CIvsaRsþ niglT§kmµRKab;BUC - Tree Seed Project

CMBUk1
lkçN³CIvsaRsþRKab;BUC
Chapter 1
Seed biology
1

1-esckþIepþIm
dMeNIrkarbeg;IátRKab;edIm,IbnþBUCrbs;BBYkrukçCatiRKab;Rsat(Gymnosperms)CMnan;edIm)an
vivtþn_Gs´ry£eBl300lanqñaMknøgmkehIy.tYnaTIsMxan;rbs;RKab; KWkarBardl;GMRb‘Íy:UkñúgkarBRgayelI
mCÄdæanfµInigpþl;GaharbMrugkñúgeBldMNuH (Germination)nigkarlUtlas;dMbUgrbs;va . Baküfa RKab;
KWsMedAeTAelIGUvul(Ovule)eRkayBIvacab;epþImrIkcMerInehIyCaFmµtaKWeRkaykar bgákMeNItrbs;va.
karRbmUlRKab;BUCKWcab;epþImeLIgenAeBlEdlRKab;b¤EpøTMu.
2-niymn½yenAkñúgCIvsaRsþbnþBUC
páa³ páaKWCasrIragÁbnþBUCrbs;rukçCatiRKab;Cit(Angiosperm) kñúgenaHmaneksrjI(Pistil) eksr
eQµal(Stamen) ¬manEtmYyb¤manTaMgBIr¦ nigCaFmµtak¾manTMrRtbkpáa (Sepals) nigRtbkpáa(Petals)
dMNak;páa ( Flowering )³ cMeBaHrukçCatiRKab;Cit eKkMNt;dMNak;páa KWcab;BIkarebIkeLIgrbs;RkBuM
páarhUt dl;ecjkþibEpø.
Epø (Fruit): enAkñúgn½yRtwmRtUvrbs;rukçviTüa KWCaeksrjI¬GUEvr¦mYyb¤eRcInEdl)anrIkcMerIneBj
v½yénBYk rukçCatiRKab;Cit(Angiosperms)mYycMnYnEdlmanrcnasm

nigeFVIkarbgákMeNIt. enAeBlEdllMGg)anehIreTAeTIelImat;srIragÁjI(stigma) ehIylMGgcab;krkMeNIt
ehIyEs

UbTI2³ KMnUsrcnasm

eTaHbICaman kareraylMGg nigkarbgákMeNItTTYl)aneCaKC½yk¾eday minEmnCanic©kalGac
begáItEpø)aneCaKC½yTaMgGs;enaHeT.
dMeNIrrIkcMerInrbs;EpønigRKab; CaFmµtaKWekIteLIgRBmKña dUecñHEpønigRKab;k¾eBjv½yTuMesÞIEtesµIKña
Edr. k¾bu:EnþmanRbePTxøH RKab;nigGMRb‘Íy:Urbs;varIkcMerInminTan;eBjlkçN³srIr³enAeLIyeT (Nitsch
1971). cMeBaHBYkenH RKab;minGacduH)aneT eTaHCaEpøvaTuMk¾eday luHRtaEtbnÞúMvasin. eK)ancat;fñak;
)atuPUtenHenARbePTénPaBsMgMmYy. manBUCxøHeTot eTaHCaRKab;va)anTTYlkarbgákMeNItehIyk¾eday
k¾RtUvrgcaMRKab;rbs;vaRCuHdl;dIsinEdr. pÞúymkvij RKab;GacTuMmunEpøvaTuMeTAeTot dUecñHRKab;GacnwgduH
ecjBnøkBI sMbkEpørbs;;va EteTaHCay:agNa RKab;BUCEdlebHykqab;eBk CaerOy² )ankat;bnßyry³
eBl sþúkTukRKab; nigsmtßPaBdMNuHrbs;va .
4>1 lkçN³srIr³rbs;EpøTuM
RBwtþikarN_cugeRkayénkarrIkcMerInrbs;EpøKWxus²KñaeTAtamRbePTEpø.
EpømanTwkdm¬Epøsac;¦mansarFatu sárenAkñúgsac;Epø nigRBmCamYyKñaenaH k¾manCatiTwkeRcInEdr(Sedgley
and Griffin 1989). CaFmµtaEpøeQI ERbBN_BIébtgeTABN_ Rkhm TwkRkUc b¤elOg ehIyeTACaTn;RCay
RBmCamYy KñaenaH sac;vak¾gayrebH ecjBIRKab;.
dMNak;kalrIkcMerIncugeRkayrbs;BYkEpøsÜt CatiTwkRtUvhYtehIyRKab;k¾sÜt. BYkEpøeQImansMbk
Rkas; dUcCaBYk Capsules, samara, nigBYk podssMbkFM² )ankøayCaCatieQI CBa¢aMgRkdasesþIg. karhYt
CatiTwkénEpøeQIsÜt KWvabM)at;nUvkør:UhVIl(chlorophyll) EdleFVI[EpøeQIGacERbBN_BIébtg eTACaBN¥’Na
mYy dUcCa elOg etñat RbepHcas; b¤exµA .
4>2 lkçN³srIr³rbs;RKab;TuM
RBwtþikaN_cugeRkayrbs;RKab;TuM CadMeNIrkarxagCIvKImIénkarpÞúkRbetGuInnigG½rm:Un nigkarhYt
CatiTwk¬cMeBaHRbePTRKab;Fmµta-Orthodox¦.
kMritsMeNImcugeRkayenAkñúgRKab;GaRs½yeTAtamRbePTnigmCÄdæanCuMvijrbs;va. RbePTRKab;
recalcitrant rkSasMeNImRKab;x

