saqarTvelo da somxeTi
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aleqsandre ab<strong>da</strong>laZe (abu<strong>da</strong>laZe)<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong><br />

gamomcemloba “egrisi”<br />

Tbilisi 2008

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi egreTwodebuli didi <strong>somxeTi</strong><br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> qarTuli mxareebis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas, magram qarTveli<br />

eri Seupovari brZoliT ukanve ibruneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kargul miwawyals.<br />

Tu e. w. didi <strong>somxeTi</strong> Zalze iSviaTad amarTleb<strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />

saxelwodebas, didi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> namdvilad arsebob<strong>da</strong> gacilebiT<br />

met xans. didma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m gaaerTiana mTeli kavkasia.<br />

kavkasiis mzed <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> iqca <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>somxeTi</strong>. magram<br />

somxuri wreebis pretenziebi qarTuli miwa-wylis mimarT<br />

dRemde grZeldeba. yovelive amis Sesaxeb mokled moTxrobilia<br />

winamdebare wignSi.<br />

sponsori <strong>da</strong> re<strong>da</strong>qtori merab kostavas sazogadoebis<br />

wevri vaJa afSinaSvili<br />

avtori did madlobas moaxsenebs baton vaJa afSinaSvils,<br />

agreTve baton roland maTiaSvils <strong>da</strong> merab kostavas<br />

sazogadoebis TanamSromlebs<br />

© a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe (abu<strong>da</strong>laZe), gamomcemloba “egrisi”, 2008<br />

2

Sesavali<br />

qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong> somxebi uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n, a<strong>da</strong>mJamobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

moaqJamamde erTmaneTis mezoblebi arian. mecnieruli sizustiT<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es ori xalxi erTmaneTis gverdigverd<br />

cxovrobs sul cota 26 saukunea mainc. SesaZloa, qar-<br />

Tveli <strong>da</strong> somexi xalxebi, tomebi, maTi gansaxlebis teritoria<br />

ufro adrec esazRvrebo<strong>da</strong> erTmaneTs, magram mecnierebis<br />

ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze amis Taobaze ga<strong>da</strong>WriT Tqma<br />

Znelia.<br />

yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoebac, rom garkveuli mizezebis<br />

gamo, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si didi xnis win <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> somxuri<br />

mosaxleobis erTi nawili <strong>da</strong> dResac maTi naSieri sakmaod<br />

didi raodenobiT cxovrobs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si.<br />

marTalia, qarTvelebi marTlmadidebeli qristianebi<br />

varT, xolo somxebi grigoriani (monofiziti) qristianebia,<br />

magram orive eri xom mainc qristiania <strong>da</strong> maT mezoblobas<br />

qristianuli morali, zneoba, principebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debo<strong>da</strong> safuZvlad.Mmox<strong>da</strong><br />

ki es ase? isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom qarTvel-somexTa<br />

saeklesio ganxeTqileba VII saukuneSi xdeba <strong>da</strong> amgvari<br />

ram III-VI aswleulebSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mkafiod ar Seim-<br />

Cneva.<br />

cxadia, sasurveli iyo qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> somxebs uZvelesi<br />

droi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde hqono<strong>da</strong>T keTilmezobluri urTierToba,<br />

gamoenaxaT saerTo ena uamrav <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa winaaRmdeg erTiani<br />

frontiT, erToblivi ZalisxmeviT sabrZolvelad, magram, samwuxarod,<br />

es ase ar mox<strong>da</strong>. somxebma uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>nve, yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi qristes Sobamde meore saukuni<strong>da</strong>n aikviates,<br />

rom un<strong>da</strong> arsebuliyo egreTwodebuli didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>, romelsac<br />

mTeli kavkasia un<strong>da</strong> moecva. bunebrivia, Zvel kolxTa na-<br />

Sieri, didi warsulis mqone qarTvelebi somxebs ver gaibatonebdnen,<br />

ver gasomxdebodnen <strong>da</strong> yovelive amas moyva brZola,<br />

omebi qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> somxebs Soris. es omebi <strong>da</strong>sturdeba 22<br />

saukunis win, Semdgomac <strong>da</strong>, samwuxarod, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>Snakurma<br />

respublikam jari 1918 welsac Semousia <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s.<br />

dResac somxebi pretenzias acxadeben, rom somxeTs un<strong>da</strong><br />

miekuTvnos ZirZveli, mravaltanjuli qarTuli mxare _<br />

3

javaxeTi.Uufro metic, maT somxur miwa-wylad miaCniaT saqar-<br />

Tvelos mniSvnelovani nawili <strong>da</strong> Cveni qveynis guli, de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi<br />

Tbilisic.Aamas gahyvirian ara mxolod somexTa publicistebi,<br />

aramed maTi mecnierebic, magaliTad, araqel babaxaniani<br />

(is leos fsevdonimiT aqveyneb<strong>da</strong> naSromebs), paruir muradiani,<br />

ronald siuni <strong>da</strong> mravali sxva. somxebi axerxeben<br />

(fuli sakmaod aqvT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTvelebze Seu<strong>da</strong>reblad<br />

bevrad meti) <strong>da</strong> amgvar azrebs gamoaTqmevineben sakmaod<br />

xSirad ucxoel moRvaweebs, mecnierebsac. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />

ki qarTvel mecnierebsac ara aqvT SesaZlebloba, pirobebi<br />

imisTvis, rom gul<strong>da</strong>smiT, dinjad, maRal mecnierul doneze<br />

Seiswavlon <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s mravalsaukunovani urTier-<br />

Tobebis istoria.<br />

sakvlevi, saZiebeli imdenia, rom am <strong>da</strong>rgiT <strong>da</strong>interesebul<br />

TiToeul qarTvel mecniers, armenologs un<strong>da</strong> ufrTxildebodes<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes<br />

normaluri kadrebiT <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebuli samecniero ujredic.<br />

sagangebo zrunvaa saWiro imisTvisac, rom aRizardos qarTvel<br />

armenologTa momavali, unariani Taoba. samwuxarod, araferi<br />

amis msgavsi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si ar xdeba. ufro metic, somex-<br />

Ta garkveuli wreebi yvelafers akeTeben im mizniT, rom ar<br />

arsebobdnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s urTierTobebis istoriis<br />

qarTveli, qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis mqone specialistebi.<br />

aseT viTarebaSi somxebs gauadvildebaT Tavis gemoze<br />

mohfinon msoflios suraTi imisa, Tu ras warmoadgendnen<br />

somxebi <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebi aTaswleulTa manZilze. sergo sergos<br />

Ze mamulovma rusul enaze gamoqveynebul Tavis wignebSi <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva somxebmac ase ga<strong>da</strong>Wres es problema: somxebi Semoqmedi<br />

eria, xolo qarTvelebi maTi miRwevebis amTvisebelnio, somxebis<br />

xelSi Semyureo.<br />

Bbunebrivia, qarTvelebi veubnebiT somxebs: Tu qarTveli<br />

eri marTla somxuri kulturiT vikvebebodiT, maSin rogor<br />

mox<strong>da</strong>, rom somxebma SoTa rusTavelis “vefxistyaosnis“<br />

measedi Rirebulebis mqone nawarmoebi ver Seqmnes? ggoniaT,<br />

ixtibars gaitexen? aramc <strong>da</strong> aramc!D<strong>da</strong>ndurovsa <strong>da</strong> mis msgavs<br />

somxebs pasuxi gaSanSalebuli aqvT: SoTa rusTaveli xom somexi<br />

iyoo. Tu sabuTs movTxovT, gvpasuxoben: warmoudgenelia,<br />

4

qarTvels “vefxistyaosani” <strong>da</strong>ewera, es mxolod somexs SeeZlo,<br />

rameTu somxebi ariuli modgmis rasa, arielebi varTo.<br />

sxva argumenti maT ar gaaCniaT.<br />

mkiTxvelma rom ga<strong>da</strong>Warbeba ar <strong>da</strong>mabralos, vfiqrob,<br />

upriania movitano didi qarTvelebis, Cveni klasikosebis,<br />

ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelas nawerebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

calkeuli adgilebi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor cdilobdnen<br />

somexTa garkveuli wreebi waerTmiaT qarTveli erisTvis sam-<br />

Soblo, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, gaesomxurebinaT, gaesomxebinaT Cveni<br />

qveyana, qarTvelebi.<br />

qarTvel-somexTa urTierToba imdenad gamwvav<strong>da</strong> garkveuli<br />

mizezebis gamo, rom ilia WavWavaZe 1899 wels iZulebuli<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ewera <strong>da</strong> gamoeqveynebina “somexTa mecnierni <strong>da</strong> qvaTa<br />

RaRadi”, romelic ufro metad Semoklebuli saTauriT, ”qva-<br />

Ta RaRadis“ saxiTaa cnobili.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mimarT somexTa usaSvelo pretenziebis mizezad<br />

ilia Tavisi Tanamedrove qarTvelebis ga<strong>da</strong>jiSebas, <strong>da</strong>cemasac<br />

miiCnevs: “CvenisTana <strong>da</strong>briyvebuli, <strong>da</strong>bal Robed miCneuli<br />

eri, CvenisTana saxelgatexili Znelad Tu sxva moipoveba<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwis zurgze. vinc gnebavT, an zed gvabotebs, an<br />

gvqelavs <strong>da</strong> miwasTan gvasworebs”. ilias Rrma rwmeniT, amgvari<br />

mizani <strong>da</strong>usaxavT, kerZod, somexTa garkveul, fulian wreebs:<br />

maT “lamis kavkasiis qeds aqeT Cveni xseneba gaaCanagon,<br />

qarTvelebis saxeli de<strong>da</strong>miwis zurgi<strong>da</strong>m aRgavon <strong>da</strong> CalasaviT<br />

qars gaatanon. TiTqo arc odesRac vyofilvarT, arc<br />

dResa varT... suliT <strong>da</strong>balni, WkuagonebiT Clungni, zneoba<strong>da</strong>cemulni,<br />

sulelni, uswavlelni, gaunaTlebelni, gaRatakebulni,<br />

flidni, pirisgamtexni, mx<strong>da</strong>lni-laCarni _ ai Cvenis<br />

sulier <strong>da</strong> xorciel avla-didebis suraTi!Aai rani vyofilvarT,<br />

rani varT dRes imaTis sityviT, visac ase Tvis<strong>da</strong> sasargeblod<br />

miuCnevia Cvenis saxelis gatexa, Cveni miwasTan<br />

gasworeba. weriT Tu sityviT, Sin Tu gareT welebze fexs<br />

idgmen, rom qveyana <strong>da</strong>ajeron, viTomc Cven swored aseTi uxeironi<br />

<strong>da</strong> uRirsni vyofilvarT <strong>da</strong> dResac aseTnive varT, Tu<br />

ar uaresni.<br />

amisTana <strong>da</strong>RiT Sublze gaistumres qarTvelis saxeli<br />

evropaSi, saca-ki ena <strong>da</strong> kalami miuwvdebo<strong>da</strong>T. aseTive saxeli<br />

5

gauTqves qarTvelebs TviT ruseb Sorisac.” amiT miznad isaxavdnen,<br />

emtkicebinaT kavkasiaSi somexTa didi upiratesoba<br />

qarTvelebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT; ilia ganagrZobs: “saxelis gatexas<br />

Tqveni Wirimc wauRia. sityviTa <strong>da</strong> kalmiT qveyanas eficebian,<br />

viTomc kavkasiis qeds aqeT tigrisa <strong>da</strong> efratis saTaveebamde,<br />

TiTqmis Savis zRvi<strong>da</strong>m kaspiis zRvamde, egreTwodebuli armenia<br />

(viTomc <strong>somxeTi</strong>) yofila aTa<strong>da</strong>m-baba<strong>da</strong>m dRevandlamde,<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tu sadme viRac “vracebi” (somxebi qarTvels vracis eZaxian<br />

_ a. a.) yrilan _ erTi aTiode boslis adgili Tu sWeriaT<br />

<strong>da</strong> isic TiTqmis somexTa mowyalebiT. TiTon es “vraciebi”,<br />

viTarca eri arafrad saxsenebelia, imitom, rom gawyvetisa <strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis gzaze dganan <strong>da</strong>, Tund esec ar iyos, Wkua imaT<br />

ar gaaCniaT, rom Tavbedisa gaigon ram, aReb-micemobis unari<br />

RmerTs imaTTvis ar uRirsebia, meurmeobisa <strong>da</strong> Calvadrobis<br />

meti sxva xeloba ar ician <strong>da</strong> is patar-patara sabosleebic-ki<br />

ver mouxmarebiaT, romelTac qveynis sasacilod, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

eZaxian...<br />

am saxiT xom gvarTmeven yovel erovnul Rirsebas,<br />

sTiTxnian Cvens vinaobas, <strong>da</strong> rom sul mTlad bolo mogviRon<br />

qveynis winaSe, gvibaTileben mTel Cvens istoriasac, Cvens istoriuls<br />

matianeebs, istoriuls naSTsa <strong>da</strong> saxsovarsa, mTels<br />

Cvens sisxliT-mosils Rvawls qristianobisaTvis Sewirulsa,<br />

<strong>da</strong> yovels amas TiTon iCemeben didis gaZvren-gamoZvreniTa...<br />

risTvis aris atexili es mtver-buqi, es fuqsavati Weqaquxili?<br />

imisTvis, rom qveyana <strong>da</strong>ajeron, viTomc amierkavkasiaSi<br />

erTaderTi somxis eria, romelic ZvelisZvela<strong>da</strong>c yofila,<br />

dResac aris, <strong>da</strong> amis gamo momavalic misTvis ufro upriania,<br />

vidre sxvisaTvis, radganac istoriulad <strong>da</strong>amtkices<br />

Tvisi sulier-xorcieli sidide <strong>da</strong> Zal-Rone, Tvisi Seuryevloba<br />

<strong>da</strong> simaRle Wkua-gonebisao.<br />

visi unaria yovelive es? es ra Savi yorania, rom Tavs<br />

<strong>da</strong>gvtrialebs, zed <strong>da</strong>gvyefs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gvCxavis?” ilia a<strong>da</strong>naSaulebs<br />

somexTa garkveul wreebs mizanmimarTul antiqarTul<br />

qmedebebSi. am wreebs <strong>da</strong>uskvniaT, rom qarTveli eris arseboba<br />

xels uSli<strong>da</strong> somexTa gaZlierebas: “Cven marto imas vCiviT,<br />

rom somxis maqeb-madidebeli gundi Cven, qarTvelebs,<br />

6

gvTxris, sulierad <strong>da</strong> xorcielad gvabaTilebs <strong>da</strong> samarisaken<br />

gviSvers xelsa, TiTqos marto Cveni araraobaa maTis<br />

Rirsebis momaswavebeli, maTis Rirsebis maniSnebeli.”<br />

Tu qarTvelebi somexTa pretenziebis safuZvlianad, samarTlianad<br />

gabaTilebas, ukugdebas Seecdebodnen, somxebi<br />

amaze gangaSs texdnen, qarTvel moRvaweebs aTasnair braldebebs<br />

uyenebdnen, kacTmoZuleobasac ki abralebdnen: “Tqveni<br />

wkipurtic-ki gvwyinso <strong>da</strong> Cvens panRurs-ki nu iwyenTo. ra nabiWvrebi<br />

Cvena varT am wuTisoflisa, rom amas gveubnebian,<br />

amiT gviTaTbireben...<br />

somexTa…mecnierTa <strong>da</strong> maTTa amqarTa oinebi karga xnis<br />

ambavia.” isini cdilobeno, <strong>da</strong>arwmunon kacobrioba, rom “mTeli<br />

qveyana mtkvars iqiT, saca exla tfilisia, <strong>da</strong> sxva ufro<br />

didi nawili <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>si _ mu<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis ekuTvno<strong>da</strong><br />

somxeTs <strong>da</strong> aq mosaxleobdnen somexni...”…yovelgvari wyaro,<br />

qvebic ki RaRadebeno somexTa mecnierebis siyalbes, maT mier<br />

mravaltanjuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s warsulis <strong>da</strong>kninebas, gabiabruebas:<br />

“yovel amis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, somxebis mwignobarni mainc<br />

Tavisas iZaxian <strong>da</strong> binas ikeTeben iq, saca ara hqoniaT. gana<br />

aSkara ar aris, rom am cuRlutur mecnierobiT swadianT qveyana<br />

<strong>da</strong>ajeron, viTomc istoriuli ufleba miuZRviT am adgilebSi<br />

binis <strong>da</strong>debisa.”<br />

ilias <strong>da</strong> sxva qarTvel miRvaweTa Tanaxmad, somxuri<br />

wreebi, TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad, JamTa siaves ga<strong>da</strong>rCenil<br />

sabuTebsac anadgurebdnen.Aam wreebisTviso “cotaa sxvisa<br />

marTali hmalos, Tvisi tyuili ayviros. am gundma kargad<br />

icis, rom sabuTi,rac gin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>malo, dResa Tu xvale gamom-<br />

JRavndeba <strong>da</strong> Tavisas gaitans. saqme sabuTis gabaTilebaa, an<br />

waSla, an Cafxek-amofxeka, an ga<strong>da</strong>keTeba saTavisod...<br />

radganac dro iqneba, roca istoriuli naSTebi <strong>da</strong> saxsovrebi<br />

Tavisas ityvian , _ visa sWeria <strong>da</strong> vis uWiravs es adgilebi,<br />

<strong>da</strong> radganac qvani, mravalni Senobani, taZrebi, monastrebi<br />

hRaRadebdnen, rom Zvelis-Zvelad am adgilebSi qarTvelebi<br />

yofilan, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, saWiroa am utyuars mowmeebs<br />

qarTvelebisas xma Caawyvetinon... auRiaT <strong>da</strong>, saca SesZlebiaT<br />

<strong>da</strong> mouxelebiaT, wauSliaT yovelive kvali.<br />

amisi moxerxeba…Zneli ar aris, oRond xalisi iyos <strong>da</strong><br />

7

namusi nebas iZleodes. dRes iseTi dRea, oRond-ki fons gaxvide,<br />

Sen Seni gaiyvano, <strong>da</strong> motyuebiT iqneba, TaRliTobiT,<br />

Tu oinbazobiT, amas viRa ikiTxavs.” Semdeg ilia asaxelebs<br />

cnobili qarTveli istorikosis, dimitri baqraZis mier aRweril<br />

saTanado SemTxvevas: “d. baqraZe mogviTxrobs erTs amis-<br />

Tana magaliTs, romelic gvaniSnebs am mSveniers unars somxebis<br />

erTgvar gundisas. arTvinSi erTi didi ekklesiaa Turme<br />

Zvelis-Zveli. iqaurs somxobas mouwadinebia mzamzareulad am<br />

ekklesiis <strong>da</strong>Cemeba.Mminam <strong>da</strong>iCemebdnen, berZnebi Sescilebian,<br />

_ eg ekklesia ZvelTaganve qarTvelebisa yofila, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

CvenTvis, viTarca marTlmadideblebisaTvis, ufro uprianiao.<br />

am ekklesias marTlmadideblobis niSnad ze<strong>da</strong> hqonia qva qar-<br />

Tulis warweriTa. somxebs... igi qva sadRac waubrZanebiaT <strong>da</strong><br />

miumalavT. am gziT igi ekklesia marTlmadidebelTaTvis xeli<strong>da</strong>m<br />

gamoutacniaT <strong>da</strong> dRes somxebs <strong>da</strong>uCemebiaT”.<br />

ilia exeba somexi mecnieris qerope patkanovis tendenciurobas,<br />

mis mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s warsulis gayalbebas, qar-<br />

Tuli kulturis <strong>da</strong>kninebas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sZens: “ase gvamkobs, ase miwasTan<br />

gvasworebs qarTvelebs, mere ra xnis qarTvelebs? me-<br />

Tormete saukunisebs. mere vin? profesori <strong>da</strong> mecnier-mwignobari.<br />

marTalia, somexTa profesoria, somexTa mecnieria, magram<br />

nuTu aqao-<strong>da</strong> somexia, marTali ar un<strong>da</strong> sTqvas, marTali<br />

ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>inaxos?Ggangeb Tvalebze xeli rad aufarebia me-<br />

Tormete, an meTerTmete saukunoebis qarTvelebze...<br />

vinc gangeb goneba<strong>da</strong>xSuli ar aris, an gangeb Tvalebze<br />

xelafarebuli, vinc kiTxva icis <strong>da</strong> gageba wakiTxulisa, gana<br />

ikadrebs Tqmas, rom “vefxis-tyaosnis” Semqmneli eri imodenad<br />

briyvi iyoo, rom istoriis saWiroebis grZnobac ara hqoniao.<br />

vis mouva amis Tqma fiqrad, Tu ar somexTa filosofosebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> profesorebs.”<br />

ilia miiCnevs, rom q. patkanovs antiqarTuli ganwyobilebis<br />

virusi, bacila Seuyria Tavisi mowafisTvisac, saqar-<br />

TveloSi <strong>da</strong>badebuli <strong>da</strong> gazrdili, dediT qarTveli niko marisTvisac.<br />

arsebobs versia, rom niko mari mamiTac qarTveli<br />

iyo. am azrisaa, kerZod, gamoCenili mecnieri <strong>da</strong> moRvawe, niko<br />

maris uaxloesi megobari, eqvTime TayaiSvili. n. maris oficialurma<br />

mamam, iakob marma n. maris de<strong>da</strong>, sruliad axalgaz-<br />

8

<strong>da</strong> qali, 85 wlis asakSi SeirTo colad <strong>da</strong> xsenebuli versiis<br />

Tanaxmad, niko mari de<strong>da</strong>miss qarTveli mamakacisgan Ses-<br />

Zenia.<br />

n. maris pozicias ilia ase gadmogvcems: “Tu rame kulturis<br />

nasaxi gaaCniaT qarTvelebsao, TiTqmis sul somxebis<br />

mowyalebiTao, somxebis kultura rom uar-hyon, naxevari<br />

kultura qarTvelebisa Tqvens Wirs waiRebso.” n. mari cnobili<br />

mecnieri iyo, mas mniSvnelovani naSromebi aqvs Seqmnili<br />

ara marto armenologiis, aramed qarTvelologiis problemebzec,<br />

magram mas meryevi xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> somxuri wreebi<br />

cdilobdnen amis gamoyenebas TavianT sasargeblod. isini<br />

afinansebdnen kidec n. mars, rom mas arqeologiuri gaTxrebi<br />

ewarmoebina <strong>somxeTi</strong>s Zvel de<strong>da</strong>qalaq anisSi, mecnierul doneze<br />

Seswavla anisis siZveleni, mis istoriasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />

problemebi, iseve rogorc, sazogadod, somexTmcodneobis<br />

sakiTxebi. safiqrebelia, rom somxuri wreebi cdilobdnen,<br />

raTa n. mars qarTvelologiuri problemebi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

urTierTobebis sakiTxebi somxuri poziciebi<strong>da</strong>n ekvlia<br />

1 <strong>da</strong> zogjer amas aRwevdnen kidec. n. mari nawyenic iyo<br />

qarTvelebze. profesorma aleqsandre cagarelma, n. maris<br />

ucnaurobebis gamo, uari Tqva miewvia is Tavis kaTedraze, samagierod<br />

miiwvia q. patkanovma. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />

n. mari Seyvarebuli yofila qarTvel qaliSvilze,<br />

romelic colad ar gahyva.<br />

ilia a<strong>da</strong>naSaulebs TbilisSi mcxovreb somex moRvaweebs,<br />

kerZod TbilisSi gamomavali somxuri gazeTis “mSakis”<br />

re<strong>da</strong>qtors, grigol arwrunis, rom isini ucxoelebs yalb informacias<br />

awvdidnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sesaxeb: “<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, tfilisiTurT,<br />

somxeTad moaCvenes evropiel korespondents <strong>da</strong><br />

es ambavi qveyanaSi moafenines ucxo kacs”… es imitomac mox<strong>da</strong>o,<br />

rom somxebma mas didi pativi sces <strong>da</strong> amiT moxibluls,<br />

gabruebuls CasCiCinebdneno: “tfilisi <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> Cveni<br />

1 aRsaniSnavia, mag., rom petriwonis qarTul monasterTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />

sakiTxebis Sesaxeb n. maris Tvalsazrisis siyalbesa <strong>da</strong> mc<strong>da</strong>robaze saubaria<br />

l. menabdis wignSi – “Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi”, II, 1980,<br />

gv. 257; n. mari am problemebsac somxuri Tvalsawieri<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare udgebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

9

inaao, Cveni qveyanaao”. frang korespondents somxebma isic<br />

aTqmevines, rom amierkavkasiaSi, kerZod, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si XIX<br />

saukunis ”<strong>da</strong>sasrulamde somxebi male gamravldebian <strong>da</strong> qar-<br />

Tvelebze metni Seiqmnebiano”. ilia svams kiTxvas: “es ra ucnauri<br />

unaria somxebis gaSenebisa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis ga<strong>da</strong>Senebisa,<br />

romlis ZaliTac 23 weliwadis ganmavlobaSi cota somexi<br />

gabevrdeba <strong>da</strong> bevri qarTveli <strong>da</strong>cotavdeba”. somexTa garkveuli<br />

wreebi qarTvelebs momakv<strong>da</strong>v erad miiCnevdnen <strong>da</strong> Tu<br />

qarTvelTa erTi nawili arsebobas mainc gaagrZeleb<strong>da</strong>, maT<br />

gasomxebaze fiqrobdnen.<br />

ilias Tanaxmad, somexi mecnierebi <strong>da</strong> moRvaweebi yvelafers<br />

akeTeben <strong>da</strong> momavalSic gaakeTeben imisTvis, rom <strong>da</strong>arwmunon<br />

msoflio, TiTqos amierkavkasiaSi ZvelaTac wamyvani<br />

eri somxebi iyvnen <strong>da</strong> momavalic maT ekuTvniT, xolo qarTvelebi<br />

maCanCala eria, somxebze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli Zvela<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong> am-<br />

Jama<strong>da</strong>co: “gana aSkara ar aris, rom imisTana mecnierni, rogoric<br />

patkanovia, filosofosi arwrunia <strong>da</strong> viRac ezovebi, xu<strong>da</strong>baSovebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> mTeli maTi amqari, arafers Takiloben,<br />

oRond-ki Tavisi Savi gaaTeTron <strong>da</strong> Cveni TeTri gaaSavon imis<strong>da</strong><br />

mixedviT, ra dros ra swyurianT, ra dros ra uxdebaT<br />

tanad <strong>da</strong> pirad …<br />

gana aSkara ar aris, un<strong>da</strong>T qveyanas <strong>da</strong>anaxvon, rom somxebze<br />

ukeTesi, gamZle eri, yovlis niWiTa <strong>da</strong> unariT Semkobili<br />

sxva aravin aris mcire aziaSi <strong>da</strong> nametnavad amierkavkasiaSi.<br />

marTalia, amierkavkasiaSi es raRac “vracebi” hyrian <strong>da</strong><br />

cotad Tu bevrad amaTac axseneben, magram aseT saqmes <strong>da</strong>vmar-<br />

TebT, ase gavubiabruebT saxels, rom saxsenebelic-ki aRar<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCeT. Tu istoria aqvT, gavuyalbebT, an Cven <strong>da</strong>viCemebT, miwa-wyali<br />

aqvT <strong>da</strong> Cven CamovarTmevT, <strong>da</strong> qveyanas, tyuili iqmneba<br />

Tu marTali, <strong>da</strong>vajerebT, rom qarTveloba ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis<br />

gzazea Semdgari <strong>da</strong> dResa Tu xvale an amoswydebian de<strong>da</strong>-budianad,<br />

an gasomxdebian”.<br />

<strong>da</strong>bolos, somxuri wreebis misamarTiT iliam ganacxa<strong>da</strong>:<br />

“Cven Cvensas nu gvecilebian, Cveni saxelis gatexiT nu cdiloben<br />

TavianTis saxelis keTebas <strong>da</strong> Semkobas.<br />

Cven, bevri gvqon<strong>da</strong>, Tu cota, SegivrdomeT, Semogixiz-<br />

10

neT, giZmeT <strong>da</strong> Sin mtrad nu gvekidebiT 1 .”<br />

somxuri wreebisTvis imdenad miuRebeli iyo ilia WavWavaZis<br />

didi masStabis erovnuli moRvaweoba, misi Tavganwiruli<br />

brZola <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, qarTveli eris ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad, rom<br />

Cemi azriT, ilias mkvlelobis mowyobaSi somxurma wreebmac<br />

miiRes monawileoba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, maT <strong>da</strong>afinanses mainc<br />

ilias mkvlelobis momwyobni <strong>da</strong> uSualo mkvlelebi.<br />

mkvlelobis momwyobebma icodnen, rom ilias mokvla garkveul<br />

somxur wreebs guls gauxareb<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> am mizniT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

somxuri burJuazia fulis gaRebaze uars ar ityo<strong>da</strong>. es<br />

fuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mcxovreb somxuri burJuaziis warmomadgenlebs<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d xom qarTveli xalxis gayvlefis Sedegad<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T naSovni <strong>da</strong> Tu qarTveli eris mamas, ilias moklavdnen,<br />

amiT somxuri wreebis gegmebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>sakuTrebisa<br />

ufro advilad gansaxorcielebeli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>. rac Seexeba<br />

somxuri burJuaziis parpaSs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, es ruseTis<br />

imperiis antiqarTuli qmedebebis Sedegia.<br />

akaki wereTels Tavis werilSi – “istoriuli ganxilva<br />

saxel-wodebis: armenis, haistanis <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong>s” – qarTul-somxur<br />

urTierTobebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT moaqvs nawyvetebi Tedo<br />

razikaSvilis moTxrobi<strong>da</strong>n – “fiTri”. akakis poziciis ukeT<br />

gasagebad upriania cota ram mec amoviwero am moTxrobi<strong>da</strong>n:<br />

“mciva, mciva, Semibrale, TavSesafari momec, siciviT nu momklav.<br />

xo xe<strong>da</strong>v, ra patara var, lamis qarma ga<strong>da</strong>magdos <strong>da</strong><br />

Tovlma CamaxrCos! bina momec, casqveS nu <strong>da</strong>magdeb, _ ase<br />

evedrebo<strong>da</strong> sicivisagan sikvdilis pirze misuli pawawa fiTris<br />

Tesli msxlis xesa, romelsac amayad Tavi maRla aeRo<br />

<strong>da</strong> irxeo<strong>da</strong>.”<br />

msxlis xe “eZeb<strong>da</strong>, vin eZax<strong>da</strong>, ra sulieri iyo mTxovneli,<br />

aTvaliereb<strong>da</strong>, magram aravina Can<strong>da</strong>.” fiTris marcvali,<br />

“rac Zali <strong>da</strong> Rone hqon<strong>da</strong> iWimebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>minaxoso …<br />

_ aqa var, patara var, <strong>da</strong>ixare kidev, ro <strong>da</strong>minaxo; Cemi<br />

tol-amxanagebi<strong>da</strong>n marto me ga<strong>da</strong>vrCi, gaumaZRarma CxarTvma<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ylapa yvelani, mec naxevrad <strong>da</strong>glejil-<strong>da</strong>fleTilma aq<br />

1 ilia WavWavaZe, rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, tomi V, Tbilisi, 1987,<br />

gv. 21-111.<br />

11

Sen Semogafare Tavi. Sen Tu ar <strong>da</strong>mmale, is msunagi mec Camylapavs,<br />

ar ga<strong>da</strong>vurCebi…<br />

_ mciva, mciva! – wripineb<strong>da</strong> fiTris Tesli, _ aqve SevZvrebi,<br />

Torem es aris suli amovi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

_ SeZver, Se sawyalo, adgils rogor <strong>da</strong>giWer, _ uTxra<br />

gulmtkivneulad msxalma, _ Tu Tqvenebi kidev naxo vinme ga-<br />

Wirvebuli, movidnen, ar <strong>da</strong>viSureb arc imaTTvis binasa, Tqven<br />

xom nayofs ar SemiWamT WiebiviT…<br />

_ rasa brZanebT, Tqve <strong>da</strong>locvilo, Cveni jiSi xileuls<br />

ar ewyoba <strong>da</strong> arc me giaxlebiT, arxeina<strong>da</strong> brZandebode. oh,<br />

ra madlobeli var, ra madli miyav, erTi suli momarCine<br />

sikvdilsa. Tu fiTri var, ga<strong>da</strong>gixdi Sens sikeTesa.<br />

fiTris marcvali SeZvra msxlis qerqqveS, sa<strong>da</strong>c ufro<br />

Rrmad iyo gaxeTqili <strong>da</strong> zed cilaze miekra.<br />

_ oh, ra kargad var, arc Semciva, arc momSiva! _ butbuteb<strong>da</strong><br />

fiTri…<br />

ramdenic dro gadio<strong>da</strong>, imdeni fiTric icvlebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

msxlis qerqze, tkipasaviT <strong>da</strong>krobili, izrdebo<strong>da</strong>, iberebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

sul gan-gan iwev<strong>da</strong>. msxlis cila ramdenime alagas Caexvrita<br />

<strong>da</strong> tuCebiT <strong>da</strong>hkvro<strong>da</strong>…<br />

cilaSi Cakrobili fiTris Tesli ki, rac Zali <strong>da</strong> Rone<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>, wuwni<strong>da</strong> axlad gamarTuli tuCebiT isec sicivisagan<br />

gamofitul msxlis qerqsa.<br />

es sisxlis wovna ki ugrZnobeli ar <strong>da</strong>rCa msxalsa…”<br />

gamZRari fiTri ixsenebs Tavisi jiS-jilagis Tavga<strong>da</strong>savalsac:<br />

CxarTvio “sa<strong>da</strong>c ki fiTrs naxavs, iq <strong>da</strong>ibudebs, aRar<br />

moeSveba, sanam saTiTaod ar gamohkenkavs… wava CxarTvic,<br />

sadme qorfa msxalze an vaSlze moskintlavs, CvenebTaganic<br />

vinme gahyveba skintlSi uWirvel-utkivari. Zalian bediera<strong>da</strong><br />

grZnobs iq Tavsa. samSoblos moSorebuli TavisTvis iwyebs<br />

warmoebas. Sexe<strong>da</strong>v sami-oTxi wlis Semdeg, erTi uSvelebeli<br />

gamx<strong>da</strong>ra. msxlis totebSi mwvane kordiviT ga<strong>da</strong>fenila. gamravldeba,<br />

gaavsebs totebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iWers mTlad yvela adgils.<br />

sakvirveli kai jiSi gvaqvs. is aris kidev sakvirveli, rom…<br />

Tu ar mzamzareuli sakvebiT, Cveni gvari ver xeirobs. Tu<br />

sxvas ar vasxedvarT, de<strong>da</strong>miwaze Camoyrilebi erT dRes veRa-<br />

12

a vcocxlobT…<br />

msxali ki Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan imSeo<strong>da</strong>. axla ki mwvaved igrZno<br />

msxalma tkivili im adgilze, sa<strong>da</strong>c fiTri aj<strong>da</strong>. . .<br />

_ vina xar, ra xar, ra sulieri xar? aRar momSordebi?<br />

_ ekiTxebo<strong>da</strong> fiTrsa. _ Tu stumari xar, stumroba amdeni<br />

xani ar gagonila. . .<br />

_ xa! xa! xa! _ ga<strong>da</strong>ixarxara fiTrma, iseTi sazareli<br />

<strong>da</strong> saZageli xmiTa <strong>da</strong> kiloTi, romelSic gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong> mware<br />

<strong>da</strong> gulis momkvleli <strong>da</strong>cinva. _ sad un<strong>da</strong> wavideT, vera<br />

hxe<strong>da</strong>v, ramdeni varT?! Cveni samSoblo es aris. . .<br />

_ hai, hai, fiTro, aRar gaxsovs, am aTi-TxuTmeti wlis<br />

winaT rogori iyav, roca msxals TavSesafars Txovdi. axla<br />

ki msxalma Sen un<strong>da</strong> gTxovos, rom sicocxle aCuqo am sabralosa!’’<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebma fiTri moaSores, Camosxepes msxlis xisgan.<br />

momakv<strong>da</strong>vma msxalma gamococxleba iwyo: “Cven isev cocxlebi<br />

varT, ar movkvdebiT, Cvenamde jer sikvdils ar mouRwevia,<br />

sasoebas nu hkargavo. – iZaxdnen Turme fesvebi...”<br />

msxlis xe ga<strong>da</strong>rCa. 1<br />

Tedo razikaSvilis moTxrobi<strong>da</strong>n nawyvetebis motanis<br />

Semdeg akaki ase msjelobs: “rogorc mcenareebSi fiTri, suro<br />

<strong>da</strong> xavsi, anu cxovelebSi mkbenari mwerebi, ise a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

tomebSiac urevian misTana gundebi, romelTac TviTarseboba<br />

Tavis Tavad ar SeuZliaT <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> sxvis sxeulze ixaron.<br />

amis magaliTs gviCvenebs is didi gundi movaWreTa, romelsac<br />

Cven... somxebaT vuwodebT. uxsovari droi<strong>da</strong>n, im TaviTve, gadmoudgams<br />

Tu ara biji iveriel toms, isinic adevnebian... gadmoulaxavT<br />

masisi (ararati) <strong>da</strong> aqamde Camohyolian, rom fiTriviT<br />

gars Semoxveoden <strong>da</strong> kanSi CaWroden...<br />

Ees xalxi, sa<strong>da</strong>c-ki Sexiznula <strong>da</strong> Tavi Seufarebia, cota<br />

sulis mobrunebis Semdeg, <strong>da</strong>patroneba moundomebia, Tavic<br />

iqaur mkvidraT aRuarebia <strong>da</strong> boganoT mosuloba ga<strong>da</strong>ufuCe-<br />

Cebia. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vaT qarTul-berZnul istoriis wyaroebisa, maTma<br />

istoriam mefis warTmevac-ki mogvindoma <strong>da</strong> didi <strong>da</strong>viT kurat-palati<br />

Tavis mefeT aRiara, rasakvirvelia im ganZraxviT,<br />

rom qveyana <strong>da</strong>erwmunebia: Tu mefe Cveni iyo, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, misi<br />

1 ixileT “qarTuli proza”, wigni XIV, Tb., 1987, gv. 70-80.<br />

13

samflobelo_taosis kari anu axlandeli Woroxis xeobac sasomxeTo<br />

yofilao.Mmomavlis gasakvlevaT sxvisi warsulis misakuTreba<br />

<strong>da</strong> misive yofilis uaris yofa upirveles xerxaT<br />

uWiravT xelSi. imaT istorias rom <strong>da</strong>vekiTxoT, TviT-arseboba<br />

qarTvelTa arasodes ar yofila saxsenebeli, enac imaT<br />

uwyalobebiaT CvenTvis, anbanic maTs mesrobs SeuTxzavs Cveni<br />

<strong>da</strong> wes-wyobilebac maTgan migviRia!..”<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari Sexedulebebi dResac gavrcelebulia<br />

somxur samecniero literaturaSi, mag., “somexi<br />

xalxis istoriis” mravaltomeulSi, “somxur sabWoTa enciklopediaSi”<br />

<strong>da</strong> bevrgan sxvaganac. somxuri wyaroebisa <strong>da</strong> gamokvlevebis<br />

gavleniT msgavsi azrebi gvxvdeba ucxoel mecnierTa<br />

naSromebSic <strong>da</strong> samecniero-popularul gamocemebSic.<br />

magaliTisTvis SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT am bolo wlebSi ruseTSi<br />

gamocemuli ”marTlmadidebluri enciklopediac.”Mmiuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

imisa, rom somxebi grigorianebi arian <strong>da</strong> ara marTlmadideblebi,<br />

rusul “marTlmadideblur enciklopediaSic”<br />

mouxerxebiaT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s urTierTobebis tendeciurad,<br />

somxuri pozicii<strong>da</strong>n gaSuqeba, ufro sworad, Cabneleba.<br />

saqme iqamde midis, rom akademikosad wodebulma s. aivazianma<br />

am bolo xanebSi warmoSobiT somxebad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> TviT ilia<br />

WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli <strong>da</strong> yvela qarTuli Tavaduri gvari,<br />

erTaderTi gamonaklisis gar<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelebi, Turme, warmoSobiT<br />

somxebi yofilan, magram somexTa erTi nawili mogvianebiT<br />

ratomRac ga<strong>da</strong>jiSebulan <strong>da</strong> am ga<strong>da</strong>jiSebul somxebs<br />

<strong>da</strong>rqmeviaT qarTvelebi.Aamgvari Tvalsazrisi gvxvdeba Zvel<br />

somxur wyaroebSic <strong>da</strong> axal somxur gamokvlevebSic.<br />

Aakaki ganagrZobs: vTqvaT <strong>da</strong>veTanxmeT somexTa mecnierebso<br />

_ ”aRar viwameT <strong>da</strong> aRar virwmuneT arc ucxo erebis<br />

istoriuli wyaroebi Cveni eris Sesaxeb, arc Cveni sakuTari<br />

qronikebi, arc gujrebi; yalbaT vicaniT Cveni pergamentebi,<br />

arxeologia, numizmaTika <strong>da</strong> sxvani, magram imas raRa vuyoT,<br />

rac axla Cvens Tvalsa-<strong>da</strong>-xel-Sua xdeba <strong>da</strong> rasac ase naTlaT<br />

Cveni TvaliTa vxe<strong>da</strong>vT?! guSindeli ambavi ar aris maTi<br />

Semoxizvna <strong>da</strong> Cven mier maT sapatronoT xelis gaSvera? Cvenma<br />

ukanasknelma mefeebma isini Sig Suagul <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si Se-<br />

14

moxiznes <strong>da</strong> rogorc vaWar-xalxs, omSi gamousadegars, 1 qalaqebi<br />

Caabares. qarTveli xalxi-ki brZolis velze aTen-aRameb<strong>da</strong>...<br />

<strong>da</strong>Raluli, <strong>da</strong>qanculi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wylulebuli qarTvelebi,<br />

Sin rom Semobrunden, ra <strong>da</strong>uxv<strong>da</strong>T? is, rom maTi yofa-cxovreba<br />

Semoxiznul <strong>da</strong> moZmeT miRebul vaWrebis xelSi iyo <strong>da</strong><br />

bodiSis magieraT, pir-iqiT mediduraT hyviroden: “vin xarT<br />

<strong>da</strong> sai<strong>da</strong>n modixarTo? Tqven rodis yofilxarT aqo?Ees yovelTvis<br />

Cveni yofilao!” <strong>da</strong>samtkiceblaT qarTvelebisve taZreb-monastrebs<br />

miuTiTes, sa<strong>da</strong>c qarTuli zed-warwera amoefxikaT<br />

<strong>da</strong> “<strong>da</strong>viT-bagratebis” nacvlaT “arSak-marSakebi” CaeweraT!..<br />

Cven gvakvirvebs Secdoma <strong>da</strong> gulubriyvloba Cveni mefeebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTveli xalxis, Tvara es sworeT asec un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo,<br />

radganac brZola arsebobisaTvis msoflio kanonia<br />

<strong>da</strong> verc somxebi acdebodnen am kanons, miT ufro, rom Zveli<br />

anderZi xelSi eWiraT <strong>da</strong> misi gatexa ise ar SeeZloT, rogorc<br />

sakuTari rjulisa!.. Cven raRaT un<strong>da</strong> vecadoT somxebis<br />

sinidisSi Cagdebas, rom msoflio kanons ewinaaRmdegon <strong>da</strong><br />

rjuli gatexon? magram sruli neba ki gvaqvs, vusayveduroT<br />

im Seugnebel <strong>da</strong> cru-liberal qarTvel inteligentebs, romelnic<br />

bans aZleven somxebs <strong>da</strong> gaiZaxian: “ibrZoleT Tqvenc<br />

mxolod im iaraRiT, romelsac isini xmarobeno!” ra eTqmis im<br />

mwyemss, romelsac farexSi mglebi SecveniaT <strong>da</strong> mis nacvlaT,<br />

rom man kombali aiRos xelSi mosagereblaT, mxoloT iZaxis:<br />

“un<strong>da</strong> mec ise moviqce, rogorc isini iqceviano! e.i. movicado<br />

im dromdi, sanam Cem cxvrebsac ar amouvaT mglis kbilebi <strong>da</strong><br />

sakbenaTac mgluraT ar aeSlebaT saRerRelio?!“ 2<br />

Aakaki aseve ambob<strong>da</strong>: raime materialuri sargeblobis<br />

motana rom SeeZlos, <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli var, somxebi qarTvelebs<br />

de<strong>da</strong>-enasac wagvarTmeveno.<br />

1899 wels vaJa-fSavelas <strong>da</strong>uweria poema “haos <strong>da</strong> qarTlos”.<br />

haosi <strong>da</strong> qarTlosi somexTa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa miTiuri winaprebis<br />

saxelebia. 1899 welsve gazeT “iveriaSi” (# 116) gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong><br />

cnoba, rom i. ime<strong>da</strong>Svils ganuzraxavs am poemisa <strong>da</strong><br />

1 viTareba Seicvala: amJamad somxebze aRar iTqmis, omSi gamousadegarni<br />

ariano _ yarabaRisTvis omi amis <strong>da</strong>sturia.<br />

2 ix. Aakakis krebuli, #5, pirveli ganyofileba, Tb., 1898, gv. 32-38.<br />

15

vaJas ramdenime leqsis calke wignad gamocema. magram imdroindelma,<br />

ruseTis imperiis cenzuram nebarTva ar gasca, ra-<br />

Ta <strong>da</strong>stambuliyo es wigni. safiqrebelia, TbilisSi mokala-<br />

Tebulma somxurma burJuaziam <strong>da</strong> misma amqarma moaxdines gavlena<br />

cenzuraze.Nn.Ddurnovos sityviT, qarTuli eklesiis gam-<br />

Zarcveli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s rusi egzarqosebi megobrobdnen somex<br />

magnatebTan; saerTo<strong>da</strong>c, somexi krezebi kvebaveno ruseTis imperiis<br />

kavkasiel Cinovnikebs 1 . qarTveli xalxis gayvlefis Sedegad<br />

gamdidrebuli somxebi moqrTamavdnen cenzurasac, ra-<br />

Ta mas neba ar <strong>da</strong>erTo qarTvel avtorTa somexTaTvis miuRebeli<br />

Txzulebebis <strong>da</strong>stambvaze.<br />

vaJa-fSavelas poema “haos <strong>da</strong> qarTlos” pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong><br />

avtoris gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebi<strong>da</strong>n 17 wlis Semdeg, 1932 wels,<br />

al. abaSelis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT gamocemul vaJas TxzulebaTa meoTxe<br />

tomSi.<br />

vaJas poemaSi qarTlosi gansaxierebaa qarTveli erisa,<br />

xolo haosi _ somexi erisa. avtoris mixedviT, Tvalcremliani,<br />

konkebSi gaxveuli haosi “qarTloss moadga karze<strong>da</strong>” <strong>da</strong><br />

Seexvewa: Zmao qarTlos, “nuTu <strong>da</strong>Cagruls moZmesa binas ar<br />

momcem saxlSia?” qarTlosi mtiral haoss “yels ga<strong>da</strong>eWdo,<br />

akoca, rogorc wesia Zmobisa” <strong>da</strong> guluxva<strong>da</strong>c gaumaspinZl<strong>da</strong>.<br />

purobis Jams haosi mouyva qarTloss, Tu rogor aiklo misi<br />

qveyana mterma <strong>da</strong> kidev erTxel <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxova qarTloss:<br />

“adgilic mterma wamarTo, sarCo-sabadi yvelao, Rone Senze<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>vyare, Tu SagiZlian Svelao?!“ gulaCvilebulma qarTlosma<br />

aRuTqva haoss: “raca maqvs, Sua gagiyof.” qarTlosma Seikedla,<br />

Seixizna haosi.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s odesme xangrZlivad Rirsebia mSvidoba?<br />

qarTvel ers gana didxans moasvenebdnen <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebi? arsebobs<br />

xatovani gamoTqmac: mSvidobiani periodebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

istoriaSi SeiZleba Seva<strong>da</strong>roT antraqtebs Teatris warmodgenebSi,<br />

speqtaklebSi. im xanebSic mtris urdoebi Semoesivnen<br />

Cvens qveyanas. qarTlosi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>sacavad, saomrad gaeSura.<br />

man saxl-kari <strong>da</strong> col-Svilic haoss Caabara. uTvalav-<br />

1 n. durnovo, qarTuli eklesiis bedi, Jurnali “ganTiadi”, 1990, # 10, gv.<br />

45, 55.<br />

16

ma mterma uTanasworo brZolaSi qarTvelebi Seaviwrova:<br />

“uricxvi qarTlosiani mtrebTan brZolaSi kvdebo<strong>da</strong>.” omi<br />

didxans gagrZel<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> “didic mogvca ziani.“ qarTlosi “ibr-<br />

Zo<strong>da</strong> pirofliani, xmals ar ageb<strong>da</strong> budesa.” haosi ar monawileob<strong>da</strong><br />

omSi. igi arc gulxel<strong>da</strong>krefili yofila omianobis<br />

dros, Sromob<strong>da</strong>, “magram rogor <strong>da</strong> visTvisa?! cxvari vis <strong>da</strong>ubarebav,<br />

Tqvengan ar mikvirs, mglisTvisa?”<br />

qarTlosi rom saomrad wavi<strong>da</strong>, im weliwads SimSiloba<br />

iyo. “haosmac purebi yi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> zogic sesxad gaiRo, <strong>da</strong> kaloobas<br />

erTs kodze ori sargeblad aiRo!” gaTavxedebulmaHhaosma<br />

<strong>da</strong>askvna: qarTvelebi “bilani 1 xalxi yofila <strong>da</strong> mindobilis<br />

gulisa_aqa yofila kidevac swored xazina fulisa.’’Hhaosma<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si gaxsna duqani <strong>da</strong> “mas aqeTia haosi aris <strong>da</strong><br />

aris msuqani.” man Seaviwrova qarTlosis col-Svili, sakuTari<br />

saxli<strong>da</strong>n gandevna isini. maT keraze “haos-xanuma <strong>da</strong>fuZndnen,”<br />

agreTve maTi Zeni, mikiC <strong>da</strong> galusta.<br />

mZimed <strong>da</strong>Wrili qarTlosi qarTlosianebma sakaciT moiyvanes.<br />

haosma qarTlosi missave saxlSic aRar SeuSva: “aq<br />

mas bina aqvs arao... sad iyo, ra gamikeTa, aba ra moitanao?”<br />

haosis veragobiT gamwarebuli “qarTlosis coli Tamari zariT<br />

mosTqvam<strong>da</strong> amasa: “Rirsi ar aris, nu stiriT, Svilebo,<br />

Tavis mamasa, TqvenTvis yelebis saWrelad haoss aZlev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nasa.<br />

dRes sxva hmkis ga<strong>da</strong>mTieli Tqvenis mamulis yanasa...<br />

sawyalis gulis patrono, vis endobodi,ra<strong>da</strong>o?”<br />

poemis finalSi vaJaseuli siRrmiTaa <strong>da</strong>xatuli “kai<br />

ymis,” “<strong>da</strong>Wrili arwivis,” qarTlosis saxe: sakuTari saxli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamogdebul, fanCaturSi mwoliare qarTloss “roca moscems<br />

sicxesa _ utydeba texa wylulisa, maSin amodis <strong>da</strong> gvesmis<br />

pasuxi imis gulisa. iqneb ggoniaT saxl-karis, mamulis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargulisa? haosis moRalatoba, simrude imis sulisa? _<br />

ara, is omsve igonebs, hbo<strong>da</strong>vs: “<strong>da</strong>hkariT mtersao... fari <strong>da</strong><br />

xmali sa<strong>da</strong> maqvs;” iqiTken iwvdis xelsao.” 2<br />

niSandoblivia, rom vaJa-fSavelam “haos <strong>da</strong> qarTlos”<br />

<strong>da</strong>wera imave wels, roca Seiqmna <strong>da</strong> gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> ilias “somex-<br />

1 bilani gulubryvilos niSnavs.<br />

2 vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. III, Tb., 1964 w.<br />

17

Ta mecnierni <strong>da</strong> qvaTa RaRadi.” zemoT akakis werili<strong>da</strong>n nawyvetebi<br />

rom movitaneT, is 1898 welsaa <strong>da</strong>beWdili. 1897 wels<br />

ki <strong>da</strong>istamba iakob gogebaSvilis wigni “simarTle Tbilisis<br />

Sesaxeb” (rusul enaze), romelSic iakobi amxel<strong>da</strong> vinme “moqalaqes”<br />

(erovnebiT somexs). “moqalaqe” Tavis nawerSi acxadeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom Tbilisi yovelTvis somxuri qalaqi iyo. <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

aRmaSenebeli, Tamar mefe, giorgi brwyinvale <strong>da</strong> sxvebi somex-<br />

Ta mefeebi iyvnen? an<strong>da</strong> vaxtang gorgasalma Tbilisi qalaqad,<br />

de<strong>da</strong>qalaqad somxebisTvis Seqmna? imdenad araseriozuli, imdenad<br />

akviatebuli, ise binZuria msgavsi azrebi, rom naSromis<br />

Sesaval nawilSi amaze sagangebo msjelobas ver gavmar-<br />

TavT. es kia, rom uneburad gvagondeba TbilisTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />

somexTa pretenziebze no<strong>da</strong>r dumbaZis xumroba: vaxtang<br />

gorgaslis gar<strong>da</strong> Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>arsebaze sxvasac Tu aqvs vinmes<br />

pretenzia, SemovujenT gorgasals cxenze, adgili kia <strong>da</strong><br />

yvelaferio. igulisxmeba gorgaslis Zegli metexis ezoSi.<br />

ilia, akaki, vaJa <strong>da</strong> sxva qarTveli moRvaweebi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni<br />

iyvnen, rom somxur wreebs qarTuli miwa-wylis mitaceba,<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, qarTveli eris gasomxureba, gasomxeba ewa<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

amitomac astexes maT gangaSi, riTac kvlav <strong>da</strong>amtkices,<br />

rom didi eriskacebi iyvnen mravaltanjuli qarTveli erisa.<br />

is ar gveyofo<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTveli eris ga<strong>da</strong>Senebas cdilobdnen<br />

did-didi <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebi, sparselebi, arabebi, Turqebi,<br />

monRolebi, rusebi, <strong>da</strong> sxvebi? XIX saukuneSi aseTive mizani<br />

<strong>da</strong>isaxes somxurma wreebmac. ismis kiTxva: SemTxveviTi iyo es<br />

movlena, Tu mas fesvebi warsulSi aqvs gadgmuli? am kiTxvaze<br />

pasuxis gacemas Sevecdebi winamdebare, samecniero-popularuli<br />

xasiaTis naSromSi.<br />

18

pirveli Tavi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong> uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gaqristianebamde<br />

amJamad samecniero literaturaSi miRebulia, rom qar-<br />

Tuli tomebi istoriuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s (is dRevandel saqar-<br />

Tveloze gacilebiT did teritorias moicav<strong>da</strong>) miwa-wyalze<br />

uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n, a<strong>da</strong>mJamobi<strong>da</strong>n mkvidrobdnen. rac Seexeba<br />

somxeTs, iq qristes Sobamde meore aTaswleulSi xuritulurartuli<br />

tomebi cxovrobdnen <strong>da</strong> ara somxebi 1 . <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriis<br />

mamad miCneuli movses xorenacis cnobebiTac, sanam<br />

somexTa modgma somxeTSi <strong>da</strong>ideb<strong>da</strong> binas, manamde iq sul<br />

sxva, somexTagan gansxvavebuli tomebi mkvidrobdnen. am droisTvis<br />

qarTuli tomebi karga xania (Tu imTaviTve, <strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ara) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s miwa-wylis mkvidrni arian <strong>da</strong> swored istoriuli<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoriaze, garkveuli mizezebis gamo,<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebulia fuZe-qarTuli enis <strong>da</strong>Sla dialeqtebad, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT Camoyalibdnen Zveli qarTuli, svanuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> megrul-lazuri (Wanuri) enebi.<br />

r. gordezianis Tanaxmad, dRes aravin ar <strong>da</strong>vobs imaze,<br />

rom indoevropelma somxebma somxeTSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, istoriuli<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mezobel, momijnave <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mxareeb-<br />

Si mxolod urartus samefos <strong>da</strong>qveiTebis anu qristes Sobamde<br />

VII-VI saukuneTa mijni<strong>da</strong>n iwyes SeRweva <strong>da</strong> maTi fiqsacia<br />

am teritoriebis mkvidrebad swored qristes Sobamde VI saukuni<strong>da</strong>n<br />

iwyeba 2 . oTxi aswleulis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>sturdeba somexTa<br />

swrafva iqiTken, rom <strong>da</strong>epyroT qarTuli miwa-wyali. vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

qarTvelebi somxebze didi xniT adre mkvidrobdnen amierkavkasiaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> maT saamayo warsulic hqon<strong>da</strong>T im droisaTvis, rodesac<br />

somxebma qarTuli mxareebis <strong>da</strong>pyroba scades, cxadia,<br />

qarTveli eri somexTa qarTvelebze gabatonebas ver Seeguebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

qristes Sobamde pirveli saukunis <strong>da</strong> qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

1<br />

ix. somexi xalxis istoria, mravaltomeuli, t. I, erevani, 1971 w., gv. 148<br />

(somxur enaze).<br />

2<br />

r. gordeziani, qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis problema, Tb., 1993,<br />

gv. 47.<br />

19

pirveli aswleulis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis cnobili berZeni swavluli,<br />

straboni gvauwyebs: “mogviTxroben armeniaze, rom pirvelad<br />

is patara yofila, gazrdila artaqsiasa (artaSesis – a. a.) <strong>da</strong><br />

zariadris meSveobiT, romlebic pirvelad antioq didis sardlebi<br />

iyvnen, xolo mere, misi <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg, gamefdnen,<br />

erTi sofenes, akisenes, odomantissa <strong>da</strong> zog sxva [mxareSi],<br />

xolo meore _ artaqsatas mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi. amaT gazardes [qveyana<br />

imis xarjze], rom mezobel xalxebs CamoaWres nawilebi; midielTagan<br />

_ kaspiane, favniti <strong>da</strong> basorope<strong>da</strong>; iberebs _ pariadres<br />

kalTebi, xorzene <strong>da</strong> gogarene, romelic mtkvris ga<strong>da</strong>Rma<br />

aris. xalibebisa <strong>da</strong> mosinikebisagan [waiRes] kareniti <strong>da</strong><br />

qserqsene, romlebic mcire armeniis mezoblad arian, Tu misi<br />

nawilebi arian; kataonTagan _ akilisene <strong>da</strong> antitavrosTan<br />

mdebare adgilebi, sirielTagan _ taroniti, ise rom yvelani<br />

exla erT enaze laparakoben.’’ 1<br />

Ees ambebi qristes Sobamde meore saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />

mox<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>dgenilia, rom somxebs im xanebSi <strong>da</strong>upyriaT qar-<br />

Tuli mxareebi _ basiani, tao, speri, kola-artaani, qvemo qar-<br />

Tlis nawili, SesaZloa, naxevari javaxeTic <strong>da</strong> sxvac. es mox<strong>da</strong><br />

iseT politikur viTarebaSi, rodesac romis gaZlierebulma<br />

saxelmwifom <strong>da</strong>amarcxa siriasa <strong>da</strong> mezobel qveynebSi arsebuli<br />

selevkidebis samefo, romelic aleqsandre makedonelis<br />

mier Seqmnili imperiis <strong>da</strong>Slis Sedegad warmoiqmna. romisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> selevkidebis samefos Soris omis dros iberiis samefo<br />

selevkidebis saxelmwifos mokavSire iyo, xolo somexTa<br />

xelisufalni gandgomian selevkid mefes, antioq dids <strong>da</strong> mimxrobian<br />

roms. strabonisve cnobiT, “antioq didis sardlebis<br />

(rodesac antioqi romaelebs ebrZo<strong>da</strong>) artaqsiasa <strong>da</strong> zariadrisagan,<br />

[armenia] orad iyo gayofili. eseni marTavdnen, mindobili<br />

ki mefisagan (antioqisagan _ a. a.) hqon<strong>da</strong>T. [rodesac<br />

mefe] <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong>, isini SeuerTdnen romaelebs <strong>da</strong> moewyvnen<br />

TavTavisTvis rogorc mefeebi’’. 2 etyoba, romis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT,<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT mox<strong>da</strong>, rom somxebma SeZles mezoblebis, kerZod,<br />

1<br />

T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sesaxeb, Tb.,<br />

1957, gv. 189.<br />

2<br />

iqve , gv. 196.<br />

20

qarTvelebis miwa-wylis erTi nawilis <strong>da</strong>pyroba.<br />

somxur samecniero Tu popularul literaturaSi miRebulia<br />

azri, rom strabonis mier moxsenebuli, somexTagan<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobili qarTvelTa mxareebi adrec somxebis yofila, SemdgomSi,<br />

TiTqos, qarTvelebs <strong>da</strong>upyriaT <strong>da</strong> qristes Sobamde<br />

meore saukuneSi somxebs kvlav <strong>da</strong>ubrunebiaT isini. es Sexeduleba<br />

gatarebulia, kerZod, zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebul “somexi<br />

xalxis istoriis” pirvel tomSi <strong>da</strong> “<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriis” mexuTe<br />

klasis saxelmZRvaneloSic ki.Aam mosazrebis <strong>da</strong>samtkiceblad<br />

araviTari masala ar arsebobs. 1<br />

“somexi xalxis istoriis” mravaltomeulis pirvel tom-<br />

Si akademikosi suren eremiani aWarasac <strong>somxeTi</strong>s nawilad acxadebs:<br />

“vsaubrobT ra didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s teritoriuli cvlilebebis<br />

Taobaze 37 w. (qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n _ a. a) sazavo xelSekrulebis<br />

mixedviT, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom CrdiloeTi-<br />

Tac Camocilebul iqna <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa samefos SeuerT<strong>da</strong> didi<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s Crdilo sanapiro mxare, goderZakani, romelic moicav<strong>da</strong>...<br />

aWarisa <strong>da</strong> samcxis olqebs.” aWara didxans <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

Semdgeneli nawili iyoo. “somxur sabWoTa enciklopediaSic”<br />

acxadeben: kRarjqi (e. i. klarjeTi) ariso didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s gugarqis<br />

mxaris olqi. qristes Sobamde meSvide saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

moeqca urartus samefos, xolo Semdgom didi somxe-<br />

Tis SemadgenlobaSi. <strong>somxeTi</strong>s arSakunTa samefos <strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

(428 w.) Semdeg klarjeTi miaTvaleso qarTlis samarzpanos.<br />

Semdeg omSi somxebma <strong>da</strong>ibruneso es mxare. rac Seexeba aWaras,<br />

is klarjeTis nawiliao, e.i. aWara saukuneTa ganmavloba-<br />

Si <strong>somxeTi</strong>s SemadgenlobaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong>o.<br />

araviTari masala ar arsebobs imis samtkiceblad, rom<br />

aWara somxeTs <strong>da</strong>epyro <strong>da</strong> Tanac mravali saukunis manZilze<br />

yofiliyo <strong>somxeTi</strong>s nawili. marTalia, qristes Sobamde<br />

pirvel aswleulSi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefem, tigran II didma SeZlo<br />

mravali qveynis Tu mxaris <strong>da</strong>pyroba, magram tigranis aramyari<br />

imperia mxolod ociode weliwads arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Semdeg<br />

1 ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, qvemo qarTli Zv. w. II saukuni<strong>da</strong>n ax. w. IV saukunemde,<br />

krebuli “dmanisi,” t. III, Tb., 2001; q. quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTli, politikuri<br />

istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2001, gv. 17,35.<br />

21

<strong>da</strong>iSala. amasTanave, tigrani iyo pontos mefis, miTri<strong>da</strong>te VI<br />

evpatoris mokavSire <strong>da</strong> xSirad misi karnaxiTac moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>.Amis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sturia berZeni mematianis, apianes cnoba: “miTri<strong>da</strong>tem<br />

Seaguliana... tigrani, raTa igi Tavs <strong>da</strong>sxmo<strong>da</strong> kapadokias.”Yyovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, tigrani miTri<strong>da</strong>tesTan SeTanxmebiT<br />

moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> manamde mainc, sanam romis saxelmwifosgan <strong>da</strong>marcxebis<br />

safrTxe <strong>da</strong>emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>. amis Semdeg is male <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>knin<strong>da</strong> kidec. <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> ki miTri<strong>da</strong>tes gavlenis<br />

qveS iyo moqceuli <strong>da</strong> tigranic aWaras ver <strong>da</strong>ipyrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

miT ufro gamoricxulia somexTa Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT susti, sxva<br />

mefeebis mier aWaris <strong>da</strong>pyroba.<br />

rac Seexeba gamoTqmas, termin did somxeTs, is Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />

gaCn<strong>da</strong> imis gamo, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong>s es nawili ganesxvavebinaT<br />

e. w. mcire <strong>somxeTi</strong>sgan. mogvianebiT ki saxelwodeba<br />

did somxeTSi imperiuli Sinaarsic Casdes. straboni rom aRniSnavs,<br />

somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pyrobil mxareebSi amJamad yvelani<br />

erT enaze laparakobeno (igulisxmeba erTi saxelmwifo enis<br />

<strong>da</strong>weseba), e. i. somxurado, cxadia, aqac somexTa imperiuli<br />

miznebia asaxuli.<br />

rogorc ukve iTqva, qarTvelebi ver Seeguebodnen somex-<br />

Ta batonobas, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mier qarTuli mxareebis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas.<br />

cnobilia, rom qristes Sobamde 65 wels iberiis samefos<br />

jarma sisxlismRvreli brZolebi gaumarTa Zalian Zlieri<br />

romis saxelmwifos jarebs, romelsac pompeusi sardlob<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> miznad iberiis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas isaxav<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>mpyrobeli romis winaaRmdeg<br />

brZolebSi qarTveli qalebic omobdnen <strong>da</strong> Seewirnen<br />

kidec samSoblos Tavisuflebas. romis saxelmwifo igive<br />

tigraniseul somxeTze bevrad Zlieri iyo <strong>da</strong> tigransac ar<br />

Seepuebodnen qarTvelebi. rogorc iTqva, tigranis imperia<br />

ociode weliwadSi <strong>da</strong>ingra, somexTa sxva mefeebi tigranze<br />

gacilebiT sustebi iyvnen <strong>da</strong> didi xniT qarTuli mxareebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobas, SenarCunebas ver SesZlebdnen.<br />

qristes Sobamde II saukuneSi artaqsiamac (artaSesma)<br />

rom <strong>da</strong>ipyro qarTuli mxareebi, amis Semdeg male is <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong>,<br />

selevkid mefesTan brZolaSi, tyve<strong>da</strong>c Cavar<strong>da</strong>. safiqrebelia,<br />

qarTvelebi ukve im xanebSi ecdebodnen somexTagan mitacebuli<br />

qarTuli mxareebis ukan <strong>da</strong>brunebas. aseve, cnobi-<br />

22

lia, rom tigran II didi, sanam mefe gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>, ufliswulobis<br />

dros, aTi wlis manZilze parTiis (iranis) xelisuflebas<br />

hyav<strong>da</strong> mZevlad, rac imdroindeli <strong>somxeTi</strong>s sisustiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />

qarTvelebi am garemoebiTac isargeblebdnen <strong>da</strong><br />

Tu somxeTs kvlav hqon<strong>da</strong> mitacebuli qarTuli miwa-wyali (im<br />

xanebSi <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSic qarTvel-somexTa Soris sa<strong>da</strong>vod qceuli<br />

mxareebi xeli<strong>da</strong>n xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>), Cveni winaprebi isev<br />

ecdebodnen <strong>da</strong>nakargis <strong>da</strong>brunebas. amas gvafiqrebinebs is,<br />

rom sanam somxebi Semogvitevdnen, Cven ukve istoriis grZeli<br />

gza gvqon<strong>da</strong> gavlili, somxebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT amierkavkasiis gacilebiT<br />

ufro Zvel mkvidrebad viTvlebodiT <strong>da</strong> tradiciac<br />

Seqmniliyo imisa, rom qarTvelebi Tavis TviTmyofadobas,<br />

erovnul meobas ar <strong>da</strong>Tmobdnen, sanam <strong>da</strong>mpyrobeli yvela qar-<br />

