liTonTa samyaroSi ferdinand TavaZesTan erTad - Institute Of ...
liTonTa samyaroSi ferdinand TavaZesTan erTad - Institute Of ...
liTonTa samyaroSi ferdinand TavaZesTan erTad - Institute Of ...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
jumber xanTaZe<br />
<strong>liTonTa</strong> <strong>samyaroSi</strong><br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> <strong>TavaZesTan</strong><br />
<strong>erTad</strong><br />
meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema<br />
gamomcemloba `meridiani~<br />
Tbilisi 2012
qarTveli mecnieris, akademikos <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis<br />
dabadebidan 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili wigni _ `<strong>liTonTa</strong><br />
<strong>samyaroSi</strong> <strong>ferdinand</strong> <strong>TavaZesTan</strong> <strong>erTad</strong>~, mkiTxvels gaacnobs<br />
Rvawlmosili mecnieris cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis<br />
calkeul fragmentebsa da mecnierul memkvidreobas.<br />
redaqtori londa TavaZe<br />
mxatvari emir burjanaZe<br />
© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2012<br />
© j. xanTaZe<br />
ISBN 978-9941-10
winasityvaoba meore gamocemisaTvis<br />
gamoCenili qarTveli mecnierisa da sazogado moRvawis<br />
akademikos <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis dabadebidan 100<br />
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili winamdebare naSromi _ `<strong>liTonTa</strong><br />
<strong>samyaroSi</strong> <strong>ferdinand</strong> <strong>TavaZesTan</strong> <strong>erTad</strong>~ warmoadgens misi<br />
biografiuli narkvevis Sedgenis meore mcdelobas. amave<br />
saxelwodebis pirveli aseTi naSromi gamoqveynda <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis dabadebidan 90 wlisTavze * . dRevandel wignis<br />
bazarze damkvidrebuli normebis mixedviT wignis tiraJi<br />
arc Tu ise mcire gaxldaT _ 700. miuxedavad amisa dReisaTvis<br />
igi bibliografiul iSviaTobad iqca. aqedan gamomdinare<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavisadmi<br />
miZRvnil saiubileo RonisZiebaTa Soris gadawyda wignis _<br />
`<strong>liTonTa</strong> <strong>samyaroSi</strong> <strong>ferdinand</strong> <strong>TavaZesTan</strong> <strong>erTad</strong>~ axali,<br />
gadamuSavebuli variantis gamocema.<br />
pirveli gamocemisagan gansxvavebiT, meore gamocemaSi<br />
mniSvnelovnad Seikveca batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is kolegebis, aRzrdilebisa<br />
da megobrebis mogonebebi. sanacvlod, wigni<br />
gamdidrda axali masaliT da fotosuraTebiT.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is gardacvalebis Semdeg ganvlilma<br />
23 weliwadma naTlad dagvanaxa, rom TavaZis fenomenma gauZlo<br />
drois mkacr gamocdas. dRes Cven sruliad civi gonebiT,<br />
pragmatulad SegviZlia SevafasoT misi mravalmxrivi<br />
namoRvawari da znesruli moqalaqeoba.<br />
am mSfoTvare periodma mZime gamocda mouwyo qarTul<br />
mecnierebas. qveynis saerTo ekonomikuri depresia mecnierebasac<br />
Seexo, bevri mecnieruli mimarTuleba stagnaciis<br />
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. aseT saerTo mZime fonze<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnierulma skolam saarako sicocxlisunarianoba<br />
gamoavlina. winamdebare wignSi gaanalize-<br />
1 j.xanTaZe. <strong>liTonTa</strong> <strong>samyaroSi</strong> <strong>ferdinand</strong> <strong>TavaZesTan</strong> <strong>erTad</strong>.<br />
“forma”, Tbilisi, 2003.<br />
3
ulia <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnieruli moRvaweobis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
momentebi, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva<br />
misi saxelobis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis institutis<br />
postTavaZiseul saqmianobas. instituti, romlsac<br />
igi sicocxlis bolomde xelmZRvanelobda, amJamad<br />
warmatebulia da mdgradi ganviTarebis garantias iZleva.<br />
saukuneebis mijnaze, roca qveyanaSi socialisturi<br />
sistema Seicvala da naucbaTevad movxvdiT sabazro ekonomikis<br />
marwuxebSi, moxda sazogadoebrivi azris metamorfozac.<br />
xSirad gaigebdiT absurdul kiTxvas: ra saWiroa<br />
metalurgia, ra Cveni saqmea metalurgia? metalurgia es<br />
aris rkina, foladi, Tuji da zogadad liTonuri produqti,<br />
es aris Senoba-nagebobebi, wyalsadeni, gazisa da navTobis<br />
magistralebi, xidebi da gvirabebi, samanqanaTmSeneblo<br />
danadgarebi, transporti da, saerTod, yvelaferi, rac<br />
Cvens irgvlivaa. yovelive amas didi raodenobiT liToni<br />
Wirdeba. Tu liToni ar gveqna, misi yidva dagvWirdeba, es<br />
ki did xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, rac qveynis ekonomikas<br />
mZime tvirTad awveba. metalurgia erT-erTi yvelaze energo<br />
da, saerTod, resurstevadi dargia. liTonis misaRebad<br />
adamiani RrRnis bunebas, azianebs garemos, xarjavs didZal<br />
resurss. Tu liToni uxarisxoa, anu misi fizikur-meqanikuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebi dabalia, konstruqciis moTxovnebis<br />
dasakmayofileblad saWiro xdeba didi zomis detalebis<br />
damzadeba, rac zrdis liTonis xarjs da konstruqciasac<br />
amZimebs. amitomaa, rom yvela ganviTarebuli qveyana da maT<br />
Soris patara qveynebic (Sveicaria, belgia, SvedeTi da sxva)<br />
Tavisi saWiroebisaTvis awarmoebs liTons, magram awarmoebs<br />
cotas da xarisxians.<br />
xalxSi gaCenilma zemoT moyvanilma saeWvo kiTxvebma<br />
dagvarwmuna, rom farTo sazogadoeba naklebadaa gaTviTc-<br />
4
nobierebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani dargis avkargianobaSi,<br />
rogoricaa metalurgia. amitom wignze muSaobis dros gamiCnda<br />
survili rac SeiZleba martivad, rTuli mecnieruli<br />
koncefciebisa da maTematikuri formalizmis gamoyenebis<br />
gareSe gadmomeca liTonebis miReba _ damuSavebis arsi, popularulad<br />
meambna masalaTmcodneobis, <strong>liTonTa</strong> fizikis,<br />
qimiuri Termodinamikis da metalurgiasTan momijnave sxva<br />
mecnierul mimarTulebaTa problemebis Sesaxeb.<br />
wignis pirveli gamocemidan ganvlilma periodma<br />
gviCvena, rom wigns SemecnebiTi mniSvnelobis garda aRmzrdelobiTi<br />
funqciac gaaCnia _ igi ymawvils saSualebas<br />
aZlevs gaecnos mecnierebas liTonebis Sesaxeb konkretuli<br />
pirovnebis _ <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis moRvaweobis magaliTze.<br />
amis gamo wignSi ganxilul sakiTxebis romantikul ferebSi<br />
ganxilvas ar movridebivar, miTumetes rom Tavad <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis biografia da SemoqmedebiTi wiaRsvlebi amis<br />
SesaZleblobebs iZleva.<br />
samwuxarod, dRes metalurgoba prestiJul profesiaTa<br />
Soris aRar ganixileba, amitom metad mniSvnelovania<br />
momaval Taobebs SevaxsenoT, rom liTonis saidumloebisadmi<br />
ltolva qarTveli kacis genetikuri moTxovnilebaa.<br />
imedi gvaqvs am surviliT dawerili winamdebare wigni xels<br />
Seuwyobs axalgazrdebis metalurgiis sferoSi dakvalianebasac.<br />
winamdebare naSromze muSaobis procesSi ganwyobileba,<br />
romelic sufevda misi pirveli gamocemis dros, ar Secvlila.<br />
ucvlelia agreTve kiTxvebi, romlebzec wignma unda<br />
gasces pasuxi. yovelive es naTladaa gadmocemuli wignis<br />
pirveli gamocemis winasityvaobaSi, romelic ucvlelad<br />
mogvyavs.<br />
5
pirveli gamocemis winasityvaoba<br />
cnobil mecniersa da sazogado moRvawes akademikos<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZes 2002 wlis 21 maiss 90 weli Seusruldeboda.<br />
cameti weli gvaSorebs mis aRsasruls. es mSfoTvare<br />
cameti weli sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom mis mravalricxovan<br />
mowafeebs, mimdevrebsa da axloblebs kidev erTxel<br />
dagvenaxa batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is pirovnebis sidiade da<br />
dagvedasturebina Cveni misdami siyvaruli. swored am siyvarulma<br />
Segvkriba mis saiubileo TariRTan dakavSirebiT<br />
ormocdaaTianelebi _ metalurgiis fakultetis pirveli<br />
aRzrdilebi. Semdeg Sexvedraze xalxi saocrad momravlda<br />
_ verc ki warmovidgendiT, ramdeni vyofilvarT batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is mowafeebi. erTxmad gadawyda batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
iubile aRgveniSna da am TariRTan dakavSirebiT wignic<br />
gamogveca. iTqva isic, rom iubile asi wlisTavs ufro<br />
mouxdeboda. magram es mosazreba umal daiwunes, ZiriTadad<br />
imis gamo, rom batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mowafeTa rigebi ukve<br />
sakmaod SeTxelda. “asi wlis Tavze SeiZleba aRarc darCes<br />
vinme CvenTagani. vidre cocxlebi varT da im kacis saxe<br />
lampariviT win gvidgas, nu gadavdebT _ sanam foladi cxelia,<br />
gavWedoT” _ Tqva givi anCabaZem, romelsac Cvens wreSi<br />
wardgineba ar sWirdeba. da marTlac, gadawyda wignis gamocema.<br />
saswrafod Camoweres, vin ra masalas moamzadebda.<br />
saqmeSi CaerTo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis saxelobis metalurgiis instituti * da saqarTvelos<br />
politeqnikuri universitetis <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis<br />
saxelobis <strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologiisa da masalaTmcodneobis<br />
kaTedra. es paTosi gavrcelda quTaisSi, baTumSi, gorSi<br />
da, rogorc mkiTxveli Tavad darwmundeba, Cveni qveynis<br />
* 2002 wlis seqtembridan metalurgiis instituts ewoda saqarTvelos<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiis f.TavaZis saxelobis metalurgiisa<br />
da masalaTmcodneobis instituti.<br />
6
sazRvrebsac gascda.<br />
amocana Semdegnairad Camoyalibda _ wignma unda gasces<br />
pasuxi kiTxvebs: 1) metalurgiuli mecnierebis ra sferoebSi<br />
moRvaweobda <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe da riTi gaiTqva saxeli;<br />
2) ratom imsaxurebda igi axalgazrdebis did siyvaruls, ra<br />
principebs efuZneboda misi pedagogika da ratom iyo mowafeebisaTvis,<br />
mimdevrebisa da kolegebisaTvis didi avtoriteti;<br />
3) saerTod, ra humanuri sawyisi edo mis pirovnebas.<br />
dagverwmunebiT, rom am Canafiqris ganxorcieleba sakmaod<br />
rTulia, miT umetes, rom mas erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
SezRudva axlavs _ Txroba unda iyos yvelasaTvis gasagebi<br />
da ar unda Seicavdes rTul mecnierul koncefciebs.<br />
dRes amocana Sesrulebulia da farTo mkiTxvelis samsjavroze<br />
gamogvaqvs Cveni erToblivi naSromi `<strong>liTonTa</strong><br />
<strong>samyaroSi</strong> <strong>ferdinand</strong> <strong>TavaZesTan</strong> <strong>erTad</strong>~<br />
7
Sesavali<br />
Tu elementebis periodul sistemas davxedavT, advilad<br />
davrwmundebiT, rom im 92 bunebrivi elementidan,<br />
romelnic Cveni samyaros didebul mravalferovnebas qmnian,<br />
umravlesoba liTonia. mecnierebisa da teqnikis im<br />
dargs, romelic liTonebisa da Senadnobebis miRebas isaxavs<br />
miznad, metalurgia ewodeba. igi kacobriobis saqmianobis<br />
uZvelesi sferoa. adamiani mudmivad qmnida sxvadasxva<br />
saxis Sromisa da saomar iaraRs da cdilobda igi magari da<br />
gamZle yofiliyo. swored aseTi liTonebis ZiebiT iwyeba<br />
metalurgiuli warmoeba. metalurgia metad farTo cnebaa.<br />
misi vrceli sazRvrebi liTonebisa da maTi Senadnobebis<br />
simravliTaa gamowveuli.<br />
liTonebidan yvelaze popularuli rkina da mis fuZeze<br />
Seqmnili Senadnobebia. rkinis, uamravi specialuri daniSnulebis<br />
foladisa da Tujis miReba Savi metalurgiis sagans<br />
warmoadgens, gansxvavebiT, vTqvaT, feradi metalurgiisagan,<br />
romelic feradi liTonebis _ spilenZis, aluminisa<br />
da sxvaTa miRebas gulisxmobs. arsebobs iSviaT <strong>liTonTa</strong><br />
metalurgia, Zvirfas <strong>liTonTa</strong> metalurgia, naxevargamtarebis<br />
metalurgia da a.S.<br />
wignSi saubari gveqneba akademikos <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZeze,<br />
romelic saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove metalurgiuli mecnierebis<br />
erT-erT fuZemdeblad moiazreba. amdenad, upriania<br />
CvenSi metalurgiis ganviTarebis istoriiT daviwyoT,<br />
miT umetes, rom es problema <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZes imTaviTve<br />
ainteresebda da sxva uamrav TavsatexTan <strong>erTad</strong> mTeli<br />
cxovrebis manZilze mudmivad fiqrobda liTonis nakeTobaTa<br />
miReba-damuSavebis saukuneebis ferfliT dafarul<br />
saidumloebaze.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is pirad arqivSi erT Zvel xelnawers<br />
wavawydiT, romelic saocrad lakoniurad gadmogvcems mis<br />
8
damokidebulebas am problemisadmi. ai erT-erTi pasaJi am<br />
xelnaweridan:<br />
`liTonmcodneoba Caisaxa jer kidev maSin, roca<br />
adamianma pirvelad Seicno da ganasxvava liToni qvebisagan.<br />
TviTnabadi oqro, vercxli, spilenZi Tavisi<br />
lamazi, brWyviala da mbzinavi feriT, plastikurobiT,<br />
Wedvis unariTa da wkriala liTonuri xmiT mkveTrad gamoarCia<br />
maTgan. amasTan <strong>erTad</strong> Caisaxa da viTardeboda<br />
liTonis miReba-damuSavebis teqnologia. Cveni eri da mTeli<br />
amierkavkasia metalurgiis erT-erTi uZvelesi keraa<br />
msoflioSi. aq <strong>liTonTa</strong> damuSavebis mravali iseTi teqnologia<br />
gamoumuSavebiaT, romlebsac dResac gancvifrebaSi<br />
mohyavs am dargis specialistebi. liTonmcodneobisa<br />
da <strong>liTonTa</strong> damuSavebis teqnologiis ganviTareba maSin<br />
9
TviTdinebiT midioda, ojaxur an Temur saidumloebas<br />
warmoadgenda da mas mecnieruli xasiaTi ara hqonda. . .”<br />
es patara fragmenti, romelic hipoTezur mosazrebebsa<br />
da kiTxvis niSnebs Seicavs, momavalSi <strong>ferdinand</strong> Tava-<br />
Zis mravali mecnieruli werilisa da oTxi fundamenturi<br />
monografiis laitmotivad iqca. man safuZveli Cauyara qarTuli<br />
teqnikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriis Seswavlas<br />
da rogorc WeSmariti patrioti, udides popularobas<br />
uwevda Cveni mdidari istoriuli warsulis warmoCenas.<br />
sainteresoa, ra principebiT sargeblobda batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i<br />
am dros?<br />
Cvenamde legendad mosuli oqros sawmisis istoriis<br />
Tanaxmad kolxebi flobdnen mdinareebidan cxvris tyaviT<br />
oqros gamoleqvis saidumlos. oqros Ziebam, am liTonisadmi<br />
kacobriobis dauokebelma ltolvam moiyvana Zveli<br />
berZnebi da romaelebi kolxeTSi. vin icis, iqneb cxvris<br />
tyavs, SesaZloa bewvs, marTlac gaaCnia CvenTvis ucnobi<br />
magiuri Tviseba _ oqros Setivnarebuli, umciresi koloiduri<br />
nawilakebis koagulaciisa. Tu es marTlac asea, maSin<br />
kolxebis am uZvelesma aRmoCenam SeiZleba gadatrialeba<br />
moaxdinos oqros mopoveba_warmoebaSi da Secvalos dResdReobiT<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebuli, sxvaTa Soris, isev qarTvelis<br />
_ petre bagrationis meTodi, romelic cianidur<br />
teqnologiazea damyarebuli da momakvdinebel gavlenas<br />
axdens garemoze. asea Tu ise, kolxebis es meTodi Tamamad<br />
SeiZleba miviCnioT hidrometalurgiisa da gamdidrebis<br />
flotaciuri meTodis Canasaxad.<br />
pirvelyofilma adamianma, romelic xetialiTa da<br />
nadirobiT irCenda Tavs, gamoqvabuli mxolod mas Semdeg<br />
datova, rac miwis damuSaveba iswavla, axara vazi da marcvleuli,<br />
moiSinaura cxovel-frinveli. Tu did mecniers<br />
vilhelm humboldts davendobiT, kacobriobis ganviTarebis<br />
es preistoriuli procesi xmelTaSua zRvis da mis<br />
10
mimdebare teritoriaze, maT Soris kavkasiaSic, daiwyo.<br />
qarTvelma kacmac moiSinaura xari, gaxedna cxeni, miwa<br />
abruna, pureuli amravla, vazi gaaSena. cnobili mecnieris<br />
akademikos n.vavilovis gamokvlevaTa Tanaxmad, msoflioSi<br />
gavrcelebuli pureulis endemuri saxeobebis mniSvnelovani<br />
nawili kavkasiaSia aRmoCenili da Cvenda sabednierod,<br />
dResac qarTuli etimologiis mqone dasaxelebebiT<br />
moixsenieba: paleo-colchicum, carthlicum georgicum, macha da<br />
sxva. swored amitom saqarTvelo marcvleulis warmoebis<br />
erT-erT damoukidebel kerad aris miCneuli.<br />
civilizaciis am etapze qarTvelma kacma guTanic Tavis<br />
yaidaze moawyo, tabik-apeuric Taviseburi gaakeTa da<br />
Rrma kvali daamCnia Tavis miwas. saxnisic TviTon gaWeda,<br />
da albaT, ar cdebian mecnierebi, romelTac metalurgiis<br />
samSoblod kavkasia miaCniaT. vTqvaT, es sadavo sakiTxia,<br />
da nu daviCemebT pirvelobas, magram faqts ver gaveqceviT<br />
_ xom cnobilia CvenSi uZvelesi metalurgiuli centrebis<br />
arseboba. svaneTSi, sofel qvemo ifarTan da raWaSi, sofel<br />
wedisTan (Wedisi), arsebuli metalurgiuli sawarmoebis,<br />
samwuxarod, upatronod mitovebuli, magram Cveni keTili<br />
bunebisagan sakmaod saRad Semonaxuli narCenebi aocebs<br />
Tvals da yvelaze skeptikurad ganwyobil pirovnebasac<br />
ki daarwmunebs, rom odesRac saqarTveloSi metalurgia<br />
maRal doneze yofila ganviTarebuli. amas davumatoT xevsuruli<br />
far-xmali, romelic xorasnisa da xvarazmis folads<br />
tols ar udebda, warmovidginoT Cveni gamrje glexis<br />
mier gaWedili saxnisiT damuSavebuli xodabunebi, gavixsenoT<br />
uZvirfasesi vazis jiSebi, maTSi CaRvrili Takara<br />
mzis siTbo da maTgan naJuri Rvino, TuSuri cxvari, xevsuruli<br />
jiSis cxeni, kavkasiurad wodebuli Cveni nagazi,<br />
romelic erTgulad uvlis qarTveli kacis Wirnaxuls, mis<br />
ezo-garemos. yovelives davumatoT Cveni damwerloba, Rv-<br />
Taebrivi hangebi, Cveni xuroTmoZRvreba, ganumeorebeli<br />
11
faqizi formebiTa da moculobebiT, romelic dRemde amSvenebs<br />
Cvens miwa-wyals. ar daiviwyoT qarTuli cekva-Tama-<br />
Si, Cveni samzareulos surneli da miviRebT qarTuli civilizaciisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel arasrul suraTs.<br />
yvela ers gaaCnia Tavisi Zireuli saqmianobis tradiciuli<br />
formebi. magaliTad, Cinelisa da indoelisaTvis prioritetulia<br />
brinjis Tesva, brazilielisaTvis _ yavis warmoeba,<br />
frangis, italielisa da espanelisaTvis _ Rvino da<br />
a.S. Cven aravin gviSlis xels brinji an sxva ram vawarmooT,<br />
magram vazi da puri ufro gvexerxeba, esaa Cveni istoriuli<br />
saqmianoba. metalurgia, rogorc liTonis miRebisa da misgan<br />
nakeTobebis damzadebis wesi, ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas<br />
abstraqtulad, civilizaciis saerTo miRwevebis gauTvaliswineblad.<br />
CvenTvis, qarTvelebisaTvis, es saqmianoba<br />
imTaviTve bunebrivi da aucilebeli mowodeba gaxldaT.<br />
marTlac, xom cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />
liTonebis miRebis, damuSavebis da gamoyenebis kultura<br />
uZvelesi droidan momdinareobs da kacobriobis ganviTarebis<br />
yvela ZiriTad istoriul safexurs moicavs. saqarTvelo<br />
xom liTonwarmoebis erT-erT uZveles centrad aris<br />
aRiarebuli.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamovlenil mdidar arqeologiur<br />
masalaSi Warbobs adgilibrivi warmoebis sagnebi<br />
_ kolxuri culebi, Subisa da isris bunikebi, xis damamuSavebeli<br />
saWris-sakveTebi, miwaTmoqmedebis iaraRebi,<br />
mravalferovani oqrosa da brinjaos mxatvruli nakeTobebi,<br />
samkaulebi, numizmaturi masala da sxva. <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZem didi rudunebiT Seiswavla es masala, aRadgina maTi<br />
damzadebis teqnologia da kidev erTxel daadastura saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriaze liTonebis miRebisa da damuSavebis<br />
maRali done.<br />
12
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mier gamokvleuli<br />
arqeologiuri masalis zogierTi nimuSi* **<br />
brinjaos Toxebi.<br />
Z.w. XIII-XII ss.<br />
kolxuri culebi.<br />
Z. w. XVI-XV ss.<br />
brinjaos<br />
satevari. Z.w. XV_XIV ss.<br />
* **<br />
metalurgiis ganviTarebis tradiciebi grZeldeba Suasaukuneebis<br />
saqarTveloSic *** . mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />
samxedro warmatebebSi gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula<br />
maRalxarisxovani foladis iaraR-saWurvelma. saqarTvelos<br />
erovnul muzemSi daculi qarTveli mxedris aRWurvilobis<br />
mTliani kompleqtis wona 10-12kg-s aRwevs. am monacemebiT<br />
marto 40 aTasi yivCaRi meomris SeiaraRebas 400-480 t.<br />
xarisxovani rkina-foladi sWirdeboda. im epoqaSi aseTi raodenobiT<br />
foladis warmoeba WeSmaritad gancvifrebas iwvevs.<br />
* Ф.Н. Тавадзе, Т.Н. Сакварелидзе. Труды Института металла и<br />
горного дела. Раздел 7 _ история техники. Изд-во АН ГССР, Тбилиси,<br />
1956. с. 329-370.<br />
** Ф.Н. Тавадзе. О производстве металлических изделий на территории<br />
Грузии в древности. Вестник АН СССР, №9, 1958, с.53-56.<br />
*** f.TavaZe, T.sayvareliZe, T.dvali. samTavros samarovanze mopovebuli<br />
rkinis sabrZolo iaraRis qimiuri, metalografiuli<br />
da teqnologiuri Seswavla. saq. saxelmw. muzeumis moambe, 18_A,<br />
1959, gv. 3-23.<br />
13
vercxlis Tasi ritualuri scenebiT. TrialeTi. Z.w. XV s.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis gamokvlevebiT dadginda msgavsi Rrutaniani<br />
nakeTobebis miRebis gamownevis teqnologia *<br />
XI-XIII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi moqmedebda rkinis warmoebis<br />
kerebi rTuli konstruqciisa da didi warmadobis<br />
metalurgiuli qurebiT, samWedlo saxelosnoebi da mefis<br />
karze arsebuli specialuri saiaraRo sawarmoebi, romelnic<br />
didi raodenobis Savi liTonis sabrZolo da sameurneo<br />
iaraRiT amaragebda gaerTianebul qarTul saxelmwifos.<br />
magram, samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis Semdegi aRmavloba<br />
ramdenadme daaknines ucxo dampyrobTa Semosevebma.<br />
* f. TavaZe, S.mesxia, v.barqaia. furclovani liTonebis Carxebze<br />
damuSaveba Zvel saqarTveloSi. gamomcemloba “teqnika da Sroma”,<br />
Tbilisi, 1954.<br />
14
X-XII saukuneebis qarTveli meomris saWurveli<br />
XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi mefe erekle II daiwyo samTo<br />
saqmisa da metalurgiis aRorZineba, rac saxelmwifos ekonomikisa<br />
da samxedro Zlierebis aRmavlobas gulisxmobda.<br />
Seiqmna rkinis, spilenZis, tyviis da oqro-vercxlis sabadoTa<br />
damuSavebisa da metalurgiuli warmoebis erTiani sistema.<br />
amuSavda alaverdisa da Tbilisis spilenZis qarxnebi, bolnisis<br />
rkinis sabadoebis gadamamuSavebeli brZmedi, rkinis<br />
saojaxo moxmarebis, sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis da<br />
sabrZolo iaraRis, maT Soris, bulatis iaraRis mwarmoebeli<br />
saxelosnoebi, aSenda Tbilisis zarbaznebis Camosasxmeli<br />
qarxana, sadac aTvisebul iqna zarbaznis lulis<br />
damzadebis teqnologia umniSvnelovanesi evropuli<br />
teqnikuri siaxleebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganaxlda yumbarebisa<br />
da tyvia-wamlis damamzadebeli Tofxanebi da a.S. *<br />
* T.baZoSvili. samTo-metalurgiuli warmoeba XVIII saukunis aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `meridiani”, 2012.<br />
15
1820 wels zarafxanaSi<br />
moWrili qarTuli fuli da<br />
qarTuli zarbaznebis simbolika<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze metalurgiis ganvi-<br />
Tarebis istoriis am mcire mimoxilvidanac advilad<br />
davaskvniT, rom metalurgia qarTvelebisaTvis imTaviTve<br />
bunebrivi da aucilebeli saqmianoba yofila, msgavsad<br />
miwis damuSavebisa, ris gamoc saqarTvelos georgia (miwaTmoqmedi)<br />
Seerqva. qarTveli kaci mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi<br />
istoriis manZilze mudam fusfusebda qurasa da<br />
sabervelTan _ nalis, namglis, Toxisa da sxva sameurneo<br />
daniSnulebis sagnebTan <strong>erTad</strong> gauTaveblad Wedda saomar<br />
iaraRs momxdurebisgan Tavis dasacavad. metalurgiis<br />
ganviTarebis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi uwyvetia.<br />
saukuneTa avbediTma msvlelobam ver SeaCera `kveriT<br />
xuroTa da rkinisa da rvalis mWedelTa~ tradiciuli<br />
ltolva `<strong>liTonTa</strong> damorCilebisa~. amis dasturad isic<br />
gamodgeba, rom meoce saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi<br />
kidev funqcionirebda CaTaxis Tujis qarxana ori miniaturuli<br />
brZmediT, Tbilisis spilenZis qarxana da mcire<br />
warmadobis liTondamamuSavebeli saxelosnoebi.<br />
16
qarTul metalurgias axali sicocxle Cahbera WiaTura-zestafonis<br />
kompleqsma, romelic CvenTvis, qarTvelebisaTvis<br />
sruliad unikaluria. es gaxlavT RmerTisgan boZebuli<br />
bunebrivi simdidre, akaki wereTlis, niko nikolaZisa<br />
da sxva moRvaweTa fiqrisa da ocnebis sagani, es aris WiaTura-foTis<br />
Saragzaze imereli glexis, urmiT Savi qvis<br />
transportirebis dros daRvrili ofli da, bolos, Wia-<br />
Tura-zestafoni aris qarTuli inteleqtualuri potencialis<br />
udidesi monapovari. meoce saukunis 30-ian wlebSi<br />
didubis patara sacdel qarxanaSi giorgi nikolaZis * xelmZ-<br />
RvanelobiT miRebuli Sedegebi daedo safuZvlad manganumis<br />
warmoebis teqnologias zestafon-WiaTuris sawarmoebSi<br />
da aqedan gavrcelda igi nikopolsa da sxva metalurgiul<br />
centrebSi.<br />
1945 wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis petre<br />
meliqiSvilis ** saxelobis qimiis institutis metalurgiuli<br />
laboratoria *** calke danayofad _ liTonisa da samTo saqmis<br />
institutad Camoyalibda.<br />
liTonisa da samTo saqmis institutma, romelsac 1951<br />
wlidan sicocxlis bolomde <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe xelmZRvanelobda,<br />
mraval mecnierul mimarTulebas gaukvala gza damoukidebeli<br />
saqmianobisaTvis. maTgan aRsaniSnavia: saSen<br />
masalaTa instituti, manqanaTa meqanikis instituti, samTo<br />
saqmis instituti, gamoyenebiTi qimiisa da eleqtroqimiis<br />
instituti. zemoxsenebuli institutebis gamoyofis Semdeg,<br />
1957 wels liTonisa da samTo saqmis instituts metalurgiis<br />
instituti ewoda, radgan es dasaxeleba WeSmaritad<br />
* giorgi nikolaZe (1888-1931) _ gamoCenili qarTveli metalurgi<br />
da maTematikosi<br />
** petre meliqiSvili (1850-1927) _ odesis universitetis profesori,<br />
Tbilisis universitetis pirveli reqtori 1918 wlidan.<br />
*** qimiis institutSi 1935 wels Camoyalibda pirveli metalurgiuli<br />
ganyofileba, romelic 1937 wels metalurgiis laboratoriad<br />
gadakeTda.<br />
17
gamoxatavda mis arss. am procesebis saTaveebTan ucvlelad<br />
idga akademikosi <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe, romelmac mTeli<br />
cxovrebis manZilze uaRresad Rirseulad atara metalurgisaTvis<br />
Cveuli mZime tvirTi.<br />
meoce saukunis meore naxevari teqnikur sferoSi adamianis<br />
udidesi miRwevebiT aRiniSna. saocari siswrafiT<br />
ganviTarda sruliad axali dargebi: naxevargamtarebis<br />
da zegamtarebis fizika, radioeleqtronika, gamoTvliTi<br />
teqnika da sainformacio teqnologiebi, atomguluri energetika,<br />
kosmosuri teqnika da sxva, rac sruliad axali<br />
masalebis miRebas saWiroebda. amitom upirvelesi amocana<br />
iyo metalurgiuli mecnierebis im sferoebis ganviTareba,<br />
romlebic maRali xarisxis specialuri masalebis Seqmnas<br />
isaxavdnen miznad.<br />
akademikosi <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe am movlenebis epicentrSi<br />
imyofeboda da Tavisi niWi da energia liTonmcodneobis,<br />
ufro farTod ki masalaTmcodneobis problemebis<br />
gadawyvetas moaxmara, moaxmara metad nayofierad da<br />
swored amitom iTvleba igi did mecnierad.<br />
18
fragmentebi <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis cxovrebidan<br />
gori<br />
bavSvoba da yrmoba<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> (filimon) TavaZe daibada 1912 wlis 21<br />
maiss q.gorSi nestor TavaZisa da nino besiaSvilis ojaxSi.<br />
nestor TavaZe warmoSobiT baRdaTidan iyo. misi mama giorgi<br />
sasuliero piri gaxldaT, gelaTSi moZRvrad muSaobda<br />
da iqve, gelaTSia dakrZaluli.<br />
axalgazrda nestorsac sasuliero karierisaTvis amzadebdnen,<br />
magram man saero moRvaweoba arCia, gorSi dasaxlda,<br />
aqve Coxa-axaluxis kervis xelovnebas _ dercikobas _<br />
daeufla da patara samkervaloc gaxsna.<br />
nestori sakmaod gvian daojaxebula. pirveli meuRle<br />
mSobiarobas gadahyolia da 45 wlis nestori Cvili qaliSvilis,<br />
anos, amara darCenila.<br />
nestors meore qorwinebidan, nino besiaSvilTan, eyola<br />
vaJi _ filimoni, romelsac ymawvilkacobaSi, leningradSi<br />
swavlis dros <strong>ferdinand</strong>i Searqves. nino metad RvTisnieri,<br />
gonieri, keTili qali yofila, Svilebs _ anosa da filimons<br />
_ erTnairi siyvaruliT zrdida. nestori marjve, mSromeli<br />
kaci iyo da ojaxsac ar uWirda. patara filimonis movlaaRzrdaSi<br />
Svidi wliT ufros anos garkveuli wvlili Seutania<br />
da gansakuTrebuli mSvidi xasiaTis gamo misTvis “zalis<br />
muTaqac” Seurqmevia.<br />
filimonma fexi aidga da “zalis muTaqa” umal onavar<br />
biWad iqca. imTaviTve koWebSi Seetyo, rom erTi daudgromeli<br />
da mCxrekeli vinme iqneboda. jer iyo da rkinis siyvaruli<br />
dasCemda _ Tu sadme Zvel lursmans, nals da rkinis<br />
naWers ipovnida, yvela saxlSi mihqonda. mere, mogvianebiT,<br />
CxirkedelaobiT ise gaiwafa xeli, rom joxebiTa da Coxa-<br />
19
axaluxis morCenili nakuwebiT frTebi gaikeTa da goris<br />
cixidan gadmoxta. es pirveli mecnieruli eqsperimenti<br />
marcxiT damTavrda. daCeCqvili filimoni saxlSi miiyvanes.<br />
ganrisxebul nestors dercikis didi makrateli gamoutania<br />
da uTqvams: _ ai, es aris Seni saqme, Sen ki raRac eSmakis<br />
manqanebs dasdevo. magram mamis am gancxadebam filimons<br />
novatorul ideebze xeli ver aaRebina.<br />
am incidentis kvali, naWrilobevi nikapze, baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s<br />
bolomde emCneoda da, albaT, axsenebda bavSvobaSi<br />
gancdil pirvel, da SeiZleba <strong>erTad</strong>erT marcxs mis momaval<br />
eqsperimentul saqmianobaSi.<br />
1921 wlis TebervalSi saqarTveloSi wiTeli armiis Semosvlam<br />
TavaZeebis ojaxsac ubedureba moutana. nestor<br />
TavaZis samkervalo daarbies da Semdeg gaZarcves. nestorma<br />
saqme veRar aawyo, Caimuxla da ojaxsac gauWirda.<br />
1924 wels filimonis deda gardaicvala, sruliad axalgazrda<br />
qali. sikvdilis win dedas filimoni mouxmia<br />
da uTqvams: Zneli cxovreba gelis, magram, Zalianac rom<br />
gagiWirdes, sxvisi araferi aiRo, ar iqurdo, TuTuns ar<br />
mieCvio. icode, gaWirvebas mxolod swavliT dasZlev; iswavle,<br />
magram Tavi ganswavlulad ar CaTvalo. das upatrone,<br />
_ Sens meti aravin hyavso. _ uTqvams da sulic daulevia.<br />
batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma dedis anderZi pirnaTlad Seasrula<br />
_ iswavla da mTeli cxovreba sul axlis Ziebasa da<br />
aRmoCenas moandoma. TavisiT gaikvlia cxovrebis gza. bevrjer<br />
Zalian gauWirda, magram aravisTvis araferi waurTmevia,<br />
Tavisi ki bevrisTvis uwiladebia da amiT bedniereba<br />
ugrZnia. sxvaTa Soris, arc sigareti mouwevia odesme, Tumca<br />
sxva amqveyniur siamovnebaze uari arasodes uTqvams da<br />
asketurad ar ucxovria. Tavis dasac bolomde upatrona<br />
da mis garSemo myofTac xeli gaumarTa. icxovra adamianebis<br />
usazRvro siyvaruliT, keTilad, Suris, boRmisa da<br />
borotebis gareSe.<br />
20
filimoni goris me-4 Sromis skolaSi swavlobda. igi<br />
gamoirCeoda Tavisi niWierebiT da pedagogebis yuradRebac<br />
imTaviTve miipyro. gansakuTrebiT gorSi cnobili maTematikis<br />
maswavleblis nikoloz julabiSvilis siyvaruliT<br />
sargeblobda. baton nikolozs Seutyvia damamTavrebel<br />
klasSi myofi filimonis saswavleblad ruseTSi wasvlis<br />
Sesaxeb da swavlis gaZlierebul reJimze gadauyvania _<br />
gakveTilebis Semdeg xan maTematikas aswavlida, xan rusuls.<br />
a.puSkinis lamazad dasuraTebuli wignic uCuqebia.<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s es wigni mTeli axalgazrdoba ubiT<br />
utarebia, rogorc uZvirfasesi relikvia.<br />
filimoni saucxood xatavda da, rom ara rkinis siyvaruli,<br />
misgan, udavod, kargi mxatvari dadgeboda. bavSvoba-<br />
Si igi lamazad aformebda kedlis gazeTebs, xolo Semdeg,<br />
roca gauWirda, lukmapuris saSovnelad xatvis unars pragmatuli<br />
miznebisTvisac iyenebda. baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s xatvis<br />
siyvaruli arasdros ganelebia, Tumca Tavisi gansakuTrebuli<br />
mouclelobis gamo ver SeZlo am saqmisadmi erTgulebis<br />
dadastureba.<br />
igi mxolod mosawyen<br />
partiul konferenciebsa<br />
da yrilobebze drois<br />
mokvlis mizniT Tu<br />
moimarjvebda fanqars.<br />
dasanania, rom batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is mxatvruli<br />
Semoqmedebidan Cvenamde<br />
TiTqmis araferma moaRwia,<br />
garda saocari siyvaruliT<br />
Sesrulebuli<br />
qvemoT warmodgenili<br />
SarJebisa.<br />
21
22<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mier Sesrulebuli megobruli SarJebi<br />
ymawvilobaSi <strong>ferdinand</strong>i goris muSaTa klubis jer<br />
scenografad, Semdeg ki dramatuli wris xelmZRvanelad<br />
da msaxiobad mogvevlina. qvemoT warmodgenili fotoebi,<br />
udavod, misi msaxioburi niWis maCvenebelia. mas rom artistizmi<br />
da scenuri fantazia ar aklda, amas yvela daadasturebs.<br />
saerTod, talantiT dajildoebuli adamianebi mravalwaxnagovanni<br />
arian da yvela sferoSi advilad aRweven sasurvel<br />
Sedegs. batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i rom scenas gahyoloda,<br />
udavoa, iqac did warmatebebs miaRwevda.
Semoqmedi kacisaTvis Semoqmedeba aRmoCenis procesia.<br />
igi erTnairad sasixaruloa mecnierisTvis, mxatvrisTvis,<br />
musikosisTvis, msaxiobisTvis da, saerTod, yvela SemoqmedisTvis.<br />
mTavari isaa, rom yoveli adamiani TviTgamoxatvis<br />
sakuTar formas poulobs _ erTs formula gamohyavs,<br />
meore leqss wers, mesame _ simReras. Tavad procesis arsi<br />
erTi da igivea, produqciaa mxolod sxvadasxva _ erTi mecnieruli<br />
produqtia, meore _ xelovnebis.<br />
zogadad Semoqmedeba aris axlis Ziebis usasrulo procesi.<br />
movlenis maTematikuri formulireba niSnavs mis ars-<br />
Si garkvevas, manamde ucnobi procesis mizez-Sedegobrivi<br />
kavSiris dadgenas. am TvalsazrisiT, vTqvaT, ulamazesi da<br />
lakoniurobiT gamorCeuli omis kanoni, romelic safuZvlad<br />
daedo eleqtroteqnikas da van-gogis `peizaJi wvimis<br />
Semdeg”, romlis saSualebiTac mxatvarma SeZlo organzomilebiani<br />
suraTidan zafxulis Sxapuna wvimiT gamowveuli<br />
simxurvale da oxSivari mnaxvelamde mietana da igi oflSi<br />
gaewura _ erTi da igivea, Semoqmedis genialurobis damadasturebeli<br />
fenomenia.<br />
yvela genialuri adamiani bavSvobaSi TiTqmis erTnairad<br />
amJRavnebs ama Tu im unars. ainStaini karga xans ver<br />
gaerkva, sabunebismetyvelo sferos SesWideboda Tu musikas<br />
gahyoloda. aRarafers vambobT blez paskalze, karl<br />
gausze da sxva geniosebze, romelTa Semoqmedeba saocari<br />
polarulobiT gamoirCeva da erTnairi siZlieriT vrceldeba<br />
rogorc zust mecnierebebze _ maTematikaze, fizikaze,<br />
astronomiaze, aseve azrovnebis iseT sferoebze, rogoricaa<br />
eTika, esTetika, poezia, romelTac araviTari<br />
pretenzia ara aqvT maTematikur sizusteze da swored amitom<br />
miekuTvnebian urTules kategoriebs. am TvalsazrisiT<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>ic Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi unaris mravalferovnebiT,<br />
marTlac, unikaluri pirovneba gaxldaT,<br />
amisTanebze ityvian _ RmerTma Tavisi kalTa daabertyao.<br />
23
24<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis scenuri saxeebi<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis cxovrebiseuli kredo gorSi Camoyalibda.<br />
maSin goris saswavleblebSi moRvaweobdnen saxelganTqmuli<br />
pedagogebi _ arCil da mariam RviniaSvilebi,<br />
nikoloz julabiSvili, nikoloz WiWinaZe, ilia kapanaZe da
sxvebi, romelTa xelSic aRizarda mravali SesaniSnavi axalgazrda<br />
da maT Soris <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe. qarTlis Suagulma<br />
am Taobis mravali cnobili moRvawe SesZina saqarTvelos _<br />
kompozitorebi aleqsi maWavariani da vano muradeli, qoreografi<br />
iliko suxiSvili, akademikosebi oTar oniaSvili,<br />
ilia zedginiZe, profesori mixeil saakaSvili, sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, saraketo teqnikis<br />
sakonstruqtoro biuros xelmZRvaneli aleqsandre<br />
nadiraZe da mravali sxva, romlebTanac baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s<br />
Tbili, megobruli urTierToba akavSirebda.<br />
bavSvobis megobrebTan <strong>erTad</strong>, gori, 1933 w.<br />
dganan: giorgi saZagliSvili da <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe;<br />
sxedan: Sura zeiTuriZe, lili TarxniSvili, miSa razmaZe, aleqsi<br />
maWavariani, Tamar maCabeli<br />
25
aleqsi maWavariani da <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe<br />
dedis sikvdilis Semdeg TavaZeebis xelmokle ojaxs Se-<br />
Zlebisdagvarad daxmarebas uwevda filimonis samegobro,<br />
gansakuTrebiT aliko maWavarianis ojaxi.<br />
saerTod, bavSvebi, damoukideblobisa da TviTdamkvidrebis<br />
mizniT, xSirad mimarTaven saTavgadasavlo elementebis<br />
Semcvel qmedebebs. ymawvilebis damegobrebas metad<br />
uwyobs xels saSiS situaciebSi erToblivi monawileoba _<br />
adidebul liaxvSi banaoba iqneba es, Cxubi, Tu sxva ram.<br />
1924 wlis masiuri daxvretebis periodSi damsjelebs `damnaSaveTa”<br />
erTi jgufis daxvretis Semdeg cxedrebisaTvis<br />
zereled miuyriaT miwa (daxvretilebSi iyo cnobili qvelmoqmedi<br />
aleqsandre qarumiZe, romlis qaliSvilic mogvianebiT<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is meuRle gaxda). SemTxveviT am<br />
ambisaTvis filimons moukravs yuri da megobrebisTvis<br />
26
ucnobebia. wasulan 12 wlis biWebi Cumad, saidumlod da<br />
daxvretilebi xelaxla dausaflavebiaT _ miwa miuyriaT,<br />
raTa nadirs maTi cxedrebi ar daejijgna. dagverwmunebiT,<br />
saqcieli keTilSobiluria, magram metad sarisko. am faqtma<br />
sabolood dausva beWedi maT megobrobas, romelic mTeli<br />
cxovrebis manZilze gagrZelda, gafarTovda, moicva maTi<br />
ojaxebi da monagarzec gavrcelda.<br />
1930 wels <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem warmatebiT daamTavra<br />
skola da swavlis gasagrZeleblad piri ruseTisken ibruna.<br />
27
28<br />
ymawvilkacoba<br />
Svidi weli ruseTSi<br />
1930 wels amierkavkasiis kompartiis centraluri<br />
komitetis kadrebis ganyofilebis iniciativiT <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZe, rogorc gamorCeulad niWieri da aqtiuri axalgazrda,<br />
swavlis gasagrZeleblad moskovis satyeo-teqnikur<br />
institutSi gagzavnes. is aqac didi aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda<br />
da administraciul-teqnikur personalTan <strong>erTad</strong> orjer<br />
miavlines cimbirSi xe-tyis damamzadebel ubnebze.<br />
siko inwkirveli da <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe cimbirSi, 1931 w.
1933 wels sabWoTa kavSiris mZime mrewvelobis saxalxo<br />
komisariatis dadgenilebiT sxvadasxva umaRlesi saswavleblis<br />
xuTasi warCinebuli studenti gadaiyvanes metalurgiuli<br />
profilis saswavleblebSi am dargis gaZlierebis<br />
mizniT. maT ricxvSi iyo <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZec, romelmac swavla<br />
ganagrZo peterburgis * industriuli institutis (Semdgom<br />
politeqnikuri instituti) mesame kursze. amgvarad,<br />
codnis SeZenis surviliT gamsWvaluli <strong>ferdinand</strong>i peterburgSi<br />
aRmoCnda. aq man ganvlo giorgi nikolaZis (peterburgis<br />
teqnologiuri instituti), niko musxeliSvilis<br />
(peterburgis universiteti), giorgi gedevaniSvilis (peterburgis<br />
politeqnikuri instituti) da sxva mamuliSvilTa<br />
mier gakvaluli gza, miiRo ganaTleba da pirveli nabijebic<br />
gadadga metalurgiuli mecnierebis mwvervalebisaken.<br />
imisTvis, raTa Rrmad CavwvdeT batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
miRwevebs metalurgiis sferoSi, unda mimovixiloT am mecnierebis<br />
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi da f.TavaZis mier<br />
ganvlili didi da nayofieri gza.<br />
saerTod, kacobriobis ganviTarebis yvela etapze qveynis<br />
siZlieris dasaxasiaTeblad sxvadasxva kriteriumebi<br />
gamoiyeneboda: Tamar mefis dros xmlebiTa da SubebiT<br />
SeiaraRebuli laSqris raodenoba iyo qveynis siZlieris<br />
maCvenebeli, mefe erekles epoqaSi _ zarbaznebis, xolo me-<br />
20 saukunis 40-ian wlebSi ki ukve gamodnobili foladisa<br />
da Tujis raodenoba gansazRvravda qveynis Zlierebas.<br />
amis gamo devizic ki arsebobda sabWoeTSi: “davewioT da<br />
gavuswroT amerikas foladisa da Tujis warmoebaSi”. es<br />
kriteriumebi imisTvis moviyvaneT, rom gveCvenebina metalurgiis<br />
roli kacobriobis ganviTarebis procesSi. civilizaciis<br />
donis ganmsazRvrelad metalurgia iyo miCneuli da<br />
ara sxva romelime sfero, vTqvaT, marcvleulis warmoeba<br />
* peterburgs, amJamad sankt-peterburgs, im periodSi leningradi<br />
erqva. wignSi yvelgan vxmarobT qalaqis Zvel dasaxelebas _<br />
peterburgs.<br />
29
(romelic adamianis keTildReobis uSualo maCvenebelia),<br />
radgan marcvleulis da yvela sxva produqtis warmoebis<br />
masStabebi isev da isev <strong>liTonTa</strong>naa dakavSirebuli _<br />
manqana-iaraRebis raodenobiTa da xarisxiT ganisazRvreba.<br />
metad samwuxaroa, magram faqtia, rom metalurgiis ganvi-<br />
Tarebas samxedro iaraRis warmoeba ganapirobebs. am TvalsazrisiT<br />
arc ruseTi yofila gamonaklisi.<br />
1853-56 wlebis yirimis omi, romelsac ruseTi awarmoebda<br />
TurqeTis, didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis koaliciis<br />
winaaRmdeg, ruseTis damarcxebiT damTavrda. omma<br />
gamoavlina ruseTis mniSvnelovani CamorCena samxedro teqnikis<br />
TvalsazrisiT: ialqniani xomaldebiT dakompleqtebuli<br />
rusuli floti ususuri aRmoCnda koaliciis orTqlis<br />
manqanebiT aRWurvil flotTan SedarebiT. rusuli<br />
armia SeiaraRebuli iyo gluvluliani kaJiani TofebiT,<br />
mowinaaRmdege mxare _ SaSxanebiT; ruseTi jer kidev brinjaos<br />
zarbaznebs iyenebda, TurqeTi ki _ krupis qarxanaSi<br />
gamodnobili tigelis foladisagan damzadebul qvemexis<br />
lulebs. swored iaraRis warmoebaSi arsebulma CamorCenam<br />
ganapiroba ruseTis metalurgiis Semdgomi ganviTareba.<br />
ruseTSi moRvaweobis dros <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZes Tavi<br />
valdebulad CauTvlia safuZvlianad gascnoboda ruseTis<br />
metalurgiis ganviTarebis istorias da mSvenieri gamokvlevac<br />
* dauweria, saidanac vigebT, rom pirveli cdebi qvemexis<br />
foladis lulis dasamzadeblad ruseTSi (zlatoustis<br />
qarxanaSi) Cautarebia general p.anosovs ** me-19 saukunis<br />
ormocian wlebSi.<br />
amave gamokvlevis Tanaxmad “p.anosovis saqmianoba<br />
* werili ar gamoqveynebula. igi 18 gverdiania da xelnaweris<br />
saxiT inaxeba f.TavaZis pirad arqivSi.<br />
** p.anosovs saxeli gauTqvams bulatis foladisagan damzadebuli<br />
iaraRis gamokvleviT. mas inglisel sorbize adre gamouyenebia<br />
mikroskopi foladis aRnagobis Sesaswavlad da daumkvidrebia<br />
liTonebis mikroskopuli kvlevis pioneris saxeli.<br />
30
gaagrZela samTo inJinerma p.obuxovma. man 1854 wels imave<br />
qarxanaSi miiRo maRali xarisxis tigelis foladi, romlisganac<br />
daamzades xmlis pirebi, Tofis lulebi da sxva.<br />
miRebuli SedegebiT gamxnevebulma p.obuxovma 1855 wels<br />
SeimuSava foladis zarbaznebis qarxnis proeqti, romlis<br />
mixedviTac 1860 wels zlatoustSi aigo foladis zarbaznebis<br />
pirveli rusuli fabrika. iq damzadebulma foladis<br />
Tormetgirvanqianma * lulebma 1860 wels warmatebuli<br />
gamocda gaiara. 1862 wels londonis gamofenaze p.obuxovis<br />
foladis qvemexi, romelic 4000 gasrolas uZlebda, oqros<br />
medliT dajildovda.<br />
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom p.obuxovis mier warmoebuli<br />
lulebi krupis lulebTan SedarebiT bevrad iafi jdeboda,<br />
kerZod, 1 fuTi ** rusuli lula jdeboda 16,5 maneTi,<br />
krupisa _ 45. amis gamo rusuli iaraRi konkurentunariani<br />
gaxda.<br />
zlatoustis qarxana ver akmayofilebda sazRvao artileriis<br />
mzard moTxovnebs, amitom specialuri dadgenilebiT<br />
gadawyda p.obuxovis qarxnis mSenebloba peterburgSi,<br />
sadac tigelis foladisagan unda damzadebuliyo<br />
lulebi mZlavri, mZime qvemexebisaTvis. qarxnis *** mSenebloba<br />
1862 wels dasrulda.<br />
swored am qarxanaSi daiwyo muSaoba axalgazrda in-<br />
Jinerma d.Cernovma, romelic sistematurad swavlobda<br />
foladis qimiuri Sedgenilobisa da Wedvis temperaturis<br />
gavlenas mis Tvisebebze, zodis kristalizaciis process<br />
da sxva. 1868 wels d.Cernovi moxsenebiT wardga rusuli teqnikuri<br />
sazogadoebis winaSe da ganacxada Tavisi aRmoCenis<br />
Sesaxeb, romelic foladSi struqturul gardaqmnebs<br />
Seexeboda. d.Cernovma pirvelma gansazRvra foladis wr-<br />
TobisaTvis saWiro kritikuli temperatura, romelsac<br />
* girvanqa _ 409gr.<br />
** fuTi _ 16 kg.<br />
*** sabWoTa periodSi p.obuxovis qarxanas “bolSeviki” ewoda.<br />
31
gaxurebis minimaluri temperatura uwoda da a wertiliT<br />
aRniSna. manve aRmoaCina rkinis α-alotropiuli modifikaciis<br />
γ-modifikaciaSi gadasvlis kritikuli temperaturac,<br />
romelic b-Ti aRniSna. mogvianebiT (1888 w.) frangi<br />
mecnieris z.osmondis mier es wertilebi Sesabamisad A 3<br />
da Ac 1 -iT aRiniSna da dRemde am simboloebiTaa cnobili.<br />
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
is faqti, rom d.Cernovma jer kidev maSin daadgina α→→γ<br />
struqturuli gadasvlis moculobiTi efeqti.<br />
es banaluri WeSmariteba, romelsac liTonmcodneobis<br />
SesavalSive ecnoba studenti, udides aRmoCenadaa miCneuli.<br />
efeqti gamowveulia α-moculobadacentrebul da<br />
γ-waxnagdacentrebul kubur struqturaTa gansxvavebiT,<br />
romelic gansazRvravs rkinaSi minarevis sxvadasxva temperaturaze<br />
xsnadobis xarisxs, Wedvis pirobebs, Termuli<br />
damuSavebis temperaturul zRvrebs, mis SesaZleblobebs<br />
da a.S. kritikuli temperaturebis aRmoCenis udidesi praqtikuli<br />
mniSvneloba gamoixateba imaSic, rom foladis damuSavebis<br />
Zveli, istoriuli, xelosnuri meTodebi, romlebic<br />
intuiciasa da empiriul codnas emyareboda, d.Cernovma<br />
daayena myar mecnierul safuZvelze _ Seqmna Termuli damuSavebis<br />
Teoriuli safuZvlebi.<br />
d.Cernovma pirvelma Camoayaliba foladis kristalizaciis<br />
Teoria, Seiswavla sxmulis defeqtebi da, rac mTavaria,<br />
mogvca kristalizaciiT gamowveul wunTan brZolis<br />
meTodebi.<br />
d.Cernovis saxeli, rogorc foladis Termuli damuSavebisa<br />
da axali mecnierebis _ metalografiis fuZemdeblisa,<br />
Rebulobs msoflio mniSvnelobas. amerikeli<br />
profesoris hous gamoTqmiT, d.Cernovi metalografiis<br />
mamaa, . . . houm Tavisi kapitaluri wigni metalurgiis darg-<br />
Si d.Cernovs miuZRvna. cnobili frangi mecnieri osmondi<br />
1902 wels werda, rom d.Cernovis Sromebma udidesi gavlena<br />
32
moaxdina metalurgiis evoluciaze” _ aRniSnavs <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZe Tavis naSromSi.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, amave gamokvlevidan vgebulobT, rom<br />
d.Cernovs Zalze yvarebia violino, Tavisufal dros mas<br />
uTmobda da metad ainteresebda stradivariusis violinoebis<br />
ganumeorebeli JReradobis ganmsazRvreli pirobebis<br />
dadgena. “Sedegad d.Cernovma sakuTari xeliT daamzada violino,<br />
romelic specialistebis azriT xmovanebiT sulac<br />
ar Camouvardeboda namdvil italiur violinos” _ wers<br />
d.Cernovis pirovnebiT, mis interesTa da SesaZleblobaTa<br />
mravalferovnebiT aRfrTovanebuli batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i.<br />
es aRfrTovaneba gasagebicaa _ Tavad farTo SemoqmedebiTi<br />
unariT dajildoebuli sxvaSic am unars eZebda da didad<br />
afasebda.<br />
axla SevecadoT aRvweroT peterburgis is garemo, sadac<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZes mouxda moRvaweoba da saidanac iwyeba<br />
misi didi da nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi gza.<br />
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze industrializaciis mZlavrma<br />
talRam xeli Seuwyo sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebisa<br />
da teqnikis, maT Soris metalurgiuli mecnierebis, winsvlas.<br />
mecnierebis saganZuri gamdidrda axali aRmoCenebi-<br />
Ta da TeoriebiT. le-Satelies, anosovis, Cernovis, tamanis,<br />
osmondis, grifitsis, austenis, iumrozeris, lavesis<br />
da sxvaTa Sromebma metad gaafarTova adamianis warmodgena<br />
liTonebsa da Senadnobebze. am periodSi peterburgi<br />
sayovelTaod cnobil aRmoCenaTa centrad iTvleboda.<br />
d.mendeleevma aRmoaCina elementebis periodulobis kanoni<br />
(peterburgis unversiteti), d.konovalovma Camoayaliba xsnarebis<br />
Teoria, g.hesma daamtkica reaqciis siTboTa jamis<br />
mudmivoba (peterburgis teqnologiuri instituti), akademikosma<br />
a.baikovma safuZveli Cauyara SenadnobTa qimias,<br />
sabolood daxvewa p.anosovisa da d.Cernovis mier aRmoCenili<br />
mikroskopuli kvlevis meTodebi da daamuSava maRal-<br />
33
temperaturuli amoWmis Teoriuli safuZvlebi (peterburgis<br />
politeqnikuri instituti), akademikosma n.kurnakovma<br />
gamoigona temperaturis maregistrirebeli pirometri<br />
(peterburgis eleqtroteqnikuri instituti), manve daadgina<br />
kavSiri ormagi sistemebis Sedgenilobasa da Tvisebebs<br />
Soris (peterburgis samTo instituti) da Seqmna liTonuri<br />
Senadnobebisa da naerTebis fizikur-qimiuri analizis<br />
mZlavri meTodi.<br />
1918 wels daarsda fizikur-qimiuri analizis instituti.<br />
cnobil gamocemebs _ “ruseTis fizikur-qimiuri<br />
sazogadoebis Jurnali” da “samTo Jurnali”, daemata fizikur-qimiuri<br />
analizis institutis “macne”, romelSic regularulad<br />
ibeWdeboda liTonuri sistemebis, marilebis da<br />
araorganuli naerTebis fizikur-qimiuri analizis Sedegebi.<br />
akademikos n.gudcovis xelmZRvanelobiT damuSavda<br />
myari xsnarebis Teoria, kristalizaciisa da likvaciis,<br />
foladis moSvebisa da grafitizaciis meqanizmebi (peterburgis<br />
politeqnikuri instituti, liTonebis centraluri<br />
samecniero-kvleviTi instituti), ramac safuZveli Cauyara<br />
Tanamedrove liTonmcodneobas, da kerZod, swavlebas foladis<br />
Sesaxeb. metalografiis saxelwodebiT cnobili mecnieruli<br />
mimarTuleba, romelic efuZneboda p.anosovis,<br />
d.Cernovisa da a.baikovis aRmoCenebs, Tavdapirvelad gulisxmobda<br />
liTonebisa da maTi Senadnobebis mikroskopul<br />
kvlevas. TandaTan misi miznebi da kvlevis meTodebi metad<br />
gafarTovda da iqca fizikur-qimiuri analizis sagnad, romlis<br />
amocanac iyo liTonuri Senadnobebis bunebis gamokvleva<br />
maTi struqturisa da Tvisebebis dadgenis gziT.<br />
amgvarad, gasuli saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi peterburgSi<br />
Sekrebili iyo ruseTis inteleqtualuri potencialis<br />
udidesi nawili. miuxedavad qveyanaSi arsebuli<br />
siduxWirisa, revoluciisa da samoqalaqo omiT gamowveuli<br />
34
ngrevisa, sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademia * , revoluciamdeli<br />
ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis samarTalmemkvidre,<br />
uZlieresi iyo ruseTis mTel imperiaSi.<br />
peterburgSi moRvaweobda cnobili gemTmSenebeli da<br />
sainJinro-gamoyenebiTi maTematikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli,<br />
akademikosi a.krilovi, romelic WeSmaritad iTvleba<br />
Tanamedrove rusuli gamoyenebiTi maTematikis mamam-<br />
Tavrad. misi mowafeebis _ v.smirnovisa da n.luzinis cnobil<br />
mravaltomian saxelmZRvaneloze aRizarda maTematikosTa<br />
mTeli Taobebi. aqve moRvaweobda rus fizikosTa patriarqi<br />
akademikosi a.iofe, romlis mowafeebidan sakmarisia movixsenioT<br />
Tundac i.frenkeli _ liTonebis eleqtronuli<br />
Teoriis erT-erTi avtori da sayovelTaod cnobili mkvlevari,<br />
nobelis premiis laureati, akademikosi p.kapica _<br />
fizikaSi mravali axali mimdinareobis moTave. peterburg-<br />
Si Caeyara safuZveli msoflioSi cnobil fiziologiur<br />
skolas da pirveli nobelis premiac mis liders, akademikos<br />
i.pavlovs mieniWa. aqedan eZleva saTave qarTul fiziologiasac<br />
akademikos i.beritaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. peterburgSi<br />
iyo Tavmoyrili mecnier-medikosTa saukeTeso<br />
nawilic, romlis lideri cnobili mecnieri-qirurgi, samedicino<br />
akademiis akademikosi, samedicino samsaxuris general-leitenanti<br />
iustine janeliZe gaxldaT.<br />
ai, amgvari didi mecnieruli tradiciebisa da mecnieruli<br />
`oromtrialis” centrSi aRmoCnda sruliad axalgazrda,<br />
energiiTa da optimizmiT aRsavse <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe.<br />
1934 wlidan <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe peterburgis industriuli<br />
institutis studentia. am periodSi ruseTSi arsebuli<br />
rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri foni kidev ufro daamZima<br />
e.w. `torgsinis” SemoRebam, roca mosaxleobisagan oqros da<br />
sxva ZvirfaseulobaTa eqspropriaciis mizniT saxelmwifo<br />
* sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumi 1934 wels<br />
peterburgidan moskovSi gadaitanes.<br />
35
aTasgvar komerciul da finansur xrikebs mimarTavda. aseT<br />
pirobebSi stipendiiT Tavis rCena SeuZlebeli gaxda da <strong>ferdinand</strong>mac<br />
gamoiyena gorSi miRebuli gamocdileba _ daiwyo<br />
abrebis da afiSebis xatva, artistuli niWierebac moimarjva<br />
da evropuli cekvebis swavlebas mihyo xeli, SigadaSig<br />
mtvirTavadac muSaobda da ris vai-vaglaxiT irCenda Tavs.<br />
mougvarebeli hqonda binis sakiTxic. yofila SemTxveva,<br />
roca igi nacnob moxucs Seukedlebia mdinare nevaze “liteini<br />
mostis” gasaxsneli xidis saeqsploatacio jixurSi.<br />
erTxans nevis prospeqtze kinoTeatr “titanis” mansardaSic<br />
cxovrobda kinoTeatris xelmZRvanelobasTan jentlmenuri<br />
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze da qiris angariSSi kinos afiSebs<br />
xatavda. vinaidan saamiso pirobebi hqonda, SigadaSig goridan<br />
wamoRebuli julabiSvilis naCuqari a.puSkinis leqsebis<br />
dasuraTebuli wignis mixedviT “kavkasiis xedebs” xatavda da<br />
yidda. miuxedavad rTuli viTarebisa, sibejiTiTa da muyai-<br />
TobiT gamorCeuli <strong>ferdinand</strong>i mainc axerxebda warCinebiT<br />
swavlas. male man profesor-pedagogebis yuradRebac miipyro<br />
da jer kidev studentma imave institutis samsxmelo laboratoriaSi<br />
daiwyo muSaoba teqnikos-laborantad profesor<br />
v.andreevis xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />
yvelam kargad viciT, Tu rogori siswrafiT See-<br />
Zlo baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s adamianebTan keTili urTierTobis<br />
damyareba. albaT, misi es Tvisebac gaxldaT erT-erTi<br />
mizezi, romlis wyalobiT niWieri axalgazrda sul male<br />
metalurgiuli fakultetis gamorCeuli da usayvarlesi<br />
studenti gaxda.<br />
peterburgis industriuli instituti gaSenebuli iyo<br />
tye-parkSi. iqve, saswavlo korpusebis maxloblad, mdebareobda<br />
profesorebis sacxovrebeli saxlebic. zafxulobiT,<br />
uqme dReebSi, profesorebi xSirad ikribebodnen<br />
talaverSi, bWobdnen, saubrobdnen da “samovris” Cais miirTmevdnen,<br />
vin _ Saqris natexiT, vin _ murabiT. am “mec-<br />
36
nieruli” ritualis monawile batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>ic iyo<br />
xolme. maSin mas siyvaruliT freds eZaxdnen.<br />
_ aba, fred, geTayva, “samovris” Cai “metalurgiuli CaiT”<br />
Segvicvaleo, mxolod ise, rom Cvenma meuRleebma ar gaigono<br />
_ etyodnen xolme profesorebi da fredic “samovarSi” wylis<br />
nacvlad profesorebis mier winaswar malulad momaragebul<br />
arays asxamda, xolo Cais nayens koniakiT cvlida. qalbatonebi<br />
karga xans ver xvdebodnen maTi swavluli qmrebis oinebs.<br />
am ritualebSi <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis monawileoba, udavod, metyvelebs<br />
im did siyvarulze, avtoritetsa da popularobaze,<br />
romliTac is, jer kidev sruliad axalgazrda, sargeblobda<br />
peterburgis mecnierul wreSi.<br />
1935 wels sadiplomo naSromis Sesasruleblad igi<br />
liTonebis centralur samecniero-kvleviT institutSi,<br />
akademikos a.baikovis laboratoriaSi, miavlines da sadiplomo<br />
naSromis Sesrulebis Semdeg iqve datoves inJinris<br />
Tanamdebobaze.<br />
peterburgel mecnier-metalurgTa erTi jgufi<br />
centrSi akademikosi a.baikovi<br />
37
yofiTi pirobebis umniSvnelo gaumjobesebamac ki<br />
mas saSualeba misca mTlianad CarTuliyo laboratoriis<br />
saqmianobaSi da pirveli mecnieruli gamokvlevac<br />
gaekeTebina akademikos a.baikovis xelmZRvanelobiT. aq<br />
dauaxlovda igi maSin ukve cnobil mecniers, gamoCenil<br />
Camomsxmels, profesor n.girSoviCs, romelTanac Tanam-<br />
Sromloba da megobruli urTierToba sicocxlis bolomde<br />
gagrZelda.<br />
38<br />
a. a. baikovis laboratoriaSi (1935)<br />
1936 wels <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe peterburgis kirovis saxelobis<br />
qarxnis centralur laboratoriaSi gadaiyvanes in-<br />
Jiner-mkvlevris Tanamdebobaze. es iyo yofili putilovis<br />
qarxana, cnobili sawarmo, romelic ekaterinburgis demidovis<br />
qarxanasTan <strong>erTad</strong> mefis ruseTSi mZime industriis<br />
flagmanis rols asrulebda.