5-lkçN³rUbrbs;EpønigRKab;
Epørbs;BYk Angiosperms KWCaGUEvTuMmYyb¤eRcInénpáamYyb¤eRcIn CYnkalmanTaMgrcnasm

x-RbePTrbs;Epø
RbePTebrI Berry
RbePTRdUb
RbePTe)a:m
RKab;;
CaEpøsac;KµanRsTab;rwg. CaFmµtaEpøRbePTenHmanRKab;eRcIn bu:Enþk¾manEpøebrI
manRKab;1 KWRbePT Cinnamomum nig Persea (avocado).
]³ Manilkara, Diopyros, Madhuca, Nephelium
CaEpøsac;mineRbH mansMbkxageRkA(Exocarp)RsTab;sac;kNþal(Mesocarp)
nigmanRKab;rwgenARsTab;xagkñúg(Endocarp). CaFmµta sMbkRKab;esþIg
Nas; vamanRKab;mYyb¤BIr-bI¬sac;RKab;/Kernels). EndocarpeRsabCit
RKab; RKab;rwgdUcfµ (Stone)b¤ RKab;éprIn Pyrene.
]³ Mangifera, Ilex, Prunus canarium, Dracontomelum
segát³BYkRbePTRdUbxøHmansac;es

manRKab;eRcIn.
]³ Eucalyptus, Khaya, Schima, Lagerstroemia.
segát³ manExbs‘ulmineRbH dUcCa Durio spp. ¬Epñksac;B½n§CuMvijRKab;KW
ehAfa Aril¦.
RbePTNat;
RbePTsøab
EpøekItBIeksrjIeRcInCagmYy bu:EnþkñúgenaHmanGUvulmYyb¤eRcInRtUvGar man
RKab;l¥EtmYyb¤BIrbIenAkñúgEpøb:ueNÑaH.
EpøNat;mansMbkEpørwgnigRKab;mansMbkesþIgNas;.
]³ Quercus, Fagus, Catanopsis, dipterocarps
segát³ EpønimYy²enAkñúgBhuEpøén Casuarina KWRKab;Nat;
EpøRbedognwgNat;Edr EtCayvasMEb:tbegáIt)anCasøab. EpøRbePTsøabGac
manRKab;mYyb¤eRcIn.
]³ Heritiera, Acer, Tarrietia. EpømineRbHén Pterocarpus spp.
KWEpøsam:ar:a(Samara).
RbePTcegáam
eksrjIeRcInénpáamYyEdlbegáIt)anCaEpøeTalmYy ]³ BYksama:ra: RdUb b¤Nat;
EdlGacbMEbkb¤Cab;CamYyKña nigTMrpáa.
]³ Anona¬Epøsac;), Michelia, Manglietia ¬sÜt¦
RbePTBhuEpø
EpøekItmkBIpáanimYy²énkenSampáa EdlGacCab;Kña b¤Ejkdac;BIKña bu:Enþsßit
kñúgKMrbCamYyKña.
]³ BYksÜt³ Alnus, Casuarina
]³ mansac;Twkdm³ Morus, Artocarpus, Ficus, Chlorophora
rUbTI4³ RbePTEpørbs;BYk Angiosperms edaymanbgðajBIRKab;
8

