sikvdiliT dasja saqarTveloSi
sikvdiliT dasja saqarTveloSi
sikvdiliT dasja saqarTveloSi
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<strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis sakiTxebi saqarTvelosa da yofil sabWoTa<br />
blokis qveynebSi<br />
CemTvis didi pativia esoden pativsacemi auditoriis winaSe<br />
wardgoma. sasiamovnoa is faqti, rom meZleva saSualeba<br />
gagacnoT <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> arsebuli viTareba svdiliT dasjis,<br />
rogorc sasjelis umaRlesi zomis gamoyenebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. me Sevecdebi mokled aRgiweroT is gza, romelic<br />
gaiara qarTulma samarTalma am TemasTan mimarTebaSi,<br />
Soreuli warsulidan dRemde. aseve msurs gagiziaroT<br />
saqarTvelos gamocdileba <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis gauqmebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
<strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong> sasjelis umaRlesi da uZvelesi formaa,<br />
romelic sxvadasxva dros TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi<br />
gamoiyeneboda. am mxriv, gamonakliss arc saqarTvelo<br />
warmoadgens. qarTul samarTalSi <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>, mZime<br />
danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi sasjelis erT-erT zomad jer<br />
kidev feodalur xanaSi gamoiyeneboda. feodalizmis<br />
droindelma qarTulma samarTlis Zeglebma Semoinaxa im<br />
danaSaulTa nusxa da dasjis meTodebi, romelTa Cadenis<br />
SemTxvevaSi damnaSavis mimarT iyenebdnen aseTi saxis sanqciebs.<br />
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom 12-e saukuneSi, saqarTvelos<br />
aRmavlobis xanaSi, mefe Tamaris mefobis periodSi, maSin<br />
rodesac saxelmwifoebriobam miaRwia Tavisi ganviTarebis<br />
zenits, im droindelma sazogadoebam uari Tqva sasjelis<br />
umaRles zomaze da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong> gauqmda. Tumca, mogvianebiT,<br />
mefis centraluri xelisuflebis Sesustebisa da<br />
dampyrobelTa saukonovani mmarTvelobis periodSi<br />
saxelmwifos winaSe kvlav dadga aseTi saxis sasjelis<br />
SemoRebis saWiroeba.<br />
sasjelis zomad <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s iyenebdnen aseve me-18<br />
saukunis damdegs, rodesac ruseTis imperiam gaauqma mefoba<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> da qveyana imperiis nawili gaxda.<br />
marTlmsajuleba am periodSi, rusuli kanonmdeblobis<br />
mixedviT xorcieldeboda da aseT sanqciebs ZiriTadad<br />
iyenebdnen saxelmwifo damnaSaveebis an recidivistebis mimarT.<br />
uprecedento masStabebs miaRwia <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis, rogorc<br />
sasjelis umaRlesi zomis gamoyenebam <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
komunisturi mmarTvelobis pirveli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi. am<br />
periodSi, SeiZleba iTqvas daxvreta, rogorc <strong>sikvdiliT</strong><br />
dasjis saSualeba raodenobrivad bevrad sWarbobda sasjelis<br />
1
sxva formebs. <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis ganaCeni sabWoTa<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gamohqondaT umniSvnelo danaSaulis Cadenis<br />
SemTxvevaSic ki, iseTi danaSaulisaTvis, rgoricaa magaliTad<br />
wvrilmani qurdoba, xolo Tu piri sabWoTa xelisuflebis<br />
mimarTYaraloialur damokidebulebaSi iyo eWvmitanili, es<br />
faqti gardauval sikvdils niSnavda. xazi unda gaesvas im<br />
faqts, rom am periodSi ganaCenis gamotana, xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
xdeboda, ara sasamarTlo xelisuflebis, aramed cnobili<br />
sabWoTa “troicebis” mier, romlebic «Без суда, без следствия»<br />
axdenda adamianebisaTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanasa da<br />
aRsrulebas. aseTi meTodebi, romelic “xalxis mtrebis”<br />
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli brZolis saxeliT iyo SeniRbuli, erTis<br />
mxriv emsaxureboda mosaxleobis daSinebasa da terors, xolo<br />
meores mxriv iyo saSualeba maSindeli mmarTveli elita<br />
ganTavisuflebuliyo maTTvis saSiSi elementebisgan,<br />
sazogadoebaSi CaexSo gansxvavebuli azris qonis<br />
SesaZleblobac ki. es periodi sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