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe da misi megobari mixeil Juki putilovis<br />
qarxanaSi (1936)<br />
putilovis qarxana im droisaTvis saukeTeso mowyobiloba-danadgarebiT<br />
iyo aRWurvili, mZlavri cxeli saamqroebi<br />
da mTavari metalurgis samsaxuris farTo sarbieli<br />
gaaCnda. * aq <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe, rogorc Tevzi wyalSi,<br />
ise grZnobda Tavs. man brwyinvale sawarmoo praqtika gaiara<br />
da sabolood eziara metalurgis mZime profesias. albaT,<br />
aman ganapiroba misi erT-erTi argumenti imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom mecnierebaSi mosul kacs aucileblad unda hqondes<br />
gavlili qarxnis skola.<br />
am droisaTvis laboratoriebSi nayofieri muSaobis<br />
* Cveulebriv samanqanaTmSeneblo qarxanaSi xuTi mTavari samsaxuria:<br />
konstruqtoris, teqnologis, meqanikosis, energetikosis<br />
da metalurgis. mTavari metalurgis samsaxurSi Sedis<br />
cxeli saamqroebi da ubnebi _ sadnobi, saWedi, Termuli da<br />
sxva.<br />
39
Sedegad <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe ukve sami mecnieruli naSromis<br />
avtoria:<br />
• Tujis qimiur-Termuli damuSavebis optimaluri re-<br />
Jimebis dadgena;<br />
• azotirebuli Tujis optimaluri Sedgenilobis dadgena<br />
centridanuli CamosxmisaTvis;<br />
• `piros”-is Senadnobis dnobis, Camosxmisa da Wedvis teqnologiuri<br />
procesis dadgena.<br />
igi ukve gamorCeuli axalgazrda mkvlevaria da moxvedrilia<br />
akademikos a.bardinis, n.gudcovisa da sxvaTa<br />
TvalTaxedvis areSi.<br />
bunebrivia, dRis wesrigSi dgeba <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis<br />
mecnieruli karieris sakiTxi. mas kirovis qarxnidan agzavnian<br />
inJiner-teqnikuri personalis kvalifikaciis asamaRlebel<br />
institutSi, Termuli damuSavebis kaTedraze, sadisertacio<br />
naSromis Sesasruleblad.<br />
kirovis qarxnis sagzurs Tan erTvis qarxnis centraluri<br />
laboratoriis daxasiaTeba, daxasiaTeba liTonebis<br />
centraluri institutidan, da, rac mTavaria, Tavad profesor<br />
n.gudcovis * Suamdgomloba.<br />
Tu qvemoT moyvanil am dokumentebs guldasmiT<br />
waikiTxavT, mixvdebiT, rom <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe Zalian<br />
kargad gaucniaT mis ufros kolegebs, aRmouCeniaT<br />
masSi kvlevis sagnisadmi cocxali interesi, didi cnobiswadili,<br />
yovelive axalSi swrafi orientaciisa da<br />
swori gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari. vinc baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s<br />
axlos icnobda, dagveTanxmeba, rom daxasiaTeba<br />
WeSmaritad zustia. man es Tvisebebi sicocxlis bolomde<br />
SeinarCuna. aseTi dokumentebiT `SeiaraRebuli”<br />
cecxlovani axalgazrdisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, yvela<br />
dawesebulebis kari Ria iqneboda, miT umetes, Tu mis<br />
* n.gudcovi 1939 wels akademikosad airCies.<br />
40
mecnierul saqmianobas konsultacias gauwevda TviT<br />
akademikosi a.baikovi. *<br />
* a.baikovi im dros ukve sayovelTaod cnobili mecnieri iyo.<br />
sikvdilis Semdeg (1946 w.) misi saxelis ukvdavsayofad sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis metalurgiis instituts, am profilis<br />
erT-erT umsxviles dawesebulebas msoflioSi, akademikos<br />
a.baikovis saxeli mianiWes.<br />
41
movlenebs odnav gavuswrebT da vityviT, rom uxuces<br />
a.baikovsa da ymawvil f.TavaZes Soris imTaviTve gamocdili<br />
moZRvrisa da niWieri SegirdisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
44
urTierToba damyarda. a.baikovi sicocxlis bolomde yuradRebiT<br />
adevnebda Tvals f.TavaZis mecnierul saqmianobas<br />
da didi wvlili Seitana misi, rogorc mecnieris, CamoyalibebaSi.<br />
amis dasturad a.baikovis qvemoT moyvanili erTerTi<br />
werilic gamodgeba.<br />
akademikos a. baikovis werili oTxgverdiania, aq moyvanilia<br />
werilis dasawyisi da dasasruli<br />
es werili 1941 wliTaa daTariRebuli. <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZe ukve teqnikis mecnierebaTa kandidatia da TbilisSi<br />
intensiurad muSaobs sadoqtoro disertaciaze. mas, rogorc<br />
haeri, ise sWirdeba rCeva, konsultacia, literatura<br />
da isic Tamamad mimarTavs xolme akademikos a.baikovs.<br />
man icis, didi akademikosi siamovnebiT gauwevs daxmarebas<br />
Tavis axalgazrda Segirds. saerTod, albaT, iSviaTad SexvdebiT<br />
aseT gulwrfel damokidebulebas maswavlebelsa<br />
da Segirds Soris. bunebrivia, am uprecedento damokidebulebaSi<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis wvlili iseve didia, rogorc<br />
a.baikovis.<br />
zemoT siTamame vaxseneT. diax, batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i<br />
Tamami gaxldaT da ver itanda Tavxedobas. Tumca adamianis<br />
es orive Tviseba garegnulad zogjer erTnairad aRiqmeba,<br />
magram maTi buneba sruliad sapirispiroa _ siTamame simarTlis<br />
qomagi da damcvelia, Tavxedoba _ usamarTlobis.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis siTamame misi samarTlianobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />
igi ar erideboda sxvis Sewuxebas, ra rangis<br />
moxelec ar unda yofiliyo, Tu es mecnierul interesebs<br />
emsaxureboda. rodesac sakiTxi exeboda institutis axali<br />
mowyobilobiT aRWurvas, TanamSromlebis samuSao Tu<br />
sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebas, axali mecnieruli<br />
ideebis damkvidrebas, an maT sajarod dacvas, misi siTamame<br />
usazRvro xdeboda. amas yvela dagvidasturebs, visac<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is Tamami Tanadgoma ugrZvnia, Tundac<br />
im sarekomendacio baraTebis saxiT, romelsac igi uSurve-<br />
45
lad atanda Tavis Segirdebs ruseTis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi<br />
materialur-teqnikuri Tu ideuri daxmarebis misaRebad.<br />
mas ar uyvarda zedmeti mokrZalebuloba, Tu amiT saqme<br />
yovndeboda an fuWdeboda. mecnieruli karieris garkveul<br />
zRurblze myofi yvela adamiani Cveulebriv mokrZalebuli,<br />
nerviuli da xSirad mSiSarac ki xdeba. am dros batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is Tamami SeZaxili da STagoneba saswaulmoqmed<br />
zegavlenas axdenda pirovnebaze da igi SiSis burusidan<br />
gamohyavda. <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe Tamamad axmarda Tavis avtoritets<br />
yvelas, vinc WeSmaritad mecnierul ideebs emsaxureboda.<br />
amitomac mis mowafeebs Tavisi mecnieruli<br />
miRwevebis demonstrirebis, damtkicebisa da dadasturebisaTvis<br />
mwvane Suqi hqondaT anTebuli sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
mTel sivrceSi.<br />
axla isev <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis cxovrebis gzas mivyveT.<br />
gamoxda xani da gairkva, rom misi mecnieruli kariera<br />
peterburgSi veRar gagrZeldeboda. saqme imaSia, rom<br />
1936 wels saqarTveloSi morigi SvebulebiT Camosulma<br />
batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma xeli sTxova Tavis rCeuls, cnobili<br />
mecenatis aleqsandre (saSa) qarumiZis qaliSvils,<br />
barbare (babulia) qarumiZes, romelic Tbilisis universitetis<br />
ekonomikis fakultetze swavlobda. atyda erTi<br />
miTqma-moTqma. avi enebi imasac ambobdnen, rom nestor<br />
TavaZis vaJi ver daipyrobda qarumiZeebis mSvenieri da<br />
amayi gogonas guls! magram, ar gaumarTlaT _ sul male<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i da qalbatoni babulia, romelTac<br />
bavSvobidan uyvardaT erTmaneTi, SeuRldnen. qorwili<br />
maT babulias biZam, saSa qarumiZis umcrosma Zmam simon<br />
(siko) qarumiZem gadauxada.<br />
axaldaqorwinebulebma Taflobis Tve peterburgSi<br />
gaatares, kirovis qarxnis saerTo sacxovrebelSi, staCekis<br />
quCaze, sadac baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s erTi patara kuTxe<br />
hqonda gamoyofili. cxovreba Cveuli ritmiT midioda,<br />
46
magram dadga 1937 weli... garemo daiZaba, sazogadeoba<br />
SiSma Seipyro. qalbaton babuliasaTvis es viTareba<br />
Tavzardamcemi da gausaZlisi aRmoCnda, miT umetes, rom<br />
qarumiZeebis ojaxs msgavsi tragedia ukve gadatanili<br />
hqonda 1924 wels.<br />
axalSeuRlebulebi _ babulia qarumiZe da <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe<br />
qarumiZeebi gamoirCeodnen janmrTeli qarTuli geniT,<br />
garegnobiTa da gonierebiT. babulias mama, ganaTlebuli<br />
da ukeTilSobilesi saSa qarumiZe progresulad moazrovne,<br />
masStaburi da didi qvelmoqmedi kaci iyo. man mamapapiseul<br />
sofel TortizaSi aaSena hesi, Seitana axali sasoflosameurneo<br />
teqnika, sakuTari saxlis nawilSi Tavisive saxsrebiT<br />
gaxsna skola da araerT niWier axalgazrdas Seuwyo<br />
xeli umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebaSi * . amitom, bunebrivia,<br />
komunistebma almacerad dauwyes yureba da, aravin icis<br />
ra sababiT, 1924 wels daxvrites. saSa qarumiZem Tanaso-<br />
* saSa qarumiZe niWier, xelmokle axalgazrdebs stipendias uniSnavda<br />
umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad.<br />
47
flelebis imdenad didi siyvaruli daimsaxura, rom roca<br />
misi daWeris ambavi gaiges, mTeli sofeli gorSi Cavida mis<br />
dasaxsnelad, magram ras gaxdebodnen. . .<br />
zemoT onavari biWebis da maT Soris <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
saqcielze mogaxseneT _ represirebulebs, romelTa Soris<br />
iyo saSa qarumiZec, miwa rom miayares. moxda ucnauri Tanxvedra<br />
_ batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma Tavisi momavali sasimamro<br />
bavSvobaSive gaapatiosna.<br />
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare gasagebia, rom 1937<br />
welma SeZra axalgazrda wyvili: batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
meuRlem mosveneba dakarga. * igi saSineli nostalgiis<br />
senma Seipyro. <strong>ferdinand</strong>mac daTmo peterburgSi mecnierul<br />
miRwevaTa perspeqtiva da babulias siyvaruliT<br />
TbilisSi dabrunda.<br />
* qalbatoni babulias SiSi safuZvliani aRmoCnda _ omis dawyebisTanave<br />
misi biZa siko qarumiZe, romelsac hales universiteti<br />
hqonda damTavrebuli da SesaniSnavi zooteqnikosi gaxldaT, dai-<br />
Wires da solikamskSi gadaasaxles, magram, sabednierod, gadarCa<br />
da karga xnis Semdeg cocxali dabrunda.<br />
48
dabruneba<br />
mTeli cxovreba saqarTvelos samsaxurSi<br />
TbilisSi dabrunebuli batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i meuRlesTan<br />
<strong>erTad</strong> babulias dedis, metad saTno da aTas Wirvaramgamovlili<br />
qalbatonis, nino tatiSvilis, ojaxSi cxovrobda<br />
rodenis quCaze. iqve cxovrobda saSa qarumiZis da qeTevani<br />
_ Tbilisis samxedro komendantis aleqsandre belovis<br />
meuRle, bevri CvenTaganisTvis kargad cnobili papido.<br />
moxucebma umal Seiyvares siZe da mSobliur mzrunvelobas<br />
ar aklebdnen. imxanad ojaxSi cxovrobdnen babulias Zmebic<br />
_ zurab da oTar qarumiZeebi. oTar qarumiZe, brge vaJkaci<br />
(axalgazrdobaSi SesaniSnavi sportsmeni), agronomiuli<br />
fakultetis damTavrebis Semdeg mSobliur keras daubrunda<br />
da sicocxlis bolomde gorSi moRvaweobda, zurabi ki<br />
TbilisSi darCa. igi gamocdili qimikosi da cnobili melomani,<br />
saopero xelovnebaSi Rrmad garkveuli pirovneba gaxldaT.<br />
sikeTiT savse zurab qarumiZe babuliasa da oTaris<br />
ojaxebze iyo gadayolili, maTi winsvliTa da bednierebiT<br />
xarobda mudamJams.<br />
saerTod, baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s TavaZeebis mxridan mcirericxovani<br />
sanaTesavo hyavda da moWarbebuli naTesauri<br />
grZnobebis kompensaciis mizniT mTeli cxovreba (Tavisi<br />
disa da ramdenime axlo naTesavis garda) meuRlis<br />
sanaTesavoze iyo Tavgadadebuli. es gasakviri arc iyo,<br />
radgan maTTan gansakuTrebuli siaxlove da siyvaruli akavSirebda.<br />
SeiZleba mkiTxvelis gakvirveba gamoiwvios <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis ojaxuri garemosa da misi sacxovrebeli<br />
adgilis xazgasmiT aRweram. mogaxsenebT _ es ubralo<br />
detali ar aris. yvelgan, sadac ki batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i<br />
cxovrobda, da aseTi sul sami saxlia TbilisSi, igi qmnida<br />
gansakuTrebul, sruliad individualur atmosfer-<br />
49
os. am saxlebma garkveuli “istoriuli” misia Seasrula<br />
mis cxovrebaSi, Tundac imitom, rom swored rodenis<br />
quCaze Caeyara safuZveli mis megobrobas momavalSi cnobil<br />
mecnier, akademikos nikoloz landiasTan, romelic<br />
imave saxlSi cxovrobda. aqve daiwyo misi megobroba gamoCenil<br />
inJinerTan, cnobil sazogado moRvawesTan givi<br />
miqelaZesTan. am sameulis megobroba sicocxlis bolomde<br />
gagrZelda da bevri saqveynod cnobili sikeTe<br />
moutana qarTul teqnikur mecnierebas. am saxlSi daumegobrda<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i Salva qarumiZis qaliSvils<br />
Tina qarumiZes. qalbatoni Tina, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis<br />
erTguli mkvlevari, sicocxlis bolomde<br />
xelmZRvanelobda xelovnebis muzeumis Zveli qarTuli<br />
xelovnebis ganyofilebas da paralelurad ufliscixis<br />
arqeologiur eqspedicias. Tina qarumiZis meSveobiT<br />
daumegobrda <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe gamoCenil xelovnebaTmcodnes,<br />
akademikos Salva amiranaSvils. aqve gaicno didi<br />
eqvTime TayaiSvilis uaxloesi megobari irodion sonRulaSvili,<br />
imJamad xelovnebis muzeumis saganZuris ganyofilebis<br />
gamge. maTi meSveobiT eziara sruliad axalgazrda<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>i qarTuli xelovnebis surnels, gauCnda<br />
Zveli qarTuli kulturis kvlevis interesi, romelic<br />
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ar ganelebia. amdenad, rodenis<br />
quCam gaamarTla da rodeniseuli madli, Tu mistikad<br />
ar CavTvliT, baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>sac arguna.<br />
qarumiZeebs rom komunistebi ar wyalobdnen, es kidev<br />
erTxel dadasturda 1951 wels, roca Tina qarumiZe ojaxiT<br />
samxreT yazaxeTSi gadaasaxles. akademikos Salva amiranaSvilisa<br />
da <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis Zalisxmeva, rogorme daexsnaT<br />
qalbatoni Tina gadasaxlebidan, uSedego aRmoCnda,<br />
Tumca mainc dadebiTad imoqmeda Semdgom ganviTarebul<br />
movlenebze: qalbatoni Tina, rogorc maRali profesionali-restavratori,<br />
uzbekeTSi gadaiyvanes da axmed-iasevis<br />
50
meCeTis aRdgena daavales. aman didad Seuwyo xeli qalbatoni<br />
Tinas fizikur gadarCenas. igi TbilisSi mxolod e.w.<br />
`daTbobis” (xruSCovis) periodSi dabrunda.<br />
rodenis quCaze SeeZinaT TavaZeebs qaliSvili, romelsac<br />
batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma londa daarqva, papidos meuRlem ki _<br />
cicino. magram es ukanaskneli ufro Zlieri `naTlia~ aRmoCnda<br />
da dResac londas umetesoba cicinos eZaxis.<br />
amasobaSi qveyana nel-nela dawynarda. 1937 wlis grigalma<br />
gadaiara. <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem Cveuli energiiT mihyo<br />
saqmes xeli. igi erTdroulad Tbilisis rkinigzis transportis<br />
inJinerTa institutsa da saqarTvelos industriul<br />
institutSi * kiTxulobs leqciebs. paralelurad<br />
p.meliqiSvilis saxelobis qimiis institutSi intensiurad<br />
muSaobs sadisertacio Temaze, romlis konturebi jer<br />
kidev peterburgSi gamokveTa.<br />
ra viTareba daxvda baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s saqarTveloSi,<br />
rogori iyo metalurgiuli mecnierebis done, vin moRvaweobda<br />
am mimarTulebiT? am kiTxvebs SesaniSnavad pasuxobs<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis ocdaaTgverdiani gamokvleva,<br />
romelic inaxeba mis pirad arqivSi. es gamokvleva zustad<br />
aRwers saqarTveloSi metalurgiis ganviTarebis istorias,<br />
amitom, dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad da procesebis<br />
ganviTarebis aRweris mizniT qvemoT mogvyavs aRniSnuli<br />
naSromi garkveuli SemoklebiT. aq naTlad Cans <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis winamorbedTa namoRvawari, romelsac Semdgom misi<br />
saqmianoba daeyrdno. maS ase, yuri mivugdoT baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s:<br />
`meoce saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi didi metalurgia<br />
mkrTalad iyo warmodgenili CaTaxis Tujis qarxnis<br />
ori miniaturuli brZmediT, romelTa saerTo moculoba<br />
30 kub.m Tu aRwevda da Tbilisis spilenZ-satkeci<br />
* Semdeg mas politeqnikuri instituti ewoda, amJamad teqnikuri<br />
universiteti.<br />
51
qarxnis * saxiT, sadac de-dues dganis uadresi egzemplari<br />
iyo gamarTuli. metalurgiis WeSmariti aRorZineba saqarTveloSi<br />
mxolod mas Semdeg daiwyo, roca 1922 wels<br />
n.musxeliSvilis, a.didebuliZis, g.nikolaZis, g.wulukiZis,<br />
g.gedevaniSvilis, a.razmaZis, a.gulisaSvilis, a.xaraZis,<br />
a.benaSvilis, v.kakabaZis da sxvaTa monawileobiT saqarTvelos<br />
universitetSi politeqnikuri fakulteti Camoyalibda,<br />
sadac qarTvel swavlul inJinrebTan <strong>erTad</strong> saqmis<br />
saTaveSi moeqca metalurgiaSi m.kurakosa da i.bardinis<br />
Tanamgzavri, SemdegSi fizika-maTematikur mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori g.nikolaZe.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli metalurgiis aRdgena-ganviTarebis<br />
ocnebis sinamdviled qcevas inJineri-metalurgi<br />
g.nikolaZe jer kidev maSin cdilobda, roca igi donis<br />
auzSi moRvaweobda. misi rCeviT masTan ukrainis maSindel<br />
metalurgiul qarxnebSi muSaoba daiwyes da liTonis warmoebis<br />
uaxlesi teqnologia aiTvises i.lorTqifaniZem,<br />
i.beriZem, n.SaraSeniZem da a.CxeiZem. maT Semdgom didi Rvawli<br />
dasdes qarTuli teqnikis ganviTarebis saqmes. metalurgiuli<br />
azrisa da metalurgiuli mrewvelobis gaRviveba<br />
g.nikolaZem Tavis qveyanaSic adgilobrivi kadrebis _ qarTveli<br />
maRalkvalificiuri metalurgebis momzadebiT<br />
daiwyo, gaaCaRa ra samecniero-pedagogiuri TanamSromloba<br />
profesor a.gulisaSvilTan, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis wevr-korespondent g.gedevaniSvilTan da<br />
sxvebTan. es jgufi erovnul umaRles saswavlebelSi specialuri<br />
disciplinebis kiTxvasTan <strong>erTad</strong> didi energiiT<br />
Seudga qarTuli teqnikuri terminologiis damuSavebas,<br />
saxelmZRvaneloTa Seqmnas, Targmnasa da a.S. didi leqsikografiuli<br />
samuSaos Catarebis Semdeg daistamba qarTuli<br />
* es qarxana amJamindeli ”dezertiris” bazris mimdebare teritoriaze<br />
iyo ganlagebuli da TiTqmis ormocdaaTian wlebamde<br />
muSaobda.<br />
52
teqnikuri terminologia da qarTvel inJinersa da students<br />
saSualeba mieca mSobliur enaze gamoeTqva teqnikuri<br />
azri da daswafeboda politeqnikur ganaTlebas. am<br />
sferoSi didi damsaxureba miuZRviT profesorebs g. da<br />
r.nikolaZeebs, v.kakabaZes, g.gedevaniSvils, a.gulisaSvils,<br />
i.yifSiZes, g.axvledians, a.SaniZes, v.beriZes, a.Ciqobavas da<br />
sxvebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom metalurgiuli disciplinis<br />
qarTulad swavlebas xeli Seuwyo a.gulisaSvilis pirvelma<br />
qarTulma saxelmZRvanelom, romelic, sxva saxelmZRvaneloTagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, sakmao sisruliT Seicavda metalurgiuli<br />
procesebis fizikur-qimiur safuZvlebs.<br />
WiaTuris manganumis unikalurma sabadom ganapiroba<br />
saqarTveloSi feroSenadnobTa msxvili qarxnis agebis<br />
SesaZlebloba, magram im droisaTvis ara marto sabWoTa<br />
kavSirSi, ucxoeTSiac aravis hqonda feromanganumis eleqtrodnobis<br />
gamocdileba. gaTvaliswinebuli qarxnis gegmareba,<br />
mSenebloba da samrewvelo aTviseba ki moiTxovda<br />
adgilobrivi nedleulis qarxnul gamocdas, sawarmoo<br />
aparaturis SerCevas da sxva mravali teqnikuri maCveneblis<br />
dadgena-dazustebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlebeli iyo<br />
msxvili masStabis samecniero-kvleviTi da sacdel-samrewvelo<br />
samuSaoebis Catarebis gareSe.<br />
am didi samecniero-teqnikuri amocanis gadawyveta<br />
(Teoriulic da praqtikulic) giorgi nikolaZem iTava.<br />
misi TaosnobiT damuSavda saqarTveloSi feroSenadnobTa<br />
qarxnis agebis praqtikul-organizaciuli RonisZiebani da<br />
samecniero gamokvlevebisaTvis sacdel-samrewvelo eleqtroRumelis<br />
ageba gadawyda. es ukanaskneli dagegmarda<br />
da aigo kidec TbilisSi, Semdeg ki adgilobrivi nedleulisagan<br />
feromanganumis eleqtrodnobis teqnologiis<br />
dasamuSaveblad da sxva samecniero-praqtikuli sakiTxebis<br />
mTeli kompleqsis gadasawyvetad am Rumelze misive xelmZ-<br />
RvanelobiTa da monawileobiT mravali cda Catarda.<br />
53
g.nikolaZem pirvelad amcno qveyanas feromanganumis<br />
eleqtrodnobis teqnologia, daadgina Rumelis winaRobis<br />
reJimze muSaobis aucilebloba, muSa Zabvis optimaluri<br />
sidide, Rumelis geometriuli maxasiaTeblebi, qvedis<br />
racionaluri konfiguracia, flusad kiris magier kirqvis<br />
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba da procesis warmatebulad mar-<br />
TvisaTvis saWiro mravali sxva parametri.<br />
amgvarad, didubis sacdel qarxanaSi swrafad dagrovda<br />
gegmarebisa da eqspluataciisaTvis saWiro didi Teoriuli<br />
da praqtikuli mniSvnelobis monacemebi, romelTa<br />
safuZvelzec aigo zestafonis feroSenadnobebis qarxana.<br />
am monacemebs didi mniSvneloba hqonda sabWoTa kavSirSi<br />
feroSenadnobTa metalurgiisa da metalurgiuli mecnierebis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis...<br />
am didi moculobisa da rTuli sakiTxebis damuSavebisas<br />
g.nikolaZesTan TanamSromlobdnen misi mowafeebi:<br />
i.lorTqifaniZe, i.niJaraZe, i.kekeliZe, l.melaZe,<br />
e.nadiraZe, g.SaTiriSvili, S.fxakaZe, a.RvamiCava, p.javaxaZe,<br />
a.xviCia, n.SaraSeniZe da sxvebi. . .<br />
zestafonis feroSenadnobebis qarxana, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
namdvil qarxana-laboratoriad gadaiqca. aq mTeli<br />
rigi feroSenadnobebis miRebis axali teqnologia damuSavda<br />
da aqve pova samrewvelo gamoyeneba. zestafoneli metalurgebi<br />
awarmoebdnen ara marto manganumis Senadnobebs,<br />
aramed feromolibdens, feroqroms, liTonur qroms, silikomanganums,<br />
liTonur manganums da a.S... gansakuTrebiT<br />
unda aRiniSnos inJinrebis i.lorTqifaniZis, i.kekeliZis,<br />
l.melaZis, l.maRlakeliZis, i.SaTiriSvilisa da d.CikaSuas<br />
mier laboratoriulad damuSavebuli da Semdeg warmoebaSi<br />
Canergili feromanganumis uflusod dnobis meTodi,<br />
risTvisac maT i.stalinis saxelobis premia mieniWaT...<br />
zestafonelma inJinrebma am dargSi TavianTi mdidari<br />
gamocdileba farTod gauziares sazRvargareTis<br />
54
qveynebsac (rumineTi, bulgareTi, aRmosavleT germania,<br />
CineTi), sadac maT warmoebaSi Canerges zogierTi feroSenadnobi<br />
da amdenad TavianTi wvlili Seitanes msoflio<br />
metalurgiuli mecnierebisa da mrewvelobis aRmavlobaSi<br />
(S.TedozaSvili, g.SaTiriSvili, S.fxakaZe)...<br />
ocdaaTian wlebSi Tbilisis axlos amoqmedda im droisaTvis<br />
didi warmadobis samsxmelo qarxana (”centroliti”),<br />
romelic Tavisi produqciiT momsaxurebas uwevda manqanaTsamSeneblo<br />
warmoebebs. am qarxanaSi samsxmelo saqmes<br />
daeufla qarTvel inJinerTa mTeli pleada, romelTa Soris<br />
uwinaresad unda movixsenioT i.cincaZe, a.RvamiCava,<br />
g.wurqava da sxvebi.<br />
arsebuli cnobebiT, im periodSi, rodesac Tbilisis qimiis<br />
instituts didi qarTveli qimikosis prof. p.meliqiSvilis<br />
mowafe, akad.l.pisarJevski Taosnobda, g.nikolaZisa da<br />
l.pisarJevskis molaparakebis Tanaxmad unda gaxsniliyo<br />
eleqtrometalurgiis ganyofileba eleqtrolizisa da<br />
eleqtrodnobis procesebis Seswavlisa da adgilobrivi<br />
nedleulis am mimarTulebiT aTvisebis gzebis dasasaxad.<br />
saubedurod, g.nikolaZe veRar moeswro Tavisi Canafiqris<br />
ganxorcielebas. qimiis institutTan mxolod 1935 wels<br />
gaixsna metalurgiis ganyofileba, romelic pirveli kvleviTi<br />
xasiaTis samecniero centri iyo am dargSi. oriode<br />
wlis Semdeg es ukanaskneli metalurgiis laboratoriad<br />
gadakeTda da misi gamgebloba inJ.a.xviCias miendo, xolo<br />
mecnieruli xelmZRvaneloba erTi periodis ganmavloba-<br />
Si _ cnobil rus mecnier-metalurgs akademikos a.baikovs.<br />
aq a.xviCia, m.kekeliZe, a.buxraSvili, m.Wanturia,<br />
m.cqitiSvili da Cven SevecadeT adgilobrivi metalurgiuli<br />
nedleulis Seswvlas da metalurgiuli warmoebis<br />
racionaluri reJimebis SemuSavebas.<br />
a.xviCiam laboratoriulad gamoikvlia saqarTvelos<br />
Savi zRvispireTis qviSebi da maTi bunebrivad legirebuli<br />
55
Tujebis misaRebad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba; SeimuSava<br />
WiaTuris sabados piroqsiduli madnebis Termoqimiuri<br />
gadamuSavebis xerxi da sxva. . .<br />
ormocian wlebSi dadebiTi SedegebiT dagvirgvinda<br />
moskovis d.i.mendeleevis saxelobis qimiur-teqnologiur<br />
institutSi r.aglaZis mier Catarebuli samecniero kvleva-Zieba,<br />
romelic mieZRvna WiaTuris manganumis sabados<br />
madnebisagan maRali sisufTavis liTonuri manganumis<br />
eleqtrolizis wesiT miRebas.<br />
sabWoTa da ucxouri specialuri presa imTaviTve<br />
dadebiTad gamoexmaura am gamokvlevaTa Sedegebis Teoriul<br />
da praqtikul mniSvnelobas. ufro gvian, samamulo<br />
omis periodSi, r.aglaZem Tavisi es meTodi saamqros ufros<br />
inJ.g.sioriZesTan <strong>erTad</strong> Canerga kidec zestafonis feroSenadnobTa<br />
qarxanaSi, risTvisac maT i.stalinis saxelobis<br />
premia mieniWaT...<br />
<strong>liTonTa</strong> wneviT damuSavebis saqmes g.gedevaniSvilma<br />
jer kidev 1938 wels miuZRvna saxelmZRvanelo qarTul<br />
enaze, romelic gankuTvnilia studentebisa da inJinrebisaTvis<br />
da aqamde <strong>erTad</strong>erTia am sferoSi. avtors mxedvelobaSi<br />
miuRia manqanaTsamSeneblo warmoeba da amitom<br />
saxelmZRvaneloSi didi adgili dauTmia Wedvis Teoriisa<br />
da praqtikisaTvis; mas dawvrilebiT aqvs ganxiluli uqcevi<br />
deformaciis fizikuri arsi. saerTod, wigni Seicavs Wedvis,<br />
glinvis, Trevisa da gamownevis procesebis da saTanado<br />
aparaturis aRwerilobas. aseve pirveli saxelmZRvanelo<br />
SesTavaza g.gedevaniSvilma qarTvel studentebsa<br />
da inJinrebs <strong>liTonTa</strong> SeduRebis dargSic....”<br />
metalurgiis didi nawili _ liTonmcodneoba _ CvenSi<br />
viTardeboda jer kidev p.meliqiSvilis saxelobis qimiis<br />
institutis metalurgiis ganyofilebasa da Semdeg<br />
liTonisa da samTo saqmis institutSi, sadac imTaviTve<br />
Seiqmna liTonmcodneobis specialuri laboratoria am<br />
56
striqonebis avtoris iniciativiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />
aqve daiwyo kvleva-Ziebani samsxmelo warmoebis dargSic...<br />
ai, aseT maRal Sefasebas aZlevs batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i<br />
Tavis winamorbed qarTvel metalurgTa namoRvawars da<br />
mokrZalebulad iwyebs muSaobas maT mxardamxar.<br />
amgvarad, ruseTidan dabrunebuli <strong>ferdinand</strong> Tava-<br />
ZisaTvis aqauri garemo ucnobi iyo, radgan man peterburg-<br />
Tan urTierToba Tbilisis gverdis avliT daamyara. magram,<br />
rogorc misi gamokvlevidan Cans, is swrafad gaerkva viTarebaSi,<br />
advilad gamoZebna saerTo ena kolegebTan da organulad<br />
CaerTo maT saqmianobaSi...<br />
1939 wlis 4 ivliss saqarTvelos industriuli institutis<br />
specializirebuli sabWos sxdomaze <strong>ferdinand</strong> Tava-<br />
Zem brwyinvaled daicva sakandidato disertacia Temaze _<br />
”struqturis gavlena antifriqciuli Tujis Tvisebebze”.<br />
samecniero sabWos sxdomas uZRveboda institutis direqtori,<br />
im dros metad popularuli pirovneba a.bojgua,<br />
xolo oficialuri oponentebi iyvnen profesorebi<br />
g.gedevaniSvili da a.gulisaSvili. disertants, rogorc<br />
Tbilisis rkinigzis transportis inJinerTa institutis<br />
TanamSromels, rkinigzelis forma ecva. amboben, rom es<br />
Cacmuloba mas Zalian uyvarda da didxans dadioda masSi<br />
gamowyobili.<br />
1939 wels <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe saqarTvelos politeqnikuri<br />
institutis <strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologiis kaTedris docentad,<br />
1948 wels profesorad, xolo 1949 wels gamged<br />
airCies, rac axalgazrda mecnieris didi aRiarebis momaswavebeli<br />
iyo.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, misi am mecnieruli winsvlis iniciatori<br />
Tavad kaTedris gamge, mxcovani profesori giorgi<br />
gedevaniSvili gaxldaT, romelic imTaviTve did imedebs<br />
amyarebda <strong>ferdinand</strong>ze da gverdidan ar iSorebda.<br />
rasakvirvelia, sainteresoa f.TavaZis azric g. gede-<br />
57
vaniSvilis Sesaxeb. karga xnis Semdeg baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s Canaweri<br />
gaukeTebia, romlis erTi monakveTic qvemoT mogvyavs:<br />
`giorgi gedevaniSvils didi wvlili miuZRvis universitetisa<br />
da iq teqnikuri mecnierebis, teqnikuri azrovnebis<br />
ganviTarebisa da qarTveli inJinrebis momzadebis saqmeSi...<br />
man me mimiyvana politeqnikur institutSi. maSin direqtoris<br />
movaleobas aw gansvenebuli akademikosi grigol wulukiZe<br />
asrulebda, xolo misi moadgilis movaleobas ki _ batoni<br />
giorgi. maT mimiyvanes ana giorgevnasTan * da uTxres _ es axalgazrda<br />
Cveni mkvidri iqnebao. aseve moxda rkinigzis satransporto<br />
institutSic. baton giorgis maSin mxarSi edgnen<br />
giorgi gociriZe, martin kasiani, iaSvili da aleqsandre lemani.<br />
batoni giorgi iyo SesaniSnavi aRmzrdeli, megobari,<br />
didi mecnieri, Zalze spetaki da principuli, yvelasaTvis samagaliTo,<br />
uwyinari da sayvareli adamiani. masTan <strong>erTad</strong> davdiodiT<br />
qarxnebSi, ZvelSi Tu axalSi, viRebdiT monawileobas<br />
kirovis CarxsaamSeneblo qarxnis kadrebis momzadebaSi,<br />
kvalifikaciis amaRlebis saqmeSi... misgan Cven, misi mowafeebi,<br />
did gamocdilebas viRebdiT... meore msoflio omis gaWirvebam<br />
ufro erT kvanZad Segvkra...”<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe baton giorgi gedevaniSvilTan <strong>erTad</strong><br />
* saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis kadrebis ganyo-<br />
filebis ufrosi.<br />
58
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe (rkinigzelis formaSi) kolegebTan <strong>erTad</strong><br />
p.meliqiSvilis saxelobis qimiis institutSi<br />
am droisaTvis batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i intensiurad muSaobs<br />
sadoqtoro disertaciaze, mudmivad aqvs mimowera Tavis<br />
ufros rus kolegebTan _ akademikos a.baikovTan, profesor<br />
n.girSoviCTan, i.nexenZisTan da sxvebTan, da isinic<br />
uSurvelad uweven mas daxmarebas. magram 1941 wels dawyebulma<br />
omma sagrZnoblad Secvala misi samecniero gegmebi.<br />
teqnikur inteligencias, omiT gamowveuli specifiuri<br />
problemebis gamo, uamravi axali Tavsatexi gauCnda. dai-<br />
59
wyo saqarTveloSi arsebuli qarxana-sawarmoebis profilis<br />
Secvla, saomar produqciaze orientacia, maTi gadaiara-<br />
Reba, muSaobis axal reJimze gadasvla.<br />
kaTedra mTlianad am problemebSi iyo CarTuli da<br />
Cveulebrivma mecnierulma Tematikamac saTanado metamorfoza<br />
ganicada.<br />
1945 wels, omis damTavrebisTanave, <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZe saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis liTonisa<br />
da samTo saqmis institutis misive iniciativiT Seqmnili<br />
liTonmcodneobis laboratoriis gamged airCies. amieridan<br />
mas ukve saSualeba mieca Tavisi sayvareli Tematika<br />
aq da politeqnikuri institutis kaTedraze erTdroulad<br />
gaeSala. Sedegmac ar daaxana. batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i<br />
1947 wlis 29 seqtembers sadoqtoro disertaciiT wardga<br />
saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis didi sabWos<br />
winaSe. sadisertacio Tema “qrommanganumiani Tujebi” im<br />
droisaTvis metad aqtualuri problemebis gadaWras gulisxmobda<br />
da uamrav novatorul da SigadaSig sakamaTo<br />
elementebsac Seicavda. sadisertacio diskusiam Cinebulad<br />
Caiara da baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s damsaxurebuli gamarjveba<br />
moutana. amas xeli Seuwyo saxelmoxveWil oponent-<br />
Ta kohortamac, romelSic Sediodnen: sakavSiro akademiis<br />
akademikosi, stalinuri premiis laureati, profesori<br />
n.gudcovi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrkorespondenti,<br />
profesori g.gedevaniSvili, stalinuri<br />
premiis laureati, profesori i.nexenZi da profesori<br />
i.kornilovi.<br />
1948 wels baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s sruliad damsaxurebulad<br />
teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi da profesoris<br />
wodeba mieniWa.<br />
60
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe, givi miqelaZe da mixeil kekeliZe liTonisa da<br />
samTo saqmis institutis laboratoriaSi<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe, margo cqitiSvili, Tamar sayvareliZe da nazi<br />
Tofuria metalurgiis institutSi rkina-naxSirbad-qromis sammagi<br />
diagramis modelis ganxilvisas<br />
61
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe, eTer giorgiZe, elene kartozia da<br />
salome jayeli <strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologiis kaTedraze<br />
1949 wels sabolood `daRvinebuli” <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe<br />
saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis <strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologiis<br />
kaTedris gamged airCies, xolo 1951 wels saqarTvelos<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiis liTonisa da samTo saqmis<br />
(Semdgom metalurgiis) institutis direqtorad da am aqtiT<br />
saqarTveloSi metalurgiuli mecnierebis liderad aRiares.<br />
sul male, 1955 wels, batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i ukve saqarTvelos<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondentia, xolo<br />
1960 wlidan _ akademikosi. 1962 wels <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZes<br />
mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawis wodeba mianiWes.<br />
* * *<br />
axla SeiZleba cotaodeni dro <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis<br />
ojaxur garemos davuTmoT.<br />
adamians ojaxis Seqmnaze didi jafa exarjeba. samwux-<br />
62
arod, es jafa xSirad fuWi aRmoCndeba xolme, _ arSemdgari<br />
ojaxebis didi raodenoba miuTiTebs amaze. batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i<br />
am mxrivac gamorCeuli pirovneba gaxldaT, ojaxic<br />
mtkice, mkvrivad nagebi gamouvida, aqac gaumarTla. qalbatonma<br />
babuliam didi ojaxuri tvirTi zida da yovelmxriv<br />
Seuwyo xeli batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is winsvlas. banaluri WeSmaritebaa<br />
_ roca ojaxSi saqme kargad midis da imedianad<br />
xar, samsaxurebriv saqmeebsac met dros uTmob da mSvidobianad<br />
agvareb.<br />
ojaxis simyudrovis erT-erTi ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli<br />
faqtoria sabinao pirobebi. am principiT <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis TbilisSi cxovreba sam periods moicavs. rogorc<br />
mogaxseneT, pirveli periodi man rodenis quCaze, zurab<br />
qarumiZis binaSi gaatara. 1944 wels batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma<br />
da qalbatonma babuliam sabinao pirobebi gaiumjobeses da<br />
marjaniSvilis quCaze dasaxldnen germanelebis eklesiis<br />
_ `kirxe~-s * midamoebSi. am ubans Zveli Tbiliselebi dResac<br />
`kirkad” moixsenieben. TavaZeebamde am binaSi omis dros<br />
moskovidan evakuirebuli cnobili mecnieri da musikis<br />
didi motrfiale orest zviagincevi cxovrobda meuRli-<br />
TurT. 1944 wels isini samSobloSi dabrundnen da gamo-<br />
Tavisuflebuli bina batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma miiRo. orest<br />
zviagincevi da <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe qimiis institutidan icnobdnen<br />
erTmaneTs, sadac batoni oresti omis wlebSi metalurgiul<br />
laboratorias xelmZRvanelobda. maT erToblivi<br />
samuSaoebic hqondaT Sesrulebuli. binis miRebis Semdeg<br />
batoni orestisa da batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is TanamSromloba da<br />
keTili nacnoboba did megobrobaSi gadaizarda. momavalSi<br />
zviagincevebi yovelTvis sixaruliT Camodiodnen Tbilis-<br />
Si, sadac maT saimedo navsayudeli egulebodaT TavaZeebis<br />
* Kirche _ eklesia (ger.). omis Semdeg kirxe da misi mimdebare Senobebi<br />
germanel tyveebs daangrevines da maTve, imave adgilas, is<br />
didi sacxovrebeli saxlebi aaSenebines, romlebic amJamad marjaniSvilis<br />
moedans qmnis.<br />
63
ojaxis saxiT.<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s es patara, magram myudro bina Zalian<br />
uyvarda mraval garemoebaTa gamo: aq daibada misi va-<br />
JiSvili gogi, damTavrda omi, gaumjobesda materialuri<br />
pirobebi, ojaxi mxrebSi gaiSala. male es saxli qalbatoni<br />
babulias gulRia maspinZlobis wyalobiT ojaxis naTesavmegobarTa<br />
TavSeyris kerad iqca. aq daiwyo barbarobis regularulad<br />
aRniSvna qalbaton babulias pativsacemad, aq mieca<br />
dasabami tradiciul lxins, romelic imarTeboda TavaZeebis<br />
ojaxSi batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is dabadebis dRes, 21 maiss.<br />
am dResaswaulze _ cota mogvianebiT, axla ki minda<br />
mogaxsenoT, rom baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>Tan urTierToba mudmivi<br />
dResaswauli iyo. mas raRac saocari xibli hqonda da adamianebs<br />
andamativiT izidavda. swored amitom hyavda uamravi<br />
megobari. misi siTbo da siyvaruli yvelas hyofnida.<br />
swored amitom ar ileoda mis ojaxSi stumari.<br />
64<br />
barbaroba TavaZeebis ojaxSi<br />
sxedan: manana bagrationi da ekaterine maxvilaZe, dganan: Tamar<br />
keCxuaSvili da <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe ojaxiT
modiodnen naTesavebi, megobrebi ojaxebiT, maT Soris<br />
mSvenieri qalbatonebi ekaterine maxvilaZe, elisabed<br />
CubiniSvili, Tamar keCxuaSvili, aro mazmiSvili, Tamar<br />
sulaqveliZe, manana bagrationi... qeTevan da aliko maWavarianebi,<br />
rusudan da kote TuSmaliSvilebi, raisa da gogi<br />
Txinvalelebi, Tamar da ilia natroSvilebi, elene da daviT<br />
feraZeebi da vin moTvlis kidev vin?.. Salva revaziSvilis<br />
da giorgi SavguliZis stumrobiT gamowveul sixaruls<br />
xom sazRvari ar hqonda. Salva revaziSvili batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
uaxloesi megobari gaxldaT, imdenad axlo, rom<br />
bevrs naTesavebic ki egonaT. sabednierod, maTi STamomavalni<br />
dResac mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni<br />
da albaT, momaval TaobebSic gagrZeldeba batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>isa<br />
da baton Salvas mier danergili siyvaruli.<br />
giorgi (Jora) SavguliZes, Tbilisis kolorits,<br />
wardgineba ar sWirdeba, magram erTs mainc vityvi _ masze<br />
Seyvarebuli iyo mTeli Tbilisi da, rasakvirvelia, arc<br />
TavaZeebis ojaxi gaxldaT am mxriv gamonaklisi. amitom,<br />
roca giorgi SavguliZem Tavis patara sexnias, gogi TavaZes,<br />
kintauris ramdenime ileTi aswavla, gogi sixaruliT<br />
cas ewia da dResac amayobs amiT. im periodSi Tbilisis<br />
Teatraluri elita, rogorc wesi, dRisiT ikribeboda<br />
rusTavelisa da marjaniSvilis Teatrebis win. am `birJiT~<br />
erTnairad sargeblobda rogorc msaxiobi, aseve mayurebeli<br />
_ Teatris moyvaruli Tu fanati. batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
qaliSvili, cicino, kamos quCaze mdebare 23-e saSualo<br />
skolis moswavle, Sin mimavali aucileblad marjaniSvilis<br />
TeatrTan gaivlida xolme, raTa Zia Joras misalmeboda da<br />
misi ambori `daemsaxurebina~.<br />
TavaZeebis ojaxSi dResac didi siamovnebiT igoneben<br />
im bednier dReebs, roca maT baTumidan qalbatoni babulias<br />
axlo naTesavi, uaRresad ganswavluli da daxvewili<br />
pirovneba, leo gabunia estumrebodaT xolme, romelTanac<br />
65
aton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s didi megobroba akavSirebda.<br />
imxanad TavaZeebis ojaxis yvelaze xSiri stumari gaxldaT<br />
givi miqelaZe da misi mSvenieri meuRle elene qarumiZe,<br />
romlebic mezoblad, aRmaSeneblis gamzirze,<br />
gorkis klubis gverdiT cxovrobdnen. vfiqrob, teritoriulma<br />
siaxlovemac ganapiroba is xSiri urTierTvizitebi,<br />
romelTa mudmivi monawileebi, <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZisa da givi<br />
miqelaZis ojaxebis garda, iyvnen dagmara da leonide meliqaZeebi,<br />
qeTevan da oTar CubiniSvilebi, qeTevan da arCil<br />
ZiZigurebi, Tamar sayvareliZe, amiran sulaqveliZe da sxvani<br />
da sxvani.<br />
didi megobroba akavSirebda batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is ojaxs<br />
leningradel profesor simon baranovTan da mis ojaxTan.<br />
es cnobili mecnieri da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis<br />
mqone didi pirovneba meore msoflio omis win sruliad<br />
daumsaxureblad daapatimres da gadaasaxles. igi mxolod<br />
omis dawyebisas ”gaaxsendaT”, roca ruseTs misi sajavSne<br />
foladi dasWirda. swored simon baranovis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli<br />
rusuli satanko teqnikis ganviTareba.<br />
batoni simoni xSirad Camodioda TbilisSi da aRniSnavda,<br />
rom mas drodadro aucileblad sWirdeba baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>Tan<br />
Sexvedra, raTa axali sasicocxlo energiiT daimuxtos<br />
da miiRos misgan ”витамины жизни и жизнерадостности”.<br />
aseve didi megobroba akavSirebda TavaZeebis ojaxs<br />
did mecnierTan, moskovis a.a.baikovis saxelobis metalurgiis<br />
institutis direqtoris moadgilesTan, profesor<br />
ivane kornilovTan da mis ojaxTan.<br />
TavaZeebis xSiri stumari gaxldaT ermitaJis direqtori<br />
akademikosi boris piotrovski. am axloblobis gamo<br />
CvenTvis, batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mowafeebisaTvis, ermitaJis<br />
yvela sacavis kari mudam Ria iyo.<br />
TavaZeebis ojaxSi stumrobdnen cnobili mecnierebi<br />
iulian nexenZi, naum girSoviCi, aleqsandre da boris gu-<br />
66
liaevebi, dimitri ivanovi, nadir kasumzade, boris patoni,<br />
aleqsandre merJanovi, mark berSteini da vin moTvlis kidev<br />
ramdeni gamoCenili pirovneba yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan<br />
da ucxoeTidan.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe, besik miqaberiZe, simon baranovi, ivane kornilovi,<br />
gogi TavaZe da nadir kasumzade avWalis agarakze, 1975 w.<br />
amdeni stumris miReba-gamaspinZlebas da ojaxur dResaswaulebs<br />
qalbatoni babulia uZRveboda _ batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
upirvelesi da uerTgulesi megobari, naTesavmegobarTa<br />
da batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is TanamSromelTa mudam<br />
gverdSi mdgomi qalbatoni. adrec aRvniSneT, rom ojaxi<br />
mTlianad mas mihyavda da batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i mTeli dat-<br />
67
virTviT muSaobda. ase gansajeT, zogjer iyo SemTxveva,<br />
roca batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i mouclelobis gamo sakuTar ojax-<br />
Si ukve sakmaod Selxinebul sufras Semouswrebda xolme<br />
da namdvili dResaswaulic maSin iwyeboda.<br />
* * *<br />
stumarmaspinZlobis es RvTisnieri tradicia kidev<br />
ufro gaZlierda TavaZeebis ojaxSi siZis _ besik miqaberiZis<br />
gamoCenis Semdeg. besiki _ yovelmxriv gamorCeuli, inteligenturi<br />
garegnobis, xaverdovani baritonis, ymawvili kaci<br />
_ Semovida Cvens samegobroSi da male, rogorc SesaniSnavi<br />
qirurgi da dastaqari, metalurgTa mfarvel eskulapad<br />
mogvevlina. Tu vinmes rame Seawuxebda, umal besikTan garboda.<br />
besikmac Zalian Segviyvara _ dRe ar gavidoda, rom<br />
institutSi ar Semoevlo da TiTo Tbili sityva ar eTqva<br />
misi metalurgi megobrebisaTvis.<br />
Cveni es urTierToba batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mier iyo<br />
xeldasxmuli _ masac did sixaruls hgvrida Cveni <strong>erTad</strong><br />
yofna, gansakuTrebiT aguZeris agarakze, romelic aklebuli<br />
gvqonda.<br />
soxumis Temas gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi da amavdroulad<br />
Cveni cxovrebis usayvarlesi epizodicaa. amitom, mkiTxvelis<br />
nebarTviT, SedarebiT detalurad aRvwerT am periods.<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdeg damarcxebuli, nacartutad<br />
qceuli germania inteleqtualuradac gaZarcves _<br />
mokavSireebma germaneli inJinrebis, mecnierebisa da mkvlevarTa<br />
farTo importi daiwyes. ufro amerikelebsa da<br />
sabWoelebs ”gamouzidavT” germaneli inteleqtualebi. ar<br />
vici, amerikelebma nebiT waiyvanes isini Tu ara, sabWoeTSi<br />
rom ZaliT wamoasxes, es ki utyuaria.<br />
germanel mecnierTa erTi nawili soxumSi CauyvaniaT<br />
da maTTvis soxumis maxloblad, sinopsa da aguZeraSi, zR-<br />
68
vis gaswvriv, uzarmazari teritoria gamouyviaT _ tyeparki<br />
subtropikuli landSaftiT da male es adgili ise<br />
SemouragvavT, rom Sig `buzic ver Sefrindeboda”. adgilobrivma<br />
mosaxleobam mxolod Woris doneze icoda, rom maT<br />
gverdiT kvleviTi instituti daarsda * .<br />
germanelebi aqve, Caketil zonaSi, cxovrobdnen ojaxebiT.<br />
maT yovelmxriv amaragebdnen, kotejebic auSenes, didi<br />
saxlebic, maRaziac hqondaT specmomaragebiT, klubic, kinoTeatric,<br />
plaJic, didebuli parkic (imas mec Seveswari,<br />
Svlebi rom dakuntruSebdnen iq), stalinur premiebsac<br />
urigebdnen. erTi sityviT, yvelaferi hqondaT Tavisuflebis<br />
garda. amitom, roca kancler adenauers saqveynod<br />
ganucxadebia _ omis mere germania ”uTavod” datoveso da<br />
kategoriulad mouTxovia germanel mecnierTa samSobloSi<br />
dabruneba, amaT sixaruliT tirili dauwyiaT, imedi gasCeniaT<br />
_ iqneb gveSvelos rameo. dReebs ki ara, wuTebs iTvlidnen.<br />
Turme ase xumrobdnen _ sabWouri xuTi wuTi aT<br />
weliwads udriso, xuTi wuTiT gamogviZaxes suk-Si da aTi<br />
wliT dagvakaveso.<br />
roca germanelebis deportacia daiwyo, im mizniT, raTa<br />
saqme ar gaCerebuliyo, mTavrobam nel-nela daiwyo Cveni<br />
mecnierebis CarTva soxumis fizika-teqnikis institutis<br />
samuSaoebSi ** . am periodSi, uranis programis damTavrebis<br />
* soxumis obieqti, daxuruli НИИ-5 an safosto yuTi, romlis<br />
Ria dasaxelebaa soxumis fizika-teqnikis instituti. am institutis<br />
obieqtebi _ obieqti A aguZeraSi da obieqti Г sinopSi _<br />
cnobili germaneli mecnierebis manfred fon ardenesa da nobelis<br />
premiis laureatis gustav ludvig hercis saxelebTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli.<br />
** irakli gverdwiTelis mcdelobis Sedegad saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis institutebSi Seiqmna sami specialuri laboratoria,<br />
romelTac unda emuSavaT saSualo manqanaTmSeneblobis<br />
saministros _ kerZod, atomuri energetikis komitetis Tematikaze.<br />
erT-erTi aseTi speclaboratoria 1958 wels Seiqmna metalurgiis<br />
institutSi.<br />
69
Semdeg, soxumis fizika-teqnikis institutSi muSaoba daiwyes<br />
axal mimarTulebebze, kerZod, gardamqmnelebze da<br />
stabiluri izotopebis gancalkevebaze. aman ganapiroba masalaTmcodneobis<br />
samecniero bazis gaZlierebis saWiroeba<br />
da, bunebrivia, aRniSnul samuSaoebSi mecnier-metalurgTa<br />
CarTvis aucilebloba. swored amitom institutis obieqtis<br />
xelmZRvanelma irakli gverdwiTelma * TxovniT mimarTa Zvel<br />
megobars _ <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZes (omis wlebSi isini <strong>erTad</strong><br />
moRvaweobdnen Tbilisis rkinigzis institutSi), raTa mas<br />
obieqtze mimdinare metalurgiuli samuSaoebisaTvis gaewia<br />
saTanado daxmareba. batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>mac ar daaxana da<br />
Cveuli enTuziazmiT soxumSi gaCnda Tavis rCeul mowafeebTan<br />
<strong>erTad</strong>. batoni iraklis gadawyvetilebam gaamarTla da<br />
misi TanamSromloba baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>Tan metad nayofieri<br />
aRmoCnda. metalurgiis institutis TanamSromlebisaTvis<br />
aguZeraSi sacxovreblad gamoyves koteji №7. am kotejma,<br />
romelSic ZiriTadad institutis qarTvelenovani Tanam-<br />
Sromlebi ikribebodnen, didi roli Seasrula soxumis<br />
fizika-teqnikis institutis gaqarTvelebaSi. TavisTavad<br />
soxumis instituti kargi skola iyo speclaboratoriis<br />
TanamSromlebisaTvis _ Seiqmna masalaTmcodneobis metad<br />
mZlavri baza.<br />
soxumis obieqtebis udides damsaxurebad iyo miCneuli<br />
uranis izotopebad gancalkevebis teqnilogiis damuSaveba,<br />
rac SesaZlebeli gaxda e.w. molekuluri filtrebis<br />
Seqmnis safuZvelze. dRes yvelasaTvis cnobilia,<br />
rom swored uranis gamdidrebis im periodSi Rrmad gasaidumloebuli<br />
teqnologia daedo safuZvlad atomuri<br />
bombis Seqmnas. metalurgiis institutis speclaboratoriis<br />
TanamSromlebis soxumis fizika-teqnikis institutSi<br />
yofnis periodSi bevr siaxles mieca dasabami.<br />
* irakli gverdwiTeli Semdgom fizika-teqnikis institutis di-<br />
reqtorad dainiSna.<br />
70
maSin amaze, rasakvirvelia, krintsac ver daZravdi, magram<br />
dRes yovelive istoriis kuTvnilebaa da SeiZleba<br />
xmamaRla vTqvaT, rom Cvens Tvalwin damuSavda programa<br />
koduri saxelwodebiT `ramaSka”, rac gulisxmobda Tburi<br />
gardamqmnelebis safuZvelze kosmosuri safreni aparatebis<br />
energomomsaxurebas (Semdgom am sferoSi generaluri<br />
konstruqtori batoni irakli gverdwiTeli gaxldaT).<br />
msubuqi elementebis (bori, azoti, naxSirbadi,<br />
Jangbadi) stabiluri izotopebis gancalkevebis procesebis<br />
kvlevis safuZvelze TbilisSi aSenda stabiluri<br />
izotopebis sareqtifikacio koSki da iqve dafuZnda stabiluri<br />
izotopebis instituti, sadac dResac awarmoeben<br />
izotopur bors da mis Semcvel naerTebs * . subuqi elementebis<br />
stabiluri izotopebis gancalkeveba mWidrod<br />
aris dakavSirebuli boris izotopebis 10 B da 11 B-is gamoyenebasTan<br />
birTvul manqanaTmSeneblobaSi da xelsawyoTm-<br />
SeneblobaSi. swored es funqcia iTava maSin metalurgiis<br />
institutis speclaboratoriam. bevr mniSvnelovan samuSaosTan<br />
<strong>erTad</strong> aq SemuSavda izotop 10 B-iT legirebuli<br />
specialuri foladebis miRebis teqnologia. axalma foladebma<br />
farTo gamoyeneba pova birTvuli energetikuli<br />
reaqtorebis warmoebaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom mecniereba<br />
borze institutis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebad<br />
* mosaxleobaSi izotopebis xseneba panikas iwvevs. sruli pasuxismgeblobiT<br />
mogaxsenebT, rom elementebis umravlesobas (83)<br />
stabiluri izotopebi gaaCnia. es imas niSnavs, rom droTa vi-<br />
TarebaSi isini ar ganicdian araviTar atomgulur cvlilebas,<br />
gansxvavebiT radiaqtiuli elementebisagan, romlebSic mudmivad<br />
mimdinareobs radiaciuli daSlis procesi mavne neitronuli<br />
nawilakebis warmoqmniT. is ramdenime avaria, romelic qavTara-<br />