Tvels ar mospob<strong>da</strong>, maT gvamebze ar ga<strong>da</strong>ivli<strong>da</strong>. es Cveni qveynis<br />

did-didma <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebma ver SeZles somxebis asparezze<br />

gamoCenamdec <strong>da</strong> miT ufro somxebi ver SeZlebdnen.<br />

rodesac vsaubrobT amierkavkasiaSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

siZveleze somxurTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, pirvel rigSi<br />

vgulisxmobT Zveli kolxeTis samefos. istoriis mamad wodebuli,<br />

qristes Sobamde mexuTe saukunis avtoris, herodotes<br />

cnobiT, kolxebi warmoSobiT egviptelebi yofilan – qristes<br />

Sobamde XIII aswleulSi egviptelTa jaris erTi nawili <strong>da</strong>r-<br />

Ca, <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> kolxeTSi <strong>da</strong> maTi naSieria kolxebio. mecnierTa<br />

umetesoba am Sexedulebas ar iziarebs, magram herodotes<br />

cnobaSi is ambavi namdvila<strong>da</strong>a asaxuli, rom kolxebis,<br />

viTarca uZvelesi kulturisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis mqone<br />

xalxis, Zvel egviptelebTan Se<strong>da</strong>reba SesaZlebeli yofila.<br />

gavixsenoT berZnuli miTic Zveli kolxeTis Sesaxeb, sxva masalebic<br />

<strong>da</strong> ufleba mogvecema <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom Zveli kolxe-<br />

Tis saxelmwifo sul cota 3500 wlis win ukve arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Zveli kolxeTis samefo marto <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s-<br />

Tan ar un<strong>da</strong> gavaigivoT. masSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s erTi nawili mainc. am mxriv yuradRebas<br />

iqcevs saxelwodeba kolxic. masSi –xi <strong>da</strong>boloebas, sufiqss<br />

warmoadgens, fuZed ki gvrCeba kol. kola qarTul mxares erqva<br />

mtkvris saTaveSi, romelic dRes TurqeTis Semadgenloba-<br />

Sia moqceuli qarTveli eris Savbedobis gamo. aRsaniSnavia,<br />

23

om Zveli berZnebi aseve qarTveli eris mouSuSebeli tkivilis,<br />

ZirZveli qarTuli mxaris, taos mkvidrT taoxebs eZaxdnen.<br />

kola taosTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Zalze patara mxarea <strong>da</strong> masalebic<br />

mis Sesaxeb cota SemogvrCa, Torem, SesaZloa, taoxebis<br />

analogiurad kolaelebisTvisac ewodebinaT kolaxebi,<br />

kolxebi. erTi sityviT, eWvi ar un<strong>da</strong> Segveparos imaSi, rom<br />

Zveli kolxeTi sruliad <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s gaerTianebas Seecdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

saukuneebis manZilze <strong>da</strong> ara marto <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sas.<br />

mogvianebiT yoveli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s gaerTianebas cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />

iberiis samefo farnavazianTa dinastiiT saTaveSi. amgvar<br />

ltolvas safuZveli Cauyara, tradicia Seuqmna Zveli<br />

kolxeTis samefom.<br />

Zveli kolxeTis gar<strong>da</strong> igive uZveles xanebSi arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />

diaoxis qarTuli saxelmwifoc. saxelwodeba diaoxi igivea,<br />

rac taoxi anu tao. rogorc Cans, diaoxis saxelmwifos centralur<br />

nawils tao warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. xsenebuli herodote did<br />

tomad miiCnevs uZvelesi qarTuli mxaris speris (axlandeli<br />

ispiri TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi) mkvidrT, sperelebs, romelsac<br />

is sasperebs uwodebs.<br />

qristes Sobamde IV saukunis <strong>da</strong>mlevs Seiqmna iberiis<br />

samefo centriT mcxeTaSi. is moicav<strong>da</strong>, kerZod, im qarTul<br />

mxareebsac, romlebic somxebma <strong>da</strong>ipyres qristes Sobamde meore<br />

aswleulis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi. straboni gvauwyebs, rom iberielebi,<br />

qristes Sobamde meore saukunis mematianis, “apolodores<br />

mtkicebis Tanaxmad, armenias esazRvrebian araqsiT”. 1 aq SeiZleba<br />

igulisxmebodes araqsis zemo dinebis auzi, magram yvela<br />

SemTxvevaSi faqtia, rom somxebi saerTo<strong>da</strong>c gvian mkvidrdebian<br />

araqsis CrdiloeTiT <strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg qarTuli miwawylis<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobasac axerxeben. aRsaniSnavia, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

sazRvrebSi moqceul yarss Zvelad qarTuli saxeli kari,<br />

karni erqva. aqe<strong>da</strong>naa miRebuli somxuri kars, xolo Turquli<br />

enis gavleniT – yars, yarsi 2 .<br />

strabonisve cnobiT, “mosxebis (mesxebis – a. a.) qveyana,<br />

romelSic aris samlocvelo, sam nawils Seicavs: erTi misi<br />

1 T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 81.<br />

2 ix. a. SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi, Tb., 1971, gv. 13.<br />

24

nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore iberebs <strong>da</strong> mesame armenielebs”. 1<br />

aq, am SemTxvevaSi mosxebis qveyana, anu mesxeTi nagulisxmevia<br />

farTo mniSvnelobiT. is moicavs samxreT <strong>da</strong> samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s. mesxeTi rom qarTuli miwa-wyalia, amaze,<br />

wesiT <strong>da</strong> rigiT, somexi mecnierebi, saerTod, Wkuazemyofeli<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani ar un<strong>da</strong> Segvecilos. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, ZirZveli qarTuli<br />

mxaris, mesxeTis nawili somxebs hqoniaT <strong>da</strong>pyrobili. rac Seexeba<br />

mesxeTis sxva nawilebis moqcevas iberiisa <strong>da</strong> kolxeTis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi, es mesxebisaTvis ise mtkivneuli ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo,<br />

rogorc <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mier mesxeTis erTi nawilis mitaceba,<br />

rameTu iberiasa <strong>da</strong> kolxeTSi mesxebi TavianT qarTul<br />

ier-saxes SeinarCunebdnen. ufro metic, qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />

sazRvrebSi moqceuli mesxeTi, mesxebi iberielebTan <strong>da</strong><br />

kolxebTan erTad Seecdebodnen <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobili<br />

mesxeTis nawilis gaTavisuflebas somexTa batonobisagan.<br />

mesxeTi rom iberiis samefos nawili un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo <strong>da</strong><br />

ara <strong>somxeTi</strong>sa, amas kanonzomierad miiCnevs meeqvse saukunis<br />

cnobili berZeni mematiane prokopi kesarielic: “iberiis gaswvriv<br />

cxovroben ZveliTganve iberTa qveSevrdomi mesxebi, romelTac<br />

mTebSi aqvT sabinadro adgilebi. mesxeTis mTebi arc<br />

mwiria <strong>da</strong> arc nayofierebas moklebuli, aramed savsea yovelgvari<br />

sikeTiT, radganac mesxebic marjve miwismuSebi arian<br />

<strong>da</strong> iq venaxebic aris. am qveyanaSi mTebic metad maRalia,<br />

uzarmazari… amaT ukan aRmosavleTiT aris iberia” 2 .<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s samefos sazRvrebSi moqceul qarTul mxareeb-<br />

Si qarTvelTa gasomxeba uceb ver moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, amas xangrZlivi<br />

dro sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>, metadre uZveles epoqebsa <strong>da</strong> adre Sua saukuneebSi.<br />

amas ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> is, rom qarTvelebs ukve im xanebSi<br />

gamokveTili TviTmyofadoba, erovnuli saxe gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

am mxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia somexi mecnieris, n. adoncis<br />

azric: “mdebareob<strong>da</strong> ra xalxTa didi moZraobis gzajvaredinze,<br />

igi (<strong>somxeTi</strong> – a. a.) itoveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> isrutav<strong>da</strong> Tavis nia<strong>da</strong>gze<br />

bevr rasobriv mimdinareobasa <strong>da</strong> tomobriv nakadebs. qvey-<br />

1 T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 125.<br />

2 georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sesaxeb, s. yaux-<br />

CiSvilis gamocema, t. II, Tb., 1965, gv. 127.<br />

25

nis pirobebi xels ar uwyob<strong>da</strong> asimilacias: maRali mTagrexilebi,<br />

romlebic seravdnen qveyanas yoveli mimarTulebiT,<br />

qmnidnen xevxuvebis qsels, romelTagan TiToeuli warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

tomobrivi Taviseburebebis <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis uaRresad xelsayrel<br />

Caketil garemos”. 1 es debuleba gansakuTrebiT SeiZleba<br />

mivusa<strong>da</strong>goT im epoqebs, sanam somxuri eklesia gamokve-<br />

Tilad erovnul mimarTulebas miiReb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qveynis cxovreba-<br />

Si umniSvnelovanesi rolis Sesrulebas itvirTav<strong>da</strong>. mniSvneloba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> am mxriv somxuri <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis Seqmnas <strong>da</strong> somxuri<br />

mwerlobis gaCenas mexuTe saukuni<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

ufro adrindel somxeTSi, kerZod, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobil<br />

ucxo mxareebSi, rogorc wesi, ar arsebobdnen iseTi<br />

Zalebi, ar moqmedebdnen sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis imgvari<br />

faqtorebi, romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xalxebis, metadre qarTvelebis<br />

gasomxebas, maTi TviTmyofadobis waSla-gaqrobas gamoiwvevdnen.<br />

cnobilia, rom qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n I-II saukuneebi iberiis<br />

samefos Zlierebis xanaa. amis Sesaxeb moTxrobilia berZnullaTinur<br />

wyaroebSi, kerZod, tacitusisa <strong>da</strong> dion kasiusis<br />

saistorio TxzulebebSi. “ax. w. I-II saukuneebSi, rodesac qar-<br />

Tlis (anu iberiis – a. a.) samefo 2 politikur aRmavlobas ganicdis,<br />

eWvi ar aris, misgan adre waRebuli teritoriebi missave<br />

farglebSi Semodio<strong>da</strong>”. 3 igulisxmeba, kerZod, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobili qarTuli mxareebis <strong>da</strong>bruneba qarTvelTagan<br />

qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n pirvel aswleulSi. ufro metic, im xanebSi<br />

iberiis mefe farsman I cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emorCilebina mTeli <strong>somxeTi</strong>.<br />

qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n I saukuneSi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s samefo taxtze<br />

qarTveli mefeebi, jer farsman I-is Zma miTri<strong>da</strong>te, xolo Semdeg<br />

misive vaJi ra<strong>da</strong>misti akurTxes. 4<br />

1<br />

n. adonci, <strong>somxeTi</strong> iustinianes epoqaSi, erevani, 1971, gv. 392 (rusul enaze).<br />

2<br />

qarTli am SemTxvevaSi ixmareba farTo mniSvnelobiT. qarTlis samefo-<br />

Si Sedio<strong>da</strong> zogjer mTeli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>c an, ufro xSirad, Cveni qveynis<br />

didi nawili. kaxeTi, mag., im xanebSi qarTlis samefos ganuyofeli nawilia.<br />

3<br />

d. musxeliSvili, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi,<br />

I, Tb., 1977, gv. 80.<br />

4<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriis narkvevebi, I, Tb., 1970, gv. 511-516.<br />

26

tacitusis mixedviT, farsman pirveli “ufro amwvaveb<strong>da</strong><br />

ZveliTgan momdinare mtrobasa <strong>da</strong> siZulvils armenielebis<br />

mimarT”. es mtroba <strong>da</strong> siZulvili momdinareob<strong>da</strong> iqe<strong>da</strong>n, rom<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong> qristes Sobamde II-I saukuneebSi cdilob<strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />

mxareebis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas, rasac omebSi gamowrTobili qarTveli<br />

eri ver Seurigdebo<strong>da</strong>. tacitusisve cnobiT, qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

58 wels farsman I-is brZanebiT, somxeTSi SeiWrnen mesxebi. 1<br />

marTalia, farsman I romis imperiis mokavSire iyo, magram<br />

roms iberiis samefos metismetad gaZliereba ar awyob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

is yoveli RoniT cdilob<strong>da</strong> iberiis samefos <strong>somxeTi</strong> ar SeerTebina.<br />

romis imperiis xelisufalni TviTon isaxavdnen saboloo<br />

miznad rogorc <strong>somxeTi</strong>s, aseve <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>pyrobas.<br />

romis imperiis veraguli politikis <strong>da</strong>sturad gamodgeba<br />

erTi aseTi magaliTic: qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n III saukuneSi roms<br />

sparseTis winaaRmdeg omebSi Zalian <strong>da</strong>exmara palmiris mefe.<br />

roms im xanebSi uWir<strong>da</strong> gaZlierebuli sasanianTa 2 sparseTis<br />

Setevebis mogerieba. palmiris mefis jarma am Sexla-Semoxla-<br />

Si mravalgzis <strong>da</strong>amarcxa sparselebi. romis imperias ar awyob<strong>da</strong><br />

arc misi mokavSiris, palmiris gaZliereba. romaelebma<br />

mospes kidec palmiris samefo 273 wels.<br />

marTalia, farsman I-s romma ar <strong>da</strong>rTo neba, SeerTebina<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>, magram iberiis mefem garkveul warmatebas mainc miaRwia.<br />

tacitusis sityviT, romis imperiis xelisufalTagan<br />

“nabrZanebi iyo armeniis garkveuli nawilebi <strong>da</strong>morCilebodnen<br />

farasmanes” (e. i. farsman I-s), misi samefos mosazRvre.<br />

dion kasiusis mixedviTac, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-somxeTs Soris sa<strong>da</strong>vod<br />

qceuli mxareebi I-II saukuneebSi iberiis samefos SemadgenlobaSia,<br />

II-III aswleulTa mijnazec mtkvris orive mxares<br />

somxebi ki ara, qarTvelebi (iberielebi) cxovrobdnen. 3 qristes<br />

Sobi<strong>da</strong>n I saukunis romaeli avtoris, plinius ufrosis<br />

cnobiTac, qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili, taSiri iberiis<br />

samefos SemadgenlobaSia. qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n I-II aswleulebis<br />

berZeni JamTaaRmwerlis, plutarqes Tanaxmad, “mdinare mtkva-<br />

1<br />

tacitusi,analebi,XIII. 37.<br />

2<br />

sparseTis imdroindeli mmarTveli dinastiaa.<br />

3<br />

T. yauxCiSvili,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriis Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi,Tb., 1976,<br />

gv. 196-206.<br />

27

i iberTa mTebi<strong>da</strong>n gamodis, gzaze <strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n momaval<br />

araqss ierTebs <strong>da</strong> Tormeti SesarTaviT kaspiis zRvaSi Cadis. 1<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriis mamad miCneuli movses xorenacis<br />

cnobiT, somexTa mefe artaSesma (es igive straboniseuli artaqsiaa,<br />

romelsac qarTuli miwa-wyali <strong>da</strong>upyria) “Tavisi asuli,<br />

artaSama miaTxova vinme mihr<strong>da</strong>ts,qarTvelTa did pitiaxSs.”<br />

aq igulisxmeba qvemo qarTlis, straboniseuli gogarenes<br />

(somxuri saxelwodebiT gugarqis) pitiaxSi. 2 maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

movses xorenaci artaSesianTa xanis gogarenes sapitiaxSos<br />

qarTvelTa sapitiaxSos uwodebs, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom somxeTma<br />

SesZlo gogarenes (qvemo qarTlis an misi erTi nawilis<br />

saxelwodebaa) garkveuli xniT <strong>da</strong>pyroba. saerTo<strong>da</strong>c, xorenaci<br />

qvemo qarTls qarTul miwa-wylad miiCnevs <strong>da</strong> ara somxurad,<br />

Tumca misi saTanado cnobebi bundovania, CaxlarTulia.<br />

es, albaT, gamowveulia imiT, rom somexTa survili iyo<br />

qvemo qarTli <strong>somxeTi</strong>s organuli nawili gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo.<br />

movses xorenaci axsenebs gugarelTa pitiaxSs aSuSasac<br />

<strong>da</strong> mis samTavros, taSiris mxares. 3 arSuSa anu aSuSa gugare-<br />

Tis, qvemo qarTlis Tu misi erTi nawilis pitiaxSia mexuTe<br />

saukunis 20-50-ian wlebSi. igi mama iyo avad saxsenebeli, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

moRalate varsqen pitiaxSisa. yuradRebas ipyrobs,<br />

Tu ratom ixsenieba somxur wyaroebSi (koriuni, xorenaci)<br />

arSuSa taSiris mTavrad. d. musxeliSvilis sityviT, xorenacis<br />

saTanado cnoba “arSuSas mflobelobis gaorebul xasiaTs<br />

gulisxmobs: rogorc feo<strong>da</strong>li, igi memkvidreobiT mflobelia,<br />

mTavaria taSirisa, xolo rogorc centraluri xelisuflebis<br />

warmomadgeneli anu moxele _ gugarqis pitiaxSia”.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi somexi mkvlevarisaTvis (mag.,<br />

“lores kvirikiani mefeebis istoriis“ avtoris, R. movsesianisTvis)<br />

saxelwodebebi _ gugarqi <strong>da</strong> taSiri sinonimebia. “ta-<br />

Siris “ ornairi, viwro <strong>da</strong> farTo azriT, mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba<br />

<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia X-XI saukuneebSic. 4<br />

1<br />

Pplutarqe, rCeuli biografiebi, a. uruSaZis gamocema, Tb. 1975,gv. 329.<br />

2<br />

Mmovses xorenaci, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, a. ab<strong>da</strong>liZis gamocema, Tb.,1984, gv.<br />

111, 266.<br />

3 iqve, gv.231.<br />

4 r. maTevosiani, taSir-Zorageti, erevani, 1982, gv. 58 (somxur enaze).<br />

28

movses xorenacis mier gugarelTa pitiaxSad moxseniebul<br />

aSuSas V aswleulis meore naxevris somexi mematiane<br />

lazar farpeci xSirad axsenebs <strong>da</strong> mis Sesaxeb ambobs: “qar-<br />

TvelTa qveyni<strong>da</strong>n bdeSxi (pitiaxSi _ a. a.) aSuSa”... “qarTlis<br />

bdeSxi aSuSa”... “qarTlis iSxani (mTavari _ a. a.) aSuSa”... saubrobs<br />

ra sparseTis xelisuflebisagan Seviwroebul hmaiak<br />

mamikonianis colze, mis Sesaxeb lazar farpeci ambobs: “Tavisi<br />

vaJebi man aRzar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aswavla maT qarTlis qveyanaSi,<br />

qarTlis bdeSx aSuSas saxlSi.” 1 maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, gugareTi, gugarqi,<br />

straboniseuli gogarene lazar farpecisTvis qarTlis,<br />

iberiis samefos nawilia.<br />

IX_X saukuneebis somexi mematiane (romelic somexTa ka-<br />

Tolikos-patriarqic iyo) ovanes drasxanakertci gvauwyebs:<br />

“exla me mWmunvare <strong>da</strong> sevdian ambavs mogiTxrobT: Cvenma mezoblebma<br />

<strong>da</strong> xalxebma, Cvens garSemo rom arian, berZnebma,<br />

megrelebma (de<strong>da</strong>nSia _ egriselebi _ a. a.), gugarelebma <strong>da</strong><br />

utielebma _ kavkasiis Ziras mosaxle Crdiloelma tomebma<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites sakuTari ZaliT exsnaT Tavi... magram Semdeg maT<br />

avazakebi <strong>da</strong> mekobreebi Seerivnen [<strong>da</strong>] Cveni qveynis winaaRmdeg<br />

sabrZolvelad wamovidnen. yvelaze [didi ubedureba] mainc<br />

is iyo, rac maTgan Tavs ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> RmrTivnaSen eklesiebs:<br />

garemoedvnen maT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>arRvies, waaxdines <strong>da</strong> gaauqmes. mravali<br />

qveyana 2 u<strong>da</strong>bnod, gauval <strong>da</strong> urwyul [adgilad] aqcies,<br />

TiTqmis iseT qveynad, sa<strong>da</strong>c ar gauvlia kacs <strong>da</strong> arc Ze kacisa<br />

[iq odesme] <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebula. amrigad, gaSenebuli <strong>da</strong>ba u<strong>da</strong>bnod<br />

iqca. erTmaneTTan Setakebis dros didZali sisxli <strong>da</strong>iRvara,<br />

Cveni qveyana gvamebiT aivso. saerTod, did-Zali alafi<br />

<strong>da</strong> na<strong>da</strong>vli waiRes TiToeuli qveynisTvis Tanabrad. ase gaukacriel<strong>da</strong>,<br />

umemkvidrod <strong>da</strong>rCa, gapartax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>karga brwyinvaleba<br />

Cvenma <strong>da</strong>bebma <strong>da</strong> soflebma. isini nareklian yanebad<br />

iqcnen. ga<strong>da</strong>xma yanebi <strong>da</strong> saZovrebi. Cveni qalaqebi ki <strong>da</strong>emxo<br />

mosaxleobis ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis gamo. miwaTmoqmedni <strong>da</strong>Zabundnen.<br />

glovam moicva [yvela]. ase amgvarad mogvezRo Cven Cveni upa-<br />

1<br />

Ll.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sesaxeb, Tb., 1962,<br />

gv. 218, 226, 234, 235, 239, 242.<br />

2<br />

Aam SemTxvevaSi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s calkeuli mxareebi igulisxmeba.<br />

29

tiobis gamo <strong>da</strong> asrul<strong>da</strong> Cvenze esaias winaswarmetyveleba:<br />

“queyana Tqueni oxer ars, qalaqni Tquenni cecxliT momwuar,<br />

sayofelsa Tquensa winaSe ucxoni SeSWamden, <strong>da</strong> mooxrebul<br />

ars <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qceul erisagan ucxo TeslTaisa.”<br />

amgvarad ganvicadeT ra Wiri <strong>da</strong> umweoba ucxo avazakTagan,<br />

Cveni qveynis mefeebs, mTavrebs, Tavkacebsa <strong>da</strong> naxararebs<br />

(erisTavebs _ a. a.) <strong>da</strong>vuwyeT cqera [imedis TvaliT]”... 1 aSkaraa,<br />

rom somexTa kaTolikos-patriarqi ovanes drasxanakertci<br />

(am saxeldebis qarTuli formaa ioane drasxanakerteli)<br />

iseve ar miiCnevs gugareTis (gugarqis, gogarenes) mkvidr gugarelebs<br />

somxebad, rogorc berZnebsa <strong>da</strong> egriselebs. amasTanave,<br />

ovanesi gugarelebad Tvlis zogjer mTeli aRmosavleT<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mosaxleobas. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, gugarelebi ovanesis-<br />

Tvis igive qarTvelebia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Zvelad somxebi<br />

qvemo qarTlis erT nawils “vrac <strong>da</strong>Sts,” e.i. “qarTvelTa<br />

vels” eZaxdnen. somexi mecnierebi ki miiCneven, rom qvemo qar-<br />

Tli, gugarqi (gogarene) somxuri miwa-wyalia. “somxur sabWo-<br />

Ta enciklopediaSic” ki (saTanado monakveTis avtoria amJamad<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s upirvelesi qarTvelologi p. muradiani) SaviT<br />

TeTrze sweria, rom somxeT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s politikuri <strong>da</strong> eTnografiuli<br />

sazRvari mtkvris Sua wels gasdev<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Qqristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n I saukunis romaeli avtori pliniusi<br />

ixseniebs “armenoxalibebs”. 2 Aamgvari saxelwodebis gaCena, Cemi<br />

azriT, imis Sedegia, rom somxebma qristes Sobamde II aswleulis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong>ipyres xalibTa qarTuli (qarTveluri)<br />

tomis qveyana, mxare an misi erTi nawili. rogorc etyoba,<br />

somxebs saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi xalibTa gasomxeba ver mouxerxebiaT.<br />

aseve ver gaasomxebdnen isini sxva qarTul tomebsac.<br />

amas xels SeuSli<strong>da</strong>, kerZod, is, rom qarTvelebi ganuwyvetliv<br />

ibrZodnen somexTagan <strong>da</strong>pyrobili qarTuli mxareebis<br />

gasaTavisufleblad.<br />

cnobilia, rom iberiis samefo friad gaZlier<strong>da</strong> qristes<br />

Sobi<strong>da</strong>n II saukuneSi, farsman II qvelis mefobis Jams.<br />

1<br />

ioane drasxanakerteli, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, e. cagareiSvilis gamocema,<br />

Tb., 1965, gv. 177-179.<br />

2<br />

ix. T. yauxCiSvili, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriis Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi, gv.<br />

161.<br />

30

farsmani ar epuebo<strong>da</strong> romis uzarmazar, uZlieres imperias.<br />

masTan WidilSi farsman qvelma Rirseulad <strong>da</strong>icva Tavisi<br />

eris sasicocxlo interesebi. farsmanis mefobis wlebSi iberiis<br />

samefom SeZlo <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si samflobelos<br />

gafarToeba <strong>da</strong> romis imperiis winaaRmdegobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />

Sav zRvaze gasasvlelic moipova. romis xelisufleba bolos<br />

<strong>da</strong> bolos iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> farsman qveli Seerigebina <strong>da</strong><br />

iberiis samefos mimarT <strong>da</strong>Tmobebze wasuliyo. II-III saukuneebis<br />

berZeni mematiane dion kasiusi mogviTxrobs: “roca farasmanes<br />

iberieli meuRlesTan erTad romSi Cavi<strong>da</strong>, (antoninus<br />

piusma) gaudi<strong>da</strong> mas samflobelo, neba <strong>da</strong>rTo kapitoliumSi<br />

msxverpli Seewira, misi cxenosani qan<strong>da</strong>keba aRmarTa<br />

marsis moe<strong>da</strong>nze <strong>da</strong> TviTon (e.i. romis imperatori _ a. a.) uyureb<strong>da</strong><br />

farasmanesis, misis vaJis <strong>da</strong> sxva iberi Tavkacebis asparezobas”.<br />

1 imdroindeli <strong>somxeTi</strong> ar warmodgen<strong>da</strong> Zlier saxelmwifos<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tu mis SemadgenlobaSi moqceuli iyo qarTuli<br />

miwa-wyali, ueWvelia, farsman qveli SeZleb<strong>da</strong> maT <strong>da</strong>brunebas.<br />

es exeba ara marto qvemo qarTls, aramed basians, taos,<br />

spers, kola-artaans. aki farsmanma qarTuli mxareebis erTi<br />

nawili mainc <strong>da</strong>icva TviT romis imperiis agresiisganac.<br />

qarTvelebi, marTalia, ar apirebdnen <strong>somxeTi</strong>s batonobas<br />

Seguebodnen, magram faqtia isic, rom qristes Sobamde II<br />

saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n somxebi dro<strong>da</strong>dro axerxebdnen zogierTi<br />

qarTuli mxaris <strong>da</strong>pyrobas. ismis kiTxva: riTi iyo es<br />

gamowveuli? mTavari mizezia is, rom uZveles xanebSi <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />

<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s erT saxelmwifoSi mtkiced<br />

gaerTieneba ver xerxdebo<strong>da</strong>. gaerTianebis cdebi uTuod iyo<br />

jer kidev Zveli kolxeTis saxelmwifos arsebobis dros,<br />

SemdgomSi farnavazis, farsman II qvelis mefobis Jams <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

xanebSic, magram am mxriv didi warmatebebi ver moipoves Cvenma<br />

winaprebma. es ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ganpirobebuli iyo <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa<br />

xSiri SemosevebiT. yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> mieqces, kerZod, im garemoebas,<br />

rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, saxeldobr, misi <strong>da</strong>savleT nawili,<br />

Savi zRvispira qveyanaa. <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebs ar sur<strong>da</strong>T, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><br />

Zlier sazRvao saxelmwifod qceuliyo. am mizniT isini<br />

1 iqve, gv. 206.<br />

31

xels uSlidnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s gaerTianebasac, gaZlierebas.<br />

erTiani, Zlevamosili <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> ar <strong>da</strong>uSveb<strong>da</strong> Savi zRvis<br />

qarTul sanapiroze <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa batonobas, parpaSs. cal-calke<br />

aRmosavleT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ki<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong> ufro didi qveyana iyo.<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s xelisuflebam uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>nve miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxa<br />

mTels kavkasiaSi gabatoneba. amis Taobaze cnobebi, masalebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>culia Zvel somex mematianeTa, kerZod, movses xorenacis,<br />

TxzulebebSi. xorenaci mogviTxrobs: “arSak didi,<br />

sparsTa <strong>da</strong> parTelTa mefe, romelic tomiT parTeli 1 iyo,<br />

rogorc amboben, aujany<strong>da</strong> makedonelebs <strong>da</strong> gamef<strong>da</strong> mTels<br />

aRmosavleTsa <strong>da</strong> asureTSi; mokla ra nineviaSi antioqiis mefe,<br />

<strong>da</strong>imorCila man mTeli qveyana. arSakma Tavisi Zalauflebis<br />

simtkicisaTvis mizanSewonilad CaTvala misi Zma valar-<br />

Saki 2 gaemefebina somxeTSi. sataxto qalaqad ga<strong>da</strong>sca mas nizibini,<br />

xolo samflobelod gamouyo <strong>da</strong>savleT asureTis er-<br />

Ti nawili, palestina, azia, mTeli Sua xmeleTi, Tetalia,<br />

pontos zRvi<strong>da</strong>n im adgilamde, sa<strong>da</strong>c kavkasiis [mTa] uerTdeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis zRvas 3 , agreTve atropatena. 4 “sxvac [Seni iyoso],<br />

uTxra mas, ramdensac Seni goneba <strong>da</strong> simamace miswvdeba, rame-<br />

Tu vaJkacT iseTive sazRvrebi aqvT, ra zomiTac maTi iaraRi<br />

gasWris 5 ”. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, iranis Sahs <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefisTvis,<br />

TiTqos, mravali qveyana, uzarmazari teritoria ga<strong>da</strong>ucia<br />

samflobelod, misTvisve <strong>da</strong>urTavs neba, <strong>da</strong>epyro sxva qveynebic<br />

<strong>da</strong> xorenaci mTel kavkasiasac <strong>somxeTi</strong>s samefos SemadgenlobaSi<br />

rom aqcevdes, es raRa gasakviria.<br />

xorenacis mixedviT, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefe artaSesi mfarvelob<strong>da</strong><br />

alan-osebs Crdilo kavkasiaSi. es ambavi ase momx<strong>da</strong>ra: “im<br />

xanebSi alanebi SeuTanxmdnen yvela mTielebs, miimxres qar-<br />

TvelTa naxevari qveyanac <strong>da</strong> didZali laSqriT moefinnen Cve-<br />

1 parTuli ena ekuTvnis iranul enaTa ojaxis Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savlur jgufs.<br />

2 X saukuni<strong>da</strong>n es saxeli somxur enaSi gamoiTqmis, rogorc vaRarSaki.<br />

3 pontos zRva Savi zRvaa, <strong>da</strong>savleTis zRvaSi ki nagulisxmevia kaspiis<br />

zRva. <strong>da</strong>savleTis zRvad misi moxsenieba gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gamovalT<br />

parTelTa (iranelTa) TvalTaxedvis ari<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

4 ase ewodebo<strong>da</strong> samxreT anu iranis azerbaijans.<br />

5 movses xoranaci, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria. 1984, gv. 67.<br />

32

ns (e.i. somxebis _ a. a) miwa-wyals 1 . artaSesmac Sehyara Tavisi<br />

mravalricxovani jari <strong>da</strong> aty<strong>da</strong> omi or mamac, mSvildosan<br />

naTesavs (xalxs, ers – a. a.) Soris. alanebma cota ukan <strong>da</strong>iwies,<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>laxes didi mdinare mtkvari <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ibanakes mis<br />

Crdilo napirze. artaSesi mihyva maT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>isadgura [mtkvris]<br />

samxreTiT; [metoqeebs] mdinare hyof<strong>da</strong> erTmaneTisagan.<br />

radgan somexma meomrebma Seipyres alani ufliswuli <strong>da</strong><br />

mihgvares artaSess, alanTa mefem zavi iTxova; [igi <strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong>]<br />

artaSess, rom rasac moiwadineb<strong>da</strong>, miscem<strong>da</strong>...…roca artaSesma<br />

uari Tqva [<strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli] moymis ganTavisuflebaze, maSin im<br />

Wabukis <strong>da</strong> avi<strong>da</strong> mdinaris napirze mdebare erT borcvze <strong>da</strong><br />

TarjimanTa meSveobiT gasZaxa artaSesis banakisaken”... mSvenieri<br />

alani asuli aRiareb<strong>da</strong> artaSesis vaJkacobas, alanTa <strong>da</strong>marcxebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> zavs, agreTve Zmis tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n gaTavisuflebas<br />

iTxov<strong>da</strong>. somexTa mefes moswonebia alanTa mefis asuli, saxelad<br />

saTeniki <strong>da</strong> misi colad SerTva ganuzraxavs. motacebiT<br />

Tu alanTa mefesTan SeTanxmebiT artaSess SeurTavs kidec<br />

saTeniki: “saTeniki pirveli gax<strong>da</strong> artaSesis colebs Soris.”<br />

xorenacisve cnobiT, artaSesis sar<strong>da</strong>ls, smbats <strong>da</strong>ulaSqravs<br />

Crdilo kavkasia: “ubrZana mas artaSesma, rom waeyvana<br />

jari <strong>da</strong> wasuliyo alanTa qveyanaSi saTenikis Zmis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad,<br />

rameTu saTenikis mamis sikvdilis Semdeg mZlavrobiT<br />

viRac sxva gamefebuliyo alanTa qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong> igi devni<strong>da</strong><br />

saTenikis Zmas. smbatma gaagdo, gaaZeva is <strong>da</strong> gaabatona<br />

im mxareSi saTenikis Zma, imisi mowinaaRmdegeebis qveyana <strong>da</strong>arbia,<br />

<strong>da</strong>atyveva iqaurebi <strong>da</strong> artaSatSi 2 wamoasxa uricxvi suli”<br />

3 . ise gamodis, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong>sTvis did siZneles ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

Crdilo kavkasiis, kerZod, oseTis <strong>da</strong>laSqvra. sinamdvileSi<br />

es ase ar yofila. somexTa jari oseTSi rom Sesuliyo,<br />

mas un<strong>da</strong> gaevlo aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTianeTi.<br />

1<br />

iberielebi <strong>da</strong> alan-osebi somxeTSi SeiWren qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n I saukunis<br />

70-ian wlebSi.<br />

2<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s erT-erTi de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi, artaSati Seqmnilia qristes Sobamde II<br />

saukunis pirvel naxevarSi iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c md. mewamori uerTdeba md. araqss<br />

(erevnis samxreTiT). mas, <strong>da</strong>maarseblis, artaSes I-is saxelis mixedviT artaSati<br />

ewo<strong>da</strong> _ ix. “somexi xalxis istoria,” I, gv. 850 (somxur enaze).<br />

3<br />

Mmovses xorenaci, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, 1984, gv. 141-144.<br />

33

amas qarTvelTa nebarTvis gareSe did-didi <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebi ver<br />

axerxebdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong> miT ufro ver SeZleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

naTqvamis <strong>da</strong>sturad erT faqts movitanT. cnobilia, rom<br />

arabTa saxalifos sar<strong>da</strong>lma, buRa Turqma IX saukunis Sua<br />

xanebSi <strong>da</strong>laSqra, <strong>da</strong>arbia amierkavkasiis qveynebi. “matiane<br />

qarTlisais” ucnobi avtori mogviTxrobs: “movi<strong>da</strong> buRa Turqi,<br />

mona, baR<strong>da</strong>diT (baR<strong>da</strong>di<strong>da</strong>n _ a. a.), romeli gamoegzavna<br />

amir-mumnsa, spiTa didiTa: Semusra yoveli somxiTi <strong>da</strong> tyue<br />

yvna yovelni mTavarni maTni. <strong>da</strong> movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moadga qalaqsa<br />

tfilissa... Semusra tfilisi, <strong>da</strong>wua cecxliTa <strong>da</strong> moaoxrna<br />

yovelni areni misni.<br />

D<strong>da</strong> Tevdosi, mefe afxazTa, gamovi<strong>da</strong> winaaRdgomad misa,<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dga kuercxobs. xolo buRa, viTarca cna, waravlina ziraq,<br />

spasalari Tvisi, <strong>da</strong> bagrat, Ze aSot kurapalatisa: Seibnes<br />

<strong>da</strong> gaaqcivnes afxazni, <strong>da</strong> moswy<strong>da</strong> simravle uricxvi. <strong>da</strong><br />

Tevdosi mefe warvi<strong>da</strong> meoti gzasa dvaleTisasa”. buRa Turqi<br />

“movi<strong>da</strong> WarTaleTs, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dga mun Sina; aRiyvanna mTiulTagan<br />

mZevalni, kaci samasi, <strong>da</strong> lamo<strong>da</strong> Seslvasa ovseTad, <strong>da</strong> Sevi<strong>da</strong><br />

cxavatamdis.”Gguaram mamfalma <strong>da</strong> kidev erTma erisTavma<br />

“miuweres mTiulTa, raTa ara SeuSuan. xolo maT gawirnes<br />

mZevalni maTni. 1 uSvelan RmerTman: rameTu movi<strong>da</strong> Tovli, <strong>da</strong>udges<br />

wina <strong>da</strong> Seebnes. mosca RmerTman Zleva, <strong>da</strong> moku<strong>da</strong><br />

uricxvi eri sarkinozTa; <strong>da</strong> cxenman maTman Zova ieli, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ixoca<br />

friad. xolo simravlisagan laSqrisa ara aCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kleba,<br />

rameTu iyo simravle misi viTar asoci aTasi.” buRa<br />

Turqi “Seiqca gare <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>izamTra bar<strong>da</strong>vs”. 2<br />

is rac SeuZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> uzarmazari arabTa imperiis-<br />

Tvis, e.i. aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTianeTis gavliT oseTSi<br />

SeWra, miuRweveli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong>s samefosTvisac. movses<br />

xorenaci Tu amas advil saqmed miiCnevs, es imitom, rom misi<br />

<strong>da</strong> saerTod Zveli somxuri ideologiis mixedviT, <strong>somxeTi</strong><br />

mTeli kavkasiis baton-patroni, somxoba wamyvani eri iyo <strong>da</strong><br />

mis nebas verc erTi kavkasieli xalxi win ver aRudgebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1<br />

Ees ganwiruli 300 mTiuli 300 aragvelTa Rirseul winaprebad SeiZleba<br />

miviCnioT.<br />

2<br />

ix. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1955, gv. 256.<br />

34

xorenaci, saubrobs ra <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefis, tigran I-is Sesaxeb,<br />

aRniSnavs, rom tigranis erT-erTi vaJi iyoo vahagni.<br />

Tqmulebis mixedviTo, “vahagni SeebrZola <strong>da</strong> sZlia veSapebs,<br />

mas heraklesaviT vaJkacad Tvlian.Aamboben agreTve, rom igi<br />

gaaRmerTes, qarTvelTa qveyanaSi Tavisi zomis qan<strong>da</strong>kebac <strong>da</strong>udges<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tayvans scemdnen, msxverpls swiravdnen. vahagnis<br />

STamomavlebia vahunebi.” 1 sinamdvileSi arc erTi somexi ufliswuli,<br />

miT umetes, vahunebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si ar gauRmerTebiaT,<br />

msxverpls ar swiravdnen maT. amgvari akviatebuli warmodgenebi<br />

isev <strong>da</strong> isev somxuri ideologiis nayofia, misgan<br />

gamomdinareobs. am sakiTxze sagangebo msjeloba maqvs gamar-<br />

Tuli xorenacis “<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriis” Cemeul gamocemaSi <strong>da</strong><br />

aq sityvas aRar gavagrZeleb.<br />

Tu rodis cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saqmianob<strong>da</strong> movses xorenaci,<br />

es dRemde garkveuli ar aris. mkvlevarni asaxeleben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

saukuneebs, mexuTi<strong>da</strong>n mecxre aswleulamde. rogorc etyoba,<br />

xorenacis xanaSi <strong>somxeTi</strong> <strong>da</strong>sustebuli iyo. aman gamoiwvia<br />

avtoris godeba: “<strong>da</strong>gtiri Sen, somexTa qveyanav, <strong>da</strong>gtiri<br />

Sen, yovelTa CrdiloelTa Soris gamorCeulo.’’ 2 maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

CrdiloeTis xalxebTan, tomebTan, erebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT somxebi<br />

rCeuli eri yofila. ukve movitane xorenacis is cnoba,<br />

Tu ra vrceli teritoria ga<strong>da</strong>sca iranis Sahma arSakma <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

mefe valarSaks samflobelod.Aamis Taobaze movsesi<br />

Tavisi wignis sxva adgilas ase iuwyeba: “arSakma im xanebSi<br />

somexTa qveyanaSi Tavisi Zma, valarSaki gaamefa, misca mas<br />

sabrZaneblad CrdiloeTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTi”. 3 “<strong>da</strong>savleTSi” aq,<br />

pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba igulisxmebodes zemoT motanili xorenaciseuli<br />

cnobis “mTeli Sua xmeleTi.” VII saukunis somxur<br />

“geografiaSi”, 4 romlis avtora<strong>da</strong>c amJamad anania Sirakacia<br />

miCneuli, “Sua xmeleTi” ewodeba berZenTa <strong>da</strong> pontos, e.<br />

i. xmelTaSua <strong>da</strong> Sav zRvebs Soris moTavsebul miwa-wyals<br />

anu mcire azias. aSkaraa, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong>s CrdiloeTiT mcxov-<br />

1<br />

Mmovses xorenaci, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, gv. 94-95.<br />

2<br />

Mmovses xorenaci, gv.240.<br />

3<br />

iqve, gv. 101.<br />

4<br />

es Txzuleba samecniero literaturaSi somxuri,”aSxarhacuicis” saxelwodebiTac<br />

gvxvdeba.<br />

35

eb xalxTa Soris xorenaci qarTvelebsac gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong><br />

maTTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTac miiCnevs somxebs rCeul erad.Aamdenad,<br />

somxuri ideologiiT, qarTvelebs xeli ar un<strong>da</strong> SeeSalaT<br />

somxebisTvis mTels kavkasiaSi gabatonebis saqmeSi _ piriqiT,<br />

qarTvelebi moxaruli un<strong>da</strong> iyono, Tu somexTa “rCeuli eri”<br />

kavkasiis patronobas itvirTaveno. kavkasiis erTianoba uamrav<br />

<strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa winaaRmdeg omebSi, cxadia, sasurveli iyo, magram<br />

es ver moxdebo<strong>da</strong> somxuri gegmis mixedviT_qarTveli eri ver<br />

Seeguebo<strong>da</strong> Cveni qveynis ga<strong>da</strong>qcevas <strong>somxeTi</strong>s nawilad, mis<br />

provinciad, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s gasomxurebas, qarTvelTa gasomxebas.<br />

Aama Tu im qveynis geografiul mdebareobas Zvel xaneb-<br />

Si, imroindeli santransporto saSualebebis ganuviTareblobis<br />

gamoc, kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong>, vidre am-<br />

Jaad. kavkasiis centrs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, metadre,<br />

aRosavleTi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>somxeTi</strong>. qarTvelTa de<strong>da</strong>qalaqebi,<br />

mcxeTa <strong>da</strong> Tbilisi swored kavkasiis SuagulSi mdebareoben,<br />

rasac ver vityviT <strong>somxeTi</strong>s de<strong>da</strong>qalaqebze. amdenad,<br />

kavkasiis gaerTianeba, <strong>da</strong>razmva qarTuli droSis irgvliv<br />

ufro advili iyo, vidre somxuri droSis qveS. amas somxebi<br />

rom xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen, yoveli RoniT cdilobdnen aRmosavleT<br />

<strong>da</strong> samxreT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si gabatonebas, raTa amis Semdeg gaadvilebo<strong>da</strong>T<br />

mTeli kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>pyroba. qarTvelebi, saqar-<br />

Tvelos mtkiced gaerTienebamdec ki, Seupovrad ibrZodnen<br />

somxuri agresiis winaaRmdeg, amsxvrevdnen somexTa gegmebs.<br />

ilia WavWavaZis Tanamoazre, cnobili istorikosi dimitri<br />

baqraZe 1 ga<strong>da</strong>WriT acxadeb<strong>da</strong>: “qarTvelebi meomruli suliskveTebiT<br />

gamoirCeodnen <strong>da</strong> maTi gandevna mSobliuri adgilebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod maTze Zlieri mtris xangrZlivi<br />

SeteviT; qarTvelebi rogorc ricxobrivad, ise fizikuri<br />

ZaliT, Tu ar aRematebodnen, ar Camouvardebodnen mainc<br />

somxebs. amitom somxebs SeeZloT mxolod dro<strong>da</strong>dro mietacebinaT<br />

maTTvis miwa-wyali, <strong>da</strong>esaxlebinaT maTs teritori-<br />

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom iliam d. baqraZis <strong>da</strong>krZalvisas miitana gvirgvini warweriT:<br />

“saflavi SenisTana kacisa salocavia mamulisa.” saerTo<strong>da</strong>c, ilia<br />

miiCnev<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriis mkvlevarni did erovnul saqmes<br />

akeTebdnen, vinc keTilsindisierad iRwvo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

36

aze Tavisi moaxalSeneebi, magram Zala ar Seswev<strong>da</strong>T sabolood<br />

waeglijaT maTTvis miwa-wyali. ase Sexe<strong>da</strong> am sakiTxs <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

istoriis saukeTeso mcodnem, cnobilma orientalistma<br />

sen-martenma, romelic, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad somxebisadmi erTgvari mikerZoebisa,<br />

iZulebuli iyo eRiarebina, rom Woroxis, mtkvris,<br />

evfratisa <strong>da</strong> araqsis wyalgamyofi qedi, ori eris, somxebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis, mudmivi sazRvari iyo, <strong>da</strong> rom somxebi, maTi<br />

mwerlebis mtkicebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, Tu ga<strong>da</strong>scdebodnen TavianT<br />

bunebriv sazRvrebs, mxolod droebiT, magram ar SeeZloT SemoemtkicebinaT<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobili miwa-wyali. sen-martenis es Sexeduleba<br />

savsebiT eTanxmeba qarTul cnobebs, sai<strong>da</strong>nac Cans,<br />

rom somxebi zogjer marTlac waaglejdnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s zogierT<br />

kuTxes, magram atydebo<strong>da</strong> brZola <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><br />

kvlav ibruneb<strong>da</strong> Tavisas.<br />

mTeli Woroxis auzi <strong>da</strong> mtkvris zemo weli, mokle Sualedis<br />

gamoklebiT, yovelTvis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelSi rom iyo,<br />

amas cxadyofs Semdegi cnobebi: saxelebi mTebis, mdinareebis,<br />

cixeebisa <strong>da</strong> mTeli ubnebisa, Cvens welTaRricxvamde didi<br />

xniT adre rom warmoiSva 1 ”...<br />

somxebi SeZlebdnen Tu qarTvelebi kavkasiis gaerTianebas,<br />

es garkveulwilad <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli iyo imazec, vin moaxerxeb<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavisi gavlenis qveS moeqcia Crdilo kavkasiis meomari<br />

tomebi, xalxebi. Crdilo kavkasielebi xSirad arbevdnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa<br />

<strong>da</strong> somxeTs, magram ufro meti safrTxe maTgan<br />

Cvens qveyanas emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>, rameTu Crdilo kavkasia uSualod<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s esazRvrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara somxeTs. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

mSvidoba, gaZliereba ar eRirsebo<strong>da</strong>, Tu Crdilo kavkasiaze<br />

Tavis gavlenas ar gaavrceleb<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelebi yoveli RoniT<br />

cdilobdnen amis miRwevas <strong>da</strong> xSirad <strong>da</strong>saxul mizansac anxorcielebdnen.<br />

rodesac Crdilo kavkasia <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s uzenaesobas<br />

cnob<strong>da</strong>, qarTvelebs xelewifebo<strong>da</strong>T iqe<strong>da</strong>n maSveli<br />

jaric gadmoeyvanaT <strong>da</strong> TavianTi mtrebisTvis miesiaT, kerZod,<br />

somxebisaTvisac, Tu maTi jari Tavs esxmo<strong>da</strong> Cvens qveyanas<br />

1 d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa <strong>da</strong> aWaraSi, baTumi, 1987,<br />

gv.38. d. baqraZis es naSromi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad rusul enaze gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> 1878<br />

wels peterburgSi.<br />

37

<strong>da</strong> qarTuli miwa-wylis mitacebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>. somxeTs imitomac<br />

sur<strong>da</strong> saqarTevlos <strong>da</strong>pyroba <strong>da</strong> gasomxureba, qarTveli<br />

eris gasomxeba, rom amis Sedegad uSualod gamezoblebo<strong>da</strong><br />

Crdilo kavkasias, Tavis samsaxurSi Caeyenebina is. magram<br />

Crdilo kavkasiaze gavlenis mopoveba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />

SeZlo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m <strong>da</strong> ver SeZlo somxeTma.<br />

faqtia, rom saqarvelos istoriis oqros xanaSi, XII saukunesa<br />

<strong>da</strong> XIII aswleulis pirvel meoTxedSi Crdilo kavkasiis<br />

tomebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samefos uzenaesobas cnobdnen <strong>da</strong><br />

qristianobac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>da</strong>n vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> Crdilo kavkasia-<br />

Si. am movlenas ki safuZvlebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi eyrebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

qarTuli saxelmwifoebi XIX aswleulamdec cdilobdnen<br />

TavianTi gavlena gaevrcelebinaT Crdilo kavkasiaze <strong>da</strong><br />

erTgvar warmatebasac aRwevdnen. Tu qarTvelebi am gzas ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>adgebodnen, Cveni qveynis sisxlismsmeli <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebi ecdebodnen<br />

Crdilo kavkasieli tomebi SemoesiaT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis,<br />

gavixsenoT, mag., qarTveli erisTvis <strong>da</strong>mRupveli movlena<br />

_ lekianoba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad lekianobisa <strong>da</strong> msgavsi movlenebisa,<br />

xsovna Crdilo kavkasiaze <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s didi gavlenis<br />

arsebobisa axal dromde SemorCa. am mxriv sayuradReboa cnobili<br />

moRvawis, giorgi lasxiSvilis mogoneba.<br />

1887 wlis dekemberSi g. lasxiSvili odesaSi <strong>da</strong>upatimrebiaT<br />

revoluciuri saqmianobisaTvis. garkveuli xnis Semdeg<br />

is <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si gamoagzavnes policiis ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis<br />

qveS. mgzavrobis droso “sapatimro vagonSi Semoiyvanes<br />

kidev ori tusaRi, erTma maTganma maSinve miiqcia Cveni yuradrReba:<br />

maRali, mSvenieri, tanadi, Cveneburad gamowyobili moxuci,<br />

imerel Tava<strong>da</strong>d miviReT, sal<strong>da</strong>Tebma igi CvenTan <strong>da</strong>sves.<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom axovani moxuci yabardoeli iyo. me pirvelad<br />

vxe<strong>da</strong>vdi Crdilo kavkasiels <strong>da</strong> cnobismoyvareobiT gamovesaubre...<br />

me ga<strong>da</strong>kvriT <strong>da</strong>vuwye laparaki kavkasiis mdgomareobaze...<br />

rogorRac uxalisod maZlev<strong>da</strong> pasuxs <strong>da</strong> mec Tavi <strong>da</strong>vanebe.<br />

mere Cven gamogvkiTxa vinaoba. roca gaigo, qarTvelebi<br />

viyaviT, siamovneba gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. karga xnis siCumis Semdeg<br />

Rrmad amoioxra <strong>da</strong> sTqva:<br />

_ roca kavkasiis mze Caesvena, mTeli Cveni qveyana maSin<br />

38

<strong>da</strong>iRupa. _ me vifiqre _ Samils gulisxmobs-meTqi <strong>da</strong> amitom<br />

raRac imis Sesaxeb vkiTxe.<br />

_ ara ymawvilo; _ mipasuxa moxucma, _ me Samilze rodi<br />

miTqvams, kavkasiis mze _ <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> iyo 1 ”... somxebs didi<br />

survili hqon<strong>da</strong>T kavkasiis mze <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> ki ara, <strong>somxeTi</strong><br />

yofiliyo, yvelafers akeTebdnen amisaTvis, saZraxis saqcielsac<br />

(mag., <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebTan garigebas) ar Takilobdnen, magram<br />

ar gamouvi<strong>da</strong>T. igive XIX saukuneSi somxuri burJuazia, ker-<br />

Zod, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, Zalian gamdidr<strong>da</strong>, qarTvelebi Raribebi<br />

iyvnen, ruseTis imperiam mospo qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliac,<br />

somxur eklesias ki SeunarCuna avtokefalia, magram<br />

qarTveli eris didma warsulma, didma brZolisunarianobam<br />

is Sedegi gamoiRo, rom XIX aswleulSi qarTvelebs gvyav<strong>da</strong><br />

bumberazi eriskacebi ilia <strong>da</strong> akaki, somxebs ki aseTebi ar<br />

hyav<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

ukve movitane movses xorenacis cnobebi, romliTac<br />

“<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriis mama” cdilobs mkiTxvelis <strong>da</strong>rwmunebas,<br />

rom qarTlis anu iberiis saxelmwifo, TiTqos, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

ymadnafics, vasals warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. l. janaSias sityviT, “xorenacis<br />

koncefciiT qarTli <strong>somxeTi</strong>s erT-erTi mxarea, xolo<br />

qarTlis mmarTveli (kerZod, Cveni pirveli qristiani mefe<br />

mirianic – a. a.) <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefis qveSevrdomia”. 2 xorenaci<br />

ayalbebs ara marto <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, aramed sxva qveynebis warsulsac.<br />

ase mag., movsesis “<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriaSi” 3 gasomxebulia,<br />

somexTa saamayo Svilad, somexTa mefe<strong>da</strong>a gamocxadebuli<br />

sirielTa kerpi, edesis mefe abgari (gasomxebulia misi<br />

Tanamosagreebic). xorenaci, Tu misi somxuri wyaro, imeorebs<br />

somxur quraSi nawrTob siriul gadmocemas imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

abgars TiTqos miwer-mowera hqonia ieso qristesTan, qristes<br />

wamebisTanave monaTlula kidec <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebis xelisuflebsac,<br />

maT Soris romis imperatorsac urCev<strong>da</strong> qristes<br />

rjulis Sewynarebas. marTalia, sinamdvileSi qristes Tanamedrove<br />

edesis mefe abgari ar gaqristianebula, magram faqtia<br />

isic, rom msoflioSi pirveli qristiani mefe III saukunis<br />

1 g. lasxiSvili, memuarebi, Tb., 1992, gv.34-39.<br />

2 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sesaxeb, gv.185.<br />

3 movses xorenaci, gv. 123-130.<br />

39

<strong>da</strong>mdegs swored edesis mefe abgar IX Seiqmna. qristianobis<br />

saTaveebTan mdgomi, TiTqos, qristes keTilmosurne mefis,<br />

qristes Tanamedrovis, sirieli abgarisa <strong>da</strong> misi amalis gasomxeba<br />

xorenacis “Rvawlia”. 1 cxadia, xorenacis amgvari nabiji<br />

Sors gamiznulia. misi survilia, warmoaCinos <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

didi amagi qristianuli moZRvrebis gamarjvebis saqmeSi, gamoacxados<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong> msoflioSi qristianobis erT-erT yvelaze<br />

ufro uZveles kerad.<br />

xorenacis mixedviT, somexTa mefed qceulma abgarma siriaSi<br />

“aago qalaqi im adgilas, romelsac adre somexTa jari<br />

icav<strong>da</strong>… qalaqs edesa <strong>da</strong>arqves. [abgarma] nizibini<strong>da</strong>n iq ga<strong>da</strong>itana<br />

samefo kari <strong>da</strong> yvela Tavisi kerpi...” sinamdvileSi rogorc<br />

abgari ar iyo somexTa mefe, ise arc qalaqi edesa augia<br />

somexTa romelime gvirgvinosans. edesa, romelic SuamdinareTSi<br />

mdebareobs, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi arasodes yofila.<br />

erT mSvenier dRes <strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n wargzavnilma despanebmao<br />

“ierusalimSi gaiares Cveni macxovris, qristes saxilvelad,<br />

rameTu smeno<strong>da</strong>T misi saswaulmoqmedebebis Sesaxeb; maT<br />

TavianTi TvaliTac ixiles es <strong>da</strong> uambes abgars [yovelive].<br />

abgari saxtad <strong>da</strong>rCa <strong>da</strong> irwmuna, rom [qriste] namdvilad iyo<br />

Ze RmrTisa… vinai<strong>da</strong>n abgaris sxeuls xrwnidnen uborotesi<br />

sneulebani, romelnic sparsTa qveyanaSi Sehyro<strong>da</strong> mas Svidi<br />

wlis win <strong>da</strong> kacTagan veravis ganekurna igi, amitom vedrebis<br />

werili gaugzavna [abgarma] qristes, rom mosuliyo <strong>da</strong> moer-<br />

Cina igi; [werili] Semdegi saxisa [iyo].<br />

abgaris baraTi macxovrisadmi<br />

abgari, Ze arSamisa, qveynis mTavari, salams giZRvnis ieso<br />

macxovarsa <strong>da</strong> ganmkiTxavs, romelic gamoCndi ierusalimis<br />

qveyanaSi.<br />

Sens Sesaxeb Sevityve isic, rom ZalgiZs gankurno a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />

wamlebis, balaxebis gareSe... mkvdrebic ki gagicocxlebia.<br />

roca Sevityve yovelive es Sens Sesaxeb, ori azri <strong>da</strong>me-<br />

1 h. g. melqoniani, somxur-asuruli urTierTobebis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (III-V saukuneebi),<br />

erevani, 1970, gv. 158-166 (somxur enaze); xorenacis “istoriis” inglisuri<br />

Targmani, 1979 w., gv. 13.<br />

40

a<strong>da</strong>: an xar RmerTi, ciT movlenili, an<strong>da</strong> Ze RmrTisa <strong>da</strong> amis<br />

gamo xelgewifeba amgvari saqmeebis keTeba. amitomac gigzavni<br />

werils <strong>da</strong> gevedrebi, rom gaiRo msxverpli, moxvide CemTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganmkurno sneulebaTagan. gavige isic, rom gkicxaven uriebi,<br />

Seni wameba surT maT.” somexTa mefe epatiJeba ieso qristes,<br />

Cems samflobelos Seafare Tavio. xorenaci ganagrZobs:<br />

“baraTis wamRebni Sexvdnen qristes ierusalimSi, rasac a<strong>da</strong>sturebs<br />

saxarebis sityvebic; “movidnen masTan vinme warmarT-<br />

Tagannio”_o, [naTqvamia] iq.” cxadia, saxarebis am sityvebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

sulac ar gamomdinareobs, rom xsenebuli warmarTebi mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc<br />

somexTa mefis wargzavnilebi iyvnen. ieso qristes<br />

ver miuRia somexTa mefis miwveva, Tumca, TiTqos, werili ki<br />

miuweria misTvis:<br />

“pasuxi abgaris baraTisa, romelic<br />

macxovris brZanebiT <strong>da</strong>wera Toma mociqulma<br />

netar iyos, visac ar vunaxivar <strong>da</strong> swams Cemi, rameTu<br />

asea <strong>da</strong>werili: vinc mixilavs, mas ara swams, xolo romelnic<br />

ver mxe<strong>da</strong>ven, maT aqvT Cemi rwmena <strong>da</strong> cxondebian. Sen rom<br />

mwer, movide SenTan, amis Taobaze getyvi, rom me aq un<strong>da</strong> Sevasrulo<br />

yovelive, risTvisac gamomgzavnes, Semdgom ki avmaRldebi<br />

masTan, vinc momavlina. raJams avmaRldebi, SenTan gamovuSveb<br />

erT-erT Cems mowafes, raTa gangkurnos sneuleba-<br />

Tagan <strong>da</strong> moganiWoT cxovreba Senc <strong>da</strong> Sens garSemo myof<br />

[a<strong>da</strong>mianebsac].” sinamdvileSi somexTa mefis ki ara, sirielebis,<br />

edesis mefis, abgar ukamas 1 saxels ukavSirdeba TqmulebaTa<br />

cikli, romlebic warmoiqmnen siriaSi ara ugvianes IV<br />

saukunis pirveli naxevrisa. es cikli nawilobriv Setanilia<br />

siriul TxzulebaSi “ad<strong>da</strong>s moZRvreba,” romelic klasikuri<br />

siriuli literaturis saTaveebTan dgas. es Tqmulebebi far-<br />

Tod gavrceldnen aRmosavlurqristianuli kulturuli wris<br />

xalxTa Soris (adre sirielebic qristianebi iyvnen; JamTa<br />

siavis gamo siriel qristianTa ricxvi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT mcirdebo<strong>da</strong>).<br />

gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo Tqmuleba abgar ukamas<br />

1 “ukama” Savs niSnavs <strong>da</strong> abgaris metsaxelia. is edesis mefe iyo qristes<br />

Sobamde 4 _ qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n 7 <strong>da</strong> 14_50 wlebSi.<br />

41

qristesTan mimowerisa <strong>da</strong> edesis mflobelis saswaulebrivi<br />

gankurnebis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom sirielTa mefis abgaris,<br />

abgariosis saxelisagan aris warmoqmnili sityva avgarozi.<br />

raki “<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriis mama” movses xorenaci ayalbebs,<br />

akninebs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong> sxva mezobeli qveynebis warsuls,<br />

raTa amiT meti brwyinvaleba mianiWos <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istorias,<br />

“mamas” “Svilebmac” mibaZes, e.i. sxva somexma mematianeebmac,<br />

romelTa rigebi sakmaod mravalricxovania. Zveli somxuri<br />

saistorio mwerloba rom friad uxvmosavliania, es, cxadia,<br />

SesaniSnavi movlenaa <strong>da</strong> ara marto <strong>somxeTi</strong>sTvis, aramed<br />

mezobeli qveynebis, maT Soris, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriis problemebis<br />

sakvleva<strong>da</strong>c, magram faqtia isic, rom somxuri wyaroebi<br />

saocrad tendenciuria. somxeTSi ZvelTaganve, imTaviTve<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> tradicia, romlis mimdevari somexi mematianeebi,<br />

rogorc wesi, mrude sarkeSi ucqerdnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s warsuls,<br />

qarTul kulturas, akninebdnen mas. Zvel somex mematianeTa<br />

es tradicia aitaces axali drois, Tanamedrove somexma<br />

istorikosebmac. maTac didi survili aqvT msoflios mohfinon<br />

ambavi, TiTqos, kavkasiaSi somxebi warmoadgendnen rCeul<br />

ers <strong>da</strong> ara qarTvelebi, viTomc kavkasiis mze <strong>somxeTi</strong> iyo <strong>da</strong><br />

ara <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>. ra icodnen maT, amis Taobaze Tu rogori<br />

azri hqon<strong>da</strong> gaTavisebuli, SeTvisebuli yabardoel moxucs<br />

saukunoebrivi tradiciis ZaliT, Torem ecdebodnen mis gaCumebas,<br />

mosyidvas.<br />

Mme <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli var, rom somxebma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s pirvelad<br />

qristes Sobamde meore saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi Semouties.Yyovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, araviTari ueWveli masala ara gvaqvs<br />

imis samtkiceblad, rom somxuri saxelmwifo ufro adrec<br />

axerxeb<strong>da</strong> qarTuli miwa-wylis mitacebas. amdenad, miuRebelia<br />

Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, TiTqos, somxebs upiratesoba<br />

gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T qarTvelebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n, a<strong>da</strong>mJamobi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

ara<strong>da</strong>, amgvari Tvalsazrisi gatarebulia ZvelTaganve<br />

qarTveli eris wmin<strong>da</strong>, patiosan wignad aRiarebul “qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis” Semadgenel pirvel TxzulebaSi (“cxovreba<br />

qarTvelTa mefeTa“), romlis avtora<strong>da</strong>c XI saukunis moRvawe,<br />

ruisis mTavarepiskoposi leonti mrovelia miCneuli.Ees miT<br />

42

ufro ucnauria, rom qarTvelebi, marTlmadidebluri qarTuli<br />

eklesia monofizit, grigorian somxebs mwvaleblebad, ieso<br />

qristesgan gandgomil erad miiCnevdnen <strong>da</strong> am dros qar-<br />

Tveli mTavarepiskoposic, somxuri wyaroebis msgavsad, somxebs<br />

kavkasiaSi lamis rCeul xalxad acxadebs, maT upiratesobas<br />

RaRadebs.<br />

Lleonti mroveli mogviTxrobs: “pirvelad vaxsenoT ese,<br />

rameTu somexTa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa, ranTa <strong>da</strong> movaknelTa, herTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> lekTa, megrelTa <strong>da</strong> kavkasianTa _ amaT TvisTa (naTesavTa<br />

_ a. a.) erTi iyo mama, saxeliT Targamos. ese Targamos iyo Ze<br />

TarSisi, Ziswuli iafeTisi, Zisa noesi. <strong>da</strong> iyo ese Targamos<br />

kaci gmiri...<br />

xolo SvilTa Soris misTa gamoCndes kacni rvani,<br />

gmirni Zlierni <strong>da</strong> saxelovanni, romelTa saxelebi ese ars:<br />

pirvelsa erqua haos, meoresa qarTlos, mesamesa bardos,<br />

meoTxesa movakan, mexuTesa lek, meequsesa heros, meSvidesa<br />

kavkas, mervesa egros. ese rvani iyvnes gmirni. xolo haos<br />

umetes gmiri iyo yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari araodes yofil<br />

iyo arca wylis-rRunis winaT <strong>da</strong> arca Semdgomad tani-<br />

Ta, ZaliTa <strong>da</strong> simxniTa’’. 1 Lleonti mroveli kavkasiis xalxebs<br />

erTi modgmisad, Zmebad rom acxadebs, 2 es gakeTebulia im mizniT,<br />

rom erToba <strong>da</strong>myarebuliyo kavkasielTa Soris, raTa<br />

isini saerTo ZalisxmeviT <strong>da</strong>pirispirebodnen uamrav <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebs.Mmagram<br />

ratom aniWebs qarTveli mematiane upiratesobas<br />

somexTa miTiur winapars, haoss (somxurad mas haiki<br />

ewodeba) qarTvelTa miTiur winaparTan, qarTlosTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />

es Zneli asaxsnelia.<br />

Hhaosis gamorCeuloba leontis Semdgomi Txrobi<strong>da</strong>nac<br />

Cans: “ganuyo Targamos (Targamosma _ a. a.) queyana <strong>da</strong> naTesavi<br />

Tvisi rvaTa amaT gmirTa: naxevari naTesavisa misisa <strong>da</strong> naxevari<br />