SemadgenlobaSi Semavali respublikebis istoriaSi “wiTeli<br />
teroris saxeliTaa cnobili”, romelmac saboloo jamSi,<br />
sakavSiro maStabiT milionobiT adamianis sicocxle<br />
imsxverpla.<br />
70-ian 80-ian wlebSi, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirSi, sajaro<br />
seqtorSi korufciis donem Tavisi ganviTarebis piks miaRwia,<br />
maSindelma xelisuflebam miiRo gadawyvetileba ukiduresad<br />
gaemkacrebina brZola e.w. meqrTameebisa da maTTan<br />
danaSaulebriv kavSirSi myofi pirebis winaaRmdeg. am periodSi<br />
sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamohqondaT meqrTameobisaTvis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulisaTvis msjavrdebulTaTvisa da<br />
iSviaT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo damnaSaveTaTvis.<br />
1945 wlis Semdeg, sabWoTa blokSi Semavali centraluri<br />
evropis qveynebi <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s sabWoTa kanonmdeblobis<br />
analogiurad axorcielebdnen. 1940 wlis bolos da 1950 wlis<br />
dasawyisSi ungreTSi, CexoslovakiaSi, bulgareTsa da sxva<br />
socialistur qveynebSi gaimarTa sasamarTlo procesebi e.w.<br />
“xalxis mtrebis” winaaRmdeg. es procesebi sruliad<br />
Seesabameboda sabWoTa models da umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />
sasjelis saxiT gansasjelebs CamoxrCoba an daxvreta<br />
miesajaT. 1990 wlis Semdeg, am respublikebSi momxdari<br />
“xaverdovani revoluciebis” Sedegad, demokratiulma<br />
xelisuflebebma gaauqmes <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>, rogorc sasjelis<br />
forma. <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong> gauqmda, maT Soris, rumineTSic.<br />
dReisaTvis, belarusi aris ukanaskneli qveyana evropaSi,<br />
sadac moqmedebs <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>, rogorc sasjelis<br />
umaRlesi zoma. belarusis kanonmdebloba <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s<br />
2
iTvaliswinebs 12 saxis danaSaulisaTvis mSvidobian dros,<br />
xolo omis periodSi 2 saxis danaSaulisaTvis. 1996 wels<br />
belarusSi respublikis masStabiT Catarebulma sayovelTao<br />
referendumma cxadyo, rom <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis gauqmebas<br />
ewinaaRmdegeboda moqamaqeTa 80.50%.<br />
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirobebSi <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>m,<br />
rogorc sasjelis erT-erTma formam sul 5 weli iarseba. 1997<br />
wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni, romlis<br />
mixedviTac sasamarTloebs aekrZalaT msjavrdebulTa mimarT<br />
sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotana. Tumca mivyveT qronologiurad:<br />
90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis<br />
kodeqsis me-13 muxli iTvaliswinebda <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s<br />
sxvadasxva simZimis danaSaulisaTvis. im dros sazogadoebrivi<br />
azri <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis momxre iyo. arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebma, Tavisufalma presam da mmarTvelobaSi myofma<br />
reformatoruli ideebis mqone jgufebma mniSvnelovani roli<br />
iTamaSes <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis winaaRmdeg sazogadoebrivi azris<br />
SemobrunebaSi. am jgufebis muSaobis Sedegag etapobrivad iqna<br />
miRweuli konsesusi sazogadoebaSi, <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis<br />
gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT. 1995-1996 wlebSi moxda<br />
moratoriumis gamocxadeba, marTalia sasamarTloebs kvlav<br />
gamohqondaT saWiroebis SermTxvevaSi sasikvdilo ganaCeni,<br />
Tumca maTi aRsruleba ar xdeboda. sasikvdilo ganaCeni<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> bolos 1995 wlis 14 Tebervals iqna sisruleSi<br />
moyvanili. 1996 wlis 12 oqtombers arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciaTa jgufma daarsa <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis winaaRmdeg<br />
brZolis sakoordinacio centri, romelsac momavalSi mravali<br />
sxva arasamTavrobo organizaciac SeuerTda. drois mcire<br />
monakveTSi centrma <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> wamoiwyo <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis<br />