5-2-RKab; niglkçN³segçbrbs;va
rUbTI5k³ segçbrUbsaRsþnigkayviPaKrbs;Rka rUbTI5x³ lkçN³rUbrbs;GMRb‘Íy:U
‣ Cotyledons:kUTIlIdn³ CasøwkTI1EdlduHecjBIRKab;rukçCati³ cMeBaH monocotyledons mansøwkmYyEt
dicotyledons mansøwkBIr ehIyBYk conifersmansøwkeRcIn ]³Rsl;mansøwkrhUtdl;18snøwk. enA
eBlkMBugduHBnøk kUTIlIdnGacenAkb;kñúgdI¬karecjBnøkenAeRkamdI hypogeal germination) b¤RtUv
rujRcanputBIdI edIm,IkøayCasøwkdMbUgeFVIrsµIsMeyaK ¬karecjBnøkenAelIdI epigeal germination) .
‣ Epicotyl:eGBIkUTIl³ KWCakMBUlcugrbs;G½kSGMRb‘Íy:UenAxagelITIRbsBVCamYykUTIlIdn ehIynwgvivDÆn_
eTACaedIm.
‣ Hypocotyl: éhb:UkUTIl³ KWCaEpñkkNþalénGMRb‘Íy:U enAcenøaHkUTIlIdnnigBnøkb¤s (Radicle).
‣ Radicle: CaBnøkb¤srbs;GMRb‘Íy:U. enAkñúgRKab; Bnøkb¤sRbQmmuxeTArn§ém:RkUPIl.
6-]bsKÁénkarplitRKab;BUC
páanimYy²suT§EtmanskþanuBlvivDÆn_eTACaEpømanRKab; k¾b:uEnþ ebIsegát[c,as;eTA fVIebIkarecj
páaCalkçxNÐmunkarecjEpøk¾eday k¾manpáaCaeRcInplitRKab;min)anl¥Edr. tamBit CaFmµtamanEtmYy
PaKénpáa)anvivDÆn_eTACaEpø eTaHenAkñúgqñaMmanpáaeRcInk¾eday. CaBiess BYkenHCaRbePTGg;hÁIy:UEs

edImEtmYy¦ lkçxNÐsÜtnigmanBnøW CaktþagayRsYl CaBiessdl;karecjp;ajI nigmankMrit
cMeBa¼karecjp;áaeQµal.
x-xVHkarcMlglMGg³ braC½ykñúgkareraylMGg GacedaysarEtxVHPñak;garcMlglMGgb¤ lkçxNÐ
minlðdl;kareraylMGgkñúgGMLúgeBlp;áajITTYllMGg. Cak;Esþg cMeBaHbePTcMlglMGgtam xül;
vaGaRs½yeTAelIel,ÓnnigTisrbs;xül;kñúgkarcMlgBBklMGg[manRbsiTi§PaB. el,Ónxül;Gac
kMritdl;kareraylMGgry³qay eBalKWrvagedImeQIqayBIKña b:uEnþRbEhlmanRbsiT§iPaB cMeBaHedIm
enAEk,rKña. Cagen¼eTAeTot kareraylMGgtamxül; vaEtgCYb]bsKÁnwgGakasFatuesImEdlGac
kMritdl;karrsat;lMGg (Sedgley and Griffin 1989). GakasFatuRtCak; nigesImGacdak;kMritdl;
skmµPaBrbs;stVEdlCaPñak;garcMlglMGg manCaGaTi stVl¥it. karxVHPñak;gar cMlglMGgKWCa
krNImYyEdlCH\Ti§Bldl;kareraylMGg.
m:üagvijeTot manRbePTBUCCaeRcInBwgEpðk eTAelIPñak;garcMlglMGgBiessNamYyrbs;xøÜnenAkñúg
tMbn; kMeNIt k¾GacnwgbþÚrPñak;garcMlg lMGgepSgeTot enAeBlvaduHenAeRkAtMbn;FmµCatirbs;xøÜn
(Bawa and Krugman 1991). manRbePTnaMcUlmYycMnYnRtUvkarry³eBlmYykMNt;edIm,IßpSaM
eTAnwgPñak;garcMlglMGgfµI eTIbkareraylMGgmanRbsiT§iPaB. stVCaPñak;gar cMlglMGgcaM)ac;
RtUvkarpøas;TIrkRbPBGaharepSg enAeBlEdlrdUvp;áarbs;vaRtUvputeTA. vaGacnwgRtUvkarRbePT
rukçCatiepSg;sMrab;RCkenA nigbnþBUC.l.
K-p;áa b¤ekanminrIk³ GakasFatuRtCak;-esIm GacbNþal[pá;a b¤ekanminGacrIk)ankñúgGMLúgeBl
EdlRtUvTTYlyklMGg dUecñHkareraylMGgRtUvbraC½y.
X-]bsKÁbNþalmkBIkarbgáat;kñúg³ RbePTPaKeRcInmanynþkarsrIr³GackMritkñúgkarkat;bnßyCa
Gb,brmaén karbgáat;kñúg. k¾b:uEnþkarbgáat;kñúgKWCa)atuPUtTUeTAmYy EdlEtgekItmancMeBaHrukçCati.
CaerOy@ karbgáat;kñúg bNþal[kMlaMgsrIr³cuHexSay dUecñHehIy pá;a b¤ekanEdleraylMGgxøÜnÉg
CaerOy@EtgEtRCuH (Owens 1995). Cak;Esþg edImenAdac;EtÉg rgkarbgáat;kñúg xøaMgCagedImEdl
sßitkñúgRCuMeRcInedIm. karbg;áat;kñúgk¾mankMritx