<strong>da</strong> umjobesi queyanisa misisa misca haoss, xolo Svid-<br />

Ta amaT misca” <strong>da</strong>rCenili naxevario. 3 “xolo haos <strong>da</strong>emkvidra<br />

sayofelsa mamisa Tvisisa TargamosisTa... <strong>da</strong> amaT SvidTave<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, Tb., 1955, gv. 3-4.<br />

2 sinamdvileSi, faqtia, rom qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong> somxebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva warmoSobis<br />

xalxebia, maTi enebic enaTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ojaxebs miekuTvnebian.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv.4.<br />

43

gmirTa ze<strong>da</strong> iyo ganmgebel <strong>da</strong> ufal haos. <strong>da</strong> ese yovelni<br />

iyvnes morCil haosisa. <strong>da</strong> ese rvanive erTobiT hmonebdes nebroTs<br />

gmirsa, romeli iyo pirveli mefe yovlisa queyanisa.<br />

Semdgomad amisa mciredTa weliwadTa mouwo<strong>da</strong> haos<br />

SvidTa maT gmirTa, Semokribna <strong>da</strong> rqua maT: “moguca RmerTman<br />

maRalman Zali <strong>da</strong> simravle naTesavisa Cuenisa,” aRar <strong>da</strong>vemorCiloTo<br />

nebroTs. “ewamnes Svidni igi gmirni, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>umtkices<br />

ganzraxva igi; <strong>da</strong> ganudges nebroTs <strong>da</strong> arRara misces<br />

xarki...<br />

maSin ganuwyra nebroT, <strong>da</strong> Semokribna gmirni misni <strong>da</strong><br />

yovelni romelni erCdes spani misni, <strong>da</strong> momarTa TargamosianTa.”<br />

pirvel brZolaSi Targamosianebma gaimajves.Ees ambavi<br />

“viTarca esma nebroTs, ganwyra <strong>da</strong> warmoemarTa maT ker-<br />

Zo yovliTa ZaliTa misiTa. xolo haoss ara hyves spani nebroTis<br />

spaTa odenni: ganmagr<strong>da</strong> igi RirRalTa Sina masisisaTa.Mmiudga<br />

queSe kerZo nebroT; <strong>da</strong> iyo igi Wurvili rkini-<br />

Ta <strong>da</strong> rvaliTa terfTagan vidre Txemamde. <strong>da</strong> aRx<strong>da</strong> gorasa<br />

erTsa ze<strong>da</strong> zraxvadHhaosisa <strong>da</strong> etyo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>morCilebasave missa...<br />

xolo haos rqua gmirTa misTa: “ganmimagreT zurgiT kerZi<br />

Cemi, <strong>da</strong> miveaxlo nebroTs’’.<br />

D<strong>da</strong> warvi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mivi<strong>da</strong> pirispir maxlobelad nebroTisa,<br />

<strong>da</strong> styorca isari <strong>da</strong>Hhkra mkerdsa nebroTissa, ficarsa ze<strong>da</strong><br />

rvalisasa, <strong>da</strong> ganavlo zurgiT. maSin <strong>da</strong>eca nebroT, <strong>da</strong> iota<br />

banaki misi. <strong>da</strong> ganTavisufldes naTesavni Targamosisni.D<strong>da</strong><br />

maSin haos hyo Tavi Tvisi mefed ZmaTa TvisTa ze<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxua-<br />

Taca naTesavTa ze<strong>da</strong>, maxlobelTa sazRvarTa misTasa. xolo<br />

Svidnive ese Zmani warvides Tvis-Tvisad queyanad, <strong>da</strong> iyvnes<br />

morCil haosisa”.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom leonti mroveli momxrea qarTvelebis<br />

mokavSireobisa, megobrobisa ara marto kavkasielebTan, ker-<br />

Zod, somxebTan, aramed sxva xalxebTanac, rameTu amas saWirod<br />

miiCnevs mravalricxovani mtris, saxeldobr, sparselebis<br />

mosagerieblad. sparsTa mefem <strong>da</strong>amarcxao Turqebi. amaT<br />

“gamovles zRua gurganisi (kaspiis zRva _ a. a.), aRmoyves<br />

mtkuarsa <strong>da</strong> movides mcxeTas... <strong>da</strong> ezraxnes mamasaxlissa (ma-<br />

Sindel uzenaes xelisufals _ a. a.) mcxeTisasa, aRuTques Sewevna<br />

sparsTa ze<strong>da</strong>. xolo mamasaxlisman mcxeTelman auwya<br />

44

yovelTa qarTvelTa. inebes <strong>da</strong>megobreba maT TurqTa, 1 rameTu<br />

aqun<strong>da</strong> SiSi sparsTa, <strong>da</strong> SemweobisaTvis <strong>da</strong>imegobrnes Turqni”...<br />

es Turqebi, TiTqos, <strong>da</strong>usaxlebiaT kidec <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva adgilebSi: “xolo umravlesni maTganni movides<br />

<strong>da</strong> poves adgili erTi mcxeTas, 2 <strong>da</strong>savliT kerZo kldeTa Soris<br />

gamokueTili, Rrma, <strong>da</strong> moiTxoves adgili igi mcxeTelTa<br />

mamasaxlisisagan. misca <strong>da</strong> aRaSenes igi, mozRudes mtkiced,<br />

<strong>da</strong> ewo<strong>da</strong> mas adgilsa sarkine.<br />

<strong>da</strong> iyvnes ese Turqni <strong>da</strong> qarTvelni nebismyofel erTmanerTisa,<br />

moelodes moslvasa sparsTasa, amagrebdes cixeTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qalaqTa.Mmas Jamsa Sina sa<strong>da</strong>Tac vin mividis Zviris-moqmed-<br />

Tagan saberZneTiT, gina asuriT otebuli, gina xazareTiT, yovelive<br />

<strong>da</strong>imegobrian qarTvelTa SemweobisaTvis sparsTa ze<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>da</strong> gamoxdes amas Sina Jamni mravalni. maSin nabuqodonosor<br />

mefeman warmostyuena ierusalemi, <strong>da</strong> muniT otebulni<br />

uriani movides qarTls, <strong>da</strong> moiTxoves mcxeTelTa mamasaxlisisagan<br />

queyana xarkiTa. misca <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sxna aragusa ze<strong>da</strong>, wyarosa,<br />

romelsa hqvian zanavi.” 3 rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, qarTvelTa mokavSireni,<br />

megobrebi gamx<strong>da</strong>ran sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xalxebi, isini,<br />

TiTqos, <strong>da</strong>usaxlebiaT kidec <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, magram arc erT<br />

maTgans leonti mroveli upiratesobas ar aniWebs qarTveleb-<br />

Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, arc berZnebsa <strong>da</strong> ebraelebs.Uupiratesobis pativs<br />

leonti mxolod somxebs miagebs.<br />

axsenebs ra babilonis mefe nabuqodonosors <strong>da</strong> misgan<br />

ltolvil ebraelTa <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mosvlas, e. i. qristes Sobamde<br />

VI saukunis ambebs, leonti mroveli <strong>da</strong>sZens: “aqamomdis<br />

qarTlosianTa ena somxuri iyo, romelsa zraxvides. 4 xolo<br />

odes Semokrbes ese uricxuni naTesavni qarTlsa Sina, maSin<br />

qarTvelTaca <strong>da</strong>uteves ena somxuri.D<strong>da</strong> amaT yovelTa naTesav-<br />

Tagan Seiqmna ena qarTuli.” 5 Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> gavigoT leontis<br />

es cnoba, amis Sesaxeb kamaTi xSirad cxare xasiaTs<br />

1 leontis Tanaxmad, es ambavi momx<strong>da</strong>ra babilonis mefis, nabuqodonosoris<br />

xelmwifobamde (qristes Sobamde VII-VI saukuneebi) bevrad ufro adre.<br />

2 nagulisxmevia mcxeTis sanaxebi.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 14-16.<br />

4 qarTvelTa de<strong>da</strong>-ena aRniSnul dromde somxuri iyoo.<br />

5 qarTlis cxovreba t. I, gv. 16.<br />

45

iRebs <strong>da</strong> leonti mrovelsac armenofil avtors uwodeben.<br />

leontis armenofilurma cnobebma proletaruli poeti, alio<br />

mircxulavac (maSaSvili) ki aRaSfoTa. wesiT <strong>da</strong> rigiT, proletaruli<br />

poeti internacionalisti un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />

grZnobebi ar un<strong>da</strong> awuxebdes, Tavisi qveynis warsuliTac ar<br />

un<strong>da</strong> amayobdes, SeiZleba es warsuli mxolod ganaqiqos, magram<br />

alio mircxulava gamonaklisi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> – Tu manamde<br />

ara, 54 wlis asakSi masSi erovnuli grZnobebi aSkarad Cans.<br />

1957 wlis 2 marts gazeT “axalgazr<strong>da</strong> komunistSi”<br />

(#27) 1 gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> a. mircxulavas werili mravlismetyveli<br />

saTauriT: “es aris Cveni istoria?!”, romelSic avtori ver malavs<br />

aRSfoTebas 1955 wels gamoqveynebul “qarTlis cxovrebis”<br />

pirvel tomSi leonti mrovlis armenofiluri Tvalsazrisis<br />

Semcveli Txzulebis ucvlelad Setanis gamo. mircxulavas<br />

sityviT, arqeologiur naSromSi – “mcxeTa” – “moTavsebuli<br />

masalebi, arqeologiuri Zeglebi amtkiceben, rom es<br />

qveyana, sa<strong>da</strong>c Cven vcxovrobT, modgmi<strong>da</strong>nve qarTvelebis samkvidro-sacxovrisia.<br />

am mxriv amouwuravi <strong>da</strong> eWvmiutaneli masala<br />

eZleva qarTvel istorikosebs. <strong>da</strong> ai, 1955 welsve paralelurad<br />

gamodis sruli “qarTlis cxovreba” s. yauxCiSvilis<br />

re<strong>da</strong>qciiT. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom es wigni diametriulad ewinaaRmdegeba<br />

im faqtobriv Zeglebsa <strong>da</strong> masalebs, rac mocemulia<br />

arqeologiur naSromSi “mcxeTa”.<br />

a. mircxulavas mixedviT, “qarTlis cxovrebis” pirvel<br />

tomSi Setanili leonti mrovelis “cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa”<br />

“met SemTxvevaSi yalb wyaroebzea agebuli… <strong>da</strong> saqar-<br />

Tvelos uZvelesi istoriis saxiT warmodgenilia Cvens wina-<br />

Se”. es Txzulebao “Rrma mecnieruli Seswavlis sagans ar<br />

warmoadgens”, masSi “naklebad sCans <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoria.<br />

eyrdnoba ra ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Zveli somexi istorikosebisa <strong>da</strong> mematianeebis<br />

naxevradzRaprul, apokriful <strong>da</strong> tendenciur cnobebs,<br />

igi arasworad aSuqebs qarTlis istorias, kerZod, qar-<br />

Tvel mefeTa istorias, maT vinaobas, genealogias, gvartomobas…<br />

leontis cnobiT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s yvela mefe yofila an<br />

1 rogorc Cans, am gazeTis re<strong>da</strong>qtori <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlebic qarTveli patriotebi<br />

iyvnen <strong>da</strong> ara namdvili, mamali komunistebi.<br />

46

sparsi, an somexi”. a. mircxulava aq ferebs amuqebs. leonti<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s yvela mefes araqarTvelad ar acxadebs, Tumca<br />

bevr maTgans ki miiCnevs aseTad – uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n mexuTe<br />

saukunemde.<br />

a. mircxulava ganagrZobs: “zRaparze agebuli istoria<br />

qarTvel ers ar sWirdeba. Tqven ggoniaT es savalalo mdgomareoba<br />

gasuli saukunis qarTvel erismoZRvrebs ar awuxeb<strong>da</strong>T?<br />

gaixseneT akakisa <strong>da</strong> ilias galaSqreba am yalbi versiebis<br />

winaaRmdeg”. a. mircxulavas sityviT, “qarTlis cxovrebis”<br />

“re<strong>da</strong>qtorsa <strong>da</strong> Semdgenels (e. i. s. yauxCiSvils – a. a.)<br />

SeeZlo wigni<strong>da</strong>n amoeSala yalbi adgilebi, an eWvis qveS <strong>da</strong>eyenebia<br />

isini <strong>da</strong> mecnieruli analiziT gaebaTilebia; Torem<br />

metismetad arasasiamovno istoria gamodis. Cven, kargi, moviTmenT,<br />

magram ase un<strong>da</strong> vaswavloT Cvens norCsa <strong>da</strong> momaval Taobas<br />

mSobliuri istoria?”<br />

moaqvs ra leonti mrovelis cnoba, babilonis mefis, nabuqodonosoris<br />

(qristes Sobamde 604-562 wlebi) dromde qar-<br />

TvelTa de<strong>da</strong>-ena, mSobliuri ena, TiTqos, somxuri yofiliyos<br />

<strong>da</strong> mxolod am xanebSi Seqmniliyos qarTuli ena, a. mircxulava<br />

<strong>da</strong>sZens: “ara mgonia esec WeSmaritebas Seicavdes.<br />

aseTi “qarTlis cxovreba” araa saWiro arc CvenTvis, arc<br />

somxebisaTvis, 1 arc Cveni momavali TaobebisaTvis. amiT Cven<br />

moZme somexi xalxis warsul cxovrebasac eWvis qveS vayenebT.<br />

2 me did pativs vcem <strong>da</strong> vafaseb somex ers, nuravin ifiqrebs,<br />

TiTqos yvelaferi es patriotuli mikerZoebis Sedegia.<br />

ara. magram un<strong>da</strong> vicodeT: arsebobs erTa erTmaneTisadmi pativiscemisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> siyvarulis grZnoba, magram arsebobs yvela<br />

erSi erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis grZnobac”. raki proletaruli<br />

poetic ki erovnul Tavmoyvareobaze alaparak<strong>da</strong>, imedia,<br />

qarTvelebSi dRes Sesustebuli, <strong>da</strong>kninebuli erovnuli Segneba<br />

momavalSi kvlavac gaZlierdeba.<br />

cxadia, “qarTlis cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n” raimes amoSlis ufleba,<br />

Tun<strong>da</strong>c “yalbi adgilebisa”, aravis ara aqvs, sanam ar <strong>da</strong>m-<br />

1 somxebs Zalianac moswonT leonti mrovelis armenofiloba <strong>da</strong> TavianT<br />

sasargeblo<strong>da</strong>c iyeneben.<br />

2 rogor? somxebma moisyides leonti mroveli?<br />

47

tkicdeba, rom yalbad miCneuli esa Tu is cnoba gviandeli<br />

CanarTia. un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT, rom “qarTlis cxovrebis”<br />

avtorebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samefo karis interesebs asaxavdnen,<br />

maTi Txzulebebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefeebis politikis safuZvlianobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sabuTebas isaxavdnen miznad. bunebrivia, Cndeba<br />

kiTxva: XI saukunis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefisaTvis misaRebi iyo leonti<br />

mrovelis Txzuleba, romelic Zalze xSirad armenofiluria,<br />

uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n IV aswleulamde qarTvelebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

somexTa upiratesobas qa<strong>da</strong>gebs? sakiTxavi ai, es<br />

aris! Cemi azriT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s urTierTobebis Rrmad<br />

Seswavla am problemas Suqs hfens. amis Taobaze winamdebare<br />

naSromis meore TavSic visaubreb, rameTu leonti mroveli XI<br />

saukunis avtoria <strong>da</strong> misi armenofiluri koncefciis gasagebad<br />

saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT qarTul-somxuri urTierTobebis<br />

istoria uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n XII saukunemde mainc.<br />

levan sanikiZis sityviT, leonti mroveli aris “araqar-<br />

Tuli orientaciis mqone istorikosi”. amasTanave, mkvlevars<br />

aRniSnuli aqvs “saerTod qarTulobisadmi misi (leontis – a.<br />

a.) tendenciuri <strong>da</strong> saziano ganwyobileba“ 1 . leontis Tvalsazrisis<br />

amgvar Sefasebas mohyva simon yauxCiSvilis gamoxmaureba:<br />

“Zalian <strong>da</strong>amcireT 2 Cveni SesaniSnavi (vityodi sworupovari)<br />

istorikosi leonti mroveli…<br />

leonti mroveli XI saukunis is pirveli qarTveli istorikosia,<br />

romliTac iwyeba Cveni “wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta-wmi<strong>da</strong>” wigni “qar-<br />

Tlis cxovreba”… leonti mrovelis am SesaniSnav naSromze<br />

izrdebo<strong>da</strong> mTeli rigi saukuneebis manZilze qarTveli axalgazrdoba;<br />

mTeli qarTveli sazogadoeba imiT ecnobo<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

istorias… rogor fiqrobT Tqven… ”araqarTuli<br />

orientaciis mqone istorikoss”, “qarTulisadmi misi saziano<br />

ganwyobilebis” matarebel a<strong>da</strong>mians qarTveli sazogadoeba Tavis<br />

maswavleblad gaixdi<strong>da</strong>?”.<br />

Semdeg s. yauxCiSvili gamoTqvams guliswyromas leonti<br />

mrovelis armenofilad gamocxadebis gamo: “zogierTi misi<br />

1 l. sanikiZe, tacitusi qarTuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, “ciskari”.<br />

1972, #2, gv. 133.<br />

2 mimarTavs s. yauxCiSvili l. sanikiZes.<br />

48

(leontis – a. a.) gamonaTqvami sabuTs aZlev<strong>da</strong> mkvlevarebs<br />

elaparakaT leonti mrovelis armenofilur ganwyobaze, rac<br />

Tqven… ufro gaaRrmaveT <strong>da</strong> leonti mroveli gamoacxadeT<br />

araqarTuli orientaciis mqone istorikosad, ufro metic,<br />

qarTulisadmi tendenciurad ganwyobil a<strong>da</strong>mianad.”<br />

“leonti mrovelis Sesaxeb iv. javaxiSvilis mier gamoTqmuli<br />

eWvebi qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> somexTa Zmobis Sesaxeb sxva<br />

mkvlevarebma... “gaaRrmaves’’ <strong>da</strong> mas, leonti mrovels armenofiloba<br />

<strong>da</strong>swames”. 1 arsai<strong>da</strong>n ar Cans, rom qarTvelebs saukuneTa<br />

ganmavlobaSi moswon<strong>da</strong>T leonti mrovelis Txzulebis<br />

is adgilebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mematiane qarTvelebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT somex-<br />

Ta upiratesobas qa<strong>da</strong>gebs. cnobilia, mag., rom XII aswleulis<br />

qarTveli avtori, arsen beri ar iziareb<strong>da</strong> leontis armenofilobas<br />

(pirobiTad mainc vixmaroT es termini). rogorc etyoba,<br />

XII saukunisa <strong>da</strong> XIII aswleulis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samefo<br />

kars, garkveuli mizezebis gamo (amaze qvemoT visaubrebT), mizanSewonilad<br />

ar miuCnevia leontis “cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas”<br />

nacvlad axali Txzulebis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> Setana “qarTlis<br />

cxovrebaSi.” Semdgom ki, XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

juris <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebma lamis samSoblo Tavze <strong>da</strong>gvamxes <strong>da</strong><br />

amisTvis viRas cxelo<strong>da</strong>. Tumca im drosac qarTveli eri, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

xelisufalni kvlav fiqrobdnen kavkasiis erTianobaze<br />

<strong>da</strong> kavkasielebis, kerZod, somxebis ganawyenebas eridebodnen.<br />

iqneb, amitomac aRar amoiRes “qarTlis cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n”<br />

erTxel ukve masSi Setanili leontis Txzuleba <strong>da</strong> arc ga<strong>da</strong>akeTes<br />

is.<br />

Cems naSromSi kvlavac vapireb leonti mrovelis armenofiluri<br />

cnobebis motanas <strong>da</strong> ganxilvas, magram raki leontis<br />

Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb cxare kamaTis gaCaReba vaxsene, aqve<br />

vityvi, rom amgvari kamaTi gaimarTa 1998 welsac, rodesac<br />

gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> cnobili armenologis, zaza aleqsiZis werili _<br />

”Cveni istoriis gakveTilebi.” 2 z. aleqsiZes moaqvs leonti<br />

mrovelis “cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas” is cnobebi, romle-<br />

1<br />

s. yauxCiSvili, Ria werili profesor levan sanikiZes, gazeTi “quTaisi,”<br />

1972 w., 12 aprili.<br />

2<br />

ix. gazeTi “<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublika”, 1998 w., 11 ianvari.<br />

49

ic uZveles xanaSi kavkasiaSi somexTa upiratesobas RaRadeben,<br />

cdilobs Taviseburad gaiazros es masala <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sZens,<br />

rom leonti mrovels tyuilad, usamarTlod swameben armenofilobas.<br />

z. aleqsiZis sityviT, “amierkavkasiis qveynebi (<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>,<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>) ekuTvnian im iSviaTi qveynebis ricxvs, romel-<br />

Tac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva periodSi wyvetilebiT, magram SeinarCunes<br />

TavianTi saxelmwifoebrioba antikurobi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde.” am mxriv<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong>s Se<strong>da</strong>reba nuTu SeiZleba? amierkavkasiaSi<br />

somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba <strong>da</strong>eca XI saukuneSi <strong>da</strong><br />

1918 wlamde (<strong>da</strong>Snakebamde) aRar aRmdgara. somxebi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan<br />

aiyarnen TavianTi samSoblo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi gaifantnen.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m ki XII aswleulSi Tavisi istoriis oqros<br />

xana Seqmna <strong>da</strong> warmatebebs miaRwia mTeli kavkasiis mter-<br />

Tagan <strong>da</strong>cvis saqmeSic. qarTveli xelisufalni im xanebSi<br />

mfarvelobdnen, kerZod, somxebsac <strong>da</strong> cdilobdnen maT <strong>da</strong>magrebas<br />

somxeTSi an <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si asaxlebdnen maT, raTa xelsayrel<br />

pirobebSi somxeTSi <strong>da</strong>ebrunebinaT <strong>da</strong> saerTod CaenergaT<br />

somxebisTvis rwmena, rom maT qarTvelebTan erTad un<strong>da</strong><br />

ebrZolaT Tavisive samSoblos, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad.<br />

marTalia, XIII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s bedis Carxic<br />

ukuRma <strong>da</strong>trial<strong>da</strong> (gamonaklisia giorgi brwyinvalis epoqa),<br />

magram Cveni istoriis oqros xanaSi Seiqmna qarTuli, erovnuli<br />

saxareba, “vefxistyaosani,” maRali donis qarTuli kultura,<br />

romelsac “vefxistyaosnis”kultura SeiZleba vuwodoT.Aamis<br />

wyalobiT qarTulma saxelmwifoebriobam gauZlo<br />

XIII_XVIII aswleulebis jojoxeTs <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSic gaZleb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

moyvrulad mosul, e. w. erTmorwmune mters, ruseTis imperias<br />

motyuebiT, veragulad rom ar moespo, ar <strong>da</strong>engria qarTuli<br />

samefo-samTavroebi, saxelmwifoebi.<br />

somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba imitomac <strong>da</strong>eca, rom somxebma<br />

ver Seqmnes “vefxistyaosnis” msgavsi erovnuli saxareba,<br />

romelic maT gaaZlebineb<strong>da</strong> TavianT samSobloSi umZimes<br />

pirobebSiac. rogorc iTqva, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s imperia arsebob<strong>da</strong> tigran<br />

II didis dros, magram maSin somxuri mwerloba, somxuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>mwerloba ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> erovnuli saxarebis Seqmnac<br />

ver moxerxdebo<strong>da</strong>. amasTanave, tigranis imperia Seiqmna iseT<br />

50

pirobebSi, rodesac pontos mefe miTri<strong>da</strong>te romis saxelmwifos<br />

eomebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mier mezobeli qveynebis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas<br />

did yuradRebas ver miaqcev<strong>da</strong>, xolo miTri<strong>da</strong>tes awyob<strong>da</strong><br />

mokavSire hyolo<strong>da</strong> tigranis saxiT. erTi sityviT, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

imperiis Seqmna tigran II-is dros Tu savsebiT ara,<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad mainc SemTxveviTi movlena iyo, mas mtkice<br />

safuZveli ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amitomac oci wlis metxans<br />

ver gaZlo, <strong>da</strong>ingra. didi qarTuli saxelmwifo, didi saqar-<br />

Tvelo ki saukuneTa manZilze Sendebo<strong>da</strong>, mas mtkice safuZvlebi<br />

gaaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aman gaaZlebina qarTul saxelmwifoebriobasac<br />

XIX aswleulamde. “vefxistyaosnis” kulturiT (romelsac<br />

safuZvlebi XII saukunemde bevrad adre Caeyara, aswleulebis<br />

manZilze mzaddebo<strong>da</strong>) STagonebuli qarTvelebi ki saxelmwifos<br />

SesanarCuneblad Tav<strong>da</strong>uzogavad ibrZodnen 1810<br />

wlamde <strong>da</strong> saswaulebsac axdendnen omebSi_xSirad erT qar-<br />

Tvel meomarze mtris asi mebrZoli modio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mainc qarTvelebi<br />

imarjvebdnen. aseT viTarebaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> qarTul enaSi misalmebis<br />

aRmniSvnel sityvad_gamarjveba, gamarjobac. saqar-<br />

Tvelo, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom TviTon Zalze uWir<strong>da</strong> XIII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s ga<strong>da</strong>rCenasac cdilob<strong>da</strong>, saamisod irjebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

SemorCenil Zalebs ar zogav<strong>da</strong>. @@<br />

z. aleqsiZe aRniSnavs: leonti mrovelis koncefciao “XI<br />

s-is meore naxevarSi cxaddeba, rodesac kavkasiaSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

politikuri upiratesoba sruliad aSkaraa. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

amisa, leonti mrovelis sqemaSi rva Zmas Soris ufrosi <strong>da</strong><br />

“ugmiresi Ze” haosia (somexTa eTnarqi) <strong>da</strong> ara qarTlosi (qar-<br />

TvelTa eTnarqi). haosi flobs memkvidreobiT kavkasiaSi “umjobes”<br />

miwas <strong>da</strong> ara qarTlosi. ratom mox<strong>da</strong> ase? imitom, rom<br />

leonti mroveli istorikosia <strong>da</strong> man ar uRalata istoriisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> logikis kanonebs. kavkasiis eTnarqTa warmomavloba man<br />

biblii<strong>da</strong>n gamoiyvana... Tavis obieqturobaSi leonti mroveli<br />

kidev ufro Sors midis. axla mas surs gaarkvios, ra enaze<br />

laparakob<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad qarTvelTa eTnarqi qarTlosi,<br />

Ze Targamosisa. cxadia, igi laparakob<strong>da</strong> Tavisi mamis enaze.<br />

leonti mrovelma icis, rom Targamosis ufrosi Svilis, haosis<br />

STamomavalTa ena somxuria. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, rva kavkasieli<br />

eTnarqis, <strong>da</strong>, maT Soris, qarTlosis enac somxuri un<strong>da</strong> yofi-<br />

51

liyo garkveul dromde...<br />

iwyeba didi procesi kavkasiis gaerTianebisa <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

egidiT <strong>da</strong> am epoqis qarTvel meistories ar eSinia Tavis<br />

istoriulad ufros Zmad somexTa eTnarqi gamoacxados,<br />

xolo somexTa qveyana <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>ze ukeTes qveynad... leonti<br />

mroveli araviTar angariSs ar uwevs Tavisi epoqis nacionalisturad<br />

ganwyobil Zalebs <strong>da</strong> arc istoriis samsjavrosi<br />

eSinia, radgan <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulia Tavisi koncefciis istoriul<br />

WeSmaritebasa <strong>da</strong> politikur aucileblobaSi”...<br />

z. aleqsiZis debulebebma vnebaTa Relva gamoiwvia qar-<br />

Tul sazogadoebaSi. Mmis sapasuxod araerTi kritikuli werili<br />

<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>. mec ar viziareb z. aleqsiZis mosazrebebs.<br />

amis Taobaze Cemi pozicia ukve gamoqveynebulic maqvs 1 <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />

vrclad mas winamdebare naSromSic gadmovcem Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan.<br />

aq mokled vityvi, rom leonti mroveli, garkveuli mizezebis<br />

gamo, somxuri wyaroebiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

somxebis upiratesobis (uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n, qristes<br />

Sobi<strong>da</strong>n IV saukunemde) ideac iqe<strong>da</strong>n aqvs SeTvisebuli. avi-<br />

RoT, mag., sakiTxi, TiTqos, qarTvelTa de<strong>da</strong>-ena Zvelad somxuri<br />

yofila, kerZod, qristes Sobamde VI aswleulamde. realurad<br />

aq SeiZleba igulisxmebodes is, rom swored am dromde<br />

amierkavkasiaSi saukuneTa manZilze batonob<strong>da</strong>, ufro sworad,<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> gabatonebuliyo urartus Zlieri saxelmwifo.MmarTalia,<br />

qarTvelebi urartus <strong>da</strong>mpyrobel jarebs did<br />

winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen, magram mainc Sesawynarebeli Cans is<br />

azri, rom urartu axerxeb<strong>da</strong> Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebas<br />

amierkavkasiaSi.Aaqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, im xanebSi urartul enasac<br />

zogjer qarTulze meti mniSvneloba mieniWebo<strong>da</strong>. SesaZlebelia,<br />

am faqtma mogvianebiT somxuri qura gamoiara <strong>da</strong><br />

urartuli ena somxuriT Caanacvles.<br />

somxuri enis gansakuTrebulobis Sesaxeb somxuri legendebi<br />

adreve Cans warmoqmnili.Aamis Taobaze masala moipoveba<br />

XIII saukunis somexi mematianis, var<strong>da</strong>n arevelcis (“aRmosavlelis”)<br />

“msoflio istoriaSic.” vinai<strong>da</strong>n noes kidobani<br />

1 “qarTlis cxovrebis” pirveli matianis armenofilobis Taobaze, gazeTi<br />

“<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublika”, 1998 w., 18 marti.<br />

52

araratis mTaze gaCerebula (arsebobs iseTi gadmocemebic,<br />

rom noes kidobani somxeTSi ki ara, sxvagan gaCer<strong>da</strong>), etyoba,<br />

Zveladve gaCn<strong>da</strong> somxuri legendebi, romlebSic noes sasaubro<br />

enad somxuri gamocxad<strong>da</strong>.<br />

XVIII saukunis cnobili somexi istorikosis, miqael Cam-<br />

Cianis, iseve, rogorc zogierTi misi Tanamedrovis “mtkicebiT”,<br />

is erTaderTi ena, romelze<strong>da</strong>c, TiTqos, kacobrioba<br />

laparakob<strong>da</strong> babilonis godolis mSeneblobamde <strong>da</strong> amasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul “enaTa aRrevamde,” Turme somxuri yofila <strong>da</strong>,<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, “enaTa aRrevis” Sedegad gaCenili yvela enac somxuris<br />

safuZvelze warmoSobila.Mm. CamCianis Tanaxmad, amgvari<br />

gadmocema somxeTSi adreve iyo gavrcelebuli, magram Tu somexi<br />

mematianeebi ar aRniSnavdnen am faqts, es imitomo, rom<br />

isini am sakiTxSi ganicdian eklesiis mamebis, saRvTismetyvelo<br />

mwerlobis gavlenas, romelSic msoflios Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel<br />

enad ebrauli an asurulia gamocxadebuli. 1<br />

XI saukuneSi, leonti mrovelis dros, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />

sakmao raodenobiT cxovrobdnen somxebi, rogorc monofizitebi<br />

(grigorianebi), ise qalkedonitebi (marTlmadidebelni).<br />

legen<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT somexTa upiratesobis Sesaxeb<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mcxovreb somexTa orive jgufSi iyo gavrcelebuli.<br />

rogorc etyoba, leonti mrovelma qalkedonit<br />

(marTlmadidebel) somexTagan SeiTvisa legen<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos, qar-<br />

TvelTa de<strong>da</strong>-ena uZveles droSi somxuri yofila. amgvari<br />

legendis gaCena somxur garemoSi, Cveni azriT, gamowveuli<br />

iyo imiT, rom somex saero xelisufalT, aseve, somxuri eklesiis<br />

Tavkacebs qarTvelTa gasomxeba, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s gasomxureba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T miznad <strong>da</strong>saxuli. leonti mroveli amis momxre ar<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, magram, garkveuli mosazrebiT, man Tavis Txzuleba-<br />

Si somxuri legendebi mainc Seitana.<br />

z. aleqsiZis kidev erTi debuleba un<strong>da</strong> ganvixilo mokled.<br />

mis werilSi 2 naTqvamia: “387 wels bizantiam <strong>da</strong> iranma<br />

1 m. CamCiani, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, t.I, venecia, 1784, gv.153-157, 164 (somx.Eenaze)<br />

a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, “qarTlis cxovreba”<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s urTierToba,<br />

Tb., 1982, gv. 144-146.<br />

2 sxvaTa Soris, es naSromi wakiTxulia moxsenebad gelaTis mecnierebaTa<br />

akademiis yovelwliur samecniero konferenciaze 26. IX . 97w.<br />

53

<strong>somxeTi</strong> Suaze gaiyves <strong>da</strong> sul raRac ormoci wlis manZilze<br />

orivegan moSales adgilobrivi samefo xelisufleba.Yyvela<br />

piroba Seiqmna imisaTvis, rom upatronod <strong>da</strong>rCenil qveyanas<br />

erovnuli saxe <strong>da</strong>ekarga, somexi xalxis erovnuli konsoli<strong>da</strong>cia<br />

uimedod Seferxebuliyo. magram mox<strong>da</strong> is, rac dRemde<br />

auxsneli rCeba. swored mexuTe saukuneSi, am socialuri<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>texebisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri ganukiTxaobis epoqaSi, somxurma<br />

kulturam miaRwia iseT simaRles, romelic misTvisac ki<br />

miuwvdomeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> Semdegac.Oorad gaglejilma qveyanam,<br />

romlis saero <strong>da</strong> sasuliero cxovrebaSi ucxo enebi batonobdnen,<br />

sul raRac ormoci wlis manZilze Seqmna saerTo<br />

erovnuli ena, romelsac dResac klasikur somxurs vuwodebT,<br />

<strong>da</strong> saerTo erovnuli mwerloba, romelsac aseve klasikuri<br />

ewodeba dRemde. swored amitom, Tavis istoriaSi erTerT<br />

yvelaze ufro did Znelbedobis saukunes, paradoqsia,<br />

albaT, magram somexma xalxma “oqros xana” uwo<strong>da</strong>”... am “oqros<br />

xanasTan” <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom<br />

somxebSi iyo tendencia, <strong>da</strong>eZvelebinaT TavianTi miRwevebi,<br />

monapovarni.Aase mag., <strong>somxeTi</strong>s “istoriis mama,” 1 movses xorenaci<br />

Tavs V saukunis avtorad acxadebs, magram bevri seriozuli<br />

mecnieris mtkicebiT, is VIII_IX aswleulTa avtoria.<br />

amis Taobaze saubaria xorenacis “<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriis” Cemeul<br />

gamocemaSi.<br />

z. aleqsiZe saubrobs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s oqros xanazec <strong>da</strong><br />

askvnis: “amrigad, <strong>somxeTi</strong>sTvis “oqros xanaa” V s., rodesac<br />

ukiduresi Znelbedoba <strong>da</strong> politikuri artaxebi mxolod<br />

biZgs aZlevs misi xalxis sulier amaRlebasa <strong>da</strong> Sinagan Tavisuflebas.<br />

2 <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTvis “oqros xanaa” XIIs., rodesac<br />

politikuri siZliere <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri simdidre udides gasaqans<br />

aZlevs misi xalxis laR mxatvrul warmosaxvasa <strong>da</strong><br />

akademiur azrovnebas.”<br />

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel somxur originalur mwerlobaSi saistorio<br />

mwerlobas wamyvani adgili uWiravs.<br />

2 Tu somxebs Wirsa Sigan gamagrebis aseTi unari hqon<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> upirveles<br />

yovlisa maTTvis samSoblo, <strong>somxeTi</strong> arsebob<strong>da</strong>, romlis sasicocxlo interesebs<br />

yvelaferze maRla ayenebdnen, maSin XI saukuni<strong>da</strong>n somxeTs ar<br />

miatovebdnen <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi ar gaifantebodnen.<br />

54

gvrCeba iseTi STabeWdileba, rom raki somxebis “oqros<br />

xanaa” V saukune, xolo leonti mroveli, avtori, mematiane<br />

mcxovrebi XI aswleulSi, ver moeswro qarTvelTa oqros xanas,<br />

amitomac qa<strong>da</strong>gebs leonti qarTvelebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT somexTa<br />

upiratesobas <strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n IV saukunemde qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

sinamdvileSi V aswleuli qarTvelebisTvisac gamorCeulia.<br />

vaxtang gorgaslis epoqam di<strong>da</strong>d Seuwyo xeli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

aRmavlobas, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis safuZvlebis<br />

ganmtkicebas, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s erTianobis ideis gaZlierebas.<br />

SemTxveviTi araa is ambavi, rom qarTveli eris oqros xanaSi<br />

Cvens saxelmwifo droSas gorgaslian-<strong>da</strong>viTians uwodebdnen.<br />

qarTuli kulturac maRal doneze idga petre iberisa <strong>da</strong><br />

vaxtang gorgaslis xanaSi. sazogadod, gorgaslis epoqa <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

istoriaSi saetapo mniSvnelobisaa <strong>da</strong> mTlianoba-<br />

Si Tu ganvsjiT, igi somxebis erTgvar “oqros xanas” arafriT<br />

Camouvardeba, Tu ar sWarbobs kidec. amis Taobaze kargad<br />

icodnen leonti mrovelis drosac, XI saukunis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si.<br />

gorgaslis epoqaSi gaZlierebuli qarTuli suli ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>kninebula momdevno saukuneebSi <strong>da</strong> amanac ganapiroba, amis<br />

Sedegicaa oqros xanis Seqmna uricxv mterTagan garemocul<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si.<br />

axla isev leonti mrovels movusminoT. sanam aleqsandre<br />

makedonelis gamoCenaze <strong>da</strong>iwyebdes Txrobas, leonti aRniSnavs:<br />

“izraxebo<strong>da</strong> qarTlsa Sina equsi ena: somxuri, qarTuli,<br />

xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli <strong>da</strong> berZuli. ese enani icodes<br />

yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa, mamaTa <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>Ta”. 1 rogorc<br />

vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, qarTlSi, anu iberiis saxelmwifoSi gavrcelebul<br />

enaTa Soris pirvel adgilze somxuria <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli, rac<br />

leonti mrovelis armenofilobis kidev erTi gamovlenaa. magram<br />

isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom leonti mTlianad ar iziarebs somexTa<br />

teritoriul pretenziebs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mimarT. misi<br />

cnobebiT, jer kidev qarTlosis samflobelo yofila qvemo<br />

qarTli, javaxeTi, klarjeTi <strong>da</strong> sxvac, romelTa <strong>da</strong>pyroba<br />

somxebma <strong>da</strong>isaxes miznad qristes Sobamde II saukuni<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

leonti mrovelis sityviT, qvemo qarTlSi qarTlosma<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 16.<br />

55

“aRaSena cixe orbisa, romelsa aw hqvian samSvilde <strong>da</strong> kualad<br />

aRaSena mtueris cixe, romelsac aw hqvian xunani”. qar-<br />

Tlosis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg qvemo qarTlSi mSenebloba gaugrZelebia<br />

mis meuRles: “Semdgomad amissa colman misman<br />

aRaSena de<strong>da</strong>-cixe. <strong>da</strong> manve aRaSena bostan-qalaqi, romelsa<br />

aw hqvian rusTavi. 1 ”<br />

saubrobs ra qristes Sobamde IV-III saukuneebis iberiis<br />

cnobil mefe farnavazze, leonti aRniSnavs: farnavazmao “Tueni<br />

gazafxulisa <strong>da</strong> sTulisa arisani <strong>da</strong>yvnis mcxeTas, sameufosa<br />

qalaqsa; <strong>da</strong> Tueni zamTrisani <strong>da</strong>yvnis gaCianTa; xolo<br />

Tueni zafxulisani – wun<strong>da</strong>s. <strong>da</strong> JamiTi-Jamad mividis egriss<br />

<strong>da</strong> klarjeTs, <strong>da</strong> moikiTxnis megrelni <strong>da</strong> klarjni, <strong>da</strong> ganagis<br />

yoveli saqme <strong>da</strong>Slili. 2 ” gaCiani qvemo qarTlSi mdebareob<strong>da</strong>,<br />

xolo wun<strong>da</strong> – javaxeTSi.<br />

leonti mroveli ar iziarebs arc im somxur Teorias,<br />

TiTqos, qarTuli <strong>da</strong>mwerloba somexi mesrop-maStocis mier<br />

iyos Seqmnili. qarTuli anbanis gaCenas leonti farnavazis<br />

saxels ukavSirebs: farnavazmao “ganavrco ena qarTuli, <strong>da</strong><br />

arRara izraxebo<strong>da</strong> sxua ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier (gar<strong>da</strong> _<br />

a. a.) qarTulisa. <strong>da</strong> aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli 3 ”.<br />

leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad, iberiis meoTxe mefem, farnajomma<br />

“Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna<br />

sparseTiT cecxlismsaxurni <strong>da</strong> moguni, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sxna igini<br />

mcxeTas... amisTvis moiZules igi mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa.” qar-<br />

Tvelebs mxsnelad somxebi moevlineno: “maSin SeiTqunes eris-<br />

Tavni qarTlisani umravlesni, <strong>da</strong> waravlines mociquli wina-<br />

Se somexTa mefisa <strong>da</strong> rques: “mefe Cueni gar<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> sjulsa mamaTa<br />

CuenTasa, arRara msaxurebs RmerTTa mpyrobelTa qar-<br />

TlisaTa... aw arRara Rirs ars igi mefed Cuen<strong>da</strong>. moguec Ze<br />

Seni arSak, romelsa uzis colad naTesavi farnavazianTa, mefeTa<br />

CuenTa, guaSuele Zali Seni, <strong>da</strong> vaotoT farnajom, SemomRebeli<br />

axlisa sjulisa, <strong>da</strong> iyos mefed Cuen<strong>da</strong> Ze Seni ar-<br />

Sak.” somexTa mefes iberieli erisTavebisTvis SemouTvlia:<br />

1 iqve, gv. 4-5, 8.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 25.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 26.<br />

56

“Tquen yovelTa erisTavTa momeciT me mZevali, <strong>da</strong> migce Ze<br />

Cemi mefed Tquen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yovliTave niWiTa (simdidriT, saboZvariT<br />

_ a. a.) aRgavsne.”<br />

maSin erisTavTa qarTlisaTa umravlesTa misces mZevlebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganacxades gandgoma farnajomisi. maSin somexTa mefe<br />

yovliTa ZaliTa misiTa warmoemarTa qarTls”. farnajoms<br />

sparselebi miSvelebian, qarTvelTa nawilic misi erTguli<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCenila. somexTa mefes <strong>da</strong> mis momyvan qarTvelebs <strong>da</strong>umarcxebiaT<br />

mowinaaRmdege: “moikla farnajom <strong>da</strong> mosres spa misi...<br />

xolo somexTa mefeman mosca (gviwyaloba _ a. a.) Ze Tvisi<br />

arSak.<br />

<strong>da</strong>j<strong>da</strong> mefed arSak, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ipyra yoveli qarTli; <strong>da</strong> mefob<strong>da</strong><br />

igi nebierad.” arSakis Semdeg iberiis mefe gamx<strong>da</strong>ra<br />

misi Svili <strong>da</strong> SviliSvilic. 1 sinamdvileSi, mecnierebisaTvis<br />

araa cnobili, rom iberiaSi somxebs emefoT. leonti mroveli<br />

am SemTxvevaSic tendenciur somxur wyaroebs emyareba. am ukanasknelT<br />

ki xSirad somxuri legendebi, zepirgadmocemebi<br />

kvebavdnen.<br />

leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad, qristes Sobis Jams iberiis<br />

mefe yofila aderki: “xolo amas aderkis esxnes orni Zeni,<br />

romelTa erqua saxelad erTsa bartom <strong>da</strong> meoresa qarTam. <strong>da</strong><br />

amaT ganuyo yoveli queyana Tvisi.” maSasa<strong>da</strong>me. iberiis samefo<br />

orad gayofila, ormefoba <strong>da</strong>wesebula. Tu amgvari ram marTla<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> iberiaSi, is mainc u<strong>da</strong>voa, rom leontis qronologia<br />

areuli aqvs _ mecnierebisaTvis cnobilia, rom qristes<br />

Sobi<strong>da</strong>n I-II saukuneebSi iberia Zlier saxelmwifos warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> im dros iq araviTari ormefoba ar yofila. bartomisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTamis mefobis Semdeg gamefebulan maTi vaJebi<br />

farsmani <strong>da</strong> kaosi. leontis sityviT, “aderkisiTgan vidre<br />

amaT mefobamde iyvnes morCilebasa Sina somexTa mefisasa. <strong>da</strong><br />

umetes armazelni mefeni 2 Seeweodes somexTa yovelTa mterTa<br />

maTTa ze<strong>da</strong>. maSin mefe iqmna somxiTs didi igi mefe iarvand.<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iviwya man keTili qarTvelTa, emZlavra farsmans arma-<br />

1 iqve, gv. 29-30.<br />

2 leontis mixedviT iberiaSi ormefobis dros samefo taxtebi erTmaneTis<br />

gverdi-gverd <strong>da</strong>udgamT, erTi mcxeTaSi, meore armazSi.<br />

57

zelsa, <strong>da</strong> mouRo (waarTva, CamoaWra _a. a.) sazRvarsa qarTlisasa<br />

qalaqi wun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> artani mtkuramde 1 ”. aq aSkarad Cans leonti<br />

mrovelis pozicia, ganwyobileba: is gmobs somexTa mefes<br />

qarTvelebisadmi gamoCenili umadurobisTvis, agresiis-<br />

Tvis. leontis rwmeniT, qarTvelebma <strong>da</strong> somxebma erToblivi<br />

ZalisxmeviT un<strong>da</strong> ibrZolon saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> er-<br />

TmaneTs ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>erion.<br />

somexTa mefem, iarvandmao “<strong>da</strong>sxna wun<strong>da</strong>s Sina kacni<br />

mxecni, naTesavni devTani, <strong>da</strong> uwo<strong>da</strong> wun<strong>da</strong>sa saxelad qajatuni,<br />

romeli-ese iTargmnebis devTa-saxlad. <strong>da</strong> ver iZebnes mefe-<br />

Ta qarTlisaTa sazRvari, <strong>da</strong> mokudes mwuxarebasa Sina didsa<br />

farsman <strong>da</strong> kaos” 2 . leonti mrovelis am cnobaSi asaxulia is<br />

ambavi, rom somxebi rodesac qarTul miwa-wyals <strong>da</strong>ipyrobdnen,<br />

iq adgilebs saxelebs ucvlidnen, qarTul saxelwodebebs<br />

somxuriT cvlidnen, raTa gaesomxebinaT iqauri qarTvelebi,<br />

gaesomxurebinaT qarTuli mxareebi. magram, leontisave<br />

sityviT, qarTvelTa mefeebis mwuxareba usazRvro yofila,<br />

rameTu somexTa mefem qarTul miwa-wyali miitaca. aSkaraa,<br />

qarTvelebi far-xmals ar yridnen <strong>da</strong> saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi<br />

ibrZodnen <strong>da</strong>karguli mxareebis <strong>da</strong>sabruneblad.<br />

leonti mrovelis mixedviT, farsmanisa <strong>da</strong> kaosis Semdeg<br />

gamefebulan azorki <strong>da</strong> armazeli: “xolo ese mefeni armazel<br />

<strong>da</strong> azork iyvnes kacni mxneni <strong>da</strong> SemmarTebelni. <strong>da</strong> SeiTqunes<br />

eseni, <strong>da</strong> ganizraxes Zieba sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa. maSin<br />

mokla sumbat bivritianman iarvand, mefe somexTa, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sva<br />

mefed Zma iarvandisi, romelsa ewodebo<strong>da</strong> saxelad artaSan.”<br />

azorks <strong>da</strong> armazels miumxriaT Crdilo kavkasielebi <strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuli<br />

jariT Sesevian somxeTs: “maSin sumbat bivritianman<br />

mouwo<strong>da</strong> spaTa somxiTisaTa, <strong>da</strong> Sekrbes mswrafl somexni<br />

<strong>da</strong> devna uyves.” sabolood somxebma gaimarjveso: “maSin<br />

sumbat gamarjuebuli Semovi<strong>da</strong> qarTlad, <strong>da</strong> moaoxra qarTli,<br />

romeli pova cixeTa <strong>da</strong> qalaqTa gare; xolo cixe-qalaq-<br />

Ta ara hbrZo<strong>da</strong>, rameTu ara mza iyo mswrafl gamoslvisagan”...<br />

sumbatis iberii<strong>da</strong>n wasvlis Semdeg “mefeni ese qarTli-<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 35. 43-44.<br />

2 iqve, gv.44.<br />

58

sani, arzok <strong>da</strong> armazel, sificxliTa gulisa maTisaTa ara<br />

SeuSindes, aramed ganamagrnes cixeni <strong>da</strong> qalaqni Tvisni... <strong>da</strong><br />

ara <strong>da</strong>scxres kirTebisagan (kirTeba Setevas niSnavs aq _ a. a.)<br />

somexTa ze<strong>da</strong>”.<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Tavi gamouCenia klarje-<br />

Tis erisTavsac: “<strong>da</strong> iyo klarjeTs erisTavi arzok mefisa,<br />

aznaurTavegani. <strong>da</strong> igi avnebdis sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa, queyanasa<br />

parxlisasa, romel ars tao, <strong>da</strong> veravin Sevido<strong>da</strong> mavne<br />

klarjeTs, rameTu Seuvali <strong>da</strong> magari iyo tyiTa <strong>da</strong> kldiTa,<br />

<strong>da</strong> mkvidrni klarjeTisani iyvnes kacni mkvircxni <strong>da</strong> mxe<strong>da</strong>rnica.”<br />

1 leonti amjera<strong>da</strong>c somxuri wyaroebis tyveobaSi imyofeba,<br />

rodesac parxals, taos somxur miwa-wylad acxadebs.<br />

tao xom qristes Sobamde II saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi waarTva iberias<br />

somexTa mefe artaSesma. magram qarTvelebi swored<br />

klarjeTze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT ibrZodnen taos <strong>da</strong>sabruneblad <strong>da</strong><br />

mizansac aRwevdnen. Tumca isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom somxebi<br />

kvlav axerxebdnen taos <strong>da</strong>pyrobas <strong>da</strong> ase, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi,<br />

tao xeli<strong>da</strong>n xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>. zogjer mis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas<br />

bizantiis imperiac axerxeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

iberiis mefeTa <strong>da</strong>samorCileblado “warmoemarTa ZaliTa<br />

TvisiTa yovliTa artaSan, mefe somexTa, <strong>da</strong> spaspeti misi sumbat<br />

bivritiani… maSin SesWir<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> ovsTa (qar-<br />

Tvelebis mokavSirenia im dros – a. a.), iTxoves mSvidoba, <strong>da</strong><br />

aRuTques morCileba <strong>da</strong> arRara Zieba sisxlisa <strong>da</strong> zRvarisa.<br />

maSin ismina somexTa mefeman vedreba maTi. <strong>da</strong> qmnes fici <strong>da</strong><br />

aRTqma, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>imonna qarTvelni <strong>da</strong> ovsni somexTa mefeman, <strong>da</strong><br />

warvi<strong>da</strong>” 2 . rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, movses xorenacis msgavsad, armenofili<br />

qarTveli mematiane, leonti mrovelic aRniSnavs, rom<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefis uzenaesobas ara marto iberia, Crdilo kavkasiac,<br />

kerZod, oseTi aRiareb<strong>da</strong>. aq ufro somex xelisufalTa<br />

gegmebia asaxuli, vidre realuri viTareba. sinamdvileSi, somexTa<br />

mefeebi zogjer Tu axerxebdnen qarTuli mxareebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobas (mag., igive artaSani, romelic artaSesi un<strong>da</strong> iyos),<br />

isini, ipyrobdnen iberiis samefos mxolod nawils, mis samx-<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 45-48.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv 48.<br />

59

eT mxareebs <strong>da</strong> ara mTel iberias. <strong>somxeTi</strong>sgan <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

iberiis nawili yoveli RoniT cdilob<strong>da</strong> Crdilo kavkasielTa<br />

mimxrobas, maTTan erTad brZolas <strong>somxeTi</strong>s winaaRmdeg<br />

<strong>da</strong> mizansac aRwev<strong>da</strong>, rameTu Crdilo kavkasiis tomebi mravalnairad<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyvnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong> ara somxeTTan.<br />

qarTvelebs SeeZloT Crdilo kavkasielebisTvis kavkasionis<br />

gadmosasvleli uReltexilebi, zekarebic CaeketaT<br />

(mag., <strong>da</strong>riali <strong>da</strong> sxvac) <strong>da</strong> moewyvitaT isini samxreTis samyarosgan,<br />

rac Crdilo kavkasiis mkvidrTaTvis aramc <strong>da</strong> aramc<br />

sasurveli ar iyo. sxva rom ara iyos ra, Crdilo kavkasiis<br />

tomebi xSirad laSqrobdnen samxreTis qveynebSi, Soulobdnen<br />

didZal na<strong>da</strong>vls, rac maT cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan rols<br />

asruleb<strong>da</strong>. iberiis samefo axerxeb<strong>da</strong>, Crdilo kavkasielTa<br />

amgvari swrafva Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina, Crdilo<br />

kavkasiis tomebze <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s gavlena gaevrcelebina.<br />

somexTa mefis, artaSanis iberii<strong>da</strong>n wasvlis Semdego<br />

“gar<strong>da</strong>xdes… welni raodennime. <strong>da</strong> aRSen<strong>da</strong> qarTli mooxrebuli<br />

somexTagan. maSin ucalo iqmnes somexni, rameTu iwyes<br />

brZola sparsTa <strong>da</strong> berZenTa. <strong>da</strong> poves mas Sina Jami marjue<br />

qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> ovsTa, iwyes kirTebad somexTa… viTar ganamravles<br />

qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> ovsTa vneba somexTa, maSin artaSan mefeman<br />

Sekribna spani, romelni Sina <strong>da</strong>rComodes, <strong>da</strong> miscna Zesa<br />

Tvissa zarens, <strong>da</strong> warmogzavna qarTvelTa ze<strong>da</strong>.<br />

xolo Sekrbes qarTvelni <strong>da</strong> ovsni, <strong>da</strong> miegebnes queyanasa<br />

javaxeTisasa. <strong>da</strong> ewyunes <strong>da</strong> sZlies qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> ovsTa,<br />

<strong>da</strong> aotes zaren, Ze somexTa mefisa, <strong>da</strong> mosres spa misi yoveli<br />

<strong>da</strong> sdevnes sazRvarTamde somxiTisa; miewivnes zarens, Zesa<br />

mefisasa, <strong>da</strong> Seipyres igi tbisa mis pirsa, romelsa rqvian<br />

celi, <strong>da</strong> ukmoiyvanes.<br />

xolo ovsTa hnebvi<strong>da</strong> moklva mis zarenisi… aramed qar-<br />

TvelTa <strong>da</strong>icves cocxlebiT ZiebisaTvis sazRvarTa maTTasa,<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sues pyrobilad cixesa <strong>da</strong>rialanissa”. 1 rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />

iberiis Semadgeneli nawilia javaxeTic <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rialic.<br />

amasTanave, qarTvelebs somexTa ufliswulis <strong>da</strong>rialis cixesimagreSi<br />

gamoketva, Camwyvdeva moundomebiaT imisaTvis, rom<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 48-49.<br />

60

aRedginaT iberiis samefos Zveli sazRvrebi, <strong>da</strong>ebrunebinaT<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s mier mitacebuli qarTuli mxareebi. amdenad, leonti<br />

mroveli <strong>somxeTi</strong>s sasargeblod amuqebs ferebs, 1 rodesac<br />

ambobs, rom somexTa mefem “<strong>da</strong>imonna qarTvelni”. TviT<br />

leontis Txrobis kritikuli analizi gvi<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom<br />

qarTvelebs <strong>da</strong>monebisa araferi etyobaT.<br />

ismis kiTxvac: raRa mainca<strong>da</strong>mainc <strong>da</strong>rialis cixe-simagreSi<br />

gamoamwyvdies qarTvelebma somexTa ufliswuli? es gaakeTes<br />

imitom, rom somxebs <strong>da</strong>rialze xeli ar miuwvdebo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>nac Cans, rom Crdilo kavkasiaze <strong>somxeTi</strong>s gavlenis gavrceleba<br />

mxolod somexTa ocnebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> realur<br />

sinamdviles ar Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong>. yuradRebas iqcevs is faqtic,<br />

rom osebs, SurisZiebis nia<strong>da</strong>gze, somexTa ufliswulis mokvla<br />

Zalian ndomiaT, magram qarTvelebma CaSales osTa ganzraxva<br />

<strong>da</strong> es gaukeTebiaT iberiis samefos interesebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad,<br />

Sesabamisad. esec imaze metyvelebs, rom Crdilo kavkasielebi,<br />

kerZod, osebi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s gavlenis qveS imyofebodnen.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, motanil amonawerebSi leonti mroveli<br />

qarTvelTa mokavSired osebs rom asaxelebs, SesaZlebelia,<br />

aq osebi krebiTi saxelwodeba iyos. osebi axerxebdnen Crdilo<br />

kavkasiis zogierTi tomis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebas <strong>da</strong> am tomTa<br />

Svilebic ibrZodnen osebTan erTad qarTvelebis mxar<strong>da</strong>mxar.<br />

male somxebma mTeli ZaliT Semoutieso iberias: “welsa<br />

mesamesa movi<strong>da</strong> sumbat bivritiani <strong>da</strong> orni Zeni mefisani, artavaz<br />

<strong>da</strong> tigran, yovliTa spiTa somxiTisaTa. maSin mefeTa<br />

qarTlisaTa ubrZanes queyanasa maTsa Seltolva cixeTa <strong>da</strong><br />

qalaqTa, <strong>da</strong> mTeuleTTa ganamagrnes cixeni <strong>da</strong> qalaqni. xolo<br />

movides somexni <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dges TrialeTs. <strong>da</strong> aRdges maT Soris<br />

mociqulni <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>izavnes; misces qarTvelTa Ze mefisa Sepyrobili,<br />

<strong>da</strong> aRuTques Sewevna esreT: “ukeTu vin aRdges mteri<br />

Tquen ze<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moRmarT [g]ebrZodis, Cuen ornive mefeni Tavi-<br />

Ta CueniTa <strong>da</strong> spiTa CueniTa Tana<strong>da</strong>gidgeT <strong>da</strong> giSueloT; <strong>da</strong><br />

ukeTu kualad visme miRmarT hbrZodiT, aTas-aTasiTa mxedriTa<br />

WurviliTa SegeweodiT”. <strong>da</strong> eseca aRuTques qarTvelTa,<br />

viTarmed: “qalaqsa amas Cuensa drama (fuli _ a. a.) artaSan<br />

1 es gamowveulia imiT, rom is somxur wyaroebs emyareba.<br />

61

mefisa xatiTa <strong>da</strong>vsceTo”.<br />

xolo amisTvis somexTa ukmosces sazRvari qarTlisa,<br />

qalaqi wun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cixe demoTisa, javaxeTi <strong>da</strong> artani. <strong>da</strong> mieriTgan<br />

iqmnes moyuare somexni <strong>da</strong> qrTvelni <strong>da</strong> ovsni. <strong>da</strong> samnive<br />

erTobiT brZodes mterTa.<br />

<strong>da</strong> aResrulnes arzok <strong>da</strong> armazaeli, nugeSinis-cemulni<br />

di<strong>da</strong>d. rameTu simxniTa maTiTa ukumoixunes (ukanve <strong>da</strong>ibrunes<br />

_ a. a.) sazRvarni qarTlisani” 1 . qarTvelebs rom fuli somex-<br />

Ta mefis, artaSanis (artaSesis) saxeliT moeWraT <strong>da</strong>, amave<br />

dros, misi gamosaxulebiT, amgvari ram istoriam ar icis. es<br />

imas gavs, movses xorenaci Tavisi tendenciuri koncefciis<br />

Sesatyvisad rom ambobs, qarTvelebma somexTa ufliswuli vahagni<br />

RmerTad gaixadeso. leonti mrovelic am SemTxvevaSic<br />

uTuod somxuri wyaroTi ikvebeba, sargeblobs. es iqe<strong>da</strong>nac<br />

Cans, rom leonti amdens laparakobs <strong>somxeTi</strong>s jarebis laSqrobebze<br />

iberiaSi, somex xelisufalTa gavlenaze iberiis<br />

samefoSi, xolo arafers ambobs imaze, rom qarTvelTa mefis,<br />

farsman I-is Zma miTri<strong>da</strong>te <strong>da</strong> Svili ra<strong>da</strong>misti (ra<strong>da</strong>mi)<br />

qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n I saukuneSi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefeebi gaxdnen. rac<br />

Seexeba imas, rom somxebi, qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong> osebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT<br />

ebrZodnen mterso 2 , es leonti mrovelis idealia_misi<br />

didi survilia <strong>da</strong>myardes kavkasiis xalxebis, ker-<br />

Zod, qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> somxebis erToba, raTa amiT Zlieri,<br />

erTiani iyos mTeli kavkasia.<br />

qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n III saukunis I naxevarSi sparseTSi gabaton<strong>da</strong><br />

sasanianTa dinastia. maTi TavkacobiT gaZlier<strong>da</strong> sparseTis<br />

agresia mezobeli qveynebis, kerZod, amierkavkasiis<br />

xalxebis mimarT. leonti mrovelis sityviT, iberiis mefis,<br />

asfaguris dros “mefe iqmna sparseTs qasre anuSarvan sasaniani...<br />

xolo somxeTs mefe iqmna kosaro (xosro _ a. a.). <strong>da</strong> aman<br />

kosaro somexTa mefeman uwyo brZolad qasre mefesa sparsTasa,<br />

<strong>da</strong> Seeweo<strong>da</strong> mas asfagur, mefe qarTvelTa, <strong>da</strong> aman asfagur<br />

ganuxunis karni kavkasianTani <strong>da</strong> gamoiyvannis ovsni, lek-<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 49_50.<br />

2 drois romeliRac monakveTSi.<br />

62

ni <strong>da</strong> xazarni, <strong>da</strong> mividis kosaro mefisa Tana somexTasa<br />

brZolad sparsTa.<br />

<strong>da</strong> pirvelsave Seslvasa sparseTad ewyo qasre, mefe<br />

sparsTa, <strong>da</strong> aotes igi <strong>da</strong> mosres spa misi. <strong>da</strong> mieriTgan ver-<br />

Rara winaaRudga amaT mefe igi sparsTa, <strong>da</strong> ganamravles Seslva<br />

sparseTad <strong>da</strong> tyuenva sparseTisa”. amis gamo sparseTis<br />

mefe, TiTqos, sagonebelSi Cavardnila. mas Semoukrebia Tavisi<br />

didebulebi saTaTbirod: “aRuTqmi<strong>da</strong> niWsa didsa <strong>da</strong> pativsa,<br />

romelman uZlos <strong>da</strong> uZios Rone Suris-gebisa.<br />

xolo krebulsa mas Soris iyo warCinebuli erTi mTavari,<br />

saxeliT anak... aRdga igi, warmodga <strong>da</strong> Tqua: “otebul<br />

ars spa Cueni kosaros somexTa mefisagan, awyuedil arian<br />

mxe<strong>da</strong>rni Cuenni, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sdebia SiSi <strong>da</strong> Zrwola maTi sparsTa<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> ganZlierebul arian igini, <strong>da</strong> ver Zal gvic winaaRmdgomad<br />

maT<strong>da</strong>. aw ese ars ganzraxva Cemi, raTa mSvidobiTa <strong>da</strong><br />

vedrebiTa <strong>da</strong> xarkisa micemiTa <strong>da</strong>vamSvidoT kosaro mefe”...<br />

amis Semdeg “ganmzadebul iyo kosaro mefe kualad Seslvad<br />

sparseTs”. sparselebma SeZles veragobiT moewyoT somexTa<br />

mefis mkvleloba <strong>da</strong> am gziT ga<strong>da</strong>urCnen did safrTxes, romelic<br />

somexTagan elo<strong>da</strong>To: “viTarca esma ambavi ese sparsTa<br />

mefesa qasres sasaniansa, aRivso sixaruliTa” ... 1<br />

rodesac somexTa mefes ase usazRvrod ganadidebs 2 leonti<br />

mroveli, aqac biblias emyareba? rogorc z. aleqsiZe <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva qarTveli mkvlevarebic aRniSnaven, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s upiratesobis qa<strong>da</strong>gebisas leonti mroveli<br />

biblii<strong>da</strong>n amodis. roca somexTa mefe kosaro (xosro), gaZlierebul<br />

sparseTs, TiTqos, SiSis zars scem<strong>da</strong>, am SemTxveva-<br />

Sic bibliaSi veZeboT axsna? sinamdvileSi somexTa<br />

gandidebisas leonti somxur wyaroebs, somxur legendebs emyarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

movses xorenacis Tanaxmad, qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n III<br />

saukunis I naxevarSi “somexTa mefe xosrovma mtkiced ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita<br />

SurisZieba” sasanianTa sparseTis SahinSahebze. xosrovmao<br />

“Tavisi jariTa <strong>da</strong> keTilmosurneebis, agreTve Crdiloel<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 59_62.<br />

2 sasaniani mefeebi, kerZod, TavianTi mmarTvelobis pirvel etapze, Zalze<br />

Zlieri xelisufalni iyvnen <strong>da</strong> somxeTs sad SeeZlo sparseTis <strong>da</strong>pyrobaze<br />

efiqra.<br />

63

tomTa SewevniT sZlia artaSirs (sasanian mefes _ a. a.), aota<br />

igi indoelTa qveynamde...<br />

xosrovis mier indoeTamde otebulma, friad Seviwroebulma<br />

artaSirma aRuTqva naxararebs (erisTavebs _ a. a.) uamravi<br />

ram, oRond exsna igi vinmes xosrovisagan, an moewamla,<br />

an<strong>da</strong> farulad, maxviliT <strong>da</strong>ekla [somexTa mefe]. [artaSiri]<br />

nair-nair wyalobas hpirdebo<strong>da</strong>, [vinc amas gaakeTeb<strong>da</strong>]”. somex-<br />

Ta mefisgan vinc ixsni<strong>da</strong>o, sparseTis sasaniani SahinSahi artaSiri<br />

aRuTqvam<strong>da</strong> mas “mefur pativsa <strong>da</strong> didebas, arielTa<br />

[qveynis] 1 naxevarsa <strong>da</strong> xelmwifis Semdeg qveynis meore [kacad]<br />

qcevas. amiT moxiblulma anakma, suren pahlavTa gvariSvilma,<br />

ikisra, rom moklav<strong>da</strong> xosrovs. man moigona, rom artaSirs ganudga<br />

<strong>da</strong> amitom un<strong>da</strong> gasclo<strong>da</strong> mas. [xalxis] Tvalis asaxvevad<br />

[anaks] <strong>da</strong>edevna sparsTa jari <strong>da</strong> TiTqos gandevnes igi...<br />

xosrov didma rom Seityo es.... razmi gagzavna anakis misaSveleblad.<br />

isini Sexvdnen anaks <strong>da</strong> mefis brZanebiT miiyvanes“<br />

somxeTSi.<br />

“somxeTSi anakis mosvli<strong>da</strong>n gavi<strong>da</strong> ori weli <strong>da</strong> roca<br />

mesame <strong>da</strong>dga, mokla man xosrovi... imave dros <strong>da</strong>iRupa anakic”<br />