Zis quCaze mdebare stabiluri izotopebis institutSi moxda,<br />
gamowveuli iyo teqnologiuri uwesrigobis Sedegad qimiurad<br />
mavne naerTebis (ZiriTadad halogenidebis) gaJonviT. rasakvirvelia,<br />
es metad arasasiamovno faqtia, magram radiaciuli safrTxisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT mas erTjeradi ziani moaqvs.<br />
71
iqca * . speclaboratoria, romelic Semdgom boris laboratoriad<br />
gardaiqmna, dRidan Tavisi daarsebisa batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is upirvelesi zrunvis sagani gaxldaT.<br />
soxumis fizika-teqnikis institutSi muSaobis periodi<br />
sakmarisi aRmoCnda Tbiliseli metalurgebisa da soxumeli<br />
fizikosebis damegobrebisaTvis, rasac win uZRoda batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is megobroba soxumel TavkacebTan _ irakli<br />
gverdwiTelTan da petre WeliZesTan, aseve ulamazes qalbaton<br />
nadeJda SambasTan ** da maT ojaxebTan. am megobrobaze<br />
dafuZnebulma TanamSromlobam mniSvnelovani Sedegi moutana<br />
rogorc metalurgiis instituts, aseve fizika-teqnikis<br />
instituts.<br />
aguZerasa da gurlifSSi zafxulobiT ikribebodnen<br />
qarTuli, afxazuri da rusuli inteligenciis cnobili<br />
warmomadgenlebi. sakmarisia CamovTvaloT is pirovnebebi,<br />
romelTac aq, TavaZeebis garda, agarakebi hqondaT an<br />
mudmivad cxovrobdnen _ nina da petre WeliZeebi *** , giorgi<br />
gulia, karlo kalaZe, nodar dumbaZe, merab berZeniSvili,<br />
zurab leJava, zurab wereTeli, ivane Tarba, Sura banZelaZe,<br />
konstantine simonovi, evgeni evtuSenko da sxva mravali,<br />
romelTa ojaxebSic zafxulobiT Tavs iyrida maTTan<br />
stumrad Camosuli uamravi xalxi da advili warmosadgenia<br />
is amaRlebuli ganwyobileba da SemoqmedebiTi atmosfero,<br />
rac aq agvisto-seqtemberSi sufevda.<br />
* am mimarTulebis samuSaoebi ganxilulia `<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis<br />
mecnierul memkvidreoba~-Si.<br />
** soxumis fizika-teqnikis institutis TanamSromeli, fizikamaTematikis<br />
mecnierebaTa doqtori, romlis mecnier-konsultanti<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i gaxldaT.<br />
*** mSvenieri qalbatoni nina da batoni petre, soxumis fizika-teqnikis<br />
institutis mTavari inJineri, gansakuTrebul mzrunvelobas<br />
iCendnen batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is ojaxis axloblebisa da metalurgiis<br />
institutis speclaboratoriis TanamSromelTa mimarT.<br />
maTi ojaxis kari CvenTvis mudam Ria iyo.<br />
72
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe aguZeris agarakze<br />
metalurgiis institutis is TanamSromlebi, romlebic<br />
wlebis manZilze vmuSaobdiT soxumSi, zafxulobiT isev<br />
aguZeras mivaSurebdiT xolme, radgan iq gvegulebodnen<br />
Cveni axalgazrdobis megobrebi, saocrad Tbili garemo,<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is koxta saxli, romelic Cveni TavSesafari<br />
gaxldaT da, rac mTavaria, qalbatoni babulia da<br />
Cveni axalgazrda megobrebi _ cicino, besiki da gogi _ mudam<br />
momlodine gulRia maspinZlebi. aqve unda mogaxsenoT<br />
_ sakvirvelia, magram faqtia, rom TavaZeebis `TavSesafris”<br />
tevadoba veravin daadgina _ TiTqos rezinis iyo _ mas SeeZlo<br />
daetia aTi, oci da, ase gansajeT, ormocdaaTi kacic ki.<br />
es agaraki, romliTac Cven sruliad uceremoniod vsargeblobdiT,<br />
warmoadgenda patara oaziss batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
mier gaSenebuli xexilis araCveulebrivi baRiT, xeivniT da<br />
ganumeorebeli silamazis vardebiT, romelTac is Tavs evleboda.<br />
am agarakze, garda ufrosi Taobis warmomadgen-<br />
73
lebisa, Tavs iyrida uamravi axalgazrda _ cicinos, gogis,<br />
besikis bavSvobis megobrebi da Cven _ metalurgi megobrebi.<br />
zafxulis yoveli saRamo aq brwyinvale warmodgenad<br />
gadaiqceoda xolme, romlis sulisCamdgmelic, rasakvirvelia,<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i gaxldaT, da ase iyo yovelTvis da<br />
yvelgan, sadac is gamoCndeboda...<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>Tan urTierToba, rogorc adrec<br />
aRvniSneT, marTlac yvelasaTvis sixarulis momtani iyo.<br />
amis dasturad gvinda moviyvanoT saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis kuluarebSi gaxmaurebuli, magram farTo<br />
sazogadoebisTvis ucnobi erTi epizodi, romelic amavdroulad<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is enakvimatobasa da iumoris<br />
saocar niWze miuTiTebs.<br />
komunistebis zeobis periodSi didi yuradReba eqceoda<br />
sazogadoebis ideologiur ”wvrTnas”. am mizniT dawesebulebebSi<br />
da maT Soris mecnierebaTa akademiis sistema-<br />
Sic regularulad tardeboda marqsistuli mecadineobebi.<br />
ormocdaaTian wlebSi saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri<br />
komitetis gadawyvetilebiT mecnierebaTa akademiis institutebis<br />
xelmZRvanel-muSakTa marqsistuli swavlebis<br />
kursi `imelSi” * tardeboda. saqarTvelos mecnierTa elita<br />
akademikos niko musxeliSvilis meTaurobiT am kursis msmeneli<br />
gaxldaT. jgufxelad batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i dauniSnavT.<br />
mas evaleboda `studentTa” daswrebis aRricxva da<br />
sxva saorganizacio sakiTxebis mogvareba. batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
`jgufelebi”, pativcemuli akademikosebi, SigadaSig<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s daeTxovebodnen da TavianT saqmeze midiodnen<br />
xolme. batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>ic maT ”uSvebda”, magram<br />
`saklaso” JurnalSi daswrebis aRmniSvnel pluss uwerda.<br />
erT dRes, leqciis dawyebis win, akademiis jgufze<br />
mimagrebul pasuxismgebel ck-s ** TanamSromels batoni fer-<br />
* imeli _ marqsis, engelsis, leninis instituti.<br />
** ck _ centraluri komiteti.<br />
74
dinandi gverdze gauxmia da Zalian emociurad usaubria<br />
masTan sul sxva sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. maTi saubari auditoriaSi<br />
ar esmodaT, magram xedavdnen centridan movlenili<br />
amxanagis saubris maneras da misi wasvlis Semdeg<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>isaTvis ukiTxavT _ ra undoda Sengano?<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s Sewuxebuli saxe miuRia da uTqvams:<br />
Tqven rom mecadineobebs acdenT, ”Sataloze” dadixarT, me<br />
ki xels gafarebT _ amiTaa SeSfoTebuli da Cemi sakiTxis<br />
ck-s biuroze ganxilviT damemuqrao.<br />
`studentebi~ ideologiuri `wvrTnis~ Semdeg<br />
auditoria sagonebelSi Cavardnila da batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
gamosarCleba moundomebia. akademikos nikoloz<br />
musxeliSvils dauwynarebia sazogadoeba da ganucxadebia,<br />
75
om piradad eaxleboda ck-s pirvel mdivans da <strong>ferdinand</strong>s<br />
aravis daaCagvrinebda. eg saqmes ver uSveliso _ uTqvams<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s. `studentebi” Casciebian _ aba ra<br />
uSveliso? xangrZlivi, mravalmniSvnelovani pauzis Semdeg<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s Cveuli artistizmiT uTqvams: radgan ar<br />
iSliT da gindaT damexmaroT, mSobelTa kreba unda moviwvio<br />
da Tqvenma mSoblebma piroba unda dadon, rom aRar<br />
icelqebTo. uceb samariseburi siCume Camovardnila da mere<br />
iseTi sicil-xarxari atexila, rom mecadineoba CaSlila.<br />
_ RmerTma gagaxaros, filimon * , es ra kargad gagvamxiaruleo,<br />
_ uTqvams akademikos ivane beritaSvils.<br />
* * *<br />
adrec mogaxseneT, rom batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is dabadebis<br />
dRe, 21 maisi, ojaxis udidesi dResaswauli iyo. masze<br />
daswreba, garda naTesav-megobrebisa, `savaldebulo~ iyo<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is kaTedrisa da laboratoriis yvela<br />
wevrisaTvis. kaTedra da laboratoria yovelwliurad far-<br />
Tovdeboda, izrdeboda da TavaZeebis ojaxic veRar itevda<br />
amden `momxdurs~. albaT, esec iyo mizezi imisa, rom<br />
TavaZeebi kidev erTxel, da amjerad sabolood, gafar-<br />
Tovdnen.<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s, ukve liTonisa da samTo saqmis<br />
institutis direqtors, didi, Tanamedrove bina misces<br />
sanapiroze. aq mas wignebiT gadatvirTuli kabineti hqonda<br />
da myudro samuSao garemo. aivnidan qalaqis fonze<br />
mamadaviTi moCanda. es kabineti bevri CvenTaganisaTvis<br />
mSobliuri gaxda, radgan xSirad gvixdeboda Cveni<br />
statiebiT, proeqtebiT da disertaciebiT gvian RamiT<br />
Tu uqme dReebSi profesorTan samuSaod stumroba, an<br />
misi biblioTekiT sargebloba.<br />
* akademikosebi ivane beritaSvili da avlip zurabaSvili baton<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>s filimons eZaxdnen.<br />
76
albaT, am garemom, mowafeebisa da kolegebis xSirma<br />
stumrobam, metalurgiul Temebze gauTavebelma saubrebma<br />
ganapiroba metalurgiuli samyaros zRapruli atmosfero,<br />
misi mistifikacia da batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is Svilebis cicinosa<br />
da gogis, xolo mogvianebiT SviliSvilis, giorgi miqaberiZis,<br />
gametalurgeba. isini dResac agrZeleben arCeul<br />
profesias da <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis<br />
institutSi moRvaweoben.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is qaliSvili londa (cicino) teqnikis<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori, gamocdili liTonmcodnea<br />
da warmatebiT muSaobs Senadnobebis legirebis Teoriasa<br />
da praqtikaSi. man am mimarTulebiT teqnikis mecniereba-<br />
Ta oTxi akademiuri doqtori aRzarda. londa TavaZis mier<br />
Sesrulebuli mniSvnelovani kvlevebis safuZvelze Seiqmna<br />
ekonomiurad legirebuli qromnikeliani mJavamedegi fo-<br />
77
ladebi, romlebic gankuTvnilia qimiuri mrewvelobisa da<br />
farmacevtuli warmoebis Zlieragresiul areebSi momuSave<br />
aparaturis dasamzadeblad.<br />
londas vaJi giorgi miqaberiZe, teqnikis mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiuri doqtori, institutis ufrosi mecnier-<br />
TanamSromelia. man samecniero staJireba CernogolovkaSi<br />
gaiara, ruseTis akademiis struqturuli makrokinetikisa<br />
da masalaTmcodneobis problemebis cnobil institutSi.<br />
giorgi TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis<br />
kvalificiuri specialistia. igi oTxi mniSvnelovani gamogonebis<br />
avtoria da dResac am sferoSi moRvaweobs.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is vaJi giorgi (gogi) teqnikis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtoria, profesori, saqarTveloSi TviTgavrcelebadi<br />
maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis mimarTulebis<br />
erT-erTi organizatori. man am sferoSi axalgazrda mecnierTa<br />
maRalkvalificiuri kadrebi moamzada.<br />
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis pirveli dRidanve<br />
gogim samoqalaqo tansacmeli samxedro formaze gacvala<br />
(masac mamasaviT formaSi yofna uyvars), magram metalurgiis<br />
instituti da Tavisi laboratoria ar miutovebia da<br />
sadoqtoro disertaciac aq daasrula (1995w.).<br />
polkovniki giorgi TavaZe 2006 wlamde saqarTvelos<br />
Tavdacvis saministros “kvlevebisa da teqnologiebis centrs”<br />
xelmZRvanelobda da rogorc mis pirad saqmeSi vkiTxulobT,<br />
“misi xelmZRvanelobiTa da uSualo monawileobiT<br />
Camoyalibda saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros samsaxuri,<br />
romelmac misdami daqvemdebarebul institutebTan<br />
`deltasa” da `sxivTan” <strong>erTad</strong> Seqmna saWiro baza saqarTveloSi<br />
TavdacviTi daniSnulebis samecniero-kvleviTi,<br />
sacdel-sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebisa da mrewvelobis er-<br />
Tiani sistemis Camosayalibeblad”.<br />
samxedro daniSnulebis samamulo nawarmis damuSavebis,<br />
maTi seriul warmoebamde miyvanisa da SeiaraRebaze ayvanis<br />
78
saqmeSi damsaxurebisaTvis polkovnik giorgi TavaZes mini-<br />
Webuli aqvs vaxtang gorgaslis III xarisxis ordeni, xolo<br />
1998 wels qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebis<br />
saqmeSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtors<br />
giorgi TavaZes mieniWa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premia<br />
mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargSi.<br />
2005 wels giorgi TavaZe TadarigSi gavida da mSobliur<br />
institutSi gaagrZela mecnieruli saqmianoba. 2006 wels<br />
igi erTxmad airCies <strong>ferdinand</strong> FTavaZis metalurgiisa da<br />
masalaTmcodneobis institutis direqtorad da dRemde<br />
misi xelmZRvanelia. 2009 wels igi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondentad airCies.<br />
TavaZeebis ojaxuri garemo nawilobriv ukve aRvwereT,<br />
amitom Tavs aRar SegawyenT, magram erT detalze ki gavamaxvilebT<br />
yuradRebas.<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s marTlac saocari, magiuri Zala<br />
gaaCnda _ masTan siaxlove SeuZlebels gagakeTebinebda,<br />
borots keTilad aqcevda, uwignurs _ wignierad, usmenos<br />
aamRerebda, enablus aalaparakebda, mis dabadebis dReze<br />
mosul xalxs SemoqmedebiTi aliT aanTebda. swored aq iwyebdnen<br />
TavianTi niWierebis gamomJRavnebas vin simReriT,<br />
vin cekviT, leqsiT Tu xumrobiT. simRerisa da cekva-Tama-<br />
Sis damadasturebeli ra mogaxsenoT, ai, poeturobis mamtkicebeli<br />
sabuTebi ki mravladaa Semonaxuli da nimuSad<br />
or maTgans warmogidgenT. erTi qarTveli kacis dawerilia,<br />
magram ar viciT visi * , meore ki zemoT moxseniebul<br />
profesor orest zviagincevs ekuTvnis, romelic metad<br />
guldawyvetilia, rom ojaxur garemoebaTa gamo 21 maisis<br />
dResaswauls ver daeswro da sanacvlod leqsi gamogzavna.<br />
* varaudoben, rom leqsi ekuTvnis metalurgiis institutSi batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is moadgiles sameurneo nawilSi, baton nikoloz<br />
ciciSvils.<br />
79
f.n.TavaZes 21/V-62 w.<br />
Zvel satioze sanapiroze, sadac CaliCobs tusaRi mtkvari,<br />
aRarc qoxia, aRarc meTevze sasroli badiT wylis piras mdgari,<br />
bornis mijnaze Sewyda, damTavrda stvena, mudara, SeZaxilebi,<br />
dRes axal xidze volgiT darbian giga mebornes mkvidri Svilebi,<br />
voroncovebis navenaxarSi qvis saZirkvelma mospo yorRani,<br />
iseTi saxli aq aRmarTula, rom sanaxavad modis morgani,<br />
iorRiT darbian rkinis raSebi, kozlaze uziT koxta gogona,<br />
neta es lifti, jado karada, romelma Ziam gamoigona.<br />
am sasaxleSi dRes zeimia, yvavilTa Soris Tamadobs vardi,<br />
ormocdaaTi wlisa sruldeba fredi, filimon da <strong>ferdinand</strong>i,<br />
bednieri var, saxlSi gixile, mousvenaro Cveno figaro,<br />
moskovelebis namdvil duSkajan da gorelebis marTlac jigaro.<br />
erTi Txovna maqvs me megobruli swavlulTa jaris dido marSalo,<br />
ocdaerT maiss, yovel weliwads, aseTi sufra mudam gaSalo.<br />
80
aqve erT faqtze gvinda gavamaxviloT yuradReba:<br />
miuxedavad mravalgzis gadatanili qartexilisa, batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is keTilma garemocvam da dedis locvakurTxevam<br />
Tavisi kvali datova _ igi metad yuradRebian,<br />
kacTmoyvare da saocrad gulisxmier pirovnebad<br />
Camoyalibda; yvelas tkivili Tu sixaruli gulTan axlos<br />
mihqonda, yvelas exmareboda, vis _ sityviT, vis _<br />
saqmiT, imis mixedviT, Tu visi gaWirveba ras moiTxovda.<br />
amitom gasakviri araa, rom madlieric bevri hyavda da<br />
maT Soris Cvenc, albaT, uklebliv yvelani. Tumca, ara<br />
mgonia romelime CvenTagans Tavisi es grZnoba werilobiT<br />
daedasturebinos. amitom, raRa dagimaloT da namdvilad<br />
gamaoca batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is arqivSi moZiebuli<br />
im werilebis simravlem, romlebSic saocari madlierebiT<br />
moixsenieben mis amags. etyoba, gulis siRrmeSi baton<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>s siamovnebda es werilebi da amitom saTuTad<br />
inaxavda maT. qvemoT nimuSad or maTgans moviyvan da<br />
aqve davZen _ vin icis rogor gaexardeboda, erTxel mec<br />
rom meTqva madloba, werilobiT Tu ara, sadRegrZeloSi<br />
mainc, magram sikeTis ise gakeTeba icoda im dalocvilma,<br />
madlobis saTqmel sityvasac ver Sebedavdi.<br />
uZvirfaseso batono <strong>ferdinand</strong>!<br />
Cemi cxovrebis naxevarze met xans Tqveni sikeTe<br />
kvaldakval damyveboda. gana damaviwydeba yovelive is<br />
kargi, rac Tqven daTeseT CemTvis, Cemi keTildReobisTvis.<br />
sikvdilamde dauviwyari iqneba Tqveni kacuri-kacoba,<br />
Tqveni adamianoba, Tqveni Zmuri damokidebuleba. . . . minda<br />
icodeT, rom arsebobs suli, romelic madlierebis grZnobiT<br />
iyo da aris gamsWvaluli Tqvens mimarT. Tqvendami pativiscemasa<br />
da siyvaruls Tan waviReb, Tqven ki ar damiviwy-<br />
81
oT. neba momeciT gulwrfeli madloba mainc gadagixadoT<br />
Cemo keTilo adamiano!<br />
gkocniT rogorc da<br />
Tqveni Tamar bernikova *<br />
P.S. xelebi merTmeva, veRar vwer.<br />
3/1_ 82 w.<br />
Дорогой Фред Несторович!<br />
Рада любой возможности передать Вам мои теплые слова<br />
приветствия и наилучшие пожелания . . .<br />
Всегда помню Вашу человеческую доброту ко мне в трудные<br />
дни жизни. Постоянно говорю всем своим ученикам и знакомым<br />
о Вас, как о Человеке и Ученом. Считаю, что в этом смысле жизнь<br />
была ко мне щедра. . . Целую вас крепко, желаю здоровья и<br />
всяческих успехов, передаю привет Вашим близким.<br />
Оксана Шаповалова **<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe sayovelTao siyvaruls imsaxudebda,<br />
maT Soris bavSvebis mxridanac. Cemi dakvirvebiT adamianis<br />
keTil bunebas yvelaze advilad bavSvi Seicnobs.<br />
igi indikatoria, lakmusis qaRaldiviT uSecdomod asaxavs<br />
pirovnebis wrfel xasiaTs. sabuTad erT ambavs gavixseneb,<br />
romelic anekdotiviT momismenia didi xnis win.<br />
TavaZeebis ojaxis megobars, qalbaton ekaterine maxvilaZes<br />
stumroba gadauwyvetia TavaZeebTan. misi qaliSvili,<br />
maSin patara Tiniko SeuCnda Turme _ mec wamiyvaneo.<br />
xom ici, rom cicino da gogi qalaqSi ar arian _ uTxra<br />
* qalbatoni Tamar bernikova xangrZlivad muSaobda politeqnikur<br />
institutSi <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis kaTedraze.<br />
** werili daTariRebulia 20.06.81. imxanad teqnikis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori oqsana mixeilis asuli Sapovalova dnepropetrovskis<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis fizikis kaTedris gamge<br />
gaxldaT.<br />
82
dedam. mere ra, biZia filimoni xom iqneba, masTan viTamaSebo<br />
_ upasuxa bavSvma da amiT erTmniSvnelovnad gamoxata<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>Tan damokidebuleba. bavSvebi! bavSvebi!<br />
bavSvebs xom araferi eSlebaT.<br />
akademikosi <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe bavSvebis garemocvaSi, sioni, 1975w.<br />
* * *<br />
maS ase, 1951 wels batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i liTonisa da samTo<br />
saqmis institutis direqtoria, <strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologiis kaTedris<br />
gamge da saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis metalurgiis<br />
fakultetis saswavlo procesis erT-erTi gamor-<br />
Ceuli lideri. aq yalibdeboda sainJinro kadrebi rusTavis<br />
metalurgiuli qarxnis, WiaTura-zestafonis feroSenadnob-<br />
Ta sawarmoebis, quTaisis saavtomobilo gigantis, Tbilisis<br />
centrolitis, kirovis CarxmSenebeli qarxnis, 31-e saaviacio<br />
gaerTianebisa da mravali sxva sawarmo-dawesebulebisaTvis.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i swored aq arCevda samecniero kadrebs<br />
83
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis metalurgiis institutis,<br />
saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis metalurgiuli<br />
fakultetisa da soxumis, quTaisis, baTumis samecniero<br />
dawesebulebebisaTvis. batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i Seudarebeli "seleqcioneri"<br />
gaxldaT _ pirdapir "koWebSi" atyobda ymawvils<br />
niWierebas. aseT axalgazrdas `xelidan ar gauSvebda~. rogor<br />
amoicnobda niWierebas, an ra kriteriumebiT sargeblobda<br />
am dros, aravin icis, magram faqtia, rom uSecdomo alRoTi<br />
SearCevda xolme perspeqtiul axalgazrdas da moqmedebis<br />
arenasac iseTs SeurCevda, rom misi SesaZleblobebi maqsimalurad<br />
gamovleniliyo. metalurgiis institutisa da saqarTvelos<br />
politeqnikuri institutis metalurgiis fakultetis<br />
im Taobis TanamSromelTa mTeli armia amis sabuTad gamodgeba,<br />
magram erTi gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva mainc unda gavixseno.<br />
samocian wlebSi batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma goris pedagogiuri<br />
institutis TanamSromeli, axalgazrda kafandara kaci<br />
Tengiz qilitauri "aRmoaCina" _ wynari, uCinari, TiTqmis<br />
arafriT gamorCeuli. magram TavaZe ris TavaZe iqneboda,<br />
Tu masSi WeSmariti mkvlevris alRos ver dainaxavda. daiwyo<br />
qilitaurma CvenTan institutSi siaruli <strong>TavaZesTan</strong><br />
konsultaciebze, Tanac aqa-iq sxvadasxva xelsawyos da masalebsac<br />
gvTxovda _ ezideboda institutidan "jarTs", da<br />
ai, ori wlis Tavze man institutis sabWos warmoudgina sadisertacio<br />
naSromi, romelSic aRwerili iyo aorTqlebisa<br />
da distilaciis metad originaluri meTodi. am meTodis<br />
meSveobiT disertantma miiRo im droisaTvis iSviaTi monokristaluri<br />
kondensatebi da kristalTa spiraluri zrdis<br />
meqanizmis amsaxveli unikaluri Sedegebi.<br />
albaT, Znelad savaraudoa, rom goris pedagogiuri<br />
institutis kedlebSi SesaZlebeli iqneboda liTonebis<br />
kristalizaciis procesis aseTi Rrma da safuZvliani<br />
gamokvleva. sabWos wevrebma gancvifreba ver damales. maTi<br />
saerTo ganwyobileba imxanad Cveni institutis swavlulma<br />
84
mdivanma batonma oTar lolaZem gamoxata da naSroms "kamfetiviT"<br />
disertacia uwoda, xolo Cven, axalgazrdebma,<br />
Tengiz qilitaurs kotreli * SevarqviT.<br />
1965 wels moskovSi gamomcemloba ”naukam” dastamba<br />
f.TavaZis da T.qilitauris monografia ”Нормальный и<br />
дислокационный рост кристаллов некоторых цветных металлов».<br />
male wignSi moyvanili masala klasikuri nimuSis saxiT<br />
kidiT kidemde gavrcelda sacnobaro da specialuri literaturis<br />
meSveobiT.<br />
omis Semdeg samecniero-teqnikuri progresis aRmavlobam,<br />
metalurgiuli da liTondamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis<br />
mSenebloba-gafarToebam ganapiroba mzardi moTxovna<br />
maRali donis samecniero-teqnikur kadrebze, rac, bunebrivia,<br />
saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis meSveobiT<br />
unda ganxorcielebuliyo. amis gamo 1952 wels politeqnikur<br />
institutSi metalurgiuli fakulteti dafuZnda.<br />
aman moiTxova saTanado specialobebisa da kaTedrebis<br />
organizacia ** . batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma axali energiiT daiwyo<br />
metalurgTa momzadeba. amieridan <strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnolo-<br />
* kotreli _ cnobili amerikeli metalofizikosi, fazuri<br />
gardaqmnebis Tanamedrove Teoriis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli,<br />
kotrelis atmosferos saxeliT cnobili fenomenis aRmomCeni.<br />
** 1949 wels qimiis fakultetze gaixsna metalurgiuli specialobebi<br />
_ Savi liTonebis metalurgia da <strong>liTonTa</strong> wneviT damuSaveba.<br />
1950 wlidan <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis iniciativiT daiwyo inJinermetalurgTa<br />
momzadeba samsxmelo warmoebis specialobiT. misive<br />
TaosnobiT 1959 wels <strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologiis kaTedra, romelsac<br />
is 1949 wlidan xelmZRvanelobda, meqanikis fakultetidan metalurgiul<br />
fakultetze gadavida da daiwyo liTonmcodneebis<br />
momzadeba specialobiT _ liTonmcodneoba, <strong>liTonTa</strong> Termuli<br />
damuSavebis mowyobiloba da teqnologia. amave periodSi (1961w.)<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem mizanSewonilad CaTvala samsxmelo warmoebis<br />
calke kaTedrad gamoyofa. am droidan <strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologiis<br />
kaTedras <strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologiisa da liTonmcodneobis kaTedra<br />
ewoda _ amJamad f.TavaZis saxelobis <strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologiisa da<br />
masalaTmcodneobis kaTedra.<br />
85
giis kaTedris funqciebi erTiaTad gaizarda, meqanikuri<br />
fakultetis studentebs metalurgebis mTeli armia Seemata,<br />
ramac liTonmcodneobis bevrad ufro farTo programiT<br />
swavleba moiTxova da <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZec Cveuli<br />
gatacebiT Caeba am procesSi.<br />
saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis metalurgiis fakultetis<br />
samecniero sabWo<br />
saerTod, batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i Zalian sainteresod kiTxulobda<br />
leqciebs. amaSi mas umaRlesi profesionalizmis<br />
garda xels uwyobda Tandayolili artistizmi da uSreti<br />
fantazia, romlis wyalobiTac igi leqciis maTematikuri<br />
da fizikuri formulirebebiT damZimebul monakveTebs<br />
drodadro lamazi, saintereso istoriebiT avsebda. amiT,<br />
erTi mxriv, auditoriis daZabulobas xsnida, ymawvilebs<br />
asvenebda, meore mxriv ki _ maT Tvalsawiers afarToebda.<br />
profesorma kargad icoda cnobili gamonaTqvamis _<br />
86
„перемена занятий лучший отдых» _ azri da am Teziss xSirad<br />
Segvaxsenebda xolme. marTalia, droTa ganmavlobaSi Cveul<br />
pedagogiur datvirTvas veRar gauZlo, magram liTonmcodneebs<br />
leqciebs bolomde Tavad ukiTxavda da zustad ise-<br />
Tive SemarTebiT, rogorc axalgazrdobaSi.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe leqciaze<br />
SeuZlebelia ar gavixsenoT batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is gamocdebisadmi<br />
sruliad originaluri midgoma. am process<br />
mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT gamocda, igi ufro<br />
megobrul viTarebaSi mimdinare diskusias waagavda.<br />
rogorc wesi, batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i mTel jgufs erTdroulad<br />
daurigebda xolme sagamocdo bileTebs da Semdeg<br />
Tavis saqmeebs mixedavda. gamosacdels _ students Tu<br />
aspirants _ `Spargalka~ ar sWirdeboda. nebadarTuli iyo<br />
wignebiTa da konspeqtebiT Riad sargebloba. axalgazrdas<br />
87
dasmul sakiTxebze werilobiT unda gaeca pasuxi, formulebiT,<br />
naxazebiTa da sqemebiT gaemagrebina Tavisi pozicia<br />
da profesoris winaSe wamdgariyo. swored aq iwyeboda<br />
`oromtriali~. gamosacdels aTas kvimat, Tavbrudamxvev<br />
kiTxvaze unda gaeca pasuxi. fiqri da sja-baasi manamde<br />
grZeldeboda, vidre studenti, swori msjelobis safuZvelze,<br />
Tavad ar mividoda logikur daskvnamde.<br />
amgvarad, gamocdis procesi sruliad gamWvirvale gaxldaT.<br />
yvela misi monawile Cabmuli iyo diskusiaSi. profesors<br />
Zalian siamovnebda gonivruli pasuxi, xarobda axalgazrdis<br />
warmatebiT da, raRa dasamalia, Tavmomwoned<br />
daadasturebda xolme maRal niSans Tavisi lamazi xelmoweriT.<br />
profesori gamudmebiT gvimeorebda: `Cemi mizania azrovneba<br />
gagiwafoT, sakiTxis Rrma wvdomas migaCvioT, wign-<br />
Tan muSaobas dagaufloTo~.<br />
da aki miaRwia kidec mizans. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is aRzrdilTa mTeli armia wlebis man-<br />
Zilze warmatebiT xelmZRvanelobda da dResac xelmZRvanelobs<br />
Cveni qveynis mZlavr sawarmoebs TbilisSi, quTaisSi,<br />
rusTavSi, zestafonSi da foTSi. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
maT mihyavdaT qveynis ara marto industriuli dargebi,<br />
aramed ganagebdnen vaWrobis, kavSirgabmulobis, transportisa<br />
da sxva sferoebsac.<br />
omis Semdeg qveynis teqnikuri interesebis gafarToebam<br />
gansazRvra metalurgiis institutis mravalprofilianoba.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i Tavisi laboratoriidan bevrad ufro<br />
farTo asparezze gamovida da mraval axal mecnierul<br />
mimarTulebas Cauyara safuZveli. mniSvnelovnad gafar-<br />
Tovda liTonmcodneobis sferoc, misi meTodebi da kvlevis<br />
obieqtebi.<br />
Tanamedrove liTonmcodneoba akavSirebs liTonebisa<br />
da Senadnobebis fizikur, qimiur, teqnologiur da samuSao<br />
88
Tvisebebs maT struqturasa da eleqtronul aRnagobas-<br />
Tan sxvadasxva Termodinamikur da kinetikur pirobebSi.<br />
liTonmcodneoba farTod iyenebs maTematikis, myari tanis<br />
fizikis, kvanturi meqanikis, qimiuri Termodinamikis da sxva<br />
mecnierebaTa miRwevebs. Seiqmna liTonmcodneobis axali<br />
mimarTulebebi _ Zneldnobadi Senadnobebis, zegamtarebis,<br />
naxevargamtarebis, monokristalebis liTonmcodneoba;<br />
zemoaRniSnulis garda batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is TvalsawierSi<br />
moxvda iseTi egzotikuri da saTuTi obieqtebi, rogoricaa<br />
Zafisebri, e.w. ”ulvaSa” kristalebi, firebi, danafarebi<br />
da sxva. liTonuri Senadnobebis miRebisa da kvlevis arsenali<br />
axali meTodebiT gamdidrda. liTonmcodneobis<br />
samsaxurSi Cadga: vakuumuri distilacia, argon-rkaluri,<br />
eleqtronul-sxivuri, plazmuri dnoba, gaxurebis sxvadasxva<br />
wyaroebiT zonuri rafinireba. struqturis optikuri<br />
mikroskopuli kvlevis meTodebs Seemata maRaltemperaturuli<br />
mikroskopia, maRaltemperaturuli Termuli,<br />
dilatometruli analizis da eleqtrofizikur TvisebaTa<br />
kvlevis meTodebi, neitronografiuli da eleqtronuli mikroskopia.<br />
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda kvlevis barometrultemperaturuli<br />
intervalic. temperaturis zeda zRvari<br />
sul maRla `micocavs~, amave dros farTovdeba kvlevebi<br />
dabal temperaturazec, rac kriogenuli teqnikis ganviTarebasTan<br />
da zegamtari masalebis miRebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />
SesaZloa rame gamogvrCa, magram Tundac es arasruli<br />
CamonaTvali, romelic aRwers liTonmcodneobisa da<br />
<strong>liTonTa</strong> fizikis msoflioSi dRes arsebul tendenciebs,<br />
CvenTvis ara abstraqtuli nusxaa, aramed nivTieri, xeliT<br />
Sesaxebi realoba gaxlavT. yovelive batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
xelmZRvanelobiT aqve, CvenTan _ metalurgiis institutis<br />
kedlebSi, saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis laboratoriebSi,<br />
soxumis fizika-teqnikis institutSi, quTaisis<br />
89
politeqnikur institutSi, goris pedagogiur institutSi<br />
ganxorcielda. bevri maTgani aq daproeqtda, damzadda,<br />
aq daibada da cxovrebac aqedan daiwyo. veravin uaryofs<br />
masStabis sididesa da dasmul amocanaTa sidiades. amitomac<br />
iyo, rom CvenTan sxvadasxva mizniT ruseTidan Tu<br />
ufro Soreuli qveynebidan Camosuli kolegebi aRfr-<br />
Tovanebas ver malavdnen, roca erT patara samecniero<br />
dawesebulebaSi kompaqturad danergil amden mecnierul<br />
siaxles naxulobdnen, vTqvaT, Sinagani xaxunis, eleqtronuli<br />
zonuri rafinirebis, zedapiruli Tvisebebis, Zafisebri<br />
kristalebis, saCamosxmo procesebisa da a.S. kvlevis<br />
sferoSi.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i frTaSesxmuli SemouZRveboda<br />
xolme stumrebs gidis ampluaSi da zeamaRlebulad uambobda<br />
maT Tavisi Segirdebis `sagmiro~ saqmeebze. aq qcevisa da<br />
Txrobis didi xelovnebaa saWiro, raTa yovelives adamianuri<br />
sisustis _ trabaxisa da baqiaobis elferi ar misce<br />
da mecnieruli informaciis gacvliT Semoifarglo. batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>i amas didi koreqtulobiT akeTebda.<br />
axla warmoidgineT isic, rom zemoT moyvanili CamonaTvlis<br />
yvela punqtis ukan pirovneba an, sulac, adamianTa<br />
mTeli jgufi dgas. regularulad unda moinaxulo yvela<br />
maTgani, gamohkiTxo Sedegebis Sesaxeb, mere samomavlo saqmeebzec<br />
esaubro, imas Tavisi aTqmevino, Sen Seni uTxra da<br />
bolos yovelive <strong>erTad</strong> gadaxarSo, analizi gaukeTo da erT<br />
mecnierul doqtrinad aqcio. gaiTvaliswineT samecniero<br />
da organizaciuli sakiTxebis simravlec _ saqarTvelos<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiis qimiisa da qimiuri teqnologiis<br />
ganyofilebis * , institutis sabWosa da kaTedris sxdomebi,<br />
mravalricxovani samecniero sabWoebi, saerTaSoriso<br />
komitetebi, komisiebi, simpoziumebi, seminarebi, sazoga-<br />
* f.TavaZe wlebis manZilze am ganyofilebis akademikos-mdivnis<br />
moadgile iyo.<br />
90
doebrivi datvirTva konferencia-yrilobebis saxiT, Tanam-<br />
SromelTa yofiTi problemebi, uamravi sxva Tavsatexi da<br />
advilad mixvdebiT <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis cxovrebiseul temps,<br />
gasagebi gaxdeba misi sruli moucleloba da gadatvirTvis<br />
is xarisxi, rasac mudmivad ganicdida.<br />
bevrjer miTqvams da aqac minda gavimeoro: batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
cxovrebis wesze marto Tvalis midevnebac ki daRlida<br />
kacs.<br />
axla nawilobriv wignis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvebsac<br />
SeiZleba gavceT pasuxi da mkiTxvelTan <strong>erTad</strong> davadasturoT<br />
akademikos <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis saqmisadmi uzomo<br />
erTguleba, misi didi da mravalmxrivi niWiereba, mowafeebisa<br />
da axloblebis usazRvro siyvaruli, riTac is WeSmaritad<br />
gamorCeuli pirovneba gaxldaT da rac imavdroulad<br />
misdami pativiscemisa da siyvarulis sababic iyo. magram es<br />
nawilobrivi pasuxi rom srulad vaqcioT, unda mimovixiloT<br />
misi mecnieruli memkvidreoba.<br />
91
92<br />
kidev erTi xe Sematebodes saqarTvelos
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnieruli<br />
memkvidreoba<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnieruli skolis ZiriTadi<br />
niSan-Tvisebani<br />
radgan saTaurSive mecnieruli skola vaxseneT, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, unda ganvmartoT misi mniSvneloba. es<br />
aris xelmZRvanelisa da misi mowafeebis iseTi erToblioba,<br />
romelic moqmedebs saerTo Teoriuli da SemoqmedebiTi<br />
principebiT, iyenebs kvlevis axal formebs da xelmZRvanelis<br />
ZiriTad debulebebs emyareba. mecnieruli skola swavla-ganaTlebis<br />
processac gulisxmobs. <strong>ferdinand</strong> Tava-<br />
Zis skola am mxriv klasikurad unda CaiTvalos, radgan am<br />
skolis warmomadgenelTa didi umravlesoba misi aRzrdilia.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is damsaxurebaa isic, rom es skola<br />
gamorCeulia Tavisi organizaciiT da Camoyalibda stabilur<br />
mecnierul koleqtivad. <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis skolis<br />
stabilurobaze miuTiTebs im periodSi TanamSromelTa gadinebis<br />
TiTqmis nulovani maCvenebeli.<br />
ras gulisxmobs gamorCeuli organizacia? batonma<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>ma Seqmna muSaobisaTvis Tavisufali, droSi arareglamentirebuli,<br />
metad SemoqmedebiTi atmosfero. misi<br />
TanamSromlebi muSaobdnen ara davalebis formalurad Sesasruleblad,<br />
aramed mecnieruli interesebisaTvis. SemoqmedebiTi<br />
Ziebisadmi ltolvam daCrdila jibis gasqelebis<br />
merkantiluri survili da yvelas agrZnobina, rom WeSmaritad<br />
Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi procesi did bednierebas<br />
aniWebs adamians, rom aseT atmosferoSi Sroma sixarulis<br />
momgvrelia. yvela dameTanxmeba am ganmartebis sizustesa<br />
da gulwrfelobaSi.<br />
aRniSvnis Rirsia institutis struqtura, romelic<br />
Camoyalibda rogorc mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis moqnili da<br />
93
efeqturi meqanizmi.<br />
instituti wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda Semdegi samecniero<br />
mimarTulebebiT:<br />
• metalurgiuli nedleulis Seswavla, aTviseba da sadnobad<br />
momzadeba;<br />
• metalurgiuli warmoebis arsebuli teqnologiebis daxvewa,<br />
intensifikacia da axali procesebis Zieba;<br />
• foladebisa da Senadnobebis axali kompoziciebis SemuSaveba,<br />
axali araorganuli masalebis miRebis fizikur-qimiuri<br />
safuZvlebis Seswavla;<br />
• gamokvlevebi maRali sisufTavis nivTierebebisa da naxevargamtarebis<br />
qimiasa da teqnologiaSi, koroziasa da<br />
<strong>liTonTa</strong> dacvaSi, metalurgiuli procesebis fizikur<br />
qimiaSi, feradi, keTilSobili da iSviaTi liTonebis metalurgiaSi,<br />
fxvnilTa metalurgiaSi, TviTgavrcelebad<br />
maRaltemperaturul sinTezSi;<br />
• gamokvlevebi saqarTvelos metalurgiis istoriaSi.<br />
Sesabamisad institutSi funqcionirebda 42 laboratoria,<br />
maT Soris baTumis “subtropikuli havisa da zRvis<br />
wylis pirobebSi masalebis koroziisagan dacvis” laboratoria.<br />
maTgan 22 gaerTianebuli iyo xuT ganyofilebaSi:<br />
• foladebi da feroSenadnobebi; masalaTmcodneobis<br />
problemebi;<br />
• liTonebis wneviT damuSaveba;<br />
• Camosxmisa da SeduRebis procesebi;<br />
• Savi da feradi liTonebis warmoebis fizikur-qimiuri<br />
safuZvlebi.<br />
16 laboratoria gaerTianebuli iyo 4 mecnierul centrSi:<br />
• fxvnilTa metalurgia, kompoziciuri masalebi da fxvnilovani<br />
danafarebi;<br />
• qimiuri metalizacia;<br />
94
• TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli sinTezi;<br />
• quTaisis kompleqsuri samecniero centri.<br />
xolo oTxi laboratoria:<br />
• sapatento-salicenzio da teqnikuri informaciis;<br />
• mecnierul-teqnikuri prognozirebisa da teqnikurekonomiuri<br />
gamokvlevebis;<br />
• kvlevis fizikur-qimiuri meTodebis;<br />
• masalebis qimiuri Sedgenilobis kvlevis _<br />
saerTo-sainstituto daniSnulebisa iyo. saerTo daniSnulebis<br />
iyo meqanikuri saxelosnoebi, sadnobi saamqro,<br />
saminambero, meqanikuri gamocdebis ubani, mTavari energetikosis<br />
samsaxuri.<br />
Tavad struqtura ganpirobebuli iyo <strong>ferdinand</strong> Tava-<br />
Zis meTodiT, an SeiZleba piriqiTac iTqvas _ struqturas<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem Tavisi mmarTvelobis meTodi moargo.<br />
ras gulisxmobda es?<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i daayenebda institutSi axali mecnieruli<br />
mimarTulebis ganviTarebis sakiTxs, Camoayalibebda,<br />
upiratesad, axalgazrda TanamSromelTa da aspirantTa<br />
jgufs da yovelmxriv uwyobda xels jgufis saqmianobas.<br />
erTi xanoba Tavadve xelmZRvanelobda saqmes, akvirdeboda<br />
movlenaTa ganviTarebas da rodesac darwmundeboda, rom<br />
jgufs damoukideblad SeeZlo samuSaos warmarTva, gaxsnida<br />
axal struqturul erTeuls _ laboratorias da am<br />
mimarTulebas damoukideblad arsebobis uflebas aniWebda.<br />
ase Caisaxa institutSi boris, koroziis, fxvnilTa metalurgiis,<br />
samsxmelo warmoebis, Zafisebri kristalebis, naxevargamtarebis,<br />
TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli<br />
sinTezis da sxva laboratoriebi. Tavad laboratoriaTa<br />
simravles (42!) gansazRvravda metalurgiuli mecnierebis<br />
problemebis rac SeiZleba srulad warmodgenis survili.<br />
esec <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnieruli skolis erT-erTi ni-<br />
San-Tviseba gaxldaT.<br />
95
gavkadnierdebi * da Sevecdebi Cemi da batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
mecnieruli TanamSromlobis magaliTze nivTierad,<br />
xelSesaxebad giCvenoT misi, rogorc xelmZRvanelis roli<br />
da muSaobis stili. me batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mecnieruli<br />
skolis erTi, Cveulebrivi, rigiTi warmomadgeneli var, magram<br />
uxucesi, mivekuTvnebi batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is aRzrdilebis<br />
pirvel Taobas da amis gamo kargad vici TavaZis mecnieruli<br />
skolis Camoyalibebis avan-Cavani.<br />
1953 wels saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis III<br />
kursis studenti gaxldiT, roca <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe pirvelad<br />
vnaxe, _ is liTonmcodneobis kurss gvikiTxavda. batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>i periodulad miiwvevda xolme warCinebul<br />
studentebs Tavis kaTedraze da yvelanairad cdilobda<br />
maT samecniero-kvleviT samuSaoebSi CarTvas. piradad me<br />
Tavis sayvarel aspirants, irakli bairamaSvils mimgvara<br />
_ sadisertacio naSromis momzadebaSi unda movxmarebodi.<br />
iraklis male davumegobrdi. sabednierod Cveni megobroba<br />
dRemde grZeldeba. samuSao momewona da leqciebis Semdeg<br />
SuaRamemde kaTedris laboratoriebSi vikargebodi.<br />
vinc me axalgazrdobidan micnobs damidasturebs rkinebisadmi<br />
did siyvaruls. adreuli bavSvobidan mudam velosipedis,<br />
motocikletis da, mere avtomobilis CxikinSi<br />
viyavi. axla kaTedraze rkinebis saufloSi rom movxvdi<br />
yvelafers mived-movede, davSale yvelaferi, risi daSlac<br />
SeiZleboda. daSlas vaxerxebdi, awyoba ki yovelTvis ver<br />
gamomdioda. magram, RmerTmani, erTi xmamaRali sityvac ar<br />
maxsovs ufrosebisagan. Tanac vicodi batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
azri _ amisagan virtuozi eqsperimentatori unda gamoviyvanoo,<br />
albaT esec maTamamebda.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is davalebiT vcdilobdiT special-<br />
* j. xanTaZis mier wakiTxuli moxseneba saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
erovnul akademiaSi <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis dabadebidan 100<br />
wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT gamarTul saiubileo sxdomaze (2012<br />
wlis 4 ivniss)<br />
96
uri Tvisebebis mqone austenituri Tujis miRebas. Sroma<br />
bevri dagvWirda, magram dagvifasda _ Sedegi Zalian kargi<br />
iyo da amis Sesaxeb batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma da iraklim saqveynod<br />
cnobil Jurnal `Литейное производство~-Si statia gamoaqveynes,<br />
romlis Tanaavtori mec gaxldiT, jer kidev<br />
studenti. vimeoreb, jer kidev studenti. esec batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is,<br />
rogorc mecnieruli skolis winamZRolis gansakuTrebuli<br />
Tvisebaa. am aqtiT man Sroma daufasa axalgazrdas,<br />
interesi gauRviZa, stimuli misca.<br />
im wlebSi batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i liTonebis modificirebiT<br />
iyo gatacebuli. mas miaCnda, rom modifikatorebiT<br />
SesaZlebelia liTonebis kristalizaciis procesis radikalurad<br />
Secvla * . igi cdilobda modificirebis efeqti<br />
daekavSirebina kapilarul movlenebTan da gamdnari liTonis<br />
struqturasTan. swored am mimarTulebiT damavala kvlevebis<br />
dawyeba. Sedegad Camoyalibda ori amocana, romlebic<br />
Cemi Semdegi mecnieruli moRvaweobis laitmotivad<br />
iqca. pirveli iTvaliswinebda liTonebisa da Senadnobebis<br />
kapilaruli Tvisebebis kvlevas, meore _ gamdnari liTonis<br />
struqturis modelirebas. qvemoT pirveli amocanis Sesaxeb<br />
giambobT.<br />
kapilarobas udidesi roli akisria bunebriv movlenebSi.<br />
is aregulirebs niadagis sinestes, mcenareuli<br />
samyaros sasicocxlo procesebs da sxv. kapilarul movlenebs<br />
da masTan dakavSirebul fizikur Tvisebebs _ zedapirul<br />
daWimulobas, dasvelebadobas, adhezias da sxv.<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvT metalurgiuli warmoebis,<br />
kristalizaciis, SeduRebis, CrCilvis, kompoziciuri masalebis<br />
miRebis dros da ase usasrulod.<br />
problema imaSia, rom Cveulebrivi siTxeebis kvlevisa-<br />
* modifikatorebSi igulisxmeba mcire danamatebi. es procesi<br />
metad waagavs medicinaSi farTod gavrcelebul homeopatiuri<br />
mkurnalobis meTods, roca organizmSi medikamenti SeyavT mikro<br />
dozebiT, efeqti ki mniSvnelovania.<br />
97
Tvis arsebuli meTodebi, romlebic warmatebiT gamoiyeneba<br />
dabal temperaturebze, gamousadegaria aTasobiT gradusze<br />
gaxurebuli liTonuri nadnobebis kvlevisaTvis.<br />
am sferoSi arsebuli literaturis gacnobis Semdeg<br />
miviCnie, rom batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mier dasmul amocanaTa<br />
gadasawyvetad, SesaZlebeli iqneboda laplasis cnobili<br />
gantolebis gamoyeneba, romelic gveubneba, rom siTxis<br />
zedapiris yovelgvari gamrudeba zedapiruli energiisa da<br />
gravitaciuli velis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegia. maSasadame,<br />
kapilaruli zedapiris simrudis mixedviT principulad<br />
SesaZlebelia viangariSoT sakvlevi siTxis zedapiruli<br />
daWimuloba da kidev mravali mniSvnelovani fizikuri<br />
sidide. magram rom ganvsazRvroT simrude, amisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia simrudis radiusebis nacvlad iseTi geometriuli<br />
parametrebis Semotana, romlebic gazomvadia.<br />
amisaTvis es gantoleba unda Caiweros diferencialuri<br />
saxiT. Sedegad miviRebT meore rigis kerZowarmoebulian<br />
diferencialur gantolebas, namdvil maTematikur ur-<br />
Cxuls, romlis zogad amoxsnaze arc ki unda viocneboT,<br />
Tumca gamosavalis Zieba namdvilad Rirs. marTlac, Tu<br />
horizontalur neitralur safenze liTonis wonaks gavadnobT<br />
miviRebT balaxze napkur dilis namismagvar wveTs.<br />
amas wolili wveTi ewodeba. liTonis vertikalurad damagrebuli<br />
Reros bolos modnobiT miviRebT wylis onkanis<br />
tuCze SerCenili kiduli wveTis formas; gamdnar liTonSi<br />
CaSvebuli cilindruli Reros irgvliv warmoiqmneba kapilaruli<br />
zedapiri meniskis saxiT da a.S.<br />
aseTi kapilaruli zedapirebisaTvis, romlebic vertikaluri<br />
RerZis mimarT simetriul brunviT sxeulebs<br />
warmoadgenen, laplasis gantoleba gadaiqceva meore rigis<br />
Cveulebriv diferencialur gantolebad. es ukve didi<br />
SeRavaTia. aseT SemTxvevaSi gantoleba SeiZleba amoixsnas<br />
ricxviTi integrirebis meTodebiT. magram es moiTxovs<br />
98
xangrZlivi rutinul gamoTvlebs da Sromatevadi maTematikuri<br />
operaciebis Catarebas. amJamad, totaluri kompiuterizaciis<br />
epoqaSi am problemiT veravis gaakvirvebT,<br />
magram maSin, 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, es iyo seriozuli<br />
amocana. amitom kapilaruli zedapirebis mixedviT siTxis<br />
Tvisebebis gansazRvras am dargis cnobili specialistebi<br />
eWvis TvaliT ucqerdnen, xolo miRebul Sedegebs arasandod<br />
miiCnevdnen. miuxedavaT amisa, batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma<br />
momiwona arCevani. intuiciam arc aq uRalata _ man igrZno<br />
am meTodebis perspeqtiuloba da amave dros, maRaltemperaturuli<br />
gazomvebisadmi mzardi interesi.<br />
gansakuTrebuli Tvisebaa alRo, intuicia. araordinaluri<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebas swored alRo gansaz-<br />
Rvravs. mecnierebis istoriaSi mravali iseTi faqtia aRwerili,<br />
sadac mecnieris alRo ganapirobebs miRebul Sedegs.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe gamorCeuli kaci iyo.<br />
intuiciis saocari grZnoba mas yovelTvis umartivessa da<br />
swor gadawyvetilebas karnaxobda. marTlac, male es mimar-<br />
Tuleba metad popularuli gaxda mTel msoflioSi..<br />
asea Tu ise dRes vrwmundebi, rom batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma,<br />
marTalia gaukvalav, magram swor gzaze damayena.<br />
esec mecnieruli skolis lideris aucilebeli Tvisebaa,<br />
roca usasrulo sainformacio sivrceSi mecnieruli<br />
alRoTi, intuiciiT poulob cariel, Seuvsebel segments<br />
da am mimarTulebiT iwyeb Seni axalgazra Segirdis wrTvnas.<br />
me, rasakvirvelia, gamonaklisi ara var, igives met-naklebad<br />
daadasturebs batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is nebismieri mowafe.<br />
rasakvirvelia, Cemze dabejiTebiT amis Sesaxeb ityoda<br />
guri cagareiSvili, romelmac, Cemi Taobidan pirvelma gaikvala<br />
gza erovnuli akademiisaken da sruliad axalgazrda<br />
aResrula wevr-korespondentis rangSi. igives giambobdaT<br />
profesori nugzar zoiZe, batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is gamorCeuli<br />
Segirdi da sxvani.<br />
99
atoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>isagan waxalisebulma avage maRaltemperaturuli<br />
vakumuri danadgarebi, romlebic saSualebas<br />
maZlevda davkvirvebodi gamdnari liTonis sxvadasxva<br />
tipis kapilarul zedapirs. avawye specialuri<br />
optikuri sistemebi gamdnar obieqtebze dakvirvebisaTvis.<br />
mowyobiloba-danadgarebis mTeli parki Sevqmeni, romelTa<br />
originaluri kvanZebi farTod iqna aRwerili literaturaSi<br />
da daculi saTanado saavtoro mowmobebiT. erTi sityviT<br />
am saqmeSi gamimarTlda.<br />
garTulda eqsperimentuli suraTidan saboloo Sedegis<br />
miReba. magaliTad, wolili wveTis SemTxvevaSi, laplasis<br />
gantolebis im droisTvis arsebulma amoxsnebma,<br />
sruliad aradamakmayofilebeli Sedegebi momca. yvela<br />
es amoxsna samarTliani aRmoCnda wveTis zomebis gansaz-<br />
Rvrul intervalSi. Zalian Sevwuxdi, fiasko ganvicade da<br />
uaxloes Sexvedraze amis Sesaxeb SevCivle baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s,<br />
isic vuTxari, rom amdeni Sroma da rkinebis Runva<br />
wyalSi Cameyara, Sedegi savalaloa-meTqi.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i Seudarebeli optimisti iyo. ar<br />
uyvarda sakiTxis garTuleba da burusiT moculi maTematikuri<br />
formalizmi. is yovelTvis mkafiod svamda sakiTxs<br />
da pasuxsac calsaxas da lakoniurs Txoulobda. amavdroulad<br />
kargad iyo gawafuli sainJinro gamoTvlebSi da<br />
ar erideboda sxvadasxva miaxloebas.<br />
“ici ras getyvi _ miTxra man _ modi laplasis gantoleba<br />
amovxsnaT elifsur miaxloebaSi, vnaxoT ra gamova aqedan?”<br />
evrika! am miaxloebam didaT gaamarTla: batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma<br />
Tavisi intuiciis yvela rekordi moxsna. kapilaruli<br />
mudmivas sidide uSualod daukavSirda wveTis<br />
parametrebs: maqsimalur diametrs da polusidan mis daSorebas.<br />
me SevZeli erTi eqsperimentis farglebSi, gamdnari<br />
liTonis wolili wveTis fotosuraTis mixedviT gamomeT-<br />
100
vala kapilaruli mudmiva, xvedriTi wona, zedapiruli<br />
daWimuloba da moluri moculoba, rac Cemamde veravin Se-<br />
Zlo.<br />
am miRwevebiT gaTamamebulma axla sxva tipis kapilarul<br />
zedapirebs movkide xeli. bedaT, 1965 wels akademikos<br />
ilia vekuas iniciativiT Tbilisis universitetSi gamoyenebiTi<br />
maTematikis centri daarsda. universitetis maRlivi<br />
korpusi kidev Sendeboda, roca mis gaswvriv lamazi<br />
orsarTuliani Senoba aages am centrisaTvis. iq daamontaJes<br />
jer БСЭМ-4 tipis saTvleli manqana, xolo mogvianebiT<br />
222 tipis. batonma iliam iq araCveulebrivi axalgazrda<br />
maTematikosebi Sekriba. batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma gza<br />
gamikvala centrisaken. im garemos Cqara gavuSinaurdi, Cemi<br />
mitanili amocanebi mowondaT da uSurvelad mexmarebodnen.<br />
me yovelTvis urigoT miSvebdnen manqanasTan da Tanac<br />
ufasod. maSin es siamovneba Zalian Zviri Rirda, manqanur<br />
droSi saaTSi aTasebi unda gadaexada instituts. ar vici<br />
ra meqanizmebiT, magram batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma am gzaze<br />
mwvane Suqi aminTo. mecniereuli skolis xelmZRvanelis<br />
es Tvisebac mniSvnelovania, roca Sen Segirds yovelnairad<br />