s;Epø. plpá;aeQIGacRtUvbMpøajeRcInb¤ticedaysarkMlaMgxül; krNIenHekIteLIgcMeBaH BYk
Dipterocarps enAGasuIGaeKñy__(Whitmore 1984).
x-karsuIbMpøaj³karbMpøajpá;aedaysarstVsuImanekIteLIgcMeBaHRbePTShorea. BYkstVlðit
¬GeNþIkmas¦ énRKYsarChrysomelidae nigScarabaciae eKsegáteXIjfa vasuIeksreQµalnigRtbkp;áa
(Dayanandan et al 1991).
7-PaBsMgMrbs;RKab; nigkareFVIRbRBwtþkmµ (Dormancy and Pre-treatment)
taragTI1 ³ cMNat;fñak; lkçN³sMgMrbs;RKab; nigkareFVIRbRBwtþkmµ
RbePTénPaB
sMgM
lkçN³
1> GMRb‘ÍyU:enAx©I RKab;enAx©IxaglkçN³srIr³
minGacduH)an
2>PaBsMgMeday karvivDÆn_rbs;GMRb‘Íy:URtUv
sarlkçN³emkanik )anraraMgedaysarsMbk
RKab;rwg¼sMbkEpø
3>PaBsMgMeday
sarlkçN³rUb
4>PaBsMgMedaysar
lkçN³KImI
5>PaBsMgMedaysar
xVHBnøW
karRsUbTwkRtUv)anraraMg
edaysarEtPaBminRCab
Twkrbs;sMbkRKab;b¤Epø
kñúgEpønigRKab;mansarFatu
KImITb;min[ ecjBnøkekIt
RKab;minGacduHBnøkekIt
edaysarEtxVHrbbBnøWRKb;
]TahrN_
énRbePTrukçCati tamFmµCati
Fraxinus,
Ginkgo biloba
Pterocarpus
¬Fñg;¦nigBYk
Terminalia
spp., Meliacea
mYycMnYn
CaBiessBYkRKab;
rwgénRKYsar
Leguminoseae
¬ebg kekaH>¦
Myrtaceae
nigepSg²eTot
BYkEpøsac; dUcCa
BYk berries,
drupes¬sVay¦
nigpomes¬e)a:m¦
RbePTBUCenAtMbn;
GakasFatu bgÁÜr
karbMEbkPaBsMgM
kareFVIRbRBwtþikmµ
RKab;
vivDÆn_bEnßmenA eRkayBIeFVIkarbnÞúM
eRkayBIRKab;RCuH
BukpuysMbkrwgbnþic eFVI[eRbHsMbkrwg
mþg²b¤kekreday EdlTb;min[ecj
stVkeNþór Bnøk
kkitswkedaydI
xSac;sItuNðPaB x