2 . leonti mrovelis mixedviTac, somexTa mefe xosro (kosaro)<br />

anaks mouklavs veragulad: “warmovi<strong>da</strong> anak <strong>da</strong> Zma misi<br />

de<strong>da</strong>-wuliTa maTiTa reca (TiTqos _ a. a.) gandgomad sparsTa<br />

mefisagan. <strong>da</strong> movi<strong>da</strong> sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa... sazamTroTa<br />

adgilTa somexTa mefeTasa. ixila ra mefeman kosaro, didiTa<br />

pativiTa Seiwynara, rameTu yovliTave simarjviTa moslvasa<br />

missa sarwmunod aCueneb<strong>da</strong> 3 ; <strong>da</strong> xedvi<strong>da</strong> mefe, rameTu yovliTa<br />

saxleuliTa misiTa mis<strong>da</strong> moemarTa. maSin mefeman misca mas<br />

pativi”... SemdgomSi mox<strong>da</strong>o ise, rom “ganvi<strong>da</strong> mefe nadirobad,<br />

<strong>da</strong> gahyves Tana anak <strong>da</strong> Zma misi, <strong>da</strong> ipyrnes maxvilni lesulni<br />

farulad sawvimarsa queSe steoedsa 4 ; <strong>da</strong> poves dro <strong>da</strong><br />

mokles mefe <strong>da</strong> ivltodes. xolo devna uyves mTavarTa somxi-<br />

TisaTa, <strong>da</strong> mouswres vieTme xidsa <strong>da</strong> romelTame mouswres<br />

1<br />

igulisxmeba sparseTi.<br />

2<br />

movses xorenaci, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, Tb., 1984, gv. 158_160.<br />

3<br />

moyvrulad mosuli mteri iyoo, aRniSnaven xorenacic <strong>da</strong> leontic.<br />

4<br />

steoedi steviT naqsovs niSnavs. sulxan-saba orbelianis mixedviT, stevi<br />

aqlemis matyls erqva.<br />

64

fonsa, <strong>da</strong> iwyudines iwrosa Sina; <strong>da</strong> vervin wauvides, <strong>da</strong> moklnes<br />

iginica” 1 . aSkaraa, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong>s ambebi leonti mrovels<br />

ase <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT somxuri wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n aqvs SeTvisebuli. maTze<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebiT <strong>da</strong> ara bibliis SemweobiT ganadidebs leonti<br />

somxebs.<br />

leonti mroveli gazviadebulad aRwers somexTa mefe<br />

xosros (kosaros) vaJis, Tr<strong>da</strong>tis Tavga<strong>da</strong>savalsac: xosros<br />

mokvlis Semdego, sparseTis SahinSahi “movi<strong>da</strong> pirvelad somxiTs<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ipyra somxiTi, mosra <strong>da</strong> tyue yo yoveli naTesavi<br />

somexTa mefisa. xolo erTi Ze kosaro mefisa, mcire yrma, Seivlto<strong>da</strong><br />

sazRvarTa saberZneTisaTa <strong>da</strong> mun (iq _ a. a.) izardebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

romelsa erqua Tr<strong>da</strong>t” 2 . am Tr<strong>da</strong>ts, romelic mogvianebiT<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s pirveli qristiani mefe xdeba, leonti arc “saberZneTSi”<br />

(sinamdvileSi romis imperiaSi) tovebs yuradRebis<br />

gareSe: “mefe guTTa spiTa uricxviTa Sevi<strong>da</strong> saberZneTs. xolo<br />

mefe berZenTa (romis imperatori _ a. a.) Sekrba spiTa didiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> winaaRudga. maSin mefeman guTTaman sTxova Tavis-Tav<br />

brZola (orTabrZola _ a. a.) keisarsa. xolo keisarsa ver<br />

Zal-edva brZola misi. xolo maSin mun iyo spaTa Tana ber-<br />

ZenTasa (romis imperiis jarTan _ a. a.) Ze kosaros somexTa<br />

mefisa, saxeliT Tr<strong>da</strong>t... aRzrdil iyo igi saberZneTs, <strong>da</strong><br />

iyo igi goliaTi. mas Jamsa Sina iyo igi spasa Tana berZenTasa,<br />

<strong>da</strong> igi gamoarCies yovelTa spaTa berZenTa, <strong>da</strong> Semoses igi<br />

SesamosliTa <strong>da</strong> saWurveliTa keisrisaTa, <strong>da</strong> keisris saxed<br />

(viTom Tr<strong>da</strong>ti romis imperatoriao _ a. a.) gaugzavnes brZolad<br />

guTTa mefesa. gamovi<strong>da</strong> muniT (iqe<strong>da</strong>n _ a. a.) guTTa mefe<br />

<strong>da</strong> mietevnes urTierTas brZolad: sZlo Tr<strong>da</strong>t <strong>da</strong> xelad<br />

Seipyra, <strong>da</strong> iotes banaki guTTa. xolo keisarman miscna spani<br />

Tr<strong>da</strong>ts <strong>da</strong> gamogzavna somxiTs, mamulsa Tvissa.” 3<br />

SemdgomSi romis imperators, TiTqos, werili gamougzavnia<br />

Tr<strong>da</strong>tisTvis <strong>da</strong> Tavisi saimperatoro taxtis moziared<br />

gamoucxadebia somexTa mefe: “moiwivnes mociqulni keisrisani<br />

winaSe Tr<strong>da</strong>t somexTa mefisa <strong>da</strong> moarTues wigni keis-<br />

1<br />

qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 61.<br />

2<br />

iqve, gv. 62.<br />

3<br />

qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 68.<br />

65

isa, romelsa weril iyo esreT:<br />

“TviTmpyrobeli keisari sayuarelsa Zmasa <strong>da</strong> megobarsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tanamosaydresa Cemsa Tr<strong>da</strong>ts gikiTxav. uwyebul iyavn Zmoba<br />

Seni <strong>da</strong> Tana Semweoba”... 1 aSkaraa, leonti mroveli amjera<strong>da</strong>c<br />

somxuri wyaroebis tyveobaSia. 2 Tr<strong>da</strong>tisa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa<br />

pirveli qristiani mefis, mirianis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis aRwerisas<br />

leonti ixseniebs kidec Tavis somxur wyaros. mirians leonti<br />

ratomRac sparseTis mefis Zed, sparselad miiCnevs. mirianmao<br />

“Zali moirTo sparseTiT <strong>da</strong> uwyo brZolad Tr<strong>da</strong>ts. xolo<br />

odes moirTis Zali Tr<strong>da</strong>t saberZneTiT <strong>da</strong> momarTis mirians,<br />

<strong>da</strong> mas ver Zal-edvis winaaRdgomad, <strong>da</strong> gaamagrnis cixeni<br />

<strong>da</strong> qalaqni, <strong>da</strong> movlis Tr<strong>da</strong>t queyana misi. <strong>da</strong> odes gan-<br />

Zlierdis mirian sparseTiT, maSin ver winaaRudgis Tr<strong>da</strong>t, <strong>da</strong><br />

movlis mirian somxiTi. <strong>da</strong> esreT <strong>da</strong>ucxromelad iyvis SfoTi<br />

maT Soris welTa mravalTa, <strong>da</strong> aravin ipova odes sparsTa<br />

Soris martod-mbrZoli Tr<strong>da</strong>tisi. <strong>da</strong> saxelovan iqmna igi yovelsa<br />

queyanasa <strong>da</strong> sZlo yovladve mbrZolTa misTa, viTarca<br />

weril ars ambavi misi cxorebasa somexTasa” 3 . “somexTa cxovrebaSi”,<br />

Zvel somxur matianeebSi ki gandidebulia <strong>somxeTi</strong>s,<br />

xolo <strong>da</strong>kninebulia <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s warsuli.<br />

leonti mrovelis mixedviT, rodesac sparselebma veragulad<br />

mokles somexTa mefe xosro <strong>da</strong> sparseTis mefem <strong>da</strong>ipyro<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>, igi Tavisi jariT Semoesia iberiis samefosac.<br />

amis gamo “warvi<strong>da</strong> asfagur qarTvelTa mefe ovseTs, raTamca<br />

moimatna spani ovseTiT <strong>da</strong> ganamagrna cixe-qalaqni. xolo ra-<br />

Jams Sevi<strong>da</strong> asfagur ovseTs, ewia sikudili <strong>da</strong> moku<strong>da</strong> mun.<br />

amas asfagurs ara esua Ze, aramed asuli erTi. maSin<br />

Sekrbes yovelni erisTavni mcxeTas qalaqsa spaspetisa Tana,<br />

romelsa erqua maeJan”, raTa eTaTbiraT, Tu rogor gamklavebodnen<br />

sparselebs. maeJans uTqvams: “ukeTumca iyo Cuen Tana<br />

Zali ezomi, Cuenmca mesamedTa sparsTa SevesworebodeT,<br />

<strong>da</strong>mcavsxeniT Tavni Cuenni sikudilad <strong>da</strong> winaaRudegiT maT.<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tumca <strong>da</strong>rComil iyo mkvidri mefisa Cuenisa anu naTesavi<br />

1<br />

iqve, gv. 82.<br />

2<br />

ix. mag., movses xorenaci, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, 1984, gv. 162-164, 166-170, 178-<br />

179.<br />

3<br />

qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 64, 69.<br />

66

mefeTa CuenTa, romelimca Rirs iyo mefobasa, <strong>da</strong>vdegiTmca<br />

cixe-qalaqTa Sina, <strong>da</strong>vsxeniTmca Tavni Cuenni sikudilad...<br />

aramed mowevnadsa Jamsa esreT mouvlenia, rameTu moikla<br />

sparsTagan didi igi mefe somxiTisa, waRebul ars somxiTi,<br />

romelsa eki<strong>da</strong> samefo Cueni, <strong>da</strong> aRuRia piri misi sparsTa mefesa<br />

STanTqmad yovlisa queyanisa. aravin ars Cuen Tana winaaRmdgomi<br />

misi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rComil varT Cuen oblad, viTarca cxovarni<br />

umwyemsoni” 1 . sinamdvileSi, iberiis samefo somxeTs ar<br />

eki<strong>da</strong>, masze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli ar yofila. marTalia, zogjer<br />

somxebi ipyrobdnen iberiis erT nawils, magram, rogorc ukve<br />

iTqva, qarTvelebi axerxebdnen <strong>da</strong>karguli mxareebis <strong>da</strong>brunebas,<br />

xolo qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n I saukuneSi <strong>somxeTi</strong> iberiis samefom<br />

<strong>da</strong>iqvemdebara. ase rom, iberia somxeTs eki<strong>da</strong>o, es somxebis<br />

mogonilia, somxuri ideologiis mieraa SeTxzuli <strong>da</strong><br />

iqe<strong>da</strong>naa gadmotanili leonti mrovelis “cxovreba qarTvel-<br />

Ta mefeTaSi”.<br />

saubrobs ra wmin<strong>da</strong> ninos moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, leonti<br />

mroveli aRniSnavs: <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sken momavali wmin<strong>da</strong> nino<br />

“moiwia mTaTa javaxeTisaTa, sa<strong>da</strong>-igi miemTxvia tbasa didsa<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>mdinaresa, romelsa hqvian faravna...<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>yo mun ori dRe <strong>da</strong> iTxova sazrdeli meTevzurTagan,<br />

tbasa mas Sina monadireTasa. <strong>da</strong> mwyemsnica iyvnes masve<br />

adgilsa...<br />

xolo wmi<strong>da</strong> nino mecnier iyo mcired enasa somxursa,<br />

rameTu pirvel eswavla niaforisgan, <strong>da</strong> pova mwyemsTa maT<br />

Soris somxurad mzraxveli (mosaubre _ a. a.) <strong>da</strong> hkiTxa mas,<br />

viTarmed: “romlisa soflisani (sofeli aq mxares niSnavs _<br />

a. a.) xarT?” xolo man miugo <strong>da</strong> rqua, viTarmed: “<strong>da</strong>biT elarbiniT<br />

<strong>da</strong> safurcliT, <strong>da</strong> qinZarelni, rabatelni 2 didisa qalaqisa<br />

mcxeTisani, sa<strong>da</strong> RmerTni RmerToben <strong>da</strong> mefeni mefoben”<br />

3 . raki iberiis samefos gaqristianebamdec hyolia aseTi<br />

RirsSesaniSnavi RmerTebi <strong>da</strong> mefeebi, esec imis mowmobaa, rom<br />

iberia somxeTs ar eki<strong>da</strong>, masze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli ar iyo. am mx-<br />

1 iqve, gv. 62_63.<br />

2 rabati cixe-qalaqis samosaxlo nawils erqva.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 85_86.<br />

67

iv, leonti mroveli winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba. is saubrobs<br />

iberiis did warsulzec, magram somxuri wyaroebis gavleniT<br />

am warsuls xSirad akninebs kidec.<br />

leonti mrovelis motanil cnobaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT cnobili<br />

somexi istorikosi leo (misi namdvili saxeli <strong>da</strong> gvaria_araqel<br />

babaxaniani) aRniSnavs: “somxuri enisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis<br />

upiratesoba javaxqSi (javaxeTSi _ a. a.) SesamCnevia jer<br />

kidev meoTxe saukuneSi. amis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebel sabuTs Cven<br />

isev <strong>da</strong> isev qarTul gadmocemebSi vpoulobT. ase magaliTad,<br />

wm. nunem (wmin<strong>da</strong> ninom _ a. a.), miemgzavrebo<strong>da</strong> ra <strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si qristianobis gasavrceleblad, gzad gaiara<br />

javaxqi, sa<strong>da</strong>c, rogorc Cans, Siraki<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> (Siraki anisis<br />

garemomcveli mxarea _ a. a.). aq, Tafaravanis tbis maxloblad<br />

igi Sexv<strong>da</strong> qarTvel mwyemsebs, romlebic mcxeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi sanaxebi<strong>da</strong>n amosuliyvnen. am mwyemsebisgan gaigo wm.<br />

nunem, Tu romel mxares mdebareob<strong>da</strong> mcxeTa. misi saubari<br />

mwyemsebTan, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, somxur enaze mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

am cnobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs, rom somxuri ena javaxqSi<br />

imdenad gavrcelebuli, gamoyenebuli yofila IV saukuneSi,<br />

rom mis sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebi mwyemsebic iZulebulni<br />

gamx<strong>da</strong>ran eswavlaT es ena, raTa SeZlebo<strong>da</strong>T urTierTobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>myareba adgilobriv mkvidr mosaxleobasTan”, 1 e.i. somxebTano.<br />

pirvel rigSi, un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom wmin<strong>da</strong> nino Tu marTla<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n Semovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, es imas ar niSnavs, rom<br />

is somexi iyo an somxebma gamogzavnes <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si qristianobis<br />

gasavrceleblad. leonti mrovelis Txrobi<strong>da</strong>nac Cans,<br />

rom Cveni qveynisaken momaval wmin<strong>da</strong> ninos <strong>somxeTi</strong> mxolod<br />

<strong>da</strong> mxolod gzad gamouvlia.<br />

rac Seexeba javaxeTis somxurobas Zvel xanebSi, es leos<br />

<strong>da</strong> ZmaTa misTa mogonilia. SesaZloa, qristes Sobamde II_I<br />

saukuneebSi somxebma marTlac <strong>da</strong>ipyres javaxeTis nawili,<br />

1 leo, sasazRvro <strong>da</strong>va_lore, axalqalaqi, yarabaRi, Tb., 1919w. (somxur<br />

enaze). rogorc am wignis saTauri<strong>da</strong>nac Cans, somxuri wreebi lore-taSiris,<br />

yofili axalqalaqis mazris, e.i. javaxeTis <strong>da</strong> yarabaRis problemebs<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>sTvis erT sibrtyeze ayeneben. somxebma ukve <strong>da</strong>isakuTres loretaSiri<br />

<strong>da</strong> yarabaRi; amJamad javaxeTsac umizneben.<br />

68

magram, rogorc ukve iTqva, qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n I_II aswleuleb-<br />

Si, rodesac iberiis samefo farsman I-isa <strong>da</strong> farsman II qvelis<br />

moRvaweobis Sedegad gaZlierebulia, javaxeTi ueWvelad<br />

iberiis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSia. aRsaniSnavia, rom V<br />

saukunis somexi mematianis, favstos buzandis cnobebiT, somxebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebs Soris cxare brZolebi gamarTula qvemo<br />

qarTlisTvis IV aswleulSi. iberiam SeZlo kidec qvemo qar-<br />

Tlis <strong>da</strong>bruneba im xanebSi. rogorc Cans, javaxeTic iberiis<br />

SemadgenlobaSia im dros, Torem raki somxebi pretenzias acxadebdnen<br />

am ZirZvel qarTul mxarezec <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebic cocxali<br />

TaviT ar Tmobdnen TavianT miwa-wyals, kerZod, javaxeTs,<br />

mosalodneli iyo qvemo qarTlTan erTad qarTvel-somexTa<br />

Soris brZolebi javaxeTisTvisac gaimarTebo<strong>da</strong>, rac<br />

uTuod aisaxebo<strong>da</strong> Zalze mdi<strong>da</strong>r Zvel somxur saistorio<br />

mwerlobaSi. Tu naxevar javaxeTs qristes Sobamde II_I saukuneebSi<br />

marTla <strong>da</strong>etyo somxuri elferi, gaviTvaliswinebT ra<br />

Zveli iberielebis brZolisunarianobas, maT SemarTebas qar-<br />

Tuli miwa-wylis <strong>da</strong>sacavad, <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n I_II aswleulebSi javaxeTma savsebiT<br />

aRidgina qarTuli, mSobliuri iersaxe.<br />

leo javaxeTs somxur mxared rom acxadebs (somexi politikosebi,<br />

istorikosebi Tu publicistebi dRemdec am azrze<br />

mtkiced dganan), am mizniT iSveliebs VII saukunis somxur<br />

“geografiasac”. am TxzulebaSi ki sruliad mkafiod, garkveviT<br />

weria, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong>s SemadgenlobaSi moeqca mxolod <strong>da</strong><br />

mxolod zemo javaxeTi. 1 maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, somxeTs erTxans, droebiT<br />

SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>epyro mxolod javaxeTis nawili <strong>da</strong> ara<br />

mTeli javaxeTi. ase amaxinjeben, ayalbeben leo <strong>da</strong> Zmani misni,<br />

TavianTi winaswar SemuSavebuli SexedulebisaTvis mosargebad,<br />

somxuri wyaroebisve monacemebs, romlebic ise<strong>da</strong>c tendenciurad<br />

asaxaven <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s urTierTobebs.<br />

movses xorenacis cnobiT, “Saras naSiers, guSars ergo<br />

mTinis mTa, anu kangarqi, naxevari javaxeTi 2 ”… am cnobis mixedviTac,<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s SemadgenlobaSi droebiT moqceula mxo-<br />

1 ix. anania Sirakaci, Txzulebebi, erevani, 1979, gv. 297, somxur enaze.<br />

2 movses xorenaci, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, 1984, gv. 106.<br />

69

lod naxevari <strong>da</strong> ara mTeli javaxeTi 1 . amasTanave yuradRebas<br />

ipyrobs is garemoebac, rom xorenacis “<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriaSi”<br />

guSaris saxels somexTa mamamTavris, haikis (leonti mroveli<br />

mas haoss uwodebs) uSualo STamomavalTa Soris ver vxvdebiT.<br />

rogorc etyoba, guSaris <strong>da</strong>kavSireba somexTa miTiur winapar<br />

haikTan gvian un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo, raTa amiT “<strong>da</strong>esabuTebinaT”<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s xelisufalTa miswrafebebi, mezoblebis xarjze<br />

maTi samflobelos gafarToebisaken rom iyo mimarTuli.<br />

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom guSari gogarene-gugarqis (qvemo<br />

qarTlis, Tu misi erTi nawilis) qarTuli mxaris eponimi,<br />

saxelwodebis mimniWebeli un<strong>da</strong> iyos. 2 zemoT ukve motanili<br />

leonti mrovelis cnobiT, mefe farnavazi weliwadis erT nawils<br />

atareb<strong>da</strong> mcxeTaSi, meores gaCianSi (qvemo qarTlSi),<br />

xolo mesames – wun<strong>da</strong>Si (javaxeTSi). am cnobaSi xazgasmulia<br />

Zveli qarTlis (iberiis) samefos sami centris udidesi mniSvneloba,<br />

“sai<strong>da</strong>nac mosaxerxebeli iyo Si<strong>da</strong>, qvemo <strong>da</strong> zemo<br />

qarTlis adgilze marTva-gangeba 3 .” javaxeTi zemo qarTlis<br />

nawili iyo <strong>da</strong> amdenad qarTuli samyaros sisxli sisxlTagani<br />

<strong>da</strong> xorci xorcTagani. amis <strong>da</strong>sturia isic, rom javaxeTi<br />

moqceuli iyo rogorc aRmosavlurqarTul, ise <strong>da</strong>savlurqarTul<br />

kulturul-istoriul sferoSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

iseve, rogorc mTel samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, javaxe-<br />

Tis toponimiaSic SeiniSneba zanuri (megrul-Wanuri) enis<br />

nakvalevi. es SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos imiTac, rom javaxe-<br />

Tis toponimebis nawils safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo fuZe-qarTuli enis<br />

leqsika, e.i. imdroindeli sityvebi, sanam fuZe-qarTuli ena<br />

samad <strong>da</strong>iSlebo<strong>da</strong>_svanur, megrul-lazur (Wanur) <strong>da</strong> qarTul<br />

enebad.<br />

javaxeTis toponimebis udidesi nawili, saerTod, qar-<br />

Tulia. friad mravlismetyvelia is faqti, rom javaxeTis toponim<br />

xerTvisSi qarTuli enis uZvelesi, e.w. xanmeti formaa<br />

<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom javaxeTSi ar SemogvrCenia<br />

1 ix. d. berZeniSvili, narkvevebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriuli geografii<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

zemo qarTli _ Tori, javaxeTi, Tb., 1985, gv. 78, 126.<br />

2 iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, I, Tb., 1950, gv. 24-25.<br />

3 d. berZeniSvili, <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli naSromi, gv. 76.<br />

70

uZvelesi somxuri warwerebi, aseTi aq mxolod qarTulia. 1<br />

rac Seexeba faravnis tbasTan, javaxeTSi wm. ninos somxurad<br />

<strong>da</strong>laparakebas iberiel mwyemsebTan, es somxur legen<strong>da</strong>s<br />

warmoadgens_leonti mroveli xom xSirad sazrdoob<strong>da</strong><br />

somxuri TqmulebebiT. somxur gadmocemebSi, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi,<br />

wm. ninos saxeli ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro mWidrod <strong>da</strong>ukavSires<br />

somxeTs. saqme iqamdec mivi<strong>da</strong>, rom XII_XIII aswleulebis<br />

somxur natyuar TxzulebaSi, e.w. “xelSekrulebis wignSi” wm.<br />

nino (nune) pirvel rigSi somexTa, xolo Semdeg qarTvelTa<br />

“moZRvra<strong>da</strong>a” <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli. masSi naTqvamia, rom qarTvelebi<br />

“Cvens (somxebis _ a. a.) nunes <strong>da</strong>emowafnen”-o; agreTve “Cveni<br />

(somxebis _ a. a.) <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa moZRvari” ewodeba wm. ninos<br />

am somxur TxzulebaSi. 2 sayuradReboa, rom es “xelSekrulebis<br />

wigni”, TiTqos, IV saukuneSi gaCenila <strong>da</strong> warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>o<br />

SeTanxmebas, erTi mxriv, romis imperiis pirvel qristian imperator<br />

konstantinesa <strong>da</strong> romis paps, silvestrs, xolo, meore<br />

mxriv, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefe Tr<strong>da</strong>tsa <strong>da</strong> grigol somexTa ganmanaTlebels<br />

Soris, samyaros “gavlenis sferoebad” <strong>da</strong>nawilebis<br />

Sesaxeb. romaelebs <strong>da</strong>savleTi, viTomc, TavisTvis <strong>da</strong>utovebiaT,<br />

xolo aRmosavleTis qveynebi, maT Soris <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>c,<br />

somexTa saero Tu sasuliero xelisufalTaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>uciaT.<br />

amgvar somxur legendebs <strong>da</strong>swafebia ratomRac leonti mrovelic.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom X saukunis somexi mematiane, uxtanesi<br />

VI_VII aswleulTa qarTveli kaTolikosis, kirionis Sesaxeb<br />

gvauwyebs: “is (kirioni _ a. a.) iyo qveyniT <strong>da</strong> naTesaviT qar-<br />

TvelTagan, javaxeTis gavari<strong>da</strong>n (mxari<strong>da</strong>n _ a. a.); sofli<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

romelsac skutri ewodeba”... 3 kirionis warmoSoba ase <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT<br />

imitom ainteresebs somex mematianes, rom swored kirionis<br />

kaTolikosobis Jams mox<strong>da</strong> ganxeTqileba qarTul-somxur<br />

eklesiebs Soris, rac somxurma eklesiam <strong>somxeTi</strong>saTvis<br />

1<br />

d. berZeniSvili, <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli naSromi, gv. 126.<br />

2<br />

xelSekrulebis wigni, k.v. Sahnazariancis gamocema, parizi, 1862, gv. 21,<br />

25, somxur enaze. uZveles droSive <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli tradiciiT, wm. nino<br />

kapadokieli iyo.<br />

3<br />

uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, z. aleqsiZis gamocema,<br />

Tb., 1975, gv. 21.<br />

71

did ubedurebad miiCnia, rameTu, somexTa SexedulebiT, qar-<br />

Tuli eklesia somxurs un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />

uxtanesic javaxeTs qarTvelTa qveynis nawilad acxadebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara <strong>somxeTi</strong>sad. kirionis javaxeTi<strong>da</strong>n warmoSoba yuradRebas<br />

ipyrobs sxva mxrivac: kirionsa <strong>da</strong> somxuri eklesiis<br />

saWeTmpyrobelTa Soris <strong>da</strong>pirispireba warmoiSva qvemo<br />

qarTlis samxreTi nawilis Taobazec, sa<strong>da</strong>c qarTvelebTan<br />

erTad, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, 1 somxebic cxovrobdnen. gasagebia,<br />

kirions sur<strong>da</strong>, rom es somxebi qarTuli eklesiis<br />

samwysos nawili gamx<strong>da</strong>riyvnen, rameTu ZirZvel qarTul miwawyals<br />

qarTuli ier-saxe un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara somxuri. somex-<br />

Tagan mitacebul qarTul mxareebs qarTvelebi rodesac ukanve<br />

ibrunebdnen, bunebrivia, cdilobdnen maTi qarTuli elferis<br />

srulad aRdgenas, ver iTmendnen qarTul saxelmwifoSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>brunebuli uZvelesi mxaris gaucxoebas. aSkaraa, rom amgvari<br />

problema ar mdgara javaxeTis winaSe, iq somxebi an sul<br />

ar cxovrobdnen, an Zalze mcire raodenobiT, Torem javaxi<br />

kirioni qvemo qarTlis samxreT nawilis gar<strong>da</strong>, javaxeTis gamoc<br />

<strong>da</strong>upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong> somxuri eklesiis Tavkacebs. Tu javaxeTSi<br />

somxebi kompaqturad, didi odenobiT binadrobdnen,<br />

kirioni Seecdebo<strong>da</strong>, isinic qarTuli eklesiis mrevlis nawili<br />

gamx<strong>da</strong>riyvnen, razec somxuri eklesia iseTive mwvave reagirebas<br />

moaxden<strong>da</strong>, rogorc es qvemo qarTlis samxreT nawilis<br />

SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>sturdeba. 2<br />

uxtanesi javaxeTs qarTul mxared rom miiCnevs, cxadia,<br />

mas amis gamo qarTvelebis mimarT mikerZoebulad veravin<br />

CaTvlis, radgan isic, sxva somex mematianeTa msgavsad, ganadidebs<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s warsuls <strong>da</strong> mas upiratesobas aniWebs saqar-<br />

TvelosTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTac. misi Txzulebis mxolod saTauric<br />

ki – “istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan” – amis <strong>da</strong>sturia.<br />

uxtanesis mixedviT, <strong>somxeTi</strong> uZlieresi saxelmwifo<br />

yofila a<strong>da</strong>mJamobi<strong>da</strong>nve, lamis iqe<strong>da</strong>nve, roca RmerTma qveyniereba<br />

Seqmna. am mematianis sityviT, legen<strong>da</strong>rulma aramma,<br />

1 somxebi droebiT qarTul mxareebs rom ipyrobdnen, maTi gasomxurebis<br />

mizniT iq somxuri mosaxleobac Cndebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

2 es simwvave kargad Cans “epistoleTa wignSi” (z. aleqsiZis gamocema, Tb.,<br />

1968) <strong>da</strong> uxtanesis <strong>da</strong>saxelebul TxzulebaSi.<br />

72

TiTqos, somexTa erT-erTma mamamTavarma, miTiurma winaparma<br />

“Tavisi simamaciT ganavrco <strong>somxeTi</strong>s sazRvrebi imdenad, rom<br />

yoveli eri somxeTs dids eZax<strong>da</strong>. 1 ” aRsaniSnavia, rom biblia-<br />

Si arami semis vaJa<strong>da</strong>a warmodgenili <strong>da</strong> misi gamocxadeba somexTa<br />

erT-erT mamamTavrad, winaprad, bibliuri <strong>da</strong> somxuri<br />

tradiciis Serwymis Sedegia. amasTanave, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s gaZliereba<br />

xdeba qristes Sobamde II saukuni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ara a<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> eva<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

leonti mrovelic amgvari somxuri legendebis tyveobaSia <strong>da</strong><br />

bibliuri <strong>da</strong> somxuri tradiciebis Serwymis Sedegebsac gvTavazobs<br />

“cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTaSi”.<br />

leonti mrovelis armenofilur koncefcias qarTvelebi<br />

ar iziarebdnen. marTalia, “qarTlis cxovreba” <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />

wmin<strong>da</strong>, patiosan wignad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, magram masSi moTavsebuli<br />

“cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas”, am krebulis pirveli matianis<br />

mimarT mainc kritikul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas iCendnen. gviandel<br />

xanebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, am mxriv friad sayuradReboa<br />

XII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moRvawe mwerlis, arsen beris<br />

pozicia. arseni ekamaTeba leonti mrovels im gancxadebis gamo,<br />

TiTqos, nabuqodonosoris xanamde “qarTlosianTa ena<br />

somxuri iyo” <strong>da</strong> sxva sakiTxebzec. arsen bers Tavisi “cxovrebai<br />

ninoisi”-saTvis <strong>da</strong>urTavs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, “qar-<br />

Tlis mokle matiane.” pavle ingoroyvas sityviT, es <strong>da</strong>narTi<br />

warmoadgens “mokle matianisebur mimoxilvas <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

istoriisas”. mkvlevari mas “arseni metafrastis matianes”<br />

uwodebs. 2<br />

arsen bers miznad <strong>da</strong>usaxavs qarTvelTa warmomavlobis<br />

garkvevac: “uwyebai jer-ars amisica, sayuarelno, viTarmed<br />

ese mefe mirian, 3 anu sxuani mefeni qarTvelTani, romlisa tomisagan<br />

iyvnes, anu Cuen qarTvelni romelTa naTesavTa (modgmis<br />

– a. a.) Svilni varT.” Semdeg arseni gadmogvcems aleqsandre<br />

makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobis ambavs (sadReisod mecnierebaSi<br />

miRebulia azri, rom aleqsandre makedoneli pira-<br />

1<br />

uxtanes episkoposi, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, vaRarSapati, 1871, gv. 29, somxur<br />

enaze.<br />

2<br />

p. ingoroyva, TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. IV, Tb., 1978, gv. 527-528.<br />

3<br />

igulisxmeba iberiis pirveli qristiani mefe, romelsac leonti mroveli<br />

sparselad miiCnevs.<br />

73

<strong>da</strong>d iberiaSi ar yofila, magram, SesaZloa, misma romelime<br />

sar<strong>da</strong>lma ilaSqra <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si), ixseniebs aleqsandres<br />

Tanmxleb azos, romelic yofila “Ze arian qarTvelTa mefisa”.<br />

Tu sad mdebareob<strong>da</strong> arian qarTvelTa qveyana, mxare, arian-qarTli,<br />

amis Taobaze mecnierebaSi mravali mosazreba gamoiTqva.<br />

amJamad ufro miRebulia azri, rom arian-qarTli 1<br />

ewodebo<strong>da</strong> istoriul samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, romelic<br />

moicav<strong>da</strong> tao-klarjeTs, spers, basians <strong>da</strong> sxva uZveles<br />

qarTul mxareebs.<br />

arsen beris mixedviT, aleqsandre makedonels azosTvis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ucia “queyanai ese Cueni sameufod <strong>da</strong> samkvidrebelad”.<br />

arseni ganagrZobs: “xolo ese azove warvi<strong>da</strong> arian qarTlad<br />

mamisa Tvisisa <strong>da</strong> warmoiyvana muniT aTasi saxli m<strong>da</strong>bioi <strong>da</strong><br />

moqalaqe dedebiT, yrmebiTurT maTiT <strong>da</strong> kualad aTi saxli<br />

mTavarTagan palatisaTa dedebiT <strong>da</strong> yrmebiTurT maTiT: <strong>da</strong><br />

maT Tana hyves kerpni RmrTad. <strong>da</strong> ese azove ars pirveli mefe<br />

qarTvelTai. 2 <strong>da</strong> amisTa Svilis-SvilTagan oc<strong>da</strong>merve mefe iyo<br />

mirian… Cuen qarTvelni Svilni varT maT arian qarTliT gamosrulTani<br />

<strong>da</strong> ena maTi uwyiT. <strong>da</strong> yovelni mefeni qarTlisani<br />

amaT mefeTa Svilis-Svilni arian. 3 ” aSkaraa, rom arsen beris<br />

Txzulebi<strong>da</strong>n motanil amonaridebSi gamoyenebulia “moqcevai<br />

qarTlisais” qronika, magram arsens aqvs sakuTari poziciac<br />

qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> maTi vinaobis, aseve sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxebac.<br />

“moqcevai qarTlisaiSi” qarTvelTa enaze araferia<br />

naTqvami. amis Taobaze arsenamde mxolod leonti mrovelis<br />

“cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTaSi” aris warmodgenili armenofiluri<br />

Sexeduleba <strong>da</strong> arsenis Tvalsazrisi swored mas upirispirdeba.<br />

meoregan arseni saxeldebiTac akritikebs “cxovreba<br />

qarTvelTa mefeTas”, ixseniebs ra mas “hanbavi mefeTas”<br />

saxelwodebiT, iseve, rogorc “moqcevai qarTlisais,” aRar<br />

sjerdeba maT arapir<strong>da</strong>pir kritikas: “wmi<strong>da</strong>no mamano <strong>da</strong><br />

1<br />

sayuradReboa, rom arian-qarTlSi qarTuli saxelmwifo arsebob<strong>da</strong> qar-<br />

Tuli tradiciis mixedviT.<br />

2<br />

sinamdvileSi, qarTvelebs mefeebi aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaze gacilebiT<br />

adre hyav<strong>da</strong>T Zveli kolxeTisa <strong>da</strong> diaoxis saxelmwifoebSi.<br />

3<br />

Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, t. III, ilia abulaZis<br />

re<strong>da</strong>qciiT, Tb., 1971, gv. 46-47.<br />

74

Zmano, ese netarisa ninois “cxorebai” Seuwyobelad <strong>da</strong> ganbneulad<br />

“qarTlisa moqcevasa” Tana <strong>da</strong> “hanbavsa mefeTasa” Tana<br />

aRreulad sweria, viTarca Tquen uwyiT… win ukuana <strong>da</strong> ukuana<br />

war, igive <strong>da</strong> erTi piri. <strong>da</strong> amisTvis saeklesiod mkiTxvelTaTvis<br />

friad sawyino iyo <strong>da</strong> msmenelTaTvis uxmar <strong>da</strong><br />

ver sacnaur. 1 ”<br />

simon janaSias Tanaxmad, arsen beri friad saintereso,<br />

sayuradRebo mweralia; “Tavisi wmin<strong>da</strong> literaturuli amocana<br />

fsevdo-arsenim (s. janaSia ase ixseniebs “cxovrebai ninoisis”<br />

avtors – a. a.) Cinebulad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, magram CvenTvis igi<br />

kidev ufro sainteresoa, rogorc publicisti. igi sapatio<br />

adgils <strong>da</strong>iWers Zveli periodis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi<br />

azrovnebis istoriaSi Tavisi gamokveTili msoflmxedvelobiT.<br />

radganac fsevdo-arsenis misTvis saintereso sakiTxebis<br />

garSemo ukve garkveuli, sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong><br />

mwerlobaSi, amitom man sakuTari koncefciis gamoTqmas polemikuri<br />

forma misca. vfiqrobT, rom roca fsevdo-arseni<br />

sxva avtorebs, kerZod – leonti mrovels ambisa <strong>da</strong> Txrobis<br />

“Seuwyoblobas”, “ganbneulobas”, “aRreulobas” ukiJinebs, igi<br />

marto literaturul mxares ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed arsebiTad<br />

ekamaTeba Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebs.”<br />

qarTvelTa, maTi enisa <strong>da</strong> mefeebis warmomavlobis sakiTxebis<br />

arsen beriseuli gaazrebis Sedegad, “Zireulad uaryofil<br />

iqna leontiseuli konstruqcia dinastiaTa cvlis Sesaxeb<br />

qarTlSi <strong>da</strong>… bagrationebis samefo prerogativebis genezisic<br />

TviT qarTlis samefos <strong>da</strong>sawyiss <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong> farulad.<br />

ramdena<strong>da</strong>c kategoriulad, amdenadve samarTlianad ukuagdo<br />

fsevdo-arsenim leontis ususuri debulebac qarTuli<br />

enis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. Cven “ena maTi (e. i. arian-qarTvelebis)<br />

uwyiT”, Zvelsa <strong>da</strong> axal samSobloSi 2 xalxi erTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

imave enaze metyveleb<strong>da</strong>o, aseTi iyo axali debuleba” 3 …<br />

zemoT ukve iTqva, rom somxur samecniero literatura-<br />

Si klarjeTic somxur mxared cxaddeba. aseTa<strong>da</strong>a is miCneu-<br />

1 iqve, gv. 51.<br />

2 sinamdvileSi, arian qarTlic <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCeni qarTlic (iberia) qarTvelTa<br />

Zveli samSobloa; arian qarTlis cnebis axlandeli gageba amas mowmobs.<br />

3 s. janaSia, Sromebi, t. VI, Tb., 1988, gv. 99-100.<br />

75

li, kerZod, “somxur sabWoTa enciklobediaSic”. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isic, rom klarjeTSi uZvelesi<br />

droi<strong>da</strong>n SeimCneva megrul-lazuri kvalic. 1 klarjeTis centris<br />

artanujis (qarTuli saistorio tradiciis mixedviT,<br />

artanuji vaxtang gorgaslis drosaa agebuli) saxelwodebac,<br />

rogorc miRebulia mecnierebaSi, warmomdgaria “artaaniS yuji”-sagan,<br />

rac artaanis yures niSnavs. megrul-lazuri yuji<br />

yurs qvia. lazuri warmoSobisaa oSkis saxelic (a. SaniZe).<br />

somxuri, VII saukunis “geografiis” mixedviT, klarjeTs ekvris<br />

an SeiZleba sulac klarjeTis nawilia egris olqi. 2 es<br />

egr Ziri gvaqvs <strong>da</strong>culi sityvebSi – egrisi <strong>da</strong> megreli. egris<br />

olqis mkvidri mosaxleoba, cxadia, megrul-lazur toms<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. egerelTa mxareebs samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si,<br />

taos maxloblad ixseniebs movses xorenacic. 3 TviT<br />

armenofil leonti mrovelsac eWvi ar epareba, rom klarje-<br />

Ti qarTuli mxare iyo <strong>da</strong> ara somxuri. somxur “geografiaSi”<br />

ixsenieba “SavSeT”, qarTuli –eT <strong>da</strong>boloebiT, magram iqve<br />

naTqvamia, rom es mxare qarTvelebma waarTves somxebs sxva<br />

olqebTan erTad. 4 etyoba, “geografiis” avtorma ar ico<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom –eT <strong>da</strong>boloeba wmin<strong>da</strong> qarTulia, Torem SavSeTs saxels<br />

Seucvli<strong>da</strong>, SavSq-s <strong>da</strong>arqmev<strong>da</strong>. 5 ai, aseTi tendenciuri somxuri<br />

wyaroebis safuZvelze acxadeben Tanamedrove somexi<br />

mecnierebi ZirZvel qarTul mxareebs somxurad, kerZod, qvemo<br />

qarTlsac ki, romelic ekvro<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa de<strong>da</strong>qalaqebs,<br />

mcxeTas <strong>da</strong> Tbiliss. es xdeba im mizniT, rom somxebma momavalSic<br />

SeZlon qarTuli miwa-wylis mitaceba. maT moaxerxes<br />

1921 wels, ruseTis bolSevikuri imperiis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, qvemo<br />

qarTlis samxreT nawilis, lore-taSiris misakuTreba <strong>da</strong> am-<br />

Jamad javaxeTis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sgan moglejasac gegmaven. ara<strong>da</strong>,<br />

lore-taSiris SesanarCuneblad, ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad qarTvelebs saukuneTa<br />

ganmavlobaSi zRva sisxli aqvT <strong>da</strong>Rvrili.<br />

1 ix. a. SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi, gv. 266-267.<br />

2 anania Sirakaci, Txzulebani, erevani, 1979, gv. 298, somxur enaze.<br />

3 movses xorenaci, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, 1984, gv. 103.<br />

4 anania Sirakaci, Txzulebani, gv. 289, 290, 297.<br />

5 Tanamedrove somexi mecnierebi (mag., p. muradiani) SavSeTs SavSqs uwodeben,<br />

isini tendenciurobaSi Zvel somxur matianeebsac ki aWarbeben – ix.<br />

mari <strong>da</strong> armenologiis sakiTxebi, erevani, 1968, gv. 65, somxur enaze.<br />

76

meore Tavi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong> IV_XI saukuneebSi<br />

zemoT ukve iTqva imis Taobazec, rom somxuri wayroebis<br />

mixedviT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si qristianoba, TiTqos, somxeTs,<br />

somxebs, kerZod, somexTa pirvel qristian mefe Tr<strong>da</strong>ts <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s ganmanaTlebel grigols gauvrcelebiaT. amis Sesaxeb<br />

moTxrobilia V saukunis somexi mematianis, agaTangelosis<br />

“<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriis,” “somexTa moqcevis” sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva re<strong>da</strong>qciebSi.<br />

1 movses xorenacis mixedviTac, wm. nino <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

ganmanaTleblis, grigoris TanaSemwe yofila TiTqos: “erTi<br />

qali, saxelad nune (wm. nino _ a. a.), [devnil] <strong>da</strong> gafantul<br />

wmi<strong>da</strong> rifsimianTa amxanagTagani, 2 iltvo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> miaRwia qar-<br />

TvelTa qveyanas, maT de<strong>da</strong>qalaqs, mcxeTas. didi gulmodginebis<br />

wyalobiT man SeiTvisa mkurnalobis xelovneba <strong>da</strong> mravali<br />

sneuli moarCina, savsebiT [gankurna] qarTvelTa winamZRolis,<br />

mirianis (tendenciurobis gamo xorenaci mirians mefes<br />

ar uwodebs 3 _ a. a.) colic. maSin hkiTxa mas mirianma, Tu ra<br />

Zalis meoxebiT Cadis amgvar saocrebebs, [nunem ki] amaze<br />

qristes saxarebis qa<strong>da</strong>gebiT upasuxa; [miriani] gatacebiT usmen<strong>da</strong><br />

mas, merme [amis Sesaxeb] mouyva Tavis naxararebsac<br />

(erisTavebs – a. a.) <strong>da</strong> qebac ar <strong>da</strong>uSurebia. male man Seityo<br />

im sakvirvelebaTa Sesaxeb, rac somxeTSi mefesa <strong>da</strong> naxararebs<br />

SeemTxvaT (nagulisxmevia maTi gaqristianeba – a. a.), agreTve<br />

sanatreli nunes amxanagebis (rifsimianebis – a. a.) [Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali].<br />

gancvifrebulma [mirianma] uambo es sanatrel<br />

nunes, romlisganac ufro sarwmunod <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT gaigo<br />

yovelive.<br />

imave xanebSi sanadirod wasul mirians Znelsaval mTeb-<br />

Si gza <strong>da</strong>ebna; mas TvalT ki ar <strong>da</strong>ubnel<strong>da</strong>, aramed nisli Camowva…<br />

amnairad, miriani moeqca sibneleSi, rac gax<strong>da</strong> mizezi<br />

misTvis samu<strong>da</strong>mo sinaTlis miniWebisa, rameTu SeSinebuls moagon<strong>da</strong><br />

Tr<strong>da</strong>tis Sesaxeb mosmenili ambavi: rodesac iman moi-<br />

1 ix. iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerloba, Tb., 1935 w.<br />

2 somxeTSi mosuli qristian qalTa jgufi; wm. rifsimes Tanamosagreni<br />

uwamebiaT, SeuviwroebiaT Tr<strong>da</strong>t mefis gaqristianebamde.<br />

3 miriani somexTa mefis oTxi mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavri<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTi iyoo.<br />

77

wadina nadiroba <strong>da</strong> gzas gaudga, RvTis risxva <strong>da</strong>aty<strong>da</strong> Tavs.<br />

mirianma ifiqra, rom masac msgavsi ram SeemTxveva <strong>da</strong> Tavzar<strong>da</strong>cemuli<br />

mohyva locva-vedrebas, raTa nisli gafantuliyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sin mSvidobiT misuliyo. [samagierod], igi pirobas deb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom Tayvans scem<strong>da</strong> nunes RmerTs; ausrul<strong>da</strong> mas survili <strong>da</strong><br />

TviTonac ar gatexa sityva.<br />

sanatrelma nunem moiTxova sando kacebi <strong>da</strong> gagzavna<br />

isini wmi<strong>da</strong> grigorTan [imis gasagebad], Tu ris gakeTebas<br />

ubrZaneb<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg, rac qarTvelebma siamovnebiT Seiwynares<br />

saxareba. [nunem] miiRo brZaneba, rom moespo kerpebi, rogorc<br />

es Tavad [grigorma] qna <strong>da</strong> aRemarTa jvari patiosani<br />

jer kidev manamde, sanam ufali uwyalobeb<strong>da</strong> maT mwyemss winamZRvrad.<br />

[nunem] <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv mospo Weqa-quxilis [momvlinebeli]<br />

aramazdis (armazis – a. a.) qan<strong>da</strong>keba, 1 romelic qalaqisagan<br />

(mcxeTisgan – a. a.) gancalkevebiT, didi mdinaris<br />

(mtkvris – a. a.) meore mxares idga 2 ”.<br />

marTalia, xorenaci wm. ninos somexTa ganmanaTlebels<br />

umorCilebs, iseve, rogorc qarTvelTa pirvel qristian mefe<br />

mirians <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefe Tr<strong>da</strong>ts, magram nebsiT Tu uneblieT<br />

mis TxrobaSi gamosWvivis azric, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong> iberiis mefeebi<br />

TiTqmis erTdroulad gaqristianebulan. cxadia, miriani<br />

mezobeli <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefis gaqristianebas maSinve Seityob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

am mxriv mas xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> isic, rom iberiis, kerZod,<br />

qvemo qarTlis samxreT nawilSi, somxeT-iberiis sazRvarTan<br />

somxebic cxovrobdnen. rogorc ki gaugia <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefis gaqristianeba,<br />

mirianic, xorenacis sityviT, “imave xanebSi sanadirod”<br />

wasula <strong>da</strong> gaqristianebula. raki es asea, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

somxeTs ar <strong>da</strong>sWirvebia zrunva, wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqmianoba<br />

iberiis gasaqristianeblad. es <strong>somxeTi</strong>sagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />

mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />

somxeTSic <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Sic qristianobis saxelmwifo<br />

religiad gamocxadeba romis imperiasTan SeTanxmebiT mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />

im periodSi <strong>somxeTi</strong>c <strong>da</strong> iberiac romis imperatoris uzenaesobas<br />

cnobdnen <strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg, rac qristianobam romis impe-<br />

1 movses xorenacis somexTa uzenaes RvTaebasTan, aramazdTan gauigivebia<br />

qarTvelTa uzenaesi RmerTi armazi.<br />

2 movses xorenaci, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, 1984, gv. 170-171.<br />

78

iaSi gaimarjva, iberiasa <strong>da</strong> somxeTSic gamocxad<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />

religiad. somxuri saistorio tradiciis, kerZod, aga-<br />

Tangelosis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, TviT somexTa ganmanaTlebeli grigori<br />

romis imperiaSi, saxeldobr, qalaq kesariaSi aRizar<strong>da</strong>,<br />

gaqristian<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iqve mox<strong>da</strong> misi somexTa episkoposad xel<strong>da</strong>sxmac.<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n romis imperia gareulia iberiasa <strong>da</strong> somxeTSi<br />

qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis saqmeSi,<br />

am mxriv <strong>somxeTi</strong>s rolze laparaki iberiis mimarT sruliad<br />

usafuZvloa <strong>da</strong> mxolod somxuri ideologiis Semqnelebs<br />

Tu mouvido<strong>da</strong>T TavSi azrad.<br />

l. janaSias sityviT, “im wyaroTa Soris, romlebic qar-<br />

Tlis gaqristianebas aRweren, uZvelesia berZnul-romauli.<br />

isini TiTqmis mxolod naxevari saukuniT arian <strong>da</strong>cilebuli<br />

TviT qarTlis moqcevas. metad mniSvnelovania is, rom swored<br />

am uZveles wyaroebSi araferia naTqvami imaze, rom qar-<br />

Tlis gaqristianeba riTime yofiliyos <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli somxe-<br />

Tis gaqristianebasTan” 1 . aRsaniSnavia, rom bolnisis sionis V<br />

saukunis qarTul warweraSi gvxvdeba sityva eklesia berZnuli<br />

formiT. aseve, wmin<strong>da</strong> berZnuli vokativis (wodebiTis)<br />

forma iesu qristes saxelisa_iesus qristus mxolod qar-<br />

TulSia gamoyenebuli saxelobiTSi. es garemoebani “sxva niSnebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sabuTebis gverdiT gamodgeba imis sabuTad, rom<br />

qristianoba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si berZnuli warmoSobisaa <strong>da</strong> ara<br />

somxurisa.” 2<br />

isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, SesaZloa,<br />

zogierTi qarTuli mxare, mag., qvemo qarTlis samxre-<br />

Ti nawili, somxeTs hqon<strong>da</strong> mitacebuli. am mxareebSi qristianoba<br />

saxelmwifo religiad, cxadia, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s xelisufalTa<br />

nebiT, igive grigol ganmanaTleblis monawileobiT gamocxaddebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

SemdgomSi es mxareebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m ukanve <strong>da</strong>ibruna.<br />

amis safuZvelze somxuri ideologiis Semqmnelebma buzi<br />

spilod aqcies <strong>da</strong> mTeli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong>s wyalobiT<br />

1 ix. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tb., 1973, gv. 76. aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom berZenma mematianem gelasi kesarielma <strong>da</strong> sxvebmac qarTvelTa gaqristianebis,<br />

aseve wm. ninos Sesaxeb iberiis mefis Zis, bakurisagan Seityves.<br />

2 m. TarxniSvili, werilebi, Tb., 1994, gv. 307.<br />

79

gaqristianebulad gamoacxades.<br />

leon meliqseT-begis <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa Tanaxmad, qarTuli bibliis<br />

“uZvelesi versiebi somxuri<strong>da</strong>nac iyo Targmnili” 1 . am<br />

faqtsac iSvelieben imis <strong>da</strong>sturad, TiTqos, qarTveli eri<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s wyalobiT gaqristian<strong>da</strong>. rogorc iTqva, <strong>somxeTi</strong><br />

axerxeb<strong>da</strong> qarTuli mxareebis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas, romlebsac saqar-<br />

Tvelo brZoliT ukanve ibruneb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>somxeTi</strong>sagan mitacebul<br />

qarTul mxareebSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs ecodinebo<strong>da</strong>T somxuri<br />

enac. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si qarTvelebis gverdiT<br />

xom uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n, kerZod, qristes Sobamde II saukuni<strong>da</strong>n<br />

cxovrobdnen somxebic. amis Sedega<strong>da</strong>c zogierT qarTvels<br />

ecodinebo<strong>da</strong> somxuri ena. es saWiro iyo qarTuli saxelmwifosTvisac,<br />

rameTu <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s ganuwyveteli teritoriuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>vis viTarebaSi qarTveli xelisufalni somxuri<br />

enis mcodne qarTvelebs gamoiyenebdnen mzveravebad, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

mimarT <strong>somxeTi</strong>s gegmebis <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT Sesatyobad. raki<br />

zogierTma qarTvelma ico<strong>da</strong> somxuri ena, raRa gasakviria,<br />

rom qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis ganxeTqilebamde bibliis<br />

calkeuli nawilebi qarTulad somxuri<strong>da</strong>nac eTargmnaT.<br />

somexi mematianeebi, koriuni, movses xorenaci <strong>da</strong> sxvebic<br />

qarTuli <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis Seqmnas somexTa saeklesio moRvawes,<br />

mesrop-maStocs miaweren. es azri gabatonebulia somexTa<br />

Soris dResac imdenad, rom V klasis “<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriaSic”<br />

kia Setanili. ufro metic, somxebi cdiloben amgvari tendenciuri,<br />

usafuZvlo Sexedulebebi mTel msoflios mohfinon.<br />

xorenacis mixedviT, somexTa mefis, vramSapuhis dros<br />

(387/88-413/14) siriel episkopos <strong>da</strong>niels Seuqmnia somxuri anbani.<br />

igi ga<strong>da</strong>sces somexTa eklesiis saWeTmpyrobels sahaks<br />

<strong>da</strong> mis Tanamosagre mesrops (maStocs): “isini Seudgnen mis<br />

Seswavlas, ramdenime weliwads bavSvebic avarjiSes, magram<br />

<strong>da</strong>rwmundnen, rom am asoebiT SeuZlebeli iyo somxuri enis<br />

bgerebis zedmiwevniT, <strong>da</strong>makmayofileblad gadmocema, anbani<br />

mwiri gamodga”. amis Semdeg mesrop-maStocma RmerTis<br />

STagonebiT Seqmnao somxuri <strong>da</strong>mwerloba. magram mesrop-maStocis<br />

muza somxuri <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis Seqmnisas rodi <strong>da</strong>mcxra-<br />

1 l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, Tb., 1941, gv. 56.<br />

80

la. erT mSvenier dReso mesrop-maStoci “wavi<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa<br />

qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong> madlis zegardmo miniWebiT maTac Seuqmna anbani<br />

vinme jalasTan erTad, romelic berZnuli <strong>da</strong> somxuri enebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Targmni<strong>da</strong>. [mesrops] xels uwyobdnen imaTi mefe bakuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> mose episkoposi. man (mesropmao _ a. a.) SearCia bavSvebi,<br />

gahyo isini or jgufad <strong>da</strong> moZRvrebad <strong>da</strong>utova Tavisi [ori]<br />

mowafeTagani, ter xorZenaci <strong>da</strong> muSe taronaci.<br />

[amis Semdeg] mesropi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> alvaneTSi (kavkasiis albaneTSi<br />

_ a. a.)... [mesropma] miixmo vinme beniamini, niWieri<br />

mTargmneli, romelic <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv gaugzavna mas siuniqis<br />

xelisufalma, ymawvilma vasakma Tavisi episkoposis ananis<br />

TanxlebiT. maTi SewevniT [mesropma] Seqmna anbani gargarelTa<br />

(albanelTa _ a. a.) xorxismieri, arakeTilxmovani,<br />

barbarosuli <strong>da</strong> uxeSi enisaTvis...” 1 koriunis Tanaxmad, mesrop-maStocs<br />

ar scodnia arc qarTuli <strong>da</strong> arc albanuri enebi.<br />

mas beniamenisagan mousmenia albanuri enis sityvebi <strong>da</strong> ase<br />

gamougonebia albanelTaTvis <strong>da</strong>mwerloba. qarTuli anbanic<br />

mesrop-maStocma qarTuli enis codnis gareSe Seqmnao. 2<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom XI saukunis somexi mematianis, stefanos<br />

taronecis (asoRikis) cnobiT, “<strong>da</strong>niel asurTa filosofosma<br />

somxurisTvis 29 aso moigona, xolo Svidi <strong>da</strong>naklisi<br />

aso netarma mesrop taronelma vedrebiT RmerTisagan miiRo”o.<br />

XIII aswleulis somexi istorikosis, var<strong>da</strong>n arevelcis Tanaxmad,<br />

“wmin<strong>da</strong> mesropma somxuri mwignobroba moagvara Zveli<br />

droiTgan <strong>da</strong>niel asurisagan mopovebul 22 asoze” <strong>da</strong>myarebiT.<br />

3 rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, somxurive cnobebiT, mesrop-maStocs<br />

somxuri <strong>da</strong>mwerlobac ar Seuqmnia, mas mxolod Seuvsia is.<br />

miT ufro eWvs iwvevs mesrop-maStocis mier qarTuli anbanis<br />

gamogoneba.<br />

specialistebi didi xania aRniSnaven, rom <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis<br />

Seqmna rTuli lingvisturi procesia. gamoricxulia, vinmem<br />

ama Tu im enisaTvis gamoigonos anbani, Tu am enis bunebas,<br />

Taviseburebebs Rrmad ar Cawv<strong>da</strong>. mesrop-maStocs ki srulebiT<br />

ar codnia qarTuli ena. rogorc koriuni <strong>da</strong> movses xo-<br />

1 movses xorenaci, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, 1984, gv. 222-224.<br />

2 ix. iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerloba, gv. 155.<br />

3 ix. iqve, gv. 165.<br />

81

enaci aRniSnaven, sirieli anu asuri <strong>da</strong>nielis mier Seqmnili<br />

somxuri anbani ar esa<strong>da</strong>gebo<strong>da</strong> somxuri enis bunebas. Tu<br />

<strong>da</strong>nielma marTla Seadgina somxuri <strong>da</strong>mwerloba, safiqrebelia,<br />

mesrop-maStocma <strong>da</strong> sxva somxebma ara marto Seavses,<br />

aramed ga<strong>da</strong>amuSaves kidec is. miT umetes, uvargisi iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTuli enis ucodinari somexis mier Seqmnili qarTuli anbani.<br />

ase rom, mesrop-maStocis mier qarTuli <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis<br />

gamogoneba somxuri legen<strong>da</strong>a, zRaparia <strong>da</strong> meti araferi. yuradRebas<br />

ipyrobs is garemoebac, rom V saukunis meore naxevris<br />

somexi mematiane, lazar farpeci koriunze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT<br />

aRwers mesrop-maStocis mier somxuri anbanis Seqmnas, magram<br />

arafers ambobs misgan qarTuli <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis gamogonebis Taobaze.<br />

ara<strong>da</strong>, lazar farpecic iziarebs im somxur pozicias,<br />

romlis mixedviTac kavkasiaSi wamyvani eri somxebi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, lazarma Tu ico<strong>da</strong> cnoba, Wori mesrop-maStocis<br />

mier qarTuli anbanis gamogonebaze, amas usa-<br />

Tuod moaTavseb<strong>da</strong> Tavis “<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriaSi.” maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

somxuri legen<strong>da</strong>, zRapari, TiTqos, mesrop-maStocs Seuqmnia<br />

qarTuli <strong>da</strong>mwerloba, ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> V saukuneSi, igi gviandeli<br />

SenaTxzia, somxuri ideologiis monapovaria.<br />

vaxtang gorgaslis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb misive Tanadrouli,<br />

sando pirvelwyaroebi mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc ar mogvepoveba. magram<br />

gorgasali namdvilad didi mefe, xelmwife rom iyo, amas<br />

a<strong>da</strong>sturebs erTi arapir<strong>da</strong>piri Cvenebac. cnobilia, rom ama<br />

Tu im qveynis pirvel qristian mefes metismetad ganadidebdnen<br />

xolme. ase mox<strong>da</strong> bizantiaSi, somxeTSic <strong>da</strong> sxvaganac.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si ki mirianze metad <strong>da</strong>axloebiT erTi saukunis<br />

Semdeg gamefebuli vaxtang gorgasali ganadides. es ar moxdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Tu gorgasalma sinamdvileSic udidesi roli ar Seasrula<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriaSi. somexi mematiane, vaxtang<br />

gorgaslis Tanamedrove lazar farpeci ki xan aqebs <strong>da</strong> xanac<br />

lanZRavs vaxtang mefes. amis gamo mizanSewonilad mimaCnia<br />

ganvixilo lazar farpecis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

urTierTobebis Sesaxeb.<br />

iranis Sahs, iezdigerd II-s (439-457) Tavisi veziri moaxseneb<strong>da</strong>o:<br />

“uwinares yovlisa somexTa didi qveyanaa saWiro<br />

<strong>da</strong> sasargeblo, <strong>da</strong> masTan erTad qarTli <strong>da</strong> albaneTi... Tqven<br />

82

TviTonac iciT <strong>da</strong> yovelma arielma (sparselma _ a. a.), Tu<br />

raoden didia <strong>da</strong> sasargeblo somexTa qveyana. [amasTan] igi<br />

maxlobelia <strong>da</strong> mosazRvre keisris samefosi (bizantiis imperiisa<br />

_ a. a.) <strong>da</strong> rjuli <strong>da</strong> msaxureba iseTive aqvs, radganac<br />

keisars upyria maTi samTavro. magram Tu Cvens rjuls miaCvevT,<br />

<strong>da</strong>uaxlovdebian mas <strong>da</strong> SeZleben mis cnobas, aqamde Tu<br />

Semc<strong>da</strong>rni iyvnen, axla [swor] gzas <strong>da</strong>adgebian, Semdeg Tqvenc<br />

Segiyvareben <strong>da</strong> arielTa qveyanasac, xolo keisars, mis<br />

rjulsa <strong>da</strong> qveyanas ki ganudgebian <strong>da</strong> ganSordebian. maSin<br />

CvenTan eg qveyana mtkice siyvaruliTa <strong>da</strong> TanxmobiT iqneba.<br />

xolo, rodesac <strong>somxeTi</strong> mtkiced iqneba Cveni, maSin swored<br />

qarTlica <strong>da</strong> albaneTic Cveni iqneba.” 1 rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, somexi<br />

mematiane xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong> didi qveyanaa,<br />

xolo iberia <strong>da</strong> albaneTi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>namatia. sinamdvileSi,<br />

iberia, rogorc ukve iTqva, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s upiratesobas ar<br />

cnob<strong>da</strong>. sparseTis imperiisTvisac iberias somxeTze naklebi<br />

mniSvneloba rodi hqon<strong>da</strong>. iberia xom kavkasiis centrSi mdebareob<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> Cvens qveyanaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT sparseTs SeeZlo Tavisi<br />

gavlena gaevrcelebina Crdilo kavkasiaze, risi didi<br />

survilic hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

iezdigerd Sahs werili miuweria <strong>somxeTi</strong>s didebulebisaTvis:<br />

“radganac Tqven sasargeblo <strong>da</strong> CvenTvis sayvareli<br />

qveyana xarT, Cven gvnebavs, rom Cveni marTali <strong>da</strong> WeSmariti<br />

rjuli 2 iswavloT <strong>da</strong> miiRoT... aw, moismineT es Cveni brZaneba,<br />

nebiTa <strong>da</strong> siyvaruliT Tavs ideviT igi <strong>da</strong> sxva rames srulebiTac<br />

nu gaivlebT gulSi... xolo, rodesac Tqvenc CvensaviT<br />

scnobT Cvens WeSmarit rjuls, qarTli <strong>da</strong> albaneTi Cveni<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tqveni nebis iqiT ga<strong>da</strong>svlas ver gabe<strong>da</strong>ven”. 3 maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

somexTa azriT, Tu <strong>somxeTi</strong> <strong>da</strong>morCildebo<strong>da</strong> sparseTs, <strong>da</strong>yvebo<strong>da</strong><br />

mis nebas, sparseTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong> erTdroulad ibatonebdnen<br />

iberiasa <strong>da</strong> albaneTSi; sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, didi batoni<br />

sparseTi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, magram iberiasa <strong>da</strong> albaneTSi spar-<br />

1<br />

l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sesaxeb, Tb., 1962,<br />

gv. 209-210.<br />

2<br />

nagulisxmevia<br />

loba).<br />

mazdeanoba (igive zoroastrizmi, cecxlTayvanismcem-<br />

3<br />

l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 213.<br />

83

seTis mier mouravebad <strong>da</strong>niSnuli somxebic ibatonebdnen.<br />

somxeTs es Zalian sur<strong>da</strong>, Tumca qristianobas ar Tmob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amierkavkasieli didebulebi iZulebuli gaxdnen iezdigerd<br />

Sahs xlebodnen sparseTSi. Sahi maTgan gamazdeanebas<br />

moiTxov<strong>da</strong>: “maSin samive qveynis, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s, qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> albaneTis<br />

yvela naxarari (erisTavi _ a. a.) erT adgilas Seikriba,<br />

yoymanob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bWob<strong>da</strong>, Tu ra saSualebiT <strong>da</strong> mofiqrebiT<br />

moeZebnaT gamosavali am saqmi<strong>da</strong>n. mcire dReTa ganmavlobaSi<br />

bevri ifiqres <strong>da</strong> imsjeles <strong>da</strong> droebiT im azrze SeTanxmdnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganmtkicdnen, rom “ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis araviTari sxva Rone<br />

ar gagvaCnia im maxisagan, romelic <strong>da</strong>gvigo borotma monadire<br />

satanam <strong>da</strong> romelSic gagvaba, gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom droebiT,<br />

garegnulad Tavs vidvaT maTi brZaneba. Semdeg wavideT Cven-<br />

Cven qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong> imieri<strong>da</strong>n an vicxovroT qristes WeSmariti<br />

sarwmunoebis msaxurebiT, romelSic <strong>da</strong>vibadeT embazis ganaxlebiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> uwmindesi moZRvrebiT wmin<strong>da</strong> grigorisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

Svilisa, an mivatovoT Cveni qveyana <strong>da</strong> wavideT”... 1 Tu gviandeli<br />

CanarTi araa sagulisxmebeli bolo striqonebSi, ma-<br />

Sin gamodis, rom somxuri legen<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos, grigori qar-<br />

TvelTa ganmanaTlebelic iyo, V saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasrulisTvis<br />

ukve arsebula. SesaZloa, isic vifiqroT, rom lazar farpeci<br />

am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs qvemo qarTlis sapitiaxSos, arSu-<br />