xels uwyob axali mecnieruli ideebis damkvidrebaSi,<br />
winsvlaSi, an maT sajaro dacvaSi. amas yvela aq myofi misi<br />
mowafe damidasturebs. <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe Tamamad axmarda<br />
Tavis avtoritets yvelas, vinc WeSmaritad mecnierul<br />
ideebs emsaxureboda. amitomac mis mowafeebs Tavisi mecnieruli<br />
miRwevebis demonstrirebis, damtkicebisa da dadasturebisaTvis<br />
mwvane Suqi hqondaT anTebuli sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris mTel sivrceSi.<br />
Zalian nayofierad vimuSave universitetSi. didi<br />
daxmareba gamiwies algoriTmis CamoyalibebaSi Cemma axalma<br />
megobrebma, gamorCeulma maTematikosebma Zmebma<br />
Temur da zaur (CemTvis goWo) Wanturiam da baia oqroaSvilma<br />
_ programirebis ubadlo ostatma. mravali sain-<br />
101
tereso publikacia gamovaqveyneT im periodSi, nawili<br />
amerikaSic iTargmna. am masalebis safuZvelze baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>Tan<br />
<strong>erTad</strong> monografiac movamzadeT saTauriT:<br />
,,Приложение теории капиллярности при физико-химическом<br />
исследовании расплавов.” am wigns mesame avtoric yavda _<br />
axalgazrda gogona eliso onikaSvili, romelic saocari<br />
pedanturobiT asrulebda Sav samuSaos. Tavisuflad<br />
SemeZlo misTvis wignis winasityvaobaSi madloba gamomecxadebina,<br />
magram moviqeci ise, rogorc Tavis droze<br />
batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma maswavla: eliso avtorebSi mivaTvale.<br />
amiT me elisos stimuli miveci da arc Sevmcdarvar.<br />
igi ise gaiwafa am saqmeSi, rom male mSvenieri disertacia<br />
moamzada da warmatebuladac daicva.<br />
batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma wignis dasrulebis Semdeg<br />
mokrZalebulad miTxra: yvelaferi kargia, samagaliTod<br />
gimuSavia, magram xom ar gewyineba meti sifrTxilisaTvis<br />
karg specialists rom vaCveno, xom ici, Secdomebisagan<br />
aravinaa dazRveulio.<br />
erTi Tvis Semdeg akademikosma valentin eremenkom,<br />
maRaltemperaturuli kapilarobis metrma, kievSi gamomiZaxa,<br />
am wignTan dakavSirebiT. veaxeli. SvebulebaSi brZandeboda.<br />
kievidan 60 km-Si patara agaraki qonda dnepris piras,<br />
iq wamiyvana da erTi kvira magra mamuSava. bevr rameSi dami-<br />
Tanxma, bevrSi me daviTanxme da roca yvela sakiTxi mogvarebulad<br />
miiCnia miTxra: Zalian drouli da mniSvnelovani<br />
gamokvleva Cagitarebia da siamovnebiT viqnebi wignis redaqtorio.<br />
wigni 1971 wels daistamba valentin eremenkos redaqtorobiT.<br />
mogvianebiT ki, batonma v. eremenkom Tavis<br />
kapitalur samtomeulSi “Физическая химия неорганических<br />
материалов” Cveni wignidan umniSvnelovanesi pasaJebi moiyvana.<br />
Cvens mier SemuSavebulma meTodebma didi gamoyeneba<br />
102
pova maRaltemperaturuli kvlevebis dros. isini farTodaa<br />
aRwerili rusul da ucxour monografiebSi, saxelmZ-<br />
Rvaneloebsa da mravalricxovan saJurnalo statiebSi. am<br />
meTodebiT Sesrulebulia mravali sadisertacio naSromi.<br />
axla kidev erT epizods movigoneb am `peripetiebidan~.<br />
1976 wels batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma miTxra _ akademiis prezidiumze<br />
gamosasvlelad moemzade _ Seni ukanaskneli miRwevebi<br />
minda gavacno akademiaso. saguldagulod movamzade<br />
25 wuTiani gamosvla, sailustracio masala da warvdeqi<br />
akademiis Tavkacebis winaSe. akademiis Zvel SenobaSi sxdomaTa<br />
darbazi SedarebiT patara iyo da gareSe msmenelTa<br />
raodenobac SezRuduli, Cvengan aTiode kaci eswreboda.<br />
sxdoma prezident ilia vekuas mihyavda.<br />
es iyo Cemi albaT yvelaze kargi, STambeWdavi gamosvla.<br />
kamaTSi bevrma miiRo monawiloeba. nikoloz landiam,<br />
romelsac piradad vicnobdi da kargadac viyavi garkveuli<br />
mis Termodinamikur gamokvlevebSi, umaRlesi Sefaseba<br />
misca Cems samuSaos. Zalian gamomesarCla akademikosi leonide<br />
meliqaZe da sxvebic, da bolos ilia vekuac. igi maSin<br />
ukve avad iyo da miuxedavad imisa, rom laparaki uWirda,<br />
vrclad mimoixila Cemi moxseneba da universitetSi gamoyenebiTi<br />
maTematikis institutSi mis axalgazrda TanamSromlebTan<br />
Sesrulebuli samuSaoebi, gansakuTrebiT ki is<br />
nawili, sadac me pirveli da meore rigis elifsuri integralebi<br />
mqonda gamoyenebuli. batoni ilia xom am dargis<br />
udidesi specialisti gaxldaT.<br />
batonma iliam didi madloba gadauxada baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s<br />
aseTi lamazi da mniSvnelovani kvlevebis organizebisa<br />
da axalgazrdebis gazrdis gamo. batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i<br />
ganmartoebiT ijda amayi, saxegabadruli da sixarulis<br />
cremlebiT hqonda Tvalebi danamuli. aseTi bednieri arasdros<br />
minaxavs. esec mecnieruli xelmZRvanelis gansakuTrebuli<br />
Tvisebaa _ SegeZlos Seni Segirdis warmatebiT<br />
103
aseTi sixarulis gancda.<br />
1976 wels b-n <strong>ferdinand</strong>s da me, erT-erT pirvelebs<br />
mogvaniWes giorgi nikolaZis saxelobis premia naSromTa<br />
ciklisaTvis - ,,liTonuri nalRobebis fizikur-qimiuri<br />
Tvisebebis kvlevis meTodebi”.<br />
amJamad es meTodebi maRaltemperaturuli fizikurqimiuri<br />
kvlevebis ganuyofeli nawilia da yvelam icis, rom<br />
am saqmeSi Cvenc, baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>sa da me Setanili gvaqvs<br />
Cveni mokrZalebuli wvlili.<br />
104<br />
* * *<br />
mecnieruli skolis avtoriteti didad aris damokidebuli<br />
misi xelmZRvanelis pirovnul Tvisebebze. adamianis<br />
rogorc fizikuri portreti, aseve sulieri samyaro er-<br />
Tiani aRqmaa. pirovnebis fizikur portrets misi calkeuli<br />
detalebis, nakvTebis erToblioba qmnis. Cven ar SegviZlia<br />
igi gamovicnoT vTqvaT, cxviris an tuCebis mixedviT. adamianis<br />
sulieri samyaroc calkeul TvisebaTa jams warmoadgens<br />
da CvenSi erTian gancdas iwvevs. es gancda gansazRvravs<br />
Cvens warmodgenas pirovnebaze. TvisebaTa harmoniuloba<br />
qmnis adamianis sulier silamazes. swored es harmoniulobaa<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis yvelaze didi silamaze.<br />
pirovnebis daxasiaTebisas SeiZleba ubralo CamonaTvali<br />
moviyvanoT: keTili, gonieri, SorsmWvreteli, muyai-<br />
Ti da a.S. an piriqiT. es faqtis konstataciaa da cariel<br />
sityvebad darCeba, vidre magaliTebiT ar davasabuTebT.<br />
es Cven, <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis axloblebma, SegviZlia vTqvaT<br />
mokled _ <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe sikeTis matarebeli kaci iyo,<br />
da amiT amovwuroT saTqmeli, radgan yvela CvenTagans amis<br />
mamtkicebeli uamravi sabuTi aqvs mexsierebaSi Semonaxuli.<br />
magram farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis, metadre maTTvis, visac ar<br />
hqonia bedniereba masTan axloblobisa, bunebrivia, Cveni es
gancxadeba <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis sikeTis Sesaxeb abstraqtul<br />
cnebad darCeba, vidre amis mamtkicebel magaliTs ar moviyvanT.<br />
swored im mizniT, rom <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis pirovnuli<br />
xibli ufro sruli da mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebi gavxadoT,<br />
moviSveliebT ramdenime mogonebas mis Sesaxeb.<br />
dasawyisSive mogaxseneT, rom <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis biografiasa<br />
da SemoqmedebiT wiaRsvlebs romantikuli elferi<br />
dakravs da saintereso masalas warmoadgens misi pirovnuli<br />
portretis gamoZerwvisaTvis. piradad CemTvis batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i<br />
gaxda Cemi mokrZalebuli literaturuli namoRvawaris<br />
erT-erTi personaJi _ eseebi mis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli<br />
maqvs Jurnal `ciskarSi” * , winamdebare wignis pirvel<br />
gamocemaSi ** da Cems avtobiografiuli xasiaTis wignSi *** . mogonebaTa<br />
nawili Targmnilia inglisurad **** . swored maT davesesxebi<br />
da ramdenime mogonebas moviyvan <strong>ferdinand</strong> Tava-<br />
Zis pirovnuli portretis srulyofis mizniT.<br />
f.TavaZe uaRresad humanuri kaci gaxldaT da, rogorc<br />
WeSmarit qristians, mimteveblobac SeeZlo. qvemoT nimuSad<br />
moTxroba mogvyavs, romlis sinamdviles institutis yvela,<br />
jer kidev cocxali TanamSromeli daadasturebs.<br />
televizori da mimtevebloba<br />
Cemma meuRlem televizoris yidva gadawyvita. me winaaRmdegi<br />
gaxldiT. maSin bavSvebi patarebi gvyavda, Suad-<br />
Risas brundebodnen skolidan da saRamomde, vidre Cven<br />
samsaxurSi viyaviT, martoni iyvnen Sin. aRar imecadine-<br />
* j.xanTaZe. “ciskari”. # 12, 1992.<br />
** j.xanTaZe. <strong>liTonTa</strong> <strong>samyaroSi</strong> <strong>ferdinand</strong> <strong>TavaZesTan</strong> <strong>erTad</strong>.<br />
Tbilisi, “forma”, 2003.<br />
*** j.xanTaZe. avtobiografia novelebSi. Tbilisi, “forma”, 2009.<br />
**** Jumber Khantadze. The Amorous Detective And Other Stories. Tbilisi, Shemetsneba<br />
Publishing House, 2012.<br />
105
en, televizorTan gaatareben mTel dRes, uqmad yofnas<br />
mieCvevian-meTqi, _ vumtkicebdi meuRles. verafriT davarwmune<br />
da erT mSvenier dRes, samsaxuridan rom davbrundi,<br />
bavSvebma Semomaxares _ dedam televizori gviyidao.<br />
misi yuTidan amoReba ukve moeswroT da gamarTvas cdilobdnen.<br />
gamosaxuleba ar Canda. saSinlad gavbrazdi _ ar<br />
minda televizori-meTqi..... cota xnis Semdeg Semomexvivnen<br />
yvelani: _ ariqa, gviSvele, mouxerxe rameo. gamyidvels<br />
meuRlisTvis uTqvams _ Tu ar ivarga, ara ugvianes orSaba-<br />
Tisa ukan CamabareT da sxvas mogcemTo. paraskevi dRe iyo.<br />
ra meqna, daviwye Cxikini. oTaxis antenam ver imuSava. mezoblebic<br />
uCiodnen oTaxis antenas. gavvardi. viyide ekranirebuli<br />
kabeli, saxeldaxelod gavmarTe gare antena, avitane<br />
saxuravze, davamagre, aqeT vatriale, iqiT vatriale,<br />
araferi gamovida. amasobaSi daRamda, kinaRam gadmovvardi<br />
saxuravidan. meore dRes saxelosnos mivakiTxe elbaqiZeze.<br />
xelosani dampirda _ melode, movalo... mTeli SabaTi velode,<br />
kvirac, CemiTac bevri vuCxikine, magram uSedegod. mere<br />
gairkva _ kabeli yofila gawyvetili. aba, xelsawyos gareSe<br />
rogor mivxvdebodi, azradac ar momsvlia, an ratom unda<br />
mefiqra _ axladnayidi kabeli iyo.<br />
orSabaTs Cveulebriv wavedi samsaxurSi, moriged<br />
meuRle darCa _ iqneb xelosani movideso. is-is iyo mivedi<br />
institutSi da meuRlemac damireka _ xelosani movida,<br />
akeTebs da modi, daeswario. aucileblad unda wavide. jer<br />
erTi, saSinlad mainteresebs, ra nakli aqvs iseTi, rom veraferi<br />
movuxerxe. garda amisa, xom SeiZleba uvargisia,<br />
SemogaCeCes, dakarge xuTasi maneTi da es aris. davapire<br />
Sin wasvla, magram vin miSvebs? maSin instituts milicia<br />
icavda, metabelec gvyavda, gasasvlelSi ijda. ase miTxra<br />
_ dReidan samuSao saaTebSi aRaravis gavuSvebo. davuwye<br />
axsna-ganmarteba _ televizori viyide... xelosani ar movida...<br />
axla mosula... xval aRar daibruneben... yuric ar mig-<br />
106
do, nabrZanebi maqvs aseo, dReidan rkiniseburi disciplina<br />
unda davamyaroTo. aviSale, avifofre, wonasworobidan<br />
gamovedi. visi brZaneba aris-meTqi. direqtoris moadgilis<br />
_ martirosoviso, ise miTxra, TiTqos SemaSinebda. ar egona,<br />
Tu gavimetebdi, imitom, rom vmegobrobdi masTan. Seni martirosovis<br />
ase da ase-meTqi, _ mivaZaxe. xmas auwia _ marto<br />
iman ki ara, partkommac ase gvibrZanao. axla partkoms mivadeqi<br />
da vlanZRe. milicia gamoesarCla _ wesi_wesia, disciplina_disciplinaao.<br />
sul gadavirie _ ar vici me partkomi,<br />
direqcia da Tqveni disciplina, institutia Tu cixe?<br />
an Tqven ras akeTebT aq? Tu disciplinaa, Tqvengan daiwyeT.<br />
amdeni xalxi rom mTeli dReebi uqmada xarT da Zilisagan<br />
dasivdiT, jer amas mixedeT-meTqi. adre ar yofila SemTxveva,<br />
vinmes wasvla-wamosvlaze raime eTqva da dRes Cemgan<br />
iwyebT wesrigis damyarebas? Zalian rom Sevutie da rom ve-<br />
Rar damaokes, koziri daxarjes: Cven ras gverCi, direqtorma<br />
gvibrZana, usaSvod aravin gauSvaTo. axla direqtoris<br />
lanZRva-ginebas movyevi... xmaurze xalxi Segrovda, zogi<br />
TanamSromeli _ Sinauri, zogic _ quCaSi gamvleli. ra saSvi,<br />
ris saSvi, aRar minda aq muSaoba, cixeSi ver vimuSaveb, aRar<br />
var Tqveni TanamSromeli. sxva var, sxva, ver gaigeT? amas ki<br />
aRar moelodnen. erTma milicielma meores wasCurCula:<br />
mgoni gagiJda, modi gavuSvaTo da rogorc iqna, gamiRes<br />
kari.<br />
Sin rom mivedi, televizori ukve mSvenivrad muSaobda.<br />
aki giTxariT, antenis kabeli yofila Cawyvetili erT adgilas,<br />
garedan ar Canda. rogorc uceb avfeTqdi, iseve ucbad<br />
davwynardi. es televizori mainc ar meqneba sadardebelimeTqi,<br />
gavifiqre da karg gunebaze davdeqi.<br />
wamovedi institutSi, disciplinaze vfiqrobdi. yovelTvis<br />
mimaCnda, rom mecnieruli saqmianoba Semoqmedebi-<br />
Ti procesia, daaxloebiT iseTi, rogorc poetisaTvis leqsis<br />
wera, mxatvrisaTvis xatva. es procesi siamovnebas unda<br />
107
gvrides pirovnebas. Semoqmedi kaci Tu ar muSaobs, maSasadame<br />
mizezi aqvs. am momentSi arc daZaleba SeiZleba; mecnierebaSi<br />
daZaleba arafris momtania. me ki, Tu raime ubedureba<br />
ar mWirda, sul institutSi vfusfusebdi, yvelaze<br />
adre mivdiodi, yvelaze gvian movdiodi. SabaT-kvirasac iq<br />
viyavi imitom, rom msiamovnebda, mixaroda, miyvarda Cemi<br />
saqmianoba. ojaxSic mpatiebdnen, icodnen, rom aseTi var,<br />
axla ki, disciplinaze rom damiwyes laparaki, Tavi Seuracxyofilad<br />
vigrZeni.<br />
daviwye muSaoba. dro uceb gavida. dRec damTavrda.<br />
yvelani wavidnen. davrCi marto da CemTvis vocnebobdi,<br />
iqneb rogorme mouwesrigeblobis topologiuri kriteriumi<br />
Camovayalibo-meTqi.<br />
uceb kari gaiRo da oTaxSi jiqur SemoiWra direqtori,<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i; portfeli moisrola; zedmetad<br />
aRelvebuli meCvena. Zalian miyvarda batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i,<br />
Cemi pirveli profesori, xelmZRvaneli, Cemi ufrosi<br />
megobari da gulSematkivari. siyvarulis garda, ridic<br />
mqonda, ufrosi kaci iyo da, Tanac, direqtori.<br />
tvinma kompiuteris siswrafiT daiwyo muSaoba. mivxvdi,<br />
rom yvelaferi uambes, ena miutanes _ glanZRa da gaginao.<br />
vfiqrob, albaT, metyvis: vin migdixar, saqveynod rom mlanZ-<br />
Rav da magineb. vin mogca amis ufleba, Tanac ratom? imitom,<br />
rom wesrigi moviTxove?. imitom, rom minda xalxma saqme akeTos<br />
da rogorc moeprianeba ise ar ixetialos?. es dawesebulebaa<br />
da ara balagani da yvela valdebulia wess daemorCilos. me<br />
avuxsni mdgomareobas, vetyvi, rom ar mindoda televizori...<br />
colma ZaliT iyida... xelosanma momatyua... xval maRazia aRar<br />
Caibarebs... avuxsni, _ gavifiqre CemTvis. bodiSsac movuxdi,<br />
vetyvi, rom wonasworobidan gamovedi, daumsaxureblad mogayeneT<br />
Seuracxyofa-meTqi. Tu gaigo da mapatia, xom kargi, Tu<br />
ara da, aqve vwer gancxadebas, davtoveb instituts. aba, ra vqna?<br />
es gavifiqre da <strong>ferdinand</strong>mac daiwyo Zalian aRelve-<br />
108
uli xmiT:<br />
_ Svilo, xom ici, rom Seni nerviuloba ar SeiZleba.<br />
erTxel, rom inerviule, xom gagiskda kuWi. Senze dards<br />
kinaRam gadavyevi, gavnaxevrdi kaci. axla ginda, guli gaixeTqo<br />
da dardiT mec momkla? Sen rodesac ginda, maSin modi,<br />
roca ginda, maSin wadi; Tu ginda, sul nu ivli, Sin imuSave,<br />
oRond ar inerviulo. meored ar gavigo, rom aseT sisuleleebze<br />
guli gaixeTqo. Tavs iklav? Tu vinmem rame gawyeninos,<br />
aq ara var? me magaT vuCveneb seirs. Tavze damasxdnen,<br />
rasac undaT, imas akeTeben, brZanebebis gacema damiwyes aq!<br />
brZanebas me viZlevi mxolod da dReidan gibrZaneb, wynarad<br />
iyo, Tavs mouaro, ar iRelvo da ar momkla Senze dardiT!<br />
esa Tqva da rogorc jiqur Semovida, ise jiqur gavida.<br />
piri davaRe, saxtad davrCi, mapatia uxeSoba, magram aseT<br />
patiebas ar movelodi, sila rom gaewna, merCivna.<br />
Tavi davimSvide imitom, rom didma kacma mapatia, Cemze<br />
keTilma, Cemze gonierma kacma. Tan mapatia, Tan gakveTili<br />
Camitara, mimteveblobis gakveTili.<br />
* * *<br />
rogorc araerTxel aRvniSneT, batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma<br />
mraval mecnierul mimarTulebas misca biZgi metalurgiisa<br />
da masalaTmcodneobis sferoSi. trivialuri WeSmaritebaa,<br />
rom yvela axali saqmis dawyeba uamrav Tavsatexs warmoaCens<br />
xolme yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi da, miTumetes, mecniereba-<br />
Si. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan naTlad Cans, rom <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZes uSecdomod SeurCevia yvela mis mier wamowyebuli<br />
mecnieruli mimarTuleba. es imas niSnavs, rom uSecdomod<br />
daukvalianebia Tavisi mowafeebi, ganusazRvravs maTTvis<br />
kvlevebis sfero da mosalodneli miRwevebis mijna. vin ras<br />
miaRwia am procesSi, es Cveni ganxilvis sagans ar warmoadgens.<br />
cxadia, dasaxul mijnas zogi naklebad dauaxlovda,<br />
zogma gadalaxa igi da, maT sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom<br />
109
ufro maRal mwvervalebs daeufla, vidre maswavlebels<br />
qonda Cafiqrebuli. asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZe xSirad uswrebda dros _ mis mier dasmuli bevri<br />
amocana aTwleulebis Semdeg gaxda mimzidveli sxva mecnieruli<br />
skolebisaTvis. aseTi amocanebia dasmuli boris,<br />
Zafisebri kristalebis, koroziis, Tujis da a.S. kvlevis<br />
saqmeSi.<br />
imisaTvis, rom aseTi vrceli speqtri moicva, unda<br />
gqondes utyuari alRo, mecnieruli intuicia. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
rogorc zemoT mogaxseneT, <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe<br />
gamorCeuli kaci iyo. intuiciis saocari grZnoba mas yovelTvis<br />
umartivessa da swor gadawyvetilebas karnaxobda.<br />
magaliTisTvis metalurgebis wreSi kargad nacnob erT<br />
faqts gavixseneb.<br />
ormocdaaTian wlebSi batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i did yuradRebas<br />
aqcevda Tujis problemas. Tuji metad popularuli<br />
masalaa. igi gamoiyeneba yvelgan da yvelaferSi, magram<br />
gansakuTrebiT manqanaTmSeneblobaSi. sakmarisia iTqvas,<br />
rom Tanamedrove manqana-danadgarebSi Tujis detalebis<br />
woniTi wili 40%-s aRwevs. saqmeSi Cauxedavma mkiTxvelma<br />
rom ukeT gaigos saTqmeli, oriod sityviT ganvmartav _<br />
foladi da Tuji rkinisa da naxSirbadis Senadnobia, magram,<br />
foladisagan gansxvavebiT, TujSi meti Semcvelobis<br />
naxSirbadia. rogorc wesi, kristalizaciis anu gamyarebis<br />
procesSi es naxSirbadi firfitovani grafitis saxiT calke<br />
fazad, mdgenelad gamoiyofa, rac Zalian amcirebs Tujis<br />
meqanikur Tvisebebs. amitom cdiloben grafitis CanarTebs<br />
sferosebri forma miscen. aseT SemTxvevaSi isini<br />
Tanabrad nawildebian liTonur fuZeSi, rac nakeTobis<br />
meqanikur Tvisebebs mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs. amavdroulad<br />
grafitis nawilakebi sapoxis rols asrulebs da zrdis<br />
Tujis antifriqciul Tvisebebs. grafitis CanarTebis<br />
damrgvalebis orgvari meTodi arsebobs. erT SemTxveva-<br />
110
Si CamosxmiT miRebul detalebs xangrZlivad gamowvaven<br />
maRal temperaturaze. am dros miiReba e.w. Wedadi Tuji<br />
fifqisebri grafitis CanarTebiT. meore meTodi gulisxmobs<br />
yalibSi Casxmis win gamdnar TujSi modifikatorebis<br />
Seyvanas. aseT Tujs sferosebri grafitiani modificirebuli<br />
Tuji ewodeba.<br />
am mimarTulebiT batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze Seiqmna foladis<br />
zodebis Camosasxmeli didtonaJiani Tujis boyvebis warmoebis<br />
teqnologia. XX saukunis 70 wlebSi Cveni instituti<br />
gaxldaT sabWoTa kavSiris moTave insituti am sferoSi.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is xelmZRvanelobiT avtorTa koleqtivma<br />
moamzada da gamosca kapitaluri naSromi _ albomi<br />
boyvebis konstruqciebis aRweriTa da saTanado normatiuli<br />
dokumentaciiT, romelic saxelmZRvanelo dokumenti<br />
gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris yvela metalurgiuli profilis<br />
sawarmosaTvis.<br />
am samuSaoebs sxva, sruliad moulodneli, araordinaluri<br />
mimarTulebiTac xvda warmateba. swored am faqtze<br />
minda gavamaxvilo mkiTxvelis yuradReba.<br />
alRo *<br />
Cemi studentobis periodSi irakli bairamaSvilTan<br />
<strong>erTad</strong> batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is davalebiT modificirebis<br />
meTodiT specialuri Tvisebebis mqone austenituri Tuji<br />
miviReT sferosebri grafitis CanarTebiT. gamoxda xani<br />
da es samuSao daviwyebas mieca. me institutis damTavrebis<br />
Semdeg oriode wliT tulaSi, kosaia goris metalurgiul<br />
qarxanaSi vmuSaobdi, iraklimac Seicvala moRvaweobis<br />
mimarTuleba.<br />
samociani wlebis dasawyisi sabWoTa kosmonavtikis<br />
* j.xanTaZe. avtobiografia novelebSi. Tbilisi, “forma”, 2009.<br />
111
didi warmatebiT aRiniSna. erT mSvenier dRes leningradidan<br />
axlad dabrunebulma batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma TavisTan<br />
mimixmo da saswrafo davaleba momca: gaaforme mivlineba,<br />
leilas * saidumlo samuSaoebTan daSvebis cnoba gamoarTvi,<br />
saCqarod leningradis samxedro-meqanikur institutSi<br />
simon baranovTan gaemgzavre, detalurad gaecani viTarebas<br />
da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba gaaformeo.<br />
cnobili mecnieri, stalinuri premiis laureati, profesori<br />
simon baranovi metad saTno pirovneba gaxldaT da<br />
amave dros batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is megobari.<br />
leningradis samxedro-meqanikuri instituti gasaidumloebuli<br />
dawesebuleba iyo, mTlianad samxedro Tematikaze<br />
muSaobda, maT Soris kosmosur teqnikazec. erTi dRe<br />
saSvis gaformebas movandome. meore dRes, rogorc iqna,<br />
SemiSves institutSi.<br />
s.baranovis laboratoria saxelmwifo SekveTas asrulebda<br />
_ mis TanamSromlebs unda daemzadebinaT kbilanebi<br />
kosmosuri aparatis borts gareT damontaJebuli<br />
specialuri gadacemisaTvis, romelic zemaRali vakuumis<br />
pirobebSi lokaciuri da energomomaragebis sistemebis<br />
orientaciis Secvlas moemsaxureboda.<br />
teqnikuri pirobebi pirdapir Tavzardamcemi iyo _<br />
kosmosSi kbilanebi muSaobdnen xanmokled, 15-20 wamis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
magram maRali brunvebisa da didi datvirTvebis<br />
pirobebSi. problemis sirTulis naTelsayofad isev<br />
ganvmartav _ zemaRali vakuumis pirobebSi detalebi Sepoxvas<br />
ar eqvemdebareba. dedamiwis garemoSi liTonis or<br />
naWers, ragind sarkiseburad damuSavebulic ar unda iyos<br />
maTi zedapiri, erTmaneTs ver “SevawebebT” imis gamo, rom<br />
sakontaqto sivrceSi yovelTvis aris Jangbadisa da azotis<br />
“uzarmazari” atomebi, romlebic saSualebas ar aZlev-<br />
* leila kuxaleiSvili _ metalurgiis institutis specialuri<br />
ganyofilebis ufrosi.<br />
112
en liTonis zedapirul atomebs moxvdnen e.w. potencialur<br />
ormoSi da ganaxorcielon iseTive atomuri bmebi, rogoric<br />
moculobaSia.<br />
kosmosSi, zemaRal vakuumSi, liTonuri zedapirebis<br />
Sexebisas atomTaSoris potencialis warmoqmnis albaToba<br />
sagrZnoblad izrdeba, rac mbrunavi moxaxune detalebis<br />
rRvevas iwvevs.<br />
laboratoriaSi ukve gamocdili hqondaT mravali masala,<br />
maT Soris sxvadasxva klasis foladi, molibdeni,<br />
volframi, Zneldnadi liTonebi da maTi Senadnobebi, magram<br />
Sedegi savalalo iyo _ yvela masala wamebSi gamodioda<br />
mwyobridan.<br />
gamocdebi specialur stendze tardeboda. igi warmoadgenda<br />
mravljerad vakuumur garsacmSi Casmul muSa<br />
moculobas. specialuri manipulatorebis saSualebiT<br />
vakuumuri nakveTurebis gavliT sistemis hermetulobis<br />
darRvevis gareSe muSa moculobaSi SeaqvT mWidi nimuSebiT.<br />
brunva xorcieldeba mZlavri magnituri velis meSveobiT,<br />
romelic waritacebs moxaxune wyvilis erT-erT nimuSs.<br />
meore nimuSi mohyavT SexebaSi garkveuli kuTri dawolis<br />
pirobebSi, romelic axlosaa realurTan.<br />
s.baranovi da misi TanamSromlebi metad SeSfoTebulebi<br />
iyvnen. vada iwureba, konstruqtorebi Tavze<br />
gvadganan, Sedegebi ki ara Cans. <strong>ferdinand</strong>i dampirda _ rames<br />
movifiqrebo da axla egRa dagvrCenia imedado _ miTxra<br />
s.baranovma.<br />
davbrundi TbilisSi da baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s veaxle. ra<br />
moifiqreo _ mkiTxa gamomwvevad. mxrebi aviCeCe _ ra unda<br />
momefiqrebina, koroliovis mTeli xalxi iq trialebs da<br />
veraferi gaaxerxes, me ra unda meqna-meTqi. aba, Svilo, saCqarod,<br />
arsenalze Seni studentobis dros miRebuli masalebi<br />
moiZie, is magniumiT modificirebuli austenituri<br />
Tuji Camoasxi da gafrindi leningradSi. eg Tuji imuSavebs<br />
113
magaT pirobebSi, amis garantias me gaZlevo, _ miTxra da<br />
wertili dasva. ver SevekamaTe. mxolod icode, vidre<br />
dadebiTi Sedegi ar iqneba, Sedgenilobisa da teqnologiis<br />
Sesaxeb ar ilaparakoo, _ daayola.<br />
eh, aman gaafrina namdvilad, mTeli mendeleevis tabula<br />
gadaqeqes da veraferi moaxerxes, Tuji uSvelis saqmes?<br />
_ gavifiqre CemTvis. magram ras vizamdi, Sevudeqi muSaobas.<br />
sadnob ganyofilebaSi umal gamovadneT im Tujis 12 kilogramiani<br />
Rero da leningradSi gavemgzavre. Cveni Rerodan<br />
saswrafod daCarxes nimuSebi da imave saRamos stendze<br />
miitanes. is kaci, vinc stends emsaxureboda, skeptikurad<br />
iyo ganwyobili. _ aseTebi moutaniaTo! _ miTxra. CatvirTes<br />
pirveli mWidi. ase aTi kaci velodebiT Sedegs. ha-ha da xuTi<br />
wamis Semdeg man unda gviTxras Cveulebriv _ «не пошла». ar<br />
ambobs. gavida wuTi, ori, xuTi. ar ambobs. mere Tqva: aq ra-<br />
RacaSia saqme, albaT, dawneva ver ganvaxorcieleo. Seacura<br />
meore mWidi. sulganabulebi vdgavarT, Tvals vadevnebT<br />
dawnevis indikators _ 5, 10, 20, 50 kg. bevrad gavcildiT zRvars.<br />
Senc ar momikvde! nimuSs araferi mosdis. gavimeoreT<br />
cda mesamed, meaTed, teqnikur moTxovnaTa yvela parametri<br />
didi gadaWarbebiT SevasruleT. skeptikosi gatyda.<br />
_ Ну, по этому поводу можно и выпить, _ Tqva da kolbiT<br />
spirti moitana.<br />
_ ra Camogvitaneo? _ erTxmad mkiTxa yvelam. batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is sityvebi gamaxsenda. radgan Sedegi dadebi-<br />
Tia, SeiZleba vuTxra, _ gavifiqre da gaxarebulma mivayare:<br />
Tujia, mxolod ara Cveulebrivi, aramed qarTuli, specialuri,<br />
TavaZiseuli.<br />
uTenia baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s davureke. gauxarda. _ xom<br />
geubnebodi, Svilo, rom ara gjeroda, imuSavebs-meTqi.<br />
amis Semdeg Cven daxuruli saavtoro mowmoba mogvces<br />
da im droisTvis sakmaod didi fuladi premia. morigi kosmosuri<br />
aparatic gaafrines da koroliovis jgufma, ro-<br />
114
melic am programaze muSaobda, leninuri premiac miiRo.<br />
am ambis Semdeg, rasakvirvelia, gavrcelda moaruli<br />
xmebi, romelic gaioz surmavas SekiTxvam gamoiwvia. Tqven<br />
kosmosuri aparatis gafrenaSi miiReT monawileoba, Segvi-<br />
Zlia viamayoT? _ hkiTxa gaiozma baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s. iamayeT,<br />
Svilo, iamayeT, _ iyo pasuxi.<br />
* * *<br />
mecnieruli skolis avtoritets gansazRvravs agreTve<br />
misi lideris pirovnuli Rirsebebi. bevrs axsovs 1978 wels<br />
deda enasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi da batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
moqalaqeobrivi poziciac, romelic man Riad, werilobiT<br />
daadastura da amiT qarTveli eris uzenaesi siwminde<br />
_ “ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba” daicva.<br />
aranakleb mRelvare viTareba Seiqmna 1989 wels, rodesac<br />
Cvens erovnul saganZurs bevri “qomagi” gamouCnda da<br />
iaffasiani popularobis mizniT unikaluri nimuSebis saz-<br />
RvargareT eqsponireba ganizraxa.<br />
komisias, romelsac <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe xelmZRvanelobda,<br />
am nimuSebis gadaadgilebis ufleba unda daedasturebina.<br />
vin ar iyo dainteresebuli saunjis sazRvargareT<br />
gataniT, magram <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnierulma daskvnam<br />
* yvelas civi wyali gadaasxa. Zneli warmosadgenia, ra<br />
safrTxes gadaarCina maSin Cveni erovnuli saganZuri batonma<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>ma. arc is Seufasebia vinmes, ra daujda<br />
mas am nabijis gadadgma.<br />
ucnauria, magram faqtia, rom kaci, romelic mTeli<br />
cxovreba qarTul saganZurs swavlobda da qarTuli kulturuli<br />
memkvidreobis Tavgamodebuli popularizatori<br />
iyo, win aRudga saganZuris sazRvargareT gatanas. masze<br />
kargad vis SeiZleba codnoda im ZvirTasi eqsponatebis fasi<br />
* daskvna inaxeba metalurgiis institutis arqivSi _ 06.10.89<br />
#0504/П213-718.<br />
115
da mdgomareoba? mas xom yvela nivTi qonda Seswavlili,<br />
yvelas eloliaveboda, yvelas satkivari icoda da imasac<br />
xvdeboda, rom saganZuris maSindeli arqauli meTodebiT<br />
transportirebis pirobebSi didi albaToba iyo nimuSebis<br />
dazianebisa. Ggarda amisa dro iyo metad areuli da arc is<br />
iyo gamoricxuli, rom vinme xels `moiTbobda~.<br />
amJamad, roca samuzeumo saqmianoba mogvarebulia da<br />
evropuli standartebiT xdeba samuzeimo nivTebis konservacia,<br />
SefuTva da transportireba, Cvenma saganZurma `mogzauroba~<br />
daiwyo da bevri ucxoeli moiyvana aRtacebaSi.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i amas rom moswreboda pirveli dauWerda<br />
mxars Cveni kulturis popularizacias.<br />
radgan batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is saqarTvelos kulturul<br />
memkvidreobasTan damokidebulebis sakiTxs SevexeT, unda<br />
movixsenioT misi kidev erTi Tvisebac. batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma<br />
kargad icoda saqarTvelos istoria, icoda ara abstraqtulad,<br />
ganyenebulad, aramed nivTierad _ mas xom Semovlili<br />
hqonda saqarTvelos yvela kuTxe-kunWuli, icoda<br />
yvela eklesia-monastris, cixe-koSkisa Tu salocavis adgilmdebareoba,<br />
istoriuli misia da dRevandeli satkivari.<br />
Tavis am codnas igi uSurvelad unawilebda Tavis mowafeebs,<br />
kolegebsa da megobrebs. amitom SemTxveviT ar aris,<br />
rom igi did yuradRebas aqcevda misive TaosnobiT mowyobil<br />
eqskursiebs kaTedrisa da metalurgiis institutis<br />
TanamSromlebTan <strong>erTad</strong>. pirvels kaTedris `gasvliTi sxdoma”<br />
ewodeboda, meores _ `gasvliTi seminari”. visac am<br />
eqskursiebSi miuRia monawileoba aucileblad dagveTanxmeba,<br />
rom avtobusiT mgzavrobis procesi WeSmaritad seminaris<br />
saxes Rebulobda, iqmneboda atmosfero kaTedraze<br />
Tu institutSi arsebuli saWirboroto sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad,<br />
xolo adgilze misulebs, batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i<br />
didi siyvaruliT gvacnobda Zeglis istorias. rogorc<br />
wesi, yovelive Tavdeboda saxlidan wamoRebuli sanovagiT<br />
116
gawyobili sufriT, romelsac batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i Cveuli<br />
sixalisiT warmarTavda xolme.<br />
gasvliTi `seminari” ufliscixeSi<br />
gasvliTi `seminari” siRnaRSi<br />
117
118<br />
kaTedris “sxdoma” daviTgarejSi<br />
gasvliTi `seminari” nikolaZeebis saxl-muzeumSi, did jixaiSSi
am mogzaurobebidan erTs gansakuTrebiT gamovyofdi.<br />
moxda ise, rom metalurgiis institutma Sefoba ikisra<br />
Telavis raionis sofel lafanyuris saSualo skolaze. es<br />
Sefoba gvavaldebulebda drodadro mogvenaxulebina lafanyuri,<br />
rac maspinZlebis did sixaruls iwvevda da Cvenc<br />
siamovnebas gvgvrida, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>ic<br />
modioda CvenTan <strong>erTad</strong>. Sedegad, lafanyuris<br />
skolaSi institutis daxmarebiT moewyo im droisaTvis<br />
Cinebulad aRWurvili qimiisa da fizikis kabinetebi, xolo<br />
skola akademiuri moswrebisa da umaRles saswavleblebSi<br />
Caricxuli abiturientebis raodenobiT erT-erTi mowinave<br />
gaxda Telavis raionSi.<br />
aseTi saqmianoba da TanamSromlebTan urTierTobis<br />
amgvari formac didad uwyobda xels <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis,<br />
rogorc mecnieruli skolis xelmZRvanelis avtoritetis<br />
formirebas.<br />
lafanyuris skolaSi<br />
119
is instituti<br />
120<br />
* * *<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is erT, sruliad gansakuTrebul<br />
Tvisebasac minda Sevexo. arc ki vici ra vuwodo amas _ guladoba,<br />
simamace, sikeTe, TanagrZnoba, kacTmoyvareoba Tu<br />
sxva ram. albaT yvelaferi <strong>erTad</strong> aRebuli. saqme imaSi gaxlavT,<br />
rom batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i didi yuradRebiT epyroboda<br />
represirebuli ojaxebis warmomadgenlebs. es xdeboda gasuli<br />
saukunis ormociani ormocdaaTiani wlebis mijnaze,<br />
amxanagi stalinis sicocxleSi da sabWoTa reJimis mZvinvarebis<br />
epoqaSi. 1937-38 wlebSi represirebulTa reabilitacia<br />
jer kidev ar iyo dawyebuli, es procesi mogvanebiT,<br />
1955 wels daiwyo da uamrav Cvens Tanamemamules Sveba<br />
mogvara, Camoacila xalxis mtris damRa da ase Tu ise srulyofili<br />
moqalaqis grZnoba daubruna. maSin ki, ormocian<br />
wlebSi, aseT xalxs almacerad uyurebdnen, represirebuli<br />
ojaxebis Svilebs karg samuSaoze, miTumetes aspiranturaSi,<br />
ar Rebulobdnen. magaliTisTvis Cemi megobris, irakli<br />
bairamaSvilis istorias gavixseneb. 1949 wels iraklim<br />
warmatebiT Caabara misaRebi gamocdebi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis liTonisa da samTo saqmis institutis *<br />
aspiranturaSi. miuxedavad warmatebisa akademiis aspiranturis<br />
ganyofilebam baTilad cno iraklis gamocdebi im<br />
sababiT, rom mis mier warmodgenil sabuTebSi TiTqos calsaxad<br />
ar iyo miTiTebuli mamamisis “danaSaulebrivi qmedebani”.<br />
1950 wels irakli bairamaSvili gaxda saqarTvelos<br />
politeqnikuri institutis <strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologiis kaTedris<br />
aspiranti, romelsac profesori f.TavaZe xelmZRvanelobda.<br />
is gaxldaT iraklis mecnieruli xelmZRvanelic.<br />
dameTanxmebiT, udavod sarisko saqmea. rogor gabeda da<br />
moaxerxa batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma am nabijis gadadgma _ aravin<br />
* amJamad <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneo
icis. mTavari ki is aris, rom es ar iyo gamonaklisi, er-<br />
Teuli SemTxveva, maSin kaTedraze ukve muSaobdnen “xalxis<br />
mtrebis” Svilebi _ neli kartozia, salome (meia) jayeli,<br />
miSa eseni, irakli janeliZe, 1950 wels amaT daemata irakli<br />
bairamaSvili, xolo 1952 wels _ daviT (duTu) ebanoiZe da<br />
ioseb (soso) cincaZe. ra gamodis? naxevari kaTedra “kontrevolucionerebis”<br />
SvilebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli. <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZe veraferma SeaSina, verc mecnieruli karieris<br />
dakargvam da verc ojaxis safrTxeSi Cagdebam. igi kargad<br />
erkveoda arsebul viTarebaSi, magram moqmedebda Sinagani<br />
mrwamsiT, kacTmoyvareobis principiT, romelic mas yvelgan<br />
da yovelTvis axlda.<br />
Cemi am Tezisis dadasturebis mizniT moviyvan kaTedris<br />
im periodis TanamSromlis baton ioseb cincaZis mogonebas<br />
* .<br />
rodesac me SemomTavazes batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is saiubileo<br />
sxdomaze mogonebebiT gamosvla, mivaqcie yuradReba,<br />
rom Cemamde sityva unda eTqvaT batonebs irakli Jordanias<br />
da jumber xanTaZes. mivxvdi me salaparakod arafers<br />
damitovebdnen. am mizezis gamo winaswar arafris mofiqrebas<br />
da daweras azri ar hqonda. axla vxedav, rom Cemi<br />
varaudi gamarTlda da unda movZebno batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
cxovrebis iseTi mxareebi, romlebic gamorCaT Cemze win<br />
gamosul batonebs. aRniSnulis gamo, gTxovT Cemi sityva<br />
aRiqvaT, rogorc improvizacia.<br />
albaT sjobs Sevexo batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is moRvaweobas<br />
<strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologiis da liTonmcodneobis kaTedris Camoyalibebis<br />
periodSi. maSin kaTedra dakompleqtebuli iyo<br />
ramdenime asakovani pirovnebiT, romelTa Soris yvelas<br />
* amonaridi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnul akademiaSi <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT gamar-<br />
Tul saiubileo sxdomaze (2012 wlis 4 ivniss) ioseb cincaZis<br />
mieer wakiTxuli moxsenebidan.<br />
121
ar SeeZlo aqtiuri monawileoba mieRo Zlier mecnierulpedagogiur<br />
aRmasvlaSi. aucilebeli iyo axalgazrdebis<br />
mosvla. batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma gadawyvita aspirantebis da<br />
axalgazrda TanamSromlebis miReba. metalurgiuli gana-<br />
Tlebis mqone axalgazrdoba saqarTveloSi jer kidev ar<br />
arsebobda. SegaxsenebT, rom metalurgTa pirveli gamoSveba<br />
1954 wels moxda. yvelaze momzadebulebi am mimarTulebiT<br />
iyvnen meqanika-manqanaTmSeneblobis fakultetis aRzrdilebi<br />
specialobiT `manqanaTmSeneblobis teqnologia,<br />
liTomWreli Carxebi da instrumenti~. liTonebTan dakav-<br />
Sirebul sainJinro specialobis inJinerTa Soris am axalgazrdebs<br />
hqondaT yvelaze farTo ganaTleba, maT Soris<br />
metalurgiaSi. im dros am specialobis studentebs sruli<br />
moculobiT ukiTxavdnen leqciebs <strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologiaSi,<br />
liTonmcodneobasa da Termul damuSavebaSi, xolo<br />
me-4 kursze piradad baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s mihyavda 140 saa-<br />
Tiani saleqcio kursi `specialuri foladebi~. am mimar-<br />
Tulebis axalgazrda inJinrebma, batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
xelmZRvanelobiT, metad mokle droSi aiTvises kaTedris<br />
metalurgiuli mimarTulebis sagnebi da Seqmnes mecniermetalurgTa<br />
birTvi. dRevandeli teqnikuri universitetis<br />
metalurgiuli profilis kaTedrebis da metalurgiis<br />
institutis ZiriTadi kontingentis ganswavla da sainJinro<br />
sarbielze warmatebuli gamosvla pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli<br />
<strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologiis da liTonmcodneobis<br />
pirvel Zlier axalgazrdul SemadgenlobasTan. eseni<br />
iyvnen irakli janeliZe, irakli bairamaSvili, eTer giorgiZe,<br />
mixeil eseni, SiTa kacitaZe, elene kartozia, salome<br />
jayeli, Teimuraz kapanaZe, daviT ebanoiZe. Cvens kaTedraze<br />
maSin muSaobda 11-12 TanamSromeli, maT Soris ar SeiZleba<br />
ar movigono qimikosi-analitikosi Tamar bernikova, inJineri-eleqtroteqnikosi<br />
robert alanakiani da muSa-xarati<br />
nikoloz xazanovi.<br />
122
atoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i kaTedras ayalibebda metad frTxilad,<br />
TanamSromlebis sainJinro momzadebis, Sromisunarianobis<br />
da pirovnuli Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT da<br />
TiTqmis arcerT maTganSi ar Semcdara. me-2 msoflio omis<br />
damTavrebis Semdeg da ormocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />
institutebSi samuSaod da aspiranturaSi represirebul-<br />
Ta ojaxis wevrebs ar iRebdnen, aseTi iyo miTiTeba zevidan<br />
da eSinodaT; zogierTi institutis xelmZRvaneli da kaTedris<br />
gamge am miTiTebas enTuziazmiTac asrulebda. batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>i, albad, iyo <strong>erTad</strong>erTi, romlis kaTedra 50<br />
procentiT dakompleqtebuli iyo daxvretilTa SvilebiT;<br />
CamovTvaloT: i. janeliZe, i. bairamaSvili m. eseni, e. kartozia,<br />
d. ebanoiZe, s. jayeli da me.<br />
batoni ferdindi darwmunebuli iyo Tavis arCevanSi<br />
da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi TavgamodebiT gvicavda. kaTedris<br />
am Semadgenlobam gaamarTla batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
imedebi. kaTedra institutSi iyo erT-erTi yvelaze inteleqtualuri,<br />
aqtiuri da produqtiuli. metalurgTa<br />
xsovnaSi kaTedris es Semadgenloba darCa karg legendad.<br />
maSindeli kaTedra aris batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is pirovnebis<br />
fsiqologiuri portretis Semadgeneli nawili, misi energiis,<br />
vaJkacobis da keTilbunebovnebis gamovlineba.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i yvelafers akeTebda, yvela pirobas<br />
qmnida, rom kaTedris TanamSromelTa profesionalizmi<br />
gazrdiliyo, kvleviTi samuSaoebi Catarebuliyo maRal<br />
doneze, TanamSromlebs daecvaT disertaciebi, xolo pedagogiuri<br />
saqmianoba ayvanili iyo umaRles xarisxSi. sawyenia,<br />
rom batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i adre gardaicvala. wavida kacilideri!<br />
lideris Secvla ar aris advili. SeiZleba advilad<br />
SecvaloT Cinovniki, kaTedris Cveulebrivi gamge da sxva.<br />
liderebs ver SecvliT!<br />
represirebulebis qomagoba marto kaTedraze ar<br />
gamoxatula. yvelas axsovs rogor ganicdida igi 1951 wels<br />
123
qalbaton margo cqitiSvilisa da vaJa ximSaSvilis ojaxebis<br />
yazaxeTSi `gacimbirebas”. zemoTac vaxsene, nemsis yunwSi<br />
gaZvra, raTa vaJas dedisaTvis, qalbaton Tina qarumiZisaTvis<br />
yazaxeTSi cxovreba Seemsubuqebina.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe yovelmxriv uwyobda xels represirebuli<br />
ojaxebidan gamosuli ganaTlebuli da niWieri<br />
axalgazrdebis winsvlas. represirebuli ojaxebis Svilebma<br />
_ qalbatonebma cisana abesaZem da Tamar dvalma batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is uangaro daxmarebis wyalobiT daiwyes muSaoba<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi, sadac akademikos simon<br />
janaSias winadadebiT batoni fredi miwveuli iyo muzeuemis<br />
qimiur-sarestavracio ganyofilebis samecniero xelmZ-<br />
Rvanel-konsultantad.<br />
`1937 wlis qariSxalma Seiwira papaCemi _ giorgi maCabeli<br />
da mama _Salva gordaZe. dedaCemi _ Tamar maCabeli<br />
axaldabadebuli CviliT binidan gaasaxles, rac avladideba<br />
gagvaCnda, CamogvarTves da erT pawawina oTaxSi<br />
Segvasaxles. did gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil dedas, romelmac<br />
is-is iyo universiteti warCinebiT daamTavra, samuSaod<br />
arsad iRebdnen. iZulebuli gaxda, qudebis kerviT erCina<br />
Tavi. magram aq mxsnelad bavSvobis megobrebi moevlinen<br />
_ <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe da aleqsi maWavariani. maT franguli<br />
enis maswavleblis _ SoTa beriZis daxmarebiT deda `komunistis~<br />
redaqciaSi moawyves. mas Semdeg dedam wignis gamomcemlobis<br />
dargSi xangrZlivi da nayofieri muSaobisaTvis<br />
araerTi jildo miiRo da saqarTvelos ssr kulturis damsaxurebuli<br />
muSakis sapatio wodebac mieniWa~. es citata<br />
jilda gordaZis mogonebidanaa * .<br />
`dasawyisSi vaxsene, rom kaTedra mcirericxovani iyo.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is xelmZRvanelad daniSvnisTanave kaT-<br />
* j.xanTaZe. <strong>liTonTa</strong> <strong>samyaroSi</strong> <strong>ferdinand</strong> <strong>TavaZesTan</strong> <strong>erTad</strong>.<br />
“forma”, Tbilisi, 2003.<br />
124
edraze axali Taobis aspirantebi, agreTve maRali klasis<br />
pedagogebi movidnen. igi ar erideboda kaTedraze moewvia<br />
ganaTlebuli da niWieri axalgazrdebi represirebuli<br />
ojaxebidan~. es mogoneba ki meia jayels ekuTvnis.<br />
damerwmunebiT, rom Cven sinamdvileSi iSviaTad moiZebneba<br />
msgavsi saqcielis analogi. mecnieruli skolis si-<br />
Zlieres didad uwyobs xels misi lideris humanuroba. es<br />
Strixic srulyofils qmnis <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis portrets.<br />
institutis ZirZveli TanamSromeli, qalbatoni elisabed<br />
(liziko) nadiraZe mogvianebiT dawers:<br />
`batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is didi da mravalmxrivi samecniero<br />
da saorganizacio moRvaweobis Sedegad metalurgiis<br />
instituti gadaiqca mZlavr samecniero-kvleviT dawesebulebad,<br />
sadac safuZveli Caeyara da ganviTarda metalurgiuli<br />
mecnierebis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba. batonma<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>ma institutSi Tavi mouyara axalgazrda niWier<br />
kadrebs da farTod gaSala kvleviTi muSaoba. es iyo enTuziazmiT<br />
aRsavse, dauRalavi, didi energiis mqone pirovneba,<br />
mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildoebuli: igi kargad xatavda,<br />
gatacebuli iyo arqeologiiT, did muSaobas eweoda<br />
metalurgiuli terminologiis dasadgenad, wlebis man-<br />
Zilze xelmZRvanelobda dargobriv samecniero-teqnikur<br />
sazogadoebas, iyo qarTuli enciklopediis saredaqcio<br />
kolegiis aqtiuri wevri da sxva.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis iniciativiT da xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
tardeboda mravali saerTaSoriso, sakavSiro da respublikuri<br />
samecniero-teqnikuri konferencia, sadac monawileobdnen<br />
gamoCenili ucxoeli da sabWoTa mecnierebi da<br />
maTTan <strong>erTad</strong> institutis axalgazrda mecnier-TanamSromlebic.<br />
es iyo namdvili skola axalgazrdebisaTvis~.<br />
125
igives daasabuTebs institutis uxucesi TanamSromeli<br />
daviT (duTu) ebanoiZe, romelic aTwleulebis manZilze<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis gverdiT muSaobda:<br />
“riT gamoirCeoda batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i rogorc mecnieri-mkvlevari,<br />
mecnierebis organizatori, axalgazrdobis<br />
aRmzrdeli da damkvalianebeli? upirveles yovlisa,<br />
yovelgvari mecnieruli siaxlis mZafri SegrZnebiT<br />
da utyuari alRoTi, am siaxleebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli<br />
ganxorcielebis gansakuTrebuli unariT, ris gamoc<br />
misdami daqvemdebarebuli metalurgiis instituti yovelTvis<br />
mecnierebis flagmanTa rigebSi idga; axalgazrda<br />
mecnier-muSakTa aRzrdis da yovelmxrivi xelSewyobis<br />
saocari niWiT, ris Sedegadac misi xelmZRvanelobiT mravali<br />
sakandidato da sadoqtoro disertacia momzadda<br />
rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve mis sazRvrebs gareT (rus,<br />
ukrainel, azerbaijanel da somex kolegaTa Soris bevrma<br />
misi xelSewyobiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT moipova umaRlesi<br />
samecniero xarisxi) da mis samecniero skolas saerTaSoriso<br />
aRiareba moutana; araCveulebrivi komunikabelurobiT,<br />
ramac is masalaTmcodneobis dargis mowinave specialist-<br />
Ta Tanamosagred da megobrad gaxada. Tu amas davumatebT<br />
mis danarCen adamianur Rirsebebs da pirad momxibvlelobas,<br />
naTeli warmodgena Segveqmneba am dauviwyar, uniWieres,<br />
gamorCeul pirovnebaze”.<br />
* * *<br />
saerTod, mecnieruli skolis tradicia uZvelesi<br />
droidan iwyeba da piTagoras saxelTan asocirebs. amboben,<br />
rom am skolis warmomadgenlebi piTagoras sikvdilis Semdegac<br />
ki Tavis naSromebs misi saxeliT moixseniebdnen.<br />
dResac, burbakis saxeliT cnobili franguli maTematikuri<br />
skolis aTeulobiT anonimuri warmomadgeneli burbakis<br />
fsevdonimiT aqveynebs mecnierul naSromebs da maTi<br />
126
vinaoba ara Tu farTo sazogadoebisaTvis, aramed maTematikuri<br />
wreebisTvisac ucnobia.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis skolis qvemoT moyvanili mecnieruli<br />
Sedegebis aRwerisas Cven gangeb avarideT Tavi personifikacias<br />
Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo: jer erTi, SeiZleba vinme gamogvrCenoda,<br />
rac uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Cagvayenebda da meorec _ masalis<br />
calkeuli avtorebis mixedviT danawevreba xels SeuSlida<br />
mis mTlianobaSi aRqmas da daakninebda im ZiriTad mecnierul<br />
ZarRvs, romelic <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis Semoqmedebas axasiaTebs<br />
da amave dros yvela Cvenganis personaluri monapovaricaa.<br />
qvemoT moyvanili mecnieruli Sedegebi faqtiurad<br />
asaxavs <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis iniciativiTa da misi xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
moqmedi mravalricxovani samecniero koleqtivis<br />
muSaobis naxevarsaukunovan istorias.<br />
Senadnobebis Teoria<br />
mecniereba dakvirvebis, kvlevisa da analizis usasrulo<br />
procesia. mas axasiaTebs aRmoCenaTa sxvadasxva intensivobiT<br />
gamorCeuli periodebi. aTwleulebis manZilze<br />
Taobebis rudunebiT Sromisa da kvlevis Sedegad dagrovili<br />
mecnieruli codna msoflio mniSvnelobis aRmoCenebad<br />
mogvevlina. am aRmoCenaTa mniSvnelobisa da sidiadis<br />
Sesafaseblad unda gaverkveT azrovnebis im labirinTSi,<br />
romelmac ama Tu im aRmoCenis aucilebloba gansazRvra.<br />
vsaubrobT ra <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnierul skolaze, upirvelesad<br />
unda ganvsazRvroT misi adgili da roli am istoriul<br />
procesSi. magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, es procesi<br />
usasrulo da uwyvetia. amitom, Znelia imis dadgena, ganvi-<br />
Tarebis ra etapidan daviwyoT Cveni Txroba.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is moRvaweoba liTonebs eZRvneba.<br />
Tanamedrove warmodgena liTonebis Sesaxeb XIX-XX sauku-<br />
127
neebis mijnaze yalibdeboda. amitom, swored am periodis<br />
fragmentul mimoxilvas davurTavT Cvens Txrobas, raTa<br />
mkiTxvelma Tavad gansazRvros <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnieruli<br />
skolis mniSvneloba da saTanado adgili miuCinos<br />
mas metalurgiuli mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is Semoqmedebis erT-erT ZiriTad<br />
mimarTulebas Senadnobebis Teoria warmoadgenda, rogorc<br />
safuZveli im ideologiisa, romelsac eqvemdebareba yvela<br />
sxva ganStoeba. saWiro Tvisebebis mqone masalebis miReba<br />
am Teoriis umTavresi amocanaa, xolo masalaTa simtkice_<br />
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi.<br />
ra ganapirobebs masalis simtkices? rasakvirvelia,<br />
misi Semadgeneli nawilebis _ atomebisa da ionebis urTierTqmedeba.<br />
magram es mxolod idealur SemTxvevaSi. zogadad<br />
ki. . .<br />
1920 wels a.grifitsma pirvelma SeniSna, rom myari tanis<br />
Teoriuli simtkice bevrad aRemateba meqanikuri gamocdebiT<br />
miRebul Sedegs. man Seiswavla sxvadasxva diametris<br />
minis Reroebis simtkice da aRmoaCina, rom diametris<br />
SemcirebiT simtkice TiTqmis asjer izrdeba da zRvarSi,<br />
nulovan diametramde eqstrapolaciis dros, emTxveva Teoriulad<br />
gamoTvlils (≈500 kg/mm 2 ).<br />
“iofes efeqtis” saxeliT cnobili movlena, romelic<br />
sufris marilis zedapiruli defeqtebis gaxsnis Sedegad<br />
marilis simtkices erTiasad zrdis, calsaxad miuTiTebs<br />
defeqtebis rolze. amgvarad, myari tanis simtkice, atomTa-<br />
Soris urTierTqmedebisa da struqturis garda, damokidebulia<br />
defeqtebis raodenobasa da maT ganawilebaze.<br />