sawinaaRmdego masStaburi saganmanaTleblo kampania. man<br />
moawyo sxvadasvxa RonisZiebebi, preskonferenciebi dabeWda<br />
statiebi da a.S. am kanpanias aqtiurad auba mxari mas-mediamac.<br />
sazogadoebis aseTma aqtiurobam saSualeba misca<br />
sakanonmdeblo organoSi myof reformatorebs gaeZlierebinaT<br />
brZola parlamentSi axali kanonmdeblobis misaRebad,<br />
romelSic <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>, rogorc sasjelis saxe<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli aRar iqneboda. Sedegad, 1996 wlis bolos<br />
moxda im muxlebis Semcireba, romelTa sanqciac <strong>sikvdiliT</strong><br />
<strong>dasja</strong>s iTvaliswinebda. aseTi muxlebis raodenoba 13<br />
muxlidan-dan 4 muxlamde Semcirda. amis Semdeg, igive<br />
organizaciebi da kerZo pirebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
atarebdnen piar-kampanias im kanonis sruliad da sabolood<br />
gasauqmeblad, romelic <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s<br />
iTvaliswinebda. statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, 1995 wlis<br />
3
olos da 1996 wlis dasawyisSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT<br />
wamowyebuli kampanisaas mosaxleobis mxolod 10-20%<br />
gamodioda sasjelis am gansakuTrebuli zomis gauqmebis<br />
momxred. 1997 wlis miwuruls ki, sazogadoebrivi azris<br />
gamokvlevis Sedegad, aseT adamianTa ricxvma 50-55% miaRwia.<br />
sabolood, 1997 wlis 11 noembers saqarTvelos parlamentma<br />
oficialurad moaxdina <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis gauqmeba. xolo,<br />
pirebs, romlebic im droisaTvis elodebodnen sasikvdilo<br />
ganaCenis aRsrulebas, sasjeli SeecvalaT samudamo<br />
patimrobiT, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 20<br />
wlis vadiT. saqarTvelo, moldovas Semdeg, gaxda meore postsabWoTa<br />
qveyana, romelmac uari Tqva sasjelis am umaRlesi<br />
zomis gamoyenebaze. amis Semdgom sasikvdilo ganaCeni gauqmda<br />
rig post-sabWoTa qveynebZSi, kerZod azerbaijanSi, somxeTSi,<br />
litvaSi, latviaSi, estoneTSi, TurqmeneTSi, ukrainasa da<br />
yirgizeTis respublikaSi.<br />
aucilebelia aRiniSnos saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis<br />
damokidebuleba aRniSnul problemasTan mimarTebaSi:<br />
saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s miiCnevs<br />
sasjelis umaRles zomad. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi<br />
<strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis sakiTxebs da sikvdilmisjilTa uflebebis<br />
dacvas mogexsenebaT ramdenime saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba<br />
aregulirebs. maTgan erT-erTi umniSvneloanesia 1966 wels<br />
miRebuli “saerTaSoriso paqti saerTaSoriso da politikur<br />
uflebaTa Sesaxeb”, romlis me-6 muxli adgens, rom sasikvdilo<br />
ganaCeni SeiZleba gamotanil iqnas mxolod gansakuTrebiT<br />
mZime danaSaulisaTvis, aseTi danaSaulisas moqmedi<br />
kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, romelic ar ewinaaRmdegeba am<br />
paqtis debulebebs. aqve ganmartebulia sikvdilmisjilTa<br />
uflebebi gaasaCivron gadawyvetileba an iTxovon Sewyaleba.<br />
“samoqalaqo da poitikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis”<br />
meore damatebiTi oqmi, romelic exeba <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis<br />
gauqmebas, miRebulia 1990 wels da igi dRemde moqmedebs. oqmze<br />
xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs swamT, rom <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis<br />
gauqmeba “Tavis wvlils Seitans adamianis Rirsebis metad<br />
warmoCinebaSi da adamianis uflebebis ufro metad<br />
ganviTarebaSi(preambula). aRniSnuli damatebiTi oqmi moiTxovs<br />
saxelmwifoTagan <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis SeCerebas da yvela<br />
SesaZlo zomis miRebas mis gasauqmeblad. oqmis mimarT<br />
akrZalulia yvelanairi daTqmis Camoyalibeba, Tumca<br />
saxelmwifoebma SeiZleba daitovon <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis, rogorc<br />
sasjelis zomis gamoyenebis ufleba omis periodSi, samxedro<br />
tipis mZime danaSaulis Camden pirTa mimarT. Tumca, yvela<br />
saxelmwifo, romelic uerTdeba am daTqmas gaero-s generalur<br />
4
mdivans aucileblad unda Seatyobinos qveyanaSi amgvari omis<br />