6>PaBsMgMeday
sarxVHkMedA
RKan;
karecjBnøktic edayKµan
kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµ nwg
sItuNðPaBRKb;RKan;
]³ Betula
RbePTQanmuxenA
RtUBic ]³
Spathodea nig
BYkGWkalIbTusxøH
PaKeRcInénRbePT
BUCenAtMbn; Gakas
FatubgÁÜr
]³ Fagus,
Quercus, Pinus
RbePTenAtMbn;
RtUBicsÜt
RbePTQanmux
enAtMbn;Ek,rRtUBic
]³ Hakea,
Pinus,
Eucalyptus,
Banksia
RbePTQanmuxenA
tMbn;RtUBic esIm
kUneQImanlT§PaB
rs;)an eBalKWBnøW
BN_s b¤BN_Rkhm
-halRtUvsItuNð
PaBTabenAEx
RtCak;
-halenAelIesµA
RtUvePøIgéRBeqH
-rgsItuNðPaBeLIg
cuHenAeBléfnig
yb;
CYnkalRtUveFVI[
manxYbPøW-ggwt
EfmeTot
-dak;sMdilCa
RsTab;Can;fñak;
-dak;[RtUvsItuNð
PaBx

BIrRbePT Edl)anerobrab;xagelI. eyIgehARKab;TaMgenHfa RKab;EdlGacTuk)anCamFüm
(Intermediate seeds) .
8-2 karcat;fñak;RbePTRKab;tamlkçN³srIr³
‣ RKab;Fmµta (Orthodox seeds) ³ CaRKab;EdlFn;RTaMeTAnwgkarsMgYt nig Fn;RTaMeTAnwgsItuNð
PaBTab. CaTUeTA RKab;RbePTenHeKGacEfrkSa nigTukdak;va )anry³eBlyUr.
]TahrN_ ³ RKab;ebg (Afzelia xylocarpa), RKab;kekaH (Sindora cochinchinensis),……..
‣RKab;minGacTuk)anyUr (Recalcitrant seeds): CaRKab;EdleKminGacnwgTukdak;va)anyUr
ehIy gaynwgxUcNas; kalNaeKsMgYt nigdak;vakñúglkçxNÐEdlmansItuNðPaBTab.
]TahrN_ ³ RKab;KrKIemSA (Hopea odorata), RKab;eQITalTWk (Dipterocarpus alatus)……..
‣ RKab;EdlGacTukdak;)ankñúgry³eBlmFüm (Intermediate seeds):CaRKab;EdllkçN³rbs;
vazitkñúgcenøaHlkçN³TaMgBIrxagelI. RKab;BYkenHeKGaceFVIkarsMgYtva)anCamFüm ebIeTaHCamin)andl;
kMritsMeNImTabdUcRKab;BYk Orthodox k_eday.
tarag 2³lkçN³xusKñasMxan;²xøHénRKab; Fmµta(Orthodox) nigRKab;minGacTuk)anyUr(Recalcitrant)
RKab;Fmµta (Orthodox)
RKab;minGacTuk)anyUr (Recalcitrant)
*Fn;RTaMnwgkarsMgYt
gaynwgxUcxatedaykarsMgYt
*Fn;RTaMnwgsItuNðPaBTab gaynwgxUcxatkñúgsItuNðPaBTab¬TabCag15 MC ¦
RKab;mankMritsMeNImTab
RKab;mankMritsMeNImx

CMBUk2
lT§kmµRKab;BUC
Chapter2
Seed procurement
14

9-karRbmUlRKab;BUC (Seed collection)
9-1>-karkMNt;eBlRbmUlRKab; (Timing for seed collection)
eBlevlaEdll¥sMrab;karRbmUlRKab;KW enAeBlEdlEpø b¤RKab;eQITMuRsuHl¥ .
karsMKal;EpøTMu ³
eyIgGacsMKal;EpøeQITMueday³
lkçN³sMbur³
-sMburelIsMbkEpø ³ ERbBN’BIexov b¤ébtgeTACasMburetñatRkem:A b¤elOg b¤sÜtsMbk.
-sMburelIsøab ³ EpøEdlmansøab eBlTMusøabrbs;vaeLIgsrés ehIyrwgsÜt nigERbsMburCYn BIpáa
QUk eTARkhmcas; CYnBIébtgx©IeTAébtgcas;layRkhmeRBOg².
lkçN³køin ³
Epørbs;RbePTeQIxøH pþl;køinenAeBlTMu.
lkçN³stVsIu ³
Epørbs;RbePTeQIxøH eBlTMueyIgGackt;sMKal;va)an edaysarstVmksIu.
edIm,IeFVIkarbBa¢ak;nUvPaBTMurbs;RKab;[)anc,as;las; eyIgGaceFVIkarkat;vaedaykaMbit edIm,I
Binitü nigvaytMélGMBIPaBTMuenAEpñkxagkñúgrbs;va.
9-2 viFIRbmUlRKab; (Seed collection method)
‣karRbmUlBIeRkamedIm (Collection from ground)
karRbmUlRKab;RCuHedayFmµCati CameFüa)aymYyEdlgayRsYlCageK
sMGatdIeRkamedImBUC¬søwk esµA RBic>>>¦ muneBlRKab;TMuFøak; edIm,IRsYlRbmUl b¤ RkalRkNat;
)øasÞicBIeRkamedImedIm,IRtgykRKab; rYcRbmUlRKab;ral;éf ehIysMGatRKab;edayErgyksMramecj.
rUbTI6 k sMGatdIeRkamedImmuneBlRbmUlRKab;
rUbTI6-x RbmUlRKab;BIeRkamedIm bnÞab;BIsMGat
15