Zalian uxeSi SefasebiT myar tanSi atomTa ganlageba<br />
imgvaria, rom daaxloebiT yovel 100 mWidrod Calagebul<br />
atomze modis erTi iseTi arakompaqturi, xalvaTi adgili,<br />
sadac mezobeli atomebi Cveulebrivze metad arian daSorebulebi<br />
da Sedegad atomTaSoris SeWiduloba mkveTrad Sem-<br />
128
cirebulia. msgavsi defeqtebis gamo realuri myari tanis<br />
simtkice bevrad naklebia igive Sedgenilobis da struqturis<br />
mqone udefeqto masalasTan SedarebiT. mogvianebiT,<br />
1930 wels, TiTqmis udefeqto kristalebis miRebisa da maTi<br />
Tvisebebis Seswavlis Sedegad gamoiTqva hipoTezuri “dislokaciuri<br />
Teoria”, romelic Semdgom myari tanis fizikis<br />
ZiriTad aRmoCenad iqca.<br />
1934 wels liTonuri masalebis dabali simtkicis asaxsnelad<br />
samma mecnierma _ polanma, orovanma da teilorma<br />
Semoitana cneba xazobrivi defeqtebis _ dislokaciebis Sesaxeb.<br />
es defeqti gaiazreboda rogorc kristalSi soliviT<br />
CaWedili naxevarsibrtyis kide (e.w. kiduri dislokacia), an<br />
rogorc sasazRvro xazi, romelic miiReba kristalis gakve-<br />
TiT da miRebuli ori blokis atomTaSoris manZilze kveTis<br />
kidis paralelurad gadaadgilebiT (xraxnuli dislokacia).<br />
orive SemTxvevaSi dislokaciur xazze mdebare atomebs<br />
ukaviaT metastabiluri pozicia, romelic Seesabameba<br />
plastikuri deformaciis dros gadasalaxavi energetikuli<br />
barieris umaRles wertils, da amdenad, sakmarisia garedan<br />
miyenebuli umciresi biZgi, rom deformacia gavrceldes<br />
modebuli Zabvis mimarTulebiT. swored amiT SeiZleba aixsnas<br />
liTonebis deformaciisTvis saWiro Zabvis SedarebiT<br />
dabali mniSvneloba. am Teoriidan gamomdinareobs, rom<br />
Tu Cven miviRebT udislokacio kristals, maSin mas unda<br />
hqondes Teoriuli simtkice. aseTi kristalebi eqsperimentulad<br />
miiRes wvrili Zafisebri kristalebis saxiT.<br />
amgvarad, udefeqto an TiTqmis udefeqto struqturis<br />
mqone kristalebis miRebas da maT Seswavlas udidesi<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba liTonebis fizikaSi da es problema<br />
imTaviTve batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is TvalTaxedvis areSi moeqca.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens Zafisebri<br />
kristalebi. Tavisi struqturuli srulyofisa da<br />
gansakuTrebiT fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebis gamo Zafise-<br />
129
i kristali warmoadgens unikalur modelur obieqts im<br />
fizikuri procesebis Sesaswavlad, romlebic dakavSirebulia<br />
nivTierebis masagadatanaze, gisosis tipze, kristaluri<br />
struqturis srulyofis xarisxze da maTSi defeqtebis<br />
xasiaTsa da koncentraciaze.<br />
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma<br />
wamoWra iseTi saintereso struqturul-mgrZnobiare Tvisebebisa<br />
da procesebis kvlevis sakiTxi, rogoric aris Zafisebri<br />
kristalebis meqanikuri da eleqtruli Tvisebebi,<br />
sublimaciisa da difuziis procesebi. amasTan <strong>erTad</strong> mimdinareobda<br />
samuSaoebi liTonebisa da naerTebis Zafisebri<br />
kristalebis zrdis procesebis Taviseburebebis Sesaswavlad,<br />
maTi miRebis teqnologiuri parametrebis dasadgenad.<br />
miRebulia spilenZis, vercxlis, nikelis, aluminis, rkinis,<br />
kobaltis, qromis, TiTberis, spilenZ-kadmiumis Senadnobebis,<br />
aluminis nitridis, siliciumis karbidis Zafisebri<br />
kristalebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom aluminisa da liTonuri Senadnobebis<br />
Zafisebri kristalebi miRebulia specialuri<br />
originaluri teqnologiiT.<br />
RerZuli (xazovani) gaWimvis pirobebSi Seswavlilia<br />
dasaxelebuli Senadnobebisa da naerTebis Zafisebri<br />
kristalebis meqanikuri Tvisebebi. naCvenebia, rom maTTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebelia simtkicis masStaburi damokidebuleba,<br />
romelic sufTa Zafisebri kristalisaTvis gamoxatulia<br />
mkafiod, xolo SenadnobebisaTvis _ gacilebiT sustad.<br />
spilenZis, vercxlisa da siliciumis karbidis Zafisebri<br />
kristalebis eleqtrowinaRobis temperaturuli<br />
damokidebulebis SeswavliT dadginda, rom liTonuri winaRoba<br />
800-900 0 C-ze xazovnad izrdeba, xolo Semdeg adgili<br />
aqvs xazovani eqstrapolaciidan parabolur gadaxras. sainteresoa<br />
isic, rom siliciumis karbidis Zafisebri kristalis<br />
winaRoba temperaturis zrdasTan <strong>erTad</strong> matulobs.<br />
spilenZis Zafisebri kristalis sublimaciis procesis<br />
130
kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom wvrili (6 mkm diametris)<br />
Zafisebri kristalis aorTqlebis siCqare da wneva 2,0-2,5jer<br />
ufro mcirea, xolo sublimaciis aqtivaciis energia _<br />
40-50%-iT meti, vidre msxvili Zafisebri kristalis. amas-<br />
Tan, aRniSnuli parametrebi msxvili Zafisebri kristalebisa<br />
da makronimuSebisaTvis praqtikulad tolia.<br />
spilenZis, vercxlis, nikelisa da aluminis Zafisebr<br />
kristalebSi TuTiis atomebis difuziuri Zvradobis Seswavlis<br />
Sedegad naCvenebi iyo, rom wvril (5-6 mkm diametris)<br />
Zafisebr kristalebSi difuziis koeficienti 1,0-1,5<br />
rigiT, winaeqsponencialuri mamravli 6-8 rigiT, xolo aqtivaciis<br />
energia 23-jer ufro mcirea, vidre msxvil Zafisebr<br />
kristalebsa da makromasalaSi.<br />
Zafisebr kristalebSi struqturulad mgrZnobiare<br />
Tvisebebisa da procesebis Seswavlis Sedegad axsnilia<br />
udefeqto an TiTqmis udefeqto struqturis da zedapiris<br />
aRnagoba.<br />
ukanasknel wlebSi metad ganviTarda e.w. nanoteqnologia,<br />
rac gulisxmobs iseTi obieqtis miRebas, romlis zomebic<br />
metris memiliardedi nawiliT-nanometrebiT izomeba.<br />
aseTi obieqti ramdenime aseul atoms Seicavs. didi xania<br />
SemCneulia, rom myari sxeuli Rrma dispergirebis, anu danawevrebis<br />
Sedegad radikalurad icvlis Tvisebebs. zemoT<br />
naxsenebi grifitsis cdebi amis naTeli magaliTia. kristaluri<br />
bori Rrma dispergirebis pirobebSi amorful mdgomareobaSi<br />
gadadis. esec nanomdgomareobis gamovlenaa da<br />
f.TavaZis mosazrebaTa Sedegi. msgavsma movlenebma gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba miipyro mas Semdeg, roca aRmoCnda,<br />
rom nanonawilakebis samyaro sruliad axal, fantastikur<br />
SesaZleblobebs iZleva unikaluri Tvisebebis mqone masalebis<br />
misaRebad. mecniereba nanomasalebis Sesaxeb masalaTmcodneobis<br />
intensiurad ganviTarebadi dargia da<br />
131
yvela mowinave qveynis perspeqtuli mecnieruli programebis<br />
pirvel sameulSi moixsenieba. nanomasalaTmcodneoba<br />
biomedicinis da ekologiur problemebTan <strong>erTad</strong> gansaz-<br />
Rvravs kacobriobis ganviTarebis kurss XXI saukuneSi.<br />
liTonuri obieqti nanomdgomareobaSi gadadis maSin,<br />
roca obieqtis Termodinamikuri potencialebi (Tbotevadoba,<br />
entalpia, dnobis temperatura, zedapiruli energia<br />
da sxv.) da fizikuri Tvisebebi (eleqtrogamtaroba, siTbogamtaroba,<br />
optikuri maxasiaTeblebi da a.S.) obieqtis zomisagan<br />
damokidebulni xdebian. maSasadame, ragind mcirec<br />
ar unda iyos obieqti, Tu misi zemoxsenebuli Tvisebebi<br />
mudmivia, Cven saqme gvaqvs masiur sxeulTan da piriqiT, Tu<br />
es Tvisebebi icvleba, obieqti nanomdgomareobaSi gadadis.<br />
Tu nanomdgomareobis am kriteriumebiT vixelmZRvanelebT,<br />
advilad aRmovaCenT, rom f.TavaZis Zafisebri<br />
kristalebi nanosamyaros kvlevis Sesavali yofila. niSandoblivia<br />
rom es samuSaoebi 30-40 wlis win mimdinareobda,<br />
maSin, roca nanos xsenebac ar iyo.<br />
myari tanis fizikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxia simtkice,<br />
romelsac misi qimiuri da fazuri Sedgeniloba ganapirobebs,<br />
yovelive ki Senadnobebis Teoriis sferos<br />
ganekuTvneba, romelic gulisxmobs mravalkomponentiani<br />
liTonuri sistemebis mdgomareobis diagramebis Seswavlas,<br />
foladebsa da SenadnobebSi fazuri gardaqmnebis kinetikisa<br />
da Termodinamikis dadgenas, eleqtronuli struqturis<br />
gavlenas legirebis procesze.<br />
foladi rTuli, araerTgvarovani masalaa da, rogorc<br />
wesi, rkinisa da naxSirbadis garda sxva komponentebsac Seicavs.<br />
misi mikroskopuli suraTi sxvadasxva Sedgenilobisa<br />
da struqturis mqone erTeulebiT, e.w. fazebiTaa warmodgenili.<br />
malegirebeli elementebi (siliciumi, manganumi,<br />
nikeli, qromi da a.S.) sxvadasxva raodenobiT ixsneba am fa-<br />
132
zebSi da sxvadasxvagvarad moqmedebs maT stabilurobaze.<br />
legirebis xarisxi da gacivebis siCqare gansazRvravs faza-<br />
Ta Tanafardobas, e.w. martensituli, beinituri, trostituli,<br />
sorbituli da perlituri gardaqmnebis mimdinareobas<br />
da jamSi nakeTobis saeqspluatacio Tvisebebs. amgvarad,<br />
sasurveli Tvisebebis mqone Senadnobis miReba mravalfaqtorul<br />
amocanas warmoadgens da moiTxovs malegirebeli<br />
elementebis SerCevas, maTi Semcvelobis gansazRvras, Termuli<br />
da Termomeqanikuri damuSavebis reJimebis dadgenas<br />
da a.S.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is samuSaoTa didi nawili miekuTvneba<br />
liTonmcodneobis mniSvnelovan problemebs _ foladebsa<br />
da SenadnobebSi fazuri gardaqmnebis meqanizms,<br />
kinetikas da Termodinamikas.<br />
Seswavlilia eleqtronuli struqturebisa da legirebis<br />
Sedegad misi cvlilebebis gavlena rkinis alotropiul<br />
gardaqmnaze.<br />
alotropiul gardaqmnebisas fazaTa Soris sazRvrebis<br />
gadaadgilebaze legirebis gavlenis kvlevam gamoavlina<br />
kanonzomierebebi, romlebmac SesaZlebeli gaxada sxvadasxva<br />
temperaturul intervalSi rkinis gadajerebuli myari<br />
xsnaris daSlis saerTo suraTis warmodgena. dadginda, rom<br />
am dros fazaTSorisi sazRvari marcvalTSoris sazRvris<br />
analogiurad iqceva da gadaadgildeba rogorc meqanikuri,<br />
ise “qimiuri” Zabvis miyenebis Sedegad. sazRvris gadaadgilebis<br />
unari damokidebulia malegirebel elementebze,<br />
romlebic sazRvris dislokaciebTan urTierTqmedeben da<br />
warmoqmnian e.w. minarevul atmosferoebs. Sedegad muxru-<br />
Wdeba sazRvris gadaadgileba.<br />
dadgenil iqna, rom temperaturis dawevasTan <strong>erTad</strong><br />
perlituri reaqciidan beiniturSi gadasvla SesaZlebeli<br />
xdeba mxolod swrafad moZravi sazRvris arsebobisas da<br />
misi atmosferoebidan mowyvetis pirobebSi. samuSaoebSi,<br />
133
omlebic martensitis daSlas exeba, wamoyenebul iqna axali<br />
Teoria, romlis mixedviTac malimitirebelia dislokaciuri<br />
reaqciebi Warbi fazis gamonayofebisa da matricis<br />
sazRvarze.<br />
gamoTqmuli Teoriuli mosazrebebi Sedarebulia eqsperimentulad<br />
agebul gardaqmnaTa Termodinamikur da<br />
izoTermul diagramebTan. maTi daxmarebiT axsnilia winaswari<br />
plastikuri deformaciis Sedegad gardaqmnebisas<br />
momxdari cvlilebebi. dadgenilia malegirebeli elementebis<br />
zRvruli Semcveloba, romelic gamoyofs foladebs<br />
(sadac Termomeqanikuri damuSaveba aCqarebs daSlas) ufro<br />
maRallegirebulebisagan, romlebSic gardaqmnebi Senelebulia.<br />
am samuSaoTa Sedegebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc<br />
legirebis TeoriisaTvis, ise legirebuli foladebis Termomeqanikuri<br />
damuSavebis reJimebis dadgenisaTvis.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>isa da misi TanamSromlebis mier<br />
pirvelad iqna naCvenebi, rom uJangavi foladebisa da titanis<br />
Senadnobebis maRaltemperaturuli Termomeqanikuri<br />
damuSavebis Sedegad izrdeba ara marto maTi simtkicis<br />
maCveneblebi, aramed koroziuli medegobac, rac aixsneba<br />
qimiuri mikroaraerTgvarovnebis SemcirebiT, rasac TavisTavad<br />
xels uwyobs kristaluri meseris defeqtebis gazrdili<br />
raodenobis xelsayreli ganawileba da difuziuri<br />
procesebis gaadvileba.<br />
aRsaniSnavia gamokvlevebi, romelTa safuZvelze miRebulia<br />
daskvna, rom titanis Senadnobebis simtkicis gazrda<br />
Termomeqanikuri damuSavebis Sedegad Tavs iCens mxolod<br />
temperaturis gansazRvrul intervalSi. es faqti dakav-<br />
Sirebulia wminda struqturisa da difuziis parametrebis<br />
cvlilebasTan.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia aRiniSnos difuziis<br />
koeficientis gansazRvris originaluri gadawyveta. Cveu-<br />
134
lebrivi meTodebisagan gansxvavebiT radiaqtiuri naxSirbadiT<br />
nimuSebis dafarva xdeba vakuumSi aorTqlebisas. Sedegad<br />
izrdeba danafaris simkvrive da erTgvarovneba, rac<br />
ganapirobebs naxSirbadis difuziis koeficientis gansaz-<br />
Rvris sizustes. niSvnelovania gamokvlevebi relaqsaciur<br />
movlenebze myar sxeulebSi, risTvisac gamoyenebul iqna<br />
Sinagani xaxunis meTodi.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis samecniero kvlevebis erT-erTi<br />
ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa mravalkomponentiani liTonuri<br />
sistemebis mdgomareobis diagramebis Seswavla, rasac mniSvnelovani<br />
wvlili Seaqvs myari xsnarebis mravalkomponentiani<br />
legirebis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi. amis gareSe<br />
SeuZlebelia axali maRali simtkicis, kriogenuli, mxurvalmtkice,<br />
koroziamedegi da mTeli rigi sxva Senadnobebis<br />
SemuSaveba, romlebic rTuladlegirebul homogenur myar<br />
xsnarebs warmoadgenen.<br />
* * *<br />
liTonuri nadnobebi <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnieruli<br />
memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani sferoa da mis mier ganviTarebuli<br />
Senadnobebis Teoriis organul nawils warmoadgens.<br />
am sferoSi miRebuli Sedegebi metalurgiuli obieqtebis<br />
fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebis gaangariSebas, kvlevisaTvis<br />
saWiro maRaltemperaturuli aparaturis Seqmnas da gamdnari<br />
Senadnobebis struqturuli modelebis Seswavlas Seexeba.<br />
`sxvadasxva sasazRvro pirobebSi laplasis gantolebis<br />
ricxviTi integrirebis safuZvelze SemuSavebulia kapilaruli<br />
zedapirebis mixedviT nadnobis fizikur-qimiuri<br />
Tvisebebis angariSis meTodebi~.<br />
TxuTmetwliani kvleva, romlis zemoT moyvanili<br />
ZiriTadi arsi araspecialistisaTvis bundovani sityvebis<br />
135
kombinacias warmoadgens, 1976 wels mecnierebisa da teqnikis<br />
dargSi saukeTeso naSromad aRiares da giorgi nikola-<br />
Zis saxelobis premiiT daajildoves.<br />
Tu gasagebad vityviT, liTonuri nadnobebis maRali<br />
temperatura da qimiuri aqtiuroba ukiduresad zRudavs<br />
Cveulebriv, dabal temperaturaze farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
kvlevis meTodebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas da moiTxovs<br />
principulad axali midgomebis Ziebas.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mier SemoTavazebuli meTodebi<br />
kapilarul efeqtzea damyarebuli da nadnobis gamrudebuli<br />
(kapilaruli) zedapiris mixedviT, gamzomi aparaturis<br />
sakvlev obieqtTan Sexebis gareSe, misi Tvisebebis dadgenis<br />
saSualebas iZleva.<br />
Tu horizontalur safenze liTonis wonaks gavadnobT,<br />
miviRebT balaxze napkur dilis namis msgavs wveTs. liTonis<br />
vertikalurad orientirebuli Reros bolos modnobiT<br />
kiduli wveTi warmoiqmneba, onkanis tuCze SerCenili wylis<br />
wveTis msgavsad, nadnobSi CaSvebuli cilindruli Reros<br />
irgvliv gaCndeba kapilaruli zedapiri da a.S.<br />
SemuSavebulia originaluri, maRaltemperaturuli<br />
vakuumuri aparatura da specialuri optikuri mowyobiloba<br />
kapilaruli zedapirebis miReba-dakvirvebisaTvis da<br />
maTi geometriuli parametrebis mixedviT nadnobis Tvisebebis<br />
(simkvrive, kapilaruli mudmiva, zedapiruli daWimuloba<br />
da sxva) gamosaangariSebeli meTodebi. am meTodebidan<br />
bevrma sayovelTao aRiareba da farTo gamoyeneba pova<br />
liTonuri nadnobis moculobiTi da zedapiruli Tvisebebis<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis.<br />
SemuSavebulia nadnobis wveTis zemaRali siCqariT gadacivebis<br />
pirobebSi Txeli firebis miRebis meTodi.<br />
SemuSavebuli meTodebisa da aparaturis gamoyenebiT<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mowafeebma gamoikvlies ormocamde<br />
ormagi liTonuri nadnobis zedapiruli Tvisebebisa da<br />
136
moluri moculobis temperaturul-koncentraciuli<br />
damokidebuleba.<br />
SemuSavebulia nadnobis originaluri geometriuli<br />
modeli, romelic eyrdnoba xisti sferoebis cnobil miaxloebas<br />
da samganzomilebiani sivrcis araregularulad<br />
Sevsebis kanonzomierebas. modelis Tanaxmad realuri nadnobis<br />
Tvisebebis idealuri kanonebidan gadaxra gamowveulia<br />
ara mxolod qimiuri urTierTqmedebiT, rogorc es arsebul<br />
TeoriebSia miRebuli, aramed nadnobis komponentTa<br />
geometriuli aratolfasovnebiTac. modeli saSualebas<br />
iZleva raodenobrivad Sefasdes moreagire atomTa moluri<br />
moculobebis sxvaobiT gamowveuli gadaxrebis wili<br />
da aixsnas mravali iseTi efeqti, romelic paradoqsulad<br />
iTvleba nadnobTa fizikur qimiaSi. naCvenebia, rom geometriulad<br />
aratolfasovan nawilakTa narevSi heterogenul<br />
bmaTa ricxvis gansazRvris dros komponentis moluri koncentraciis<br />
garda, unda gaviTvaliswinoT narevis nawilak-<br />
Ta geometriuli aratolfasovnebac. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
xsnarebis Warbi Termodinamikuri funqciebi _ Warbi moculoba,<br />
Serevis entalpia da maTi koncentraciuli asimetriuloba,<br />
qimiuri urTierTqmedebis garda, geometriuli<br />
faqtoriTacaa ganpirobebuli.<br />
am mimarTulebiT miRebuli Sedegebi sistematurad<br />
gamoiyeneba liTonuri nadnobebis zedapiruli daWimulobis,<br />
moluri moculobisa da Serevis Warbi entalpiis<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis sxva mkvlevarTa mier ara marto saqarTveloSi,<br />
aramed mis sazRvrebs gareTac.<br />
foladebi, Senadnobebi, specialuri masalebi<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mier Senadnobebis TeoriaSi ganvi-<br />
Tarebuli mosazrebebi farTod iqna gamoyenebuli mravali<br />
praqtikuli sakiTxis gadasaWrelad. maTgan umTavresia: ko-<br />
137
oziuli procesebis kvleva da <strong>liTonTa</strong> dacva, axali koroziamedegi,<br />
cveTagamZle, mxurvalmtkice, mxurvalmedegi,<br />
kriogenul temperaturaze momuSave Senadnobebisa da specialuri<br />
daniSnulebis masalebis Seqmna da sxva.<br />
saqmeSi Rrmad Cauxedavi adamianisaTvis liTonuri<br />
nakeToba Zalian mtkice, gamZle da ucveT substanciad<br />
aRiqmeba. sinamdvileSi es ase araa. liTonis nakeTobas bevri<br />
“avadmyofoba” emuqreba: is cvdeba, `iRleba~ xangrZlivi<br />
cikluri, anu niSancvladi datvirTvebis dros, irRveva e.w.<br />
rebinderis efeqtis Sedegad, iJangeba da a.S.<br />
sayovelTaod cnobil liTonis Jangvis process mecnierulad<br />
korozia (corrosio _ laTinurad amoWma) ewodeba, rac<br />
zogadad gulisxmobs liTonis dazianebas atmosferosTan<br />
da sxvadasxva aresTan qimiuri Tu eleqtroqimiuri urTierTobis<br />
Sedegad. iseTi TiTqos “uwyinari” produqtebic<br />
ki, rogoricaa sasmeli wyali, rZe, Rvino da sxva, saSinel<br />
`agresias~ amJRavnebs foladis mimarT.<br />
koroziis winaaRmdeg brZolas arTulebs movlenis<br />
gamomwvev mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis mravalferovneba.<br />
korozia, es liTonis `metastazi~, SeiZleba iyos Tanabari<br />
da araTanabari, wylulovani da wertilovani, kristalT-<br />
Sorisi da transkristaluri. ori ukanaskneli TiTqmis ar<br />
tovebs kvals liTonis zedapirze, magram SeiZleba iyos<br />
gamWoli, gamoiwvios simtkicis sruli dakargva, konstruqciis<br />
rRveva da sxva.<br />
naTlad rom warmovidginoT koroziis damRupveli<br />
Sedegebi, Semdeg cifrebs moviyvanT. oTxmociani wlebis<br />
monacemebiT yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi koroziis Sedegad<br />
yovelwliurad 17 milioni tona foladis nakeToba gamodioda<br />
mwyobridan. yvelaze dabalxarisxiani 1 tona foladis<br />
fasi saerTaSoriso bazarze 300$ Seadgens, e.i. wliuri<br />
danakargi 5 miliard dolars aRwevda. es marto liTonis<br />
fasia. mas xom nakeTobis saxe unda mieces, Zveli axliT<br />
138
Seicvalos? warmoidgineT zaralis masStabebi!<br />
didi britaneTis saadmiralos monacemTa Tanaxmad<br />
1950-1966 wlebSi okeaneebSi koroziis Sedegad 26 xomaldi<br />
gamovida mwyobridan. gemebis parkis gamokvleul xomaldTa<br />
20%-s koroziuli dazianeba mTavari fermis korpusSi aRmoaCnda.<br />
amgvarad, aqtiuri garemos zemoqmedeba sagrZnoblad<br />
amcirebs manqanebisa da mowyobilobebis xangamZleobas.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT arc saqarTveloa gamonaklisi. iseTi<br />
liTontevadi meurneobebi, rogoricaa rkinigza, metropoliteni,<br />
qimiuri, farmacevtuli da kvebis mrewveloba, nav-<br />
Tobisa da gazis mopoveba-gadamuSaveba-transportireba,<br />
mineraluri da geoTermuli wylebi, wyalmomarageba, sairigacio<br />
da hidroteqnikuri nagebobebi da sxva mravali mudmivad<br />
ganicdis korozias, rac did tvirTad awveba qveyanas.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem `totaluri brZola~ gamoucxada<br />
korozias. mis naSromTa didi nawili (samasamde samuSao,<br />
maT Soris 6 monografia) exeba SenadnobTa koroziis Teoriis<br />
sakiTxebs da liTonebis koroziisagan dacvas.<br />
jer kidev 1966 wels korozionistebis VI saerTaSoriso<br />
simpoziumze batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma Tavis moxsenebaSi<br />
mecnierTa yuradReba miaqcia Senadnobebze malegirebeli<br />
elementebis gavlenis prognozirebis SesaZleblobas<br />
d.mendeleevis periodul sistemaSi maTi adgilisa da mdgomareobis<br />
diagramasTan damokidebulebiT, riTac msoflio<br />
mecnierTa didi interesi gamoiwvia. amgvarad, <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZem Tavisi fundamenturi gamokvlevebiT koroziis<br />
problemebi Senadnobebis Teorias daukavSira da prognozirebadi<br />
gaxada.<br />
am samecniero mimarTulebis realizaciis konkretul<br />
obieqts warmoadgens mravalkomponentiani austenituri<br />
myari xsnarebi sammagi rkina-qrom-manganum, oTxmagi rkina-qrom-manganum-nikeliani<br />
sistemebis bazaze, rac defi-<br />
139
cituri nikelis manganumiTa da azotiT Secvlis mizanSewonilobiT<br />
aris nakarnaxevi da ris safuZvelzec iqmneba<br />
qromnikeliani foladebis Semcvleli axali, ekonomiurad<br />
legirebuli Senadnobebi.<br />
liTonmcodneobis TvalsazrisiT problema SemdegSi<br />
mdgomareobs: gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebamde mrewvelobis<br />
mraval dargSi farTod gamoiyeneboda qromnikeliani<br />
Senadnobi _ ZiriTadad X18H10T tipis uJangavi foladi,<br />
romelsac maRali koroziamedegoba da plastikuroba axasiaTebs,<br />
magram mwvaved deficituri nikelis (10%) da qromis<br />
(18%) did raodenobas Seicavs da amasTan <strong>erTad</strong> SedarebiT<br />
dabali simtkice gaaCnia.<br />
aqedan warmoiqmna unikelo an SedarebiT mcirenikeliani<br />
maRali simtkicis mqone Senadnobebis SemuSavebis<br />
problema. kosmosuri kvlevebis, kriogenuli manqanaTm-<br />
Seneblobis, raketmSeneblobis da axali teqnikis sxva darg-<br />
Ta ganviTarebam aRniSnuli problema kidev ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
gaxada. arsebuli nikeliani uJangavi foladebis<br />
alternativad miCneulia rkina-qrom-manganumis sistemis<br />
Senadnobebi, romelTa fundamentur kvlevebs <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZem axali sicocxle SesZina. man rkina-qrom-manganumazoti<br />
da rkina-qrom-manganum-nikeli-azotis sistemebis<br />
mdgomareobis diagramebze prioritetuli ubnebi gamokveTa<br />
da maTi kvlevis safuZvelze TanamSromlebTan <strong>erTad</strong> SeimuSava<br />
axali uJangavi, aramagnituri, maRali simtkicis Senadnobebi.<br />
maTgan aRsaniSnavia: 03Х13АГ19 (ЧС36), 07Х13АГ20<br />
(ЧС46), 07Х13Н4АГ20 (ЧС52) da 03Х13Н9Г19АМ2 (ЧС37) foladebi,<br />
romelTa simtkice 273К temperaturaze 1,5÷1,8-jer<br />
aRemateba X18H10T foladis simtkices. metad farToa maTi<br />
gamoyenebis sfero:<br />
• Senadnobi ЧС36 gankuTvnilia 78K temperaturaze statikurad<br />
datvirTuli kriogenuli danadgarebis, kriogenuli<br />
Txevadi reagentebis Senaxva-transportirebisaTvis<br />
140
saWiro avzebis, sxvadasxva daniSnulebis barokamerebis<br />
dasamzadeblad. aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflioSi arsebuli<br />
kosmosis ori imitatoridan erT-erTi am Senadnobisgan<br />
aris damzadebuli.<br />
• Senadnobi ЧС52 SeiZleba gamoiyenon 4K temperaturamde<br />
samuSaod gankuTvnil dinamikurad datvirTuli detalebis<br />
dasamzadeblad. am Senadnobisagan samecnierosawarmoo<br />
gaerTianeba “kriogenmaS”-ma daamzada avzebi<br />
gaTxevadebuli airebis Senaxvisa da transportirebisaTvis,<br />
agreTve sxvadasxva daniSnulebis barokamerebi.<br />
• Senadnobi ЧС37 stabilurobas inarCunebs 4K-ze da gamoyenebul<br />
iqna pirveli eleqtrokriogenuli generatoris<br />
Ruzis dasamzadeblad. fizikuri aparatebis samecnierokvleviTi<br />
institutis mier es masala rekomendebulia<br />
marTvadi birTvuli sinTezis danadgaris (ТОКОМАК-is)<br />
mZlavri eleqtromagnitis gularis dasamzadeblad.<br />
Senadnobi ЧС46, iseve rogorc ЧС36, gamoiyeneba saxalxo<br />
meurneobis mraval dargSi _ qimiur, navTobqimiur,<br />
azotis mrewvelobaSi, Termoeleqtruli danadgarebis<br />
dasamzadeblad da sxva.<br />
Seqmnilia rigi konstruqciuli da koroziamedegi foladebisa.<br />
maT Soris uJangavi austenituri qrommanganumazotiani<br />
foladi Х14АГ15 (ДИ-13), romelic Setanilia<br />
saxelmwifo standartSi. igi gamoiyeneba kaprolaqtamis,<br />
itakonis mJavis, sayofacxovrebo manqanebis warmoebaSi da<br />
kvebis mrewvelobaSi. foladi maRali koroziamedegobiT<br />
gamoirCeva agreTve zRvis wyalSi, rac ufro afarToebs<br />
misi gamoyenebis ares.<br />
zemoT moyvanil sxvadasxva daniSnulebis axal foladebs<br />
gamoyenebis metad farTo sfero gaaCniaT, magram<br />
ver uZleben mrewvelobis rigi dargebis Zlieragresiuli<br />
areebis zemoqmedebas. aseT areebSi samuSaod farTod<br />
gamoiyeneba maRallegirebuli Senadnobi Х23Н28М3Д3Т<br />
141
(ЭИ943), romelic didi raodenobiT Seicavs deficitur<br />
nikels (28%) da qroms (23%), amasTan <strong>erTad</strong> ar gaaCnia sakonstruqcio<br />
masalebisaTvis saWiro Tvisebebis kompleqsi.<br />
iseTi efeqturi, aradeficituri elementis gamovlena, romelic<br />
aRniSnuli tipis foladebSi nawilobriv mainc Secvlis<br />
nikelsa da qroms, legirebis Teoriis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes<br />
amocanas warmoadgens.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mier aseT elementad SerCeul iqna<br />
siliciumi. arCevanis marTebuloba eqsperimentulad dadasturda.<br />
kvlevebiT dadginda qromnikeliani mJavamedegi<br />
foladebis siliciumiT (molibdenTan da spilenZTan er-<br />
Tad) kompleqsuri legirebis perspeqtiuloba ekonomiurad<br />
legirebuli mJavamedegi foladebis misaRebad. Seiqmna foladi<br />
03Х18Н20С3М3Д3Б (saqarxno markiT ЭП667), romelic<br />
3% siliciumiT legirebis xarjze ЭИ943 SenadnTan SedarebiT<br />
Seicavs 8%-iT nakleb nikelsa da 5%-iT nakleb qroms,<br />
amasTan mTel rig Zlieragresiul areebSi ar Camouvardeba,<br />
an zog SemTxvevaSi kidec aRemateba mas koroziamedegobiT.<br />
foladi ЭП667 Senadn ЭИ943-sTan SedarebiT xasiaTdeba<br />
maRali samsxmelo, meqanikuri TvisebebiT, mxurvalmedegobiT,<br />
damakmayofilebeli teqnologiurobiT, Zabvis qveS<br />
koroziis mimarT mdgradobiT. igi amJRavnebs koroziamedegobas<br />
cxel gogirdmJava (80 0 C), hidroqsilaminsulfatis<br />
(110 0 C) da ftorSemcvel areebSi, aluminis, naftenis<br />
mJavebis, eleqtrolituri manganumis orJangis, qimiurfarmacevtul<br />
da sxva warmoebaTa mTel rig teqnologiur<br />
areebSi. Ymetad mniSvnelovania, rom axali foladi indiferentulia<br />
saineqcio xsnarebis mimarT, ar cvlis maT<br />
fiziko-qimiur, organoleptikur Tvisebebs, biologiur aqtivobas<br />
da amJRavnebs baqteriocidul Tvisebebs. yofili<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris janmrTelobis saministros mier foladi<br />
ЭП667 daSvebulia rogorc sakonstruqcio masala kvebisa<br />
da samedicino mrewvelobaSi. igi Cainerga rusTavis sawar-<br />
142
moo gaerTianeba `azotis~ kaprolaqtamis warmoebaSi da<br />
Tbilisis qimiur-farmacevtul qarxanaSi. mniSvnelovania<br />
samuSaoebi, romlebic Catarda folad ЭП667-is teqnologiurobis<br />
gaumjobesebis mizniT. SemuSavda boriT, itriumiTa<br />
da magniumiT mikrolegirebuli foladi saqarxno<br />
markiT ЭП667У, romelic ukeTesi teqnologiurobiTa da<br />
kristalTSorisi koroziisadmi naklebi midrekilebiT xasiaTdeba.<br />
axsnilia mikromalegirebeli elementebis dadebiTi<br />
moqmedebis meqanizmi. mravalwliani gamokvlevebis<br />
safuZvelze Camoyalibda ekonomiurad legirebuli qromnikeliani<br />
mJavamedegi foladebis SemuSavebis ZiriTadi<br />
principebi, romelTa safuZvelzec institutSi Seiqmna da<br />
dResac iqmneba sxvadasxva daniSnulebis araerTi mJavamedegi<br />
foladi.<br />
axali foladebisagan damzadebulma aparatebma,<br />
calkeulma kvanZebma, detalebma da komunikaciebma wlebis<br />
manZilze sawarmoo gamocda gaiara rusTavis sawarmoo gaer-<br />
Tianeba `azotis~, Tbilisis qimiur-farmacevtuli, kirovobadis<br />
aluminis, baqos navTobgadamamuSavebel da uralis<br />
qimiur qarxnebSi, gaerTianeba «uralkaliumis» galurgiul<br />
fabrikaSi, armianskisa da rovnos qimiur kombinatebSi.<br />
axali foladebisagan damzadebuli aparatebisa da komunikaciebis<br />
eqspluataciam daamtkica maTi maRali koroziamedegoba<br />
aRniSnul sawarmoTa yvelaze Zlieragresiul<br />
teqnologiur areebSi da am sawarmoebSi maTi gamoyenebis<br />
SesaZlebloba.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is xelmZRvanelobiT SemuSavebulia<br />
maRalqromiani orfaza uJangavi mxurvalmtkice foladi<br />
08Х25Г15С, romelic gamoiyeneba qrompikis warmoebaSi _<br />
gogirdiani natriumis amaorTqlebeli aparaturis sakonstruqcio<br />
masalad.<br />
liTonebis koroziuli daskdoma notio gogirdwyalbadis<br />
Semcvel navTobisa da gazis mompovebel sabadoebSi<br />
143
aZnelebs da aferxebs axali WaburRilebis eqspluataciaSi<br />
Seyvanas. satumb-sakompresoro milebis droze adre gamosvla<br />
mwyobridan did danakargebTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />
mniSvnelovania <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis skolis wvlili Rrma da<br />
zeRrma WaburRilebis satumb-sakompresoro milebisaTvis<br />
sulfiduri daskdomisadmi medegi maRalmtkice foladebis<br />
SemuSavebaSi. axali daballegirebuli maRalmtkice<br />
20ХГ2РКаБа foladisagan damzadebuli satumb-sakompresoro<br />
milebi Rirseul konkurencias uwevs iaponuri da<br />
franguli warmoebis foladebs azerbaijanis, ruseTisa<br />
da saqarTvelos navTobsarewebze, xolo 12Х3СМФЮТ da<br />
12Х4СМФЮТ markis foladebi, romlebic aseve maRali<br />
mdgradobiT xasiaTdebian koroziuli daskdomis mimarT<br />
notio gogirdwyalbadSi, danergilia navTobmompovebel da<br />
navTobgadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is xelmZRvanelobiT pirvelad iqna<br />
Seswavlili <strong>liTonTa</strong> koroziis meqanizmi sxvadasxva mineralur<br />
wyalSi. damuSavda Termul gogirdwyalbadovan areebSi,<br />
balneologiur da samkurnalo wylebSi koroziisagan<br />
dacvis meTodebi. Tbilisis metropolitenis da Jinvalhesis<br />
mSeneblebs miecaT saTanado rekomendaciebi mowyobilobebis<br />
koroziisagan dasacavad. gamoicada da SeirCa<br />
Senadnobebi Rvinis, kvebis, sakonservo mrewvelobisa da<br />
qimiur-farmacevtuli warmoebisaTvis.<br />
zRvis wyalSi <strong>liTonTa</strong> koroziis mravalmxrivi Seswavlis<br />
Sedegad gemTmSeneblebs miecaT rekomendaciebi mciredeficitur<br />
koroziamedeg foladebsa da aluminis Senadnobebze.<br />
Seswavlilia agreTve SenadnobTa korozia zRvis<br />
subtropikul atmosferoSi.<br />
didi mniSvneloba aqvs <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
SemuSavebul <strong>liTonTa</strong> laboratoriul da bunebriv<br />
pirobebSi koroziis kontrolis meTodebs. niSvnelovania<br />
samuSaoebi, romlebSic dadgenilia sxvadasxva tipis liTon-<br />
144
uri danafaris teqsturis gavlena maT koroziamedegobaze.<br />
axali Sedgenilobis saRebavebi warmatebiT icavs saqarTvelos<br />
sanaosnos gemebs gareSemozrdisa da koroziisagan.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
SemuSavebuli gardamavali klasis martensituladdaZvelebadi<br />
foladebi, romlebic gamoirCeva maRali<br />
koroziamedegobiT adamianis organizmis Semcvel xsnarebSi,<br />
gamrecx da sasterilizacio areebSi, pirvelad gamoiyenes<br />
adamianis qsovilebisa da organoebis Sesakeri mikroqirurgiuli<br />
nemsebis dasamzadeblad. folad 03Х13Н6М2ДЮТsgan<br />
damzadebuli ofTalmologiuri nemsebi warmatebiT<br />
gamoicada Tbilisis, odesisa da yazanis Tvalis klinikebSi,<br />
xolo foladi 03Х13Н6М10К5Ю rekomendebulia unikaluri<br />
samedicino instrumentebis dasamzadeblad.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is xelmZRvanelobiT pirvelad yofil<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi gamovlinda titanis Senadnobebis saimedo<br />
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba qimiur, qimiur-farmacevtul da<br />
kvebis mrewvelobaSi. swored titanis Senadnobisgan damzadebuli<br />
kosmosis simbolo amSvenebs dResac moskovSi saxalxo<br />
meurneobis miRwevaTa gamofenas.<br />
* * *<br />
winamdebare masalidan gamomdinare, masalaTmcodneobis<br />
erT-erTi upirvelesi amocana maRali simtkicisa da<br />
amavdroulad plastikuri masalis miRebaa. saerTod, rac<br />
ufro salia masala, miT ufro myife, anu naklebplastikuria<br />
igi. sufTa liTonebi _ tyvia, kala, alumini, spilen-<br />
Zi, vercxli, rkina, nikeli da a.S. plastikurebia da dabali<br />
sisaliT gamoirCeva. piriqiT, iseTi masalebi, romlebSic<br />
qimiuri kavSiri kovalenturi an ionuri xasiaTisaa, magali-<br />
Tad almasi, liTonis SenaerTebi naxSirbadTan, JangbadTan,<br />
azotTan da a.S. salia da dabali plastikuroba axasiaTebT.<br />
plastikuroba da sisale kompleqsSi gansazRvravs masalis<br />
145
simtkices. manqanaTmSeneblobis TvalsazrisiT idealuri<br />
iqneboda iseTi masala, romelic maRal simtkicesTan er-<br />
Tad plastikuric iqneboda. amgvari masalis miReba metalurgiis<br />
umTavresi problemaa misi ganviTarebis yvela<br />
etapze. marTlac, nebismieri sabrZolo Tu Sromis iaraRi<br />
unda iyos sali, mtkice da plastikuri. magaliTad, Toxi<br />
ar unda iRunebodes datvirTvisas (simtkice), ar unda tydebodes<br />
dartymis procesSi (siblante) da ar unda cvdebodes<br />
(sisale).<br />
Zveli metalurgi xelosnebis udides aRmoCenad unda<br />
miviCnioT foladis Termomeqanikuri damuSavebis (Wedvis)<br />
procesSi gamoyofili karbidebis raodenobisa da maTi<br />
sivrciTi ganawilebis regulirebis SesaZlebloba wrTobis,<br />
mowvisa da normalizaciis parametrebis cvlis mixedviT.<br />
maT aRmoaCines, rom sxvadasxva areSi wrTobisa da normalizaciis<br />
Sedegad SeiZleba vcvaloT foladis Tvisebebi.<br />
ufro metic, maT SeZles e.w. bulatis foladis miReba,<br />
romelsac civi iaraRis _ xmlis, daSnis, xanjlis dasamzadeblad<br />
iyenebdnen.<br />
bulati sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gansxvavebuli meqanikuri<br />
TvisebebiT, anu anizotropiiT xasiaTdeba da iara-<br />
Ris piris gaswvriv maRali meqanikuri da mWreli Tvisebebi<br />
gaaCnia. batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma gamoikvlia amis mizezi da<br />
daadgina, rom bulatis nakeTobaSi rkinis SedarebiT rbili<br />
fuZe gamtkicebulia sali karbidebiT, romlebic merqnis<br />
boWkos msgavsad grZivad gasdevs nakeTobas. karbidebis<br />
aseTi ganlageba, maTi dispersiuloba da mimarTuleba ganpirobebulia<br />
Wedvis temperaturiTa da teqnologiiT.<br />
am uZvelesi empiriuli codnis mecnieruli Seswavla<br />
bevrad ufro gvian daiwyo da cnobili metalurgebis<br />
i.anosovisa da d.Cernovis saxelebs ukavSirdeba. foladeb-<br />
Si mimdinare procesebi mravali mecnieris _ n.gudcovis,<br />
a.kurdiumovis, v.sadovskis, f.TavaZisa da sxvaTa kvlevis<br />
146
sagani gaxda. f.TavaZem gamoikvlia foladebSi struqturuli<br />
gardaqmnebis meqanizmi da daadgina maT Tvisebebze<br />
Termomeqanikuri damuSavebisa da legirebis Sedegad warmoqmnili<br />
fazebis zegavlena.<br />
fazuri araerTgvarovneba SeiZleba SevqmnaT xelovnurad,<br />
sasurveli plastikurobis mqone liTonuri masalisa<br />
da gansxvavebuli bunebis (Jangeuli, karbidi, nitridi<br />
da sxva) wvrildispersuli narevis maRal temperaturaze<br />
SecxobiT. zogadad masalebs, romlebic sxvadasxva qimiuri<br />
bunebis mqone komponentebis SecxobiT miiReba, kompoziciuri<br />
masalebi ewodeba. Tu kompoziciuri masalis fuZed<br />
liTonia aRebuli, maSin aseT masalas kermets uwodeben.<br />
kermetis Semadgeneli komponentebi, rogorc wesi, qimiurad<br />
ar urTierTqmedeben matricis dnobis temperaturazec<br />
ki, gansxvavebiT Cveulebrivi Senadnobebisagan, romlebSic<br />
temperaturis cvlilebiT fazaTa Sedgeniloba da saTanadod<br />
maTi struqtura da Tvisebebic icvleba.<br />
kermetebis am Taviseburebam gansazRvra maTi gamoyenebis<br />
mizanSewoniloba mxurvalmtkice, antifriqciuli,<br />
cveTamedegi da sxva specialuri Tvisebebis mqone masalebis<br />
Sesaqmnelad.<br />
aseTi fsevdoSenadnobebi warmoiqmneba fazaTa Soris<br />
gayofis zedapirze mimdinare kapilaruli procesebis zemoqmedebis<br />
Sedegad. amdenad, kermetebis Tvisebebi da, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, simtkice damokidebulia komponentTa<br />
dispersiulobaze, maT raodenobiT Tanafardobasa da ganawilebaze.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is xelmZRvanelobiT SemuSavebulia<br />
rkinis, kobaltisa da nikelis sxvadasxva JangeulebiTa<br />
da karbidebiT dispersiulad ganmtkicebuli kermetebis<br />
miRebis teqnologia. igi gulisxmobs komponentTa<br />
marilebis wyalxsnarebis narevis reaqciul gafrqvevas<br />
da wyalbadis areSi maT seleqciur aRdgenas. am procesis<br />
147
Sedegad miRebuli produqti warmoadgens fxvnils, romlis<br />
TiToeuli marcvali Sedgeba Tanabrad ganawilebuli<br />
ultradispersiuli (100-500Å) liTonuri da araliTonuri<br />
nawilakebisagan. fxvnilebis gadadnobiT miRebuli monoli-<br />
Turi uforo nimuSis simtkice orjer aRemateba kompozitis<br />
fuZed gamoyenebuli liTonis simtkices da inarCunebs<br />
mis plastikurobas.<br />
institutSi SemuSavebuli kermetebi farTod gamoiyeneba<br />
iseTi liTondasamuSavebeli instrumentebis dasamzadeblad,<br />
rogoricaa saWrisebi, presformebi, adidvis Tvalakebi,<br />
glinebi da a.S.<br />
* * *<br />
Tanamedrove manqana-danadgarebsa da aparatebSi samuSao<br />
temperaturis qveda zRvari absolutur nuls uaxlovdeba,<br />
zeda zRvari ki mudmivad maRla miiwevs. rogorc<br />
aRvniSneT, <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe nayofierad muSaobda kriogenul<br />
temperaturebze samuSaod gankuTvnili masalebis kvlevis<br />
sferoSi. saerTod, mas `eqstremaluri situaciebis~<br />
kvleva ufro emarjveboda da amitom arc temperaturis<br />
zeda zRvari dautovebia `upativcemulod~.<br />
aviaciisa da raketuli teqnikis swrafma ganviTarebam<br />
sruliad axali mxurvalmedegi masalebis Seqmna moiTxova.<br />
`yoveli axali aRmoCena, manqana Tu konstruqcia qaRaldze<br />
darCeba gamouyenebeli naxazis saxiT, Tu maTTvis Sesabamisi<br />
Tvisebebis masala ar aris Seqmnili da aTvisebuli~ _<br />
werda batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i amasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
erT-erTi amgvari masalaa qromis fuZeze Seqmnili Senadnobebi,<br />
romelTa maRali mxurvalmedegoba safuZvlad<br />
daedo saaviacio masalebisa da msubuqi Senadnobebis sakavSiro<br />
institutis, ukrainis mecnierebaTa akademiis masalaTmcodneobisa<br />
da <strong>liTonTa</strong> fizikis institutebisa da<br />
saqarTvelos metalurgiis institutis TanamSromlobas<br />
148
am sferoSi. gasuli saukunis samociani wlebidan batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is xelmZRvanelobiT safuZveli Caeyara qromis<br />
fuZis mxurvalmedegi Senadnobebis SemuSavebis mecnierul<br />
mimarTulebas, romelic qromis problemis saxelwodebiTaa<br />
cnobili. ravalwliani gamokvlevebis Sedegad <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZem Camoayaliba xangrZlivresursiani mxurvalmedegi<br />
da koroziamedegi kompoziciebis SemuSavebis ZiriTadi<br />
principi. am principis Tanaxmad Zneldnobadi liTonuri<br />
fuZis legirebam unda uzrunvelyos moculobiTi difuziis<br />
dabali parametrebis mqone iseTi oqsiduri furCis<br />
formireba, romelSic warmoqmnili stabiluri barieruli<br />
fazebi daamuxruWeben kaTionebis marcvalTSoris difuzias.<br />
amgvarma, principulad gansxvavebulma, midgomam ganapiroba<br />
kvlevebis warmatebuli Sedegebi, romelTagan<br />
aRniSvnis Rirsia Semdegi:<br />
• ionur-plazmuri da gazoTermuli gafrqveviT miRebuli<br />
integraluri mikrosqemebis fotoSablonebi da Sidawvis<br />
Zravebis sadguSe rgolebis danafarebi;<br />
• `sacecxle milebis~ agresiuli areebisagan dacvis xerxi;<br />
aRaltemperaturuli saStampavi mowyobilobis masalis<br />
mxurvalmedegobis gaumjobeseba, ramac uzrunvelyo<br />
daStampul nakeTobaTa maRali xarisxi da airadi<br />
turbinebis niCbebis saeqspluatacio temperaturebis<br />
gazrda;<br />
• axali mxurvalmedegi da koroziamedegi Senadnobebis<br />
didi upiratesoba arsebul SenadnobebTan SedarebiT,<br />
rac dasabuTda airadi saTbobis wvis produqtebSi<br />
(1300 0 C) da nitrinis atmosferoSi (650-800 0 C) sastendo<br />
gamocdebis dros. isini rekomendebulia saaviacio<br />
Zravebis wvis kamerebisa da swrafneitroniani reaqtorebis<br />
aqtiuri zonebis sakonstruqcio masalad.<br />
• rkina-qromis eqviatomuri Senadnobebisagan liTon-<br />
149
keramikis hermetuli kvanZebis damzadeba transuralgazis<br />
magistralebis kaToduri dacvis energodanadgarebSi.<br />
akademikos <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis liTonmcodneobis qarTuli<br />
skolis aRiarebad unda CaiTvalos is faqti, rom<br />
msoflios prestiJul centrebSi Sesrulebul maRaltemperaturul<br />
koroziul kvlevaTa samagido wignebSi _ “High<br />
Temperature Corrosion Research in Progress”, romlebic sistematurad<br />
gamodis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, jerjerobiT<br />
yvela gamocemaSi gvxvdeba batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mowafeTa<br />
naSromebi.<br />
150<br />
* * *<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis iniciativiT samocian wlebSi far-<br />
Tod gaiSala samuSaoebi naxevargamtarTa kvlevis sferoSi.<br />
maTgan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs kristaluri<br />
borisa da boris Semcveli masalebis miReba da kvleva.<br />
bori warmoqmnis metad saintereso naerTebis klass<br />
naxSirbadTan, azotTan, liTonebTan, wyalbadTan, halogenebTan,<br />
JangbadTan. boris naerTebi farTod gamoiyeneba<br />
qimiur mrewvelobaSi, minis warmoebaSi, farmakologiaSi,<br />
metalurgiaSi. metad popularuli boris mJava da borakad<br />
wodebuli misi marili ZvelTaganvea cnobili. bori,<br />
perioduli sistemis mexuTe elementi, sufTa saxiT jer<br />
kidev gei-lusakma miiRo 1808 wels, magram boris meore<br />
`sicocxle~ misi unikaluri Tvisebebis aRmoCenis Semdeg<br />
daiwyo, rac mecnierebisa da teqnikis axali dargebis ganviTarebasTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli. sufTa bori maRaltemperaturuli<br />
naxevargamtaria. boris bunebrivi izotopi 10 B<br />
Tburi neitronebis saukeTeso mSTanTqmelia da amis gamo<br />
farTod gamoiyeneba atomur energetikaSi maregulirebeli<br />
Reroebis, neitronuli mTvlelebis da sxvaTa dasamzade-
lad. igi metad perspeqtiuli masalaa radioeleqtronuli<br />
da maRaltemperaturuli gardamqmneli xelsawyoebisaTvis.<br />
cnobilia kristaluri boris ramdenime modifikacia _<br />
tetragonaluri, α-romboedruli da yvelaze stabiluri _<br />
β-romboedruli. isini metad rTuli aRnagobis arian. boris<br />
kristaluri meseris elementaruli ujredi asze met atoms<br />
Seicavs. maTi didi umravlesoba warmoqmnis Tormetatomian,<br />
metad mkvriv, ikosaedruli aRnagobis mqone birTvebs.<br />
es birTvebi Sualeduri atomebis meSveobiT qmnian mikroskopul<br />
ansambls (elementaruli ujredis saxiT), romlis<br />
sivrceSi translaciiT miiReba makroskopuli agregati.<br />
boris struqturisa da masSi ganxorcielebuli qimiuri<br />
bmebis rTuli buneba ganapirobebs im sivrciT poziciaTa<br />
simravles, sadac SeiZleba ganlagdes minarevis atomi,<br />
minarevebisagan gamowveul TvisebaTa mravalferovnebas da<br />
yvela im sasiamovno Tu usiamovno `siurprizs~, romlebic<br />
misi miRebisa da kvlevis dros mravlad warmoCndeba. magaliTad,<br />
disperhirebis procesSi kristaluri boris amorfizaciis<br />
efeqti, romelic batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
jer kidev soxumis fizika-teqnikis institutSi iyo<br />
aRmoCenili da Seswavlili.<br />
boris sirTulis xarisxis warmosadgenad sakmarisia<br />
gavixsenoT liTonebis elementaruli ujredi, romelic<br />
8-12 atomisagan Sedgeba da martivi kuburi moculobadacentrebuli,<br />
kuburi waxnagdacentrebuli da heqsagonaluri<br />
formebiT gamoixateba.<br />
amgvarad, kristaluri borisa da borSemcveli masalebis<br />
miReba-Seswavla metad rTul da mniSvnelovan problemas<br />
warmoadgens. <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT am<br />
sferoSi masStaburi kvlevebia Catarebuli. yofil sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris sivrceSi pirvelad saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
metalurgiis institutSi damuSavda boris vertikaluri<br />
zonuri dnobiT gasufTavebis teqnologia da Sesa-<br />
151
Zlebeli gaxda misi monokristalebis miReba. am miznisaTvis<br />
damzadebuli aparatura, romelSic gamoyenebuli iyo eleqtronuli<br />
bombardirebis meTodi, didxans iTvleboda<br />
unikalurad. miRebuli produqtebis eleqtrofizikuri,<br />
Termuli, drekadi da Termodinamikuri Tvisebebis dadgenam<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZes sayovelTao aRiareba moutana. igi<br />
imTaviTve airCies boris, boridebis da monaTesave masalebis<br />
saerTaSoriso mudmivmoqmedi samecniero komitetis<br />
wevrad. komitetis iniciativiT regularulad, sam weliwadSi<br />
erTxel, ewyoba simpoziumi. simpoziumis geografiam<br />
mTeli msoflio dafara: espuri parki (aSS) _ 1959, parizi _<br />
1964, varSava _ 1968, Tbilisi _ 1972, bordo _ 1975, varna<br />
_ 1978, upsala (Svecia) _ 1981, Tbilisi _ 1984, duisburgi<br />
(germania) _ 1987, albukerke (aSS) _ 1990, vena _ 1996, dinardi<br />
(safrangeTi) _ 1999, sankt-peterburgi _ 2002, hamburgi<br />
(germania) _ 2005, macue (iaponia) _ 2008, stambuli<br />
(TurqeTi) _ 2011.<br />
am mimarTulebiT <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis skolis miRwevaTa<br />
gansakuTrebuli aRiarebis damadasturebelia boris saer-<br />
TaSoriso simpoziumis orjer TbilisSi Catareba, sadac mis<br />
msvlelobas Tavad f. TavaZe uZRveboda. marto am sferoSi<br />
miRebuli Sedegebi da maTi saerTaSoriso rezonansi<br />
ikmarebda batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is, rogorc mecnieris, farTo<br />
aRiarebis sababad.<br />
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom 1975 wels safrangeTSi, bordos<br />
universitetSi, boris saerTaSoriso simpoziumis msvlelobisas<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZes mecnieruli kavSirebis ganmtkicebisaTvis<br />
uZvelesi sauniversiteto qalaqis sent-melionis<br />
sapatio moqalaqis wodeba mianiWes.<br />
sabednierod, kvlevis es mimarTuleba dResac ar<br />
Camqrala da ganagrZobs moZraobas batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mier<br />
micemuli impulsiT. dResac awarmoeben monoliTur da fxvnilovan<br />
bors, swavloben boris izotopebisagan miRebuli<br />
152
monokristalebis Tvisebebs, Rebuloben boris suboqsids<br />
da saerTaSoriso arenaze isev JRers akademikos <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis saxeli.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZisTvis sauniversiteto q.sent-melionis sapatio<br />
moqalaqis wodebis miniWebis ceremoniali bordos universitetSi<br />
153
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZisTvis q. sent-melionis sapatio moqalaqis wodebis<br />
miniWebis damadasturebeli sigelis asli<br />
154
samsxmelo warmoeba<br />
madnidan liTonis miReba TviTmizani ar aris, es metalurgiuli<br />
procesis mxolod erTi, sawyisi etapia, romelic<br />
mTavrdeba liTonis nakeTobis damzadebiT. amisaTvis<br />
mravali meTodi gamoiyeneba. glinviT Rebuloben<br />
sxvadasxva profilis nakeTobas _ Svelers, kuTxovanas,<br />
mils, furcels da a.S. aq mTavrdeba metalurgia da iwyeba<br />
adamianis saqmianobis sxva sfero, magaliTad, xidebis<br />
an sxva konstruqciebis ageba metalurgiuli produqtis _<br />
profilirebuli liTonis gamoyenebiT (patonis xidi, eifelis<br />
koSki, maRali Zabvis gadamcemi anZebi da a.S.). metad<br />
gavrcelebulia Wedvis procesi, roca liTons meqanikuri<br />
zemoqmedebiT dartymebis reJimSi sasurvel formas aZleven.<br />
najaxi da imeruli waldi am meTodiT mzaddeba. esec<br />
metalurgiaa, radgan gavarvarebul liTonze zemoqmedebiT<br />
xorcieldeba.<br />
liTonis furclisagan nakeTobis, magaliTad, avtomobilis<br />
Zaris nawilebis damzadebac, rasac tvifrva ewodeba,<br />
metalurgiis sferos miekuTvneba. magram liTonuri nake-<br />
Tobis miRebis erT-erTi uZvelesi da yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
wesi Camosxmaa. CamosxmiT miiReba liTonisagan damzadebuli<br />
detalebis saerTo raodenobis naxevarze meti.<br />
Camosxmis meTodebi mravalgvaria. metad gavrcelebulia<br />
miwis yalibebSi Camosxma, sadac sayalibe masad ZiriTadad<br />
kvarcis qviSa gamoiyeneba. arsebobs wneviT Camosxmis da<br />
centridanuli Camosxmis meTodebi. am SemTxvevebSi yalibs<br />
liTonisgan amzadeben. mas kokili ewodeba. es meTodebi<br />
gamoiyeneba iseT SemTxvevebSi, roca nakeToba wvriltaniania<br />
da Seicavs Txel tixrebsa da rTul RriWoebs (avtomobilis<br />
karbiuratori, benzinis tumbo da sxva). e.w. zusti<br />
Camosxma cvilis modelebs iyenebs da uzrunvelyofs miRebuli<br />
detalis imgvar xarisxs, romelic Semdeg meqanikur<br />
155
damuSavebas ar saWiroebs.<br />
liTonis saxeoba da warmoebis masStabi gansazRvravs<br />
sadnobi agregatis tipsa da mwarmoeblurobas. CamosxmiTaa<br />
damzadebuli iseTi SesaniSnavi monumenturi qmnilebebi,<br />
rogoricaa vaxtang gorgasali, daviT guramiSvili, muza da<br />
mravali sxva, romelnic amSveneben Cvens qalaqebs. mxatvris<br />
Canafiqris liTonSi ganxorcieleba mTeli xelovnebaa da<br />
metalurgis did codna-gamocdilebas moiTxovs. aris iseTi<br />
nimuSebic, romelTa ganxilvisas Znelia daadginoT xelovanis<br />
genia Warbobs Tu metalurgis. magaliTad, peterburgis<br />
giganturi “brinjaos mxedari” erTiani Rrutaniani<br />
sxmulia, gansxvavebiT umravlesi nimuSebisagan, romlebic<br />
nawilebad Camoisxmeba da montaJis procesSi adgilze<br />
mTliandeba. es uzarmazari monumenti sami wertiliT eyrdnoba<br />
kvarcxlbeks, saocari sizustiTaa gaTvlili, dResac<br />
aocebs specialistebs da Rimilmomgvrel davasac ki iwvevs<br />
imis Taobaze _ skulptoris Semoqmedeba ufro genialuria<br />
Tu Semsrulebeli metalurgisa! uneburad gaxsendeba CvenSi<br />
moaruli xatovani kiTxva: galaktionis nikorwminda ufro<br />