Sa pitiaxSis samflobelos. sparseTSi gaemgzavrao im momentSi<br />

“qarTvelTa qveyni<strong>da</strong>n bdeSxi(pitiaxSi _ a. a.) aSuSa <strong>da</strong> im<br />

qveynis sxva” didebulebi. 2 aqcenti qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSzea<br />

mimarTuli. qvemo qarTlis erTi nawili ki, rogorc zemoT<br />

iTqva, SesaZloa, IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi somxeTs hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

mitacebuli <strong>da</strong> am SemTxvevaSi qristianobasac saxelmwifo<br />

religiad iq <strong>somxeTi</strong> gamoacxadeb<strong>da</strong>. magram radgan motanil<br />

cnobaSi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s, qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> albaneTis ganmanaTleblad<br />

grigoria gamocxadebuli, aq mainc SeimCneva imis tendencia,<br />

iqeTken swrafva, rom somexTa ganmanaTleblis kulti mTels<br />

amierkavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>inergos <strong>da</strong> somxur eklesias qarTul-albanuri<br />

eklesiebic <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebaros.<br />

1 iqve, gv. 223.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 217-218.<br />

84

lazar farpecis mixedviT, ...“ucbad qarTlis qveyanaSi<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> SfoTi <strong>da</strong> areuloba. vaxtangma (gorgasalma _ a. a.)<br />

mokla urjulo bdeSxi vazgeni 1 mefe perozis (iranis Sahis _<br />

a. a.) oc<strong>da</strong>mexuTe wels. es gaigo <strong>somxeTi</strong>s qveynis xalxma...<br />

rodesac maT gaiges qarTlis mefis ajanyebis Sesaxeb, mxiaruli<br />

guliT gaixares, radganac maT ambavi miuvi<strong>da</strong>T, qarTlis<br />

mefe ambobs: “me brZolas aravis <strong>da</strong>vanaxveb, imden hons<br />

(hunebs _ a. a.) gadmoviyvan, rom sparsTa jarebi win ver <strong>da</strong>udgneno.”<br />

qristes moyvarulni gamxnevdnen am ambisagan <strong>da</strong> moelodnen<br />

TavisTvisac sargeblobisa <strong>da</strong> keTilmowyalebis povnas<br />

[cad] amaRlebulisagan...”<br />

erTmaneTSi moiTaTbira zogierTma somexma naxararma:<br />

...”eg qarTvelTa mefe vaxtangi mamacia, vin icis, iqneb mravalmowyale<br />

RmerTi gadmoxe<strong>da</strong>vs Cvens gaWirvebas, <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba<br />

<strong>da</strong>, egebis, qarTvelebTan erTad SevZloT cotaTi mainc mivayenoT<br />

Sroma sparsTa”-o. ase moiTaTbires mciredma somexma<br />

naxararebma, <strong>da</strong> es ganzraxva sxvebsac gaagebines. vinc ki gaigo<br />

igi, yvela nebiTa <strong>da</strong> mondomebiT SeuerT<strong>da</strong> mas, rogorc<br />

RmrTis winamZRolobiT [miRebuls]”. 2 im xanebSi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s samefo<br />

aRar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. sparseTis imperiis nebiTa <strong>da</strong>, SesaZloa,<br />

somex didebulTa erTi nawilis decentralisturi miswrafebebis,<br />

qmedebebis Sedega<strong>da</strong>c somxeTSi mefoba gauqmebul<br />

iqna 428 wels. somex didebulebs vaxtang gorgasalTan SeTanxmebuli<br />

moqmedeba sWiro<strong>da</strong>T imisaTvisac, rom mefis, metadre<br />

didi mefis avtoriteti saerTo saqmes wadgomo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

somex didebulTa Soris erT-erT gamorCeulTagans, vahan<br />

mamikonians 3 ar gauziarebia vaxtang gorgaslis antisparsuli<br />

ajanyebiT gamxnevebuli somexi didebulebis pozicia:<br />

“SeuerTde Tqvens ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas, romelic gangizraxavT,<br />

<strong>da</strong> giTxraT, kargia eg azri <strong>da</strong> imoqmedeT-Tqo, magis Tqma arc<br />

SemiZlia <strong>da</strong> verc vbe<strong>da</strong>v, radganac kargad vici arielTa Zala<br />

<strong>da</strong> Seupovroba, xolo hromTa (bizantielTa _ a. a.) sisuste<br />

<strong>da</strong> matyuvroba. Tqvenc gicnobT Cemi gamocdilebiT, Tu<br />

rogor migiciaT ficiT aRTqma Cveni mamebisTvis <strong>da</strong> mogityue-<br />

1 nagulisxmevia qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSi varsqeni.<br />

2 l.-n.janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 243-245.<br />

3 mamikonianebi warmoSobiT Wanebi(lazebi) iyvnen, magram gasomxdnen.<br />

85

iaT. rac Seexeba imas, rasac ambobT qarTlis mefis <strong>da</strong> honTa<br />

Sesaxeb, [getyviT], rom calke qarTli susti qveyanaa <strong>da</strong> mxedrobiT<br />

mcirericxovani. honTa Sesaxeb ki, vin icis, <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdebian<br />

mosvlas, Tu ara isini, vinc aq arc arian <strong>da</strong> arca Canan?<br />

magram yvelaze metad ki Tqvenive Tavisa geSinodeT, radgan<br />

cru <strong>da</strong> arasando xalxi xarT. me Tu mkiTxavT <strong>da</strong> Cems sityvas<br />

aasrulebT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ijerebT, Tavi gaanebeT mag azrebs <strong>da</strong><br />

mxolod evedreT RmerTs... mogaZebninoT gamosavali mag saqmeebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

me ki Tqveni amao <strong>da</strong> gamousadegari ganzraxviT nu<br />

mrjiT”. 1 rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, somexi mematiane xazs usvams, rom<br />

vaxtang gorgaslis droindeli qarTlis, iberiis samefo<br />

“susti qveyanaa <strong>da</strong> mxedrobiTac mcirericxovani.” ise gamodis,<br />

iberiis qveyana patara yofila, Torem, cnobilia, rom<br />

qarTvelebs brZolis velze, kerZod, sparselTa winaaRmdeg<br />

omebSi qudze kaci gamoyav<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> mcirericxovani jari rad<br />

eyolebo<strong>da</strong> vaxtang gorgasals? Zlieri <strong>da</strong> mravalricxovani<br />

mxedrobis gareSe gorgasali verc moipoveb<strong>da</strong> didi, gmiri mefis<br />

saxels, rameTu man bevri omi ga<strong>da</strong>ixa<strong>da</strong> uricxvi mtris<br />

winaaRmdeg. amave dros, lazar farpecis mixedviT, sparseTic<br />

ki aRiareb<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong> didi qveyana iyo, e.i. arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />

didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>. amdenad, somxebs bunebrivad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, rom kavkasiaSi<br />

wamyvani saxelmwifo yofiliyo e. w. didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>,<br />

xolo “susti iberia” mas <strong>da</strong>morCilebo<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelebi, cxadia,<br />

ar iziarebdnen somexTa pozicias <strong>da</strong> es iwvev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas<br />

maT Soris.<br />

sabolood, vahan mamikoniani mainc <strong>da</strong>iyolies <strong>da</strong> iberiasTan<br />

erTad somxeTSic <strong>da</strong>iwyo sparseTis sawinaaRmdego<br />

ajanyeba. lazar farpecis sityviT, “zogierTi uRmrTo somexi<br />

naxararTagani” sparselTa erTguli <strong>da</strong>rCenila <strong>da</strong> maTTan er-<br />

Tad ebrZo<strong>da</strong> qarTvel <strong>da</strong> somex ajanyebulebs. 2 qarTvelTagan<br />

im dros sparseTis momxre <strong>da</strong> erTguli mxolod varsqen<br />

pitiaxSi yofila <strong>da</strong> isic iomeb<strong>da</strong> ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg;<br />

amitomac moakvlevina varsqeni vaxtang gorgasalma.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mxmare jaris momlodine somxebma “saswrafod gagzav-<br />

1 l.n. janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 245-246.<br />

2 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 246-247.<br />

86

nes despani qarTlis mefe vaxtangTan, raTa Tavisi <strong>da</strong>pirebebisamebr<br />

mieca maTTvis honebi. is ki drois gasayvani sityvebiT<br />

aWianureb<strong>da</strong> Tavisi naTqvamis [asrulebas]. Semdeg sai<strong>da</strong>n-<br />

Rac Sekriba samasi honi <strong>da</strong> gamogzavna somxeTSi. magram jer<br />

kidev zamTris erTi Tvec ar gasuliyo, rom saswrafo momizezebiT<br />

isev TavisTan gaixmo.” male somxeTSio “moawia despanma<br />

qarTlis mefe vaxtangisagan: “qarTlis qveyanaSi didi jari<br />

movi<strong>da</strong>. me <strong>da</strong>vinaxe, rom ver aRvudgebi win <strong>da</strong> gavecale <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

mTebSi, qarTlis sazRvrebTan, <strong>da</strong> Tqven gelodebiT”-o.<br />

[despans] werilic hqon<strong>da</strong> motyuebiT [miwerili] vaxtangisagan:<br />

“honTa jars vubrZane mosuliyo, magram jer ar mosula. magram<br />

sanam Tqven moxvalT, isinic moaweven <strong>da</strong> imieri<strong>da</strong>n Tqven,<br />

Cven <strong>da</strong> honebi <strong>da</strong>vRupavT maT. Tumca me mgonia, rom rodesac<br />

honebi movlen, Cven srulebiT aRaraferi mogviwevs gasakeTeblad,<br />

isini TiTon moagvareben am saqmes, radgan uzomo<br />

simravles vubrZane mosvla”-o...<br />

somexTa mTeli jari <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv mivi<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefesTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> cota xniT <strong>da</strong>ibanaka kangarqis gavarSi. iq qarTlis<br />

mefe vaxtangi momacdunebeli sityvebiT atyueb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iyolieb<strong>da</strong><br />

somexTa zoravar (mxe<strong>da</strong>rmTavars _ a. a.) vahan mamikoniansa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva uxuces somex tanuterebs (didebulebs _ a. a.)...<br />

“ori dReca <strong>da</strong> honTa jarebi moaweven”-o. xolo, rodesac gavi<strong>da</strong><br />

am cru paemanis ori dRe, maSin igi mesame <strong>da</strong> meoTxe<br />

dReze ga<strong>da</strong>itana, Semdeg ki meeqvse <strong>da</strong> meSvide dRezec. merme<br />

mzveravebi gaagzavnina qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> somexTa jari<strong>da</strong>n. rodesac<br />

isini Cavidnen erT-erT velze, man <strong>da</strong>anaxva maT mravali<br />

cecxlis sinaTle <strong>da</strong> xis kunZebi a<strong>da</strong>mianis magvarad Seiara-<br />

Rebuli, aleqsandre makedonelis eSmakobis msgavsad. igi isev<br />

ambob<strong>da</strong>: “honTa jari ar amodis CvenTan mTebSi. isini amboben,<br />

aq, am velze Camoiyvane <strong>da</strong> gvaCvene somxebi <strong>da</strong> yovelive Sens<br />

sityvas verwmunebiT, rac CvenTvis giTqvams <strong>da</strong> Semogificavs.<br />

maSin ris gakeTebasac gvibrZaneb, yvelafers SevasrulebT.<br />

Tu ara <strong>da</strong>, ara gvjera, rom somxebi SenTan erTad arian. magram<br />

Tu namdvilad <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT amas, maSin sparselebi Cven <strong>da</strong>gvanebeT<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavs nu SeiwuxebTo. axla, Tu Tqven am velze ar<br />

CaxvalT, xolo honTa jari me ar <strong>da</strong>mijerebs <strong>da</strong> im qveyni<strong>da</strong>n<br />

arsaiTken ar <strong>da</strong>iZvreba,” sparselTa mxedroba ki “mibrundeba<br />

87

<strong>da</strong> qarTls aaoxrebs, ra sargebloba eqneba CemTvis Tqvens aq<br />

mosvlas?”<br />

somexTa jari ki, radganac pirobiT iyo Sekruli qarTlis<br />

mefesTan, rasac igi eubnebo<strong>da</strong>, marTali iyo Tu tyuili,<br />

yvelafris asrulebas cdilob<strong>da</strong> saxarebis SiSiT”. 1 somexi<br />

mematiane sxva adgilzec uwodebs vaxtang gorgasals crus,<br />

somexTa momtyuebels: ...”rodesac meore dRes brZolis velze<br />

gavidnen, maSinac elaparakebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> eubnebo<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefe<br />

somexTa zoravar vahansa <strong>da</strong> sxva somex uxuces tanuterebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sepuhebs(didebulebs _ a. a.): “CvenTvis umjobesi iyo dRes<br />

SevbrZolebodiT sparsTa jars, radgan Cvenc veyofiT maT <strong>da</strong><br />

win ver <strong>da</strong>gvidgebian. magram, Tu dResac <strong>da</strong>vizarebdiT, honebi<br />

movidodnen <strong>da</strong> gamarjvebis saxelsa <strong>da</strong> na<strong>da</strong>vls isini waiRebdnen.”<br />

igi aqamdisac ki ganagrZob<strong>da</strong> motyuebas cru sityvebiT.<br />

maSin somexTa zoravars vahan mamikonians guli mouvi<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTlis mefis cru <strong>da</strong> uxams sityvebze... magram vahan mamikonianma<br />

mainc gaawyo jari sabrZolo wyobis wesisamebr. marjvena<br />

mxare man Caabara barSil vahevunisa <strong>da</strong> saton gabelians,<br />

marcxena mxare misca qarTlis mefe vaxtangs, xolo Sua<br />

nawils ki TviTon adgen<strong>da</strong> netari arSaviris samive vaJisa <strong>da</strong><br />

gnunTa netar ufalTan erTad. xolo netari aspeti sahaki <strong>da</strong><br />

babgen sivnieli Tavis Tavisa <strong>da</strong> barSilis Soris <strong>da</strong>ayena”. 2<br />

ise gamodis, rom sparseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis momwyobi<br />

vaxtang gorgasali ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti brZolis Jams somexTa mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavris<br />

nebis aRmsrulebeli, mis xelebSi Semyure yofila.<br />

brZolis velze umniSvnelovanes rols, Turme, somexTa<br />

jari asruleb<strong>da</strong>, xolo vaxtang gorgaslis laSqari mis <strong>da</strong>namats<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, es sicruea, somexi mematiane<br />

akninebs vaxtang mefes. Tu gorgasali ar ufrTxildebo<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavis mefur avtoritets, rogorc es lazar farpecis Txrobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamosWvivis, maSin vaxtang mefe qarTvel erSi ver <strong>da</strong>imkvidreb<strong>da</strong><br />

gamorCeuli xelmwifisa <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong>nis saxels.<br />

sabolood, sparselTa mravalricxovanma jarma <strong>da</strong>amar-<br />

1 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 248-251.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 252-253.<br />

88

cxa ajanyebulni. amis gamoo “somexTa mTeli jari <strong>da</strong> masTan<br />

erTad qarTvelTa gamousadegari jari Tavis mefe vaxtangTan<br />

erTad <strong>da</strong>iSala <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ifanta.” 1 vaxtang gorgasali XII saukuneSi<br />

Seqmnili didi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s erT-erTi gamoCenili mesa-<br />

Zirkvlea; somexi mematiane ki vaxtang mefesa <strong>da</strong> mis jars<br />

uvargiss, gamousadegars uwodebs. Tu gorgasali ar iyo Zlieri,<br />

gamorCeuli mefe <strong>da</strong> mis jarsac Tavi ar gamouCenia omeb-<br />

Si, vimeoreb, maSin qarTvelTa pirveli qristiani mefe, miriani,<br />

romlis Sesaxebac kargis meti araferi gvsmenia, ratom<br />

gorgasalze Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad ganadides Cvenma winaprebma?<br />

lazar farpecis Tanaxmad, ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg<br />

sparselTa sar<strong>da</strong>ls mouxsenebia Tavisi qveynis SahisTvis vahan<br />

mamikonianisa <strong>da</strong> somxebis guladobis ambebi <strong>da</strong>, bolos,<br />

uTqvams: “<strong>somxeTi</strong>s qveynis sidide <strong>da</strong> sargeblianoba Tqvenc<br />

kargad iciT. magram vahani <strong>da</strong> sxva warCinebulni, romelnic<br />

masTan arian, dResac rom mSvidobianad yofiliyvnen Tqvens<br />

samsaxurSi,” am ambavso me “nugeSad CavTvlidi. radgan, rodesac<br />

somxebi aseTi xalxiT Cveni iqnebodnen, qarTlica <strong>da</strong> albaneTic<br />

srulebiT ver gabe<strong>da</strong>vdnen piri eqciaT Cvengan, an<br />

sxvanairad ganezraxaT raime”. 2 isev <strong>da</strong> isev mematiane xazs usvams<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s sidides, somexTa guladobas, xolo iberia,<br />

TiTqos, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>namati yofila, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom im<br />

xanebSi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s samefo ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>, xolo iberias hyav<strong>da</strong><br />

didi mefe gorgasali. motanil nawyvetSi yuradRebas ipyrobs<br />

isic, rom sparselebi aRar iTxoven somxebis gamazdianebas,<br />

oRond <strong>da</strong>gvmorCildnen <strong>da</strong>, jani gavardes, qristianebad <strong>da</strong>rCneno.<br />

es Sedegia imisa, rom, marTalia, sparselebma CaaxSves<br />

vaxtang mefis TavkacobiT mowyobili ajanyeba, magram mainc<br />

iZulebulni gaxdnen <strong>da</strong>Tmobebze wasuliyvnen amboxebul qar-<br />

TvelTa <strong>da</strong> somexTa mimarT.<br />

lazar farpecis mier vahan mamikonianTan gagzavnil werilSi<br />

naTqvamia: “rodesac netarma de<strong>da</strong>Senma wagiyvanaT<br />

Tqven bdeSxTan, mis karze Cvenc gvaswavlidnen.” 3 aq igulisxmeba,<br />

rom <strong>da</strong>oblebuli vahani <strong>da</strong> misi Zmebi qvemo qarTlis<br />

1 iqve, gv. 255-257.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 266-267.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 267.<br />

89

pitiaxSis arSuSas (varsqen pitiaxSis mamis) karze izrdebodnen_arSuSas<br />

meuRle vahanis dei<strong>da</strong> iyo. lazar farpecic vahans<br />

<strong>da</strong> mis Zmebs Tan axl<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> isic qvemo qarTlSi izrdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n lazari vahanTan <strong>da</strong>axloebuli yofila, swored<br />

esecaa mizezi, rom somexi mematiane vaxtang gorgaslisa <strong>da</strong><br />

vahan mamikonianis urTierTobaSi vahanis momxreobas iCens,<br />

tendenciurad ganadidebs mas.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom lazar farpeci qarTlSi izrdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

is, rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, lanZRavs wmin<strong>da</strong>nad Seracxul<br />

qarTvelTa mefe vaxtang gorgasals. amis mizezi, Cemi azriT,<br />

isaa, rom somxebs ar moswon<strong>da</strong>T gorgaslis miswrafeba, gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />

mTeli kavkasiis Tavkaci. ara<strong>da</strong>, sparseTis imperiis<br />

winaRmdeg brZola Zalze Zneli, SeuZlebelic ki iqnebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Tu kavkasielebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT ar <strong>da</strong>icavdnen Tavs. rogorc<br />

ukve iTqva, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s samefo im dros ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

vis un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>erazma kavkasielebi, Tu ara vaxtang gorgasals?<br />

es ki imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom kavkasiaSi wamyvani iqnebo<strong>da</strong> iberiis<br />

samefo <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>somxeTi</strong>, rac somxebisTvis <strong>da</strong> maTi mematiane<br />

lazar farpecisTvis miuRebeli iyo. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom<br />

im xanebSi ZirZveli qarTuli mxare tao <strong>somxeTi</strong>s SemadgenlobaSi<br />

iyo moqceuli, mamikonianTa samflobelos warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

vaxtang gorgasals, cxadia, <strong>da</strong>gegmili eqnebo<strong>da</strong> taos<br />

<strong>da</strong>brunebac <strong>da</strong> rom <strong>da</strong>sclo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>ibruneb<strong>da</strong> kidec, yovel Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi, aqtiurad imoqmedeb<strong>da</strong> saamisod. vahan mamikonianis-<br />

Tvis miuRebeli iyo gorgaslis es gegma <strong>da</strong> amitomac ar moswon<strong>da</strong>T<br />

masa <strong>da</strong> mis mexotbe mematianes, lazar farpecis vaxtang<br />

mefe.<br />

somex mkvlevarT miaCniaT, rom qarTuli eklesia didxans<br />

somxur eklesias eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>. ase mag., v. inglizianis<br />

mixedviT, 506 wlisTvis qarTuli eklesia somxuri eklesiis<br />

iurisdiqciis qveS imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. msgavsi azrebi gamoTqmulia<br />

n. akinianis <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa naSromebSic. amgvari Sexeduleba<br />

zogierT qarTvelsac gasCenia. 2007 wlis 29 martis gazeT<br />

“jorjian TaimsSi” <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> gubaz sanikiZis interviu, romelSic<br />

naTqvamia: 451 wlis qalkedonis krebis Semdego “<strong>saqarTvelo</strong><br />

moxv<strong>da</strong> monofizitur samyaroSi... somxuri, qarTuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> albanuri eklesiebi_saeklesio federacias warmoad-<br />

90

gen<strong>da</strong>, romelSic pirveloba somxebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T. am eklesiaTa<br />

centri iyo dvini.”<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom sparseTis imperia ereo<strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />

qarTuli, ise somxuri eklesiis saqmeebSi. sparselebi <strong>da</strong>rwmundnen,<br />

rom verc qarTvelebs <strong>da</strong> verc somxebs qristianobaze<br />

uars ver aTqmevinebdnen, mazdianebad ver aqcevdnen. maSin<br />

sparseTis xelisuflebam miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxa, iberiasa <strong>da</strong> somxeTs<br />

mieRoT qristianobis iseTi mimdinareoba, romelic <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> bizantiis imperiaSi aRiarebuli qristianuli<br />

mimdinareobisagan. amiT sparseTs sur<strong>da</strong> aRmoefxvra bizantiis<br />

gavlena <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> somxeTSi. sparseTma raki<br />

SeZlo 428 wels somxeTSi mefobis mospoba, xolo iberiis samefo<br />

amis Semdeg mTeli saukunis ganmavlobaSi arsebob<strong>da</strong>,<br />

sparseTisTvis ufro advili iyo somxuri eklesiis moqceva<br />

Tavisi gavlenis qveS, vidre qarTuli eklesiisa. somxuri<br />

eklesiac, Tu gamazdeanebas ar aiZulebdnen, garkveuli mizezebis<br />

gamo, Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan Tanaxma xdebo<strong>da</strong> sparseTis xelisuflebas<br />

morigebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

movses xorenacis Tanaxmad, somxeTSi mefobis gauqmebis<br />

Semdeg somxuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli sahaki sparseTSi<br />

Casula. Sahma “miixmo sahaki xalxmraval samsjavroSi <strong>da</strong> uTxra:<br />

“<strong>da</strong>ifice Seni rjulis mixedviT, rom erTgulad gvemsaxurebi<br />

Cven, ar gacdunebs berZenTa erTmorwmuneobis sicrue <strong>da</strong><br />

fiqrad ar gaivleb amboxebas, raTa amiT mizezi ar gaxde<br />

Cvens mier somexTa qveynis warwymedisa, Tqven<strong>da</strong>mi Cveni ke-<br />

Tilganwyobilebis mtrobiT Secvlisa.” sahaks ar moswonebia<br />

Sahis laparaki, kerZod, mis mier “erTmorwmuneobis sicruis”<br />

xseneba, magram mainc moundomebia, rom sparseTis xelmwifes<br />

misTvis ori ram Seesrulebina. Sahmao “brZanos, rom somex<br />

naxararTa xarisxTa rigi momavalSic imgvaradve <strong>da</strong>rCes, rogorc...<br />

iyo aqamde, sparsma marzpanebma gaiTvaliswinon es <strong>da</strong><br />

nu eqnebaT ufleba TavianTi survilisamebr misi Secvlisa.<br />

amasTanave... Wabuk gazavons, hrahatis Zes, <strong>da</strong>ubrunos samflobelo,<br />

Tu Zvel adgilze ara... sxva naxararTa gverdiT mainc<br />

<strong>da</strong>ayenos igi, romel adgilzec moisurvebs, iseve, rogorc<br />

imis naTesavs, kamsarakans an<strong>da</strong> amatunis uyves, romelnic, aRzevebulni,<br />

mamapapuri taxti<strong>da</strong>n CamoaqveiTes, <strong>da</strong>bal safexur-<br />

91

ze ganamweses; an iqneb miandos mas <strong>da</strong> mis naSiers mefis (iranis<br />

Sahis _ a. a.) moxeleoba.”<br />

Sahi “<strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> brZana, yovelive SeesrulebinaT [sahakisaTvis].<br />

misi SviliSvili var<strong>da</strong>n stratelatic [mefem]<br />

kvlav <strong>da</strong>adgina sakuTari gvaris, mamikonianTa uflad <strong>da</strong> somxeTSi<br />

gagzavna.”1 cxadia, sparseTis xelisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> somxur<br />

eklesias Soris arsebob<strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebi, <strong>da</strong>pirispireba,<br />

magram iyo morigebis, garigebis cdebic <strong>da</strong> es Cans motanili<br />

amonaridi<strong>da</strong>nac. erTi somxuri wyaros cnobiT, VI saukunis<br />

Sua xanebSi sparseTis Sahma Zalian mouwona <strong>somxeTi</strong>s ka-<br />

Tolikoss, nerse mijins berZnul eklesiasTan <strong>da</strong>pirispireba:<br />

“meeqvse kreba moiwvia nerse mijinma dvinSi <strong>da</strong> gamoeyo somxe-<br />

Ti saberZneTsa <strong>da</strong> ierusalemSi wasvlas, risTvisac di<strong>da</strong>d<br />

aRuTqva xosrom, sparseTis mefem, nerses...” 2<br />

VII saukunis 10-ian wlebSi sparseTis Sahma, xosrom II-m<br />

eklesiaTa e.w. sparsuli kreba moiwvia. krebaze ganixiles sakiTxi<br />

sparseTis imperiis mier <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli qristianuli<br />

qveynebisa <strong>da</strong> tomebis aRmsaareblobis Sesaxeb. krebis ze<strong>da</strong>mxedveloba<br />

mindobili hqon<strong>da</strong> somex didmoxeles smbat bagratunis.<br />

krebis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis safuZvelze xosro II-m gamosca<br />

brZaneba: “yvela Cemma qveSevrdomma qristianma un<strong>da</strong> miiRos<br />

somxuri sarwmunoeba.” 3 igulisxmeba monofizitoba, gviandeli<br />

terminiT rom vTqvaT, grigorianoba. am ambavs mogviTxrobs<br />

VII saukunis somexi mematiane sebeosi. SeiZleba vinmem eWvic<br />

Seitanos sebeosis cnobis sisworeSi, magram aSkaraa, rom<br />

somxebs, kerZod, sebeoss didi survili hqoniaT, somxur eklesias<br />

sparseTis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong> qarTuli <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva xalxTa eklesiebic.<br />

vaxtang gorgasalma Tavisi gavlena rom gaavrcela TiTqmis<br />

mTels kavkasiaze, kerZod, somxeTzec, amis Sedegad qar-<br />

Tuli eklesiac moindomeb<strong>da</strong> pirvelobas amierkavkasiaSi. yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, somxuri eklesiis Tavkacebi <strong>da</strong>inaxavdnen,<br />

rom isini, sparseTis <strong>da</strong>uxmareblad qarTuli eklesiis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebas<br />

ver SeZlebdnen. ara<strong>da</strong>, amisken miswrafeba maT<br />

1 movses xorenaci, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, 1984, gv. 236-237.<br />

2 ix. epistoleTa wigni, Tb., 1968, gv. 064.<br />

3 istoria sebeosisa, erevani, 1979, gv. 151, somxur enaze.<br />

92

hqon<strong>da</strong>T. iseve, rogorc <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefeebi acxadebdnen pretenzias<br />

mTeli kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>morCilebaze <strong>da</strong> zogjer ama Tu im<br />

qarTuli mxaris mitacebasac axerxebdnen, somxuri eklesiac<br />

gegmav<strong>da</strong> qarTulis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebas. 1 magram gorgasalis dros<br />

iberiaSi mazdeanur samlocveloTa adgilze qarTuli saepiskoposoebi<br />

Seiqmna, qarTuli eklesiis sabrZolo suliskve-<br />

Teba gaZlier<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, cxadia, is somxur eklesias ar eymobo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

piriqiT, qarTuli eklesia Seecdebo<strong>da</strong> somxuris pretenziebis<br />

ganqarvebas <strong>da</strong> Tavisi pirvelobis win wamowevas. es ki iwvev<strong>da</strong><br />

somxuri eklesiis Semdgom <strong>da</strong>axloebas sparseTis xelisuflebasTan.<br />

marTalia, VI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi sparseTma mefoba<br />

iberiaSic mospo, magram VI aswleulis <strong>da</strong>mdegi<strong>da</strong>nve uZvelesi<br />

droi<strong>da</strong>n qarTvelTa de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi mcxeTa saeklesio qalaqad,<br />

centrad gamocxad<strong>da</strong> Tbilisis gade<strong>da</strong>qalaqebis Semdeg.<br />

amiT qarTuli eklesiis avtoriteti kidev ufro metad<br />

gaizrdebo<strong>da</strong>. 2<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom somexTa ganmanaTlebeli grigori par-<br />

Telad, e.i. iranelad, sparselad iwodeba. marTalia, is zogjer<br />

berZenad, romaelad, kapadokiela<strong>da</strong>c miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, magram sabolood<br />

grigoris parTelobas mieniWa upiratesoba. safiqrebelia,<br />

rom es sparseTs xels aZlev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cdilob<strong>da</strong> kidec<br />

grigoris parTelobis azris <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas ara marto somxeTSi,<br />

aramed <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Sic. Tu monofizitur somxur eklesias<br />

qarTuli <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>, amiT, sparselTa azriT, diofizituri,<br />

qalkedonuri bizantiis imperiis gavlena amierkavkasiaSi<br />

friad Semcirdebo<strong>da</strong>. am mizniT sasurveli iyo somexTa<br />

ganmanaTleblis, grigol parTelis kulti iberiaSic<br />

<strong>da</strong>nergiliyo. amis gamoc mox<strong>da</strong> erTxans wm. ninos CrdilSi<br />

moqceva, Torem VI saukuneSi iberiaSi wm. ninos kultis arsebobas<br />

a<strong>da</strong>sturebs qarTuli “mravalTavis” masalebi, romelic<br />

gamoikvlia m. van-esbrokma. grigoris kultis iberiaSi gavr-<br />

1<br />

somxuri eklesiis amgvari survili gaZlierdebo<strong>da</strong> somxeTSi mefobis<br />

gauqmebis Semdeg, 428 wli<strong>da</strong>n, rameTu amieri<strong>da</strong>n somxuri eklesiis roli<br />

somxeTSi Zalze gaizar<strong>da</strong>.<br />

2<br />

cnobilia, rom vaxtang gorgaslis dros qarTulma eklesiam avtokefaliac<br />

moipova.<br />

93

celebas xels uwyobdnen is qarTvelebic, romelTa mSobliuri<br />

mxareebi gaqristianebis dros somxeTs hqon<strong>da</strong> mitacebuli<br />

(mag., qvemo qarTlis erTi nawili) <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSi iberiam <strong>da</strong>ibruna.<br />

am mxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia qalkedoniani, gviandeli<br />

terminiT rom vTqvaT, marTlmadidebeli somxebis rolic. am<br />

aRmsareblobis somxebi sakmao raodenobiT cxovrobdnen Cvens<br />

qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong> qarTul eklesiasTan mWidrod iyvnen <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulni.<br />

qarTvelTa saero Tu sasuliero xelisufleba qalkedoniani<br />

somxebis gamoyenebiT cdilob<strong>da</strong> monofiziti, grigoriani<br />

somxebis moqcevas marTlmadideblobaze. amdenad, qalkedonian<br />

somxebs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si aravin uSli<strong>da</strong> maTi Sexedulebebis<br />

qa<strong>da</strong>gebas, gavrcelebas, kerZod, grigoris Tayvaniscemas.<br />

somxurma eklesiam sparseTis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriTac ver SeZlo<br />

qarTuli eklesiis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba (somxuri eklesiis did<br />

pretenziebze metyvelebs arsen safarelis is cnobac, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

VI s-is somexTa kaTalikos nerse mijins aSxarakali ewodeba; 1<br />

aSxarhakal somxurad samyaros mpyrobels niSnavs. qarTvelebma<br />

icodnen, razec ocnebob<strong>da</strong> somxuri eklesia). maT Soris<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispireba Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan izrdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> VII saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi,<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 607 wels mox<strong>da</strong> ganxeTqileba, maSin, rodesac<br />

qarTvelTa kaTolikosi iyo kirion I. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

somexTa kaTolikosi abraami Tavis samwysosadmi mimar-<br />

Tul sayovelTao epistoleSi Tanamemamuleebs mouwodeb<strong>da</strong>:<br />

qarTvelebio “radgan ar moiqcnen WeSmaritebaze,” e. i. monofizitobaze<br />

(grigorianobaze), Cveno “vbrZaneT qarTvelTa Sesaxeb:<br />

sruliad ar eziaroT maT arc locvaSi, arc Wamasa <strong>da</strong><br />

smaSi, arc megobrobaSi, arc de<strong>da</strong>mZuZeobaSi, arc salocavad<br />

wasvliT jvarSi, romelic ganTqmulia mcxeTis mi<strong>da</strong>moSi, arc<br />

manglisis jvarSi <strong>da</strong> nurc Cvens eklesiaSi miiRebT maT, aramed<br />

maTTan qorwinebisaganac sruliad ganeSoreT, mxolod<br />

iyideT <strong>da</strong> mihyideT viTarca uriebs!..<br />

Cven ar <strong>da</strong>vdumdebiT wvrTna-<strong>da</strong>rigebaSi, sanam cocxali<br />

varT <strong>da</strong> vinc Cven Semdeg [iqneba], SevevedrebiT, rom mogvba-<br />

1 arseni safareli, ganyofisaTvis qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> somexTa, z. aleqsiZis<br />

gamocema, Tb., 1980, gv. 85-86.<br />

94

Zon <strong>da</strong> moaqcion isini simarTleze” 1 . marTlac, somxuri eklesia<br />

amis Semdegac cdilob<strong>da</strong> qarTulis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebas <strong>da</strong> am<br />

mizniT arab <strong>da</strong>pyrobTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris mopovebasac gegmav<strong>da</strong>. sazogadod,<br />

somxur-qarTuli eklesiebis ganxeTqilebam uaryofiTi<br />

roli Seasrula <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s urTierTobebSi,<br />

am ori xalxis istoriaSi. amieri<strong>da</strong>n qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong> somxebi<br />

erTmaneTs eretikosebs, mwvaleblebs uwodebdnen, rac kidev<br />

ufro metad, vidre aqamde abrkoleb<strong>da</strong> maT erTobliv brZolas<br />

saerTo mtrebis, <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebis winaaRmdeg. qarTul <strong>da</strong><br />

somxur eklesiebs didi gavlena hqon<strong>da</strong>T TavianT qveynebSi <strong>da</strong><br />

maTi <strong>da</strong>pirispireba mrevlzec ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>. vinai<strong>da</strong>n somxuri<br />

eklesia 607 wlis Semdegac qarTulis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaze pretenzias<br />

acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, qarTul eklesiaSic gaZlier<strong>da</strong> swrafva<br />

iqeTken, rom monofiziti (grigoriani) somxebi, romelTac,<br />

garkveuli mizezis gamo, xaCecarebsac uwodebdnen, diofizitobaze,<br />

qalkedonianobaze, marTlmadideblobaze moeqciaT.<br />

wmin<strong>da</strong> eqvTime TayaiSvilis sityviT, “kirioni rom ara,<br />

Cven namdvilad gavsomxdebodiT. didi saqme qna erovnuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT, nametani gonieri, magari <strong>da</strong> gamWriaxi kaci yofila,<br />

rogorc gavs! Cven mas Zegli un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vudgaT 2 ”. ara mgonia,<br />

rom mxolod kirionma ga<strong>da</strong>gvarCina qarTvelebi gasomxebas.<br />

Tu qarTvelma erma Tavisi erovnuli saxe dRemde Seinar-<br />

Cuna <strong>da</strong> didi kulturac Seqmna, es Cveni winaprebis Tavganwiruli,<br />

sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Sedegia. qarTveli eri<br />

ki Tav<strong>da</strong>uzogavad omob<strong>da</strong>, sisxls Rvri<strong>da</strong> kirionamdec <strong>da</strong><br />

Semdegac. magram aSkaraa isic, rom xaCecari somxebi, kerZod,<br />

somxuri eklesia cdilobdnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s gasomxurebas,<br />

qarTvelebis gasomxebas. sxvaTa Soris, somxurma eklesiam<br />

gaasomxura kavkasiis albaneTis eklesia. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

albanuri eklesiis cneba, albanTa kaTalikosebi XIX saukunemde<br />

SemorCnen, magram e. w. albanur eklesiaSi didi xania<br />

RvTismsaxureba somxurad sruldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

XIII aswleulis somexi mematianis, var<strong>da</strong>n arevelcis<br />

cnobaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT somexi mkvlevarni miiCneven, rom qar-<br />

1 epistoleTa wigni, Tb., 1968, gv. 121-122.<br />

2<br />

ix. g. lomTaTiZe, qarTuli kulturis mematiane eqvTime TayaiSvili, Tb.,<br />

1990, gv. 102.<br />

95

Tveli bagrationebi warmoSobiT somxebia <strong>da</strong> VIII saukunis<br />

bolos gadmovidnen <strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c mefeebi<br />

gaxdneno. aseTi Tvalsazrisi warmodgenilia, kerZod, 1984<br />

wels erevanSi somxur enaze gamoqveynebul “somexi xalxis<br />

istoriis” mravaltomeulis meore tomSi 1 <strong>da</strong> mravalgan sxvaganac.<br />

“<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriis” V klasis saxelmZRvaneloSic na-<br />

Tqvamia, rom somexi bagratuniebis “erTi Sto <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />

<strong>da</strong> maRal mdgomareobas miaRwia im qveyanaSi” 2 .<br />

cnobilia, rom bagrationTa uZveles samkvidros speris<br />

mxare warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. amis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs movses xorenaci 3<br />

<strong>da</strong> favstos buzandic (V. 44). speri rom ZirZveli qarTuli<br />

mxarea, amas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs isic, rom qarTvelebi Sav zRvas speris<br />

zRvas eZaxdnen, xolo mdinare Woroxs speris mdinares. 4<br />

SavizRvispira <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si am zRvas ucxo mxaris saxels<br />

rad uwodebdnen? aseve, Woroxic <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si miedinebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

zogjer somxebi ki ipyrobdnen Woroxis auzSi mdebare qar-<br />

Tuli miwa-wylis nawils, magram mTeli Woroxis xeoba maT<br />

arasdros miutacebiaT. Woroxsac speris mdinares Tu sulac<br />

spers uwodebdnen qarTvelebi imitom, rom speri qarTuli<br />

mxare iyo. marTalia, qristeSobamde II saukuneSi somxebma <strong>da</strong>ipyres<br />

speri, magram es droebiTi movlena iyo. qarTvelebi<br />

ibrZodnen mis <strong>da</strong>sabruneblad <strong>da</strong> mizansac aRwevdnen. speris<br />

saxelwodebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia leCxumSi mdebare<br />

sofeli nasperic. es toponimi eTnikuri saxeli<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs<br />

<strong>da</strong> speris qarTulobaze migvaniSnebs.<br />

rogorc ukve iTqva, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobili xalxebis,<br />

tomebis gasomxeba somxuri eklesiis gaZlierebamde, V-VI<br />

saukuneebamde TiTqmis ar xdebo<strong>da</strong>. am dromde arc spereli<br />

bagrationebi gasomxdebodnen. sxva ambavia, Tu sperel bagrationTa<br />

nawili <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> somxur mxareebSi. amas xels<br />

Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> is garemoeba, rom zogierTi bagratidi adreve <strong>da</strong>winaur<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefeTa samsaxurSi. bagrationTa <strong>da</strong>wi-<br />

1 ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, mikerZoebis seni isev mZvinvarebs, Jurnali “mnaTobi”,<br />

1988 w., #9.<br />

2 1998 w. gamocema, gv. 114-115, somxur enaze.<br />

3<br />

movses xorenaci, 1984 w., gv. 133, 151, 214.<br />

4<br />

qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 8, 9, 17, 19, 205.<br />

96

naureba <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia iberiis samefoSic V saukuneSi. am<br />

sagvareulos warmomadgeneli bivritiani oZrxis, samcxis<br />

erisTavia vaxtang gorgaslis mefobisas. 1 im xanebSi iberiaSi<br />

bagrationTa aRzevebas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs bizantiis imperatori, amave<br />

dros mematiane konstantine porfirogeneti.<br />

mematiane imperatoris cnobiT, bagrationebi iberiis xelisufalni<br />

gamx<strong>da</strong>ran misi Txzulebis (“imperiis marTvis Sesaxeb”)<br />

<strong>da</strong>weramde, e. i. 952 wlamde 400 Tu 500 wliT adre. 2 ma-<br />

Ti STamomavalni ganageb<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa qveyanas konstantine<br />

porfirogenetis drosac. mematiane imperatoris igive Txzulebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Cans, rom X saukuneSi iberiel bagrationebsa <strong>da</strong> bizantiel<br />

xelisufalTa Soris sasazRvro mxareebis gamo <strong>da</strong>va<br />

amty<strong>da</strong>riyo. bizantiis imperiaSi ar moswon<strong>da</strong>T qarTvelTa samefos<br />

gaZliereba, misi sazRvrebis gazr<strong>da</strong>-gafarToeba. keisrebs<br />

qarTvel bagrationTa samflobelo TavianT vasalur saxelmwifod<br />

miaCn<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> mis mzard pretenziebs ver eguebodnen.<br />

amave dros, bizantiuri diplomatia ganviTarebis uaRresad<br />

maRal safexurze idga <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan mWidro urTierTobis<br />

viTarebaSi bizantielebs isic garkveuli eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

Tu <strong>da</strong>axloebiT rodis aRzevdnen iberiaSi bagrationebi. konstantine<br />

porfirogeneti imasac iuwyeba, rom iberebi, kurapalatis<br />

iberebi “Tavisi Tavis ganmadidebeli arian”. aq pirvel<br />

rigSi swored qarTvel bagrationTa pretenziebia nagulisxmevi.<br />

raki mematiane imperatori erTgvar antipaTiasac ki<br />

amJRavnebs maT mimarT (rac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-bizantiis interesTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebiTaa gamowveuli), warmoudgenelia porfirogenets<br />

<strong>da</strong>eZvelebina bagrationTa iberiaSi gaxelmwifeba, miT<br />

umetes, rom TviTon axlad gamomcxvari dinastiis warmomadgenelia.<br />

rac Seexeba var<strong>da</strong>n arevelcis, is, sazogadod, saqar-<br />

Tvelo-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s urTierTobis tendenciurad amsaxveli mematianea.<br />

var<strong>da</strong>ni gamgrZelebelia im somex JamTaaRmwerelTa<br />

saqmisa, romelTa warmodgeniT kavkasiaSi pirveloba ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>T<br />

somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> somxebs <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s. sxvanairad,<br />

1 iqve, gv. 185, 189, 200, 204.<br />

2 georgika, t. IV, nakv. II, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1952, gv. 259-260.<br />

97

TiTqos, istoriis kanonzomiereba irRvevo<strong>da</strong>. raxan XII saukunesa<br />

<strong>da</strong> XIII aswleulis pirvel meoTxedSi didi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

samefo mTel kavkasias moicav<strong>da</strong>, rogorc etyoba, var<strong>da</strong>nsa <strong>da</strong><br />

mis Tanamoazreebs es ambavi eucxovebaT, emcxeTebaT, ar moswonT<br />

<strong>da</strong> cdiloben warmoaCinon somexTa wvlili am did saqmeSi.<br />

movses xorenacis TxzulebaSi naTqvamia: “zogierTi, naklebad<br />

sando a<strong>da</strong>miani TviTneburad, WeSmaritebis ugulvebelyofiT,<br />

ambobs, rom bagratuniebis... gvari haikis naSieria. amis<br />

Taobaze un<strong>da</strong> giTxra (mimarTavs xorenaci “Tavis mecenats” –<br />

a. a.): amgvar ugunur xmebs nu irwmuneb, rameTu isini usafuZvloa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sruliad moklebuli simarTles”. 1 rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriis mama, Tavisi qveynis didi patrioti xorenaci<br />

gacxarebuli uaryofs bagratidTa gvaris somxur warmo-<br />

Sobas. Tu is <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli ar iyo bagratidTa arasomxur<br />

warmoSobaSi, ase gacxarebiT ar Seutev<strong>da</strong> sawinaaRmdego azris<br />

mqone somxebs.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom qristeSobamde VIII saukuneSi urmiis<br />

tbis mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> manas samefo, romelic moqceuli<br />

iyo urartus saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi, misi nawili<br />

gaxl<strong>da</strong>T. qristeSobamde VIII aswleulSive moxseniebulia manas<br />

mefe baga<strong>da</strong>ti. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom saxeli bagrati,<br />

sai<strong>da</strong>nac warmomdgaria gvari bagrationi, baga<strong>da</strong>tisgan momdinareobs.<br />

ase, rom bagrationTa winaprebi, SesaZloa, urartelebi<br />

an manas samefo<strong>da</strong>nac iyvnen. speri moqceuli iyo urartus<br />

gavlenis qveS <strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>saSvebia, bagrationTa gvaris winapari<br />

urartu<strong>da</strong>n an manas samefo<strong>da</strong>n sperSi gadmosaxlebuliyo.<br />

arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom urartus saxelmwifoSi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli<br />

saxeli baga<strong>da</strong>ti sperSic Semosuliyo, rameTu speri<br />

urartus uzenaesobas aRiareb<strong>da</strong> erTxans. SeiZleba isic vifiqroT,<br />

rom vinai<strong>da</strong>n bagrationebi Tavis RvTiur warmoSobas<br />

xazs usvamdnen, isini xsenebuli mefe baga<strong>da</strong>tis dinastii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

momdinareoben. sayuradReboa, rom Zveli sparsuli sityva<br />

baga<strong>da</strong>ta “RvTis mocemuls”, “RvTis wyalobas” niSnavs 2 .<br />

1 movses xorenaci, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, 1984, gv. 87.<br />

2 m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

Tb., 1966, gv. 443.<br />

98

SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom somxebi md. araqsis Crdiloe-<br />

TiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrden Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gvian, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT qristeSobamde<br />

III-II saukuneebSi. 1 apolodores cnobiTac xom qarTvelebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> somxebs erTmaneTisgan md. araqsi mijnav<strong>da</strong>T. am droisaTvis<br />

bagrationTa winaprebi ukve sperSi saxlobdnen. amierkavkasiaSi<br />

mosul somxebs isini sperSi <strong>da</strong>xvdnen.<br />

VII aswleulis somexi mematianis, sebeosis cnobiT, bagarati,<br />

bagratidTa sagvareulos fuZemdebeli, faraziani yofila.<br />

sebeosi imasac gveubneba, rom bagarati farnavazis Ze<br />

iyo. 2 u<strong>da</strong>voa, rom sebeosiseuli faraziani igive farnavaziania.<br />

farnavazianTa qarTuli dinastia ki, rogorc cnobilia,<br />

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mefob<strong>da</strong> iberiaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

V aswleulis somexi mematiane, favstos buzandi (V.15) qar-<br />

Tlis farnavazianTa dinastias faravazianTa saxelwodebiT<br />

ixseniebs. faravaziani Sualeduri formaa qarTul farnavaziansa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sebeosiseul farazians Soris. marTalia, sebeosi<br />

farnavazs somxad miiCnevs, magram es imis Sedegia, rom es<br />

mematianec somxuri ideologiis poziciebi<strong>da</strong>n ucqeris iberiis<br />

samefos, is <strong>somxeTi</strong>s nawilad miaCnia Tavis mefeebianad.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, sebeosis “istoriaSi”, avtoris uneburad,<br />

gaparula cnoba, arapir<strong>da</strong>piri Cveneba, rom bagrationTa winaprebi<br />

qarTvelebia.<br />

niko marma gamoTqva tendenciuri, mc<strong>da</strong>ri mosazreba,<br />

rom tao-klarjeTSi mxolod somxebi cxovrobdnen. isini<br />

qalkedonitebi (marTlmadideblebi) iyvnen <strong>da</strong> raki somxuri<br />

monofizituri (grigorianuli) eklesia maT upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

tao-klarjeTis qalkedoniani somxebi IX-X saukuneebSi gaqar-<br />

Tveldneno, rameTu tao-klarjeTi qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />

farglebSi moeqca <strong>da</strong> aq qarTuli eklesiis poziciebi gaZlier<strong>da</strong>o.<br />

3 n. maris es Sexeduleba aitaces somexma <strong>da</strong> maTma<br />

Tanamoazre ucxoelma mkvlevarebmac (n. adonci, p. muradiani,<br />

v. aruTinova-fi<strong>da</strong>niani <strong>da</strong> sxvani) <strong>da</strong> araerTi cnobili qar-<br />

1<br />

ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, qvemo qarTli Zv. w. II saukuni<strong>da</strong>n ax. w. IV saukunemde,<br />

krebuli “dmanisi”, III, Tb., 2001.<br />

2<br />

istoria sebeosisa, 1979, gv. 51, 54, somxur enaze.<br />

3<br />

n. mari, kavkasiuri kulturuli samyaro <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong>, erevani, 1995, gv.<br />

209-276, rusul enaze.<br />

99

Tveli moRvawe somxad gamoacxades. 1 maT somxad miiCnies, ker-<br />

Zod, gamoCenili qarTveli swavluli <strong>da</strong> mwerali eqvTime mTawmindeli.<br />

zemoT ukve iTqva, rom somxebi ver axerxebdnen qar-<br />

Tuli mxareebis gasomxebas, qarTvelTa ganuwyveteli brZola<br />

<strong>da</strong>karguli miwa-wylis <strong>da</strong>sabruneblad somxebs amis saSualebas<br />

ar aZlev<strong>da</strong>. tao-klarjeTSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> somxuri mosaxleobac,<br />

magram iq ufro meti qarTvelebi mkvidrobdnen. amis Sesaxeb<br />

ukve visaubre, aq ki <strong>da</strong>matebiT erT faqtsac movitan.<br />

wmin<strong>da</strong> eqvTime TayaiSvili i. megreliZes wer<strong>da</strong>: “Tqvenma statiam<br />

(fxes Sesaxeb) masiamovna, kidevac gamoviyene. erT fragmentarul<br />

warweraSi parxalisa (taoSi _ a. a.) amovikiTxe<br />

sityva Sanifxe, ese igi SaniZis asuli (qali)”. 2 Sanifxe Sani-<br />

Zis asuls lazurad niSnavs. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, taoSi sxva qarTvelebTan<br />

erTad lazebic cxovrobdnen. am mxriv sayuradReboa<br />

isic, rom taos mefis, <strong>da</strong>viT kurapalatis sar<strong>da</strong>li iyo gabriel<br />

oCopintres Ze. oCopintre nadirT mfarvel RvTaebas<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. oCi lazur-megrulad vacs qvia.<br />

rac Seexeba eqvTime mTawmindels, mamamiss, ioanes ga<strong>da</strong>uwyvetia<br />

qarTvelTa saZebrad bizantii<strong>da</strong>n, aTonis mTi<strong>da</strong>n espaneTSi<br />

gamgzavreba, iqauri qarTvelebis gacnoba. Cemi SexedulebiT,<br />

istoriam ar icis iseTi gaqarTvelebuli somxis<br />

arseboba, romelic qarTvelobaze im zomiT <strong>da</strong>deb<strong>da</strong> Tavs, ise<br />

Tavga<strong>da</strong>kluli qarTveli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom X saukuneSi espaneTSi<br />

wavido<strong>da</strong> iqaur qarTvelTa saZebnelad. es gamowveulia<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s mravalsaukunovani urTierTobebis specifikiT.<br />

saqme isaa, somxebs sisxlSi hqon<strong>da</strong>T gamj<strong>da</strong>ri, rom<br />

kavkasiaSi wamyvani eri somxoba un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo <strong>da</strong> ara qar-<br />

Tvelebi. amis gamoc somxebi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizeziT, Tu qarTveldebodnen,<br />

es xdebo<strong>da</strong> ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad, moCvenebiT <strong>da</strong> ara mTeli<br />

suliTa <strong>da</strong> guliT. ioane mTawmindeli ki did qarTvelTa<br />

“laSqris” mSvenebaa. taoSi Tu gvxvdeba somxuri saxelebi, es<br />

bevrs arafers ar niSnavs. qrTvelebi <strong>da</strong> somxebi gverdi-<br />

1 ix. s. janaSia, istoriuli simarTlis <strong>da</strong>maxinjebis erTi magaliTis Sesaxeb,<br />

Tb., 1947, rusul enaze; n. lomouri, petriwonis qarTuli monastris<br />

istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1981, rusul enaze; a. bogveraZis naSromi krebulSi:<br />

amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, Tb., 1991 w.<br />

2 i. megreliZe, eqvTime TayaiSvili, Tb., 1989, gv. 365.<br />

100

gverd cxovrobdnen, kaTolikos abraamis akrZalvis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />

erTmaneTzec qorwindebodnen. amis Sedegad qarTulSi<br />

Semosula, mag., somxuri saxeli Tornik (Tornikes saxiT),<br />

somxebisTvis <strong>da</strong>urqmeviaT qarTuli gvanca, naTela. 1213 wlis<br />

xnZoreqsis somxur warweraSi somxis saxelia sityva “qarTveli”.<br />

bizantiis imperia IX-X saukuneebSi samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, kerZod, taos mitacebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>. miitaca kidec<br />

es mxare XI s-is <strong>da</strong>mdegs. bizantias taoSi qarTvelTa poziciebis<br />

gaZliereba ar awyob<strong>da</strong>. is arc taoeli qalkedoniani<br />

somxebis gaqarTvelebas <strong>da</strong>uSveb<strong>da</strong>, maT gaberZnebas ecdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> miaRwev<strong>da</strong> kidec.<br />

isev ioane mTawmindels mivubrundeT. giorgi mTawmindeli<br />

mogviTxrobs: “ganizraxa netarman mamaman Cuenman iovane,<br />

raiTa aRiRos Ze Tvisi <strong>da</strong> ravdennime mowafeni <strong>da</strong> ivltodis<br />

spaniad (espaneTSi – a. a.)... rameTu asmio<strong>da</strong>, viTarmed qar-<br />

Tvelni armciredni naTesavni <strong>da</strong> erni mkvidr arian mun. 1 <strong>da</strong><br />

amis pirisaTvis warvi<strong>da</strong> vidre avidosamde, raiTa mier povos<br />

navi, kerZoTa spaniisaTa mimavali, <strong>da</strong> warvides mun”. iqaur<br />

mTavars ioanesTvis amis neba ar miucia. rodesac bizantiis<br />

imperiis am didmoxelem “ixila mamai iovane <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli<br />

Tvissave gulis-sityuasa ze<strong>da</strong>,” es ambavi saimperatoro karis-<br />

Tvis ucnobebia. iqe<strong>da</strong>n mosula brZaneba, rom ioane <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

mxlebelni qarTvelTa saZebnelad espaneTSi ar gaeSvaT. 2 vimeoreb,<br />

aseTi Tavgamodebuli, gulanTebuli qarTveli nasomxrebs<br />

Soris ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. ioane Zal-Rones ar iSureb<strong>da</strong><br />

imisTvisac, rom did qarTvel moRvawed aRezar<strong>da</strong> vaJiSvili<br />

eqvTime, rasac miaRwia kidec. mis mier <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulma qar-<br />

TvelTa monasterma aTonis mTaze xom qarTuli kulturis<br />

ganviTarebaSi udidesi wvlili Seitana.<br />

sparselTa kval<strong>da</strong>kval arab <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTaTvisac Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

misaRebi iyo, rom maTi qveSevrdomi qristianebi monofizitebi<br />

(grigorianebi) yofiliyvnen <strong>da</strong> ara marTlmadidebelni,<br />

3 rameTu arabTa saxelmwifosac sur<strong>da</strong> bizantiis imperiis<br />

1 ioane emyarebo<strong>da</strong> im faqts, rom Zvelad espaneTsac iberia erqva.<br />

2 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni II, ilia abulaZis<br />

re<strong>da</strong>qciiT, Tb., 1967, gv. 54-55.<br />

3 ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa urTierToba IX-XI<br />

saukuneebSi, Tb., 1988 w.<br />

101

<strong>da</strong>susteba, kerZod, misi gavlenis aRmofxvra amierkavkasiaSi.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, arabebi qarTvelebs ufro undoblad ucqerdnen,<br />

vidre monofizit (grigorian), xaCecar somxebs. somxuri<br />

eklesiis Tavkacebmac scades <strong>da</strong>mpyrobel arabTa xelisuflebasTan<br />

TanamSromloba, saerTo enis gamonaxva.<br />

VIII saukunis somexi mematianis, Revondis Tanaxmad, somexTa<br />

kaTolikosi sahak III (677-703) episkoposTa TanxlebiT<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n gamgzavrebula arabebTan zavis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad.<br />

magram qalaq xaranSi sahaki avad gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. mas<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>scal<strong>da</strong> Sexvedro<strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong>saken <strong>da</strong>Zrul arabTa jaris<br />

sar<strong>da</strong>ls mahmeds. sikvdilis win kaTolikosma werili miswerao<br />

arab sar<strong>da</strong>ls: “uboZe Cems xalxs mSvidoba <strong>da</strong> igi <strong>da</strong>gemorCileba<br />

Sen, ga<strong>da</strong>gixdis xarks... <strong>da</strong>e, nuravin TqvenTagani<br />

nu gvawamebs Cven <strong>da</strong> nu gvaiZulebs rjulis gamocvlas. aw,<br />

ukeTu Seasruleb Cems Txovnas, ufali ganamtkicebs Sens xelisuflebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> aRasrulebs Sens survilebs, <strong>da</strong>gimorCilebs<br />

yovelT... uyuradRebod nu moekidebi Cems saTxovars <strong>da</strong><br />

aRsruldeba Sens mimarT Cemi locva-kurTxeva.” 1 rogorc<br />

vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, somexTa kaTolokosi locva-kurTxevasac ar iSurebs<br />

mZvinvare <strong>da</strong>mpyroblisaTvis. oRond somxeTma aicilos Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

arabTa TareSi <strong>da</strong> sahaki mza<strong>da</strong>a ilocos imisaTvis, rom<br />

arabebma Tun<strong>da</strong>c mTeli saqristiano samyaro <strong>da</strong>ipyron. kaTolikosis<br />

garjas amaod ar Cauvliao. sahaki jerac ar <strong>da</strong>ekrZalaT,<br />

mahmedi rom Cavi<strong>da</strong> xaranSi. arabTa sar<strong>da</strong>lio “<strong>da</strong>dga ra<br />

micvalebulis cxe<strong>da</strong>rTan, miesalma mas TavianTi Cveulebisamebr.<br />

rogorc marTlismTqmel kacTagan gvsmenia, man gaimeora<br />

<strong>da</strong> mesame<strong>da</strong>c [warmoTqva] igive sityvebi. Semdgom CabRuja misi<br />

xeli, viTarca cocxali a<strong>da</strong>mianisa, <strong>da</strong>elaparaka, uTxra mas:<br />

“Sevityve Seni sibrZne im ustari<strong>da</strong>n, romelic wavikiTxe... Tanaxma<br />

var, Cemi xmali Cavago ucodvel kacTa winaSe. aw, Sevasruleb,<br />

gavakeTeb yovelives, rasac werilSi iTxov Cemgan <strong>da</strong>,<br />

<strong>da</strong>e, Seni RvTisnieri locva-kurTxeva aRsruldes Cems mimarT.”<br />

somxebio “amis Semdeg monuri morCilebiT emsaxurebodnen<br />

ismaitelebs” 2 , e. i. arabebs.<br />

1<br />

istoria Revondisa, somexTa didi varTapetisa, 1887, gv. 28-30, somxur enaze.<br />

2<br />

iqve, gv. 30-31.<br />

102

amave TemasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT sayuradReboa somexTa ka-<br />

Talikosis ovanes oZnecis (717-728) Sesaxeb Seqmnili somxuri<br />

gadmocemac. ovanesi, Turme nu ityviT, imdeni uqiaT arabTa<br />

xalifis, omar II-sTvis (717-720), rom mas saocrad mondomebia,<br />

exila es sakvirveli pirovneba <strong>da</strong> TavisTan miuwvevia kidec<br />

somxuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli. somexTa Soris bolo xanebamde<br />

SemorCenila gadmocemebi arabTa mfarvelobiT ovanes<br />

oZnecis brZolis Taobaze qalkedonianobis (marTlmadideblobis)<br />

winaaRmdeg. 1 somexTa kaTolikosebsa <strong>da</strong> xalifebs Soris<br />

arsebuli “keTilmegobruli” urTierTobis tradicia<br />

mogvianebiTac gagrZelebula.<br />

aRsaniSnavia somexTa kaTolikos eRia (elia) I-is (703-<br />

717) mier qalkedonuri mrwamsisaken (marTlmadideblobisaken)<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>xrili albanelTa kaTolikosisa <strong>da</strong> maTive dedoflis<br />

<strong>da</strong>smena xalifas winaSe. eRiam miswerao xalifas: “aw, is, vinc<br />

albanelTa kaTolikosia <strong>da</strong> bar<strong>da</strong>vSi zis, SeuTanxm<strong>da</strong> berZen-<br />

Ta keisars, ixseniebs mas locvebSi <strong>da</strong> aiZulebs qveyanas, misi<br />

TanaaRmsarebelni <strong>da</strong> Tanamoazreni gaxdnen. uwyodeT Tqven<br />

amis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> nu gamoiCenT uyuradRebobas, rameTu erTi<br />

didgvarovani qalbatonic Tanamosagrea misi. Tqveni didi uflebamosilebiT<br />

brZaneT TavianT saqmeTa Sesaferisad imaTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>sja, vinc ganizraxa Sescodos RmerTs.” 2 arabTa xalifas,<br />

TiTqos, ase miuweria eRiasTvis: “RvTis kaco, eRia, somexTa<br />

naTesavis (modgmis – a. a.) kaTolikoso, wavikiTxe Seni, er-<br />

Tgulebis [gamomxatveli] werili <strong>da</strong> madlierebis niSnad gigzavni<br />

Cems keTilsaimedo monas didZali jariT. vbrZanebT,<br />

Cveni xelisuflebisagan gandgomili albanelebi Sens sarwmunoebaze<br />

moiqcnen. Cvens ganaCens [maT mimarT] bar<strong>da</strong>vSi Sens<br />

Tvalwin aRasrulebs Cveni mona (sar<strong>da</strong>li – a. a.), xolo nersess<br />

3 <strong>da</strong> mis Tanamoazre qals rkinis borkilebs <strong>da</strong>adebs, SeuracxyofilT<br />

moiyvans samefo karze, raTa yovel ajanyebuls<br />

Wkua vaswavlo maT magaliTze.” eRias arabTa mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT mo-<br />

1 leo, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoria, t. II, erevani, 1947, gv. 470-473, somxur enaze; a. n.<br />

ter-Revondiani, <strong>somxeTi</strong> <strong>da</strong> arabTa saxalifo, erevani, 1977, gv. 82-83, rusul<br />

enaze.<br />

2 ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa... gv. 162.<br />

3 nersesi albaneTis kaTolikosi iyo 689-706 wlebSi.<br />

103

uxerxebia albanuri eklesiis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba. 1<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n arabi <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebisTvis monofiziti (grigoriani)<br />

somxebi ufro misaRebi iyvnen, vidre marTlmadidebeli,<br />

berZenTa, bizantielTa erTmorwmune qarTvelebi, arabTa saxalifos<br />

politikac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mimarT ase Tu<br />

ise sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairi iyo. amas Sedegad mohyva is, rom IX saukunis<br />

II naxevarSi, rodesac saxalifo Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan sustdeba <strong>da</strong><br />

iSleba, <strong>somxeTi</strong> erTian qveyanas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, xolo saar-<br />

Tvelo samefo-samTavroebad iyo <strong>da</strong>yofili. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />

somexTa xelisuflebma (885 wels aRsdga <strong>somxeTi</strong>s samefoc)<br />

SeZles <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saSinao saqmeebSi Careva <strong>da</strong> qvemo<br />

qarTlis didi nawili miitaces. <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mefeebma, somxebma<br />

kvlav gaixsenes Zveli gegmebi <strong>da</strong> miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxes mTels kavkasiaSi,<br />

kerZod, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si gabatoneba. 2 somexTagan mitacebul<br />

qvemo qarTlSi somxurma eklesiamac imZlavra, somxuri<br />

saqmianoba gaaCaRa <strong>da</strong> amis Sedegia, rom qvemo qarTlis<br />

erT nawils X saukuneSi somxiTi <strong>da</strong>erqva. X aswleulSive<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong> calkeul samefoebad <strong>da</strong>iSala (<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, piriqiT,<br />

im xanebSi erTiandebo<strong>da</strong>). aseT viTarebaSi somxebma samefo<br />

qvemo qarTlSic Seqmnes 3 X saukunis II naxevarSi, romlis sataxto<br />

qalaqs erTxans samSvilde warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. somexTa es<br />

samefo taSir-Zoragetis an lores samefos saxelwodebiTaa<br />

cnobili. 1065 wels <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefem, bagrat IV-m samSvildi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gandevna somexi bagratuniebi, e. w. kvirikianTa dinastia,<br />

romelic amis Semdeg loreSi mokalaT<strong>da</strong>. SemdgomSi lore<br />

Turq-selCukebma <strong>da</strong>ipyres. 1118 wels <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis<br />

jarma gaaTavisufla lore <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>ubruna. aRmaSenebelma<br />

xom mahmadianTagan oTxas wels mitacebuli Tbilisic<br />

gaaTavisufla; cxadia, is, iseve, rogorc, sazogadod,<br />

qarTveli eri, miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong>, Tun<strong>da</strong>c didi xnis win <strong>da</strong>karguli<br />

yvela qarTuli mxaris <strong>da</strong>brunebas. qarTveli eris sasicocxlo<br />

interesebi iTxov<strong>da</strong> amas <strong>da</strong> lore-taSiric, qvemo<br />

1 ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, amierkavkasiis... gv. 162-163; movses kalankatuaci, alvanTa<br />

qveynis istoria, l. <strong>da</strong>vlianiZis gamocema, Tb., 1985, gv. 139-144.<br />

2 ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa urTierToba...<br />

3 amis Taobaze somexi mematiane, mxiTar airivaneci gvauwyebs: “<strong>da</strong>iwyo bagratuniebis<br />

mefoba qarTvelebze” (mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria,<br />

l. <strong>da</strong>vlianiZis gamocema, Tb., 1990, gv. 74).<br />

104

qarTlis es samxreTi nawili, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SemadgenlobaSi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> moqceuliyo, rac somxebisTvis miuRebeli iyo. amis Sesaxeb<br />

qvemoTac visaubrebT.<br />

qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis urTierTobas VII saukunis<br />

Semdegac simwvave ar akldebo<strong>da</strong>. somexi mematianis, uxtanesis<br />

sityviT (gv. 71), is qarTvelebi, romlebic somxur eklesias-<br />

Tan ganxeTqilebis gzas <strong>da</strong>adgnen, “satanas Zeni arian <strong>da</strong> Tanaxma<br />

maTi”. somxuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelni cdilobdnen,<br />

iseve <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebarebinaT qarTuli eklesiac, rogorc kavkasiis<br />

albaneTis eklesia moaqcies TavianTi iurisdiqciis qveS.<br />

ase, mag., somexTa kaTolikosi ovanes drasxanakertci, romelsac<br />

“<strong>somxeTi</strong>s istoriac” <strong>da</strong>uweria, X saukunis I meoTxedSic<br />

miiCnev<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTuli eklesia somxurs un<strong>da</strong> eqvemdebarebodes,<br />

iseve, rogorc mTeli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> un<strong>da</strong> cnobdeso somxe-<br />