UbTI7-k RkalRkNat;BIeRkamedIm RtgykEpøRCúH
rUbTI7-xRkalRkNat;BIelIesµA RtgykEpøRCúH
‣GRgn;edIm b¤Emk (Shaking the tree)
RbsinebIkarRCuHRKab;edayFmµCatmankaryWty:av enaHeyIgGaceFVIIkarGRgYn edIm b¤Emk EdlCa
viFImYymanRbeyaCn_eFVIeGayRKab;Føak;mkdIenAeBlEtmYy. viFIenH eFVIeGaykarRbmUlRKab;mankargay
RsYl edayTTYl)anbrimaNRKab;eRcInkñúgeBlEtmYy.
rUbTI8 k-x kareRbITMBk;TajGRgÜnEmkykEpøTuM
‣karkat;EmkykEpø (Breaking of bearing branches) ³
enAeBlEdlEpø b¤ RKab;eQIenAx

UbTI9-k kareRbITBk;kac;EmkEdlmanEpøTuM
rUbTI9-x kardak;CeNþIreLIgkac;EmkEdlmanEpøTuM
‣kareLIgedImeQI (Tree climbing }
RbsinebIeyIgminGacRbmUlRKab;BIeRkamedIm)aneT enaHeyIgRtÚvEteLIgelIedIm edIm,Ikat;Emk
b¤ebHykEpø edIm,IRbmUlykRKab; . eyIgGaceRbICeNþIr b¤beg¥agedIm,IeLIgdl;elIEmk ehIyeRbIrNar b¤
xVav kaMbit b¤ TMBk; b¤meFüa)ayRbhak;RbEhlKñaenH edIm,Ikat;TMlak;EmkeQItUc²EdlmanEpø.
eyIgmanktþamYycMnYn EdlRtÚveFVIkarBicarNa kñúgkareRCIserIsviFIsaRsþRbmUlRKab;BUCdUcCa³
-TMrg;edIm
-karbMpøajedaystVl¥it
-RbePTEpø
-GakasFatu
-PaBTuM
-PaBGaccUldl;
-PaBrs;rbs;RKab;
-Tinñplrbs;Epø
-karbMpøajedaystVsuI
-karvinasrbs;edImem
-karFøak;BRgay
-TMhMedImem
-TMhMRKab;
-lkçN³PUmisaRsþdI
-karbMpøajedaypSit
-TinñplEpøenAqñaMeRkay²eTot
rUbrYmTI10-k-x-K-X viFIsaRsþmYycMnYneRbIsMrab;RbmUlRKab;BUC
17