dawyebisa da damTavrebis dro.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, saerTaSoriso samarTali, dReisaTvis<br />
araorazrovnad gmobs <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s. 20-e saukunis<br />
dasasruls Seiqmna iseTi politikuri garemo, rodesac<br />
saerTaSoriso uwyebaTa umravlesobam miiRo <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis<br />
gauqmebasTan dakavSirebuli konvenciebi da oqmebi, Tumca<br />
amgvari qmedebisaTvis jer kidev ar miumarTavs zogierT<br />
saxelmwifos. <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong> dReisaTvis kidev moqmedebs,<br />
magaliTad, saudis arabeTSi, CineTSi, iranSi, aseve aSS-s<br />
zogierT StatSi da sxv. saerTaSoriso paqti aSkarad<br />
gamoxatavs saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis damokidebulebas<br />
<strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi. me-6 muxlSi mocemulia<br />
mimarTva im saxelmwifoTa mimarT, sadac jer kidev moqmedebs<br />
sasjelis umaRlesi zoma, rom isini sifrTxiliT moekidon<br />
sasjelis amgvari zomis Sefardebas.<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs dava <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis<br />
gauqmebis momxreebsa da mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris, orive mxares<br />
TavianTi sakmaod myari argumentebi gaaCniaT, Tumca neba<br />
miboZeT me Cemi pozicia davafiqsiro da DSevuerTde sikvdilis<br />
dasjis, rogorc sasjelis zomis gamoyenebis mowinaaRmdegeTa<br />
rigebs. imdenad, ramdenadac, <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>, rogorc<br />
sasjelis zoma safuZvelSive ewinaaRmdegeba sasjelis mizans.<br />
sasjelis mizani xom danaSaulis prevencia, damnaSavis<br />
gamosworeba da misi sazogadoebaSi srulfasovan wevrad<br />
dabrunebaa. marTalia, Cven SegviZlia vikamaToT, Tu ramdenad<br />
uwyobs xels Tanamedrove msoflioSi gavrcelebuli sasjelis<br />
zomebi damnaSaveTa gamosworebas da sazogadoebaSi<br />
srulfasovan wevrad dabrunebas, magram erTi ram Uudavoa, -<br />
<strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong> scildeba humanizmisa da Tanamedrove<br />
Rirebulebebis principebs. <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis, rogorc<br />
sasjelis umaRlesi zomis Sefardebisas saxelmwifo da<br />
sazogadoeba emsgavseba SurisZiebis surviliT Sepyrobil<br />
manqanas, romelsac danaSaulis Camdeni pirisaTvis samagieros<br />
mizRva barbarosuli meTodebiT ganuzraxavs. Cven, erTismxriv,<br />
vkicxavT, vsjiT damnaSaves, mis mier Cadenili gansakuTrebiT<br />
mZime danaSaulisaTvis, xolo meoresmxriv, vaZlevT uflebas<br />
meore adamians, mosmarTles, ganagos adamianis sikvdilsicoxlis<br />
bedi. ganaCenis gamotana xom Cveulebrivi adamianebis<br />
xeliT xdeba, Secdomebisgan ki aravinaa dazRveuli.<br />
dasafiqrebelia, aaqvs ki ufleba saxelmwifos misces ama-Tu im<br />
pirs uflebqamosileba, Tundac kanonis sruli dacviT<br />
miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT xelyos adamianis, Tundac<br />
damnaSavis sicocxlis ufleba. Tu amovalT im wertilidan,<br />
5
om adamianis sicocxlis mospoba borotebaa, sasikvdilo<br />
ganaCenis gamotaniT Cven erTismxriv sazogadoebas<br />
vaTavisuflebT borotmoqmedisagan, xolo iqve vRebuloT<br />
meore mkvlels, - adamians, romelmac aRasrula sasamarTlos<br />
mier gamotanili sasikvdilo ganaCeni. erT borotebas ki<br />
aucileblad sxva boroteba mohyveba.<br />
Tanamedrove, demokratiuli sazogadoeba erTxmad aRiarebs<br />
adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis princips, diax, kanonis<br />
winaSe yvela Tanasworia, arcerT adamians ar aqvs ufleba<br />
sicocxle mouswrafos meore adamians. am principebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis sasjelis zomad<br />
gamoyeneba, rbilad rom vTqvaT, arakonstituciuria da uxeSad<br />
arRvevs saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier aRiarebul normebs.<br />
dabolos, vfiqrob, yvela CvenTaganis valia, erTi wuTiT<br />
mainc davfiqrdeT, ra ufro didi sasjelia damnaSavisaTvis,<br />
mTeli sicocxlis, uvadoTavisuflebaaRkveTilTa sakanSi,<br />
oTx kedelSi, sazogadoebisagan izolaciaSi gatareba Tu<br />
sicocxlis erTi gasroliT dasruleba?!<br />
6
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