Tis uzenaesobas. 1 somexTa amgvarma usafuZvlo pretenziebmac<br />

gamoiwvies, rom qarTuli eklesiac somxuris mimarT Setevaze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, mag., tbeTis episkoposis, stefane<br />

mtbevaris Txzuleba “wameba wmidisa mowamisa gobronisi”,<br />

romelic 914-918 wlebs Sorisaa <strong>da</strong>werili. stefane mtbevaris<br />

sityviT, “sco<strong>da</strong> boroti didman saxlman (qveyanam _ a.<br />

a.) somxiTisaman”. amis sanacvlodo RmerTma “miscna igini (somxebi<br />

– a. a.) maxvilsa borotsa <strong>da</strong>... srvasa sikvdilisasa uwyalosa,<br />

romelTa mflvel aravin iyo...<br />

rameTu miwai igi somxiTisai ampartavan ars <strong>da</strong> mkvidrni<br />

misni cu<strong>da</strong>d mzvaobar, angahar, laR <strong>da</strong> codvis moyvare, ampartavan,<br />

uwyalo, uyvarul <strong>da</strong> yovliTa ukeTurebiTa savse,<br />

romelsa Sina ara ipova Tavisa misadrekeli qristesi, romel-<br />

TaTvis qriste cu<strong>da</strong>d mokv<strong>da</strong>...<br />

emsgavsa saxli igi somxiTisai kacsa mas ugunursa, romelman<br />

<strong>da</strong>dga saxli safuZvelsa ze<strong>da</strong> sacTurebisasa <strong>da</strong> qvi-<br />

Sasa ze<strong>da</strong> wvalebisasa”. 2<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom eqvTime mTawmindels grigol nazianzelis<br />

erT-erTi Txzulebis Targmnisas somexTa Sesaxeb naTqvami<br />

sityvebi friad gaumZafrebia, TargmanSi ufro Tavisi <strong>da</strong>-<br />

1<br />

ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa... gv. 77 <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi.<br />

2<br />

qarTuli proza, t. I, Tb., 1981, gv. 158-160.<br />

105

mokidebuleba gamoumJRavnebia somxebisadmi, vidre grigol<br />

nazianzelisa: “ars naTesavi (modgma – a. a.) igi somexTai ara<br />

wrfeli, aramed mzakuvari <strong>da</strong> gularZnili (gulmrude, cbieri<br />

– a. a.), <strong>da</strong> boroti, mimsgavsebuli kldeTa maT, romelni <strong>da</strong>farul<br />

arian zRuasa Sina, <strong>da</strong> ver ixilven maT menaveni, vidre<br />

ara scen navi <strong>da</strong> gantexon. esreT sxuasa ityvian igini (somxebi<br />

– a. a.) <strong>da</strong> sxuai uc gulsa, <strong>da</strong> siwrfoebai maT Tana ara<br />

ars. <strong>da</strong> rai sakvirvel ars ukueTu kacsa ecruvnen, vinaiTgan<br />

Tavadisa RmrTisa mimarT cru arian <strong>da</strong> mzakuvar, <strong>da</strong> borotad<br />

aRmsaarebel.” 1<br />

giorgi mTawmindelis biografi, giorgi mcired wodebuli<br />

mwerali, SesaniSnavi mwignobari, somxuri<strong>da</strong>n qarTulad<br />

wignis Targmnasac ki saCoTiro saqmed miiCnev<strong>da</strong>: “<strong>da</strong>RacaTu<br />

pirveliTganve guqondes werilnica <strong>da</strong> sarwmunoebai WeSmariti<br />

<strong>da</strong> marTali, garna queyanai Cueni Sors iyo queyanisagan<br />

saberZneTisa. <strong>da</strong> viTarca Teslni arawmi<strong>da</strong>ni Soris Cuensa <strong>da</strong>-<br />

Tesul iyvnes borotni igi Teslni somexTani, gularZnilni<br />

<strong>da</strong> manqanani, <strong>da</strong> amis mier friad guevnebo<strong>da</strong>, rameTu naTesavi<br />

Cueni (qarTveli eri – a. a.) wrfeli iyo <strong>da</strong> umankoi; xolo<br />

igini reca mizeziTa wesierebisaiTa, reca cTunebad guazmnobdes,<br />

<strong>da</strong> romelnime wignnica guqondes maTgan Targmnilni.” 2<br />

giorgi mcires mixedviT, giorgi mTawmindelic cu<strong>da</strong>d yofila<br />

ganwyobili somxuri sarwmunoebisadmi. is, erT mSvenier<br />

dRes, konstantinopolSi bizantiis imperator konstantine X<br />

dukas (1059-1067) winaSe warmdgara. am dros imperatorTan yofilan<br />

yarsis (vanandis) somxuri samefos mefe gagiki, misi<br />

Tanmxlebi pirebi <strong>da</strong> sxvebic. saubris dros imperators giorgi<br />

mTawmindelisTvis ukiTxavs somexTa sarwmunoebis Taobazec:<br />

“merme kualad hkiTxa mefeman somexTaTvis: “Tu aqus rai<br />

nawili qristianeTa Tana?” giorgi mTawmindelma ase upasuxao<br />

– “xolo miugo wmi<strong>da</strong>man mokled, viTarmed: ”borotsa sarwmunoebasa<br />

saxelca nu edebin”. 3<br />

somxuri eklesiis mimarT arakeTilganwyobileba qar-<br />

1<br />

e. xinTibiZe, qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli urTierTobis istoriisaTvis,<br />

Tb., 1982, gv. 221-223.<br />

2<br />

Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II, gv. 123.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 178-180.<br />

106

Tul saero wreebs, jarsac ga<strong>da</strong>sdebia. am mxriv niSandoblivi<br />

Cans X-XI saukuneebis somexi mematianis, stefanos taronecis<br />

(asoRikis) saTanado cnoba. 997 wels, rodesac <strong>da</strong>viT kurapalatis<br />

jars alya Semourtyams qalaq xlaTisaTvis, qar-<br />

Tvelebs somxuri taZari, eklesia jariskacebisa <strong>da</strong> cxenebis<br />

sadgomad uqceviaT. xlaTel mahmadianTa replikaze, Tu ratom<br />

epyrobian qarTveli qristianebi ase udierad somex qristian-<br />

Ta wmin<strong>da</strong> adgils, qarTvelebs upasuxiaT: “somxur eklesiasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tqvens meCeTs CvenTvis erTi fasi aqvs”-o. 1<br />

XI saukunis somexi mematiane aristakes lastiverci mogviTxrobs:<br />

anis-Sirakis, somexTa mefe gagikis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis<br />

(<strong>da</strong>axl. 1017 w.) Semdego xelisuflebas “<strong>da</strong>euflnen misi<br />

Svilebi: sumbati, romelic ioaned iwodebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aSoti, [sumbatis]<br />

mkvidri Zma. sumbati iyo tanad mosuli <strong>da</strong> Zlier msuqani...<br />

isini erTmaneTs Seetaknen qveynis <strong>da</strong>nawilebisaTvis,<br />

saWiro Seiqmna sasamarTlo. maTTan movi<strong>da</strong> afxazTa mefe giorgi<br />

(nagulisxmevia <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefe giorgi I – a. a.) 2 <strong>da</strong><br />

mSvidobianad Seariga isini. ori saxelis mqone sumbats [asakiT]<br />

ufrosobis gamo [giorgim] misca wili: anisis cixe... sumbati<br />

<strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> Tavis qalaqSi. igi gzaze SeCer<strong>da</strong><br />

sxeulis modunebis gamo <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>rdelad <strong>da</strong>iZina. [maSin]<br />

aSotis mxri<strong>da</strong>n erTi mTavari saCivriT mivi<strong>da</strong> giorgisTan <strong>da</strong><br />

uTxra, rom “Satiki Cemi samkvidro adgilia, romelic Cemgan<br />

usamarTlod waiRo sumbatmao”. es rom giorgim moismina, didi<br />

risxviTa <strong>da</strong> sibraziT aRenTo <strong>da</strong> jari <strong>da</strong>adevna [sumbats]<br />

kval<strong>da</strong>kval. isini mividnen <strong>da</strong> moulodnelad Tavs <strong>da</strong>acxrnen<br />

mas ise, rom [sumbatma] sxeulis <strong>da</strong>mZimebis gamo verc ki SeZlo<br />

cxenze Sejdoma. masTan myofi mTavrebi swrafad gaiqcnen.<br />

ukan <strong>da</strong>devnebulma [giorgis jarebma] gzaze [qalaq] anisis karamde<br />

gvamebis grova <strong>da</strong>ayenes, xolo iqi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebisas ga-<br />

Zarcves sakaTedro taZris mokazmuloba. moglijes jvrebs<br />

lursmnebi <strong>da</strong> Tan lanZRviT gaiZaxodnen: “mogvaqvs, raTa cxe-<br />

1<br />

stefanos taronecis, asoRikis msoflio istoria, sanktpeterburgi, 1885,<br />

gv. 268-269, somxur enaze.<br />

2<br />

afxazTa samefo qarTuli saxelmwifo iyo <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefeebs ar<br />

eCoTirebo<strong>da</strong>T TavianT titulaturaSi pirvel adgilze sityva afxazTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>esvaT.<br />

107

nebis nali gavakeToT”-o. samarTlianma RmerTma isini Sesaferis<br />

dros xelT misca horomebs (bizantielebs – a. a.)... Sepyrobili<br />

sumbati maT giorgisTan miiyvanes, romelmac brZana<br />

misi Camwyvdeva. Semdeg waarTva sami cixe-simagre <strong>da</strong> gaaTavisufla<br />

[sumbati]”. 1 male e. w. erTmorwmune bizantiis jari Semoesia<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, am brZolebSi bizantielebma uamravi<br />

qarTveli <strong>da</strong>xoces, Tumca arc TviTon <strong>da</strong>dgomiaT kargi dRe<br />

qarTvelebisgan. somexi mematiane miiCnevs, rom bizantiis jaris<br />

Semosevis saxiT qarTvelebs RvTis risxva <strong>da</strong>aty<strong>da</strong>T Tavs<br />

<strong>da</strong> es mox<strong>da</strong>o imitom, rom qarTvelebi usamarTlod moeqcnen<br />

somxebs.<br />

qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas msxverplic<br />

mohyolia. stefanos taronecis (asoRikis) cnobiT, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

kaTolikosis, xaCik I-is (973-992) dros, imJamad erT-erTi yvelaze<br />

ufro cnobili varTapeti (moZRvari, sasuliero piri)<br />

ovanesi sicocxles gamoesalma “gacofebuli qarTvelTa tomisagan<br />

maxviliT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>imarxa savaneSi, romelsac aksigomi<br />

ewodeba, basianis gavarSi”, 2 anu basianis olqSi. basiani Zir-<br />

Zveli qarTuli mxarea. am saxelwodebis fuZe bas anu fas<br />

igivea, rac <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia md. rionis meore saxelSi – fazisSi.<br />

somxebi dro<strong>da</strong>dro axerxebdnen basianis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas,<br />

magram arc qarTvelebs <strong>da</strong>uviwyebiaT es mxare <strong>da</strong> ukanve <strong>da</strong>ibrunes.<br />

bunebrivia, qarTvelebi miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxavdnen basianSi<br />

qarTuli eklesia-monastrebis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebas (iseve, rogorc grigol<br />

xanZTelma <strong>da</strong> misma Tanamosagreebma tao-klarjeTi gaabrwyines<br />

qarTuli eklesia-monas-trebiT), rasac somxebs gar<strong>da</strong><br />

xels uSlidnen mahmadiani <strong>da</strong> bizantieli <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebic. Cveni<br />

winaprebi arc erT maTgans ar epuebodnen sazogadod <strong>da</strong>,<br />

kerZod, basianisaTvis brZolaSi. amis Sedegi Cans somexi var-<br />

Tapetis mokvla qarTvelTagan.<br />

gaZlierebuli qarTuli eklesia <strong>da</strong> misi mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

samefo karic (es ukanaskneli frTxilad) cdilobdnen<br />

monofizit (grigorian) somexTa moqcevas marTlma-<br />

1<br />

aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, e. cagareiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1974,<br />

gv. 44.<br />

2<br />

stefanos taronecis, asoRikis msoflio istoria, gv. 185.<br />

108

dideblobaze. 1 es pirvel rigSi gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom<br />

mazdeanurma sparseTma <strong>da</strong> mahmadianurma arabTa saxalifom<br />

SeZles TanamSromloba, saerTo enis gamonaxva somxur eklesiasTan.<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong> safrTxe, rom momavalSic muslimi <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>upirispirebdnen monofizitur (grigorianul)<br />

somxur eklesias <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, qarTul eklesias.<br />

1046 wels javaxeTSi, sofel RrtilaSi gamarTula qar-<br />

Tvel-somexTa saeklesio kreba, paeqroba imis Sesaxeb, qar-<br />

TvelTa rjuli iyo marTali sarwmunoeba, Tu somxebisa. am<br />

paeqrobis dros <strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n Camosul somexTa Tavkaci yofila<br />

marmaSenis monastris winamZRvari sosTeni, romelsac <strong>da</strong>pirispirebia<br />

qarTveli beri, eqvTime grZeli. eqvTimes Rrma<br />

rwmeniT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s didi upiratesoba gaaCn<strong>da</strong> somxeTTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. eqvTime mimarTavs sosTens: “esreT ars wesi, romel:<br />

mefeni Tquenni winaSe CuenTa <strong>da</strong> mRdelT-moZRuarni<br />

mRdelT-moZRuarTa <strong>da</strong> mTavarni mTavarTa SiSiT <strong>da</strong> ZrwoliT<br />

warmodgebian <strong>da</strong> SevrdomiT Tayuanis-scemen. 2 ” qarTuli<br />

Txzulebis, _ “sityvis-geba berisa efTvime grZelisa sosTenis<br />

mimarT, somexT moZRurisas”, _ mixedviT, paeqrobaSi qar-<br />

Tvelebs somxebi <strong>da</strong>umarcxebiaT <strong>da</strong> mouTxoviaT maTgan mar-<br />

Tlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze moqceva. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

mefes, bagrat IV-s, TiTqos, ase miumarTavs sosTenisTvis:<br />

_ “sosTen, gaqusRa rai sityuad Cuen<strong>da</strong> anu sruliad iZlie?”<br />

“miugo sosTeni mefesa:<br />

_ “me ara Tu kacisagan viZlie, arca Zleul var, aramed<br />

WeSmaritebisagan.”<br />

kualad hrqua mefeman sosTenis:<br />

_ “rad ara moiqcevi?”<br />

miugo sosTeni:<br />

_ “marmaSeni viTar (rogor – a. a.) <strong>da</strong>uteo?”<br />

xolo hrqua mefeman:<br />

_ “mis wil Cuengan miiRe.”<br />

miugo sosTeni:<br />

1 ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa ... gv. 108-111.<br />

2 Zveli qarTuli polemikuri literaturis ori Zegli (publikacia i.<br />

lolaSvilisa), krebulSi: literaturuli Ziebani, Tb., 1983, gv. 282.<br />

109

_ “egeoden ara advilad <strong>da</strong>tevebul iqmnebis Cemgan marmaSeni”.<br />

1 rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, qarTvelebi, kerZod, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

mefec cdiloben somexTa marTlmadideblobaze moqcevas, magram<br />

somxebi amaze Znelad <strong>da</strong>saTanxmebeli yofilan, isini somxur<br />

rjulze mtkiced idgnen. bagrat IV sosTens pirdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Tu moiqceo<strong>da</strong>, marTlmadidebluri monastris winamZRvrobas,<br />

magram uari miiRo. somexi saero pirebic Tu miiRebdnen mar-<br />

Tlmadideblobas, qarTul rjuls, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefe maTac<br />

<strong>da</strong>awinaureb<strong>da</strong>, imdenad mniSvnelovnad miaCn<strong>da</strong> somexTa moqceva.<br />

XI saukuneSi somxeTSi <strong>da</strong>eca, moispo somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba,<br />

pirisagan miwisa aRigava somxuri samefoebi. es ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

Sedegi iyo bizantiis imperiis agresiuli politikisa,<br />

romelmac <strong>da</strong>ipyro <strong>somxeTi</strong>. bizantias ganzraxuli hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samefos mospobac, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

ganadgurebac, magram qarTveli eris Tavganwiruli, gmiruli<br />

brZolis gamo bizantia iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> Cveni winaprebis<br />

mimarT <strong>da</strong>Tmobebze wasuliyo, ukan <strong>da</strong>exia. cnobili qar-<br />

Tveli moRvawe, grigol bakurianis Ze ambob<strong>da</strong>: qarTvelebi<br />

ganuwyvetliv vomobTo – “mciredniRa vin Cvenganni momku<strong>da</strong>r<br />

arian sarecelsa ze<strong>da</strong> Tvissa mSvidobiT”. amis Sedegad saqar-<br />

Tvelos samefo ga<strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />

QqarTvel bagrationTa dinastia somex bagratuniebze<br />

gacilebiT ufro sicocxlisunariani, Zlevamosili rom gamodga,<br />

amisi erT-erTi mizezi aseTia: <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si xazi esmebo<strong>da</strong><br />

im garemoebas, rom <strong>da</strong>viT winaswarmetyvelis STamomavlebad<br />

miCneuli bagrationebi naTesavebi iyvnen RvTismSoblisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> xorcielad ieso qristesic. monofizitur somxeTSi<br />

qristes “xorcieli” winaprebis Tu STamomavlobis Sesaxeb<br />

Sexedulebebi ver gavrceldebo<strong>da</strong>. somex bagratuniebsac ver<br />

gamoacxadebdnen qristes naTesavebad.<br />

mkvlevar h. barTikianis sityviT, “naTlad Cans, rom X sis<br />

Sua xanebisTvis somxebi moxetiale, aramdgar xalxad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T.”<br />

h. barTikiani fiqrobs, rom es ar aris somexTaTvis bunebrivi,<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>yolili Tviseba, igi SemdgomSi un<strong>da</strong> iyoso Se-<br />

1 iqve, gv. 286.<br />

110

Zenili. asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom X_XI aswleulebSi uamravi<br />

somexi aiyara Tavisi mSobliuri miwa-wyli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ucxo qveynebs<br />

miaSura. 1 samSoblo<strong>da</strong>n gaqcevis gasamarTleblad somexma<br />

mematianeebma saxarebis sityvebic moiSvelies: “raJams gdevnidnen<br />

Tquen amier qalaqiT, miivltodeT sxuad” (maTe, 10 : 23). 2<br />

somexTa samSoblo<strong>da</strong>n gaqcevac iyo mizezi somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cemisa. XI saukuneSi somxebs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTvisac<br />

SemoufarebiaT Tavi. aristakes lastivercis cnobiT, somexTa<br />

“upatrono cxenosani jari <strong>da</strong>xetialobs zogi sparse-<br />

Tis, zogi saberZneTis, xolo nawili qarTvelTa mxareebSi.<br />

aznaurTa sepuhi (warCinebuli _ a. a.) gundi, samSoblo<strong>da</strong>n wasuli,<br />

Zlevamosilebas moklebuli, drtvinavs Tavis adgilsamyofelSi,<br />

rogorc lomebis lekvebi. samefo sasaxleebi<br />

aoxrebuli <strong>da</strong> gaukacrielebulia. <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli qveyana (<strong>somxeTi</strong><br />

_ a. a.) <strong>da</strong>cariel<strong>da</strong> mcxovrebTagan”. 3 somexTa erTi jgufi<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si rom mosula bagrat IV-is mefobis<br />

dros, es asaxulia ioane bagrationis TxzulebaSic _<br />

”SemoklebiT aRwera <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa Sina mcxovrebTa TavadTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> aznaurTa gvarebisa.” 4 <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebels, Turme, e.w. mabralobelni<br />

ar uwonebdnen yivCaRTa Camosaxlebas <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

samefoSi (aRmaSenebelma yivCaRebi qarTuli miwa-wylis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> somxur <strong>da</strong> albanur mxareebSic Caasaxla). XI saukuneSi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefes arc somexTa Cvens qveyanaSi Camosaxlebas<br />

mouwoneb<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa erTi nawili. qarTuli eklesia XI aswleulSi<br />

amayob<strong>da</strong> imiT, rom qarTvelebSi mwvalebloba arasdros<br />

yofilao gavrcelebuli. amitom qarTuli eklesiis<br />

warmomadgenlebic ar iqnebodnen momxre <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mwvaleblebad<br />

miCneuli somxebis Camosaxlebisa, miT umetes, rom<br />

es monofiziti (grigoriani) somxebi araviTar survils ar<br />

iCendnen marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze moqcevisa.<br />

bizantiis imperia yoveli RoniT cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

centraluri, anis-Sirakis samefos <strong>da</strong>pyrobasac. <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

1<br />

ioane skilica, h. barTikianis gamocema, erevani, 1979, gv. LXXVII_LXXXII,<br />

somxur enaze.<br />

2<br />

ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, amierkavkasiis polotikur erTeulTa... gv. 169, 208.<br />

3<br />

aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, Tb., 1974, gv. 68-69.<br />

4<br />

z. kacelaSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1997, gv. 36.<br />

111

<strong>da</strong>pyrobis Semdeg bizantia kidev erTxel ecdebo<strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />

saxelmwifoebriobis mospobasac. amitomac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefem,<br />

bagrat IV-m ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita 1045 wels <strong>da</strong>eswro bizantiisTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong> anis-Sirakis samefos teritoria Cveni qveynisTvis Semoeer-<br />

Tebina. bagrats anisel somxebSi mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerni hyolia. 1 mas am<br />

mxriv xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> isic, rom de<strong>da</strong>misi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s dedofali<br />

mariami, giorgi I-is qvrivi somexi iyo. im xanebSi wesad<br />

iyo miRebuli, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefes sxva qveynis mefis asuli<br />

un<strong>da</strong> SeerTo colad. “matiane qarTlisais” cnobiT, “<strong>da</strong>ago<br />

sueman bagratisman Jami; moerTo vesti (anis-Sirakis didebuli<br />

_ a. a.) cxriTa cixiTa anisisaTa, Tvinier amberdisaTa.<br />

<strong>da</strong> mosces anelTa anisi bagratis de<strong>da</strong>sa, rameTu mamulad eyvodes<br />

somexni_senaqerem somexTa mefisa asuli iyo mariam dedofali,<br />

bagratis de<strong>da</strong>”. 2 im dros bizantiis imperiis agenti<br />

iyo qarTveli warCinebuli, kldekaris erisTavi liparit baRvaSi.<br />

bizantiis xelisuflebam mas <strong>da</strong>avala, rom bagrat IV-is<br />

jari gaeZevebina anisi<strong>da</strong>n. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, bizantiam liparits<br />

amisTvis didZali fuli ga<strong>da</strong>uxa<strong>da</strong>. am fuliT liparitma gaaZliera<br />

Tavisi laSqari <strong>da</strong> anisisaken <strong>da</strong>iZra. am dros bagrat<br />

IV Tbilisis gaTavisuflebas cdilob<strong>da</strong> mahmadianTa<br />

batonobisagan <strong>da</strong> mTeli Tavisi ZalebiT ver ibrZo<strong>da</strong> anis-Sirakis<br />

SemosaerTeblad. amiT isargebles bizantiis imperiam<br />

<strong>da</strong> misma agentma liparit baRvaSma: “kualad iwyo liparit<br />

maTve ficxelTa sauravTa. <strong>da</strong> gamoityuvna anisiT dedoflisagan<br />

abuseri, erisTavi artanujisa, <strong>da</strong> xixaTa <strong>da</strong> cixis-juarisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> awyueris cixis patroni, <strong>da</strong> ivane erisTavi, ivane <strong>da</strong>diani<br />

<strong>da</strong> guaram goderZis Ze, beWis cixisa patroni, _ <strong>da</strong> Seipyrna<br />

igini anisis karsa”. 3 amis Sedegad bizantiis imperiam <strong>da</strong>ipyro<br />

anis-Siraki. bunebrivia, bagrat IV-is momxre anis-SirakelTa<br />

erTi nawili mainc am movlenebis Semdeg <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

moaSureb<strong>da</strong>, rameTu bizantielebi maT eWvis TvaliT <strong>da</strong>uwyebdnen<br />

cqeras.<br />

1 aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 70-71.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, I, 1955, gv. 299. anisis cxra cixe rom ixsenieba, agreTve<br />

amberdi (anberdi), es mowmobs, rom anisi misi sanaxebiT gadmosces<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s. qarTul jarTan erTad, anisSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si myofi somex-<br />

Ta razmic gailaSqreb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 300.<br />

112

axla leonti mrovelis armenofilobis sakiTxs <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT.<br />

leonti XI saukunis avtoria. me ase Tu ise ganvixile<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s urTierTobebi XI aswleulis 60-ian<br />

wlebamde <strong>da</strong> yovelive zemoT Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT Sevecdebi<br />

avxsna, Tu riTia gamowveuli qarTveli mematianis,<br />

ruisis mTavarepiskopos leonti mrovelis armenofiloba. XI<br />

saukunisaTvis qarTvelTa erovnuli Segneba maRal doneze<br />

idga. qarTul eklesiaSic erovnuli mimarTuleba gamokveTili<br />

iyo. gavixsenoT ioane zosimes “qebai <strong>da</strong> didebai qarTulisa<br />

enisai” <strong>da</strong> isic, rom ioane mTawmindeli espaneTSi apireb<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTvelebis moZebnas. am mxriv yuradRebas ipyrobs X<br />

aswleulSi sinas mTis qarTveli berebis mier locvebSi qar-<br />

Tvelobisa <strong>da</strong> farTo gagebiT qarTlisTvis, e.i. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s-<br />

Tvis didi adgilis <strong>da</strong>Tmoba, rac imdroindeli qristianuli<br />

eklesiisTvis, sazogadod, Cveulebriv movlenas ar warmoadgens.<br />

sinas mTis qarTveli berebi SesTxovdnen macxovars:<br />

“qriste Seiwyale... yovelni Zmani <strong>da</strong> yovelni qristianeni <strong>da</strong><br />

ufrois yovelTasa yovelni qarTvelni”. isini loculobdnen<br />

“qarTlisa mSvidobisa, sazRvarTa ganmagrebisa... mterTa garemiqcevis”<br />

wadiliT. 1 aseT viTarebaSi qarTvelTa wmin<strong>da</strong>, patiosan<br />

wignSi, “qarTlis cxovrebaSi” SeaqvT armenofiluri matiane,<br />

maSin, rodesac qarTvelebs kargad axsov<strong>da</strong>T, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong><br />

mu<strong>da</strong>m cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>pyrobas, Cveni qveynis<br />

gasomxurebas, qarTvelTa gasomxebas. magram politikuri miznebiT<br />

raRa ar xdeba!<br />

somxeTSi somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba, rogorc iTqva,<br />

XI saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>eca, moispo. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samefo kars ki ukve<br />

im dros hqon<strong>da</strong> seriozuli gegmebi <strong>da</strong>saxuli, rom gaeerTianebina<br />

mTeli kavkasia nikofsii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>ruban<strong>da</strong>mde. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

saxelmwifos mesveurni, rogorc Cans, fiqrobdnen, rom<br />

qarTvel-somexTa <strong>da</strong>pirispireba kargs arafers uqad<strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />

droSis qveS mTeli kavkasiis gaerTianebis did saqmes. XI<br />

aswleulis qarTveli mematianis, sumbat <strong>da</strong>viTis Zis sityviT,<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefem, bagrat III-m, romelic 1014 wels gar<strong>da</strong>icvala,<br />

“<strong>da</strong>ipyra yoveli kavkasia TviTmpyrobelobiTa jiqeTiT-<br />

1 ix. l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, t. II, Tb., 1980, gv. 50.<br />

113

gan vidre gurgenadmde (kaspiis zRvamde – a. a.). xolo a<strong>da</strong>rba<strong>da</strong>gani<br />

(iranis azerbaijani – a. a.) <strong>da</strong> Sarvani moxarke yo,<br />

somxiTisa xelmwifebiTa, nebierad ganageb<strong>da</strong>. mefe sparsTa<br />

Tvis megobrad <strong>da</strong> erTgul yo sibrZniTa <strong>da</strong> ZlierebiTa TvisiTa<br />

ufros saxleulTa TvisTasa <strong>da</strong> berZenT mefesaca (bizantiis<br />

imperators – a. a.) SiSi aqun<strong>da</strong> amisi yovladve.” 1 es<br />

cnoba nawilobriv gazviadebulia, magram u<strong>da</strong>voa isic, rom<br />

bagrat III-is mefobis Jams <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samefo kars miznad<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxuli mTeli kavkasiis gaerTianeba, rasac win uaRresad<br />

didi siZneleebi, problemebi eRobebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

bizantiis imperiam XI saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi tao waarTva<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Cveni qveynis mier kavkasiis gaerTianebas <strong>da</strong>uSveb<strong>da</strong>?<br />

bizantiisTvis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s gaZliereba miuRebeli<br />

iyo. rogorc vnaxeT, bagrat IV-is jarma 1045 wels somexTa<br />

de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi anisic <strong>da</strong>ikava droebiT. bizantiis xelisufleba<br />

SeSfoTebuli iyo imiT, rom mis gabatonebas somxeTSi qar-<br />

Tvelebi win aRudgnen. bizantiis imperiis <strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n gansadevnad,<br />

miT ufro, islamuri samyaros mosagerieblad aucilebeli<br />

iyo qarTvel-somexTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT moqmedeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara <strong>da</strong>pirispireba maT Soris. qarTvel-somexTa TanamSromloba<br />

rom Semdgariyo, saWiro xdebo<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebSi antisomxuri<br />

ganwyobilebis Serbileba. qarTul-somxur eklesiebs<br />

Soris arsebuli mwvave urTierTobac xels SeuSli<strong>da</strong><br />

upatronod <strong>da</strong>rCenili <strong>somxeTi</strong>s 2 <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan SemoerTebas.<br />

XI aswleulis 50-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n Turq-selCukTa gamanadgurebeli<br />

Semosevebis safrTxec <strong>da</strong>emuqra amierkavkasias. aRmavlobis,<br />

gaZlierebis gzaze <strong>da</strong>mdgari <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebs<br />

SeiZleba miwasTan gaesworebinaT. isini yoveli RoniT<br />

cdilobdnen somxebis ga<strong>da</strong>birebasac <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sadmi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas.<br />

amave dros, somxebs TviTon hqon<strong>da</strong>T pretenzia kavkasia-<br />

Si pirvelobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s droSis qveS kavkasiis gaer-<br />

Tianebas advilad ver Seeguebodnen. somxuri eklesiac amis<br />

winaaRmdegi iyo, rameTu <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Zlevamosilebis viTa-<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 382.<br />

2 bizantiis nebiT somexTa sakaTolikosoc XI s-is Sua xanebSi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

sazRvrebs gareT ga<strong>da</strong>itanes.<br />

114

ebaSi qarTuli eklesia monofiziti (grigoriani) somxebis,<br />

kerZod, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mcxovrebi, mwvaleblebad miCneuli<br />

grigoriani somxebis marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze<br />

mosaqcevad yvelafers iRoneb<strong>da</strong>. es aucilebeli xdebo<strong>da</strong> imis<br />

gamoc, rom rogorc sparseTma <strong>da</strong> arabTa saxalifom SeZles<br />

somxur eklesiasTan saerTo enis gamonaxva, sxva <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebic<br />

amasve izamdnen. aseT pirobebSi didi mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong><br />

im faqts, rom qalkedoniani (marTlmadidebeli) somxebi<br />

upirispirdebodnen somxur monofizitur (grigorianul) eklesias<br />

<strong>da</strong> keTilad iyvnen ganwyobili qarTuli eklesiisadmi.<br />

amasTanave, marTlmadidebel somxebs XI saukuneSi somxuri<br />

erovnuli saxe SenarCunebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong>s warsuli-<br />

Tac amayobdnen. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, mag., rom bizantiaSi<br />

aTonis mTis proti (niSnavs pirvels), monastris winamZRvari,<br />

qalkedoniani somexi 1037 wels sabuTs somxurad awers xels. 1<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong>s erT nawilSi mcxovrebi mar-<br />

Tlmadidebeli somxebi qarTuli eklesiis samwysos Seadgendnen.<br />

SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> maTi gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom monofiziti<br />

(grigoriani) somxebic SeCveodnen kavkasiaSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s,<br />

qarTvelobis pirvelobis azrs. amisTvis saWiro oyo somexTa<br />

erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebac. marTlmadidebel<br />

somxebsac sisxlSi hqon<strong>da</strong>T gamj<strong>da</strong>ri Sexeduleba, rom Zvelad,<br />

VII saukunemde mainc, sanam somxuri eklesia mwvalebluri<br />

gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>, kavkasiaSi wamyvan ers somxebi warmoadgendnen.<br />

aucilebeli xdebo<strong>da</strong>, somxebi <strong>da</strong>yvavebiT, maTi warsulisadmi<br />

pativiscemis gamoCeniT, somxuri legendebis, zRaprebis <strong>da</strong>sajereblad<br />

miCneviT, SeeCviaT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, qarTvelebis pirvelobis<br />

azrisaTvis. am mizniT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samefo karma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita,<br />

qarTul enaze Seqmniliyo armenofiluri matiane <strong>da</strong><br />

is SeetanaT “qarTlis cxovrebaSi.” kavkasiis, kerZod, somxe-<br />

Tis ga<strong>da</strong>rCena XI s-<strong>da</strong>n mxolod <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SeeZlo. qarTvelebs<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ebrZolaT, rom somxeTSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba<br />

mahmadianuri ar yofiliyo. somxebs is ki undo<strong>da</strong>T, rom<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s exsna <strong>somxeTi</strong> <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa, metadre, islamuri<br />

samyaros klanWebisgan, magram qarTvelTa pirvelobas kavkasi-<br />

1 ix. n. lomouri, petriwonis qarTuli monastris istoriisaTvis, gv. 37.<br />

115

aSi mainc ver eguebodnen. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ki <strong>somxeTi</strong>s ga<strong>da</strong>sar-<br />

Cenad somexTa gverdSi dgomac sWiro<strong>da</strong>. amis misaRwevad <strong>da</strong>iwera<br />

qarTulad armenofiluri matiane. sayuradReboa, rom male<br />

“qarTlis cxovreba” <strong>da</strong> masSi Setanili armenofiluri matianec<br />

somxurad iTargmna. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samefo kari somexTa<br />

moqcevasac sifrTxiliT apireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

SesaZloa, leonti moZRvravs somxebs: Tu somxuri eklesia<br />

marTlmadidebluri gaxdeba, <strong>somxeTi</strong> kvlav gaZlierdebao.<br />

taSir-Zoragetis somexi, bagratuni mefis vaJma, gagikma<br />

XI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi Tavisi dedis Zmis, kaxeT-hereTis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili mefis, kvirikes taxti <strong>da</strong>ikava, kaxeT-hereTSi gamef<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1 kvirikes ar sur<strong>da</strong> misi samefo, kaxeT-hereTi <strong>da</strong>narCen<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SeerTebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amitomac airCia memkvidred, mar-<br />

Talia, disSvili, magram mainc somexi mefis vaJi. gagikis Semdeg<br />

kaxeT-hereTis mefe gax<strong>da</strong> misi Ze, aRsarTani. is <strong>da</strong>mor-<br />

Cil<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si SemoWril Turq-selCukTa sulTan alfarslans:<br />

“xolo aRsarTan mierTo sultansa. miuZRuana ZRueni<br />

didi, <strong>da</strong>uteva sjuli, <strong>da</strong>icviTa wina,” gamahmadian<strong>da</strong>. 2 igive<br />

aRsarTani meore<strong>da</strong>c gamuslim<strong>da</strong>: “maT JamTa aRsarTanca,<br />

kaxTa mefe, warvi<strong>da</strong> maliq-Sas winaSe, <strong>da</strong>uteva qristeanobai<br />

<strong>da</strong> SeeZina sarkinozTa sjulsa.” 3 ufro adre, wina saukuneeb-<br />

Si, mahmadian <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebs araerTxel ucdiaT qarTvel xelisufalTa,<br />

arCil mefis, argveTis mTavrebis, <strong>da</strong>viTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

konstantines, agreTve konstanti-kaxas, miqel-gobronis <strong>da</strong><br />

sxvebis gamuslimeba, amgram am mefe-mTavrebma Tavi gaswires<br />

qristianobisTvisa <strong>da</strong> samSoblosTvis. isini saSineli tanjviT<br />

awames. viTom SemTxveviTia, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriaSi<br />

pirveli gamahmadian<strong>da</strong> somxuri warmoSobis, kaxeT-hereTis mefed<br />

movlenili aRsarTani? albaT, ara! TiTqos gaqarTvelebuli<br />

nasomxrebi (sinamdvileSi, somxebis gaqarTveleba moCvenebiTia),<br />

maT Soris, aRsarTan mefec, saerTo<strong>da</strong>c, gamonaklisis<br />

gareSe, pirad interesebs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sasicocxlo interesebze<br />

maRla ayenebdnen. es dResac ase xdeba.<br />

1<br />

qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 297.<br />

2<br />

iqve, gv. 309.<br />

3<br />

cxorebai mefeT-mefisa <strong>da</strong>viTisi, m. SaniZis gamocema, Tb., 1992, gv. 163.<br />

116

mesame Tavi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong> XII_XVIII saukuneebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli warmatebiT ibrZo<strong>da</strong> Turq-selCukTa<br />

batonobisagan <strong>somxeTi</strong>s gasaTavisufleblad. es <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis<br />

aucilebeli iyo, radgan Tu Turq-selCukebi somxeTSi<br />

iqnebodnen mokalaTebulni, isini gamudmebiT safrTxes Seuqmnidnen<br />

Cvens qveyanasac. am did brZolaSi aRmaSenebels somxebis,<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTi erTi nawilis mxar<strong>da</strong>Werac moupovebia.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT mefis Tanamedrovis, zemo SuamdinareTSi, qalaq<br />

edesaSi (urhaSi) mcxovrebi somexi mematianis, maTeos urhaecis<br />

sityviT, “<strong>da</strong>viT mefe iyo wmin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mxne, gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong><br />

RvTismsaxurebiT <strong>da</strong> samarTlianobiT; is aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> mimRebi <strong>da</strong><br />

moyvare somexTa tomisa. masTan Semokrba somexTa jaris nar-<br />

Cenebi. <strong>da</strong>viTma qarTvelTa qveyanaSi aaSena qalaqi somexTaTvis,<br />

romelSic mravali eklesia-monasteri <strong>da</strong>afuZna. im qalaqs<br />

saxelad gora (gori _ a. a.) uwo<strong>da</strong>; didi sixaruli, siamovneba<br />

[mianiWa] mis<strong>da</strong>mi <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul somexTa mTel naTesavs,”<br />

e. i. somex ers. aRmaSeneblis mier somexTa de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis,<br />

anisis <strong>da</strong>kavebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT (1124w.), maTeos urhaecisve<br />

Tanaxmad, “gaxarebuli iyo somexTa mTeli saxli”, e.i. yoveli<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>. 1 anisis gaTavisufleba <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa TareSisagan aniseli<br />

somxebis Tavkacebma Txoves aRmaSenebels. aseT viTarebaSi<br />

somxuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelTac imedi gasCeniaT,<br />

rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT sruliad somexTa sakaTolikosos<br />

kvlav somxeTSi <strong>da</strong>abrunebdnen. 2<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT mefis mematianis sityviT, aRmaSenebelTan “movides<br />

mewigneni anelTa TavadTani <strong>da</strong> moaxsenes mocemai qalaqisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> cixeTai boJanas wyaroTa ze<strong>da</strong> mdgomsa. <strong>da</strong> myis wignebi<br />

wuevisai mimo<strong>da</strong>isrbola <strong>da</strong> mesamesa dResa sameoci aTasi mxe<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

winaSe udga. waremarTa <strong>da</strong> mesamesa dResa aRiRo qalaqi<br />

anisi <strong>da</strong> cixeni misni uWirvelad <strong>da</strong> sofelni <strong>da</strong> queyanani<br />

(mxareebi _ a. a.) mimdgomni anisisani...<br />

anisis mcvelad <strong>da</strong>utevna aznaurni mesxni <strong>da</strong> warmovi<strong>da</strong><br />

1 maTeos urhaeci, JamTaaRmwerloba, 1898, gv. 356, 359, somxur enaze.<br />

2 ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, somxur xelnawerTa X_XIII saukuneebis anderZ-minawerebis<br />

cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sesaxeb, Tb., 2005, gv. 35-36.<br />

117

qarTlad.” aRmaSeneblis istorikosis TxzulebaSi moipoveba<br />

CanarTic, sa<strong>da</strong>c naTqvamia: <strong>da</strong>viT mefemo “<strong>da</strong>ipyrna arfaslanianni<br />

<strong>da</strong> amoswyuitna igini, romelTa didi say<strong>da</strong>ri anisisa<br />

misgiTad moekazmaT <strong>da</strong> qristianeTa sisxliTa igi say<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong><br />

qalaqi moerwyo. imuqfa RmrTis moyuareman <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebelman,<br />

molaTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>riSmanTa sisxliTa axladve man morwyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> say<strong>da</strong>ri igi axlad monaTla, romeli aReSena berZenTa<br />

asulsa dedufalsa katronites (somexTa mefis meuRles _ a.<br />

a.) <strong>da</strong> iqive esaflava. maSin mivi<strong>da</strong> TviT mefe <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong> kaTalikozi,<br />

episkopozni <strong>da</strong> erTobili laSqarni saflavsa ze<strong>da</strong>,<br />

<strong>da</strong> axlad wesi aRuges. <strong>da</strong> TviT mefeman sam gzis saflavsa<br />

CasZaxa: gixaroden Sen, wmi<strong>da</strong>o dedofalo, romel ixsna Rmer-<br />

Tman say<strong>da</strong>ri Seni usjuloTa xelTagan.” 1<br />

“qarTlis cxovrebis” Zveli somxuri Targmanis CanarTis<br />

mixedviT, aRmaSenebeli Turme keTilganwyobas iCen<strong>da</strong> somxebisadmi<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTi rjulis, monofizitobis(grigorianobis) mimar-<br />

Tac: “xolo TviT uyvar<strong>da</strong> somexTa tomi, eklesiebi <strong>da</strong> erTi<br />

vinme ritori, [monastris] winamZRvari haxbats, saxelad sarkavagi;<br />

aRuareb<strong>da</strong> mas Tavis Secodebebs, <strong>da</strong>udrek<strong>da</strong> patiosan<br />

Tavs <strong>da</strong> misgan moiReb<strong>da</strong> kurTxevas. ij<strong>da</strong> masTan <strong>da</strong> exveo<strong>da</strong><br />

qedze. xolo is eubnebo<strong>da</strong>: <strong>da</strong>xsnili var <strong>da</strong> suni midis me<br />

Cemi siberiT, gameSore, rom ar SegemTxvios Sroma.” mefe ki<br />

eamborebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> eubnebo<strong>da</strong>: “numc momklebia es suni, mamao patiosano.”<br />

<strong>da</strong> uboZa mas sofeli monastris axlos mis samsaxureblad.<br />

mefis <strong>da</strong>locvis dros amas ambob<strong>da</strong>, roca xels<br />

adeb<strong>da</strong> Tavze: “vpove <strong>da</strong>viT mona Cemi <strong>da</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong> zeTi vcxe mas”<br />

(<strong>da</strong> ase Semdeg) meaTe muxlamdis. uxaro<strong>da</strong> mefes <strong>da</strong> aqeb<strong>da</strong> somexTa<br />

mSvenivrad [Sesrulebul] Targmanebas.<br />

<strong>da</strong> marTlac vnaxeT, rom Sesrul<strong>da</strong> fsalmunis sityva<br />

mefeze. mravali im sityvaTagani aux<strong>da</strong> mas”... 2 aRmaSenebeli<br />

politikuri mosazrebebiT iCen<strong>da</strong> sifrTxiles, keTilganwyobilebas<br />

somxuri eklesis mimarT, raTa amiT <strong>somxeTi</strong>s saqar-<br />

TvelosTan SemoerTeba gaadvilebuliyo, mahmadian <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebs<br />

ver moexerxebinaT somxebis, somxuri eklesiis <strong>da</strong>piris-<br />

1<br />

cxorebai mefeT-mefisa <strong>da</strong>viTisi, 1992, gv. 196-197.<br />

2<br />

qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani, ilia abulaZis gamocema,<br />

Tb., 1953, gv. 255.<br />

118

pireba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sadmi. leonti mrovelis armenofiluri matianec<br />

am mizniT <strong>da</strong>iwera <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samefo karis TanxmobiT<br />

“qarTlis cxovrebaSic” Seitanes. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

mogvianebiT kaTolike misionerebi ambobdnen: <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> yoveli<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>no “garemoculia iseTi mahmadiani saSineli mtrebisagan,<br />

rom TviT de<strong>da</strong>miwasac umZims maTi yofna”. 1 Tu saqar-<br />

Tvelo somxeTs ar SemoierTeb<strong>da</strong>, mtrebi somxeTs gamoiyenebdnen<br />

bazad, sayrdenad Cveni qveynis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis mizniT.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi<br />

TavgamodebiT esarCleba, amarTlebs didi mefis yovel nabijs,<br />

igi ar TanaugrZnob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viTis lmobier <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas,<br />

keTilmosurneobas somxebisa <strong>da</strong> somxuri eklesis mimarT:<br />

“Semokrba odesme winaSe mefisa naTesavi gularZnili<br />

(veragi _ a. a.), yovlad borotTa somexTa episkoposebi <strong>da</strong> monasterTa<br />

maTTa winamZRurebi mravali, romelni friad azmnobdes<br />

TavTa TvisTa miwevnad Tavsa yovlisa swavlulebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mecnierebisasa. <strong>da</strong> moaxsenes, raiTamca yo brZanebiTa misiTa<br />

krebai, <strong>da</strong> yvesmca sityvis-gebai <strong>da</strong> gamoZiebai sjulisai; <strong>da</strong><br />

ukueTu iZlivnen, iqmnen TanaerTxma sjuliTa, <strong>da</strong> Tvisi Sea-<br />

Cuenon; xolo ukueTu sZlon, ese oden miemadlos: “raiTa ar-<br />

Rara guxedvideTo mwvalebelad <strong>da</strong> arca SeguaCuenebdeT...<br />

mouwo<strong>da</strong> mefemanca iovanes, kaTalikossa qarTlisasa <strong>da</strong><br />

misqueSeTa episkoposTa <strong>da</strong> meu<strong>da</strong>bnoeTa <strong>da</strong> arsenis iyalToelsa,<br />

Targmansa <strong>da</strong> mecniersa berZenTa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa enaTasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganmanaTlebelsa yovelTa eklesiaTasa <strong>da</strong> sxuaTa mecnier-<br />

Ta <strong>da</strong> brZenTa kacTa”... 2 qarTvel-somexTa am krebas somxebis<br />

marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze moqceva ar mohyolia<br />

Sedegad. ara<strong>da</strong>, aRmaSenebels hqonia amgvari mizani. man “moisurva<br />

somexTa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa SeerTebac... gamarTa kreba <strong>da</strong><br />

gamoiZiebdnen dili<strong>da</strong>n saRamomdis, magram ver <strong>da</strong>eTanxmnen<br />

erTimeores”. maSin <strong>da</strong>viT mefem “<strong>da</strong>awynara orive mxare <strong>da</strong> ga-<br />

1<br />

m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, Tb., 1902, gv<br />

266.<br />

2<br />

cxorebai mefeT-mefisa <strong>da</strong>viTisi, 1992, gv. 213-214; un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom qarTvel-somexTa<br />

am saeklesio paeqrobaSi somxebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n arsen iyalToelis<br />

Sesa<strong>da</strong>ri didi swavluli ar monawileob<strong>da</strong>. amitom ueWvelia, rom<br />

qarTuli eklesiis Tavkacebma kamaTSi <strong>da</strong>amarcxes somexi varTapetebi<br />

(moZRvarni, sasuliero pirebi).<br />

119

uSva kreba.” 1 aSkaraa, rom aRmaSenebeli erideba somxebis,<br />

kerZod, somxuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebis gaRizianebas; misi<br />

Rrma rwmeniT, somexTa marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul<br />

rjulze mosaqcevad saWiroa dro <strong>da</strong> uaRresad frTxili RonisZiebani<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n. es aucilebeli iyo, raTa<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan SemoerTebis, Semomtkicebis saqmes<br />

zedmeti garTulebebi, <strong>da</strong>brkolebebi ar Seqmno<strong>da</strong>.<br />

aRmaSeneblis drosac somexTa erTi nawili ar malav<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas qarTvelebis mimarT. am mxriv yuradRebas<br />

iqcevs cnobili somexi saeklesio moRvawis, <strong>da</strong>viT mefis<br />

Tanamedrovis, <strong>da</strong>viT alavikis Zis e.w. “kanonTa krebulSi” er-<br />

Ti aseTi “kanonis” Setana: monofizit (grigorian) somexTagano<br />

“aravin Wamdes qarTvelis mier <strong>da</strong>kluli cxovelis xorcs<br />

SimSilisagan iZulebulis gar<strong>da</strong>”. 2 somxuri eklesiis rwmeniT,<br />

WeSmariti rjulis aRmsarebelni somxebi iyvnen, xolo<br />

gansxvavebuli mimdinareobis qristianebi iseTive wyeuli yofilan,<br />

rogorc qarTvelebi. somexi mematianis, uxtanesis sityviT,<br />

“qarTvelebi somxebTan erTobas gamoeyvnen wyeuli kironis<br />

(kirionis _ a. a.) mier, agreTve berZnebi <strong>da</strong> italia maT-<br />

Tan erTad”. 3<br />

islamuri samyaros Tavkacebma miiCnies, rom <strong>da</strong>viT aRma-<br />

Seneblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg maT gauadvildebo<strong>da</strong>T brZola<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg, kerZod, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s CamoSoreba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sagan.<br />

marTlac, mahmadianma xelisuflebma anisis<br />

didebulebs <strong>da</strong>pirebebi aRuTqves 4 <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefe demetre<br />

I iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> anisi, ymadnaficobis, vasalobis pirobiT,<br />

1126 wels islamuri dinastiis warmomadgenlisTvis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>eca. es ukanaskneli <strong>da</strong> misi memkvidreni yoveli RoniT<br />

cdilobdnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sasicocxlo interesebis sawinaaRmdegod<br />

emoqme<strong>da</strong>T. maT anisis garemomcvel mxareSi, SirakSi<br />

XII saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>asaxles Turqebi, mahmadianur saamiroTa <strong>da</strong>m-<br />

1<br />

qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani, gv. 254-255.<br />

2<br />

l. meliqseT-begi, “Crdilo mxareTa somexTa moZRvarni” <strong>da</strong> maTi vinaoba<br />

Tb., 1928, gv. 165-168.<br />

3<br />

uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa... Tb., 1975, gv. 205.<br />

4<br />

somexi xalxis istoria, mravaltomeuli, t. III, erevani, 1976, gv. 481,<br />

somxur enaze.<br />

120

naSave elementebi. 1 anisis muslimi xelisufalni somxebis ga<strong>da</strong>birebasac<br />

axerxebdnen. amas Sedegad moyva is, rom rogorc<br />

maTeos urhaecis “JamTaaRmwerlobis” gamgrZelebeli grigor<br />

xucesi gvauwyebs, 1161 wels, rodesac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefem, giorgi<br />

III-m aiRo anisi, “<strong>da</strong>xoca aTasi suli qristiani <strong>da</strong> ucxoTeslni.”<br />

etyoba, es somexi qristianebi ga<strong>da</strong>ibires mahmadianebma<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>upirispires, maSin, rodesac qarTvelebi<br />

Cveni istoriis oqros xanaSi <strong>da</strong> Semdgomac mu<strong>da</strong>m amiranis<br />

xmals iqnevdnen, amiranis oms ixdidnen ara marto saqar-<br />

Tvelos interesebisaTvis, aramed somexTa ga<strong>da</strong>sarCena<strong>da</strong>c,<br />

somxeTSi maT <strong>da</strong>samagrebla<strong>da</strong>c. rom <strong>da</strong>gvclo<strong>da</strong>, kargi iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

somxeTSi, ltolvili somxebis nacvlad, qarTvelebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxlebuliyvnen, raTa <strong>somxeTi</strong> ar gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo mahmadianuri<br />

qveyana XIII saukunis Semdeg.<br />

somexi mematianeni ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen imis gamo,<br />

rom somexi bagratuniebi lore-taSiri<strong>da</strong>n, TiTqos, saqar-<br />

Tvelos mefeebs ganudevniaT. cnobili somexi mwerali <strong>da</strong><br />

moRvawe mxiTar goSi (gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1213 wels) mogviTxrobs:<br />

“rodesac gar<strong>da</strong>icvala mefe demetre (aRmaSeneblis Ze _ a. a.),<br />

mis nacvlad gamef<strong>da</strong> misi Svili <strong>da</strong>viTi, kaci keTilgonieri,<br />

gansakuTrebiT im somexi iSxanebis (mTavrebis _ a. a.) mimarT,<br />

romlebic mis xelT imyofebodnen... imdenad keTilgulovneba<br />

gamoiCina, rom gagzavna [kaci] <strong>da</strong> ixmo mefe kvirike, mefe <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

bagratunis Svili <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pir<strong>da</strong> mas, rom <strong>da</strong>ubrundeba mis<br />

samkvidrebels (lore-taSirs _ a. a.), romelic Tavis winaprebs<br />

CamoerTvaT misTvis.” <strong>da</strong>viT demetres Zes, TiTqos,<br />

isic mouwadinebia, rom moewvia kreba <strong>da</strong> gaerkvia, qarTvlTa<br />

sarwmunoeba iyo WeSmariti, Tu somexTa rjuli, monofizitoba,<br />

grigorianoba. 2 XIII saukunis somexi mematianeebis, kirakos<br />

ganZakecisa <strong>da</strong> var<strong>da</strong>n arevelcis cnobebiTac, qvemo qarTlis<br />

samxreT nawilSi, lore-taSirSi mokalaTebuli somexi mefeebi,<br />

bagratuniebi, anu kvirikianebi qarTvelebs SeuviwroebiaT<br />

<strong>da</strong> amis Sedegad miutovebiaT maT TavianTi samefo. sinamdvi-<br />

1 iqve, gv. 482.<br />

2 l. <strong>da</strong>vlianiZe, mxiTar goSis “albaneTis qronika,” krebulSi: qarTuli<br />

wayroTmcodneoba, II, Tb., 1968, gv. 46-47.<br />

121

leSi, kvirikianebis samefo Turq-selCukebma miitaces. 1<br />

aRmaSeneblis istorikosis cnobiT, 1118 wels “warmoemarTa<br />

mefe (<strong>da</strong>viTi – a. a.) RanuxiT warslvad raxsis pirsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> zatiki (aRdgomis dResaswauli – a. a) gar<strong>da</strong>ixa<strong>da</strong> naxidurs.<br />

mun moarTues ambavi beSqen jayelisa javaxeTs TurqTagan<br />

moklvisai; <strong>da</strong> amisTvis uSlides didebulni mas Jamsa<br />

warslvad; <strong>da</strong> yovlad ara moismina, aramed <strong>da</strong>esxa TurqTa,<br />

raxsis (md. araqsis – a. a.) pirsa mdgomTa, mosra simravle ma-<br />

Ti <strong>da</strong> warmoiRo tyue <strong>da</strong> alafi uricxvi.<br />

amasve welsa aRiRo… cixe-qalaqi lore <strong>da</strong> maSinve ivlissa<br />

aRixuna agarani meoresa dResa ciskars. 2 ” aSkaraa, rom<br />

aRmaSenebeli farTo frontiT utevs Turq-selCukebs, mierekeba<br />

maT amierkavkasii<strong>da</strong>n. selCukebi javaxeTSi SemoWrilan,<br />

magram <strong>da</strong>viT mefem amis gamo ar ga<strong>da</strong>do <strong>da</strong>gegmili laSqroba<br />

araqsis napirebze. aseT viTarebaSi aRmaSenebeli somxebs <strong>da</strong>uwyeb<strong>da</strong><br />

kinklaobas? cxadia, man lore<strong>da</strong>n Turq-selCukebi gareka<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara bagratuniebi, somexi kvirikiani mefeebi. etyoba,<br />

somxebs gauCn<strong>da</strong>T pretenzia imisa, rom <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebels<br />

somexi kvirikiani mefeebisTvis <strong>da</strong>ebrunebina lore-taSiri,<br />

sai<strong>da</strong>nac isini Turq-selCukebma gandevnes. aRmaSenebelma mTeli<br />

kavkasia gaaerTiana <strong>da</strong> qarTul miwa-wyalze, lore-taSir-<br />

Si, Tavis droze usamarTlod Seqmnil somxur samefos veRar<br />

aRadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Tamar mefis pirveli istorikosi, “istoriani <strong>da</strong> azmani<br />

SaravandedTanis” ucnobi avtori gvauwyebs, rom Tamaris xelmwifobis<br />

dros kvlav gamarTula qarTvel-somexTa saeklesio<br />

kreba, paeqroba. gaCaRebul saRvTismetyvelo kamaTSi qarTvelebs<br />

gaumarjviaT <strong>da</strong> somxebisTvis mouTxoviaT, mieRoT mar-<br />

Tlmadidebloba. qarTvelebma gamarjvebis Semdego “mxiaruliTa<br />

piriTa movles yoveli banaki. somexni, viTarca myuari<br />

(bayayi – a. a.) utbo, egreT dges uxmod, queyanad (miwaze – a.<br />

a.) mxedvelni… xolo Tu viTari sixaruli, sasoeba <strong>da</strong> madloba<br />

RmrTisa moiwia qarTvelTa ze<strong>da</strong>, Txroba SeuZlebel<br />

ars. <strong>da</strong> Se-ra-vides, didi seri (nadimi – a. a.) Semzades mefe-<br />

1 ix. r. i. maTevosiani, taSir-Zorageti, erevani, 1982, gv. 105, somxur enaze.<br />

2 cxorebai mefeT-mefisa <strong>da</strong>viTisi, 1992, gv. 181.<br />

122

man <strong>da</strong> kaTalikosman.<br />

xolo somexni sircxvileulni warvides mxargrZelTa<br />

karvad. 1 ivane msaxurTuxucesi etyo<strong>da</strong> Zmasa Tvissa, amirspasalarsa<br />

zaqarias… ”qarTvelTa marTali sarwmunoeba upyries.<br />

raRa ars myenebel Cuen<strong>da</strong>, rome marTali sarwmunoeba ara SeviwynaroT<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara naTel-viRoT qarTvelisa kaTalikosisa mier?”<br />

xolo igi miugeb<strong>da</strong>: “uwyi, Zmao, rameTu marTali sjuli<br />

ars qarTvelTa,” magram, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisao, “me ara SeverTvi<br />

qarTvelTa!” <strong>da</strong> esma ivanes <strong>da</strong> rqua: “mikvirs sibrZnisa Senisagan,<br />

romel umjobessa ara arCev, me ara SeverTvi ganzraxvasa<br />

Sensa, naTel-viReb sarwmunoebasa ze<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTasa”...<br />

movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> naTel-iRo sarwmunoebasa ze<strong>da</strong> Cuensa ioanes<br />

mier kaTalikosisa. <strong>da</strong> mravali simravle somexTa movi<strong>da</strong> naTlisRebad.<br />

<strong>da</strong> iqmna sixaruli” 2 … zaqaria mxargrZelis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis<br />

Sesaxeb saubrisas igive mematiane aRniSnavs: zaqaria<br />

“iyo sarwmunoebiTa somexi, aramed yovelni saTnoebani<br />

saRmrToni <strong>da</strong> sakacoboni aqundes”. 3 Tamar mefis meore istorikosis,<br />

basili ezosmoZRvris matianeSi – “cxovreba mefeTmefisa<br />

Tamarisi” – zaqaria <strong>da</strong> ivane mxargrZelebis Sesaxeb<br />

naTqvamia: “ese kacni Rirsni iyvnes kacobisani: <strong>da</strong>RacaTu sjuliTa<br />

somexni iyvnes, garna yovliTurT marTlmadideblobisa<br />

mosavni. ese ivane werilTa ze<strong>da</strong>miwevniTa swavluli iyo, romlisaTvisca<br />

gulisxma hyo simrude sjulisa somexTasa, naTel<br />

iRo <strong>da</strong> iqmna WeSmarit qristiane. 4 ”<br />

zaqaria mxargrZelis vaJi SanSec marlTmadiebeli, qar-<br />

Tuli rjulis aRmsaarebeli gax<strong>da</strong>. TviT zaqariac moiTxov<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom somxur eklesias Tavis wesebSi, RvTismsaxurebaSi Seetana<br />

mTeli rigi cvlilebebi qarTuli eklesiis gavleniT.<br />

im xanebSi marTlmadidebluri eklesia-monastrebic momravl<strong>da</strong><br />

somxeTSi, kerZod, somexTa de<strong>da</strong>qalaq anisSic. es eklesiamonastrebi<br />

miznad isaxavdnen, rac SeiZleba meti somexi moeq-<br />

1 mxargrZelebi gasomxebuli qurTebi iyvnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom Crdilo<br />

kavkasiaSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> qurdTa tomi. qvemo qarTlSi mdebareob<strong>da</strong><br />

qurdvaWris xevi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom mxargrZelebi, SesaZloa,<br />

warmoSobiT Crdilo kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n iyvnen <strong>da</strong> ara qurTebi.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1959, gv. 90.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 110.<br />

4 iqve, gv. 123.<br />

123

ciaT marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze. saqarTvlos ka-<br />

Tolikosi mouwodeb<strong>da</strong> anisis marTlmadidebel mRvdlebs:<br />

xalxisgan mcire gamosaRebs <strong>da</strong>sjerdiTo. es xels uwyob<strong>da</strong><br />

somexTa marTlmadideblad moqcevas. yovelive amas Sedegad<br />

mohyolia qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis urTierTobis gamwvaveba.<br />

mxiTar goSis “epistoleSi” Cans gulistkivili imis gamo,<br />

rom, Turme, qarTveli sasuliero moRvaweebi amxedrebdnen<br />

“Tavis xalxs” “somxebze, rom taWiki (mahmadiani _ a. a.) <strong>da</strong><br />

uria umjobesia somexzeo.” qarTvelebio “imdenad arian somexTa<br />

Zviris momxsenebeli, rom nakurTx eklesias angreven <strong>da</strong><br />

sakurTxevels, romelzec Sewirulia qriste, gareT agdeben;<br />

ityvian ZaRlis <strong>da</strong>kvlas somexTa eklesiaSi”... mxiTar goSi<br />

qarTvel mefeebs, kerZod, Tamar mefes sTxovs, rom maT “samefo<br />

xelmwifebiT risxva <strong>da</strong>scen, raTa ar <strong>da</strong>arRvion RvTis eklesia<br />

<strong>da</strong> (ar) <strong>da</strong>swvan jvari”. 1 marTalia, qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis<br />

urTierToba gamwvav<strong>da</strong>, magram isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas,<br />

rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sazRvrebSi moqceuli <strong>somxeTi</strong>c iseve <strong>da</strong>winaur<strong>da</strong>,<br />

gamdidr<strong>da</strong>, rogorc sakuTriv <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> Cveni istoriis<br />

oqros xanaSi. Tu XI saukuneSi <strong>da</strong> ufro adrec somxebi<br />

tovebdnen TavianT samSoblos, XII aswleulsa <strong>da</strong> XIII saukunis<br />

pirvel meoTxedSi amgvari ram TiTqmis aRar xdebo<strong>da</strong>; <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

wyalobiT somxebma <strong>da</strong>askvnes, rom maT somxeTSi<br />

cxovreba <strong>da</strong> saqmianoba SeeZloT.<br />

somxuri “saxarebis” 1214 wlis anderZ-minaweris Tanaxmad,<br />

am xelnaweris <strong>da</strong>mzadeba momx<strong>da</strong>ra “<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si laSas<br />

mefobisas, romelic flob<strong>da</strong> tfiliss, aniss <strong>da</strong> adrindel<br />

somex, alan <strong>da</strong> alvanel tanuterTa (xelisufalTa _ a. a.)<br />

mraval sxva qalaqs, karini<strong>da</strong>n (arzrumi<strong>da</strong>n _ a. a.) sparseTamde.”<br />

2 maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, giorgi-laSa iseTive mflobelia somexTa de<strong>da</strong>qalaq<br />

anisisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis sxva qalaqebisa, rogorc Tbilisisa.<br />

es cnoba, iseve, rogorc sxva masalebi, savsebiT <strong>da</strong>ujerebels<br />

xdian somex mkvlevarTa, kerZod, l. babaianis mosazrebas<br />

imis Sesaxeb, rom zaqaridebisaTvis (ase somexi mkvlevarni<br />

usafuZvlod uwodeben mxargrZelebs) ga<strong>da</strong>cemul teri-<br />

1 ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, somxur xelnawerTa X_XIII saukuneebis anderZminawerebis<br />

cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sesaxeb, gv. 113-116, 150-157.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 49.<br />

124

toriebs Tanamedroveni ar Tvlidnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxelmwifos<br />

nawilad. maT isini, TiTqos, miaCn<strong>da</strong>T “zaqaridebis” <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

samflobelod. qarTul wyaroebze rom aRaraferi<br />

vTqvaT, somxuri wyaroebis mecnieruli Seswavlac a<strong>da</strong>sturebs,<br />

rom mxargrZelebic iseTive ymebi, qveSevrdomebi iyvnen<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefisa, rogorc sakuTriv qarTuli miwa-wylis<br />

erisTavebi. 1 Tu Tamar mefem zaqaria <strong>da</strong> ivane mxargrZelebi<br />

aRazeva didi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samefo karze <strong>da</strong> ivanesTvis axali<br />

Tanamdeboba, aTabagobac ki <strong>da</strong>wes<strong>da</strong>, es gakeT<strong>da</strong> im mizniT,<br />

rom <strong>somxeTi</strong>s <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan kidev ufro metad Semomtkiceba<br />

momx<strong>da</strong>riyo, Cvens qveyanas SemoeerTebina samxreT <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

mxareebic <strong>da</strong> somxebi masobrivad moqceuliyvnen marTlmadideblobaze,<br />

qarTul rjulze. samxreT <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mahmadiani<br />

mflobelni Sah-armenebad, e. i. somexTa Sahebad (mefeebad)<br />

iwodebodnen. isini mtrobdnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s. Cveni qveynis<br />

usafrTxoebisTvis aucilebeli iyo Sah-armenTa gandevna samxreT<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n.<br />

aramcTu <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriis oqros xanaSi, XIV saukuneSic<br />

ki TviT somxebi somxeTs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Semadgenel<br />

nawilad miiCnevdnen. amas ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> Cveni qveynis gaZlierebac<br />

giorgi brwyinvalis mefobis Jams. 1336 wels somexi<br />

mwignobari, terter(tiracu) erevanci, e.i. erevneli, romelic<br />

yirimSi wasula, wers: “me, tiracu, kaci uRirsi (sasuliero<br />

pirisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Tavm<strong>da</strong>blobaa _ a. a.), sabralobeli,<br />

udebi (zarmaci, <strong>da</strong>udevari _ a. a.) mRvdeli... Camovel <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>da</strong>n,<br />

xor-virapis mezobeli, SesaniSnav qalaq erevni<strong>da</strong>n.”<br />

es mwignobari meoreganac aRniSnavs: “me, terteri, uRirsi<br />

mwerali, romelmac es wigni, “var<strong>da</strong>ni,” <strong>da</strong>vwere, codvebiT<br />

savse <strong>da</strong> Tanamdebi, udebi mRvdeli, sabralobeli, movedi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>da</strong>n,<br />

xor-virapis <strong>da</strong> ejmiawinis (eCmiaZinis _ a. a.) mezobeli<br />

SesaniSnav qalaq erevni<strong>da</strong>n.” 2 rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, erevani<br />