didia Tu Tavad nikorwminda? dava absurdulia, vinaidan<br />
Sesadarebeli kategoriebi Semoqmedebis sxvadasxva sferos<br />
ganekuTvneba. verasodes ver davamtkicebT, rom fexburTis<br />
mefe pele sjobs, vTqvaT, kalaTburTis varskvlavs jordans.<br />
amgvarad, samsxmelo warmoeba teqnikuri dargebidan<br />
yvelaze metadaa wilnayari xelovnebasTan da mis msgavsad<br />
did fantazias, warmosaxvis unarsa da sizustes moiTxovs.<br />
CamosxmiT miiReba urTulesi teqnikuri detalebi. avtomobilis<br />
Zravis bloki, garda dguSebis samuSao sivrcisa,<br />
uamrav xvrels da siRrues Seicavs Zravis wyliT gacivebisaTvis,<br />
anTebis, SezeTvis sistemebis da gamanawilebeli<br />
meqanizmis gansaTavseblad. visac igi unaxavs, dagverwmuneba,<br />
rom aseTi rTuli “labirinTis” daproeqteba-Sesruleba<br />
156
WeSmaritad did teqnikur xelovnebas moiTxovs.<br />
es patara, zogadi aRweriloba imisTvis dagvWirda,<br />
raTa warmogveCina samsxmelo warmoebis mniSvneloba, usazRvro<br />
diapazoni, teqnikur problemaTa sirTule da maT<br />
fonze gagveSuqebina <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis saqmianoba am darg-<br />
Si. batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma imTaviTve didi yuradReba miaqcia<br />
samsxmelo warmoebas. misi pirveli mecnieruli gamokvlevebi<br />
swored am sferos ganekuTvneba. igi bolomde erTgulad<br />
emsaxura samsxmelo saqmes da mravali Teoriuli Tu gamoyenebiTi<br />
sakiTxi gadaWra. yovelive es gacxadebulia <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis mowafis, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premiis<br />
laureatis manuCar lanCavas werilSi, romelic ucvlelad<br />
mogvyavs.<br />
manuCar lanCava<br />
samsxmelo warmoebis dargSi<br />
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb<br />
Cems mokle werilSi me mxolod batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
moRvaweobis erT dargs Sevexebi _ dargs, romelsac samsxmelo<br />
warmoeba hqvia.<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s sxva mamuliSvilebTan <strong>erTad</strong>, didi<br />
Rvawli miuZRvis imaSi, rom saqarTvelo gasuli saukunis<br />
80-iani wlebisaTvis ganviTarebuli, industriuli qveyana<br />
gaxda. im dros ukve CvenTan _ quTaisis saavtomobilo qarxnis<br />
saamqroebSi, Tbilisis centrolitSi, rusTavis centrolitSi,<br />
rusTavis metalurgiul qarxanaSi da kidev<br />
ramdenime aTeul ufro mcire sawarmoSi oTxmocdaaTi<br />
aTas tonaze meti sxmuli mzaddeboda. maT Soris iyo iseTi<br />
urTulesi saxis sxmulebi, rogoricaa saavtomobilo<br />
Zravebis blokebi, liTondamamuSavebeli dazgebis sadgarebi,<br />
zemtkice Tujis mravaltoniani boyvebi, specialuri<br />
foladebis zusti CamosxmiT miRebuli detalebi da<br />
sxva.<br />
amas yvelafers qarTveli specialistebi akeTebdnen,<br />
157
ZiriTadad isini, vinc politeqnikuri instituti batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is xelmZRvanelobiT daamTavra da Semdeg misive<br />
daxmarebiT imaRlebda profesiul kvalifikacias.<br />
axla batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is damsaxurebas CamovTvli samsxmelo<br />
warmoebis dargSi, mxolod nawils, mxolod imas,<br />
romelTa TviTmxilveli da nawilobriv monawilec piradad<br />
gaxldiT.<br />
1957 wels, pirvelad sabWoTa kavSirSi, rusTavSi<br />
Camoisxa foladis salteebiT gamagrebuli Svidtoniani<br />
boyvebi. meTodi Zalze efeqturi aRmoCnda da sul male<br />
savaldebulo gaxda yvela metalurgiuli qarxnisaTvis. im<br />
dros gamogonebaze patentis aReba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli<br />
iyo, Tanac, rogorc ambobdnen, “ar Seefereboda sab-<br />
WoTa adamianis moralur saxes”, Torem es gamogoneba iseT<br />
ekonomikur efeqts iZleoda, rom instituti da misi Tanam-<br />
Sromlebi mravali weli iqnebodnen finansurad welgamar-<br />
Tulebi.<br />
Semdgom am mimarTulebiT muSaobas Sedegad mohyva is,<br />
rom instituti sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT dainiSna mo-<br />
Tave organizaciad boyvebis samsxmelo warmoebaSi, rac<br />
imas niSnavda, rom batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is Sexedulebis mixedviT<br />
nawildeboda mravalmilioniani dafinanseba sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris im aTeulobiT sawarmosa da sakvlev instituts<br />
Soris, romlebic am problemaze muSaobdnen. garda amisa,<br />
masve evaleboda Tematikis ganawileba, muSaobis koordinacia<br />
da, rogorc axla uwodeben, e.w. monitoringi.<br />
imave 1957 wels man institutSi Camoayaliba zusti<br />
Camosxmis laboratoria. maSin am mimarTulebiT ori sabazo<br />
sawarmo arsebobda, orive msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli,<br />
didi tradiciebis mqone qarxana: leningradis `monumentskulpturisa~<br />
da q.kaslis saCamomsxmelo qarxnebi.<br />
batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma axali kursdamTavrebulebis erTi<br />
jgufi erT qarxanaSi gaagzavna, meore _ meoreSi. maT<br />
158
Seiswavles, saqarTveloSi Camoitanes da danerges teqnologia,<br />
romelic saSualebas iZleoda migveRo manqanaTmSeneblobisaTvis<br />
saWiro iseTi detalebi, romelTa misaRebad<br />
Camosxmis meTods alternativa ar gaaCnia.<br />
garda amisa, iyo erTi ram, rac baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s gansakuTrebiT<br />
ainteresebda: es meTodi saSualebas iZleoda<br />
damzadebuliyo arqeologTa mier aRmoCenili Cvens winaparTa<br />
maRali kulturis damadasturebeli brinjaos<br />
skulpturebis da sxva istoriuli Rirebulebebis nakeTobebis<br />
zusti aslebi, iseTi aslebi, romlebsac originalisagan<br />
qimiuri analizis gareSe ver ganasxvavebdi. batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
mizani iyo, rom sxva qveynis muzeumebSi farTod<br />
yofiliyo warmodgenili qarTuli kultura. samwuxarod,<br />
man am survilis mxolod mcire nawilis ganxorcieleba<br />
moaswro.<br />
1958 wels kritikuli situacia Seiqmna quTaisis axlad<br />
aSenebul saavtomobilo qarxanaSi: sawarmo produqcias ve-<br />
Rar uSvebda. samsxmelo saamqroSi saavtomobilo Zravebis<br />
da sxva detalebis wunma 83%-s miaRwia. batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma<br />
axalgazrda specialistebis mTeli jgufi Caiyvana<br />
quTaisSi da yvela ubans TiTo kaci miuCina. saocari enTuziazmiT<br />
gaCaRda muSaoba. qarxnis TanamSromlebi murman<br />
SavlayaZe, Tengiz genZexaZe, oTar WoxoneliZe da sxvebi<br />
institutis TanamSromlebTan <strong>erTad</strong> yoveldRe uTenia<br />
iwyebdnen muSaobas, ikvlevdnen sawarmoo process, nergavdnen<br />
teqnologiur siaxleebs. rogorc wesi, saRamos 10<br />
saaTze Semajamebeli TaTbiri tardeboda qarxnis direqtorTan.<br />
saqmis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb yoveli kviris bolos pataki<br />
igzavneboda sakavSiro cekaSi. moskovidan quTaisSi<br />
periodulad ЗИЛ-is (Завод имени Лихачева) qarxnis specialistebsac<br />
gzavnidnen. am ukanasknelTa gaocebas iwvevda qarxnis<br />
TanamSromelTa, gansakuTrebiT ki muSebis, enTuzi-<br />
159
azmi. saamqroSi xSiri iyo avariebi _ xan liToni Caiyineboda<br />
RumelSi, xan konveierze moxdeboda raRac. muSebi, yovelgvari<br />
anazRaurebis gareSe, mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad<br />
Zalas ar iSurebdnen, Rameebs aTenebdnen.<br />
erTi wlis Semdeg wuni 83%-dan 12%-mde Semcirda (ЗИЛ-<br />
Si im dros wuni oficialurad 8% iyo). qarxana fexze dadga,<br />
xolo batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma institutisaTvis damatebiTi<br />
Statebi da finansebi miiRo.<br />
samociani wlebis dasawyisSi saavtomobilo mrewvelobis<br />
intensiur ganviTarebasTan <strong>erTad</strong> gaizarda moTxovna<br />
Tujis meqanikuri Tvisebebis mimarT. am mizniT sxvadasxva<br />
teqnologiuri meTodis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod<br />
imaze ufro maRali temperaturis mqone gamdnari<br />
liTonis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, vidre amis saSualebas Cveulebriv<br />
bovi iZleoda. am mimarTulebiT institutSi damuSavda<br />
bovis Rarze gamdnari Tujis eleqtrogadaxurebis<br />
originaluri da metad efeqturi meTodi. am meTodis Taobaze<br />
moxsenebis gasakeTeblad batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i CamomsxmelTa<br />
saerTaSoriso kongresze miiwvies belgradSi.<br />
meTodi swrafad vrceldeboda ruseTsa da iaponiaSi. sanam<br />
bovSi dnobis teqnologiis Zireuli cvlilebebi daiwyeboda,<br />
garemos dacvisa da energiis ekonomiis mizniT<br />
yvela Tanamedrove warmoebisaTvis savaldebulo gaxda<br />
daxuruli bovebis modernizacia Sesaberi haeris gaxurebiT,<br />
Jangbadis damatebiT, procesis avtomaturi marTviT<br />
da sxva teqnikuri siaxleebiT. amiT ramdenime aTeuljer<br />
da aseuljer Zvirdeboda bovis Rirebuleba, magram samagierod<br />
mkveTrad umjobesdeboda Sromis pirobebi, umjobesdeboda<br />
ekologia, mcirdeboda ZviradRirebuli koqsis<br />
xarji da izrdeboda Tujis Tvisebebis stabiluroba.<br />
1964-72 wlebSi gaCnda bunebrivi airis siWarbe da koqsis<br />
deficiti. dadga Tujsadnob RumelebSi koqsis bunebrivi<br />
airiT Secvlis sakiTxi, romelic sakavSiro mecnierebis da<br />
160
teqnikis komitetis gegmaSi umniSvnelovanes problemaTa<br />
siaSi Sevida. moTave organizaciad am problemaSic metalurgiis<br />
instituti dainiSna. amden Zlier, sakavSiro institutebs<br />
Soris gamogarCion, mogandon problemis xelmZRvaneloba<br />
da mravalmilioniani finansebi, dameTanxmebiT,<br />
arc ise ubralo saqmea. miT umetes, rom arc maSin iyo naklebi<br />
brZola finansebisaTvis da naklebi konkurencia institutebs<br />
Soris.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mecadineobiT Tbilisis qarxana<br />
centrolitSi pirvelad sabWoTa kavSirSi aigo oTxtoniani<br />
gazze momuSave Tujsadnobi eqsperimentuli Rumeli,<br />
xolo baqoSi _ ortoniani mazuTis Rumeli. miRebuli monacemebis<br />
safuZvelze doneckis saproeqto institutma<br />
daiwyo tipiuri Rumelebis daproeqteba. yovel weliwads<br />
problema ixileboda mecnierebisa da teqnikis sakavSiro<br />
komitetis sxdomaze, romelzec angariSiT gamodioda xan<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i, xan saqarTvelos mecnierebis da teqnikis<br />
komitetis Tavmjdomare batoni irakli gverdwiTeli.<br />
garda uSualod warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebisa,<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i kvleviT samuSaoebsac ar tovebda<br />
uyuradRebod: liTonebis meqanikuri da teqnologiuri<br />
Tvisebebi, maTze sxvadasxva faqtoris gavlena, axali Senadnobebi.<br />
am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli laboratoriuli<br />
kvlevebiT miRebuli Sedegebi aRiarebulia samecniero<br />
wreebSi da aRwerilia teqnikur literaturaSi.<br />
kvlevis standartuli, klasikuri meTodebis garda,<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s ekuTvnis originaluri kvlevis ramdenime<br />
meTodi. erT magaliTs moviyvan mxolod: mecnierebi<br />
erTsulovanni iyvnen imaSi, rom kristalizaciis procesSi<br />
liTonis struqturaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens masSi<br />
gaxsnili airebi, gansakuTrebiT ki wyalbadi, magram realurad<br />
wyalbadis raodenobis dafiqsireba SeuZlebeli<br />
iyo, radgan misi mcire zomis atomebi Tavisuflad difun-<br />
161
direben rogorc gamdnar da gamyarebul liTonSi, aseve<br />
liTonsa da atmosferos gamyof zedapirebze. batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
mier am problemis gadasaWrelad SemoTavazebul<br />
iqna maxvilgonivruli meTodi. aRniSnulma samuSaom didi<br />
interesi gamoiwvia parizSi Catarebul wyalbadis saerTa-<br />
Soriso kongresze.<br />
teqnikis ganviTareba sul ufro mzard moTxovnebs<br />
ayenebda metalurgebis winaSe. saWiro gaxda foladisa da<br />
Tujis Tvisebebis Semdgomi gaumjobeseba. zemtkice Tujis<br />
miRebis ZiriTadi gza gamdnari Tujis magniumiT damuSaveba-modificireba<br />
iyo. problema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom<br />
magniums dabali aorTqlebis temperatura aqvs da gamdnar<br />
liTonSi Seyvanis dros igi myisve orTqldeba afeTqebis<br />
msgavsi efeqtiT da gamdnari liTonis cicxvidan amofrqvevas<br />
iwvevs.<br />
am problemazec didi Sroma daixarja. batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna da warmoebaSi dainerga<br />
mravali axali meTodi: gamdnari Tujis damuSaveba uwyvet<br />
nakadSi (zaporoJies metalurgiuli qarxana), 80 toniani<br />
cicxvis fskerze (Celiabinskis metalurgiuli qarxana), sagrovelaSi<br />
(rusTavis centroliti), gamanawilebel cicxvSi<br />
(quTaisis saavtomobilo qarxana).<br />
gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia jer rusTavSi, xolo<br />
Semdeg sxva metalurgiul qarxnebSi danergili brZmedis<br />
Tujis magniumiT modificirebis meTodi, rac mebrZmedeebis<br />
da Camomsxmelebis erToblivi muSaobis nayofi iyo.<br />
aseve gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia didi masis (80-<br />
400 tona) gamdnari foladis e.w. inJeqciuri damuSavebis<br />
meTodi, romelic swrafad gavrcelda rogorc sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris, ise sazRvargareTis metalurgiul qarxnebSi.<br />
SeuZlebelia ar gavixsenoT am saqmeSi baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>-<br />
Tan <strong>erTad</strong> rusTavis qarxnis imdroindeli xelmZRvanelis<br />
guram qaSakaSvilis monawileoba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
162
energiuli da Semtevi stiliT.<br />
cnobilia, Tu ra Zneli da xangrZlivi procesia warmoebaSi<br />
raime siaxlis danergva. am fonze Znelad Tu moi-<br />
Zebneba magaliTi, rom sakavSiro ministris brZanebiT erT<br />
weliwadSi yvela metalurgiul qarxanaSi danergiliyos<br />
metalurgiis institutis da rusTavis metalurgiuli qarxnis<br />
mier Seqmnili e.w. rusTavis meTodi. *<br />
am samuSaos Sedegebi gamoqveynda SveciaSi da SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi Catarebul mefoladeTa saerTaSoriso kongresebis<br />
SromebSi da sul male institutis licenzia _<br />
`foladis inJeqciuri damuSavebis meTodi~ _ naxevar milion<br />
markad SeiZina metalurgiis "metrma", metalurgiaSi<br />
"modis kanonmdebelma" germanulma firma krupma.<br />
rogorc CamonaTvalidan Cans, batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i ar<br />
miekuTvneboda mecnierTa im kategorias, romlebic TavianT<br />
kabinetebSi arian Caketilni da warmoebis problemebs<br />
Tavs arideben. piriqiT, rogorc ki romelime sawarmoSi<br />
metalurgiasTan an liTonmcodneobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
raime siZnele wamoiWreboda, pirvelsave Txovnaze igi Tvi-<br />
Ton gaCndeboda iq, an institutis TanamSromlebs gagzavnida.<br />
qarxnis xelmZRvanelebi ise SeeCvivnen amas, rom bolos<br />
ki aRar Txovdnen, aramed uceremoniod moiTxovdnen<br />
institutisgan daxmarebas. saavtomobilo qarxnis direqtorma<br />
batonma giorgi kobalaZem erTxel mTavrobaSic ki<br />
dasva sakiTxi institutis laboratoriebis quTaisis saavtomobilo<br />
qarxanaSi gadatanis Sesaxeb.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, arc im dros hqondaT institutebs muSaobis<br />
idealuri pirobebi. erT dRes erTi miTiTeba modioda<br />
`zemodan~, meore dRes _ meore. xan gveubnebodnen _ akademiuri<br />
instituti xarT da Teoriul problemebze unda<br />
imuSaoTo, meore wuTSi warmoebaSi Canergvas da ekonomiur<br />
* miRebuli Sedegebi 1992 wels aRiniSna saqarTvelos saxelmwifo<br />
premiiT.<br />
163
efeqts moiTxovdnen: 1 maneT danaxarjze aranakleb 3 maneTi<br />
mogeba moitaneTo. xSirad sruliad absurduli davalebebic<br />
modioda, magaliTad aseTi _ saswrafod mianebeT<br />
Tavi yvelafers, Tiva uWirs sofels, ariqa, iSoveT celebi<br />
da mindvrebs SeesieTo, da uamravi amis msgavsi...<br />
advilad SeiZleboda aseT viTarebas Tematikis cvla<br />
da laboratoriebis xSiri reorganizacia mohyoloda, magram<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i rogorRac axerxebda aeridebina<br />
institutisaTvis Tavsmoxveuli "Zaladoba" da imavdroulad<br />
ar gaemwvavebina urTierToba zemdgom partiul da administraciul<br />
organoebTan.<br />
institutis warmatebebi da mzardi avtoriteti si-<br />
Tamames matebda baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s daxmareboda Tavis<br />
TanamSromlebs yofiTi sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi. SeiZleba<br />
arsebobs, magram me ar vicnob institutis arc erT Tanam-<br />
Sromels, visac misi ZalisxmeviT bina ar mieRos an ar<br />
gaeumjobesebinos sabinao pirobebi. me ar vicnob arc erT<br />
TanamSromels, visac eTxovos: fred nestoroviC, wamyeviT<br />
an aRmaskomSi an cekaSio, da ar wahyolodes, arc iseTi Sem-<br />
Txveva gamigia, vinmes eTxovos sadRac, Tundac krasnoiarskSi,<br />
disertacias vicav, wamomyeviT da damexmreTo, da mas<br />
uari eTqvas.<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s kidev erTi iSviaTi Tviseba _ xalx-<br />
Tan advilad daaxloebis niWi gaaCnda. mogexsenebaT, ruse-<br />
Tis metalurgiuli qarxnebi giganturi warmoebebia. zogan<br />
40, 60 aTasi kaci muSaobs. iq qarxnis direqtorTan SeRweva<br />
ufro Zneli iyo, vidre saqarTveloSi cekas mdivanTan.<br />
muSebma arc ki ician, sad zis direqtori. maTTvis umaRlesi<br />
instancia saamqros ufrosia. batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i, ase vTqvaT,<br />
daadebda Tavs da jiqur Sedioda nebismieri qarxnis<br />
direqtorTan. 15 wuTis Semdeg isini ukve "zakadiCnie druzia"<br />
xdebodnen da Cvenc qarxanaSi moqmedebis sruli Tavisufleba<br />
gveZleoda.<br />
164
axla amiT davamTavreb, magram Tu RmerTma ineba da<br />
saqarTvelo gamovida krizisidan, welSi gasworda da daiwyo<br />
mrewvelobis aRorZineba, maSin sul sxvanairad iqneba<br />
saWiro batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mecnieruli memkvidreobis<br />
Sefaseba _ saWiro iqneba am memkvidreobis detaluri analizi,<br />
raTa momaval qarTvel specialistebs aRar dasWirdeT,<br />
rogorc ityvian, velosipedis xelaxla gamogoneba.<br />
yvelaferi naTelia. Cveni mxridan mxolod erTs<br />
davZenT: saqarTveloSi liTonebis uwyveti Camosxmis mecnieruli<br />
bazis Seqmna da ganviTareba uSualod <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis saxels ukavSirdeba. misi xelmZRvanelobiT daproeqtda<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi pirveli radialuri samsxmelo manqana,<br />
romelic rusTavSi damontaJda. manve Seqmna uwyveti<br />
Camosxmis mrudwira manqanebis Tbofizikuri da Zalovani<br />
parametrebis angariSis safuZvlebi.<br />
ai, aseTia batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is Rvawli da amitomac<br />
aris igi miCneuli did metalurg-Camomsxmelad. amis naTeli<br />
dadasturebaa Tundac erT-erT uZveles saerTaSoriso<br />
Jurnal `Литейное производство~-s 2001 wlis me-7 nomeri,<br />
romelic, rogorc mkiTxveli Tavad darwmundeba, mTlianad<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZes eZRvneba. masSi Sejamebulia misi mowafeebis<br />
im gamokvlevaTa Sedegebi, romelTac saTave batonma<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>ma daudo.<br />
ra xania batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i aRar aris, misi dawyebuli<br />
saqmeebi ki isev grZeldeba. dae, gagrZeldes ukuniTi ukunisamde.<br />
esaa swored ukvdavebis WeSmariti magaliTi.<br />
165
166<br />
Jurnal “Литейное производство»-s 2001 wlis # 7 sarCevi
gamokvlevebi saqarTvelos metalurgiis<br />
istoriaSi<br />
40-ian wlebSi akademikos simon janaSias winadadebiT<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qimiur-sarestavracio<br />
laboratoriis mecnier-konsultantad <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe<br />
miiwvies. Sedegad sul male laboratoriaSi dainerga teqnikur<br />
da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa kvlevis zusti<br />
meTodebi, romelTac arqeologiuri masalis Seswavlis<br />
maRali done ganapirobes.<br />
ormociani wlebis meore naxevridan saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis metalurgiis institutis specialur<br />
qveganayofSi warmatebiT mimdinareobda uZvelesi Savi da<br />
feradi liTonebis nakeTobaTa qimiur-teqnologiuri Seswavla.<br />
tradiciuli qimiuri meTodebisa da speqtruli<br />
analizis garda farTo gamoyeneba pova eleqtronuli mikroskopiisa<br />
da rentgenospeqtruli analizis meTodebma.<br />
amgvarad, dasabami mieca arqeologiuri masalis Seswavlis<br />
axal etaps.<br />
samocdaaTiani wlebidan saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis centrSi Seiqmna interdisciplinaruli<br />
kvlevis seqtori, sadac gagrZelda arqeologiuri<br />
liTonis kompleqsuri kvleva-Zieba. samuSaoTa<br />
koordinacias xelmZRvanelobda akademiis prezidiumTan<br />
arsebuli teqnikisa da mecnierebis istoriis sabWo, romlis<br />
metalurgiis seqciasac saTaveSi <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe edga.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mier am mimarTulebiT miRebuli<br />
Sedegebis Sefaseba warmoCenilia rafiel aglaZis saxelobis<br />
araorganuli qimiisa da eleqtroqiimis institutis<br />
qimiis istoriis laboratoriis xelmZRvanelis raul Cagunavas<br />
qvemomoyvanil werilSi.<br />
167
168<br />
raul Cagunava<br />
mecnierebisa da teqnikis istoriis sakiTxebis<br />
gamoCenili mkvlevari<br />
sasiqadulo qarTveli mecnieri akademikosi <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZe saqarTveloSi mTel rig metalurgiul disciplinebTan<br />
<strong>erTad</strong> mecnierebisa da teqnikis istoriis<br />
dargis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli iyo. am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli<br />
misi muSaoba imdenad STambeWdavia, rom mis gareSe<br />
Zneli iqneboda <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mravalmxrivi mecnieruli<br />
memkvidreobis srulyofili Sefaseba.<br />
liTonisa da samTo saqmis (SemdgomSi metalurgiis)<br />
institutsa da politeqnikur institutSi Tavis Ziri-<br />
Tad saqmianobasTan <strong>erTad</strong> <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis moRvaweoba<br />
mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo<br />
muzeumis qimiur-sarestavracio laboratoriasTan. baton<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>s, udavod, didi wvlili aqvs Setanili<br />
im warmatebul saqmianobaSi, romelsac es laboratoria<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi eweoda rogorc arqeologiuri<br />
nivTebis praqtikulad konservacia-restavraciis, ise samecniero-kvleviTi<br />
ganxriT. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom<br />
man Rirseulad ganaxorciela is saqme, romlisTvisac laboratoria<br />
iyo mowodebuli misi damaarseblis, didi ivane<br />
javaxiSvilis CanafiqriT.<br />
ocdaaTiani wlebis miwurulisaTvis sxvadasxva<br />
warmatebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dagrovilma<br />
uamravma masalam mwvaved daayena maTi dauyovnebliv<br />
da saguldagulod damuSavebis sakiTxi. ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
didi mcdelobis Sedegad jer kidev 1939 wels saxelmwifo<br />
muzeumTan gaixsna qimiur-sarestavracio laboratoria.<br />
Tavisi arsebobis sawyis etapze laboratoriis saqmianoba<br />
ZiriTadad Semoifargleboda im arqeologiuri nivTebis
qimiuri damuSavebiT, romelic ukanaskneli wlebis, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki mcxeTa-samTavros 1938 wlis arqeologiuri<br />
gaTxrebis, Sedegad dagrovda. am praqtikuli samuSaoebis<br />
didi saWiroebisa da mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, ivane javaxiSvili<br />
laboratoriis daniSnulebas mxolod sarestavracio-sakonservacio<br />
samuSaoebis CatarebaSi rodi xedavda.<br />
misi didi survili iyo, rom laboratorias gamiznuli samecniero-kvleviTi<br />
saqmianobac ewarmoebina. laboratoriis<br />
daarsebamde ramdenime TviT adre is xazs usvamda im<br />
garemoebas, rom laboratoriis “muSaobasac marto praqtikuli<br />
mniSvneloba ar eqneba, mas sakvlev-samecniero mniSvnelobac<br />
mieniWeba da mas SemdegSi saSualeba miecema bevri<br />
RirsSesaniSnavi daskvnebi gaakeTos~.<br />
samwuxarod, im periodSi am gegmis Sesruleba ver moxerxda,<br />
rasac xeli SeuSala pirvel rigSi mozRvavebuli arqeologiuri<br />
nivTebis qimiuri damuSavebis aucileblobam,<br />
xolo Semdgom _ ivane javaxiSvilis gardacvalebam (1940 w.)<br />
da omis dawyebam (1941 w.). magram movlenebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze,<br />
udavod, garkveuli gavlena iqonia im garemoebam,<br />
rom ocdaaTiani wlebis miwurulSi warmoebuli<br />
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mimarT didi interesi gamoiCina<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem, romelic mopovebuli arqeologiuri<br />
nakeTobebis dasaTvaliereblad xSirad Cadioda mcxeTa-<br />
Si. swored am dros unda mieqcia misTvis yuradReba ivane<br />
javaxiSvilsac, romelic mcxeTa-samTavros eqspedicias<br />
xelmZRvanelobda (baton ivanesTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb<br />
CemTvis mogvianebiT cnobili gaxda piradad batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>isagan,<br />
rodesac masTan sakonsultaciod mivedi<br />
muzeumis qimiuri laboratoriis zogierT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT).<br />
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mTeli rigi RonisZiebebisa<br />
mopovebuli liTonuri nakeTobebis konservaciarestavraciis<br />
mizniT baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s ukve im periodSive<br />
ganexorcielebina. amas gvafiqrebinebs is garemoeba, rom<br />
169
swored maSin mas kidev ufro mWidro urTierToba hqonda<br />
simon janaSiasTan, romelic ivane javaxiSvilTan <strong>erTad</strong><br />
saTaveSi edga arqeologiur gaTxrebs, xolo am ukanasknelis<br />
gardacvalebis Semdeg mcxeTa-samTavros eqspediciis<br />
xelmZRvanelad dainiSna. mogvianebiT simon janaSias winadadebiT<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe saqarTvelos saxelmwifo<br />
muzeumis qimiur-sarestavracio laboratoriis mecnierkonsultantad<br />
miiwvies, xolo Semdeg samecniero sabWos<br />
wevradac airCies. aseTi arCevani SemTxveviTi ar yofila,<br />
vinaidan <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZes jer kidev omis dawyebamde qimiur-sarestavracio<br />
laboratoriis profiliT wamowyebuli<br />
hqonda garkveuli samuSaoebi da am mimarTulebiT ukve<br />
sakmao gamocdilebac gaaCnda.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is pirad arqivSi inaxeba misive xeliT<br />
dawerili erTi saintereso dokumenti, romelSic laboratoriis<br />
samomavlo samoqmedo gegma aris warmodgenili. es<br />
gegma ivane javaxiSvilis Canafiqris xorcSesxmas warmoadgens<br />
da amasTanave teqnikur mecnierebaTa warmomadgenlis<br />
xedviT aris Camoyalibebuli. <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis azriT,<br />
laboratoriis saqmianoba ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT<br />
unda warimarTos. aqedan pirveli mimarTuleba aucilebel<br />
da profilaqtikur sarestavracio-sakonservacio samuSaoebTan<br />
<strong>erTad</strong> miznad unda isaxavdes mecnieruli Seswavlis<br />
safuZvelze arqeologiuri nivTebis dasamuSavebeli<br />
axali, progresuli meTodebis danergvas. rac Seexeba meore<br />
mimarTulebas, batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is sityvebiT rom gadmovceT,<br />
is `Seiswavlis teqnikisa da mecnierebis istorias,<br />
daamuSavebs calkeul sakiTxebs, literaturul wyaroebs,<br />
Caatarebs eqsperimentul cdebs da sxva, raTa daadginos<br />
ama Tu im epoqis <strong>liTonTa</strong> teqnologia, metalurgia...~.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mecnieruli xelmZRvanelobiT qimiur-sarestavracio<br />
laboratoriam sakmaod mokle droSi<br />
TvalsaCino warmatebebs miaRwia. <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mier<br />
170
wamowyebuli samuSaoebi ara marto restavracia-konservaciasTan<br />
dakavSirebul praqtikul sakiTxebs moicavda,<br />
aramed arqeologiuri liTonuri nakeTobebis mecnierul<br />
Seswavlasac da mis safuZvelze restavracia-konservaciis<br />
axali da progresuli meTodebis SemuSavebas iTvaliswinebda,<br />
rogorc es Tavdapirveli gegmiT hqonda gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
Semdgom wlebSi misi xelmZRvanelobiT kidev ufro<br />
gaiSala Tavdapirveli gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli praqtikul-laboratoriuli<br />
Tu Teoriuli saxis samuSaoebi (am<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebi f.TavaZisa da misi mowafeebis avtorobiT<br />
sistematurad ibeWdeboda periodul literaturaSi,<br />
mogvianebiT ki ukve muzeumis krebulebSic, romlebic<br />
gamodioda mravlismTqmeli saxelwodebiT `samuzeumo<br />
eqsponatTa restavracia, konservacia, teqnologia~). arc<br />
Tu ise didi xnis Semdeg am samecniero-istoriulma kvlevebma<br />
iseTi farTo masStabi miiRo, rom <strong>ferdinand</strong> Tava-<br />
Zem da misma mowafeebma aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT muSaoba<br />
ara marto saqarTvelos muzeumis, politeqnikuri institutisa<br />
da mecnierebaTa akademiis metalurgiis institutis<br />
laboratoriebSi, aramed arqeologiuri kvlevis<br />
centrSic ki gaSales.<br />
faqtobrivad <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem saqarTveloSi Seqmna<br />
axali mecnieruli skola, romelSic gaaerTiana sxvadasxva<br />
Taobis kvalificiuri mkvlevarebi. baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>Tan da<br />
misi skolis warmomadgenlebTan sxvadasxva dros mWidro<br />
SemoqmedebiTi kavSiri hqondaT iseT gamoCenil arqeologebs,<br />
istorikosebs, qimikosebsa da xelovnebaTmcodneebs,<br />
rogorebic iyvnen: s.janaSia, b.kuftini, S.amiranaSvili,<br />
a.afaqiZe, al.javaxiSvili, b.piotrovski, o.jafariZe,<br />
S.mesxia, g.gobejiSvili, d.kapanaZe, v.axvlediani da sxvebi.<br />
pirveli didi moculobis samuSao, romelic Semdgom-<br />
Si monografiadac gaformda (f.TavaZe, S.mesxia, v.barqaia<br />
171
`liTonebis damuSaveba Zvel saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, 1954),<br />
exeboda arqeologiurad mopovebuli oqrosa da vercxlis<br />
WurWlis damzadebis teqnologiis dadgenas. niSandoblivia,<br />
rom es samuSao <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
ganxorcielda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis sacavebsa<br />
da qimiur-sarestavracio laboratoriaSi, romelic am<br />
droisaTvis ukve savsebiT mzad iyo msgavsi kvlevebis Casatareblad.<br />
kvlevebis sawyisi stadia arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT<br />
mopovebuli oqro-vercxlisagan damzadebuli sxvadasxva<br />
epoqis rTuli formis mqone Rrutaniani nakeTobebis Seswavlas<br />
iTvaliswinebda. liTonis damuSavebis yvela Sesa-<br />
Zlo meTodis ganxilvis Semdgom mkvlevarebi SeCerdnen<br />
liTonis furclebis gamowneviT damuSavebis wesze. nake-<br />
Tobebze SemorCenili meqanikuri damuSavebis niSnebis analizisa<br />
da gamowneviT teqnologiaze dafuZnebuli samodelo-eqsperimentuli<br />
samuSaoebis Catarebis safuZvelze<br />
dadginda, rom am teqnologias Sesabamisi gamosawnevi Carxis<br />
gamoyenebiT saqarTvelos teritoriaze jer kidev Zv. w.<br />
II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan iyenebdnen. gamosawnevi Carxi,<br />
romelic mxolod oqro-vercxlis furclovani masalis<br />
gamowneviT damuSavebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda, mkvlevarTa<br />
azriT, liTonsaWreli Carxis erTgvar prototips warmoadgenda.<br />
am ukanasknelis gamogonebas ki adgili unda<br />
hqonoda ara Zv. w. V saukuneSi, rogorc es sayovelTaod iyo<br />
miRebuli, aramed gacilebiT adre, vinaidan gamosawnevi<br />
Carxidan liTonsaWrel Carxze gadasvlis process SedarebiT<br />
naklebi dro unda dasWireboda.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is samuSaoebis am cikls didi mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs ara marto qarTuli, aramed saerTod liTonis<br />
damuSavebis teqnikis istoriisaTvis, vinaidan axlad miRebuli<br />
monacemebis safuZvelze warmoiSva liTonsaWreli<br />
Carxebis damkvidrebasTan dakavSirebuli qronologiebis<br />
172
gadaTariRebis aucilebloba.<br />
aRniSnuli samuSaos sayovelTaod aRiarebas adasturebs<br />
is faqti, rom Semoklebuli saxiT samuSaos mTavari<br />
monacemebi pirvel TavSia Setanili Carxebis istoriasTan<br />
dakavSirebul iseT fundamentur naSromSi, rogoric aris<br />
f.n.zagorskis “Очерки по истории металлорежущих станков<br />
до середины XIX века» (Москва,1960). sagangebod calke Tavi<br />
daeTmo am monacemebs agreTve e.n.Cernixis cnobil monografiaSi<br />
“Металл, человек, время” (Москва,1972).<br />
aseve didi gamoxmaureba pova f.TavaZis da<br />
T.sayvareliZis monografiam `Бронзы древней Грузии~<br />
(Tbilisi, 1959, redaqtori al. javaxiSvili).<br />
arqeologiuri nivTebis Seswavlisa da analizis safuZvelze<br />
avtorebis mier naCvenebia, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />
jer kidev eneoliTis xanaSi TandaTanobiT iqna<br />
aTvisebuli liTonis civi damuSavebis (Wedvis) teqnika da<br />
liTonis sagnebisaTvis sxvadasxva formis micema.<br />
adreuli brinjaos xanisaTvis, mkvlevarTa Tanaxmad,<br />
damaxasiaTebeli iyo liTonuri sagnebis damzadeba civi<br />
Wedvisa da uxeSi Camosxmis saSualebiT da garegnuli formis<br />
WedviT da xexviT gamoyvana.<br />
Sua brinjaos xana aRiniSna samsxmelo, samWedlo da<br />
saoqromWedlo saqmis, kvervis, gamownevis da sxva dargebis<br />
ganviTarebiT, dariSxaniani da stibiumiani brinjaos warmoebiT.<br />
am xanaSi aSkarad gacnobierebulia Senadnobebis<br />
specifikuri Taviseburebebi da amis mixedviT maTi sxvadasxva<br />
daniSnulebis sagnebisaTvis gamoyeneba. avtorebma<br />
uCvenes, rom gviani brinjaos xana gamoirCeoda metalurgiaSi<br />
teqnikuri progresis Semdgomi aRmavlobiT. am dros<br />
Camoyalibda sabadoebis axlos ganTavsebuli metalurgiis<br />
pirveladi kerebi, romlebic liTonis gamodnobis Sedegad<br />
miRebuli sxmulebiT amaragebdnen meorad metalurgiul<br />
warmoebebs. meoradi kerebis ostatebi daspecialebule-<br />
173
i iyvnen sxvadasxva Senadnobebis gamodnobaSi, fasonur<br />
CamosxmaSi, SeduRebaSi da a.S. dariSxaniani da stibiumiani<br />
brinjaos warmoeba am xanaSi Seicvala ufro maRali meqanikuri<br />
Tvisebebis mqone da momwamlavi airebis gamoyofis<br />
gamomricxavi kaliani brinjaos warmoebiT. miRebuli monacemebis<br />
safuZvelze avtorebma daaskvnes, rom saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriaze mosaxle tomebma istoriuli ganviTarebis<br />
yvela safexuri gaiares. ganviTarebis epoqebisa da etapebis<br />
mkacri Tanamimdevroba ki Tavis mxriv mniSvnelovan<br />
arguments warmoadgens imis dasamtkiceblad, rom TviTmyofadi<br />
materialuri kulturis aRmoCenili Zeglebi im<br />
erTi xalxis kuTvnilebaa, romelic Tanabrad viTardeboda<br />
da Taobidan Taobas gadascemda dagrovil gamocdilebas.<br />
f.TavaZisa da T.sayvareliZis monografiis monacemebs<br />
aseve calke Tavi daeTmo a.m.petriCenkos cnobil naSromSi<br />
“Книга о литье» (Киев,1972).<br />
aranaklebi warmateba moipova f.TavaZisa da<br />
i.andriaSvilis monografiam `qarTuli Weduri xelovnebis<br />
teqnologiuri procesi~ (Tbilisi, 1967). Weduri xelovnebis<br />
arqeologiuri nimuSebis da Zveli saoqromWedlo iaraRis<br />
kompleqsuri meTodiT Seswavlis safuZvelze avtorebma<br />
daadgines WedvisaTvis gamoyenebuli meTodebis teqnologiuri<br />
meqanizmi da gamoavlines am procesebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
mTeli rigi manamde ucnobi saoqromWedlo iaraRebi.<br />
wignis didi SemecnebiTi da gamoyenebiTi mniSvnelobidan<br />
gamomdinare da agreTve Zveli Weduri xelovnebis praqtikulad<br />
aRdgenis mizniT profteqnikuri ganaTlebis saxelmwifo<br />
komitetis mier is damxmare saxelmZRvanelod<br />
iqna rekomendebuli profteqnikuri saswavleblebisaTvis.<br />
aseve Zalze maRali Sefaseba misca am naSroms cnobilma mecnierma,<br />
ermitaJis imdroindelma direqtorma, akademikosma<br />
boris piotrovskim. misi azriT: “Монография имеет большое<br />
теоретическое и практическое значение для технологического<br />
174
исследования металлических художественных археологических<br />
памятников, для истории техники Грузии, для восстановления<br />
и развития современного чеканного искусства и для подготовки<br />
мастеров чеканного искусства». am mokle, magram Zalze tevadi<br />
daxasiaTebis Semdeg b.piotrovski aRniSnavs, rom mas<br />
mizanSewonilad miaCnia am wignis rusul enaze Targmna da<br />
gamocema. mokle narkvevSi Zalze Znelia yvela im samuSaos<br />
daxasiaTeba, romelic <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem Caatara mecnierebisa<br />
da teqnikis istoriis sferoSi. Tu ramdenad STambeWdavi<br />
da mravalferovani iyo am mxriv misi moRvaweoba,<br />
es naTlad Cans Tundac qvemoT moyvanili sxva naSromebis<br />
zogadi mimoxilvidan.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis kvlevis erT-erT obieqts warmoadgenda<br />
oqros nakeToba. man TanamSromlebTan <strong>erTad</strong> Seiswavla<br />
Zveli qarTuli tixruli minanqris damzadebasTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli sakiTxebi. rogorc cnobilia, tixruli minanqris<br />
damzadebisas yvelaze mTavar teqnikur problemas oqros<br />
fuZeze oqrosagan damzadebuli Txeli tixrebis damagreba<br />
warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom tixruli minanqris<br />
damzadebas sakmaod mravalricxovani samuSao mieZRvna,<br />
Zveli ostatebis mier tixrebis dasamagreblad gamoyenebuli<br />
sarCilis saidumloeba mainc amoucnobi rCeboda.<br />
dakvirvebebma tixrebis mirCilvis adgilze gamoavlina<br />
zedapiris simqrqale, rac damaxasiaTebelia amalgamiT<br />
mooqruli im zedapirebisaTvis, romlis gaprialebac<br />
raRac mizezis gamo ar xerxdeba. am viTarebam Tavis droze<br />
xelovnebis muzeumis TanamSromels, qimikos i.taruaSvils<br />
afiqrebina, rom tixrebis dasamagreblad Zvelad vercxliswyals<br />
iyenebdnen. 1949 wels man SeZlo vercxliswylis<br />
amalgamis gamoyenebiT tixrebis damagrebis procesis<br />
praqtikulad ganxorcieleba. samwuxarod, i.taruaSvilis<br />
gardacvalebis gamo es samuSao SeCerda da mxolod mogvianebiT<br />
iqca f.TavaZis, g.kiunesa da i.andriaSvilis kvlevis<br />
175
sagnad.<br />
Zveli ostatebis mier tixrebis dasamagreblad gamoyenebuli<br />
meTodi, rogorc gairkva, amalgamur-difuzur<br />
teqnologiaze iyo dafuZnebuli. es teqnologia iTvaliswinebda<br />
oqros fuZeze vercxliswylis Txeli fenis<br />
ganTavsebas, masze tixrebis dawyobas, 6-8 saaTi aseT mdgomareobaSi<br />
dayovnebas, Semdeg sistemis daaxloebiT 1<br />
saaTis ganmavlobaSi 950-1000 0 C-mde gaxurebas da am temperaturaze<br />
ganmeorebiT aTsaaTian dayovnebas. amgvari<br />
damuSavebis Sedegad verxliswyali orTqldeba da vercxliswylisa<br />
da oqros urTierTgaxsnis difuzuri procesis<br />
Sedegad miiRweva tixrebis fuZeze damagreba. dadginda,<br />
rom Termuli damuSavebis Semdgom miRebuli myari amalgama<br />
swored im sarCils warmoadgens, romelsac warsulSi<br />
iyenebdnen tixrul minanqarze momuSave qarTveli oqrom-<br />
Wedlebi.<br />
1948 wels <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem cnobil numizmat daviT<br />
kapanaZesTan <strong>erTad</strong> rusul enaze dasabeWdad moamzada<br />
statia `saqarTvelos uZvelesi oqros monetebis damzadebis<br />
teqnika~. * samuSao warmoadgens qarTul praqtikaSi<br />
pirvel gamokvlevas, romelic miznad isaxavda aleqsandre<br />
makedonelisa da misi memkvidris lisimaqes staterebis msgavsad<br />
moWrili minabaZebis _ qarTuli oqros monetebis<br />
(Zv. w. III _ ax. w. II s.s.) Seswavlas. konkretulad samuSao iTvaliswinebda<br />
monetebis liTonis sinjis, Sedgenilobis da<br />
damzadebis teqnologiis dadgenas.<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi daculi mTeli<br />
rigi monetebis mikroskopiuli gamokvlevis Sedegad <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZem daadgina, rom maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
sinjis SedarebiTi mdgradoba, rac TavisTavad damzadebis<br />
teqnologiuri procesis maRal doneze miuTiTebs. aseTive<br />
maRali done dadasturda monetebis damzadebis teqni-<br />
* statia inaxeba f. TavaZis pirad arqivSi<br />
176
kur xerxebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic amasTanave mravalferovnebiT<br />
gamoirCeoda da Sesabamisad iTvaliswinebda:<br />
1. monetebis yalibSi Camosxmas; 2. gamoWedili samonete<br />
rgolebis kvervas; 3. yalibSi Camosxmuli sorsalebis kvervas<br />
da 4. monetebis tipis calkeuli detalebis darCilvas<br />
winaswar gamoWedil samoneto rgolebze. amasTanave mkvlevarebi<br />
ar gamoricxavdnen, rom bolo xerxiT miRebuli<br />
nimuSi SesaZloa arc ki yofiliyo moneta, vinaidan es xerxi<br />
Zalze Sromatevadi da ZviradRirebuli iyo (cxadia, rom<br />
masobrivi tiraJiT aseTi monetis damzadeba praqtikulad<br />
Zalze rTuli gansaxorcielebeli iqneboda).<br />
samwuxarod, es uaRresad saintereso samuSao daudgeneli<br />
mizezebis gamo ar dabeWdila, Tumca mas mogvianebiT<br />
moixseniebs cnobili arqeologi g.lomTaTiZe Tavis<br />
monografiaSi `saqarTvelos kultura da yofa I-XIII s.s.-Si~<br />
(Tbilisi, 1977).<br />
f.TavaZisa da d.kapanaZis aRniSnuli statia imdenad<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom misi dabeWdva, Tundac naxevarsaukunovani<br />
dagvianebiT, dResac savsebiT mizanSewonilad<br />
migvaCnia.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem mowafeebTan <strong>erTad</strong> naSromebis<br />
mTeli cikli miuZRvna istoriuli bulatis foladis<br />
damzadebis teqnologiis aRdgenis saqmes. qimiuri Sedgenilobis<br />
Seswavlis safuZvelze dadginda, rom bulati warmoadgens<br />
maRalnaxSirbadian Senadnobs, romelic sxva saxeobis<br />
foladebisagan gamoirCeva maRali `fxamaxvilobiT~,<br />
plastikurobiT da cveTamedegobiT. aRmoCnda, rom aseTi<br />
Senadnobi specialuri Camosxmisa da Wedvis gansakuTrebuli<br />
meTodis safuZvelze miiReba. pirveli RonisZieba tigelidan<br />
CamosxmiTa da gacivebis gansakuTrebuli reJimis<br />
dacviT xorcieldeboda. rac Seexeba meore RonisZiebas,<br />
is naxevarfabrikatis maqsimaluri deformaciuli datvirTvis<br />
qveS sxvadasxva daxriT Wedvas iTvaliswinebda. am<br />
177
teqnologiiT damzadebulma nimuSebma Tavisi fizikurmeqanikuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebiT istoriul bulatTan sruli<br />
Tanxvdena gamoamJRavna, rac imis mauwyebelia, rom bulatis<br />
damzadebis saidumloeba warmatebiT amoixsna.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT safuZveli<br />
Caeyara faqtobrivad kidev erT axal mimarTulebas _ gamosadnobi<br />
modelebis meTodis gamoyenebiT Zveli qarTuli<br />
mxatvruli nivTebis pirebis Camosxmas. didi mxatvruli<br />
gemovnebiT Sesrulebuli brinjaos nakeTobebis damzadebasTan<br />
<strong>erTad</strong> aseTi samuSaoebis mizans am SemTxvevaSic<br />
istoriuli dednebis Camosxmis teqnologiis aRdgena warmoadgenda.<br />
eqsperimentis monacemebis safuZvelze dadginda,<br />
rom Zveli ostatebi models cvilisagan amzadebdnen,<br />
sayalibe masalad xmarobdnen wvrilmarcvlovan Txevad<br />
narevs, romelic saTanado gaSrobis Semdeg maRali airgamtarobiT<br />
xasiaTdeboda da sxva.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZes yuradRebis gareSe ar rCeboda<br />
samuzeumo nivTebis restavraciisa da konservaciis<br />
sakiTxebi. aq ar SeiZleba kidev erTxel ar movigonoT Zalze<br />
saintereso magaliTi, romelic gadmocemis saSualebiT<br />
gaxda cnobili da Tavis mogonebebSi mohyavs v.varazaSvils:<br />
mcxeTis gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebul maRalmxatvrul<br />
vercxlis nakeTobas _ `fortunas~ aRmoaCnda tyviis CanarTi,<br />
romelic vercxls azianebda. vinaidan saWiro iyo<br />
saswrafo zomebis miReba, <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem muzeumis<br />
TanamSromlebTan da imxanad TbilisSi myof akademikos<br />
g.v.akimovTan <strong>erTad</strong> mTeli Rame daZabulad imuSava nakeTobis<br />
gadasarCenad. faqizi qimiuri damuSavebis saSualebiT<br />
tyviis CanarTis mocilebisa da nakeTobis gansakuTrebuli<br />
Termuli reJimiT damuSavebis Sedegad moxerxda eqsponatis<br />
gamagreba da SenarCuneba.<br />
samuzeumo vercxlis nakeTobebTan dakavSirebiT Zalze<br />
sainteresoa batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
178
Catarebuli samuSao, romelic am nakeTobebis zedapirze<br />
warmoqmnili vercxlis qloridis vercxlamde aRdgenas<br />
iTvaliswinebs. niadagSi vercxlis nakeTobebze qlor-ionis<br />
zemoqmedebis Sedegad aseTi danafaris warmoqmna maT<br />
TandaTan akargvinebs simtkices da gadamwyveti zomebis<br />
droze miuReblobis SemTxvevaSi uZvelesi nakeToba Sei-<br />
Zleba mniSvnelovnad daziandes.<br />
Termodinamikuri monacemebis safuZvelze perspeqtiuli<br />
aRmdgenelebis SerCevisa da maTi eqsperimentulad<br />
gamocdis Semdgom aRmoCnda, rom saukeTeso aRmdgenelebs<br />
warmoadgens wyalbadi da aRdgenili rkinis fxvnili, xolo<br />
aRdgenis optimaluri temperatura 500 0 C-s Seadgens. SemuSavebuli<br />
meTodi imiTac aRmoCnda RirsSesaniSnavi, rom<br />
misi saSualebiT ara marto vercxlis qlorididan vercxlis<br />
aRdgena, aramed nakeTobis gamagreba da misi Tavdapirveli<br />
meqanikuri Tvisebebis aRdgenac moxerxda.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZes v. axvlediandTan <strong>erTad</strong><br />
jer kidev 1950 wels gamosacemad hqonda momzadebuli<br />
vaxtang VI-is (1675-1737ww.) unikaluri<br />
Txzuleba “wigni zeTebis Sezavebisa da qimiisa qmnis”.<br />
specifikuri Sinaarsisa da saocari sirTulis miuxedavad,<br />
teqsti xelnaweridan Secdomebis gareSe aris gadmowerili,<br />
rac arc Tu ise iol amocanas warmoadgenda. garda<br />
amisa, teqsts darTuli aqvs avtorebis saintereso gamokvleva<br />
_ `me-17 da me-18 saukuneebSi teqnikisa da teqnologiis<br />
ganviTarebis istoria saqarTveloSi vaxtang VI-is qimiis<br />
mixedviT~ * , romelSic mniSvnelovani monacemebia moyvanili<br />
im drois qimiur teqnikasTan dakavSirebiT. kidev ufro<br />
sayuradReboa is faqti, rom 1950 wels avtorebisaTvis ukve<br />
cnobili iyo, rom sankt-peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis<br />
institutSi daculia am Txzulebis mcire fragmentis<br />
* vaxtang VI-is Txzulebis xelnaweridan gadmowerili teqsti da<br />
aRniSnuli gamokvleva inaxeba f.TavaZis pirad arqivSi.<br />
179
vaxtangiseuli xelnaweri (TbilisSi daculi am Txzulebis<br />
sruli teqsti vaxuStis mier gadaweril asls warmoadgens).<br />
samwuxaroa, rom am da sxva mignebebiT gamorCeuli es<br />
naSromi Tavis droze ver daibeWda. <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem mxolod<br />
1959 wels gamocemul monografiaSi “Бронзы древней<br />
Грузии” gamoiyena zogierTi masala vaxtng VI-is wignidan,<br />
romelic manamde sruliad ucnobi iyo farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />
rac Seexeba vaxtang VI-is naSromis srul teqsts,<br />
romlis dabeWdvas f.TavaZe da v.axvlediani jer kidev 1950<br />
wels apirebdnen, mxolod sami aTeuli wlis Semdeg gamosces<br />
T.enuqiZem da v.kokoCaSvilma (`wigni zeTebis Sezavebisa<br />
da qimiisa qmnis~, Tbilisi, 1981).<br />
werilobiTi wyaroebisa da eTnografiuli monacemebis<br />
safuZvelze <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Segrovda<br />
Weduri xelovnebis Zveli teqnikur-metalurgiuli<br />
terminebi.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis samuSaoebs kidev im mxrivac hqonda<br />
mniSvneloba, rom maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda<br />
mTeli rigi arqeologiuri nivTebis da maTi Sesabamisi<br />
periodebis TariRebis dazusteba. amasTan dakavSirebiT aq<br />
SeiZleba moviyvanoT konkretuli magaliTebi, romlebic<br />
saqarTveloSi liTonis mavTulis damzadebis sawyisi etapebis<br />
daTariRebas exeba.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem Seiswavla tyviavis yorRnebis erTerT<br />
samarxSi mopovebuli TmisTvis gankuTvnili spilenZis<br />
xvia, romelic eneoliTis xanis nakeTobad iyo miCneuli.<br />
gairkva, rom xviis dasamzadebeli teqnologia jer<br />
yovelmxrivi (wriuli) WedviT mavTulis gamoyvanas da Semdeg<br />
misgan xviis rgolebis miRebas iTvaliswinebda. vinaidan<br />
aseTi rTuli teqnologiis arseboba liTonis aTvisebis<br />
sawyis etapze faqtobrivad gamoricxuli iyo, <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZem xviis damzadeba eneoliTidan adre brinjaoze gardamaval<br />
xanas daukavSira da savsebiT samarTlianad miiC-<br />
180
nia arqeolog o.jafariZis mosazreba tyviavis yorRnebis<br />
am periodisTvis mikuTvnebis Sesaxeb.<br />
aseve saintereso informaciis `amoReba~ SeZlo batonma<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>ma adreuli brinjaos xanis samarxSi mopovebuli<br />
iaspis brtyeli qvidan, romelSic xelovnurad sxvadasxva<br />
diametris naxvretebi iyo gakeTebuli. Sinagani formiT<br />
es naxvretebi qvis orive zedapiridan erTmaneTis Sesaxvedrad<br />
mimarTul konusur CaRrmavebebs warmoadgens. qvis<br />
mTeli rigi specifikuri monacemebis _ iaspisaTvis damaxisiaTebeli<br />
maRali sisalis, naxvretebis sxvadasxva diametris<br />
da, rac mTavaria, liTonis gamosaWim Tanamedrove<br />
TvalakTan maTi formis sruli msgavsebis safuZvelze <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZem daadgina, rom is warmoadgenda uZveles adidas.<br />
mavTulis gasaWimi am iaraRis adreuli brinjaos xanis<br />
samarxSi aRmoCenisa da tyviavis yorRnebis daTariRebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis monacemebma saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriaze liTonis mavTulis damzadebis sawyis<br />
etapebTan dakavSirebiT Semdgom sqemas Cauyara safuZveli:<br />
Tavdapirvelad mavTulis damzadeba eneoliTidan adre<br />
brinjaos gardamaval xanaSi yovelmxrivi (wriuli) Wedvis<br />
wesiT aiTvises, romelic adre brinjaos xanaSi adidvis wesma<br />
Secvala.<br />
2001 wels ruseTSi gamovida Jurnal `Литейное<br />
производство~-s me-7 nomeri, romelic mTlianad <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZes eZRvneba (Jurnalis sarCevi pirdapir iwyeba miTiTebiT,<br />
rom `Тематическая подборка статей посвящена основателю<br />
Грузинской научной школы металловедов и литейщиков Ф. Н.<br />
Тавадзе~). aq sxvadasxva sferos naSromebTan <strong>erTad</strong> ori statia<br />
mecnierebisa da teqnikis istoriis sakiTxebsac eZRvneba:<br />
pirvel statiaSi ganxilulia Zvel saqarTveloSi mxatvruli<br />
Camosxmis sakiTxebi, xolo meoris analizis obieqts<br />
bulatis foladis gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebebi warmoadgens.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom Jurnalis garekani damSvene-<br />
181
ulia <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZisa da misi mowafeebis mier gamokvleuli<br />
Zveli qarTuli mxatvruli Camosxmis nimuSebis<br />
feradi fotografiebiT.<br />
JurnalSi moyvanili yvela, da maT Soris mecnierulistoriuli<br />
Sinaarsis naSromi, maswavleblisadmi mowafeebis<br />
mxolod madlierebis da pativiscemis gamoxatvas<br />