9-3-kardwkCBa¢ÚnRKab;;; (Transportation of seed)
‣cMeBaHRKab;BYkminGacTuk)anyUr (Recalcitrant)
RbsinebIkardwkCBa¢ÚnmancMgayCit enaHkardwkCBa¢ÚnRKab;BYkenHminsUvmanbBaðaeT.
EtRbsinebIkardwkCBa¢ÚnmancMgayqayenaH kardwkCBa¢Únman\T§iBlsMxan;Nas;dl;PaBrs;
ranrbs;RKab; eBalKWRbsinebIkardwk CBa¢Únvamin)ansmrmüeTenaH RKab;rbs;eyIg;nwgRtÚvgab;TaMgGs.
dUcenHeyIgRtÚvykcitþTukdak;[)anxøaMg kñúgkardwkCBa¢ÚnRKab;RbePTenH.kñúgkardwkCBa¢Ún eyIgKYrGnuvtþn_
tamviFIxøH²dUcxageRkam ³
eRbIfg; b¤es,ag)øasÞicFM² edIm,IRckRKab;BYkRecalcitrant [)anTUlay
RckRKab;BI 3-5KILÚRkam kñúgfg;)øasÞicnImYy² ehIybt;mat;fg;EpñkxagelI edayTuk[man
xül;GacecjcUl)anpg nigRckvakñúges,agRkNat;mYyeTot.
tMerobes,agRKab;[manKMlatBIKñasmlµm eCosvagkardak;es,agRKab;RtYtKrelIKña
RKbpÞaMgRkNat; b¤pÞaMg)aøsÞicBIelImYyCan;eTot edIm,IkarBarkarPayeLIgnUvsMeNImrbs;RKab;.
rUbrYmTI11-k-x-K TMrg;karsegçbénkardwkCBa¢ÚnRKab; Recalcitrant
‣kardwkCBa¢ÚnRKab;EdlTuk)anyUr (Orthodox seed)
ebIeTaHCaRKab;BYkenHmankarFn;RTaMeTAnwgkarsMgYty:agNak_eday k_minEmn)ann½yfa vaminRtÚv
kar kardwkCBa¢ÚnmYyd_smrmüenaHeT. vaenAEtRtÚvkarkarBard_l¥ edIm,IrkSanUvGRtadMNuHrbs;va[enAxçs;.
eBldwkCBa¢Ún RtÚvevcx©b;RKab;TaMgenH[)anRtwmRtÚv edayeRbILaMgRkdas; b¤)avRkNat;edIm,Ikar
BarBIkMedAéf nigkMu[vargTTYlnUvuPaBTTwkesImEdlbNþalmkBIkarFøak;ePøogEdlGacekItmanCayfaehtu
nigeFVIkarRKbdNþb;va[)anl¥pg.
9-4-karRbeLHRKab; (Seed extraction)
cMeBaHEpøEdlRbmUl)anehIy eyIgRtUvRbeLHykRKab;ecjeGay)ans¥at. rebobRbeLHRKab;enH
Tak;TgeTAnwgRbePTEpø³
EpøsÜtBYk Pod-Legume ( Drying fruit for Pod-Legume)
18

-bnÞab;BIRbmUlrYcmk eyIgRtÚvhalEpø[sÜt rYcykvaeTAbukRsal²edayt,al;bukkuM[EbkRKab;
b¤dMbMEbkEpøedIm,IykRKab; b¤kat;RbeLHykRKab;mþgmYy² b¤eyIgEhkEpøtamqñÚtbeNþaysgxagrbs;va
GaRs½yeTAtamRbePTb¤TMrg; Epø.
-halRKab;Edl)anRbeLgrYc[)ansÜtl¥ rYcGuM b¤erayykkMeTckMTIecj
-eFVIkarEjkecjBIKña rvagRKab;Edll¥ nigRKab;s¥úyedaysarstVl¥itbMpøaj b¤edayRbkarepSg²
edaykarbENþtTwkykRKab;s¥úyecj b¤erIsecjedayéd b¤edaymeFüa)ayepSgeTot.
-RbsinebIeyIgeFVIkarEjkedaykarbENþtTwk enaHeyIgRtÚvhalRKab;[)ansÜtl¥Camunsin
munnwgeFVIkarTukdak;.
rUbrYmTI12 TMrg;karsegçbsMxan;²xøHénkarRbeLHRKab;BYkEpøsÜt Pod-Legume
BYkEpøsac; (Fleshy fruit)
-EpøEdlebH)anBIedImem KYrRbjab;Rbjal;eFVIkarRbeLH[)anqab;rh½s eRBaHkarTukdMGk;EpøBYk
enH kñúgry³eBlyUrGacnaM[EpøeCarTwk eLIgCUr duHpSit nignaM[xUcRKab;.
-dak;RtaMEpøkñúgTwk rYcRc)ac;yksac; nigRKab;ecj bnÞab;mksMrityksac; sMbkEpø nigTwkecal
19