XIV saukuneSic <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s organuli Semadgeneli na-<br />

1 ix. iqve, gv. 123-125, 129-130, 144 <strong>da</strong> sxvac; ilia abulaZe, Sromebi, t. IV,<br />

Tb., 1985, gv. 50_61; a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, somxur xelnawerTa VII-XIII saukuneebis<br />

anderZ-minawerebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sesaxeb,<br />

krebulSi: literaturuli Ziebani, t. XXIV, Tb., 2003w.<br />

2 somxur xelnawerTa XIV_XV saukuneebis anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis)<br />

cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sesaxeb, a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZis gamocema, Tb., 1978, gv. 22-23.<br />

125

wili yofila. cxadia, amgvarive viTarebaa <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriis<br />

oqros xanaSic, didi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s epoqaSi.<br />

XIII saukunis somexi mematianis, kirakos ganZakecis sityviT,<br />

xvarazmelebis sulTanTan, jalaledidTan brZolis 1 win<br />

qarTvelebi “uzomo yoyoCobiT <strong>da</strong> ampartavnebiT pirobas debdnen,<br />

(rom) ukeTu sZlion mas (jalaledins _ a. a.), maTi xelisuflebis<br />

qveS myof yovel somexs qarTvelTa rjulze<br />

moaqcevdnen, xolo winaaRmdgomT maxviliT aRxocavdnen.” kirakosi<br />

<strong>da</strong> aseve XIII aswleulis meore somexi mematiane, var<strong>da</strong>n<br />

arevelci garnisSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s jaris <strong>da</strong>marcxebis mizezad<br />

miiCneven qarTvelTa Zaladobas monofiziti somxebis<br />

(grigorianebis) marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze mosaqcevad,<br />

agreTve qarTvelebis mier somexTa wmin<strong>da</strong>nis saflavis<br />

wabilwvas. somxur eklesias Tavis samwysoze didi gavlena<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, albaT, ganawyob<strong>da</strong> kidec mas <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

winaaRmdeg. amdenad, araa gamosaricxi, rom garnisis brZolaSi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>samar<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s oqros xana, somexTa er-<br />

Tma nawilma uRalata Cvens qveyanas. jalaledinic Seecdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

esargebla qarTvel-somexTa <strong>da</strong>pirispirebiT <strong>da</strong> somxebi ga<strong>da</strong>ebirebina.<br />

2 XIII saukunisve somexi mematiane, stefanos orbeliani<br />

(warmoSobiT qarTveli, magram gasomxebuli) garnisis<br />

brZolaSi somex-qarTvelTa uTanxmoebaze laparakobs, rac gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s jaris <strong>da</strong>marcxebas. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia<br />

XIV aswleulis ucnobi qarTveli mematianis 3 cnobebi.<br />

garnisis brZolaSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s jaris mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li iyo<br />

ivane aTabagi, mxargrZeli (im dros Cveni mefea rusu<strong>da</strong>ni),<br />

qarTvelTa winambrZol jars (avangards) ki meTaurobdnen<br />

Salva <strong>da</strong> ivane axalcixelebi.<br />

qarTveli JamTaaRmwereli, saerTod, aqebs ivane mxargr-<br />

Zels, magram garnisis brZolaSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sastik marcxs<br />

<strong>da</strong> 1225 wli<strong>da</strong>n Cveni qveynis <strong>da</strong>mxobas, rasac is qristes<br />

jvarcmas a<strong>da</strong>rebs, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s jaris mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>ls, ivane<br />

aTabags abralebs. raki mematiane <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefis samsaxurSi<br />

ivane mxargrZelis Rvawlsac warmoaCens, mis mimarT wa-<br />

1 es brZola gaimarTa somxeTSi, garnisSi(erevanTan axlos) 1225wels.<br />

2 ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, somxur xelnawerTa X_XIII saukuneebis... gv. 156.<br />

3 iv. javaxiSvilma mas JamTaaRmwereli Searqva.<br />

126

yenebuli braldebac, rogorc etyoba, usafuZvlo araa. jalaledinisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTvel winambrZolTa jarebi erTmaneTis pirispir<br />

rom <strong>da</strong>dgnen, “aqa <strong>da</strong>ipyra ferxi ivane aTabagman. ityvian,<br />

viTarmed SuriTa yo axalcixelTa Salva <strong>da</strong> ivanesiTa.<br />

hoi, Suri, yovelTa borotTa <strong>da</strong>sabami.” ivane mxargrZels “winambrZolTa<br />

yovelTa mouvlines kaci <strong>da</strong> rques: “<strong>da</strong>axloebul<br />

varT sultansa <strong>da</strong> spaTa misTa <strong>da</strong> Cuen di<strong>da</strong>d umcires varT<br />

<strong>da</strong> omi Zlieri wina gvic. warmoimalon mxneTa spaTa mefisaTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> simxneman Senman.” ese orgzis <strong>da</strong> samgzis mouvlines, xolo<br />

igi ara-rasa miugeb<strong>da</strong>. xolo vinaTgan winambrZolni Torelni<br />

<strong>da</strong> umetes axalcixelni Salva <strong>da</strong> ivane axovan iyvnen <strong>da</strong> wyobaTa<br />

Sina (brZolebSi _ a. a.) saxelovanni, arRara rides simravlesa<br />

sultnisa spaTasa, viTa mxecni ze<strong>da</strong> mietevnes, <strong>da</strong><br />

iqmnes Zlierni omni. moswy<strong>da</strong> orgniTve uricxvi, <strong>da</strong> Zlierad<br />

mbrZolobdes Salva <strong>da</strong> ivane, axovanTa <strong>da</strong> ZlierTa srvides,<br />

<strong>da</strong> gangrZel<strong>da</strong> omi sastiki. xolo ivane aTabagi <strong>da</strong> spani...<br />

xedvides Zliersa omsa <strong>da</strong> ara Seiwyalebdes TanamonaTesave-<br />

Ta <strong>da</strong> erTsjulTa, qristes aRmsarebelTa TorelTa <strong>da</strong> maT<br />

Tana mravalTa saxelovanTa, aramed dges SoriT, <strong>da</strong> ara ineba<br />

Suela ivane aTabagman, romelsa SuriT ityvian amas yofad <strong>da</strong><br />

ara Tu SiSiTa.<br />

<strong>da</strong> viTar gangrZel<strong>da</strong> omi, orTave ZmaTa axalcixelTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>uxoces cxenni, <strong>da</strong> queiTni mxned ibrZodes <strong>da</strong> moisrnes orgniTve<br />

uricxuni, <strong>da</strong> umetes Torelni. <strong>da</strong> viTar SenivT<strong>da</strong><br />

Zlierad omi, xrmalnica axalcixelTani gantydes Cabalaxsa<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>, maSin ivltodes qarTvelni”. 1 SesaZlebelia, ivane aTabagis<br />

Ralatis ambavi asaxuli iyos erT javaxur TqmulebaSic:<br />

“Tamar dedofli SulisaTvin (SvilisaTvis _ a. a.) uRalatnia<br />

mTavar aTabegebs”... 2 raki “aTabegi” mravlobiT ricxvSia, ivanesTan<br />

erTad, SesaZloa, nagulisxmevia misi vaJi avagic. gasomxebulma<br />

qurTma Tu qurdma, ivane aTabagma Tavis Surianobas,<br />

pirad interesebs anacvala oqros xanis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>. es<br />

SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos imiTac, rom bevri somexi ver eguebo<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Zlierebas, qarTuli droSis qveS kavkasi-<br />

1<br />

qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 169-170.<br />

2<br />

i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, t. I,<br />

Tb., 1961, gv. 351.<br />

127

is gaerTianebas.<br />

XIII saukuneSic araerTi somexi lanZRav<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebs,<br />

mag., istorikosebi kirakos ganZakeci <strong>da</strong> var<strong>da</strong>n arevelci. ma-<br />

Ti aRmzrdeli maswavlebeli, vanakanic ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams<br />

qarTvelTa mimarT. misi sityviT, “qarTvelni gvgmoben<br />

Cven <strong>da</strong> gvRalatoben,” miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisao, rom “mesropma misca<br />

maT anbani, <strong>da</strong> varZiis jvari manve akurTxa.” qarTvelebi<br />

umadurobas iCeneno somxebisadmi. 1 gamodis, rom varZiis samonastro<br />

kompleqsi vanakans V aswleulis Zeglad miuCnevia,<br />

riTac, cxadia, didi Secdoma mosdis. aseve <strong>da</strong>ujerebelia misi<br />

zRaprebi mesrop-maStocis did Rvawlze qarTuli kulturis<br />

ganviTarebaSi. isev <strong>da</strong> isev saqme gvaqvs somxur ideologiasTan,<br />

romlis mixedviTac kavkasiaSi wamyvani eri somxebi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen <strong>da</strong> ara qarTvelebi. vanakans <strong>da</strong> mis amqars, albaT,<br />

araferi smeniaT dinozavrebsa <strong>da</strong> saTafliaze, Torem ityodnen<br />

_ saTafliaSi dinozavrebi <strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n movidneno! ra SeuSli<strong>da</strong>T<br />

xels dinozavrebs, saTaflii<strong>da</strong>n wasuliyvnen somxeTSi?<br />

somxebis azriT, qarTulma eklesiamac Tavi <strong>da</strong>iRupa,<br />

rodesac, TiTqos, gamoeyo somxur eklesias qarTvelTa<br />

kaTolikosis, kirion I-is dros. amis gamo XIII s-is somexi mematiane,<br />

mxiTar airivanecic, agrZelebs ra somxur tradicias,<br />

kirions bilws uwodebs. 2<br />

qarTvel-somexTa metoqeoba, <strong>da</strong>pirispireba Cans l. maRalaSviliseuli<br />

“saxarebis” 1310 wlis anderZ-minaweri<strong>da</strong>nac.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s kaTolikos-patriarqma eqvTimemo “mibrZana qurmuxisa<br />

mTavarefiskopossa <strong>da</strong> yovlisa mTeulisa winamZRuarsa<br />

kvirile donaursa gar<strong>da</strong>werinebad saxarebisa <strong>da</strong> wargzavnad<br />

TuiTeulisaTvis eklesiisa.” me “saxarebao” “warvgzavnen say<strong>da</strong>rTa,<br />

monasterTa <strong>da</strong> SvidTa saswavlelTa TavsmdgomTadmi<br />

<strong>da</strong> vubrZane swavlebad sjuli WeSmariti... qarTlisa cxoreba[i]<br />

<strong>da</strong> cxoreba[i] alvaniisa (kavkasiis albaneTis _ a. a.)...<br />

romeli <strong>da</strong>wera petre lagaZeman <strong>da</strong> vinme somexman ga[<strong>da</strong>iRo]<br />

1 l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, gv. 131-132. rogorc<br />

etyoba, vanakans samcxe-javaxeTi, cxadia, usafuZvlod, somxur miwawylad<br />

miaCnia <strong>da</strong> ver egueba, rom mis dros es mxare qarTuli kulturis<br />

umniSvnelovanes keras warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

2 mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria, 1990, gv. 32.<br />

128

igi. <strong>da</strong> sakuTrad <strong>da</strong>werilad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> somexTac advilad<br />

iwames Cueulebisamebr.” 1<br />

mas Semdeg, rac Temur lengis urdoebma aaoxres saqar-<br />

Tvelo, 1412 wels Cveni qveynis mefe gax<strong>da</strong> aleqsandre I. mahmadiani<br />

<strong>da</strong>mpyroblebi aleqsandres mefobis Jamsac gacxarebiT<br />

utevdnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, misi miwasTan gasworeba sur<strong>da</strong>T. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

amisa, 1431 wels aleqsandre mefem didi laSqroba<br />

moawyo qvemo qarTlis samxreT nawilis, lore-taSiris gasa-<br />

Tavisufleblad <strong>da</strong> es mxare kvlav <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong>.<br />

lore-taSirisaTvis brZolaSi didi wvlili Seutania qar-<br />

TvelTa imdroindel kaTolikoss Tevdores.mas ase miumar-<br />

Tavs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s jarisTvis: “ama usjuloTa agaris naTesav-<br />

Ta (mahmadianebs _ a. a.) andronikes Svili alastaneli giorgi<br />

mouklavs (alastani sofelia javaxeTSi _ a. a.) <strong>da</strong> mravalni<br />

qristianeni wamebiTa aRusrulebian <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>utyueebian, <strong>da</strong> taxti<br />

mefeTa ganuryvnia <strong>da</strong> sapationi <strong>da</strong> camdis maRalni say<strong>da</strong>rni<br />

Seuracx uqmnian, saxl-salocveli quab avazakTa uqmnia<br />

<strong>da</strong> uneTa (cxenebisTvis _ a. a.) maTTvis sayofad ganuCenia. aw<br />

brZoleT Zlierad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>RaTu vinme omsa Sigan aRsasruli miiRoT,<br />

qristesTuis wamebulTa guerdis miiTualviT; <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Ra-<br />

Tu vinme <strong>da</strong>kodiTa (<strong>da</strong>WriT _ a. a.) anu <strong>da</strong>SavebiTa <strong>da</strong> raTaca<br />

tkiviliT itanjebiT, yovelsave qriste misad nebismyofelad<br />

miiTualavs”. 2 rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s kaTolikosi<br />

Tevdore STaagoneb<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa jars, rom mas jvarosnuli<br />

laSqroba moewyo qarTuli miwa-wylis, lore-taSiris gasaTavisufleblad.<br />

mefe aleqsandre I-s loreli un<strong>da</strong> ewodos, radgan man<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTvis uaRresad mZime pirobebSi SesZlo qarTuli<br />

jaris fexze <strong>da</strong>yeneba <strong>da</strong> imdenad gaZliereba, rom Cveni qveynis<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisTvis metad mniSvnelovani lores cixe-simagre,<br />

lore-taSiris mxare mtrisgan gawmendil iqna. msgavsi saxelwodebebi<br />

ki, mag., afrikeli, neveli, erevneli (paskeviC-erevneli)<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebulia msoflio istoriaSi. 1921 wels ruseTis<br />

imperiam lore-taSiri waarTva <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, somxeTs ga<strong>da</strong>sca.<br />

1 m. janaSvili, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoria, Tb., 1895, gv. 204-205.<br />

2 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, i. doliZis gamocema, Tb., 1965, gv. 123.<br />

129

iyvnen iseTi somxebic, romlebsac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s marcxi<br />

ar moswon<strong>da</strong>T. mag., somexi mwignobari, maTeos monazoni wuxs<br />

XV saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi mtris mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefis, konstantines<br />

mokvlis gamo: “warwymides mefe <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>si,<br />

Turqmenis boroti naTesavis, [i]usufad saxeldebuli satanis<br />

mier <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli kostantine. moicva didma mwuxarebam gonebaca<br />

<strong>da</strong> arseba Cveni, radganac didsa naTesavs Cvensas (somex<br />

ers _ a. a.) hyav<strong>da</strong> is Tavis mefis magivrad; <strong>da</strong>vkargeT igi...” 1<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1411 wels meore somexi swavluli, maTeos juRaeci<br />

aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>: sikeTe oTxi saxisaa, esenia _ Sewyaleba,<br />

kacTmoyvareoba, stumarTmoyvareoba <strong>da</strong> guluxvoba; “qarTvel-<br />

Ta naTesavs aqvs es [Tvisebebi] srulyofilad, amis gamo ga<strong>da</strong>rCa<br />

maTi samefo.” 2 am somxebs imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>T, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><br />

Tu SeZleb<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong> maT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, <strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n<br />

ltolvil somxebs TavSesafars miscem<strong>da</strong>. XV saukunis<br />

miwuruls <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTvis, kerZod, lore-taSirSi mdebare<br />

monastris, haRbatisaTvis (axpatisaTvis) Tavi Semoufarebia<br />

ejmiawini<strong>da</strong>n ltolvil somexTa kaTolikos sargiss. 3 ejmiawinSi<br />

somexTa sakaTolikoso gadmotanil iqna 1441 wels.<br />

rogorc zemoT iTqva, somexTa sakaTolikoso somxeTs moa-<br />

Sora bizantiis imperiam XI s-is Sua xanebSi. saqarTeloSi<br />

somexTa kaTolikoss XVII aswleulSic upovia TavSesafari.<br />

1437 wels ga<strong>da</strong>werili somxuri xelnaweris anderZ-minawerSi<br />

naTqvamia: xelnaweri wigni <strong>da</strong>mzad<strong>da</strong>o “sanainis monasterSi...<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si RvTismsaxuri aleqsandres mefobisas.”<br />

xelnaweris ga<strong>da</strong>mweri JamTa siaves uCivis: “sasowarkveTili<br />

var drois sisastikisa <strong>da</strong> somexTa qveynis mravali vaebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

aoxrebis gamo, rameTu movi<strong>da</strong> SeCvenebuli, boroti mZlavri<br />

<strong>da</strong> antiqristes winamorbedi, Ze satanisa Sahruxi, lang-Tamuris<br />

Svili, tomiT sparsi (mahmadiani igulisxmeba _ a. a.);<br />

igi samxreTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iZra didi laSqriT, uricxvi mxedrobiT,<br />

movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>aqcia Cveni qveyana, gaZarcva <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>atyveva yovelive...<br />

es mesamed mosvla <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rbeva iyo, Cveni eklesiebi sibnelem<br />

moicva... Cveni Zmobis wevrebi (somexi berebi _ a. a.) ga-<br />

1 somxur xelnawerTa XIV_XV saukuneebis anderZebis... gv. 35-36.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 138.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 99-101.<br />

130

viqeciT <strong>da</strong> gavifanteT qarTvelTa qveyanaSi... am mizezis gamo<br />

<strong>da</strong>vmkvidrdiT sanainis am wm. monasterSi”. 1 sanainis monasteri<br />

lore-taSirSi mdebareob<strong>da</strong>. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, somexi mwignobari<br />

sanainsa <strong>da</strong> lore-taSirs qarTvelTa qveynis nawilad miiCnevs<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara <strong>somxeTi</strong>sad. raki <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisufleba<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n ltolvil somxebs TavSesafars aZlev<strong>da</strong>, bunebrivia,<br />

maT Cvens qveyanaSi somxuri eklesia-monastrebic hqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

yuradRebas ipyrobs 1438 wels ga<strong>da</strong>werili somxuri<br />

xelnaweris anderZ-minaweric: ...”Tamuris Ze, Sahruxad saxeldebuli,<br />

didZali mxedrobiT, sastiki, gulqva, uwyalo <strong>da</strong><br />

qristianTa sisxls mowyurebuli, oTxgzis <strong>da</strong>esxa Tavs Tavrizis<br />

qveyanas <strong>da</strong> didi, eniT uTqmeli ziani miayena somxeTs,<br />

rameTu zogi maxviliT mosres, zogi Seubraleblad tyved waasxes<br />

<strong>da</strong> warwymides; sxvebi SimSilisagan mimkv<strong>da</strong>rebuliyo.<br />

maTgan zogi mokv<strong>da</strong>, zogic mglebma <strong>da</strong> mxecebma SeWames <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>glijes, xolo <strong>da</strong>narCeni, ganadgurebulebi aqeT-iqiT miawydnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> miaSures <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s. sruliad gaukacriel<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

aoxr<strong>da</strong> Cveni qveyana, cis mobaZav taZarTa karni <strong>da</strong>iketa, lamprebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> sanTlebi Caqra, <strong>da</strong>bnel<strong>da</strong>, sakmeveli <strong>da</strong> Sesawiravi<br />

Semcir<strong>da</strong>, locvam <strong>da</strong> fsalmunTa galobam iklo <strong>da</strong> Sewy<strong>da</strong>,<br />

msxverplad Sesawiri <strong>da</strong> eklesiis yoveli siwminde, jvari <strong>da</strong><br />

saxareba, yvela samoseli <strong>da</strong> eklesiis samsaxurebeli urjuloebma<br />

xelT igdes tyved. di<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>mwuxr<strong>da</strong>, SeZrwun<strong>da</strong>, moTqvam<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> godeb<strong>da</strong> somexTa eklesia. gavxdiT viTarca Zveli<br />

israeli, yvela naTesavisagan <strong>da</strong>Trgunvili <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcirebuli...<br />

am sastik <strong>da</strong> ubedurebis xanaSi, did gaWirvebasa <strong>da</strong> si-<br />

RatakeSi <strong>da</strong>vawerine es wigni ucxo qveyanaSi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si,<br />

hohanes mRvdels, haRbatis monasterSi... <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si aleqsandres<br />

mefobisas”. 2 haRbatis anu axpatis monasteric loretaSirSi<br />

mdebareob<strong>da</strong>. anderZ-minaweris somexi avtori loretaSirs<br />

somxebisaTvis ucxo mxared, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s organul<br />

nawilad miiCnevs. <strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n ltolvil, gaWirvebul somxebs<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, kerZod, lore-taSirSi <strong>da</strong>saxlebaze, Semoxizvnaze<br />

qarTvelebi uars rom ar eubnebodnen, es imitomac xde-<br />

1 iqve, gv. 51.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 53-54.<br />

131

o<strong>da</strong>, rom Cvens winaprebs miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, kvlav aRidgendnen, xelmeored<br />

Seiqmnidnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si oqros xanas, sjero<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

rom qarTuli suli kvlavac gaSli<strong>da</strong>, Seisxam<strong>da</strong> frTebs,<br />

Cvens qveyanas isev moevlinebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli <strong>da</strong> Tamari,<br />

romlebic SeZlebdnen kavkasiis gaerTianebasac, rac aucilebeli<br />

iyo mozRvavebul mterTa mosagerieblad. kavkasiis<br />

gasaerTianeblad ki saWiro iyo normaluri urTierTobebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebuliyo kavkasiel xalxebs, erebs Soris. am mizniT<br />

qarTveli xelisufalni marto somxebs ki ara, saerTod, yvela<br />

kavkasiels uRebdnen Cveni qveynis karebs, SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad<br />

maspinZlobdnen.<br />

lore-taSirisaTvis brZolas qarTvelebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

samefo-samTavroebad <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdegac agrZelebdnen. 1491<br />

wels qarTlis mefe konstantine II-s, mahmadian <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa<br />

rac SeiZleba Sors gasarekad, sevanis tbamde ulaSqria. am<br />

dros qarTlis “mefem aiRo lores cixe <strong>da</strong> mbrZaneblobs am<br />

qveyanaze.” 1 lore-taSirisaTvis brZola kidev ufro gamZafr<strong>da</strong><br />

XVI saukuneSi, kerZod, qarTlis mefis, simonis dros. 1579<br />

wels, rodesac Turq-osmalebi TareSobdnen qarTlSi, simon<br />

mefes <strong>da</strong>ulaSqravs lore-taSiri, magram lores cixe-simagre<br />

ver gauwmendia TurqTagan. 1586 wels simonma “kualad Sehyara<br />

spa Tavisi <strong>da</strong> waremarTa loresa ze<strong>da</strong>. ra mivi<strong>da</strong>, gamovi<strong>da</strong><br />

faSa muneburi (iqauri _ a. a.) <strong>da</strong> ewyunen (SeebrZolnen – a. a.)<br />

urTierTas <strong>da</strong> iqmna brZola Zlieri <strong>da</strong> RvTiT gaemarjua mefesa<br />

svimons, <strong>da</strong> moswy<strong>da</strong> urumi (Turqi – a. a.) mravali… <strong>da</strong><br />

aRiRo quabebi (gamoqvabulebi – a. a.) lorisa, <strong>da</strong>ipyra 2 lore,<br />

<strong>da</strong> cixe maTve urumT eWira.<br />

<strong>da</strong> gamovi<strong>da</strong> xani, mciredTa JamTa Seisuena <strong>da</strong> kualad<br />

Seiyara <strong>da</strong> warmovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moadga cixesa lorisasa, <strong>da</strong>uwyo<br />

brZola <strong>da</strong> aRiRo cixe lorisa.” 3 ase grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> gauTaveblad<br />

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. 4 bevri rom ar gavagrZeloT,<br />

qarTvelebs, aswleulebis manZilze, lore-taSiris gasaTavi-<br />

1<br />

iqve, gv. 98.<br />

2<br />

imdroindel qarTul enaSi es sityva <strong>da</strong>kavebas, <strong>da</strong>Werasac niSnavs.<br />

3<br />

qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 372-374.<br />

4<br />

ix. papuna orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, e. cagareiSvilis gamocema,<br />

Tb., 1981, gv. 67, 99, 121-122, 125, 139.<br />

132

sufleblad, SesanarCuneblad zRva sisxli aqvT <strong>da</strong>Rvrili.<br />

amdenad, usamarTlobaa, rom dRes lore-taSiri <strong>somxeTi</strong>s SemadgenlobaSia<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sazRvrebSi.<br />

XVI saukunis erT Turqul dokumentSi naTqvamia: “seid<br />

Cuquris reaias (e. i. erevnis mxaris glexebis – a. a.) umravlesobam<br />

Tavisi ojaxis gamosakvebad lukma-purisaTvis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

miaSura.” Zalian xSirad xdebo<strong>da</strong> ase. 1 lukma-puris armqone<br />

somexi glexebi Soreul qveynebSi ga<strong>da</strong>xvewas verc SeZlebdnen<br />

usaxsrobis gamo. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>mde ki rogorme moaRwevdnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulic iyvnen, rom Cvens qveyanaSi TavSesafarsac<br />

<strong>da</strong> “arsobis pursac” moipovebdnen. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />

rom XV saukuni<strong>da</strong>n qarTvelebsac Zalian uWir<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> saqar-<br />

Tvelo calkeul samefo-samTavroeba<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>iSala <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa<br />

Semotevebis, veragobis Sedegad, qarTveli eris jansaRi nawili<br />

mu<strong>da</strong>m ibrZo<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s gasaerTianeblad <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis<br />

erTobisTvisac. kavkasielebsac, SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad, exmarebodnen,<br />

mfarvelobdnen Cveni winaprebi.<br />

XVI aswleulSi TurqeTma <strong>da</strong>ipyro javaxeTi. amave saukunis<br />

bolos <strong>da</strong>mpyrobelma Turqebma, rac SeiZleba meti xarkis<br />

akrefis mizniT, aRweres javaxeTi. 2 aRweris masalebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

irkveva, rom XVI saukuneSi javaxeTis mosaxleobis 90 _ 95<br />

procents qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. ase, rom usafuZvloa somex<br />

mklevarTa, publicistTa Tu politologTa gancxadebebi,<br />

TiTqos, javaxeTi XIX saukunemdec somxur mxares warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ruseTis imperiisa <strong>da</strong> somxuri wreebis nebiTa Tu mcdelobiT<br />

javaxeTi xelovnurad aqcies somxur mxared swored<br />

XIX_XX aswleulebSi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mpyroblebi cdilobdnen, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mcxovrebi<br />

somxebi TavianT sayrdenad gamoeyenebinaT qarTveli eris winaaRmdeg<br />

brZolaSi. es movlena adri<strong>da</strong>nve <strong>da</strong>sturdeba, mag.,<br />

monRolTa batonobis dros. 3 amasve akeTeb<strong>da</strong> sisxlismsmeli<br />

Sah-abas I-c. mas miumxria, kerZod, Tbiliseli somxebi, romle-<br />

1<br />

Turquli wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis, c. abulaZis gamocema,<br />

Tb., 1983, gv. 28-29, 48, 52.<br />

2<br />

ix. gurjistanis vilaieTis didi <strong>da</strong>vTari, s. jiqias gamocema, t. II, Tb.,<br />

1941 w.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba II, gv. 244.<br />

133

ic giorgi saakaZis winaaRmdeg moqmedebdnen, mxars uWerdnen<br />

yizilbaSebs. giorgi saakaZes kicxavs warmoSobiT somexi mematiane,<br />

goreli farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZec _ rogor misca Tavs<br />

ufleba saakaZem, rogor gabe<strong>da</strong> Sah-abasis winaaRmdeg ajanyebao.<br />

1 roca amas <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sasicocxlo interesebi moiTxov<strong>da</strong>,<br />

qarTvelebi Sah-abasis, Temur lengis <strong>da</strong> nebismieri<br />

mtarvalis winaaRmdeg ajanyebas, brZolas be<strong>da</strong>vdnen <strong>da</strong> Tu<br />

mTlianad vera, nawilobriv mainc mizansac aRwevdnen, avad<br />

Tu kargad axerxebdnen samSoblos <strong>da</strong>cvas, saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

SenarCunebas. somxebis msgavsad, qarTvelebsac rom mietovebinaT<br />

TavianTi samSoblo <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi ga<strong>da</strong>xvewiliyvnen<br />

(sparseT-TurqeTi xom yoveli RoniT cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTveli eris winaaRmdegobis gatexvas, qarTvelobis ga<strong>da</strong>gvarebas,<br />

maT mospobas), islamuri samyaro Seisruleb<strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />

mizans <strong>da</strong> mTels kavkasias gaamahmadianeb<strong>da</strong>. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />

somxebs gauWirdebo<strong>da</strong>T XIX_XX saukuneebSi somxeTSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>bruneba Tun<strong>da</strong>c ruseTis imperiis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT.<br />

italielma pietro dela valem 1627 wels romis paps warudgina<br />

“informacia <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sesaxeb.” pietro <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />

namyofi ar aris, man es “informacia” sxvaTagan gagonili<br />

ambebis safuZvelze Seadgina. pietros sityviT, calke mefe<br />

hyavs qarTlsac, “romelic warmoadgens didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s nawils<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi mTavari rezidenciaa tfilisi.” axlandeli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

SemadgenlobaSi moqceuliao <strong>somxeTi</strong>s erTi nawili.<br />

2 <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m Tavisi araerTi mxare <strong>da</strong>karga saukuneebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi, mag., tao-klarjeTi, kola-artaani <strong>da</strong> sxvebic<br />

<strong>da</strong> mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc somxur miwa-wyals <strong>da</strong>exarba? igive sparseTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> TurqeTi qarTul mxareebs rom itacebdnen <strong>da</strong> mTeli <strong>somxeTi</strong>c<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobili hqon<strong>da</strong>T, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sagan somxuri miwawylis<br />

misakuTrebas moiTmendnen? cxadia, ara! aSkaraa, rom<br />

safrangeTis agent pietro dela vales somxebma miawodes<br />

mc<strong>da</strong>ri informacia; SesaZloa, somexma vaWrebma, somxurma eklesiam<br />

pietro moisyi<strong>da</strong> kidec. pietro dela vales “informa-<br />

1 ix. saistorio moambe, II, 1925w., gv. 233.<br />

2 g. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia, z. gamezar<strong>da</strong>Svili, romis kaTolikuri misia <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>,<br />

nawili I, Tb., 1994, gv. 347, 351-352, rusul enaze; msgavsi cnobebi sxva<br />

ucxoel avtorTa nawerebSic gvxvdeba.<br />

134

cia” saeWvod emTxveva erTi somxuri xelnaweris 1629 wlis anderZ-minaweris<br />

cnobas, sa<strong>da</strong>c Tbiliss somexTa qalaqi ewodeba.<br />

1 sinamdvileSi, im dros Tbilisi qarTlis samefos de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong>, tradiciulad, sruliad <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, yovelTa<br />

qarTvelTa sataxto qalaqad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelebi aTaswleulebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi TavganwirviT imisTvis ar omobdnen,<br />

brZolis velze Cveni winaprebis zRva sisxli imitom ar iRvrebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi Tbilisi somxebisTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>eTmoT. XVIIs-is poetis, feSangis Tanaxmad, sparseTis Sahs<br />

uTqvams qarTvelebze: “ver ewyobian muqaras maTi modgma <strong>da</strong><br />

jilagi.” XVIIIs-is ucnobi poeti ambobs: “qarTvelni lomni,<br />

uyvaran omni.” omi ra sayvarelia, magram samSoblos, igive<br />

Tbilisis ga<strong>da</strong>rCena sxvagvarad ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. Tu qarTvelTa<br />

mefeebi somxebs TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>saxlebis nebas rTavdnen, es xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

imis gamoc, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si JamTa siavis drosac<br />

cocxlob<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis erTianobis idea.<br />

XVII_XVIII saukuneebis cnobili somexi moRvawe, somxuri<br />

saxelmwifoebriobis, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s samefos aRdgenis mosurne israel<br />

ori evropelebs umtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom “<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> did sasomxeTSia<br />

<strong>da</strong> yvela iqauri qristianebic sul somxebi ariano.”<br />

2 somxur wreebSi maradJams cocxlob<strong>da</strong> kavkasiaSi somex-<br />

Ta pirvelobis idea. maT miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, rom rodesac <strong>somxeTi</strong>s samefo<br />

mkvdreTiT aRdgebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> misi nawili un<strong>da</strong><br />

gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo, rameTu somxuri ideologiis mamebs somxeT-saqar-<br />

Tvelos urTierToba sxvagvarad ver warmoedginaT. am dros<br />

qristianuli samefoebi mxolod <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

isini TavganwirviT ebrZodnen uricxv mters kavkasiaSi qristianobis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad. qarTvelebi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s gaTavisuflebasac<br />

rom isaxavdnen miznad, amis <strong>da</strong>sturia XVIII s-is 20-iani<br />

wlebis ambebic. im dros <strong>somxeTi</strong>s erT-erT mxareSi, siuniqSi<br />

(sivnieTSi) somxebi aujanydnen <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

sTxoves qarTlis samefo kars. qarTlis xelisuflebam sivnieTSi<br />

gagzavna qarTul jarSi gamowrTobili, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />

1 somxur xelnawerTa XVII saukunis hiSatakaranebi, t. II, Seadgines v. akofianma<br />

<strong>da</strong> a. ovanisianma, erevani, 1978, gv. 321, somxur enaze.<br />

2 ix. m. TamaraSvili, pasuxaT somxis mwerlebs, romelnic uaryofen qar-<br />

TvelTa kaTolikobas, Tb., 1904, gv. 43.<br />

135

mcxovrebi somexi <strong>da</strong>viT-begi <strong>da</strong> sxvebic. <strong>da</strong>viT-begis razmma<br />

sivnieTSi mniSvnelovani gamarjvebebi moipova. <strong>da</strong>viT-begi somexTa<br />

erovnul gmirad iqca. qarTveli mefeebi fiqrobdnen,<br />

rom kavkasiaSi somexi qristianebis arsebobac aucilebeli<br />

iyo, raTa amiT eCvenebinaT msofliosaTvis, rom kavkasiaSi<br />

qristianobas meti safuZveli, uflebebi gaaCn<strong>da</strong>, vidre<br />

mahmadianobas, romelic walekviT emuqrebo<strong>da</strong> mTels kavkasias.<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong> ki Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan somxebisgan iclebo<strong>da</strong>. XVIII saukunis<br />

bolos somxeTSi mxolod 25000 somexi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>nar-<br />

Ceni mosaxleoba <strong>somxeTi</strong>sa arasomxuri, mahmadianuri iyo. ejmiawinis<br />

somxuri sakaTolikoso haerSi gamokidebuli rom ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo, amitomac asaxlebdnen qarTveli mefeebi somxe-<br />

Ti<strong>da</strong>n ltovil somxebs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s im mxareebSi, kerZod,<br />

lore-taSirSi, romlebic somxeTs esazRvrebodnen. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

imisa, rom XIII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n, metadre, XV aswleuli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>c<br />

mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, gaWirvebuli<br />

somxebi mainc moiltvodnen Cveni qveynisaken. am mxriv sayuradReboa<br />

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis somexi poetis, nayaS ionaTanis<br />

magaliTic. is aRniSnavs, rom erevanSi “hava mavnebelia,<br />

aris cieb-cxeleba, wayli mRvriea”. am qalaqSi araferia saqebeli,<br />

yvelaferi Zviriao. poetis sityviT, mas erevanSi gul-<br />

RviZli <strong>da</strong>exruka, <strong>da</strong>avad<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> TbilisSi gamoipara. 1 moiswrafvodnen<br />

somxebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sken, Tbilisiskenac, magram amis<br />

gamo samSoblos warTmeva xom ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gvipiron?! somxuri<br />

eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelTac XVIII saukuneSic kvlav hqon<strong>da</strong>T<br />

pretenzia, rom sasuliero sferoSi maT qarTvelebze ufro<br />

Zveli <strong>da</strong> Zlieri tradiciebi gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T. amis <strong>da</strong>sturia erekle<br />

II-is Tanamedrove somexTa cnobili kaTolikosis, simeon erevancis<br />

gamokveTilad (cxadia, usafuZvlod) naTqvami sityvebi:<br />

wyeul kirionamdeo 2 qarTvelebi yvelaferSi emorCilebodnen<br />

somxur eklesias. 3<br />

1 l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, gv. 183-187; nayaS<br />

ionaTani xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom im xanebSic uricxvma mterma ver <strong>da</strong>a-<br />

Coqa qarTveli eri: “<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xalxi Ronieria, sxva mileTze uZvelesi<br />

eria, urcxvi mteri bevrjer moigeria.”<br />

2 nagulisxmevia VI-VII saukuneebis qarTvelTa kaTolikosi, kirion I.<br />

3 simeon erevanci, jambri, 1958, gv. 138-139, rusul enaze.<br />

136

somexTa amgvari, antiqarTuli pozicia aRizianeb<strong>da</strong> zogierT<br />

qarTvels, rameTu isini miiCnevdnen, rom somxebi saqar-<br />

Tvelos, qarTveli eris mimarT umadurobas iCendnen. somxebiT<br />

gaRizianebul qarTvelTa ricxvs ekuTvnis, kerZod, erekle<br />

II-is Tanamedrove mwerali iese baraTaSvili: “uRmToni<br />

somexni, mterni qristesni <strong>da</strong> mesisxleni marTlmadidebelTani,<br />

raoden ZalucsT <strong>da</strong> Tu dros icemen, vaWarni vaWrulad<br />

<strong>da</strong> codvisaTvis Cvenisa mefisa palatsa Semocvivnulni, kalmiT<br />

sisxlis mRvrelni, romlisa brali qristeman maTgan<br />

izRvos… mTavroba <strong>da</strong> mefoba-aRZrcvilni <strong>da</strong> yoelsa pirsa<br />

qveyanisasa RvTis mier monad micemulni, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si uflad<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganmged <strong>da</strong> aznaurad <strong>da</strong>udgeniaT, winaaRmdegad RvTis<br />

brZanebisa… naxeT aRmosavali, <strong>da</strong>savali… sa<strong>da</strong> aqvs somexsa<br />

aznaureba! RmerTman ganxeTqa, kacma viT aRadginos?” 1 erekle<br />

II somxebs Tavis samsaxurSi Tu awinaureb<strong>da</strong>, amas im mizniT<br />

Svrebo<strong>da</strong>, rom erevnis saxano erekles eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>, misi<br />

moxarke iyo. araerTxel mkvdreTiT aRmdgari <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>,<br />

ereklec, qarTuli tradiciisamebr, fiqrob<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis gaer-<br />

Tianebaze, kerZod, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s gaTavisuflebaze muslimTa batonobisagan,<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan <strong>somxeTi</strong>s SemoerTebaze. imdroindel<br />

rTul viTarebaSi saamisod erekle mefes somexTa, saxeldobr,<br />

ejmiawinis sakaTolikosos mxar<strong>da</strong>Werac sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

XVIII saukunis meore naxevris germaneli mogzauris, akademikos<br />

giuldenStendis cnobiT, “javaxeTi… aris qarTuli<br />

mxare, romelic amJamad mTlianad Turqebis xelSia <strong>da</strong> ekuTvnis<br />

axalcixis gubernias.” javaxeTi <strong>da</strong>saxlebuliao qarTvelebiT,<br />

romlebic qarTulad laparakobeno. 2 qarTvelebs didi<br />

Zalisxmeva <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>T imisTvis, rom XVI saukuni<strong>da</strong>n Turqe-<br />

Tis sazRvrebSi moqceul javaxeTs qarTuli ier-saxe Seenar-<br />

Cunebina. ase, rom somxebi javaxeTSi, iseve, rogorc, saerTod,<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mosaxleobis umciresobas Seadgendnen XIX saukunemde<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara umravlesobas. javaxebSi arsebobs gamoTqma:<br />

“javaxeTi oTxmocjer waxdenila <strong>da</strong> oTxmoc<strong>da</strong>aTjer aRSene-<br />

1 qarTuli proza, V, Tb., 1983, gv. 645.<br />

2 giuldenStedtis mogzauroba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, t. I, g. gelaSvilis gamocema,<br />

Tb., 1962, gv. 215, 315, 317.<br />

137

ula.” 1 somxebi, rogorc ukve iTqva, samSoblos masobrivad<br />

tovebdnen <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebs exiznebodnen. mterTagan <strong>da</strong>culi<br />

arc javaxeTi iyo, am mxareSi xSirad TareSobdnen <strong>da</strong>mpyrobni<br />

<strong>da</strong> javaxeTis 90-jer aRSenebas somxebi Tavs ar Seaklavdnen.<br />

es rom ndomo<strong>da</strong>T, TavianT samSoblosac ar miatovebdnen.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>nac gamomdinareobs, rom javaxeTSi somxebs XIX<br />

saukunemde mxolod mcire raodenobiT SeiZleba ecxovraT.<br />

amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom somxebi, xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen ra qarTvel-<br />

Ta Seupovar brZolas iran-TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> lekebis winaaRmdeg,<br />

<strong>da</strong>rwmundnen, rom amierkavkasiaSi qristianuli samefos arseboba<br />

Turme SeiZleba. somxebSic gaZlier<strong>da</strong> swrafva somxuri<br />

samefos aRdgenisa.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mpyroblebi, rogorc sparseTisa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis, aseve<br />

ruseTis imperiebi cdilobdnen gaeCinaT, gaemravlebinaT agentebi,<br />

jaSuSebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s somxur mosaxleobaSi. maT es<br />

somxebi gamoiyenes rogorc krwanisis omSi, 1795 wels erekle<br />

II-is <strong>da</strong>samarcxeblad, aseve, ruseTis mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>pyrobis<br />

mizniT. amis Taobaze arsebobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis cnobebi,<br />

gadmocemebi. sparseTis saWurisma mbrZanebulma, aRa-mahmad-xanma<br />

1795 wels Tbilisi rom ga<strong>da</strong>buga, <strong>da</strong>angria <strong>da</strong> rbeva-TareSiT<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s droebiT gaecala, im dReebSi SioS<br />

TumaniSvili wer<strong>da</strong> sulxan <strong>da</strong> manuCar TumaniSvilebs (es<br />

somxuri warmomavlobis pirebi <strong>da</strong>winaurebuli iyvnen mefe<br />

erekles samsaxurSi): “batoni (erekle II _ a. a.) TianeTs wabrZan<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Tavi ver <strong>da</strong>vaRwieT, Tan viaxel. aq <strong>da</strong>rCa Cveni yuTebi,<br />

<strong>da</strong>mtvreuli <strong>da</strong> uklito, sablebiT Semikravs <strong>da</strong> TviTeulad<br />

<strong>da</strong>miweria. aq duSeTis miSkarbaSs <strong>da</strong> qaluas mivabare...<br />

Tqven rom mobrZandebiT, me ki wamoval. Tu iSovnoT, cota<br />

TeTri (fuli _ a. a.) wamoiRe qalaqisa, kargi dro aris, egebis<br />

cotaTi bevri viSovoT.” maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, erekle mefis somexi<br />

moxeleebi cdilobdnen, xeli moeTboT im cecxlze, romli-<br />

Tac iwvo<strong>da</strong> Tbilisi <strong>da</strong> mTeli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, rasac ewirebodnen<br />

samasi aragvelni <strong>da</strong> mravali sxva qarTvelni.<br />

Tbiliseli somexi monazvnebis, Taguhi mirimanianisa <strong>da</strong><br />

gaiane xoja-behbudianis 1795 w. oqtombriT <strong>da</strong>TariRebul we-<br />

1 i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I,<br />

gv. 331.<br />

138

ilSi naTqvamia: qarTvelebio “Caebnen brZolaSi mis (aRamahmad-xanis<br />

_ a. a.) winaaRmdeg; magram mcire jariT (ufro metad<br />

imis gamo, rom qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> somexTa Soris ganxeTqileba<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong>) mefem ver SeZlo win aRdgomo<strong>da</strong> sparsTa jars.”<br />

mefe erekles SviliSvili, mecnieri Teimuraz bagrationi gvauwyebs:<br />

krwanisis omSi <strong>da</strong>marcxebul, mTiuleTSi gaxiznul<br />

ereklesTan misulan ganjis xelisuflis, javad xanis elCebi.<br />

maT moaxsenes aRa-mahmad-xans: “Cveni ara nebav<strong>da</strong>T gamotevebai<br />

(gamoSveba _ a. a.) 1 ... magram idumal movides Cven Tana maxlobelni<br />

vinme kacni mefisani, romelnica arian megobar javadxanisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>farviT Rame gamogviteves maT.” maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, mefis-<br />

Tvis mis moxeleebs uRalatniaT. erekles mravali somxuri<br />

warmoSobis moxele hyav<strong>da</strong>, kerZod, ukve naxsenebi TumaniSvilebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTi msgavsni, romlebic Ralatsac ar iTakilebdnen.<br />

cnobilia, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sken, Tbilisisken aRa-mahmadxanis<br />

jars mouZRo<strong>da</strong> yarabaReli somexi meliqi (gamgebeli)<br />

mejlumi, Tavisi razmiT. amis gamo mas kicxavs somexi poeti<br />

SamCi-melqo: “meliq-mejlum ZaRli gaxdes...” 2<br />

am utyuari masalebis Suqze sarwmuno xdeba erekle IIis<br />

SviliSvilis, aleqsandre orbelianiseuli <strong>da</strong> sxva gadmocemebic<br />

somexTa Ralatze, kerZod, imis Sesaxeb, rom aRa-mahmad-xans<br />

ar hqon<strong>da</strong> imedi mefe erekles <strong>da</strong>marcxebisa, brZolis<br />

veli<strong>da</strong>n ukan gabrunebasac apireb<strong>da</strong>, magram “iu<strong>da</strong> Jams eZieb<strong>da</strong>.”<br />

3 jaSuSebma, maT Soris, somxebma aRa-mahmad-xani <strong>da</strong>arwmunes,<br />

rom erekles mcirericxovani jari hyav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> didxans ver<br />

gauZleb<strong>da</strong> sparselTa urdoebs. erekles sakmao raodenobiT<br />

rom ar hyav<strong>da</strong> laSqari, esec, mniSvnelovanwilad, igive jaSu-<br />

Sebis <strong>da</strong>msaxurebaa. isini qarTl-kaxeTSi xmebs avrcelebdnen,<br />

rom sparselebi mTel aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s aiklebdnen,<br />

lekebic Semoeseodnen qarTl-kaxeTs. amitom yvelam TavianTi<br />

kuTxe-kunWuli un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>icvas <strong>da</strong> ereklesTan TbilisSi jari<br />

ar un<strong>da</strong> gagzavnoTo. <strong>da</strong>viT guramiSvilis sityviT, “Turqi,<br />

1 am dros erekle axal jars agroveb<strong>da</strong> sparselebTan saomrad.<br />

2 l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, gv. 212; v. nalbandiani,<br />

Tbilisi Zvel somxur mwerlobaSi, Tb., 1959, gv. 166.<br />

3 es sityvebi nikoloz baraTaSvils ekuTvnis. am ambebze ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe,<br />

krwanisis omi <strong>da</strong> somexTa pozicia, gazeTi “bedi qarTlisa,” 7. IX. 1995w.,<br />

#3.<br />

139

sparsi, leki, osi, Cerqez, RliRvi, dido, qisti, srulad qar-<br />

Tlis mterni iyvnen, yvelam wakra TviTo qiSti!” am kavkasielebs<br />

iran-TurqeTi aqezeb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong> mainc <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />

erTobis miRwevas kavkasiaSi.<br />

1783 w. traqtatis ZaliT, ruseTi erekles mxedrobiT un<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebo<strong>da</strong> aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. es miT<br />

ufro aucilebeli iyo, rom traqtatiT SeSfoTebulma islamurma<br />

samyarom gaorkecebuli ZalebiT Semoutia qarTl-kaxeTs,<br />

ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleoba 1783-1801<br />

wlebSi ganaxevr<strong>da</strong>, rogorc amas aRniSnavs ivane javaxiSvili.<br />

1 ruseTis imperia imitom ar <strong>da</strong>exmara erekles krwanisis<br />

omSi, rom mas awyob<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong>marcxeba, raTa amiT gaadvilebo<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTl-kaxeTis ruseTTan SeerTeba. ara<strong>da</strong>, traqtatis<br />

mixedviT, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba ruseTs ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

moespo, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo un<strong>da</strong> Sesuliyo ruseTis<br />

mfarvelobis qveS, misi vasali un<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo. es ruseTs<br />

sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> imisTvis, rom kavkasiaSi sayrdeni moepovebina <strong>da</strong><br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n Seetia TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> sparseTisaTvis. ruseTi qarTlkaxeTis<br />

samefos vasalobas aRar <strong>da</strong>sjer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba<br />

gaanadgura. rac TurqeTma <strong>da</strong> sparseTma ver<br />

SeZles, is gaakeTa moyvrulad mosulma, Semoparulma mterma,<br />

ruseTis imperiam. erekle fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTis mfarvelobiT<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> gaZlierdebo<strong>da</strong>, gaerTiandebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong>c<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SemadgenlobaSi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. es arc ruseTs<br />

<strong>da</strong> arc somexTa garkveul wreebs ar awyob<strong>da</strong>T. amis gamo ruseTis<br />

xelisuflebam ereklesTan <strong>da</strong>axloebuli somxebic gamoiyena<br />

maxis <strong>da</strong>sagebad, erTmorwmune 2 qarTvelebis mosatyueblad,<br />

ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c samiaTaswlovani qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba<br />

Cvens mravaltanjul winaprebs Tavze <strong>da</strong>amxes.<br />

somxebma miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxes, rom ruseTTan aliansiT pirveloba<br />

moepovebinaT amierkavkasiaSi. maT awyob<strong>da</strong>T qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />

mospoba.<br />

1<br />

ix.iv. javaxiSvili, p. surgulaZe, prof. listi, istoriuli raritetebi,<br />

Tb., 1989w.<br />

2<br />

cxadia, imperiisTvis erTmorwmuneoba arafers niSnavs <strong>da</strong> is SeiZleba<br />

mxolod vinmes gasabriyveblad gamoiyenos. mterTagan Seviwroebuli qar-<br />

Tvelebi ruseTis xelisuflebis veragobas gvian mixvdnen.<br />

140

ioane bagrationi XVIII saukunis bolos qarTl-kaxeTis<br />

samefos saxelmwifoebrivi reformebis proeqtSi aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>:<br />

“pirveli saqme ars, riTac SeiZlebodes vaWroba <strong>da</strong>vagvaroT<br />

qarTvelTa kacTa Soris. amisTvis, romel risac sarwmunoebisa<br />

aris mefe <strong>da</strong> erni, vaWarnica misive sarwmunoebisani umjobes<br />

iqmnebian. Cven TiTqmis somxebis <strong>da</strong> TaTrebis vaWrebis xelis<br />

Semxedvelni varT <strong>da</strong> es Zliereba iqmneba Cveni, odesca<br />

vaWarnica Cvenni iqmnebian. <strong>da</strong> amisTvis gamovarCioT qarTli<strong>da</strong>m,<br />

kaxeTi<strong>da</strong>m, raodennime kacni, isev vaWrebTan namyofni <strong>da</strong><br />

SevaCvioT vaWrobas. amaT xeli ganemarTos saqveynos Semosavli<strong>da</strong>m,<br />

raTa iswavlon vaWrobai.” 1 rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, qarTlkaxeTis<br />

mefis Svili ioane ar endoba somex <strong>da</strong> mahmadian vaWrebs.<br />

es faqtic mowmobs, rom qarTvel-somexTa urTierToba<br />

im xanebSi gamwvavebuli yofila. qarTvelebi ganuwyvetliv<br />

omobdnen <strong>da</strong> maT Soris <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> tradicia, rom vaWrebs<br />

zemo<strong>da</strong>n uyurebdnen. Tu <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si Semoxiznul somxebs<br />

Cvenma mefeebma vaWrobis saqme miandes, es mox<strong>da</strong> isev <strong>da</strong> isev<br />

im mizniT, rom kavkasiis erTianobas, somxeTSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

gavlenis gaZlierebas, <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa winaaRmdeg qarTvel-somex-<br />

Ta erTobliv brZolas amiT xeli Sewyobo<strong>da</strong>. Tu am mosazrebiT<br />

ar xelmZRvanelobdnen, qarTvelTa mefeebs, cxadia, SeeZloT<br />

vaWrobis saqme ufro metad qarTveli ebraelebisaTvis<br />

miendoT <strong>da</strong> ara somxebisaTvis.<br />

1 ioane bagrationi, sjuldeba, iv. surgulaZis gamocema, Tb., 1957, gv. 39-40.<br />

141

meoTxe Tavi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong> XIX-XX saukuneebSi<br />

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> saomar banakad<br />

iyo ga<strong>da</strong>qceuli, <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa mosagerieblad aucilebeli xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

omebSi qudze kacis gamoyvana. qarTveli eri avad Tu<br />

kargad, ase Tu ise Tavis <strong>da</strong>cvas axerxeb<strong>da</strong> uTanasworo brZolebSi.<br />

amis Sedegad qarTvelTa erovnuli siamaye Zlierdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amitomac qarTveli eri ver Seurig<strong>da</strong> ruseTis imperiis<br />

mier motyuebiT qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospobas <strong>da</strong><br />

qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebas. aRsaniSnavia isic,<br />

rom ruseTis moxeleebi yovelive qarTul a<strong>da</strong>T-wess uxeSad<br />

Slidnen, angrevdnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si. aSkara xdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTi<br />

qarTvelTa garusebas apireb<strong>da</strong>. amis gamo XIX saukunis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mdegi<strong>da</strong>nve qarTvelebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes antirusuli ajanyebebi.<br />

sayuradReboa, rom ruseTis xelisuflebas somxuri eklesiis<br />

avtokefalia ar gauuqmebia. amiT amierkavkasiaSi XIX<br />

aswleulSi somxebs upiratesoba eniWebo<strong>da</strong>T qarTvelebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, radgan somex ers hyav<strong>da</strong> meTauri, winamZRoli<br />

Zlieri somxuri eklesiis saxiT, xolo qarTvelebs mouspes<br />

samefo xelisuflebac <strong>da</strong> eklesiis avtokefaliac. rac qar-<br />

Tuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis saukuneze met<br />

xans Cvens winaprebs brZola <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>T, im erovnuli energiiT<br />

sxva didi qarTuli saqmeebi gakeTdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ruseTis xelisuflebam <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg<br />

somxebi gaixa<strong>da</strong> sayrdenad, Zalze moamravla somxuri<br />

mosaxleobac Cvens qveyanaSi XIX saukuneSi, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

somxebi Semousia <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s. n. durnovos sityviT, “rusulma<br />

biurokratiam, nacvlad imisa, siyvaruliTa <strong>da</strong> simar-<br />

TliT hqondeT avsebuli guli, qarTvelebma rom rusuli arwivis<br />

frTebqveS Seafares Tavi, maT xarbi eqsploatatorebi –<br />

somxebi Seusia.” … “rusuli biurokratia cdilob<strong>da</strong> gaesomxebia<br />

qarTuli miwa.” 1 1812 wlis, ruseTis batonobis winaaRmdeg<br />

kaxeTis ajanyebis dros, 2 ruseTis xelisuflebisTvis didi<br />

1 n. durnovo, qarTuli eklesiis bedi, gv. 44, 53,<br />

2 gavixsenoT, rom im weliwads ruseTis imperias eomebo<strong>da</strong> safrangeTis<br />

imperatori napoleoni.<br />

142

samsaxuri gauwevia <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s somxur mosaxleobas qar-<br />

TvelTa amboxebis CaxSobis mizniT. somexi mkvlevaris, a. ericianis<br />

sityviT, 1812 welso “mTeli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> mRelvarebam<br />

moicva <strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi rusul mmarTvelobas friad saSiSi mdgomareoba<br />

Seeqmna. ai, am gaWirvebis Jams mTavrobas Semweoba aRmouCina<br />

qveynis somxurma elementma.” 1<br />

aleqsandre fronelis Tanaxmad, “kaxeTis amboxebam naTlad<br />

<strong>da</strong>anaxva rusis mTavrobas, rom mas <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si megobrebi<br />

ara hyavs. mRvdeli <strong>da</strong> beri, Tavadi <strong>da</strong> aznauri, glexi<br />

<strong>da</strong> moxele, TiTqmis sruliad <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> TiTo-orola muxanaTs<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>, fexze <strong>da</strong>dga, iaraRs waavlo xeli.” aseT viTarebaSio<br />

ruseTisTvis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s somxuri mosaxleobis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras<br />

didi mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong>. 1813 w. maisSi kavkasiis<br />

mTavarmarTebeli rtiSCevi moaxseneb<strong>da</strong> ruseTis imperators<br />

aleqsandre I-s: <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s somxobao qarTvelTa ajanyebis<br />

dros ruseTis mxaresaa – “somexTa erTguleba mTavrobisadmi<br />

sali kldesaviT ucvleli <strong>da</strong> gautexeli iyo.” 1812 welso,<br />

“rodesac mTel <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si kaci aRar <strong>da</strong>rCa Cveni erTguli,<br />

marto somxebma ara Tu ar miiRes araviTari monawileoba<br />

amboxebaSi, aramed sicocxlesa <strong>da</strong> qonebasac ar zogavdnen.<br />

Cven jarebTan erTgul <strong>da</strong> erTsul iyvnen… ibrZodnen maSfo-<br />

TarTa gasawyvetad… aqauri mTavroba somxebs un<strong>da</strong> umadlodes,<br />

rom droze <strong>da</strong> win<strong>da</strong>win igeb<strong>da</strong>, ras apirebdnen meamboxeni<br />

<strong>da</strong> sad hqon<strong>da</strong>T bina. kaxeTis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxeSi gabneuli,<br />

erTmaneTs mowyvetili jari Tu rames igeb<strong>da</strong> erTmaneTisas, es<br />

sul somxebis wyalobiT, romelnic siamovnebiT <strong>da</strong> xalisiT<br />

asrulebdnen aseT saxifaTo mindobilobas <strong>da</strong> xSirad sicocxlesac<br />

esalmebodnen.” rtiSCevis azriT, aucilebeli iyo<br />

somxebis waxaliseba, maTTvis jildoebis <strong>da</strong>rigeba. amgvari<br />

qmedebao “TviT qarTvelTa tomis xalxebSi <strong>da</strong>hbadebs jibrsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> gamoiwvevs wabaZvas.”<br />

ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma samadlobeli sigeli<br />

gamougzavna <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mcxovreb somxebs, romelSic<br />

isini ruseTis burjad miiCnia qarTvelTa “urCobis” alagmvis<br />

1 a. ericianci, sruliad somexTa sakaTalikoso <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis somxoba XIX<br />

saukuneSi, nawili pirveli, Tb., 1894, gv. 63, somxur enaze.<br />

143

saqmeSi. 1 sigelisa <strong>da</strong> Cin-medlebis gar<strong>da</strong>, male somxebma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />

ruseTisagan ufro didi, realuri jildo mii-<br />

Res. 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg, 1830 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

samcxeSi, ufro metad ki javaxeTSi rusebma didi raodenobiT<br />

Camoasaxles somxebi, xolo am mxari<strong>da</strong>n ltolvil qar-<br />

Tvelebs uari uTxres mSobliur kuTxeSi <strong>da</strong>brunebaze. 2 Zir-<br />

Zveli qarTuli mxare javaxeTi, romelmac TurqeTis mravalsaukunovani<br />

batonobis Jamsac ki SeinarCuna qarTuli ier-saxe,<br />

ase aqcies XIX-XX aswleulebSi somxur mxared. dRes iq<br />

mosaxleobis 95 procenti, Tu metic ara, somexia. nugeSad SemogvrCa<br />

mxolod javaxeTze Tu javaxeTSi Seqmnili qarTuli<br />

folkloris nimuSebi: “me javaxeTs ra miSav<strong>da</strong>, mTvare idga<br />

mzesaviTa, kalmaxi <strong>da</strong> qeris puri win meyara bzesaviTa;” “Tavfaravneli<br />

Wabuki asfaras qalsa hyvarob<strong>da</strong>”… somxebs aseTi<br />

Tavankara qarTuli ar sCveo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, qarTveli eris <strong>da</strong>sustebis mizniT, ruse-<br />

Tis imperiam ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita Cveni qveynis eTnikurad aWreleba <strong>da</strong><br />

amitom ruseTis xelisuflebam <strong>da</strong>akmayofila somexTa wadili<br />

samcxe-javaxeTSi maTi Camosaxlebisa. amisTvis rusebi <strong>da</strong> ma-<br />

Ti mouravebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si – somexi moxeleebi ar <strong>da</strong>sjerdnen<br />

samcxe-javaxeTis mxolod mahmadiani qarTvelebis Seviwroebas,<br />

iqauri qristiani qarTvelebic ar <strong>da</strong>undviaT. am ukanasknelTa<br />

Soris gavrcelebuli yofila Tqmuleba: “generali<br />

yofila <strong>da</strong> im generalma uTxra xalxsao: _ Cqara moSordiT<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>nao! Tu jari movi<strong>da</strong> ukni<strong>da</strong>nao, kai dRe Tqven <strong>da</strong>gadgebaTo.<br />

erTs ar gagiSvans cocxalsao! – isinebma (imaT – a. a.)<br />

ro e SiSi gaignes (gaiges – a. a.), gacvindes ormoebSi <strong>da</strong> ma-<br />

RaroebSi, <strong>da</strong>imaleso, ro gaignes, gamoiara jarma, vidre isnebi<br />

gaigenen i jaris ambavs, vidre i generalma (paskeviCma – a.<br />

a.) somxebi gadmoreka azrumi<strong>da</strong>no. aqaur somxebs azrumis weswyobileba<br />

aq. namdvilia es, su azrumi<strong>da</strong>n arian gamosuli,<br />

Cven ro gadmoveliTo tyi<strong>da</strong>no, somxebs <strong>da</strong>kavebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T<br />

1 al. froneli, amboxeba kaxeTisa, Tb., 1907, gv. 226-235.<br />

2 iv. javaxiSvili <strong>da</strong> sxvebi, istoriuli raritetebi; S. lomsaZe, samcxejavaxeTi,<br />

Tb., 1975, gv. 251, 262, 355, 368, 423, 425, 427, 454.<br />

144

mamulebi <strong>da</strong> SevrCiT aq glaxa miwawyalsao.” 1<br />

al. fronelis sityviT, javaxeTSi somexTa masobrivi CamosaxlebiT<br />

kidev erTxel “aRSenebiT aRSen<strong>da</strong> javaxeTi, magram<br />

sxvanairad, ukuRma. qarTvelebis gasagisi TiTqmis amovar<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> maT naoxrebze sxva <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>.” <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, qarTveli<br />

eris Savbedobis gamo al. fronelsave aRmox<strong>da</strong> Semzaravi<br />

sityvebi: “gana ara sjobs, <strong>da</strong>ingres varZia, vidre sxvas <strong>da</strong>r-<br />

Ces?” 2 RmerTma nu inebos <strong>da</strong> Tu varZia qarTveli erisa ar iqneba<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxvas <strong>da</strong>rCeba, es sxva somxebi iqnebian.<br />

samcxe-javaxeTSi somxebis didi raodenobiT CamosaxlebiT<br />

qarTvel ers XIX_XX saukuneebSi is ubedurebac <strong>da</strong>aty<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavs, rom samcxe-javaxeTis mahmadiani qarTvelebi somxur garemoSi<br />

moeqcnen. nuTu qarTveli erisTvis sakmarisi ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

yofiliyo is tanjva-wameba, rac Turqebma ganacdevines mas am<br />

mahmadiani qarTvelebis winaprebis gaTaTrebis, gaTurqebis<br />

mizniT? rogorc iTqva, ruseTis xelisufleba aviwroeb<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTvelebs, mfarvelob<strong>da</strong> somxebs. saswavleblebSic qarTul<br />

enas devnidnen, somxur eklesias ki uamravi saswavlebeli<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iq swavla somxur enaze mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. mahmadian<br />

qarTvelTa skolebSic mTavari adgili eWira rusul <strong>da</strong> Turqul<br />

enebs. mahmadianma qarTvelebma upiratesoba Turqul enas<br />

mianiWes <strong>da</strong> amis gamoc Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan gaTurqdnen. mahmadiani qar-<br />

Tvelebi qarTul, qarTulenovan garemoSi rom moxvedriliyvnen,<br />

amas SeiZleba iavnanasaviT emoqme<strong>da</strong> maTze, iseve, rogorc<br />

iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobis gmir, lekebisagan gatacebul,<br />

<strong>da</strong>tyvevebul qarTvel gogonaze imoqme<strong>da</strong> dedis iavnanis mravalgzis<br />

ganmeorebam.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom 1832 w. SeTqmulebis Cavardnisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ruseTis xelisuflebis mier SeTqmulebis monawileTa ganeitralebis,<br />

ganiaraRebis, <strong>da</strong>Sinebis Sedegad imdroindeli<br />

qarTuli sazogadoebrioba xerxemalSi iqna ga<strong>da</strong>texili. am<br />

sazogadoebriobam ver SeZlo TurqeTisagan CamorTmeuli samcxe-javaxeTis<br />

mahmadiani qarTvelebis mimarT yuradRebis ga-<br />

1 S. ZiZiguri, qarTuli dialeqtologiis masalebi, Tb., 1974, gv. 104; gr.<br />

beriZe, qarTuli enis javaxuri kilo, Tb., 1988, gv. 7; S. lomsaZe, samcxejavaxeTi,<br />

gv. 353.<br />

2 al.froneli, didebuli mesxeTi, Tb., 1991, gv. 107, 156.<br />

145

moCena 1830-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>nve. aWara rom Camoscil<strong>da</strong> TurqeTs<br />

1878 wels, iq qarTvelma moRvaweebma didi erovnuli saqmianoba<br />

gaaCaRes <strong>da</strong> Semdegmac ar <strong>da</strong>ayovna. msgavsi ram SeiZleba<br />

momx<strong>da</strong>riyo samcxe-javaxeTis mahmadian qarTvelebSic, es mxare<br />

rom mTlianad ruseTis imperiisa <strong>da</strong> misi sayrdeni somxebis<br />

klanWebSi ar moqceuliyo. somxurma wreebma miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxes<br />

samcxe-javaxeTis gasomxureba <strong>da</strong> maT awyob<strong>da</strong>T, mahmadiani<br />

qarTvelebi am mxareSi Tu aRar iqnebodnen, ruseTs Tu<br />

<strong>da</strong>upirispirdebodnen, qarTul erovnul cnobierebasac ar<br />

aRidgendnen. samcxe-javaxeTis mahmadiani qarTvelebi Tu qar-<br />

Tulenovan garemoSi iqnebodnen, maT skolebSi qarTul enasac<br />

Tu sapatio adgili miekuTvnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> imTaviTve qarTvel<br />

moRvaweebs eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T SesaZlebloba ezrunaT mahmadian qar-<br />

