. Africa; p. 39 (tr): Acesita (ArcelorMittal Group), Brazil; p. 39 (br): Solaris Bus & Coach Co., Poland; p. 40 (l):Brandt Edelstahldach GmbH, Cologne, Germany; p. 40 (r): Ugine & Alz (ArcelorMittal Group), France; p. 41 (tr): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France;p. 41 (br): ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, Krefeld, Germany; p. 42 (tl): Willemde Roover, Ghent, Belgium; p. 42 (bl): Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. 42 (tr):Centro Inox, Milan, Italy; p. 42 (br): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France;p. 43: Hanjin, S. Korea; p. 44 (t): Groupe SEB, Rumilly, France; p. 44 (b):Lincat Limited, Lincoln, UK; p. 58: ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, Krefeld,Germany; p. 62: Valtimet, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; p. 63: POSCO, Pohang,S. 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