rodi isaxavs miznad. isini SeiZleba erTgvar ganacxadadac<br />
CaiTvalos, rom momavalSic Rirseul gagrZelebas povebs<br />
is mecnieruli mimarTulebebi, romlebsac saqarTveloSi<br />
saTave daudo <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem. cxadia, maT Soris mecnierul-istoriuli<br />
kvlevebic igulisxmeba, romelTa meSveobiTac<br />
batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma Cveni mdidari warsulis<br />
araerTi umniSvnelovanesi mecnierul-teqnikuri miRweva<br />
warmoaCina.<br />
182
Jurnal “Литейное производство»-s 2001 wlis #7 garekani<br />
183
TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli<br />
sinTezi<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnieruli skolis es mimarTuleba<br />
_ TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli sinTezi Tavisuflad<br />
SeiZleboda gangvexila wignis im nawilSi, sadac<br />
saubari gvqonda foladebze, Senadnobebze da specialur<br />
masalebze. magram sakiTxis gansakuTrebuli specifikurobis<br />
gamo da kidev imitom, rom es problema erT-erTi usayvarlesi<br />
gaxldaT batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>isaTvis da amave dros<br />
misi ukanaskneli gataceba, `bolo akordi~, mizanSewonilad<br />
miviCnieT am mimarTulebis calke ganxilva.<br />
imis mamtkicebel argumentad, rom TviTgavrcelebadi<br />
maRaltemperaturuli sinTezi <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZisaTvis<br />
usayvarlesi Tema gaxldaT, isic gamodgeba, rom man Tavis<br />
SviliSvilsac, sruliad axalgazrda inJiners, swored am<br />
mimarTulebiT dauwyo wvrTna.<br />
gataceba marTlac ukanaskneli iyo imdenad, ramdenadac<br />
TviT qimiuri movlena _ TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli<br />
sinTezi, rogorc aRmoCena, farTo mecnieruli<br />
wreebisaTvis 1978 wels gaxda cnobili. am aRmoCenam imTaviTve<br />
miipyro batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is yuradReba. igi mixvda,<br />
rom TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis<br />
meTodiT SesaZlebelia masalaTmcodneobis mravali adre<br />
gadauWreli problemis mogvareba da maSinve daamyara mecnieruli<br />
kavSiri profesor a.merJanovTan * , romelic imxanad<br />
CernogolovkaSi, qimiuri fizikis institutSi, am mimar-<br />
Tulebas xelmZRvanelobda. TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli<br />
sinTezis teqnologia amJamad e.w. `sensaciuri<br />
teqnologiebis~ ricxvs miekuTvneba, maSin ki am meTods bevri<br />
saeWvod miiCnevda da skeptikuradac uyurebda. swored<br />
* akademikosi a.merJanovi struqturuli makrokinetikisa da masalaTmcodneobis<br />
problemebis institutis direqtori gaxldaT<br />
2005 wlamde. amJamad institutis konsultantia.<br />
184
im dros gaido xidi or mecnierul mimarTulebas _ qimiur<br />
fizikasa da masalaTmcodneobas Soris, romlis erT TavSi<br />
aRmoCenis avtorebi _ a.merJanovi, i.borovinskaia da v.Skiro<br />
idgnen, meoreSi _ <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe Tavisi mowafeebiT. am<br />
ori skolis TanamSromlobam uTuod mniSvnelovani gavlena<br />
iqonia TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis<br />
aRmavlobaze. Tu dRes am mimarTulebas farTo teqnologiuri<br />
gamoyeneba gaaCnia da misi meSveobiT mravali axali<br />
naerTia sinTezirebuli, aq, udavod, <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis<br />
skolis damsaxurebacaa.<br />
zogadad, TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli<br />
sinTezis arsi mdgomareobs komponentebis egzoTermuli<br />
urTierTqmedebis xarjze qimiuri procesis CatarebaSi.<br />
saerTod, reaqciis siTbo didi xania gamoiyeneba metalurgiaSi.<br />
liTonTermuli procesebi, romlebic gulisxmobs<br />
liTonebis aRdgenas maTi naerTebidan (Jangeulebi, halogenidebi)<br />
ufro maRali aqtiurobis mqone liToniT (alumini,<br />
magniumi, siliciumi), farTodaa gavrcelebuli. TviTgavrcelebadi<br />
maRaltemperaturuli sinTezi garegnulad<br />
metad waagavs liTonTermul process, magram principulad<br />
gansxvavdeba misgan imiT, rom procesi mimdinareobs wvis<br />
reJimSi, garedan damatebiTi energiis miwodebis gareSe.<br />
wvis procesi alTan asocirebs da `myari alis~ saxeliTaa<br />
cnobili.<br />
TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis<br />
procesi iwyeba garedan miwodebuli Tburi impulsiT,<br />
magaliTad, volframis ZafSi eleqtrodenis gatarebiT.<br />
reaqcia inicirdeba moreagire elementebis fxvnilebis<br />
dawnexili briketis Txel fenaSi. es fena wvis talRis saxiT<br />
gadaadgildeba mTel briketSi. misi gavrcelebis siCqare<br />
wamSi aTi santimetris rigisaa, xolo temperatura<br />
4000 0 C aRwevs. swored amaSi mdgomareobs TviTgavrcelebadi<br />
maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis upiratesoba: am meTo-<br />
185
diT SesaZlebelia Zneldnobadi naerTebis sinTezireba.<br />
tradiciuli meTodebiT maTi miReba dakavSirebulia did<br />
energodanaxarjebTan da saWiroebs rTuli saxurebeli teqnikis<br />
gamoyenebas, xolo bevr SemTxvevaSi principulad<br />
SeuZlebelia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom TviTgavrcelebadi<br />
maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis procesiT miRebuli<br />
produqti sawyis komponentebTan SedarebiT ufro sufTaa,<br />
vinaidan procesis msvlelobis dros advilad aqroladi<br />
minarevebis aorTqlebis xarjze xdeba TviTgawmenda.<br />
TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis<br />
siCqare da temperatura damokidebulia mraval faqtorze.<br />
maTgan umTavresia Termodinamikuri parametrebi, misaRebi<br />
naerTis warmoqmnis siTbo, reaqciaSi monawile elementebis<br />
siTbotevadoba, fxvnilis dispersuloba, marcvlis forma,<br />
narevis siTbogamtaroba, briketis simkvrive da sxva.<br />
TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli sinTezi, rogorc<br />
sruliad `axalgazrda~ teqnologia, moiTxovs savaraudo<br />
reaqciis qimiuri energiis maragis Sefasebas da<br />
zemoaRniSnuli parametrebis gaTvaliswinebas yvela axali<br />
masalis sinTezis procesSi.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT farTo frontiT<br />
daiwyo gamokvlevebi TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli<br />
sinTezis sferoSi. mokle droSi sinTezirebul iqna<br />
sruliad axali sali Senadnobebi, liTonuri da keramikuli<br />
zegamtari masalebi, boris karbidi, boris nitridi, siliciumis<br />
karbidi da sxva.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem pirvelma scada TviTgavrcelebadi<br />
maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis teqnologiis gamoyenebiT<br />
WiaTuris manganumis madnis I da II xarisxis koncentratebidan<br />
unaxSirbado feromanganumis miReba, ramac madnidan<br />
manganumis amoReba (aluminoTermiul meTodTan SedarebiT),<br />
daaxloebiT 75%-dan 84%-mde gazarda.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i did yuradRebas aqcevda TviT-<br />
186
gavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis meTodiT titanis<br />
karbidebis, titanis boridebisa da qromis karbidebis<br />
fuZeze sali Senadnobebis miRebas. misi xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
pirvelad SemuSavda sali Senadnobebis axali jgufi,<br />
romelSic sal fazad boridebi gvevlineba, xolo Semkvrelad<br />
_ boridis warmomqmneli liToni. am meTodiT miRebuli<br />
saWrisebi, adidvis Tvalakebi, Stampebi, mimmarTvelebi<br />
da sxva nakeTobani maRali teqnologiuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba.<br />
es teqnologiebi Canergilia iJevskis metalurgiul,<br />
niJni-novgorodis saaviacio, quTaisis saavtomobilo<br />
da zestafonis kabelebis qarxnebSi.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe _ mecnierebis organizatori<br />
mecnieruli skolis miRwevebs umTavresad misi xelmZ-<br />
Rvanelis saerTaSoriso avtoriteti gansazRvravs. cnobilia,<br />
rom upiratesobas aniWeben im skolis mier miRebul<br />
Sedegebs, romelic ufro avtoritetulia. <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZe da misi skola am TvalsazrisiT gamorCeuli iyo rogorc<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi, aseve mis sazRvrebs gareT.<br />
es gasakviri arc aris, radgan, rogorc adre aRvniSneT,<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis skola marTvis TavaZiseuli meTodis<br />
gamo imTaviTve gamoirCeoda Tavisi organizaciiT da stabilur<br />
mecnierul koleqtivad Camoyalibda, rac, udavod,<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is, rogorc mecnierebis organizatoris,<br />
didi damsaxureba gaxldaT.<br />
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis metalurgiis instituti<br />
metalurgiuli mecnierebis <strong>erTad</strong>erTi maprofilebeli<br />
instituti iyo mTels amierkavkasiaSi. amis gamo<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i mizanmimarTulad cdilobda misdami<br />
daqvemdebarebul institutSi srulad asaxuliyo metalurgiuli<br />
mecnierebis yvela mimarTuleba.<br />
garda im samecniero mimarTulebebisa, romelTac<br />
uSualod batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma Cauyara safuZveli, igi<br />
187
yovelmxriv uwyobda xels sxva mimarTulebebis ganviTarebasac<br />
da swored amaSi mdgomareobs <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis,<br />
rogorc mecnierebis organizatoris, siZliere. nimuSad<br />
mogvyavs metalurgiis institutis feradi da iSviaTi<br />
liTonebis laboratoriis pirveli xelmZRvanelis, teqnikis<br />
mecnierebaTa doqtoris, saqarTvelos sainJinro akademiis<br />
akademikosis givi zviadaZis werili.<br />
188<br />
feradi metalurgiis samecniero kera<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis saxelobis<br />
metalurgiis institutSi<br />
givi zviadaZe<br />
intensiurma geologiurma dazvervebma gasuli saukunis<br />
meore naxevridan daadgina saqarTveloSi rigi feradi<br />
liTonebis _ spilenZis, tyvia-TuTiis, dariSxanis, anTimonis<br />
da vercxliswylis metalurgiis CamoyalibebisaTvis<br />
sakmao madneulis maragi, ramac arsebiTad gansazRvra<br />
mrewvelobis axali dargis Seqmnis perspeqtiuloba, misi<br />
mecnieruli, teqnikuri da ekonomikuri wanamZRvrebis damuSavebis<br />
aucilebloba.<br />
am kompleqsuri problemis damuSaveba saqarTvelos<br />
sagegmo struqturebTan <strong>erTad</strong> iTava saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis metalurgiis institutma, romelic<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT 50-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda<br />
metalurgiis, rogorc sainJinro mecnierebis erTerTi<br />
mniSvnelovani dargis kvlevis centri saqarTveloSi.<br />
1961 wels metalurgiis institutSi gaixsna feradi da<br />
iSviaTi liTonebis laboratoria, romlis Seqmnis erT-er-<br />
Ti iniciatori <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe gaxldaT.<br />
ratom uwodes am laboratorias feradi da iSviaTi<br />
liTonebis da ara feradi metalurgiis laboratoria?
laboratoriis, rogorc samecniero kvleviTi qvedanayofis,<br />
saxelwodeba zogjer emyareba mkvlevarTa garkveuli<br />
jgufis mier ukve Catarebul samuSaoTa profils, rac kvleviTi<br />
muSaobis erTgvar ”konstituciur” dafiqsirebas<br />
warmoadgens. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki laboratoriis saxelwodeba<br />
momaval samuSaoTa programulma mizandasaxulobam<br />
ganapiroba, rac moicavda nedleulidan <strong>liTonTa</strong> warmoebis<br />
procesebis damuSaveba-Seswavlas da aseve sakuTriv<br />
feradi da iSviaTi liTonebisa da maTi Senadnobebis, gansakuTrebiT<br />
Txevad mdgomareobaSi, fizikur-qimiuri,<br />
umTavresad Termodinamikuri Tvisebebis kvlevis problematikas.<br />
gamokvlevaTa orive mimarTulebis erT specializirebul<br />
laboratoriaSi Tavmoyras batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i<br />
mizanSewonilad da marTebulad Tvlida. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom iSviaTi liTonebi feradi metalebis erT-erT<br />
qvejgufs warmoadgens, maT laboratoriis saxelwodebis<br />
formirebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili daeTmo, rasac Tavisi<br />
gamarTleba hqonda. amis mizezi iyo is, rom informacia<br />
qveynis wiaRiseulSi maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb da gamokvlevebi<br />
adgilobrivi nedleulidan maTi amoRebis procesebis<br />
sakiTxebze da miT umetes maTi Semcveli liTonuri sistemebis<br />
Txevad mdgomareobaSi daxasiaTebis sferoSi saqarTveloSi<br />
Catarebuli samuSaoebis mixedviT metad mwiri iyo.<br />
laboratoriis sakadro Semadgenloba TandaTanobiT<br />
ivseboda saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis qimiuri<br />
teqnologiis, metalurgiis fakultetebisa da moskovis<br />
feradi metalebisa da oqros institutis metalurgiis<br />
fakultetis kursdamTavrebulebiT. laboratoriis kvleviTi<br />
muSaobis mimarTulebaTa Tavdapirveli dagegmvisa<br />
da materialuri aRWurvis sakiTxebSi uaRresad nayofieri<br />
iyo mWidro TanamSromloba ssr kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
a.baikovis saxelobis metalurgiis institutis Sesatyvisi<br />
profilis laboratoriasTan (laboratoriis gamge<br />
189
ssr kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti<br />
d.CiJikovi) da moskovis feradi metalebisa da oqros institutis<br />
msubuqi liTonebis kaTedrasTan (kaTedris gamge<br />
ssr kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti<br />
a.beliaevi, kaTedris profesori v.pazuxini), romlebTanac<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s didi xnis siaxlove, urTierTpativiscema<br />
da TanamSromloba akavSirebda. batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
rCeviT laboratoriis gaxsnisTanave gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />
mieqca saqarTvelos spilenZis, dariSxanis (maT<br />
Soris oqrosSemcvel arsenopiritul), vercxliswylis<br />
madnebisa da aluminis Semcveli myari sawvavis mineraluri<br />
nawilis eleqtrometalurgiuli gadamuSavebis produqts<br />
_ ferosilikoalumins, rogorc metaluri aluminis misaReb<br />
masalas. swored aRniSnulma garemoebam gansazRvra<br />
laboratoriis kvlevis mimarTuleba. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is iniciativiT laboratoriis Tematika<br />
sistematurad farTovdeboda saqarTvelos feradi metalurgiis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis metad saWiro da mniSvnelovani<br />
TemebiT.<br />
saqarTvelos ar gaaCnia aluminis sawarmoeblad<br />
saWiro ZiriTadi madnebi _ boqsitebi. magram mis wiaRiseulSi<br />
arsebuli myari sawvavi _ qvanaxSiri, naxSirbadovani<br />
fiqlebi da Tixovani fiqlebis mineraluri Semadgenlebi<br />
mniSvnelovani raodenobiT Seicavs aluminisa da<br />
siliciumis oqsidebs, rac SesaZlebels xdis eleqtrometalurgiuli<br />
procesiT miviRoT ferosilikoalumini, romelic<br />
liTonuri aluminis misaReb masalas warmoadgens.<br />
roca aRniSnuli laboratoria pirvel nabijebs dgamda,<br />
metalurgiis institutis eleqtroTermiis laboratorias<br />
damuSavebuli hqonda ferosilikoaluminis miRebis<br />
teqnologia. amitom Cven didi yuradReba davuTmeT ferosilikoaluminisagan<br />
liTonuri aluminis miRebis sakiTxs.<br />
damuSavda marilTa lRobilSi anodad gamoyenebuli fero-<br />
190
silikoaluminisagan seleqciurad aluminis gaxsnisa da<br />
misi kaTodze Txevad mdgomareobaSi miRebis eleqtroqimiuri<br />
meTodi.<br />
uZvelesi droidan saqarTveloSi warmoebul spilenZs<br />
dResac gaaCnia sakmao nedleulis baza qveynis wiaRiseul-<br />
Si warmodgenili kolCedanuri madnebis saxiT, romelTa<br />
flotaciiT miiReba liTonuri spilenZis sawarmoebeli masala<br />
_ spilenZis sulfiduri koncentrati. saqarTvelos<br />
spilenZkolCedanuri madnebis SedarebiT mcire masStaburobisa<br />
da maTi sruli metalurgiuli gadamuSavebis ekonomikuri<br />
efeqtianobis uzrunvelsayofad, teqnologiis<br />
kompleqsurobisa da ekologiurobis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
laboratoriam daamuSava da Seiswavla spilenZis sulfiduri<br />
koncentratidan liTonuri spilenZis miRebis<br />
meTodi, koncentratis Steinze dnobiT da Semdgom uSualod<br />
Steinis anoduri gaxsniT da kaTodze spilenZis<br />
daleqviT, rac SesaZlebels xdis teqnologiuri sqemidan<br />
gamovricxoT konvertirebisa da cecxlovani rafinirebis<br />
ekologiurad mZime procesebi. elementaruli gogirdis,<br />
rkinis sulfatisa an oqsidis, oqrosa da zogierTi iSvia-<br />
Ti liTonis (selenis, teluris) Semcveli anoduri lamis<br />
miRebis gziT ganxorcielda nedleulis kompleqsuri gamoyenebis<br />
teqnologia, romelic SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos<br />
saqarTveloSi spilenZis sulfiduri koncentratidan<br />
liTonuri spilenZisa da sxva Tanamdevi produqtebis warmoebis<br />
daproeqtebas da organizacias.<br />
gasuli saukunis samocian wlebSi rusTavis metalurgiul<br />
qarxanaSi meoreuli aluminis SedgenilobaSi manganumis<br />
Seyvanis mizniT laboratoriam daamuSava da Seiswavla<br />
dnobaSi gamoyenebul marilovan lRobilSi manganumis<br />
qloridis gaxsnisa da Semdgom misi Txevadi aluminiTve aRdgenis<br />
meTodi. laboratoriis samuSaoebSi mniSvnelovani<br />
191
yuradReba mieqca dariSxanis arsenopirituli da auripigment-realgaluri<br />
madnebisa da koncentratebis gadamuSavebis<br />
sakiTxebs.<br />
SemuSavda canis sabados arsenopirituli madnis<br />
safuZvelze teqnikurad sufTa liTonuri dariSxanis<br />
miRebis meTodi. meTodis milovan da retortul aparateb-<br />
Si praqtikul ganxorcielebas zRudavda dariSxanis orTqlis<br />
areSi foladis aparaturis korozia. am ukanasknelis<br />
Tavidan asacileblad damuSavda arsenopiritis gaxurebis<br />
induqciuri meTodi, ramac aparatis sareaqcio zonaSi<br />
gamoricxa foladis gamoyenebis saWiroeba. axali teqnologia<br />
warmatebiT gamoicada uravis qarxanaSi, misi Semdgom<br />
canis qarxanaSi Canergvis mizniT. es iyo dariSxanisa da<br />
ara marto dariSxanis metalurgiaSi teqnologiuri siaxle,<br />
romelic ganxorcielda sawarmoo gaerTianeba ”samTo<br />
qimiis”, uravis qarxnisa da ssr kavSiris eleqtronuli<br />
mrewvelobis zelinogradis samecniero centris koleqtivebTan<br />
<strong>erTad</strong>. garda amisa, laboratoriaSi SemuSavda<br />
teqnikuri sisufTavis dariSxanis mZime feradi liTonebis<br />
xsnarebidan rafinirebis meTodi.<br />
ssr kavSiris qimiis mrewvelobis saministros Sromis<br />
organizaciis institutis Tbilisis filialis koleqtivTan<br />
<strong>erTad</strong> SevimuSaveT auripigment-realgaluri<br />
koncentratidan dariSxanovani qalkogeniduri minis<br />
sawarmoebeli saWiro siwmindis masalis reqtifikaciiT<br />
miRebis meTodi, romelic uravis qarxanaSi gamoicada.<br />
laboratoriam aqeisa da avadxaris singuris Semcveli<br />
madnebidan da maTi koncentratebidan liTonuri vercxliswylis<br />
miRebis mizniT daamuSava singuris aRdgenis<br />
liTonTermuli meTodi, romelic praqtikaSi gavrcelebul<br />
daJangvis meTodTan SedarebiT gamoricxavs gogirdovani<br />
airis warmoqmnas da amis gamo maRali ekologiurobiT<br />
gamoirCeva. am samuSaoTa farglebSi saqarTvelos geolo-<br />
192
giis saxelmwifo sammarTvelos davalebiT damuSavda singurul<br />
madnebSi calke arsebuli liTonuri vercxliswylis<br />
Semcvelobis gansazRvris originaluri distilaciuri<br />
meTodi.<br />
amrigad, laboratoriis samuSaoebma TiTqmis srulad<br />
moicva saqarTvelos wiaRiseulSi warmodgenili feradi<br />
liTonebis Semcveli nedleulis metalurgiuli da qimiuri<br />
gadamuSavebis sakiTxebi da moamzada qveyanaSi feradi<br />
metalurgiis sawarmoebis daproeqtebis teqnlogiuri da<br />
teqnikur-ekonomikuri safuZvlebi. dRes, saqarTvelos<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis pirobebSi, laboratoriaSi<br />
Sesrulebul samuSaoTa Sedegebi mzard mniSvnelobas<br />
iZens Cveni qveynis mrewvelobisa da ekonomikis restruqturizaciis<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
laboratoriis mWidro kavSiri yofili sabWoTa saxelmwifos<br />
feradi metalurgiis sawarmoebTan da samecniero<br />
centrebTan apirobebda laboratoriis kvlevebs<br />
feradi da iSviaTi liTonebis metalurgiis im problemaTa<br />
gadasawyvetad, romlebic moicaven am dargis mecnierebisa<br />
da teqnikis farTo speqtris mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs.<br />
laboratoriaSi damuSavda tute liTonebis maTi ftoridebidan<br />
da qloridebidan vakuumTermuli aRdgeniT<br />
miRebis axali meTodi da detalurad iqna Seswavlili am<br />
meTodis Termodinamikuri, kinetikuri da eleqtroqimiuri<br />
sakiTxebi. axali meTodi liTonuri ceziumisa da rubidiumis<br />
sawarmoeblad gamoicada novosibirskis iSviaTi<br />
metalebis qarxanaSi.<br />
laboratoriis koleqtivma daamuSava aluminis iSviaTmiwa<br />
liTonebTan (lanTanTan, ceriumTan, neodiumTan da<br />
sxva) ligaturebis maTi qloridebis aluminiT vakuumTermuli<br />
aRdgenis originaluri meTodi, romelic gamoicada<br />
irtiSis qimiur-metalurgiul qarxanaSi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom feradi metalurgiis ganviTare-<br />
193
asTan dakavSirebuli amocanebis gadaWras laboratoriis<br />
koleqtivi axdenda saTanado procesebisa da sistemebis<br />
Tanamedrove eqsperimentuli meTodebiT Seswavlis<br />
safuZvelze. am mizniT laboratoriaSi Seiqmna procesTa<br />
orTqlisebri produqtebis wnevis gazomvis, procesTa ganviTarebis<br />
Termografiuli da uwyvetad kinetikuri dafiqsirebis,<br />
eleqtroqimiuri parametrebis gazomvis, gamdnar<br />
mdgomareobaSi liTonur sistemebSi kalorimetruli<br />
gazomvebis danadgarebi da damuSavda Sesabamisi meTodikebi.<br />
laboratoriaSi ganxorcielebul samuSaoTa zogadi<br />
CamonaTvali, bunebrivia, srulad ver asaxavs iq momuSave<br />
mkvlevarTa yoveldRiuri Sromis masStabebs da SemoqmedebiT<br />
atmosferos, mis emociur daZabulobas, romelic<br />
moicavda rogorc warmatebiT gamowveul sixaruls, aseve<br />
warumateblobiTa da siZneleebTan dakavSirebul dramatizms,<br />
da sabolood mainc udides bednierebas, rac Tan axlavs<br />
mecnieruli kvleviT gaxsnil saidumloebaSi wvdomis<br />
siamovnebas. vigoneb ra yovelive amas, minda madlierebis<br />
grZnobiT aRvniSno institutis direqtoris, Rvawlmosili<br />
mecnieris, batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is keTilganwyobili da<br />
mzrunveli damokidebuleba feradi da iSviaTi liTonebis<br />
laboratoriisadmi, ramac mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba<br />
Cveni koleqtivis warmatebebi da miRwevebi.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmuli sawindari iyo imisa, rom feradi<br />
da iSviaTi liTonebis laboratoriis saxiT saqarTveloSi<br />
Camoyalibda feradi metalurgiis pirveli specializirebuli<br />
centri, romlis SeqmnaSi mniSvnelovani Rvawli miuZ-<br />
Rvis akademikos <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZes, mecnierebis did organizators,<br />
Rirseul pirovnebas da WeSmarit patriots.<br />
zemoT moyvanili werilidan naTlad Cans, Tu rogor<br />
uwyobda xels batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i metalurgiis institutSi<br />
194
saqarTvelosTvis saWiro mniSvnelovani samecniero mimar-<br />
Tulebebis ganviTarebas, magram igi marto misdami daqvemdebarebuli<br />
institutiT ar ifargleboda.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i mecnierebis marTlac didi organizatori<br />
gaxldaT, rac gulisxmobs ama Tu im dargis, an<br />
mecnieruli mimarTulebis ganviTarebis koordinirebas. imisaTvis,<br />
rom naTqvami liton sityvebad ar darCes, sakmarisia<br />
moviyvanoT im samecniero komitetebisa da komisiebis<br />
arasruli CamonaTvali, romelTa mudmivi wevric gaxldaT<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i:<br />
• CamomsxmelTa saerTaSoriso asociaciis komiteti;<br />
• kompoziciuri masalebis saerTaSoriso komisia;<br />
• boris, boridebisa da monaTesave naerTebis saerTaSoriso<br />
samecniero komiteti;<br />
• foladis warmoebis fizikur-qimiuri safuZvlebisadmi<br />
miZRvnili sabWoTa kavSir-iaponiis mudmivmoqmedi seminari.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe wlebis manZilze mudmivad monawileobda<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiisa da sab-<br />
WoTa kavSiris mecnierebisa da teqnikis komitetTan arsebuli<br />
sabWoebis muSaobaSi. esenia:<br />
• myari tanis fizikis;<br />
• metalurgiuli procesebis fizikuri qimiis;<br />
• metalurgiaSi axali procesebisa da Senadnobebis;<br />
• liTonebis koroziisa da dacvis.<br />
es sabWoebi gansazRvravda qveyanaSi aRniSnuli samecniero<br />
mimarTulebebis ganviTarebas.<br />
imavdroulad <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe warmatebiT xelmZRvanelobda:<br />
• saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis samecniero sabWos<br />
“metalurgiuli procesebis fizikur-qimiuri safuZvlebi”;<br />
195
• fxvnilovani danafarebis amierkavkasiis regionalur<br />
samecniero centrs;<br />
• manqanaTmSeneblobis mrewvelobis samecniero-teqnikuri<br />
sazogadoebis saqarTvelos respublikur gamgeobas.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i gaxldaT Savi metalurgiis samecniero-teqnikuri<br />
sazogadoebis saqarTvelos respublikuri<br />
gamgeobis, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis bunebismetyvelebisa<br />
da teqnikis istoriis sabWos, problemuri<br />
sabWos _ `Savi metalurgia~, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiasTan da saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da teqnikis saxelmwifo<br />
komitetTn arsebuli samecniero-teqnikuri da<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri prognozirebis samecniero sabWos<br />
wevri.<br />
igi aqtiurad monawileobda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis prezidiumTan arsebuli sawarmoo Zalebisa da<br />
bunebrivi resursebis respublikuri komisiis muSaobaSi.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i did yuradRebas aqcevda qarTuli<br />
metalurgiuli da teqnikuri terminologiebis gamocemis<br />
saqmes da konsultaciebs uwevda terminologiis Semdgenlebs.<br />
ferdiniand TavaZe wlebis ganmavlobaSi nayofierad<br />
TanamSromlobda rigi gamocemebis saredaqcio kolegiebSi:<br />
• metalurgiis terminologia, saq. mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba,<br />
Tbilisi, 1959.<br />
• saerTaSoriso samecniero-teqnikuri Jurnali `Литейное<br />
производство~;<br />
• saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, qimiis seria;<br />
• qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 1-5, Tbilisi, 1975-<br />
1980;<br />
• `Mechanical Properties”, saerTaSoriso Tormettomeuli,<br />
Sveicaria, Jeneva;<br />
• Сборник трудов международного симпозиума по бору: Бор,<br />
получение, структура и свойства, в двух частях, `Наука~,<br />
Москва, 1974, `Мецниереба~, Тбилиси, 1974;<br />
196
• Физическая химия поверхности расплавов. `Мецниереба~,<br />
Тбилиси, 1977.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis redaqtorobiT gamocemulia mTeli<br />
rigi mniSvnelovani naSromebisa * :<br />
• Касумзаде Н.Г., Изменение структуры и свойств стали под<br />
влиянием физико-химических факторов, действующих при<br />
разливке, Баку, 1957;<br />
• Природные ресурсы Грузинской ССР. Т.1-5. Изд-во АН СССР,<br />
Москва, 1958-1963;<br />
• Внутреннее трение в металлах и сплавах. `Наука~, Москва,<br />
1966. (agreTve Targmnilia inglisur enaze da gamocemulia<br />
aSS-Si);<br />
• Internal Friction in Metals and Alloys. New-York, 1967;<br />
• Внутреннее трение в металлических материалах, `Наука~,<br />
Москва, 1970.<br />
• Изложницы, надставки и центровые. Ростовское издательство,<br />
1971;<br />
• Аналитические возможности метода внутреннего трения.<br />
(Сборник статей), `Наука~, Москва, 1973;<br />
• Вапросы металловедения и коррозии металлов (Сборник<br />
статей), вып.1-5 `Мецниереба~, Тбилиси, 1968-1990;<br />
• Внутреннее трение в металлах, полупроводниках,<br />
диэлектриках и ферромагнетиках, `Наука~, Москва, 1978.<br />
(Совместно с В.С. Постниковым и Л.К. Гордиенко);<br />
• Теория и практика металлургии марганца (Сборник статей),<br />
`Наука~, Москва, 1980.<br />
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi redaqtorobiT gamocemuli<br />
inglisuridan naTargmni samtomeuli `Металлография<br />
железа~ Изд-во `Металлургия~, Москва, 1972, romelic yoveli<br />
* f.TavaZis redaqtorobiT 1981 wlamde gamocemuli naSromebis<br />
sia ixileT wignSi _ <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe, biobibliografia, mecniereba,<br />
Tbilisi, 1984.<br />
197
liTonmcodnis samagido wignia.<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s gaaCnda siaxlis SegrZnebis da ur-<br />
Tulesi sakiTxebis martivad gadaWris saocari unari, utyuari<br />
mecnieruli alRo da interesTa metad farTo sfero,<br />
rac ganapirobebda misi moRvaweobis mravalmxrivobas. amis<br />
dasturia saqarTveloSi da mis farglebs gareT momzadebuli<br />
sxvadasxva specialobis asze meti maRalkvalificiuri<br />
mecnieri ara mxolod teqnikis, aramed qimiis, fizikamaTematikis<br />
da istoriis dargSic.<br />
baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s mecnieruli kavSiri da nayofieri<br />
TanamSromloba hqonda yofili sabWoTa kavSirisa da<br />
ucxoeTis gamoCenil mecnierebTan. maRali mecnieruli avtoritetis<br />
gamo masTan TanamSromlobis survili uCndeboda<br />
mraval ucxour samecniero dawesebulebas. mis gverdiT<br />
yofniT Tavs iwonebdnen aseve mTels sabWoTa kavSirSi.<br />
sailustraciod moviyvanT erT-erT magaliTs.<br />
dnepropetrovskis metalurgiis institutSi 1979 wels<br />
konferenciis Catareba ganuzraxavT. amis Sesaxeb <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZisaTvis oficialurad ucnobebiaT, magram meti<br />
garantiisaTvis institutis reqtors axloblobis niSnad<br />
xelnaweri ustaric daudevnebia da Txovnac mouyolebia:<br />
“Tqveni aqtiuri monawileoba konferenciaSi ueWvelad<br />
gazrdis mis avtoritets da amitom Zalian moxarulebi<br />
viqnebiT, Tu gvewveviT”-o. am magaliTidan kargad Cans, Tu<br />
rogor amaRlebda ama Tu im Tavyrilobis prestiJs batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is monawileoba.<br />
2002 wlis oqtomberSi TbilisSi Catarda <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis 90 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso<br />
samecniero-teqnikuri konferencia da gamoica krebuli<br />
“Проблемы металлургии, материаловедения и сварки”.<br />
ukrainis mecnierebaTa akademiis e.patonis saxelobis<br />
eleqtroSeduRebis instituti gaxldaT am konferenciis<br />
Catarebis erT-erTi moTave organizacia. msoflioSi cno-<br />
198
ili am mecnieruli dawesebulebis direqtori, ukrainis nacionaluri<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidenti, akademikosi<br />
boris patoni, samwuxarod, ver daeswro konferencias,<br />
magram gamogzavna mimarTva, romelic qvemoT mogvyavs.<br />
199
aqve mogvyavs ukrainis nacionaluri mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
akademikosebis i.taranisa da m.gasikis <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis 90 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT gamogzavnili werili,<br />
romelic batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>isa da misi skolis aRiarebis<br />
damadasturebelia.<br />
200
atoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is 90 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT<br />
ukrainis prestiJul JurnalSi “Проблемы специальной<br />
электрометаллургии”, Киев, 2002, 4, romlis mTavari redaqtori<br />
gaxlavT akademikosi boris patoni, gamoqveynda werili<br />
201
atoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.<br />
werili gamoqveynda agreTve JurnalSi “Металлургическая и<br />
горнорудная промышленность”, Киев, 2002, 6. orive werili batoni<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong>is aRiarebis kidev erTi magaliTia.<br />
rogor Sefasebas aZlevs f. TavaZis mecnierul moRvaweobas<br />
zogadad Tanamedrove sazogadoeba? am kiTxvaze<br />
calsaxa pasuxs iZleva 1984 wels kievSi, gamomcemloba<br />
«Наукова думка»-s mier dastambuli biografiuli cnobari<br />
“qimikosebi”, romelSic Sesulia msoflios yvela drois<br />
1200-mde gamoCenili qimikosis biografiuli monacemebi da<br />
ZiriTadi mecnieruli miRwevebi. am wignSi akademikosi <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZe moxseniebulia rogorc msoflio mniSvnelobis<br />
metalurgi da qimikosi.<br />
1991 wels moskovSi, gamomcemloba «Высшая школа»-m<br />
gamosca wigni «Выдающиися химики мира», romelSic vrcladaa<br />
aRwerili f.TavaZis miRwevebi maRaltemperaturul<br />
qimiis sferoSi, xolo 2010 wels kievSi, gamomcemloba<br />
«Логос»-sis mier gamoSebul, g.gnesinis wignSi<br />
«Материаловеды» f.TavaZe moxseniebulia, rogorc msoflio<br />
mniSvnelobis masalaTmcodne.<br />
202
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis metalurgiisa da<br />
masalaTmcodneobis instituti<br />
postTavaZiseul periodSi<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis gardacvalebidan Zalian male sabWo-<br />
Ta kavSiris sivrceSi didi politikur-ekonomikuri Zvrebi<br />
moxda. 1991 wels saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada.<br />
myisierad daiSala arsebuli ekonomikuri kavSirebi,<br />
Seferxda bunebrivi gazisa da eleqtroenergiis mowodeba,<br />
qarxana-fabrikebi gaCerda, qveyana sibnelem, sicivem,<br />
umuSevrobam moicva am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT. aseT<br />
rTul fonze mecniereba stagnaciis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda,<br />
mecnier-muSakis Tviuri Semosavali katastrofulad<br />
Semcirda da 10-15 $ - iT ganisazRvra, mravali mecnieruli<br />
mimarTuleba Cakvda, lukmapuris ZiebaSi samecniero<br />
dawesebulebebi datova bevrma kvalificiurma muSakma.<br />
am siduxWires verc metalurgiis instituti gadaurCa.<br />
nel-nela samTo-metalurgiuli profilis sawarmoebi<br />
gaiyida, xolo maTi saqmianobis Tanmxlebi samecniero organizaciebi,<br />
maT Soris metalurgiis institutic, mwiri<br />
dafinansebiT darCa saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi. samwuxarod,<br />
sawarmoTa mflobelebi ar aRmoCndnen dainteresebulni<br />
perspeqtiuli sawarmoo gegmebisa da inovaciuri kvlevebis<br />
dafinansebiT. aseT pirobebSi instituti mainc suldgmulobda<br />
mopovebuli ucxouri grantebis xarjze.<br />
2006 wels qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli ganaTlebisa da<br />
mecnierebis reformis Sedegad instituti gamovida saqarTvelos<br />
erovnuli mecnierebaTa akademiis Semadgenlobidan,<br />
miiRo sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris statusi da saqarTvelos<br />
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros sistemis<br />
daqvemdebarebaSi moeqca. naTeli gaxda, rom instituts<br />
TviTgadarCenis mizniT sawarmoo-praqtikuli mniSvnelobis<br />
samuSaoebze unda gaekeTebina aqcenti, raTa saxelmwifo da<br />
203
kerZo struqturebis interesebis sferoSi moxvedriliyo.<br />
saWiro gaxda institutis saqmianobis gadaxedva. sabednierod,<br />
aRmoCnda uzarmazari resursi _ <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis<br />
periodSi dagrovili zRva masala, maT Soris fundamenturi<br />
kvlevebis sferoSic, romelic instituts safuZvels<br />
uqmnida momavali saqmianobisaTvis. magram imisTvis rom es<br />
ganxorcielebuliyo, saWiro gaxda institutis teqnikuri<br />
saSulebebis sruli modernizacia. Sida resursebis xarjze<br />
gaZlierda sadnobi ubani, mTlianad gadaiaraRda saglinavi<br />
saamqro, rusTavis metalurgiuli qarxnis teqnikuri daxmarebiT<br />
damontaJda axali uwyveti Camosxmis agregati<br />
furclovani zolebis misaRebad (rac qarxnis sacicocxlo<br />
amocanaTa rigs miekuTvneba), damontaJda rkaluri eleqtroRumeli<br />
teqnogenuri narCenebis reciklirebisTvis,<br />
romlis Sedegebsac zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba, vinaidan umniSvnelovanes ekologiur problemaTa<br />
mogvarebas emsaxureba, gaZlierda fxvnilTa metalurgiisa<br />
da kerZod, nanofxvnilebiT specialuri masalebis damzadebis<br />
mimarTulebac, rac Tbilisis saaviacio gaerTianebis<br />
interesebis sferoSi moxvda, damuSavda eleqtro-naperwkluri<br />
meTodiT wnexvis danadgari, aRorZinebis stadiaSia<br />
institutis baTumis koroziuli sadguri.<br />
am sadguris didi mniSvnelobis gamo, masze ufro detalurad<br />
SevCerdebiT. gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTian<br />
wlebSi daufinanseblobis gamo muSaoba Sewyvita metalurgiis<br />
institunis baTumis koroziis laboratoriam, sadac<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT funqcionirebda koroziis<br />
sadguric.<br />
specialistebis azriT baTumi Tavisi klimaturi pirobebiT<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris mTel sivrceSi unikaluri iyo<br />
bunebriv pirobebSi koroziuli gamocdebis Casatareblad.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is iniciativiT 1960 wels swored aq dafuZnda<br />
koroziuli kvlevebis kera. zemoT avRniSneT, Tu<br />
204
aoden did yuradRebas aqcevda batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>i koroziis<br />
mimarTulebas, mas xom am sferoSi samasamde mecnieruli<br />
naSromi da oTxi fundamenturi monografia aqvs<br />
gamoqveynebuli. male institutis baTumis laboratoria<br />
mowinaved iqca, radgan aq sruldeboda ara marto sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris, aramed poloneTis, aRmosavleT germaniis, CexeTis<br />
da sxva socialisturi qveynebis dakveTebi СЭВ-is (Совет<br />
Экономической Взаимопомощи) programiT. zRvis wyalsa da<br />
atmosferul pirobebSi gamocdas gadioda sxvadasxva masala,<br />
manqana-meqanizmebis kvanZebi, agregatebi da sxv. aqve<br />
muSavdeboda antikoroziuli saSualebebi da mcuravi teqnikis<br />
gareSemozrdis gauvnebelyofis meTodebi. baTumis<br />
zrdasTan dakavSirebiT, koroziis laboratoria da sadguri,<br />
romelic qalaqis centralur nawilSi 1 ha farTze<br />
iyo ganlagebuli, rekonstruqciis zonaSi moyva da, rogorc<br />
ufunqcio, daangries. magram, sabednierod, dRevandelma<br />
xelisuflebam gaiTvaliswina am mecnieruli mimar-<br />
Tulebis aRorZinebis aucilebloba da instituts baTumis<br />
gareubanSi gamouyo teritoria (2,2 ha), sadac amJamad mimdinareobs<br />
saTanado stendebisa da mowyobilobis montaJi.<br />
amgvarad, sul mokle xanSi baTumis laboratoria da koroziis<br />
sadguri mkvdreTiT aRdgeba da imedi gvaqvs, rom igi<br />
daibrunebs saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis statuss.<br />
institutSi Catarebuli reformebis Semdeg, laboratoriebSi<br />
damuSavebuli problemebis Sedegebma samrewvelo<br />
nimuSis forma miiRo. Sedegad, institutis inteleqtualuri<br />
produqti specialuri masalebis, axali foladebis,<br />
fxvnilTa metalurgiis, koroziisagan dacvis da a.S. sferoebSi<br />
moTxovnadi gaxda da institutis saqmianoba saxelmwifos<br />
interesebis sferoSi moeqca.<br />
qvemoT ufro detalurad ganvixilavT <strong>ferdinand</strong> Tava-<br />
205
Zis mier dafuZnebul ramdenime mecnierul mimarTulebas,<br />
romlebic amJamad intensiurad viTardeba da institutis<br />
sasicocxlo potencials warmoadgens. es mimarTulebebi<br />
mecnierebatevad sferos ganekuTvneba, faqiz midgomas<br />
saWiroebs da qveynisTvis umniSvnelovanes problemaTa<br />
gadawyvetas Seuwyobs xels, maT Soris Tavdacvis sferoSic.<br />
amJamad saqarTveloSi, maRali simtkicis foladebis<br />
warmoebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, mwvaved dgas “Rirebuleba-efeqturobis”<br />
kriteriumiT dabalansebuli maRali<br />
meqanikuri Tvisebebis mqone specialuri daniSnulebis foladebis<br />
Seqmnis aucilebloba. amave dros sul ufro met<br />
aqtualobas iZens samxedro kontingentis da teqnikis antibalistikuri<br />
dacva, rac unda ganxorcieldes maRali meqanikuri<br />
Tvisebebis mqone specialuri sajavSne foladebis<br />
saSualebiT. saerTaSoriso bazarze aseTi foladebi Zviria<br />
_ erTi tona specialuri daniSnulebis foladis Rirebuleba,<br />
transportirebisa da ganbaJebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
8 aTas dolars aRwevs. garda amisa, isini strategiul masalaTa<br />
jgufs miekuTvnebian da, rogorc wesi, vaWrobis<br />
obieqts ar warmoadgenen. amitom, produqciis specifikurobis<br />
gamo maTi miwodeba dakavSirebulia mniSvnelovan,<br />
xSirad gadaulaxav siZneleebTan. swored amitom, saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
interesebidan gamomdinare, valdebulni varT,<br />
rom qveynisaTvis saWiro raodenobis specialuri daniSnulebis<br />
sajavSne foladebi Tavadve, adgilze vawarmooT.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZem didi<br />
wvlili Seitana Senadnobebis TeoriaSi da gza gaukvala<br />
mravali specialuri foladisa da masalis SemuSavebis teqnologias.<br />
am principebis gamoyenebiT amJamad institutSi<br />
iqmneba specialuri daniSnulebis nakeTobebis damzadebisaTvis<br />
saWiro masalebi. metad mniSvnelovania cveTamedegi<br />
foladebic. maTgan damzadebuli nakeTobebi farTod<br />
206
gamoiyeneba rogorc samoqalaqo (samTo-mompovebeli mrewveloba,<br />
sagzao mSenebloba, miwis damuSaveba da sxv.), aseve<br />
samxedro saqmeSic. magaliTad, muxluxa manqanebi Cveulebriv,<br />
5-10 aTasi kilometri garbenis Semdeg saWiroebs<br />
savali nawilis xaxunze da dartymiT _ dinamikur zemoqmedebaze<br />
momuSave gacveTili detalebis (muxluxas seqcia,<br />
milisa, TiTa, varskvlava da sxva) Secvlas. intensiurad<br />
cvdeba sxva saxis teqnikis xaxunze momuSave detalebic (eqskavatoris<br />
Rojebi, buldozeris danebi da sxv.), romelTa<br />
Semotana ucxoeTidan xdeba da solidur TanxebTanaa dakav-<br />
Sirebuli. aseTi tipis 1 tona foladis fasi saerTaSoriso<br />
bazarze 10000 $ aRwevs.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis<br />
institutSi damuSavebulia axali, nanooqsiduri struqturis<br />
mqone cveTamedegi foladis miRebis originaluri<br />
meTodi. arsebul foladebTan SedarebiT axali foladis<br />
simtkicis, plastikurobisa da dartymiTi siblantis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
30%-mde, xolo cveTamedegoba (mSrali xaxunis<br />
pirobebSi) 25%-mde izrdeba.<br />
gamokvlevebi TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli<br />
sinTezis sferoSi, sabednierod, dResac intensiurad mimdinareobs<br />
da Sedegebic saCinoa. maTgan aucilebelia aRiniSnos<br />
kompoziciuri sajavSne da sakonstruqcio keramikuli<br />
masalebis miRebis teqnologia. TviTgavrcelebadi<br />
maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze<br />
ZiriTadad martivi orkomponentiani sistemebi Seiswavleboda.<br />
jer kidev batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is daJinebuli moTxovniT<br />
daiwyo rTuli mravalkomponentiani sistemebis kvleva. boris<br />
karbidis, korundis, titanis boridis, diboridis da<br />
sxva naerTTa erToblivi sinTezis pirobebSi miRebuli<br />
rTuli fazuri Semadgenlobis keramikuli masalebi maRali<br />
plastikuri TvisebebiT, bzarmedegobiT, sisaliT, teqnologiurobiTa<br />
da ekonomiurobiT gamoirCeva. <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
207
TavaZis mowafeebis mier miRebuli kompoziciuri keramikuli<br />
sajavSne masala ”Tori” balistikuri mdgradobiT aRemateba<br />
yvelaze cnobil sajavSne masalas _ boris karbids,<br />
xolo teqnologiurobiTa da ekonomiurobiT _ korunds.<br />
aq ekonomiuroba SemTxveviT araa naxsenebi. armiis<br />
Tanamedrove javSanJiletebiT aRWurva didi raodenobiT<br />
keramikuli filebis damzadebas moiTxovs. maTi Cveuli teqnologiiT<br />
miReba sakmaod did xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli,<br />
xolo TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli sinTezi ki<br />
am xarjebs sagrZnoblad amcirebs.<br />
kompoziciuri keramikuli elementebisagan damzadebulma<br />
javSanblokebma warmatebiT gaiara testireba germaniaSi,<br />
safrangeTSi, israelsa da aSS-Si.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mowafeebis<br />
zemoT aRweril gamokvlevas, romelic madlierma mowafeebma<br />
TavianT maswavlebels miuZRvnes, 1998 wels qveynis<br />
Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi Setanili gansakuTrebuli<br />
wvlilisaTvis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premia<br />
mieniWa. niSvnelovani SedegebiT aRiniSna gamokvlevebi<br />
mravalfunqciuri liTonkeramikuli masalebis sferoSic.<br />
energodamzogi da ekologiurad sufTa TviTgavrcelebadi<br />
maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis teqnologiiT miRebulia<br />
unikaluri Tvisebebis mqone masalebi karbo _ nitrid<br />
_ boridebis fuZeze. maTi maRali sisale, cveTamedegoba<br />
da simtkicis zRvari kumSvaze, sakmad maRal dartymiT siblantesTan<br />
<strong>erTad</strong>, saSualebas iZleva vawarmooT samoqalaqo<br />
da TavdacviTi daniSnulebis gradientuli liTonkeramikuli<br />
masalebi. am sferoSi Sesrulebul mecnierul<br />
samuSaoTa cikls 2010 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli premia<br />
mieniWa. mkiTxvels Sevaxseneb, rom es mesame SemTxvevaa,<br />
roca batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is mowafeebi maswavleblis mier<br />
momzadebul niadagze aseT maRal Sedegs aRweven.<br />
institutSi intensiurad muSaoben fxvnilTa meta-<br />
208
lurgiis meTodebiT axali masalebis Seqmnis mimarTulebiT.<br />
miRebuli masalebi gamoiyeneba saWrisebis, frezebis,<br />
filerebis, presformebis, navTobsadeni droselebis da<br />
sxva nakeTobaTa dasamzadeblad. amisTvis damuSavebulia<br />
teqnologiebi axali tipis metalokeramikuli kompoziciuri<br />
masalebis Sesaqmnelad (CrB, CrB 2 , (TiCr)B 2 , Cr 3 C 2 , NiCr -<br />
Cr 3 C 2 , NiCr - TiC, (TiCr)B 2 - Al 2 O 3 , (TiCr)B 2 , Ni-Cu - Al 2 O 3 , TiC-<br />
WC-Co -Ni, WC-Co, TiC-WC-Co-Ni, WC-FeNi da sxva), romelTa<br />
miRebac arsebuli meTodebiT praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.<br />
am masalebSi efeqturadaa Sejerebuli liTonisa da keramikis<br />
Tvisebebi, rac saSualebas iZleva damakmayofilebeli<br />
dartymiTi siblantis pirobebSi gaizardos simtkice. zemoaRniSnuli<br />
fxvnilebisagan damzadebulma produqciam<br />
warmatebiT gaiara gamocda rusTavis metalurgiul da<br />
Tbilisis saaviacio qarxnebSi.<br />
ukanasknel wlebSi institutis SesamCnevi gaaqtiureba<br />
aisaxa sagamomcemlo saqmianobazec. bolo xuT weliwadSi<br />
dastambulia 7 wigni, maT Soris 2 monografia, 3 saxelmZRvanelo<br />
da 2 qarTul-inglisur-rusuli ganmartebiTi leqsikoni<br />
metalurgiasa damasalaTmcodneobis dargSi. 2009<br />
wels adgilobriv da ucxour JurnalebSi gamoqveynebulia<br />
40 statia, 2010 wels _ 44, xolo 2011 wels _ 75. sagrZnoblad<br />
gaizarda institutis aqtiuroba saerTaSoriso samecniero<br />
forumebSi: institutis TanamSromlebma monawileoba<br />
miiRes 10 saerTaSoriso konferenciaSi: somxeTSi, azerbeijanSi,<br />
ruseTSi, ukrainaSi, TurqmeneTSi, safrangeTSi, saberZneTSi,<br />
TurqeTSi, germanasa da meqsikaSi.<br />
institutma aRadgina gawyvetili samecniero kavSirebi<br />
ukrainis, ruseTis federaciis da amierkavkasiis respublikebis<br />
samecniero dawesebulebebTan, daamyara saqmiani<br />
urTierTobebi SeerTebuli Statebis, didi britaneTis, israelis<br />
samecniero centrebTan. amJamad instituts part-<br />
209
nioruli urTierTobebi gaaCnia ukrainis mecnierebaTa<br />
erovnuli akademiis evgeni patonis saxelobis SeduRebis<br />
institutTan, ivane franceviCis saxelobis maslaTmcodneobis<br />
problemebis institutTan, dnepropetrovskis metalurgiis<br />
akademiasTan, israelis xaifas teqnikur universitetTan<br />
(teqnioni), amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis berklis<br />
sainJinro qimiisa da masalaTmcodneobis centrTan da stambolis<br />
teqnikuri universitetis masalaTmcodneobisa da<br />
warmoebis teqnologiebis kvleviT centrTan.<br />
210<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis saiubileo TariRebi<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is memorialuri dReebi Catarda orjer:<br />
2002 wels, misi dabadebidan 90 wlisTavze da 2012 wels<br />
_ 100 wlisTavze. mkiTxvels Sevaxseneb 2002 wlis saiubileo<br />
dReebis peripetiebs.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is pirovnebis sidiadis, mravalmxrivi<br />
niWierebis, kacTmoyvareobis, uSurvelad gacemuli usazRvro<br />
siyvarulis damadasturebeli gaxldaT is saocrad<br />
Tbili da siyvaruliT aRsavse saiubileo saRamoebi, romelic<br />
misma madlierma mowafeebma da kolegebma Caatares<br />
f.TavaZis saxelobis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis<br />
institutSi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiaSi da<br />
quTaisis politeqnikur universitetSi misi dabadebis 90<br />
wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT. aseve SesaniSnavi dResaswauli<br />
moawyo goris mowinave sazogadoebam iubilaris mSobliur<br />
qalaqSi, sadac saxlze, romelSic <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe daibada<br />
da cxovrobda, sazeimod gaixsna memorialuri dafa, xolo<br />
quCas misi saxeli ewoda. TbilisSi, metro delisis mimdebare<br />
quCa <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis saxels atarebs.<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis 90 wlisTavs gamoexmaura saqarTvelos<br />
televiziis pirveli arxis baton merab beraZis saa-
vtoro programa “energia”, metad Tbili, saintereso gadacemiT<br />
_ `qarTvel xalibTa mokananaxe~ * . aswavleblisadmi<br />
udidesi siyvarulisa da pativiscemis damadasturebelia<br />
baton guram qaSakaSvilis TaosnobiTa da ZalisxmeviT <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis saxelis ukvdavsayofad brinjaoSi Camosxmuli<br />
SesaniSnavi biusti, romelic amSvenebs f.TavaZis saxelobis<br />
metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis institutis<br />
ezos.<br />
biustis avtorma, saqarTvelos damsaxurebulma moqandakem,<br />
batonma guram qajaiam, marTlac rom gagvicocxla<br />
Cveni maswavleblis saxe, saxe _ romelic Cven, mis mowafeebs,<br />
dResac lampariviT win gvidgas.<br />
da bolos, gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom batoni givi anCabaZis<br />
TaosnobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli gamogveca wigni batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is<br />
cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb da amiT pativi<br />
da siyvaruli migvego Cveni maswavleblisaTvis, Tavis qveyanaze<br />
uzomod Seyvarebuli Rvawlmosili mecnierisaTvis,<br />
romlis saxeli marad darCeba saqarTvelosTvis damaSvral<br />
mamuliSvilTa Soris.<br />
udavod masStaburi iyo <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis dabadebidan<br />
100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo dReebic. am<br />
TariRTan dakavSirebiT 2012 wlis 4-6 ivniss TbilisSi Catarda<br />
saerTaSoriso konferencia: „araorganuli masalaTmcodneobis<br />
Tanamedrove teqnologiebi da meTodebi“.<br />
konferenciis muSaobaSi qarTvel specialistebTan <strong>erTad</strong><br />
monawileobdnen aSS-s, israelis, ukrainis, ruseTisa da<br />
somxeTis cnobili masalaTmcodneebi.<br />
konferenciis gasnis ceremonialze sityviT gamovidnen<br />
_ saqarTvelos parlamentis pirveli vice-spikeri, saqarTvelos<br />
mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis pirveli viceprezidenti,<br />
akademikosi fridon Todua da saqarTvelos<br />
* mokananaxe _ saqmis gamgrZelebeli<br />
211
teqnikuri universitetis reqtori, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti arCil frangiSvili.<br />
fridon Toduas konferenciis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli mosazreba<br />
imdenad sainteresod miviCnieT, rom saWirod CavTvaleT<br />
igi mkiTxvelisTvisac gagvecno.<br />
212<br />
fridon Toduas misalmeba<br />
Cveni epoqa teqnikur sferoSi udidesi miRwevebiT<br />
aRiniSna. Cven vcxovrobT maRali potencialebis, zemaRali<br />
temperaturebis, wnevebis, siCqareebis saukuneSi. saocari<br />
siswrafiT viTardeba sruliad axali dargebi, maT Soris samedicino<br />
teqnologiebi. me praqtikosi eqimi gaxlavarT da<br />
kargad vicnob medicinaSi gamoyenebul Tanamedrove teqnikas,<br />
im metamorfozis mowmec var, rac am teqnikam ukanasknel<br />
xanebSi ganicada, ZiriTadad masalaTmcodneobis, da<br />
kerZod, nanoteqnologiebis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
Cemi Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare vicnob<br />
masalaTmcodneobis sferoSi saqarTvelos ukanasknel miRwevebs,<br />
maRal Sefasebas vaZlev maT da mimaCnia, rom isini<br />
qveynis ganviTarebas uwyoben xels da usafrTxoebis problemebze<br />
arian orientirebulni.<br />
dRevandeli teqnikuri progresi moiTxovs sruliad<br />
axali, specialuri fizikur-qimiuri da meqanikuri Tvisebebis<br />
mqone masalebis miRebas da am mimarTulebiT saTanado<br />
kvlevebis Catarebas.<br />
mivesalmebi Tqveni konferenciis TbilisSi Catarebas.<br />
xazgasmiT aRvniSnav, rom am mimarTulebiT momuSave<br />
cnobili mecnieruli skolebis warmomadgenelTa Sekreba<br />
dargSi arsebuli problemebis analizisa da uaxlesi Sedegebis<br />
ganxilvis mizniT, miuTiTebs imaze, rom araorganuli
masalaTmcodneobis sferoSi saqarTvelos mecnieruli da<br />
teqnologiuri potenciali saTanado donezea warmoCenili.<br />
udavod STambeWdavia konferenciis Semadgenlobac.<br />
saqarTvelos cnobil samecniero dawesebulebebTan er-<br />
Tad, rogorebicaa saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti,<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis<br />
instituti, elefTer andronikaSvilis fizikis instituti<br />
da sxva, konferenciaSi monawileoben msoflios metad gavleniani<br />
mecnieruli centrebis warmomadgenlebic aSS-dan,<br />
israelidan, ukrainidan, ruseTidan, somxeTidan.<br />
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom konferenciis Catareba emTxveva<br />
saqarTveloSi masalaTmcodneobis mimarTulebis fuZemdeblis,<br />
Rvawlmosili mecnieris, akademikos <strong>ferdinand</strong> Tava-<br />
Zis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavs. misma naSromebma didad Seuwyo<br />
xeli saqarTveloSi masalaTmcodneobis ganviTarebas<br />
da moupova saerTaSoriso aRiareba <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnierul<br />
skolas, romelic farTod aris warmodgenili am<br />
konferenciaze.<br />
imeds gamovTqvam, rom Tqveni TbilisSi moRvaweoba nayofieri<br />
aRmoCndeba da xels Seuwyobs Tqveni dargis Semdgom<br />
ganviTarebas kacobriobis sakeTildReod.<br />
gisurvebT SemoqmedebiT warmatebas<br />
konferenciis Sromebi gamoica calke wignad, romelic<br />
monawileTa surviliT <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis xsovnas mieZRvna.<br />
am aqtma kidev erTxel daadastura f. TavaZis mier Camoyalibebuli<br />
qarTuli masalaTmcodneobis skolis saerTa-<br />
Soriso mniSneloba.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is dabadebidan 100 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT<br />
2012 wlis 4 ivniss saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
erovnul akademiaSi gaimarTa saiubileo sxdoma.<br />
sxdoma gaxsna saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli<br />
213
akademiis prezidentma, akademikosma Tamaz gamyreliZem.<br />
naCvenebi iyo dokumenturi filmi _ <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe,<br />
romelSic Seikriba am didi pirovnebis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis<br />
amsaxveli yvela tele-kino-audio dokumenturi<br />
masala.<br />
batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is cxovrebis Sesaxeb vrclad isaubra<br />
akademikosma irakli Jordaniam. mogonebebiT gamovidnen:<br />
f.TavaZis saxelobis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis<br />
institutis TanamSromlebi, f. TavaZis pirveli Taobis<br />
mowafeebi jumber xanTaZe da ioseb cincaZe.<br />
ukrainis mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis prezidentis,<br />
akademikos boris patonis misalmeba waikiTxa e. patonis<br />
saxelobis eleqtroSeduRebis institutis ganyofilebis<br />
xelmZRvanelma, t.m.d. viqtor Sapovalovma. misalmebaSi<br />
aRiniSna, rom boris patoni did pativs miagebs <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis xsovnas, mudmivad ainteresebs misi saxelobis institutis<br />
saqmianoba da yovelmxriv uwyobs xels qarTveli<br />
da ukraineli masalaTmcodneebis TanamSromlobas.<br />
ukrainis mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis i. francevi-<br />
Cis saxelobis masalaTmcodneobis problemebis institutis<br />
(mpi) direqtoris, ukrainis mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis<br />
akademikosis valeri skoroxodis rwmunebulebis baraTi<br />
da institutis mier 2011 wels gamoSvebuli monografiebi,<br />
maT Soris aw gansvenebuli cnobili mecnierebis v. eremenkosa<br />
da g. samsonovis memorialuri wignebi sxdomas gadasca<br />
(mpi)-s swavlulma mdivanma t.m.d. leonide levaSovma.<br />
TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis<br />
sfe roSi baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>Tan saqmiani urTierTobebi<br />
moigones ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis struqturuli<br />
makrokinetikisa da masalaTmcodneobis problemebis institutis<br />
direqtoris moadgilem t.m.d. vladimir iuxvidma<br />
da aSS-s berklis universitetis profesorma aleqsandre<br />
Steinbergma.<br />
214
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT<br />
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnulma akademiam<br />
gamosca qarTul-inglisur-rusulenovani bukleti,<br />
romelSic mokledaa ganxiluli batoni <strong>ferdinand</strong>is biografia<br />
da mecnieruli moRvaweoba.<br />
aseve dasabeWdad momzadda akademikos <strong>ferdinand</strong> Tava-<br />
Zis biobliografiuli narkvevi. pirveli aseTi naSromi<br />
1984 wels gamoqveynda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
biobibliografiuli seriis _ `qarTveli mecnierebi~ farglebSi<br />
* , sadac aRnusxulia <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnieruli<br />
naSromebi 1981 wlis CaTvliT. axali gamocema ** moicavs<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis srul bibliografiul aRwerilobas<br />
1991 wlis CaTvliT.<br />
da bolos unda aRiniSnos, rom <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis metalurgiisa<br />
da masalaTmcodneobis institutis samecniero<br />
sabWom 2007 wlis 21 maiss miiRo gadawyvetileba institutis<br />
organizatorisa da ucvleli xelmZRvanelis, akademikos<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis saxelis ukvdavsayofad <strong>ferdinand</strong> Tava-<br />
Zis sapatio medlis dawesebis Sesaxeb. wesdebis Tanaxmad<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis sapatio medliT dajildovdebian mecnierebi<br />
da specialistebi, romlebmac mniSvnelovani wvlili<br />
Seitanes metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis ganviTarebis<br />
saqmeSi da xeli Seuwyves institutis dinamiur da<br />
mdgrad ganviTarebas.<br />
2007 wels f. TavaZis dabadebidan 95 wlisTavze sapatio<br />
medali gadaeca:<br />
• cnobil inJiner-metalurgsa da sazogado moRvawes, givi<br />
anCabaZes saqarTvelos metalurgiis sferoSi warmatebuli<br />
moRvaweobisa da f. TavaZis metalurgiisa da ma-<br />
* Фердинанд Тавадзе. Биобиблиография. Изд-во “Мецниереба”, Тбидиси,<br />
1984.<br />
** <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe (1912-1989), bibliografia, Tbilisi, daibeWda<br />
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis stambaSi, 2012 w.<br />
215
salaTmcodneobis institutis ganviTarebis saqmeSi Setanili<br />
wvlilisTvis.<br />
• f. TavaZis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis institutis<br />
samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomares j. xanTaZes institutis<br />
mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyobisaTvis da<br />
winamdebare wignis pirveli variantis gamocemisaTvis.<br />
• cnobil inJiner-metalurgs da mecniers, prof. guram<br />
qaSakaSvils saqarTvelos metalurgiul mrewvelobaSi<br />
xangrZlivi moRvaweobis gamo da metalurgiis institutTan<br />
nayofieri TanamSromlobisaTvis.<br />
• ukrainis mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis ivane<br />
franceviCis saxelobis masalaTmcodneobis problemebis<br />
institutis direqtors, akademikos valeri skoroxods<br />
Tanamedrove masalaTmcodneobis ganviTarebaSi Setanili<br />
wvlilisaTvis da f. TavaZis metalurgiisa da<br />
masalaTmcodneobis instituTan warmatebuli saqmianobisaTvis.<br />
• ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis `struqturuli makrokinetikisa<br />
da masalaTmcodneobis problemebis~ institutis<br />
direqtors, akademikos aleqsandre merJanovs<br />
TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli sinTezis<br />
teqnologiis Seqmna-danergvisaTvis da am sferoSi f.<br />
TavaZis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis institu-<br />
Tan warmatebuli TanamSromlobisaTvis.<br />
2012 wels f. TavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavisadmi<br />
miZRvnil saiubileo dReebSi f. TavaZis sapatio medali gadaeca:<br />
ukrainis mecnierebaTa nacionaluri akademiis prezidents,<br />
akademikos boris patons teqnikuri mecnierebebis da<br />
maT Soris metalurgiis dargSi mopovebuli miRwevebisaTvis<br />
da f. TavaZis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis institutisadmi<br />
gamovlenili yuradRebisa da daxmarebis gamo.<br />
216
• ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis struqturuli makrokinetikisa<br />
da masalaTmcodneobis problemebis institutis<br />
ganyofilebis gamges, teq. mec. doqtors, prof.<br />
ina borovinskaias TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli<br />
sinTezis mimarTulebiT axalgazrda qarTveli<br />
specialistebis momzadebaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis.<br />
• saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis pirvel<br />
vice-prezidents, akademikos fridon Toduas <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis institutis<br />
ganviTarebis xelSewyobisaTvis.<br />
• akademikos irakli Jordanias _ <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis metalurgiisa<br />
da masalaTmcodneobis institutis mecnierkonsultants,<br />
institutis mdgradi ganviTarebis procesSi<br />
aqtiuri monawiloebisaTvis.<br />
• saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministrs, baCana axalaias, <strong>ferdinand</strong><br />
TavaZis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis<br />
institutis modernizaciaSi Setanili wvlilisa da<br />
warmatebuli samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianobis xelSewyobisaTvis.<br />
217
218<br />
boloTqma<br />
wignSi mokled mimovixileT <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis<br />
cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxveli calkeuli fragmentebi<br />
da mecnieruli memkvidreoba. Tu rogor SevZeliT<br />
_ mkiTxvelma Tavad gansajos. faqtia, rom am saqmisTvis<br />
siyvaruli ar dagviklia.<br />
Cven CamovayalibeT <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnieruli<br />
skolis warmatebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi da pasuxi<br />
gaveciT wignis dasawyisSi dasmul yvela kiTxvas. xazgasmiT<br />
aRvniSnavT, rom mecnieruli skolis warmoSobis procesSi<br />
ZiriTadad ori subieqti monawileobs: skolis fuZemdebeli<br />
_ moZRvari da Segirdi. skolis siZliere am ori mxaris<br />
damsaxurebaa, erToblivi Zalisxmevis Sedegia. unda iTqvas,<br />
rom baton <strong>ferdinand</strong>s, rogorc sanimuSo moZRvars,<br />
gaumarTla da sanimuSo mowafeebi xvda wilad, romlebic<br />
ZiriTadad TviTon SearCia.<br />
batonma <strong>ferdinand</strong>ma brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi dakisrebul<br />
istoriul misias _ man Seqmna sayovelTaod cnobili<br />
Zlieri mecnieruli skola, sadac qarTvel metalurgTa<br />
mravali Taoba aRizarda.<br />
* * *<br />
Cven Txrobas imave paTosiT davamTavrebT, rogoriTac<br />
daviwyeT. poetebi amboben: cxovreba xanmoklea, mxolod<br />
Semoqmedebaa ukvdavi da maradiuli. lirikosebis es mSvenieri<br />
dakvirveba mecnierebzec iseve vrceldeba rogorc<br />
rusTavelze, danteze, omar xaiamze. Cven yoveldRiur<br />
praqtikul saqmianobaSi viyenebT mecnierul miRwevebs,<br />
Tumca maTi avtorebi didi xania aRar arian. Cven gvwams,<br />
rom <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis namoRvawars arasodes gauva yavli<br />
da swored es aris maradisoba.
В МИРЕ МЕТАЛЛОВ С ФЕРДИНАНДОМ<br />
НЕСТОРОВИЧЕМ ТАВАДЗЕ<br />
Фердинанду Несторовичу Тавадзе, известному ученому и<br />
общественному деятелю, академику Грузинской Национальной<br />
Академии Наук, профессору, заслуженному деятелю науки, лауреату<br />
премии им. Г.Николадзе, 21 мая 2012 года исполнилось 100<br />
лет со дня рождения.<br />
Фердинанд Несторович Тавадзе родился в г. Гори, в семье<br />
ремесленника. Еще в школе он привлек внимание педагогов как<br />
юноша, одаренный многогранным талантом. Он отличался доброжелательностью,<br />
общительностью и чувством юмора; хорошо<br />
рисовал, оформлял спектакли в Горийском рабочем клубе,<br />
там же успешно испытал свои артистические дарования. Однако,<br />
большую склонность он проявлял к точным наукам. Очевидно<br />
поэтому, в 1930 году, по рекомендации Центрального комитета<br />
Компартии Закавказья, он был направлен на учебу в Московский<br />
лесотехнический Институт. В 1933 году, с целью развития металлургии<br />
в СССР, по решению правительства 500 студентов-отличников,<br />
в числе которых был и Ф.Н.Тавадзе, перевели учиться в<br />
учебные заведения металлургического профиля. В результате, он<br />
продолжил учебу на металлургическом факультете Ленинградского<br />
индустриального института.<br />
В тридцатые годы прошлого столетия Ленинград был крупным<br />
научным центром страны: здесь находились президиум Академии<br />
наук СССР, научно-исследовательские институты мирового<br />
значения, ведущие высшие учебные заведения, ряд крупных современных<br />
заводов. Таким образом, молодой Фердинанд Тавадзе<br />
очутился в городе имеющем глубокие научные корни и большие<br />
традиции, где можно было многому научиться и проявить<br />
себя. Его сразу заметили, и еще будучи студентом, он стал работать<br />
техником-лаборантом в литейной лаборатории профессора<br />
219
В.М.Андреева. Талант, неиссякаемая энергия и целеустремленность<br />
способствовали его дальнейшему научному продвижению.<br />
В 1935 году, для выполнения дипломной работы, Ф.Н.Тавадзе<br />
командировали в Центральный научно-исследовательский институт<br />
металлов в лабораторию академика А.А.Байкова. После<br />
защиты дипломной работы его оставили в лаборатории на должности<br />
инженера-исследователя. Здесь он под руководством<br />
академика А.А.Байкова выполнил свои первые научные работы.<br />
Здесь же он сблизился с известным литейщиком, профессором<br />
Н.Г.Гиршовичем, творческое сотрудничество и дружба с которым<br />
продолжались на протяжении всей жизни.<br />
Позднее Ф.Н.Тавадзе в должности инженера-исследователя<br />
проходит хорошую школу на заводе им. С.М.Кирова (бывшем<br />
Путиловском заводе). Это известное по всей стране предприятие<br />
было оснащено лучшим в то время оборудованием, имело мощные<br />
горячие цеха и предоставляло широкое поле молодому инженеру.<br />
К этому времени Ф.Н.Тавадзе, автор четырех научных работ,<br />
уже проявивший себя как талантливый исследователь, попадает<br />
в поле зрения академика Н.Т.Гудцова. По его рекомендации<br />
Ф.Н.Тавадзе направляют в институт повышения квалификации<br />
научно-технического персонала в качестве соискателя ученой<br />
степени. В 1937 году, по семейным обстоятельствам он был вынужден<br />
прервать научную деятельность в Ленинграде и вернуться<br />
в Тбилиси.<br />
По возвращении Фердинанд Несторович, органически вписавшись<br />
в тбилисский круг ученых, начал педагогическую деятельность<br />
в Грузинском индустриальном институте и Тбилисском<br />
институте инженеров железнодорожного транспорта. Одновременно<br />
он продолжил в Институте химии им. П.Г.Меликишвили<br />
АН Грузии работу над кандидатской диссертацией, контуры которой<br />
были очерчены еще в Ленинграде. Следует отметить, что<br />
в процессе работы его постоянно поддерживали ленинградские<br />
220
учителя и коллеги. Он переписывался с ними, получал консультации,<br />
в особенности от академика А.А.Байкова, который всячески<br />
старался помочь своему ученику.<br />
В 1939 году Ф.Н.Тавадзе успешно защитил кандидатскую<br />
диссертацию. В том же году его избрали доцентом кафедры технологии<br />
металлов Грузинского политехнического института.<br />
Война 1941-1945гг. значительно изменила научные планы<br />
Ф.Н.Тавадзе. Перед технической интеллигенцией были поставлены<br />
новые задачи по переводу заводов на выпуск военной продукции.<br />
Фердинанд Несторович полностью погрузился в этот сложный<br />
и ответственный процесс. Он самоотверженно работал над<br />
решением важных оборонных задач.<br />
После окончания войны Ф.Н.Тавадзе, как уже сформировавшегося<br />
исследователя с большим производственным опытом,<br />
избирают заведующим лабораторией металловедения Института<br />
металла и горного дела АН Грузии. Отныне он получает возможность<br />
заниматься научными исследованиями, как в институте,<br />
так и на кафедре.<br />
В 1947 году Ф.Н.Тавадзе блестяще защитил докторскую диссертацию<br />
на тему: “Хромо-марганцевые чугуны”, которая была<br />
посвящена весьма важной в то время проблеме и содержала множество<br />
новаторских идей и решений. Оппонентами его диссертации<br />
были член-корреспондент АН Грузии Г.К.Гедеванишвили,<br />
московский профессор И.И.Корнилов, петербургские ученые,<br />
лауреаты Сталинской премии, академик Н.Т.Гудцов и профессор<br />
Ю.А.Нехендзи.<br />
В 1949 году молодого профессора избирают заведующим кафедрой<br />
технологии металлов и металловедения Грузинского политехнического<br />
института. С 1951 года Ф.Н.Тавадзе становится<br />
директором Института металла и горного дела АН Грузии (ныне<br />
_ Институт металлургии и материаловедения им. Ф.Н.Тавадзе),<br />
которым и руководил до конца своей жизни.<br />
К этому времени в стране уже закончены послевоенные<br />
221
восстановительные работы. Залечила раны нанесенные войной<br />
и Грузия. Руставский металлургической завод начал выпускать<br />
сталь, в Кутаиси строится автомобильный завод, на полную мощность<br />
заработал Тбилисский авиационный завод, становится на<br />
ноги Авчальский завод “Центролит”, с новой силой заработали<br />
Зестафонский ферросплавный завод и другие металлургические<br />
предприятия. Возникла необходимость расширения в Грузии научных<br />
исследований в области металлургии, а также подготовки<br />
соответствующих научных кадров.<br />
Фердинанд Несторович со свойственной ему энергией и<br />
увлеченностью включился в процесс воспитания молодых специалистов<br />
и ученых. Он очень интересно читал лекции. Кроме<br />
глубоких знаний и высокого профессионализма, ему помогали<br />
природный артистизм и неуемная фантазия. Благодаря этому<br />
математические, физические и химические выкладки, как правило,<br />
сопровождались красивыми, интересными и увлекательными<br />
историями, касающимися как вопросов металлургии, так и других<br />
сфер науки. Этим он с одной стороны снимал напряжение<br />
слушателей и давал возможность им отдохнуть, а с другой стороны<br />
расширял кругозор студентов. Он хорошо понимал значение<br />
девиза “перемена занятий _ лучший отдых” и прекрасно пользовался<br />
им при чтении лекций.<br />
Неординарными были экзамены студентов. Шпаргалки не<br />
требовались _ все могли пользоваться книгами, конспектами,<br />
чертежами, схемами. Экзамен проходил открыто, перед всей аудиторией.<br />
Обычно он начинался с дружеской беседы с экзаменующимся,<br />
которая быстро перерастала в научную дискуссию.<br />
Этот метод повышал ответственность студентов. Все старались<br />
проявить себя и не посрамиться перед профессором. Фердинанд<br />
Несторович не уважал механически заученные знания и старался<br />
развивать у студентов навыки мышления, фантазию и культуру<br />
общения с литературой. Он достиг своего: его воспитанники _ известные<br />
ученые и руководители различных отраслей народного<br />
222
хозяйства и крупных предприятий _ лучшее тому подтверждение.<br />
Развитие народного хозяйства Грузии предопределило многопрофильность<br />
Института металлургии. Ф.Н.Тавадзе выходит<br />
за рамки тематики лаборатории металловедения, значительно<br />
расширяет поле деятельности и сферу своих научных интересов.<br />
Вторая половина двадцатого века ознаменовалась ускоренным<br />
ростом научно-технического прогресса. Настала пора<br />
сверхвысоких температур, давлений и скоростей. Удивительно<br />
быстрым темпом стали развиваться такие научные области, как<br />
физика полу- и сверхпроводников, радиоэлектроника, вычислительная<br />
техника и информационная технология, атомная энергетика,<br />
космическая техника _ области, требующие получения качественно<br />
новых материалов.<br />
В связи с этим значительно расширились задачи решаемые<br />
металловедением, методы и объекты исследований. Сформировались<br />
новые направления в металловедении: металловедение<br />
тугоплавких сплавов, сверхпроводников, полупроводников, монокристаллов.<br />
Одновремнно в сферу интересов Ф.Н.Тавадзе и<br />
его сотрудников вошли такие “экзотические” и тонкие объекты,<br />
как нитевидные кристаллы, покрытия, пленки и т.д. Расширился<br />
и арсенал получения металлических сплавов: вакуумная дистилляция,<br />
аргонно-дуговая, электронно-лучевая и плазменная<br />
плавки, зонное рафинирование различными методами нагрева _<br />
все они встали на службу металловедения. К оптическим методам<br />
исследования структуры прибавились высокотемпературная<br />
микроскопия, высокотемпературный термический и дилатометрический<br />
анализы, методы исследования электрофизических<br />
свойств, нейтронография, электронная микроскопия. Температурный<br />
предел исследований стал повышатся; в то же время<br />
расширились исследования при низких температурах, что было<br />
связано с необходимостью развития криогенной техники и получения<br />
сверхпроводящих материалов.<br />
Этот неполный перечень, который в определенной степе-<br />
223
ни описывает сегодняшние тенденции развития металловедения<br />
и физики металлов, для представителей научной школы<br />
Ф.Н.Тавадзе не абстракция, а вполне осязаемая реальность. Все<br />
эти исследования под руководством Фердинанда Несторовича<br />
успешно выполнялись в стенах Института металлургии, в лабораториях<br />
Грузинского политехнического института, Сухумского<br />
физико-технического института и Кутаисского политехнического<br />
института. Многие новшества были спроектированы, изготовлены<br />
и “рождены” именно в этих учреждениях. Трудно переоценить<br />
роль и масштабность поставленных и решаемых задач,<br />
предопределивших мировое признание и значимость научной<br />
школы Ф.Н.Тавадзе.<br />
Научная школа Фердинанда Несторовича Тавадзе отличалась<br />
редкостной стабильностью и высокой организованностью.<br />
На её стабильность указывает фактически полное отсутствие текучести<br />
научных кадров из руководимых им учреждений. Особенность<br />
организации научной школы подразумевает созданную<br />
Ф.Н.Тавадзе нерегламентированную во времени творческую атмосферу<br />
работы. Его сотрудники всегда трудились не формально<br />
_ для исполнения заданий, а ради научного интереса. Фердинанд<br />
Несторович всем показал, что истинно свободный творческий<br />
процесс работы приносит счастье личности. Он безошибочным<br />
внутренним чутьем подбирал талантливую молодежь и создавал<br />
им такую атмосферу, в которой они могли максимально проявить<br />
свои возможности.<br />
Творчество _ это процесс открытий. Он одинаково радостен<br />
для художника, поэта, ученого и, вообще, для любого мыслящего.<br />
Главное в том, что человек находит возможность самовыразиться:<br />
один рисует, другой пишет стихи, третий выводит формулу,<br />
хотя сама сущность творческого процесса одна и та же _ эвристическая.<br />
Отличается только продукция. Одна _ художественная,<br />
другая _ научная. И все это приносит счастье их авторам. Ферди-<br />
224
нанд Несторович научил своих учеников искать путь к счастью в<br />
радости творческой деятельности.<br />
В процессе формирования научной школы участвуют два<br />
субъекта _ основатель школы и ученики. Сила школы _ заслуга<br />
обеих сторон, результат совместных усилий и, таким образом, является<br />
общим достоянием каждого из них.<br />
Наиболее важными направлениями работ научной школы<br />
Ф.Н.Тавадзе являются:<br />
• теория сплавов (фазовые переходы, релаксационные явления,<br />
диаграммы многокомпонентных систем, легирование, нитевидные<br />
кристаллы, металлические расплавы);<br />
• стали и сплавы, специальные материалы (коррозия и защита<br />
металлов, криогенные стали, огнеупорные и жаропрочные<br />
сплавы, композиционные материалы, бор и его сплавы, самораспространяющийся<br />
высокотемпературный синтез);<br />
• литейное производство (интенсификация плавильных агрегатов,<br />
технология точного и художественного литья, инжекционная<br />
металлургия, модифицирование, непрерывная разливка);<br />
• история металлургии (консервация-реставрация археологического<br />
металла, технология изготовления археологических<br />
металлических предметов, датирование археологических<br />
ценностей).<br />
Представьте, что за каждым пунктом этого перечня стоит<br />
личность или группа людей. Фердинанд Несторович регулярно<br />
общался с каждым из них, спрашивал о результатах исследований,<br />
беседовал о будущих планах, выслушивал их, делился своими<br />
мыслями, и, наконец, анализируя все вместе взятое, превращал<br />
в целостную научную концепцию. Следует также учесть и<br />
большое количество организационных вопросов, участие в заседаниях<br />
Ученого совета института, кафедры технологии металлов<br />
и металловедения, отдела химии и химической технологии Ака-<br />
225
демии наук Грузии, многочисленные общественные нагрузки в<br />
виде собраний, конференций и съездов различных организаций,<br />
бытовые проблемы сотрудников, множество различных вопросов,<br />
связанных с работой и деятельностью института и кафедры...<br />
Удивительно высок был темп жизни Ф.Н.Тавадзе!<br />
Прошло 23 года после кончины Фердинанда Несторовича<br />
Тавадзе. Эти годи оказались суровым испытанием для грузинской<br />
науки. На общем тяжелом фоне, его научная школа проявила<br />
завидную жизнеспособность, преодолела возникшие трудности<br />
и, используя накопленные при учителе ресурсы, успешно продолжает<br />
начатое им дело.<br />
Вседствие реорганизации и плодотворной работы сотрудников,<br />
Институт активно участвует в работах, проводимых по научно-техническим<br />
направлениям своего профиля как внутри страны,<br />
так и за рубежом. Следует отметить, что основы этих работ<br />
были заложены еще Фердинандом Несторовичем.<br />
Единомышленники и многочисленные ученики академика<br />
Фердинанда Несторовича Тавадзе чтят память этой выдающейся<br />
личности и верят, что плоды его деятельности и в будущем принесут<br />
много добра нашей стране.<br />
Грузинская техническая общественность широко отметила<br />
июбилеиную дату _ столетие со дня рождения Фердинанда<br />
Несторовича Тавадзе. 4-6 июня 2012 года в Тбилиси прошла Международная<br />
конференция «Современные технологии и методы<br />
неорганического материаловедения», посвященная памяти Фердинанда<br />
Несторовича Тавадзе. В работе конференции участвовали<br />
известные материаловеды Грузии, Украины, России, Израиля,<br />
Армении и США.<br />
Участников конференции приветствовали _ Вице-спикер<br />
Парламента Грузии, Первый вице-президент Национальной академии<br />
наук Грузии, академик Фридон Иполитович Тодуа и ректор<br />
226
Грузинского технического университета, член-корреспондент<br />
Национальной академии наук Грузии Арчил Ивериевич Прангишвили<br />
(материалы конференции, в том числе сборник трудов<br />
смотрите на саите _ www.mmi.ge).<br />
4 июня 2012 года в Национальной академии наук Грузии<br />
было организовано юбилейное заседание, посвященное 100 летию<br />
со дня рождения академика Ф.Н.Тавадзе. Заседание открыл<br />
президент Национальной академии наук Грузии, академик Тамаз<br />
Валерианович Гамкрелидзе. Прошла презентация документального<br />
фильма _ Фердинанд Тавадзе. О жизни и деятельности<br />
Ф.Н.Тавадзе рассказал академик Ираклий Сергеевич Жордания.<br />
Воспоминаниями выступили ученики Фердинанда Несторовича<br />
и приезжие гости. Приветствие Президента Национальной<br />
академии наук Украины, академика Бориса Евгеньевича Патона<br />
зачитал заведующий отделом Института электросварки имени<br />
Е.О.Патона, д.т.н. Виктор Александрович Шаповалов. Послание<br />
директора Института Проблем материаловедения им.<br />
И.Н.Францевича НАНУ, академика Валерия Владимировича Скорохода<br />
передал ученый секретарь Института д.т.н. Леонид Иванович<br />
Чернышов, он же вручил Институту металлургии и материаловедения<br />
им. Фердинанда Тавадзе изданные И.П.М в 2011<br />
году книги. Воспоминаниями выступили также зам. директора<br />
Института структурной макрокинетики и проблем материаловедения<br />
Российской академии наук, д.т.н. Владимир Исаакович<br />
Юхвид и профессор университета Беркли (США) Александр Семенович<br />
Штейнберг. Вечером состоялся мемориальный ужин.<br />
По инициативе Национальной академии наук Грузии был издан<br />
грузинско-английско-русский буклет _ Фердинанд Тавадзе.<br />
Подготовлен к печати биоблиографический очерк, в котором собраны<br />
труды Ф.Н.Тавадзе до 1991 г.<br />
IN THE WORLD OF METALS TOGETHER WITH<br />
227
228<br />
FERDINAND TAVADZE<br />
Ferdinand Tavadze, a prominent scientist and public figure, academician<br />
of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, professor,<br />
Honoured Scientist, winner of the G. Nikoladze prize, would have<br />
turned one hundred on May 21, 2012.<br />
Ferdinand Tavadze was born in Gori to the family of an artisan.<br />
When still at school, he attracted the teachers’ attention as a gifted<br />
young man. He was notable for his goodwill, sociability and sense of<br />
humour, he drew well, he was a good stage-painter for the workers’<br />
club in Gori and there he tried his artistic talent. But he had a special<br />
gift for exact natural sciences. Apparently, due to this fact, in 1930 he<br />
was assigned to study at Moscow Timber Technical <strong>Institute</strong> where he<br />
was referred by the Central Committee of the Transcaucasian Communist<br />
Party.<br />
In 1933, upon the decision of the government, 500 excellent students<br />
including F.Tavadze were assigned to study in the educational<br />
institutions of metallurgy profile with a view to developing metallurgy<br />
in the USSR. As a result, F.Tavadze continued his studies at the Metallurgy<br />
Department of Leningrad Industrial (afterwards Polytechnical)<br />
<strong>Institute</strong>.<br />
In the thirties of the past century, Leningrad was a big scientific<br />
center of the country: based here were the Presidium of the Academy<br />
of Sciences of the USSR, scientific research institutes of world<br />
significance, leading higher educational establishments, a number<br />
of large plants. Thus, young Ferdinand Tavadze found himself in the<br />
city with scientific background and ancient traditions where he could<br />
learn many things and show his own worth. He attracted notice immediately<br />
and already as a student he began to work as technicianlaboratory<br />
assistant in the casting laboratory of Professor V.Andreev.<br />
Talent, inexhaustible energy and purposefulness promoted his further
advancement as a scientist.<br />
In 1935 F.Tavadze was sent to the Central Scientific Research <strong>Institute</strong><br />
of Metals to work at his diploma in the laboratory of Academician<br />
A.Baikov. After defending his diploma he was offered the position<br />
of an engineer-researcher in the same laboratory where he did his<br />
first scientific studies under the guidance of Academician A.Baikov.<br />
There he met a well-known specialist in casting, Prof. N.Girshovich.<br />
A lifelong friendship facilitated their long-term and fruitful creative<br />
cooperation.<br />
Later F.Tavadze advanced his skills as an engineer-researcher at<br />
the Kirov plant (former Putilov plant). This renowned plant had the<br />
best equipment of that time and hot shops and opened to the young<br />
engineer a whole vista of creative activities.<br />
By that time F.Tavadze, the author of four scientific works showing<br />
his worth as a talented investigator, fell into the field of vision of<br />
Prof. N. Gudtsov whose reference led him as a competitor for scientific<br />
degree to the <strong>Institute</strong> for Scientific Personnel’s Professional Development.<br />
However, for family reasons, in 1937 he had to stop his<br />
scientific activity and return to Tbilisi.<br />
On his return Ferdinand Tavadze integrated into the circle of<br />
Tbilisi scientists and started teaching at Georgian Industrial <strong>Institute</strong><br />
and Tbilisi <strong>Institute</strong> of Railway Transport Engineers. While working<br />
at the P.Melikishvili <strong>Institute</strong> of Chemistry of the Georgian Academy<br />
of Sciences, he at the same time continued to work at his theses conceived<br />
of back in Leningrad. It is noteworthy that in the process of<br />
his work he could always rely upon the support of his teachers and<br />
colleagues from Leningrad. He was in correspondence with them; he<br />
consulted with them, especially with Academician A.Baikov who did<br />
his best to help his dear disciple.<br />
229
In 1939, F. Tavadze defended successfully his theses. The same<br />
year he was elected assistant professor at the chair of technology of<br />
metals of the Georgian Polytechnical <strong>Institute</strong>.<br />
The war of 1941-1945 changed considerably F.Tavadze’s plans.<br />
New tasks related with converting plants to manufacturing combat<br />
machinery and equipment were set up before the technical intelligentsia.<br />
Ferdinand Tavadze was fully absorbed in this complicated and<br />
crucial process. He did not spare himself while working on the solution<br />
of important defence tasks.<br />
After the war F.Tavadze - already a researcher with great industrial<br />
experience - was appointed head of the laboratory of physical metallurgy<br />
at the <strong>Institute</strong> of Metal and Mining Industry of the Georgian<br />
Academy of Sciences. Henceforth he could do scientific research both<br />
at the <strong>Institute</strong> and at his Department.<br />
In 1947 F.Tavadze defended brilliantly his Doctoral theses<br />
“Chrome-manganese cast irons” dedicated to a key problem of<br />
that time and comprising a lot of innovatory ideas and solutions.<br />
G.Gedevanishvili, Associate Member of the Georgian Academy of<br />
Sciences, I.Kornilov, a Professor from Moscow, scientists from Leningrad,<br />
Stalin Prize winners, Academician N. Gutsov and Professor<br />
Y.Nekhendzi were the opponents of the theses.<br />
In 1949, the young professor was appointed head of Department<br />
of technology of metals of the Georgian Polytechnical <strong>Institute</strong>. In<br />
1951 F.Tavadze became Director of the <strong>Institute</strong> of Metal and Mining<br />
Industry of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (currently _ the<br />
F.Tavadze <strong>Institute</strong> of Metallurgy and Materials Science) and led it till<br />
the end of his life.<br />
230<br />
By that time, the post-war restoration had already been accom-
plished. Georgia, too, healed the wounds of the war. Georgian steel<br />
started to be produced on the Rustavi Metallurgical Works, a giant<br />
motor factory was under construction in Kutaisi, the Tbilisi Aircraft<br />
Factory spread its wings, factory “Centrolit” in Avchala, the Zestaphoni<br />
Ferroalloys Plant and other enterprises resumed working with<br />
added strength. All that required solution of new technical problems<br />
and this wasn’t possible without development of relevant spheres of<br />
scientific knowledge and metallurgy in the first place. Expansion of<br />
scientific research in the field of metallurgy as well as training of scientific<br />
personnel in Georgia became necessary.<br />
Ferdinand Tavadze joined in the process of education of young<br />
specialists and scientists with his usual energy and enthusiasm. He<br />
delivered very interesting lectures. Besides his profound knowledge<br />
and high professionalism a natural artistic gift and a rich imagination<br />
helped him. Owing to that, mathematical, physical and chemical calculations<br />
were, as a rule, accompanied by interesting and fascinating stories<br />
connected with problems of metallurgy and other sciences. Thus,<br />
he let the listeners relax, on the one hand, and enrich their knowledge,<br />
on the other. He understood well the meaning of the motto “change of<br />
studies is the best rest” and used it at his lectures.<br />
Nor were the students’ exams ordinary with him. The students<br />
did not need cribs _ they could use books, summaries, drafts, diagrams.<br />
The exams were open and democratic, before the whole audience.<br />
Usually, a friendly chat with an examinee developed into a scientific<br />
discussion. This method increased the responsibility of students:<br />
unwilling to be covered with shame, they tried to prove their worth.<br />
Ferdinand Tavadze did not respect mechanically crammed knowledge<br />
and tried to develop among the students the habit of thinking, imagination<br />
and the culture of using literature. He succeeded in his endeavour:<br />
today his pupils make a big army of excellent scientists and leaders<br />
in various branches of national economy, as well as of managers of<br />
big enterprises.<br />
231
Development of the national economy of Georgia predetermined<br />
a multi-field structure of the <strong>Institute</strong> of Metallurgy. F.Tavadze exceeded<br />
the limits of research areas of the laboratory of physical metallurgy<br />
and considerably enlarged the field of his activities and the sphere of<br />
his scientific interests.<br />
The latter half of the twentieth century was marked by an accelerated<br />
scientific technical progress. The time of super-high temperatures,<br />
pressures and speeds came. Such spheres of scientific<br />
knowledge as physics of semi- and superconductors, radioelectronics,<br />
computer and information technologies, space exploration, requiring<br />
qualitatively new materials, began to develop rapidly.<br />
In this connection the problems of materials science, in particular,<br />
physical metallurgy and the methods and objects of investigations<br />
expanded a great deal. New trends emerged in physical metallurgy<br />
such as superalloys, superconductors, semiconductors, single crystals.<br />
Simultaneously, such “exotic” and delicate objects as whiskers, coatings,<br />
films and so on attracted the attention of F.Tavadze and his employees.<br />
The arsenal of methods of obtaining metallic alloys increased<br />
too: vacuum distillation, argon-arc, electron-beam and plasma melting,<br />
zone refining by various methods of heating _ all this began to<br />
serve the metals science. Added to the methods of structure investigation<br />
were high-temperature microscopy, high-temperature thermal<br />
and dilatometric analyses, methods of investigation of electro-physical<br />
properties, neutronography and electron microscopy. The temperature<br />
limit rose higher and higher; at the same time the investigations<br />
at low temperatures developed as well, spurred up by the necessity to<br />
ensure progress of cryogenic techniques and to obtain superconductive<br />
materials.<br />
This short list describing to some extent the current tendencies<br />
of progress of physical metallurgy and those of the physics of met-<br />
232
als is not an abstraction for the representatives of Tavadze’s scientific<br />
school but quite a tangible reality. All those investigations were successfully<br />
conducted under the supervision of F.Tavadze at the <strong>Institute</strong><br />
of Metallurgy, in the labs of the Georgian Polytechnical <strong>Institute</strong>, at<br />
the Sukhumi Physico-Technical <strong>Institute</strong>, at the Kutaisi Polytechnical<br />
<strong>Institute</strong>. Many novelties were conceived and “born” in these establishments.<br />
It is not easy to overestimate the role and the significance<br />
of problems that were raised and solved, and that predetermined the<br />
world recognition of F.Tavadze’s Scientific School.<br />
F. Tavadze’s Scientific School was notable for its remarkable stability<br />
and high discipline. There are practically no cases of his stuff<br />
members resigning their positions to find another job. A creative<br />
atmosphere of work with no regard for official working hours was a<br />
peculiar feature of F.Tavadze’s school. It was scientific interest alone<br />
that the employees were always motivated by and not obligation. Ferdinand<br />
Tavadze has proved that really free creative process of work<br />
made happy a person. With unerring inner flair he selected gifted<br />
young people and created for them such an atmosphere where they<br />
could prove their worth best.<br />
Creative work is a process of discoveries. This process is equally<br />
joyful for an artist, poet, scientist, and in general for any thinking<br />
person. The main thing is that a man finds a manner of expressing<br />
himself: one draws, another writes poetry, a third deduces a formula,<br />
though the essence of creative process is the same - euristic. Only the<br />
products differ: one is artistic, the other _ scientific. And all this makes<br />
their authors happy. Ferdinand Tavadze taught his pupils to look for<br />
a way leading to happiness through the joy of creative activity. Two<br />
subjects _ founder of the school _ teacher (pastor) and pupils (flock),<br />
participate in the process of forming a scientific school. The strength<br />
of a school is a merit of both sides, is a result of joint efforts and therefore,<br />
is a common property shared by each of them.<br />
233
The most important directions of the work of F.Tavadze’s Scientific<br />
School are as follows:<br />
• theory of alloys (phase transition, relaxation phenomena, phase<br />
diagrams of multicomponent systems, alloying, whiskers, metallic<br />
melts);<br />
• steels and alloys, special materials (corrosion and metals protection,<br />
cryogenic steels, superalloys, composite materials, boron<br />
and its alloys, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis);<br />
• foundry (intensification of melting units, technology of precise<br />
and art casting, injection metallurgy, modification, continuous<br />
casting);<br />
• history of metallurgy (conservation_restoration of archaeological<br />
metal, technology of making archaeological metallic articles, dating<br />
of archaeological finds).<br />
Take into consideration that behind every point of this list stands<br />
a person or a group of people. Ferdinand Tavadze associated regularly<br />
with each of them, asked about the results of research, discussed future<br />
projects, listened to them, shared his ideas and finally analyzing everything<br />
taken together tfansformed it into a coherent scientific doctrine.<br />
It should also be taken into account that F.Tavadze was involved in<br />
dealing with a lot of organizational questions, participated in sessions<br />
of the Academic Council of the <strong>Institute</strong>, of the chair of technology of<br />
metals and physical metallurgy, of the Department of chemistry and<br />
chemical technology of the Georgian Academy of Sciences, fulfilled<br />
numerous social obligations such as attending meetings, conferences<br />
and congresses of various organizations, helped to sort out everyday<br />
life problems of the employees, many other questions related to the<br />
job and activities of the <strong>Institute</strong> and of the chair.<br />
Amazingly accelerated was F.Tavadze’s tempo of life!<br />
The twenty-three turbulent years that have passed since his death<br />
have proved to be a severe test for Georgian science. Against the troubled<br />
background, despite all the odds, F. Tavadze`s Scientific School<br />
234
showed remarkable viability and proved capable of resolving the existing<br />
problems, largely due to the store of knowledge developed under<br />
his leadership.<br />
The implemented reorganization and the scientists` efforts have<br />
eventually borne fruit. Currently the <strong>Institute</strong> takes an active part in<br />
scientific and technical work in its field both within the country and<br />
abroad. It should be specifically noted however, that the foundation of<br />
this work was laid by Ferdinand Tavadze himself.<br />
Even today the Ferdinand Tavadze <strong>Institute</strong> of Metallurgy and<br />
Materials Science operates at peak capacity and is successfully building<br />
upon the solid base created by its founder.<br />
The numerous pupils of the academician Ferdinand Tavadze as<br />
well as his like-minded colleagues pay homage to the memory of this<br />
wonderful person, an outstanding scientist, a worthy son of his homeland<br />
and firmly believe that his legacy will continue to benefit our<br />
country for many years to come.<br />
235
arCil gulisaSvili, aleqsandre xviCia da <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe<br />
metalurgiuli fakultetis pirveli gamoSvebis sadiplomo naSromebis<br />
ganxilvaze. 1954w<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis prezident<br />
anatoli aleqsandrovTan <strong>erTad</strong><br />
236
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe, nikoloz landia, zurab patariZe,<br />
rafiel dvali da irakli gverdwiTeli akademikos<br />
anatoli aleqsandrovTan <strong>erTad</strong><br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe cnobil mecnierebTan dimitri ivanovTan da<br />
simon baranovTan <strong>erTad</strong><br />
237
akademikosebi <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe, qeTevan lomTaTiZe, eTer qemerteliZe<br />
da vaxtang beriZe saqarTvelos televiziaSi. 1980w.<br />
238<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe akademikos levan jafariZesTan <strong>erTad</strong>
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe bordos universitetis profesor<br />
pol hagenmiulerTan <strong>erTad</strong><br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe iaponiaSi<br />
239
240<br />
TaTbirze<br />
qarTveli mecnierebi mTavrobis miRebaze
zedapiruli movlenebisadmi miZRvnil IV sakavSiro konferenciis<br />
monawileebTan. Tbilisi, 1974<br />
laboratoriaSi<br />
241
242<br />
akademikos besarion sadovskisTan<br />
akademikosebi a. merJanovi, n.vatolini, prof. o.borovbnskaia,<br />
f.TavaZe da metalurgiis institutis TanamSromlebi<br />
jvris uReltexilze
stumrad akademikos guram gvelesianTan sionSi<br />
netareba<br />
243
244<br />
sarCevi<br />
winasityvaoba meore gamocemisaTvis .....................................3<br />
pirveli gamocemis winasityvaoba ..........................................6<br />
Sesavali ...................................................................................8<br />
fragmentebi <strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis cxovrebidan .................... 19<br />
gori _ bavSvoba da yrmoba .................................................. 19<br />
ymawvilkacoba _ Svidi weli ruseTSi ................................. 28<br />
dabruneba _ mTeli cxovreba saqarTvelos samsaxurSi .... 49<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis mecnieruli memkvidreoba .................... 93<br />
Senadnobebis Teoria ........................................................... 127<br />
foladebi, Senadnobebi, specialuri masalebi ................. 137<br />
samsxmelo warmoeba ............................................................. 155<br />
gamokvlevebi saqarTvelos metalurgiis istoriaSi ...... 167<br />
TviTgavrcelebadi maRaltemperaturuli sinTezi ......... 184<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZe _ mecnierebis organizatori ................ 187<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis in-<br />
stituti postTavaZiseul periodSi .................................. 203<br />
<strong>ferdinand</strong> TavaZis saiubileo TariRebi ............................ 210<br />
boloTqma ............................................................................. 218<br />
В МИРЕ МЕТАЛЛОВ С ФЕРДИНАНДОМ НЕСТОРОВИЧЕМ ТАВАДЗЕ ...219<br />
IN THE WORLD OF METALS TOGETHER WITH FERDINAND TAVADZE ..227
245
246<br />
komp. uzrunvelyofa Tamar stefnaZe<br />
gamomcemloba `meridiani~,<br />
al. yazbegis gamz. #45<br />
E _ mail: info@meridianpub.com t. 239-15-22
Change language