TvelTa qarTuli erovnuli Segnebis aRdgenaze, dRes Cveni<br />

qveynis winaSe aRar <strong>da</strong>dgebo<strong>da</strong> e. w. Turqi mesxebis problema.<br />

ruseTis xelisuflebam XIX saukuneSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

TiTqmis mTeli vaWroba somxebs Caugdo xelT. somxuri bur-<br />

Juazia, ruseTis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, yvlef<strong>da</strong>, sisxls wov<strong>da</strong> qarTvel<br />

xalxs <strong>da</strong> TviTon mdidrdebo<strong>da</strong>. am gziT naSovn fuls<br />

rus moxeleebsac unawileb<strong>da</strong>, rogorc amas n. durnovoc aRniSnavs.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si somxuri burJuaziis Tu somexi CarCvaWrebis<br />

parpaSze masalebi sakmaod arsebobs. amis Taobaze<br />

saubaria, kerZod, cnobili moRvawis, sergei mesxis werilSic<br />

– “sami kvira kaxeTSi”: “bevri cudi ram gamegona kaxeTis foCtis<br />

stanciebze, _ awvaleben xalxso… male <strong>da</strong>vrwmundi, rom<br />

amgvari gakilva siRnaRis traqtisa gazviadebuli <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>metebuli<br />

ki ara, Semsubuqebulic yofila.” s. mesxma <strong>da</strong> misma<br />

Tanamgzavrebma fostis samcxena etliT, rogorc iqna, Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

orxevamde miaRwies. aqo “namZinarevi viRac gamovi<strong>da</strong><br />

stancii<strong>da</strong>m, <strong>da</strong>cinebiT Semomxe<strong>da</strong>, pa<strong>da</strong>roJna CamomarTva <strong>da</strong><br />

isev gabrun<strong>da</strong>.<br />

_ iqneba cxenebi Tu ara?<br />

_ niatu!..<br />

_ cxenebi ara gyavT?<br />

_ est <strong>da</strong> niatu!<br />

146

yvela ubedurebasTan gamodga, rom es kaci viRac kro 1<br />

Tu yarabaReli somexi yofila, arc rusuli esmis, arc qar-<br />

Tuli...<br />

azamburis stanciamdin mivaRwie. aqac isev is Cveulebrivi<br />

mkvaxe sityva: cxenebi ar gaxlavT! TviTon am stanciebis<br />

(Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>m siRnaRamde) meijaradris_mirzoevis (erovnebiT<br />

somxis _ a. a.) Zmiswuli iyo aq, mivmarTe imas.” qarTvelebis-<br />

Tvis Tbilis-siRnaRis gza aqac <strong>da</strong>ketili aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>: “bevri<br />

gvinaxavs TqvenisTana moCivari! bevri saCivrebi CauweriaT<br />

Cvens wignebSio, ar gveSiniano, “niCavo ni budiTo!”<br />

s. mesxis Tanaxmad, kaxeTis saukeTeso soflebSi, ker-<br />

Zod, winan<strong>da</strong>lSi, mukuzanSi, bakurcixesa <strong>da</strong> sxvagan qarTvelebi<br />

Raribebi iyvnen: “Raribebi viqnebiT, ma ra viqnebiTo,<br />

miTxra erTma iqaurma glexma _ yvela soflebSi somxebi Camogvesaxlneno<br />

<strong>da</strong> Cveni avla-dideba imaT miaqvTo.” maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

ruseTis mTavrobis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, somxur burJuazias <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

amqars kaxelebisaTvis kaxeTSive gza Seukravs <strong>da</strong> rogorc moeprianeba,<br />

ise Zarcvavs, aviwroebs maT: “Tqven warmoidgineT<br />

kaxeli memamulisa <strong>da</strong> glexis mdgomareoba, didi mosavali<br />

mouvi<strong>da</strong>, Tuki gza ara aqvs, rom waiRos <strong>da</strong> gaasaRos sadme,<br />

Tuki Rvino qvevrebSi gaufuWdeba <strong>da</strong> puri _ ormoebSi, Tuki,<br />

rac mometebuli aqvs, fulad ver aqcevs, an erTi rad un<strong>da</strong>,<br />

an meore? modis somexi vaWari <strong>da</strong> RvTisagan uxvad nawyalobebi<br />

Rvino <strong>da</strong> puri TiTqmis muqTad miaqvs, is mdidrdeba, kaxeli<br />

ki pir-Ria rCeba.” 2 ase xdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sxva mxareeb-<br />

Sic.<br />

vaJa-fSavelas sityviT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Sio “...arian mxolod<br />

CarC-sov<strong>da</strong>grebi, parunebi, 3 romelnic rogorc Waobi<strong>da</strong>n Tvalebgadmobrecili<br />

bayayebi, warmomsx<strong>da</strong>ran duqnebis win <strong>da</strong><br />

muStars mielian, elian dili<strong>da</strong>m moyolebuli meore dilamde,<br />

rom miutano lukma-puri, iyido ram <strong>da</strong> xeiri, mogeba aCveno,<br />

SaurianSi eqvsi Sauri misce. CarCebi <strong>da</strong>xetialoben sawvrilmanoTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> xuTis maneTis zizil-pipilebs xuTs Tumans<br />

1<br />

kro somxurad uzrdels, gauTlels niSnavs; ase eZaxdnen TurqeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gadmoxvewil somxebs.<br />

2<br />

s. mesxi, Txzulebani, t. III, Tb., 1964, gv. 304-307, 315, 323.<br />

3<br />

parun, paron somxurad batons niSnavs.<br />

147

gaagdebineben.” 1<br />

XIX saukuneSi kvlav gamococxl<strong>da</strong>, aRorZin<strong>da</strong> e. w. didi<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s idea. raki ruseTis mTavrobam <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si Tavis<br />

mouravad somxebi <strong>da</strong>iyena, somxurma wreebma miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxes<br />

rusebTan erTad gabatonebuliyvnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, ker-<br />

Zod, TbilisSi <strong>da</strong> sxvaganac. am mxriv aqtiurob<strong>da</strong> somxuri eklesiac.<br />

XIX aswleulis 70-ian wlebSi Tbilisis qalaqis Tavi<br />

iyo gamoCenili moRvawe, dimitri yifiani. erT mSvenier dRes<br />

qalaqis sabWos erT-erT somex xmosans (deputats) fici un<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>edo. am ceremonials eswrebo<strong>da</strong> somexi mRvdelic, tertera.<br />

somexma deputatma <strong>da</strong>iwyo ficis <strong>da</strong>deba somxur enaze. d. yifianma<br />

SeaCera _ me somxuri ena ar mesmis, gar<strong>da</strong> magisa, Tbilisi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s de<strong>da</strong>qalaqia, fici an qarTulad <strong>da</strong>deT, an<br />

rusulado. tertera <strong>da</strong> sxva somxebic amaze ganawyendnen <strong>da</strong><br />

protestis niSnad <strong>da</strong>rbazi <strong>da</strong>toves. maT sur<strong>da</strong>T, Tbilisi didi<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi yofiliyo. sxvaTa Soris, Tbilisis<br />

qalaqis Tavebic, ruseTis politikis Sedegad, XIX saukunis<br />

bolo mesamedsa <strong>da</strong> XX aswleulis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, 1917 wlamde,<br />

umeteswilad somxebi iyvnen.<br />

1881 wels TbilisSi gaimarTa ruseTis arqeologTa V<br />

yriloba. im dros sityva arqeologia farTo mniSvnelobiT<br />

ixmarebo<strong>da</strong>, yovelgvar siZveleebs aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>. yrilobaze<br />

cnobil peterburgel mecniers, aRmosavleTmcodnes, profesor<br />

d. xvolsons Tavis misasalmebel sityvaSi uTqvams: “me<br />

bednieri var, rom vimyofebi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s de<strong>da</strong>qalaq tfilis-<br />

Sio.” 2 yrilobas eswrebodnen akaki wereTeli <strong>da</strong> sxva qarTveli<br />

moRvaweebi. cxadia, isini aRSfoTdnen. d. xvolsons Secdoma<br />

mouvi<strong>da</strong> imis gamo, rom somxebi cdilobdnen, mTeli<br />

msoflio <strong>da</strong>erwmunebinaT, TiTqos, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tbilisic<br />

e.w. didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s nawili iyo.<br />

somexi mwerali, Sirvanzade meore somexi mwerlis, Razaros<br />

aRaianis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs: somexTa kaTolikosis<br />

erT-erTi arCevnebis dros aRaianma SesTavazao Tavis mego-<br />

1 vaJa-fSavela, Txzulebani, Tb., 1979, gv. 137-138.<br />

2 a. wereTeli, rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, t. IV, Tb., 1990, gv. 308-309;<br />

e. TayaiSvili, rCeuli naSromebi, I, Tb., 1968, gv. 273; n. gurgeniZe, i. gorgaZe,<br />

akaki wereTeli, biobibliografiuli qronika, 1989, gv. 138-139.<br />

148

ars, episkopos aristakes sedrakians, wasuliyo kunZul kviprosze<br />

<strong>da</strong> iq gamoecxadebina Tavi yovelTa somexTa kaTolikosad.<br />

aRaiani fiqrob<strong>da</strong>o, rom inglisi mfarvelobas gauwev<strong>da</strong><br />

sedrakians. amis Sedegad ki qveynierebis yvela kuTxe-kun-<br />

Wuli<strong>da</strong>n somxebi Cavidodnen kviprosze <strong>da</strong> iq axal samSoblos<br />

aiSenebdnen TavisTviso. 1 Znelia Tqma, aRaianis am gegmas<br />

sxvebic iziarebdnen Tu ara, magram aSkaraa, rom somexTa garkveul<br />

wreebsac hqon<strong>da</strong>T msgavsi idea. oRond isini aRaianiviT<br />

Sors ga<strong>da</strong>xvewas ki ar apirebdnen, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si fiqrobdnen<br />

axali samSoblos Seqmnas, rac qarTvelebis gasomxebasac gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

am mxriv aRsaniSnavia isic, rasac cnobili mecnieri<br />

m. TamaraSvili wer<strong>da</strong> 1904 wels: 15-20 wlis winaTo, “somxebs<br />

tfilisis seminariis TavianTi moswavleebi viTom mihyav<strong>da</strong>T<br />

gasaseirneblad tfilisis mazraSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c es mowafeebi<br />

Turme lursmnebiT sCiCqniden, amaxinjebden <strong>da</strong> erTian aoxrebden,<br />

rac ki qarTuli warwerebi <strong>da</strong> sxva ram msgavsi naSTi<br />

Sexvdebo<strong>da</strong>T Cveni namyoisa.” 2 amgvar faqtebze sxva qarTveli<br />

moRvaweebic amaxvileben yuradRebas. aSkaraa, rom somxur<br />

wreebs qarTuli kvalis waSla sur<strong>da</strong>T <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, ker-<br />

Zod, Tbilisis sanaxebSi, raTa amis Semdeg ufro Tavisuflad<br />

ganecxadebinaT _ Tbilisi somxuri qalaqi iyo adrec <strong>da</strong> axlac<br />

somxebs un<strong>da</strong> miekuTvnoTo.<br />

istorikos leos (araqel babaxanianis) mixedviT, XIX saukunis<br />

bolos TbilisSi gamomavali oficiozis, gazeT “kavkazis”<br />

re<strong>da</strong>qtorad <strong>da</strong>niSnuli v. veliCkos “somexTmoZule bodvas<br />

siamovnebiT Seuwyo xma qarTulma “kniazurma” presamac.<br />

ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, nikolaZe <strong>da</strong> sxvac mravali<br />

maTi msgavsi “kavkazis” poeti re<strong>da</strong>qtoris adiutantebi iyvnen.<br />

Turqebi<strong>da</strong>n (nagulisxmevia kavkasiis azerbaijanlebi _ a. a.)<br />

ahmed-beg aRaievma aayola mas xma, xolo erT mSvenier dRes<br />

SuSaSi (yarabaRSi _ a. a.) asparezze gamovi<strong>da</strong> vinme “<strong>da</strong>li-abasi”,<br />

adre policiis moxele, yomarbazi <strong>da</strong> loTbazara, romelmac<br />

agreTve Cawixla somxebi.” 3 rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, leo did<br />

qarTvel moRvaweebs viRac yomarbazisa <strong>da</strong> loTbazaras gver-<br />

1 Sirvanzade, cxovrebis brZmedi<strong>da</strong>n, erevani, 1930, gv. 307, somxur enaze.<br />

2 m. TamaraSvili, pasuxaT somxis mwerlebs... gv. 156-157.<br />

3 leo, warsuli<strong>da</strong>n, Tb., 1925, gv. 132-134, somxur enaze.<br />

149

diT ayenebs, riTac Seuracxyofs mTels qarTvel ers. TanamedroveTa<br />

gadmocemiT, ilias urTierToba ki hqonia veliCkosTan,<br />

magram igi gulze sulac ar exatebo<strong>da</strong>. ilias eZnelebo<strong>da</strong>o<br />

“tutuci veliCkos” saubris mosmena. 1 aseTive <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> veliCkosTan akakisac. Tu iliam <strong>da</strong> akakim veliCkos<br />

somexTmoZuleobis winaaRmdeg ar gailaSqres, es mox<strong>da</strong><br />

imitom, rom somxuri wreebi, ruseTis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, mTeli<br />

XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi parpaSobdnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, ker-<br />

Zod, TbilisSi <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa gasomxebas isaxavdnen miznad.<br />

roca qarTveli eris ori mteri, ruseTis xelisufleba <strong>da</strong><br />

garkveuli somxuri wreebi droebiT erTmaneTs waekidnen,<br />

iliam, akakim <strong>da</strong> sxva qarTvelma moRvaweebma neitralur poziciaze<br />

dgoma amjobines. leo TbilisSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saqmianob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

isic somexTa im amqars ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, vinc Tbilisisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> TiTqmis mTeli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mitacebas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad.<br />

gasagebia, aseTi somxebisTvis ilias <strong>da</strong> akakis erovnuli moRvaweoba<br />

miuRebeli iyo <strong>da</strong> ebrZodnen maT, Seuracxyofasac<br />

ayenebdnen.<br />

somxebi, kerZod, somxuri eklesia, qarTvelTa gasomxebas,<br />

grigorianobaze maT moqcevas rom cdilobdnen, amas mowmobs<br />

ipolite varTagavas mogonebac: XX saukunis 10-ian wleb-<br />

Sio Tbilisis komerciul saswavlebelSi “Semovi<strong>da</strong> vinme norakiZe,<br />

imereTi<strong>da</strong>n. dokumentebis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvis dros aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom mas <strong>da</strong>badebis mowmobaSi ewera, grigoriani ariso.<br />

aman administracia <strong>da</strong>ainteresa… <strong>da</strong>ibares <strong>da</strong> kiTxes<br />

norakiZes –qarTvelia Tu somexi; man ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTvelia.<br />

“maS, rad giweria <strong>da</strong>badebis mowmobaSi, rom grigoriani<br />

xaro”, ekiTxebo<strong>da</strong> saswavleblis xelmZRvaneli. “mowafem jer<br />

verc ki gaigo, raSi iyo saqme, Semdeg RimiliT ambob<strong>da</strong>: ”qar-<br />

Tveli var, imereli, mec arc ki gamigonia, ra aris grigorianio.”<br />

ymawvili ded-mamiT oboli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. “qarTul eklesia-<br />

Si <strong>da</strong>dixar Tu somxurSio,” kvlav hkiTxes mowafes. “qarTul-<br />

Sio, CvenSi sad aris somxuri eklesiao – upasuxa ymawvilma.”<br />

saswavleblis erT-erTi TanamSromeli yofila somexi deka-<br />

1 ix. krebuli: “ilia”, Tb., 1987, gv. 201, 554-555.<br />

150

nozi. mas kolegebi “mamas” eZaxdnen. “norakiZem <strong>da</strong>iwyo swavla.<br />

saRvTo rjuli pirvel sagnad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. am sagans norakiZe,<br />

sanam komerciul saswavlebelSi Semovido<strong>da</strong>, rusulad<br />

swavlob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bal klasebSi (marTlmadideblad). aq ki<br />

“mamam” moiTxova, rom norakiZes saRvTo rjuli somxur enaze<br />

eswavla, rogorc “grigorians”. mowafem ki erTi sityvac ar<br />

ico<strong>da</strong> somxuri. maSin administracia kompromisze wavi<strong>da</strong>: sanam<br />

saqmis viTareba <strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT gamoirkveodes, norakiZe<br />

gaeTavisuflebinaT saRvTo rjulis swavlebi<strong>da</strong>n. amaze araviTar<br />

SemTxvevaSi ar <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> “mama”. is moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, rom norakiZe<br />

<strong>da</strong>swrebo<strong>da</strong> mis gakveTilebs. administraciam <strong>da</strong>avala<br />

norakiZes “mamas” gakveTilebze <strong>da</strong>swreba. is jerac ver garkveuliyo,<br />

raSi iyo saqme; <strong>da</strong>valebas asruleb<strong>da</strong>, magram “inCibinCi”<br />

ar gaegebo<strong>da</strong>, gakveTilebze ra keTdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

bolos es… imiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, rom norakiZem Tavi <strong>da</strong>aneba<br />

saswavlebels”. 1 qarTvelTa gasomxebas somxuri eklesia adrec<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong>, mag., XVII s-is 30-ian wlebSi, roca Sah-abasis<br />

Semosevebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTi mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

magram XIX aswleulamde, Cemi azriT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

gaqarTvelebuli somxebis xelaxla gasomxeba, grigorianobaze<br />

moqceva xdebo<strong>da</strong>. saqme isaa, rom qarTvelTa mefeebi,<br />

qarTuli eklesia <strong>da</strong>uSveblad miiCnevdnen marTlmadidebel<br />

qarTvelTa gagrigorianebas, gasomxebas. 2 XIX s-Si ki,<br />

roca qarTvelebs aRarc TavianTi mefeebi hyav<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> qar-<br />

Tuli eklesiis avtokefaliac ruseTma mospo, amasTanave, qar-<br />

Tvelebi Raribebic iyvnen ruseTis mTavrobisa <strong>da</strong> maTi mouravi<br />

somxebis qmedebaTa Sedegad, mdi<strong>da</strong>r somxur eklesias meti<br />

gasaqani mieca qarTvelTa gasagrigorianeblad. gasuli saukunis<br />

70-ian wlebSi goris raionis sof. SindisSi, soso papiaSvilis<br />

ojaxSi movismine gamoTqma: “tertera abazad naTlav<strong>da</strong>,<br />

mRvdeli or abaza<strong>da</strong>o.” terterebi, somxuri eklesia<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirdebodnen qarTvelebs cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebasac<br />

<strong>da</strong> amiT zogierT maTgans, albaT, acdunebdnen kidec.<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad, 1918 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi Tbi-<br />

1 i. varTagava, mogonebebi, II, Tb., 1962, gv. 343-344.<br />

2 kaTolikobac ki didi raodenobis qarTvelebs ar miuRiaT, miT ufro ar<br />

miiRebdnen grigorianobas.<br />

151

lisSi qarTuli universitetis <strong>da</strong>arsebas “mtrulad Sexv<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si myofi mTeli rusTa moxeleoba <strong>da</strong> imperialisturad<br />

ganwyobili maTi aq mcxovrebi TanamoZmeni, iseve, rogorc<br />

somexTa plutokratiisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Snakelebis mesveurni,<br />

romlebic… TavianTs kulturuls saqmianobas somxeTSi ki<br />

ara, aramed tfilisSi <strong>da</strong> baqoSi awarmoebdnen <strong>da</strong> yvela mTavari<br />

aseTi <strong>da</strong>wesebulebani, ejmiawinis sasuliero akademias<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>, gamomcemloba <strong>da</strong> sxvac yvelaferi am ori qveynis, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

<strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis, zemo<strong>da</strong>saxelebul de<strong>da</strong>qalaqeb-<br />

Si hqon<strong>da</strong>T Tavmoyrili. somexTa plutokratiasa <strong>da</strong> maTs yvelaze<br />

Zliersa <strong>da</strong> mravalricxovan politikur partias tfilisi<br />

<strong>da</strong> baqo aramcTu undo<strong>da</strong>T TavianT qalaqebad eqciaT,<br />

aramed aseT TavianT ucilobel sakuTrebad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T kidevac”...<br />

1 aSkaraa, rom somxuri wreebi mTels amierkavkasiaSi gabatonebas<br />

isaxavdnen miznad.<br />

1918 wlis maisSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

respublikebi rom Seiqmna, qarTvel-somexTa urTierToba<br />

kidev ufro metad gamwvav<strong>da</strong>. aRsaniSnavia, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong>s saTaveSi<br />

moeqca erovnuli xelisufleba, <strong>da</strong>SnakcuTiunis (<strong>da</strong>Snakebis)<br />

partia, xolo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si gaxelisuflebuli menSevikebi<br />

internacionalistebi, marqsistebi iyvnen <strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />

TiTqmis araferi ecxoT. amis mowmobaa Tun<strong>da</strong>c is, rom noe<br />

Jor<strong>da</strong>niam <strong>da</strong> misma mTavrobam Tbilisis centralur prospeqts<br />

<strong>da</strong>arqves marqsisti plexanovis <strong>da</strong> ara romelime didi<br />

qarTvelis saxeli. qarTvelebSi marqsizmis bacilam, utopiurma<br />

ideebma rom fesvi gaidges, es gamoiwvia qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis,<br />

samefo xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong> qarTuli eklesiis<br />

avtokefaliis mospobam, agreTve qarTvelTa siRaribem. maT<br />

<strong>da</strong>ijeres, rom marqsistuli ideebis, ideologiis gaTaviseba<br />

ixsni<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, qarTvel xalxs siRaribisagan. somxuri<br />

eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelTa erovnuli saqmianobis Sedegad ki<br />

somex xalxze marqsizms Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebi gavlena hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> amitomac moeqca 1918 wels <strong>somxeTi</strong>s saTaveSi erovnuli<br />

mTavroba.<br />

sayuradReboa, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mTavroba 1918w. mais-ivnisSi<br />

1 ix. “qarTuli ena <strong>da</strong> literatura skolaSi,” 1986, #2-3, gv. 124.<br />

152

Seiqmna ara erevanSi, aramed TbilisSi, radgan rogorc iTqva,<br />

aq hqon<strong>da</strong>T somxebs TavianTi <strong>da</strong>wesebulebani. <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mTavroba<br />

Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n erevanSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlas ayovneb<strong>da</strong>, ajanjleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Cemi azriT, amis mizezi isic iyo, rom somxebi emzadebodnen<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan omisTvis 1 <strong>da</strong> sur<strong>da</strong>T Cvens qveyanaSi SeeqmnaT<br />

TavianTi mexuTe kolona. jer kidev 1918 w. 22 ianvars<br />

axalqalaqis samazro aRmasrulebelma komitetma <strong>da</strong>adgina:<br />

“xvalindel dRi<strong>da</strong>n ukve aRiarebulia javaxeTi aleqsandropolis<br />

(gumbris, leninakanis _ a. a.) guberniad (e. i. <strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

nawilad _ a. a.) <strong>da</strong> es Cveni <strong>da</strong>dgenileba gamoecxados yvela<br />

<strong>da</strong>wesebulebasao.” ilia alxaziSvilis sityviT, “amgvarad anderZi<br />

auges javaxeTs”. 2 javaxeTsa <strong>da</strong> qvemo qarTlze somxebi<br />

wina wlebSic, 1917 w. revoluciamdec acxadebdnen pretenzias,<br />

3 magram verc maSin <strong>da</strong> verc 1918w. ianvarSi mizans ver miaRwies.<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli respublikis <strong>da</strong>Snakurma mTavrobam<br />

ki naxevari <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, kerZod, Tbilisis, goris, ba-<br />

Tumis <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa mitaceba ganizraxa. im xanebSi <strong>da</strong>beWdil<br />

somxur rukebzec naxevari <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong>s SemadgenlobaSia<br />

moqceuli.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s sazRvarze garTulebebi 1918 w. oqtombri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

SeimCneo<strong>da</strong>, amave wlis dekembris pirvel naxevarSi<br />

ki somexTa jari omis gamoucxadeblad, veragulad Semoesia<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s. SeiZleba gviTxran, rom rigiTi somxebi arafer<br />

SuaSia, <strong>da</strong>Snakurma mTavrobam aiZula isini, eomaT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

winaaRmdego. magram ubedurebac isaa, rom TiTqmis yvela<br />

somexi momxre iyo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan omisa, TiTo-orola gamonaklisis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>. noe Jor<strong>da</strong>nias mTavroba am omisTvis ar momzadebula.<br />

maT egonaT, rom vinai<strong>da</strong>n <strong>somxeTi</strong> im xanebSi mZime<br />

1 somxeT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s omis Sesaxeb ix. a. CaCxiani, <strong>da</strong>SnakTa nacionalistur-eqspansionisturi<br />

ideologia <strong>da</strong> somxeT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s 1918-1919 wlebis<br />

omi, Tb., 2007; a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, meti obieqturoba! Jurnali “mnaTobi,” 1998, #3-<br />

4, gv. 172-187. es werili me ase <strong>da</strong>vasaTaure: “qarTvelebi brZolis uunaro<br />

<strong>da</strong>mpyroblebia?!“ somexi avtorebi aseTebad acxadeben qarTvelebs 1918w.<br />

somxeT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s omSi. amiT STaagoneben somex xalxs, TiTqos, qar-<br />

Tvelebs sur<strong>da</strong>T somxuri miwa-wylis mitaceba, magram somexma zinvorebma<br />

(meomrebma), Turme nu ityviT, maT kudiT qva asrolines. “mnaTobis” re<strong>da</strong>qciam<br />

Cems werils saTauri Seucvala.<br />

2 ix. gaz. “<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>,” 4. II. 1918, #28.<br />

3 ix. iv. javaxiSvili <strong>da</strong> sxvebi, istoriuli raritetebi.<br />

153

mdgomareobaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong> (gavixsenoT somexTa didi raodenobiT<br />

gaJleta TurqeTSi 1915 wels; amasTanave, 1918 w. bolos<br />

somxeTSi mZvinvareb<strong>da</strong> infeqciuri <strong>da</strong>avadeba, romelmac bevri<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani imsxverpla, erevnis quCebSi <strong>da</strong>umarxavi mkvdrebi<br />

eyarnen, rogorc amas leo aRniSnavs), <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan oms<br />

ver gabe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. menSevikebma ar icodnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s<br />

urTierTobebis istoria, arc ilia WavWavaZisa swam<strong>da</strong>T raime,<br />

Torem mis “qvaTa RaRads” yuradRebas miaqcevdnen. noe Jor<strong>da</strong>nias<br />

arc is a<strong>da</strong>rdeb<strong>da</strong>, ZirZveli qarTuli mxare, qvemo qar-<br />

Tlis samxreTi nawili, lore-taSiri iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Tu ara saqar-<br />

Tvelos SemadgenlobaSi. 1921 w. TebervalSi bolSevikuri ruseTis<br />

jarma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s lore<strong>da</strong>n rom Semoutia <strong>da</strong> maT miemxrnen<br />

loreli somxebic (lore-taSirSi somxebi ruseTma<br />

moamravla XIXs-Si), amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia wers:<br />

“rasakvirvelia, am somxebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli mi<strong>da</strong>moebis Semoer-<br />

Teba iyo didi Secdoma, magram Cvenma strategebma ase ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites,<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis simagreT <strong>da</strong>inaxes Zveleburi mTa-gora <strong>da</strong><br />

ara TviT mcxovrebTa sulis kveTeba”. 1 zemoT ukve visaubre,<br />

rom somxebi uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>nve, garkveuli mizezebis gamo,<br />

sakmao raodenobiT cxovrobdnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, isini Cvens<br />

qveyanaSi, kerZod, TbilisSic Zalian moamravla ruseTis mTavrobam.<br />

somxebi pretenzias lore-taSirTan erTad Tbiliszec<br />

acxadebdnen. n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias raki lore-taSiri ase advilad eTmobo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

emetebo<strong>da</strong>, barem Tbilisic <strong>da</strong>eTmo somxebisTvis. magram<br />

Tbilisi Tavis rezidenciad undo<strong>da</strong>. RvTis madliT, im<br />

xanebSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si marqsizmiT mowamluli menSevikebis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>, iyvnen erovnuli Zalebic, Torem lore-taSirTan er-<br />

Tad sxva mxareebsac <strong>da</strong>vkargavdiT.<br />

somxeT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s omis Sesaxeb saubaria 1918 wlis<br />

movlenebis SuagulSi myofi ioseb ime<strong>da</strong>Svilis TxzulebaSi,<br />

_ ”ganaxlebuli sicocxle,” _ romelic 1919-1920 wlebSi Jurnal<br />

“Teatri <strong>da</strong> cxovrebaSi” <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>. masSi laparakia, ker-<br />

Zod, TbilisSi somexTa erT-erTi TavSeyris Sesaxeb, romelsac<br />

somxuris mcodne erTi qarTveli mweralic eswrebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

somxebma pretenzia ganacxades Tbilisze.<br />

1 n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia, Cemi warsuli, Tb., 1990, gv. 93.<br />

154

“gana istoriulad qalaqi Tbilisi qarTvelebisa ar<br />

aris? ikiTxa qarTvelma mweralma.<br />

_ romeli istoriiT? hkiTxa tigranma.<br />

_ qarTvelebis sisxliTa <strong>da</strong> ofliT rom <strong>da</strong>iwera,_miugo<br />

qarTvelma mweralma.<br />

_ dRes ki istoria oqro-vercxliT iwereba...<br />

SexeT, Cveni (somxebiso _ a. a.) Tbilisi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan rogor ivseba<br />

qarTvelebiT.” somxebma un<strong>da</strong> movspoTo qarTvelebi, radgan<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si somexTa winsvlas eRobebian, xels uSliano:<br />

“<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> un<strong>da</strong> mokvdes <strong>da</strong> mokvdeba kidec _ sTqva tigranma.”<br />

aRniSnul krebaze kaxeTSi mcxovreb erT somexs ganucxadebia:<br />

”siRnaRisa <strong>da</strong> Telavis mazrebSi mofantuli somxebi<br />

saukeTesod arian mowyobilni, mTeli xalxi xelSi hyavT<br />

<strong>da</strong> saiTac un<strong>da</strong>T, iqiT mouRrecen kisers... iqac ki, saca vi-<br />

Tom qarTvelebi gamgebloben, Cveni kacebi gvyavs SeCenili<br />

<strong>da</strong> Cvens uneblieT erTi nabijic ver ga<strong>da</strong>idgmeba. swored<br />

amas un<strong>da</strong> mivaweroT, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s jaris Sekreba savsebiT<br />

ver moxerx<strong>da</strong>... Cvenis amxanagebis CagonebiT qarTveli<br />

glexis Svilebi an ar Sedian samxedro samsaxurSi, <strong>da</strong> Tu<br />

rogorme Caiyvanes, tanisamoss Caicmen, fexsamoss miiReben, iaraRs<br />

Caibareben <strong>da</strong> ukanve brundebian...<br />

Cveni agentebic muSaoben <strong>da</strong> xalxSi avrceleben mTavrobisadmi<br />

zizRs.”<br />

qarTlSi mcxovreb somexTa warmomadgenels uTqvams:<br />

“social-demokratiul partiis (marqsistebis _ a. a.) propagandistTa<br />

CagonebiT <strong>da</strong> Cvenis mecadineobiTac xalxs guli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

amorecxili aqvs samSoblos siyvaruli <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxeli.<br />

xalxi or banakad gavyaviT <strong>da</strong> erTi meores esisineba.”<br />

terteras mouxsenebia krebisTvis: “karga xania, TiTqmis oc<strong>da</strong>aTi<br />

weliwadi, rac mTel <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si Cveni sjulis <strong>da</strong><br />

gvar-tomis gamavrcelebeli sulis mamani <strong>da</strong>vgzavneT... Cvenis<br />

terterebis sasaxelod un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom saqmec kargad midis.<br />

bevr adgilas SegxvdebaT ded-mama namdvili qarTveli tetiebi,<br />

somxuri enis arc erTi sityvis mcodne, magram Svilebi ki<br />

somxur wes-rigze aRzrdili... ra wuTsac mibrZanebT, maSinve<br />

Tavs <strong>da</strong>vesxmiT Tbiliss <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebs mZina-<br />

155

ebs amovwyvet! _ <strong>da</strong>abolava rixianad aRtacebiT terteram.” 1<br />

Tbilisis sabWos xmosans (deputats), paron xaCos ganucxadebia:<br />

“dgeba momenti, rodesac somxis erma frTebi mZlavrad<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gaSalos Tavis farTe miznebis misaRwevad, _ ukeTes<br />

dros veRar vnaxavT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis Seqmnac<br />

_ jer kidev CanasaxSia, Tu movspobT axla, Tu ara <strong>da</strong> mere<br />

gaZneldeba.”<br />

aRwers ra omis ambebs, i. ime<strong>da</strong>Svili aRniSnavs: brZolis<br />

velzeo qarTvelTa “razmis ufrosma oficerma ucabe<strong>da</strong>d<br />

wamoiZaxa: _Cvenma mTavrobam gagvyi<strong>da</strong>, ueWvelad gagvyi<strong>da</strong>!.. Torem<br />

sad gagonila ase upatronod mitoveba xalxisa, _ gvxocavden,<br />

Sen-ki ar SegeZlos pasuxis gacema. sad aris mamulis<br />

Rirsebis <strong>da</strong>cva?.. fui, amisTana naZrax sicocxles!” am sityvebis<br />

TqmisTanave qarTvelma oficerma Tavi moiklao. i. ime<strong>da</strong>Svilis<br />

Tanaxmad, somxebs saSineli sibinZurec ukadrebiaT: poruCikma<br />

“korZaiam <strong>da</strong>hxe<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ra naxa _ RamiT somxebs <strong>da</strong>etitvlebinaT<br />

<strong>da</strong> SeepilwnaT muxanaTur Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmaSi <strong>da</strong>xocili<br />

qarTveli oficer-jariskacni. agera titlikana meomari, romelsac<br />

sasircxo aso moWrili aqvs <strong>da</strong> pirSi sCria... ager<br />

cxvirmoWrilebi, mTlad gatitvlebulni; ager SubiT Tvaleb-<br />

CaTxrilni, ager aso-aso akuwuli”... gadmocemiT, sasircxo<br />

aso mravali mokluli qarTvelisTvis CauCriaT pirSi.<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis, viqtor nozaZis, noe Jor<strong>da</strong>nias <strong>da</strong><br />

sxvaTa mixedviTac, somxeTma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg omi rom<br />

gaaCaRa, Tbilisis aRebas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. cxadia, sanam TbilisTan<br />

movidodnen, qvemo qarTlis <strong>da</strong>kaveba hqon<strong>da</strong>T somxebs,<br />

kerZod, maT mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>l dros (misi namdvili saxeli <strong>da</strong><br />

gvaria _ drastamat kanaiani), ganzraxuli. 2 amasTanave, somxe-<br />

Tis mTavrobam <strong>da</strong> parlamentma 1918 wlis dekemberSi erTxmad<br />

<strong>da</strong>adgina, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong>s jars <strong>da</strong>ekavebina javaxqi (javaxeTi). 3<br />

somxeT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s omis dros <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mcxovreb<br />

1 <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mcxovrebi somexTa mRvdlebis _ terterebis antiqarTuli<br />

saqmianobis Sesaxeb aRniSnuli aqvs menSevik yaribsac(p. geleiSvils).<br />

2 patriot qarTvelebs ki kargad axsov<strong>da</strong>T, rom Cvenma winaprebma zRva<br />

sisxli <strong>da</strong>Rvares qvemo qarTlis ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad _ “kidevac <strong>da</strong>izrdebian<br />

algeTs lekvebi mglisani, ise ar amowydebian, javri SesWamon mtrisani.”<br />

qarTveli am sityvebs ver <strong>da</strong>iviwyebs.<br />

3 gr. CalxuSiani, wiTeli wigni, donis rostovi, 1919, gv. 181, rusul enaze.<br />

156

somexTa mniSvnelovani nawili <strong>da</strong>Snakebma ga<strong>da</strong>ibires <strong>da</strong> qar-<br />

Tvelebs <strong>da</strong>upirispires. cxadia, amas arc erTi eri, arc erTi<br />

saxelmwifo ar moiTmen<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelebic moiTxovdnen moRalate,<br />

umaduri somxebis <strong>da</strong>sjas (gamoTqma _ Savi umadurebac<br />

gvxvdeba somxebis mimarT). ase, mag., erovnul-demokratiuli<br />

partiis Tavmjdomare spiridon kedia wer<strong>da</strong>:<br />

“Tbilisi gasawmendia.<br />

aTiaTasjer gamogvecxa<strong>da</strong>, rom aq auarebeli samWedloebia,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c Cveni <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mtrebi sxe<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

<strong>da</strong>saqcevaT yumbarebs asxamdnen <strong>da</strong> xmals lesavdnen. es<br />

saxelosnoebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iSalos <strong>da</strong> xelosnebi un<strong>da</strong> iqnan <strong>da</strong>Werilni.<br />

rusul-somxuri gazeTebi, romelnic TavaSvebulad <strong>da</strong><br />

utifrad ilaSqrebdnen <strong>da</strong> laSqroben Cvens winaaRmdeg, un<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv iqmnan <strong>da</strong>ketilni. SeuZlebelia, Tbilisis gaze-<br />

Tebi be<strong>da</strong>vdnen <strong>da</strong> gve<strong>da</strong>vebodnen Cveni saxelmwifos teritorias.<br />

vakxanalia elvis siswrafiT un<strong>da</strong> ailagmos. vin ar<br />

icis, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg <strong>somxeTi</strong>s gamolaSqreba<br />

ideologiurad <strong>da</strong> texnikurad TbilisSi moewyo”... spiridon<br />

kedia mimarTav<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobas: “<strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv gaswmindeT<br />

Cveni qveynis guli, Cveni Tbilisi im borotganmzraxvel<br />

<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>mnaSave elementebisagan, romelnic aq<br />

budoben <strong>da</strong>, rac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba gamocxad<strong>da</strong>,<br />

mas aqeT, dRe <strong>da</strong> Ram <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>samxobaT zraxven <strong>da</strong><br />

moqmedeben.<br />

gaswmindeT Tbilisi, rom aq SeiZlebodes uSiSari muSaoba<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqmianoba. es aris pirveli sawin<strong>da</strong>ri brZolis velze<br />

(somxeT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s omSi _ a. a.) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s jaris gamarjvebisa.”<br />

1 <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s menSevikuri mTavrobac, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad Tavisi<br />

internacionalistobisa, iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gaesaxlebina is somxebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT SemCneuli<br />

iyvnen Cveni qveynis sasicocxlo interesebis sawinaaRmdego<br />

qmedebebSi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s RalatSi. 2 roca <strong>somxeTi</strong> geomebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Cvens qveyanaSi mcxovreb somxebs rogor endobodi?! isini mahmadianur<br />

saxelmwifoebsa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis imperias emxrobodnen<br />

1<br />

gaz. “<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>,” 19. XII. 1918w.<br />

2<br />

a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>da</strong>n somxebis gasaxlebis Taobaze, gaz. “aisi,” 4.<br />

VII. 2006 w.<br />

157

qarTveli eris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi <strong>da</strong> somxeTs aRar miemxrobodnen?!<br />

RvTis madliT, im xanebSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si sakmaod Zlieri<br />

iyvnen erovnuli Zalebi. am mxriv marto ivane javaxiSvilisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelebi rad Rirs. qarTveli mamuliSvilebi<br />

aRSfoTdnen somexTa veraguli qmedebebiT, <strong>da</strong>irazmnen<br />

maT winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> male <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s jari general giorgi<br />

mazniaSvilis meTaurobiT Setevaze ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> somxebTan<br />

omSi. SesaZlebeli xdebo<strong>da</strong>, qarTvelebs erevanic aeRoT, magram<br />

inglis-safrangeTis moTxovniT 1918 wlis 31 dekembris 24<br />

saaTze saomari moqmedebebi Sewyvetil iqna. inglisis nebiT,<br />

qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili, ZirZveli qarTuli mxare,<br />

lore-taSiri neitralur zonad gamocxad<strong>da</strong>. ase Caeyara safuZveli<br />

lore-taSiris <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sgan CamoSorebas. inglisis<br />

xelisuflebam somxebis mxare <strong>da</strong>iWira. es gamowveuli iyo<br />

imiT, rom didi saxelmwifoebi, kerZod, inglisic TurqeTSi<br />

mcxovreb somxebs Tavisi interesebisTvis iyenebdnen <strong>da</strong> momavalSic<br />

SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> inglisis politikaSi somexTa sakiTxs<br />

garkveuli adgili <strong>da</strong>ekavebina. <strong>da</strong> ai, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xarjze<br />

inglisma xeli gauwo<strong>da</strong> somxeTs. 1921 wels bolSevikurma ruseTma<br />

lore-taSiri CamoarTva <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>sca somxeTs.<br />

ruseTi im dros TurqeTis mokavSire iyo, somxuri mxareebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>uTmo TurqeTs <strong>da</strong> masTan Caxutebul kavkasiis azerbaijans<br />

<strong>da</strong> samagierod sazRvrebSekvecil somxeTs ga<strong>da</strong>sca<br />

qarTuli miwa-wyali, lore-taSiri, iseve, rogorc azerbaijans<br />

miakuTvna kaxeTis nawili, hereTi anu saingilo. rac Seexeba<br />

javaxeTs, mis mierTebas somxeTTan somxebi cdilobdnen<br />

sabWoTa periodSic, XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi. qarTul<br />

warwerebsac isev spobdnen javaxeTis istoriul Zeglebze. 1<br />

didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s idea sabWoTa kavSiris, ruseTis komunisturi<br />

imperiis arsebobis Jamsac cocxlob<strong>da</strong>. somxurma wreebma<br />

moaxerxes <strong>da</strong> iugoslaviis saxelmwifos komunist meTaurs,<br />

iosip broz titos aTqmevines meore msoflio omis Semdeg:<br />

“somexi xalxis samarTliani uflebaa, hqondes didi som-<br />

1<br />

ix. mag., n. berZeniSvili, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1964, gv.<br />

70-71, 75, 104-106, 109-110, 157.<br />

158

xeTi.” 1 somxebi didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s Seqmnas qarTuli miwa-wylis mitacebis<br />

gziTac apireben. cnobilia, rom igive afxazeTis<br />

omis dros somxebi ebrZodnen qarTvelebs. amas Svrebodnen<br />

imitomac, rom somxur wreebs awyobT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s calkeul<br />

nawilebad <strong>da</strong>Sla, <strong>da</strong>susteba, raTa amis Sedegad amierkavkasiaSi<br />

wamyvan saxelmwifod iqces <strong>somxeTi</strong>, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s faqtobrivad<br />

CamoSordes javaxeTi. SeiZleba saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobam,<br />

organizaciebma javaxeTis somxeTTan SeerTebas<br />

mxari ar <strong>da</strong>uWiron, magram Tu Sesrul<strong>da</strong> somexTa moTxovna<br />

<strong>da</strong> javaxeTs farTo avtonomia mieniWa, es niSnavs am mxaris<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sgan faqtobrivad CamoSorebas, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s sruli<br />

gavlenis qveS moqcevas. mogvianebiT, vTqvaT, 40-50 wlis Semdeg,<br />

vin icis, kidev ra moxdeba.<br />

1996 wels somxur gazeT “lragirSi” <strong>da</strong>beWdil werilSi<br />

_ ”didi <strong>somxeTi</strong> mcire sazRvrebSi” _ naTqvamia: “Cven un<strong>da</strong><br />

movTxovoT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, ara marto Sewyvitos Cveni<br />

Tanamemamuleebis devna-Seviwroeba, aramed movTxovoT teritoriuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobac javaxeTelebisaTvis. Tu saqar-<br />

Tvelo amaze ar <strong>da</strong>gvTanxmdeba, maSin Cven un<strong>da</strong> gavaTavisufloT<br />

Cveni miwa-wyali iaraRiT xelSi, miT umetes, rom gvaqvs<br />

amis SesaZlebloba.” samcxe, axalcixis mxarec somxuri miwawyalia,<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vibrunoTo. qarTvelebi brZolaSi, omSi ver<br />

gagvimklavdebiano somxebs: “qarTveli eri, rogorc erTiani<br />

organizmi, ar arsebobs. am saxelwodebiT igulisxmebian mravalricxovani<br />

eTnikuri jgufebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan<br />

di<strong>da</strong>d gansxvavdebian.” somexTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n msgavsi gamoxdomebi,<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriis <strong>da</strong>knineba, gayalbeba dRemde grZeldeba.<br />

cotne <strong>da</strong>dianma qarTulTan erTad megruli enac Tu ico<strong>da</strong>,<br />

amitom Segnebulad ar gaswira Tavi sruliad <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTvis,<br />

ar gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s erovnuli gmiri? megrelebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> svanebi iseve monawileobdnen qarTveli eris ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis-<br />

Tvis gaCaRebul saukunovan brZolebSi, omebSi, rogorc sxva<br />

qarTvelebi, sxva qarTul mxareTa mkvidrni.<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n sakmao raode-<br />

1 ix. s. stefanianci, somxuri samociqulo eklesia stalinuri tiraniis<br />

xanaSi, erevani, 1994, gv. 185, somxur enaze.<br />

159

nobiT cxovrobdnen somxebi garkveuli mizezebis gamo, gasagebia,<br />

droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi gaqarTveleba xdebo<strong>da</strong>. magram<br />

am gaqarTvelebul somxebsac gamokveTili qarTuli erovnuli<br />

Segneba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T. amis gamo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriam<br />

ar icis iseTi magaliTi, rom romelime gaqarTvelebul somexs<br />

didi qarTuli erovnuli saqme ekeTebinos. isini pirad<br />

interesebs qarTveli eris sasicocxlo interesebze maRla<br />

ayenebdnen. imis gamoc, rom somxebi mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />

miznad isaxavdnen qarTvelTa gasomxebas, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

gasomxurebas, magram mox<strong>da</strong> piriqiT, gacilebiT, Seu<strong>da</strong>reblad<br />

meti somexi gaqarTvel<strong>da</strong>, vidre qarTveli gasomx<strong>da</strong>,<br />

am movlenam Taviseburi, araqarTuli, xSirad antiqarTuli<br />

buneba, de<strong>da</strong>arsi SesZina gaqarTvelebuli somxis fsiqikasac.<br />

dRes <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebis saTaveSi moqcevas<br />

araerTi gaqarTvelebuli somexi, nasomxari cdilobs, rac,<br />

zemoTqmulis gamo, Cvens qveyanas, qarTvel ers kargs arafers<br />

uqadis. aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi Zlieri,<br />

mdi<strong>da</strong>ri, gavleniani somxuri diaspora arsebobs. maTi warmomadgenlebi<br />

cdiloben, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s umaRles xelisuflebaSi<br />

swored gaqarTvelebuli somxebi, nasomxrebi moxvdnen,<br />

radgan ician, rom es xels SeuSlis qarTveli eris fexze<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgomas, gaZlierebas, mkvdreTiT aRdgomas. amiT ki, saboloo<br />

angariSiT, somxuri saqme keTdeba, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>susteba,<br />

qarTveli eris <strong>da</strong>uZlureba somxeTs, somxebs awyobT.<br />

imis gamo, rom qarTvelebi Raribebi varT, bevri qarTveli<br />

Tanaxmaa seroJistic gaxdes_oRond gamaZRon <strong>da</strong> vinc gin<strong>da</strong>,<br />

imaT warmarTon <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s bedio. zogi vaiqarTveli Tavisi<br />

seroJistobiT mdidrdeba kidec.<br />

qarTveli eri fxizlad un<strong>da</strong> iyos, ar un<strong>da</strong> misces somxur<br />

wreebs SesaZlebloba, ganaxorcielon TavianTi is gegmebi,<br />

romlebic <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, qarTveli eris <strong>da</strong>sustebisakenaa<br />

mimarTuli. qarTvelebma aRar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uSvan, rom somxeTma<br />

kvlav Camoacilos <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Cveni winaprebis sisxliT<br />

morwyuli, maTive ZvlebiT gapoxierebuli qarTuli miwa-wyali,<br />

rogorc es mox<strong>da</strong> 1921 wels, rodesac Cvenma qveyanam <strong>da</strong>karga<br />

qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili _ lore-taSiri. rac<br />

Seexeba didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s arsebobis gasamarTleblad iosip<br />

160

oz titos moSveliebas, amgvari ram qarTvelebmac SeiZleba<br />

gavakeToT. ase, mag., pakistanis saxelmwifos meTauri, benazir<br />

fxuto ambob<strong>da</strong>: islami evropas moedebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xeli<br />

rom ar SeeSalao. marTlac, qarTveli eri saukuneebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi gmirulad ibrZo<strong>da</strong>, rom kavkasiaSi islamur samyaros<br />

qristianoba ar aRmoefxvra. es xdebo<strong>da</strong> im aswleuleb-<br />

Si, roca qristianuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ganadgurebis mosurne,<br />

mahmadianobis burj TurqeTs <strong>da</strong>pyrobiTi, <strong>da</strong>mpyrobluri omebis<br />

raodenobiT pirveli adgili uWiravs msoflioSi. kavkasiaSi<br />

qristianobis amoZirkvis, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

mospobis SemTxvevaSi mahmadianoba evropiskenac ufro advilad<br />

gaikvlev<strong>da</strong> gzas. amdenad, didi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s arsebobas,<br />

aRdgenas meti safuZveli gaaCnia, vidre didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>sas. didi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> ki Tavis istoriul miwa-wyals, mag., taoklarjeTs<br />

1 <strong>da</strong> sxva ZirZvel qarTul mxareebs arc somxeTs <strong>da</strong><br />

arc sxva qveynebs ar <strong>da</strong>uTmob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1<br />

romelic momavali didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s nawilad warmoudgeniaT stefaniancs<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxvebs.<br />

161

<strong>da</strong>narTi<br />

somxebs un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>eceT eklesiebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si?!<br />

am bolo xanebSi xSirad iwereba imis Sesaxeb, rom somexTa<br />

garkveuli wreebi pretenzias acxadeben 650 eklesiaze<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si. es eklesiebi somxebis iyo <strong>da</strong> isev maT un<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>ubrundeTo. somxebi iTxoven eklesiebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas Tbilis-<br />

Sic. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s amJamindeli xelisuflebis zogierTi ma-<br />

RalCinosanic maT mxars uWers!<br />

aqvs Tu ara raime safuZveli somexTa pretenziebs, amis<br />

gasarkvevad aucilebelia wiaRsvla istoriaSi. samwuxarod,<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>somxeTi</strong>s urTierTobis mravali problema dRemde<br />

jerovnad <strong>da</strong>muSavebuli, Seswavlili ar aris. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />

arc aravin zrunavs imaze, rom am saqmes moevlos, qarTvel<br />

armenologebs SeeqmnaT pirobebi samuSaod. sagangebo yurad-<br />

Reba un<strong>da</strong> eqceodes imasac, rom aRizardos unarian qarTvel<br />

armenologTa axali Taoba. magram aseTi laparaki rCeba xmad<br />

mRaRadeblisa u<strong>da</strong>bnosa Sina.<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvili, saubrobs ra Zveli Tbilisis eklesiebis<br />

Sesaxeb, erTgan aRniSnavs: “kualad ugumbaTo oTxi<br />

aw upyravT somexTa” (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, 1973, gv. 336). “aw<br />

upyravT somexTa” imas niSnavs, rom manamde sxvas, e. i. qarTvelebs<br />

ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>T es eklesiebi.<br />

ismis kiTxva: ram gamoiwvia somexTa momravleba saqar-<br />

TveloSi? <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mcxovreb somxebs, cxadia, TavianTi<br />

eklesiebic eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T – zogs TviTon aaSenebdnen, zogs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s,<br />

an Cveni qveynis <strong>da</strong>mpyroblis xelisufleba uwyalobeb<strong>da</strong><br />

(TelavSi, mag., iq Camosaxlebuli somxebisaTvis<br />

erekle II-s, politikuri mosazrebiT, uboZebia qarTuli eklesia<br />

– ix. al. orbeliani, Telavi, 1997 w., gv. 5), rameTu saqar-<br />

TveloSi mcxovrebi somxebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen, Cveni<br />

samSoblos nebismier <strong>da</strong>mpyrobelTan kargi urTierToba hqono<strong>da</strong>T<br />

(jaSuSeba<strong>da</strong>c udgebodnen maT), saerTo ena gamoenaxaT.<br />

<strong>da</strong> mainc, 650 somxuri eklesia <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si ar yofila.<br />

amjerad meaTe saukuneze ufro adrindel ambebs aRar<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vwvdebi, moveridebi sagazeTo werilis ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTvas. somexi<br />

mkvlevaris, h. barTikianis sityviT, “naTlad Cans, rom X<br />

162

saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis somxebi moxetiale, aramdgrad<br />

xalxad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T.” h. barTikiani fiqrobs, rom es ar aris somexTaTvis<br />

bunebrivi, Tan<strong>da</strong>yolili Tviseba, igi SemdgomSi un<strong>da</strong><br />

iyoso SeZenili. asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom adrec <strong>da</strong>, metadre,<br />

X-XI aswleulebSi uamravi somexi aiyara Tavisi mSobliuri<br />

miwa-wyli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ucxo qveynebs miaSura (ix. a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZe,<br />

amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa urTierToba IX-XI saukuneebSi,<br />

1988, gv. 208). didi raodenobiT Semoexiznen isini <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sac.<br />

sayuradReboa, rom im xanebSi qarTul-somxuri<br />

eklesiebis urTierToba Zalze gamwvavebuli iyo garkveuli<br />

mizezebis gamo <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefeebi, aseT viTarebaSi, rad<br />

rTavdnen somxebs nebas, <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuliyvnen Cvens qveyanaSi,<br />

hqono<strong>da</strong>T aq monofizituri (grigorianuli) eklesiebi? mar-<br />

Tlmadidebeli qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong> grigoriani somxebi xom erTmaneTs<br />

mwvaleblebad miiCnevdnen.<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n gaqceuli somxebis adgils am qveyanaSi mahmadianebi<br />

iWerdnen. XI saukuneSi somxeTSi <strong>da</strong>eca somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba,<br />

moispo somxuri samefoebi <strong>da</strong> Seiqmna sa-<br />

SiSroeba imisi, rom <strong>somxeTi</strong>s mosaxleobis udidesi nawili<br />

mahmadianuri iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. es <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTvis miuRebeli iyo.<br />

Cveni qveynis samefo xelisuflebas erCia, somxeTSi ecxovraT<br />

qristian somxebs <strong>da</strong> ara sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva juris muslimebs. ufro<br />

metic, qarTveli eris sasicocxlo interess Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

mTeli kavkasia qristianuli yofiliyo. qristianoba xom islamze<br />

adre gavrcel<strong>da</strong> kavkasiaSi.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefeebi fiqrobdnen, rom Cvens qveyanaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxlebuli somxebi, xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmnisas, ufro<br />

advilad <strong>da</strong>brundebodnen samSobloSi, vidre Soreul qveynebSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>xvewilni (im dros xom Zalze Zneli iyo egvipti<strong>da</strong>n<br />

an italii<strong>da</strong>n somxeTSi Camosvla). rTul geopolitikur garemoSi<br />

myof kavkasielTa ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad aucilebeli iyo saerTo<br />

ZalisxmeviT ebrZolaT mravalricxovan <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa winaaRmdeg.<br />

XII saukunesa <strong>da</strong> XIII aswleulis pirvel meoTxedSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

samefom SeZlo kidec mTeli kavkasiis gaer-<br />

Tianeba, <strong>somxeTi</strong>s gamoxsnac mahmadian <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa klanWebisgan.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SemadgenlobaSi moqceuli <strong>somxeTi</strong>c Tan<strong>da</strong>-<br />

163

Tan iseve ayvav<strong>da</strong>, rogorc sakuTriv qarTuli miwa-wyali, qar-<br />

Tveli eri.<br />

monRolTa Semosevebs sxva vin gauZleb<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

gaeZlo? ruseTic xom <strong>da</strong>ipyres monRolebma. Semdeg iyo<br />

Temur lengi, Sah-abasi <strong>da</strong> aTasi ubedureba. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> wel-<br />

Si veRar gaimarTa miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom qarTveli eris jansaRi<br />

nawili TavganwirviT ebrZo<strong>da</strong> nairnair <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebs.<br />

qarTuli samefoebi mainc inarCunebdnen arsebobas. somxeTSi<br />

ki somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba XI saukuni<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli<br />

1918 wlamde, <strong>da</strong>Snakebis epoqamde, aRar arsebula. <strong>somxeTi</strong><br />

kvlavac iclebo<strong>da</strong> somxuri mosaxleobisgan. 1827 wlisaTvis,<br />

roca ruseTma SeierTa <strong>somxeTi</strong>, am qveyanaSi mxolod 25 aTasi<br />

somexiRa cxovrob<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>narCeni mahmadianebi iyvnen.<br />

marTalia, XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sac Zalian<br />

uWir<strong>da</strong>, magram qarTvelTa mefeebi fiqrobdnen, rom maT un<strong>da</strong><br />

epatronaT somxebisTvisac, rameTu <strong>somxeTi</strong>s islamur qveynad<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>qceva <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sac kargs arafers uqad<strong>da</strong>. amis gamo<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n gamoqceul, ltolvil somxebs farTod uRebdnen<br />

Cveni qveynis karebs. sxva qveynebSi mimavali somxebic jer <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />

modiodnen, aq suls moiTqvamdnen <strong>da</strong> Semdeg<br />

agrZelebdnen gzas. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, qarTveli eris Tavkacebs<br />

miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, rom raki qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba avad Tu kargad<br />

arsebobas ganagrZob<strong>da</strong>, Cvens qveyanaSi mcxovreb somxeb-<br />

Sic cxovelmyofeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> idea somxeTSi somxebis <strong>da</strong>brunebisa,<br />

<strong>somxeTi</strong>s mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa. ejmiawinis (eCmiaZins<br />

somxurad ejmiawini hqvia) meSveobiT es idea mTeli msoflios<br />

somxebSic gavrceldebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>da</strong>n gasuli somxebic<br />

TanamemamuleebSi, sxva qveynebSi hfendnen am ideas.<br />

egreTwodebuli erTmorwmune ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebam<br />

qristes, qristianobis, marTlmadideblobis saxeliT<br />

veragulad moatyua, gaacura qarTveli eri, Cveni mefeebi.<br />

ruseTma pirisagan miwisa aRgava mravaltanjuli qarTuli<br />

saxelmwifoebrioba, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia. qar-<br />

TvelTa Segnebuli, jansaRi nawili aujany<strong>da</strong> ruseTis imperias.<br />

qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong>saTrgunad, <strong>da</strong>samorCileblad ruseTis xelisuflebam<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mcxovrebi somxebic<br />

164

gamoeyenebina. amasTanave, ruseTis imperiis mTavrobam metismetad<br />

moamravla somxebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, kerZod, TbilisSi, samcxe-javaxeTSi,<br />

afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong> sxvaganac. somxuri eklesiebic<br />

momravl<strong>da</strong> Cvens qveyanaSi. amas isic uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

vaWroba ruseTma ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d somxebs Caugdo xel-<br />

Si. marTalia, qarTveli kaci Zvelad vaWrobas ar misdev<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Takilob<strong>da</strong>, rameTu mas Tavis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebad mtris winaaRmdeg<br />

xmliT brZola miaCn<strong>da</strong>, magram Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan qarTvelebi acnobierebdnen<br />

Tavis am naklovanebasac. ase, magaliTad, ioane batoniSvili<br />

XVIII saukunis bolos aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTvelebi<br />

aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> Cabmuliyvnen Tavisi qveynis vaWrobis saqmeebSi.<br />

ganaTlebuli qarTveli ufliswulis am gegmas, ruseTis<br />

imperiis batonobis viTarebaSi, XIX saukuneSi ganxorcieleba<br />

ar ewera. ruseTis xelisuflebas miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTvelebi<br />

ekonomikurad Tu moRonierdebodnen, ufro meti warmatebiT<br />

SeZlebdnen qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis<br />

brZolas.<br />

samwuxarod, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mcxovrebi somxebi emxrobodnen<br />

ruseTis koloniur politikas Cveni qveynis mimarT <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />

somxuri interesebis ganxorcielebasac Seudgnen.<br />

Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> gaeyoT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> rusebsa <strong>da</strong> somxebs,<br />

es, cota ar iyos, problematuri sakiTxia, magram faqtia, rom<br />

rusebi marto TviTon ki ar Semoesivnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, somxebic<br />

Semousies Cvens qveyanas. amitomac ambob<strong>da</strong> akaki wereTeli:<br />

raime materialuri sargeblobis motana rom SeeZlos,<br />

somxebi Cvens de<strong>da</strong>-enasac wagvarTmevdneno.<br />

didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s idea uZveles dros gaCn<strong>da</strong> somexTa Soris.<br />

XIX saukuneSi es idea kvlav gacocxl<strong>da</strong>, aRorZin<strong>da</strong>.<br />

somxebma TurqeTSi rom ver SeZles TavianTi sawadelis ganxorcieleba,<br />

ver moipoves e. w. TurqeTis <strong>somxeTi</strong>s avtonomia<br />

(maT am saqmeSi ruseTis, inglisis <strong>da</strong> sxva didi saxelmwifoebis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>T), piriqiT, amas somexTa Jletac<br />

moyva TurqeTSi 1915 wels, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s Seqmna<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, qarTuli miwa-wylis xarjze wamoewyoT. am<br />

mizniT 1918 wlis bolos <strong>somxeTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>Snakurma mTavrobam omis<br />

gamoucxadeblad, veragulad jari Semousia <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />

winaaRmdeg omSi somxeTma miimxro <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si,<br />

165

kerZod, TbilisSi mcxovrebi somxebi. rac somxebs TurqeTis<br />

mimarT boRma <strong>da</strong>ugrov<strong>da</strong>T, imis gadmonTxeva qarTvelebze ganizraxes.<br />

nawilobriv mizansac miarwies – jer inglisis, xolo<br />

1921 wels ruseTis bolSevikuri xelisuflebis wyalobiT<br />

miitaces qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili, lore-taSiri, romlis<br />

SesanarCuneblad qarTvelebma saukuneTa manZilze zRva<br />

sisxli Rvares. ruseTisave <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT somxebma SeZles qar-<br />

Tuli mxaris, mravaltanjuli javaxeTis somxur mxared qceva<br />

XIX-XX saukuneebSi. gamovi<strong>da</strong> ise, rogorc naTqvamia: “obolo,<br />

visa scem <strong>da</strong> vinc gamzar<strong>da</strong>o”.<br />

didi <strong>somxeTi</strong>s idea dResac cocxlobs. somxuri tradiciiT<br />

ki, did somxeTSi naxevari <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> mainc un<strong>da</strong> moeqces,<br />

TviT baTumis CaTvliTac. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si 650 eklesiasac<br />

am mizniT iTxoven. imedi aqvT, mdi<strong>da</strong>ri, gavleniani somxuri<br />

diaspora, kerZod, amerikis somxuri diasporac aqtiur monawileobas<br />

miiRebs am saqmeebSi. Cemi azriT, somexTa garkveuli<br />

wreebi fiqroben, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si somxur eklesiebs somxuri<br />

erovnuli ideologiis kerebad aqceven. amgvari ideologia<br />

ki <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli.<br />

rogorc iTqva, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefeebi somxebs Cvens qveyanaSi<br />

asaxlebdnen imitom, rom momx<strong>da</strong>riyo qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> somexTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloeba, raTa maT odesme mainc saerTo ZaliT ebr-<br />

ZolaT mtris winaaRmdeg. samwuxarod, somexTa mizeziT, es ar<br />

mox<strong>da</strong>. amitom usamarTloa somexTa moTxovna, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />

maT ga<strong>da</strong>eceT eklesiebi. bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos, xom aRsdga somxuri<br />

saxelmwifoebrioba. visac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si moqmedi somxuri<br />

eklesiebis raodenoba ar akmayofilebs, aqve, ori fexis<br />

nabijzea <strong>somxeTi</strong>s respublika, ejmiawini, wavidnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong> iq ilocon. am gziT ukeT miiRweva qarTveli <strong>da</strong><br />

somexi erebis keTilmezobluri urTierToba, rac orive xalxisTvis<br />

sasurveli un<strong>da</strong> iyos. magram araferi sasikeTo ar<br />

gamova, Tu somxebi, rac e. w. TurqeTis somxeTSi eklesiebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>karges, imis anazRaurebas <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si Seecdebian. marTalia,<br />

maT wagvarTves lore-taSiri, javaxeTic somxur mxared<br />

aqcies, magram amas Sedegad is moyva, rom qarTveli eri veRar<br />

endoba somex ers, rac ara mgonia TviT somxebisTvis kargi<br />

iyos.<br />

166

P. S. somxebi sruliad usafuZvlod bevr rames rom gve<strong>da</strong>vebian,<br />

es imdenad aRmaSfoTebelia, rom erTxel aseTi koSmaruli<br />

sizmari vnaxe: vwerdi gamokvlevas imaze, rom somexTa<br />

pretenzia petriwonis monastris mimarT safuZvels moklebulia.<br />

Tavs <strong>da</strong>madgnen SeiaraRebuli somxebi <strong>da</strong> Cemi naweri wamarTves.<br />

167

javaxeTi, zreski. laSa-giorgis egreTwodebuli xeliani qva<br />

qarTuli warweriT. am qvis garSemo 1996 wels somxuri samlocvelo<br />

augiaT _ ix. javaxeTi, Tb., 2000, gv. 100.<br />

168

zaqaria <strong>da</strong> ivane mxargrZelebis horeliefi<br />

hariWis eklesiaSi (1201 w.)<br />

169

170

Sinaarsi<br />

Sesavali .................................................................................................................... 3<br />

pirveli Tavi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong> uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gaqristianebamde ................................................................................................19<br />

meore Tavi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong> IV- XI saukuneebSi ........................ 77<br />

mesame Tavi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong> XII - XVIII saukuneebSi ............ 117<br />

meoTxe Tavi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTi</strong> XIX - XX saukuneebSi .............. 142<br />

<strong>da</strong>narTi<br />

somxebs un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>eceT eklesiebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si?! .... 162<br />

171

gamomcemlobis re<strong>da</strong>qtori _ zaur molaSxia<br />

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa – gogita TodraZe<br />

tiraJi 300<br />

172

Filename: ALEKSANDRE ABDALAZE A5<br />

Directory: C:\Documents and Settings\gogita\Desktop\ALEQSANDRE<br />

ABDALAZE<br />

Template: C:\Documents and Settings\gogita\Application<br />

Data\Microsoft\Templates\Normal.dot<br />

Title:<br />

Subject:<br />

Author: Admin<br />

Keywords:<br />

Comments:<br />

Creation Date: 21.02.2008 10:03:00<br />

Change Number: 6,146<br />

Last Saved On: 20.04.2008 20:11:00<br />

Last Saved By: Admin<br />

Total Editing Time: 7,812 Minutes<br />

Last Printed On: 21.04.2008 9:20:00<br />

As of Last Complete Printing<br />

Number of Pages: 172<br />

Number of Words: 48,208 (approx.)<br />

Number of Characters: 274,788 (approx.)

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