-Rsg;ykRKab;EdlTTYl)an ykeTAhal[sÜtl¥ rYcGuM b¤erayykkMeTckMTIecj[s¥at
munnwgeFVIkarTukdak;
rUbrYmTI 13 TMrg;karsegçbsMxan;²xøHénkarRbeLHRKab;BYkEpøsac; (Fleshy fruit)
10-kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµRKab;BUC
kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµRKab; KWCakardas;PaBsMgMrbs;RKab; edIm,I[GMRb‘Íy:UmanlT§PaBrIklUtlas;)an.
dUc)anCMrabCUnxagedImrYcmkehIyfa CaTUeTAKWRKab;BYkFmµta(Orthodox) EtgRtÚvkar kareFVI
RbRBwtþkmµRKab;Camun eTIbvaGacduHlUtlas;)an. RbePTénkareFVIRbRBwtþkmµenHmanlkçn³epSg²Kña
GaRs½yeTAtamRbePTsMgMrbs;RKab;.
‣GMRb‘Íy:UenAx©I³ BYkRKab;EdlmanlkçN³sMgMEbbenH CaTUeTAGMRb‘Íy:Urbs;va minTan;manlkçN³RKb;
RKan; sMrab;eFVIkarvivDÆn_enAeLIy enAeBlEdlE;pøvaTuM ehIyvaRtÚvkarry³eBlmYyCakMnt; edIm,IeFVIkarvivDÆ
nUvGMRb‘Iy:Urbs;va eTIbGaceFVIkarduHlUtlas;)an.BYkRKab;RbePTenHeyIgKYrykvaeTAbnÞúMMmYyry³ swmyk
vamkmNþúH.
‣PaBsMgMemkanik³ RKab;EdlmanPaBsMgMEbbenHKW TwkGacRCabcUl ehIyGMRb‘Iy:UGacrIkduHdal
)an EtvaRtÚv)anraMgxÞb;edaysMbkRKab; b¤sMbkEpø CaehtunaM[GMRb‘Íy:UminGacrIkrYc. enAkñúgFmµCati RKab;
BYkenHGacduHlUtlas;)anedaysarkarBukpuyénsMbk EdlCalT§plénkardUrpøas;sItuNðPaB nigsMeNIm
b¤edaysarkarbMpøajsMbképø b¤sMbkRKab;BIsMNak;stVl¥itmankeNþor>>>CaedIm b¤edaysarePøigeqHeral
kMeTcsMbkEpø b¤RKab;Edlrwg CaehtueFVI[RKab;)at;nUvPaBsMgMrbs;va ehIyduHlUtlas;)an.
20

enAkñúgfñalbNþúH eyIgKYrdusxat; b¤riHrkmeFüa)ayy:agNaedIm,IbMpøajnUvsMbkrbs;Epø b¤RKab;ecj.
RKab;BYkenHman³ Fñg; ém:sak;>>>>CaedIm.
‣PaBsMgMrUb³ RKab;RbePTenH KWsMbkEpø b¤RKab;raraMgmin[TwkRCabcUlGMRb‘Íy:U)an.enAkñúgFmµCati
vaGacrIkduHdal)anedaysarstVsuIEdlCaehtueFVI[mankarEbksMbk EdlGac[TWkRCabcUl)an b¤k_
edaysarkardUrpøas;énsItuNðPaBekþA RtCak; EdlbNþal[sMbkeRbHEbk ehIyTwkGacRCabcUlrYc
CYnkal vabNþalmkBIkarb:HTgÁicenAkñúgFmµCati EdlnaM[EbksMbkRKab; b¤Epø. enAkñúgfñal eyIgKYreFVI
RbRBwtþkmµRKab;RbePTenHedaykareRbITwkekþAenAsItuNðPaBepSgKña b¤ry³eBlepSgKñaGaRs½yeTAtam
lkçN³sMbkRKab; b¤Epø. CYnkaleyIgGacqab b¤caMgbMEbksMbkRKab;Camunsin eTIbdak;RtaMvakñúgTwkmunnwg
ykeTAbNþúH. RKab;RbePTenHman³ ebg kekaH >>>>>>.
‣PaBsMgMedaylkçN³KImI³ CaBBYkRKab;EdlminGacduH)anedaysarmansarFatuKImIraMgxÞb;min[
RKab;duHrYc)an. enAkñúgFmµCativaGacduH)anedaysarmanstVsuIsac;Epø b¤edaysarmanTwkePøoglagCMrH
sac;Epøecj eTIbRKab;GacduHlUtlas;)an. enAkñúgfñal eyIgKYrRbeLHykRKab;ecjrYclagsMGatvaCamun
sin eTIbKYrykvaeTAbNþúH. RKab;BYkenHman sVay>>>>.
‣PaBsMgMedayxVHBnøW³ RKab;RbePTenHminGacduH)aneT RbsinebIvamin)anTTYlBnøWRKb;RKan;.
enAkñúgFmµCatieyIgsegáteXIjvaGacduH)anenAtMbn;EdlmanBnøW CaBiessenAtMbn;EdleTIbnwgkab;qáar
b¤EdleTIbnwgrgnUvePøIgeqHrYcehIy EdlGac[vaTTYlBnøW)anl¥. enAkñúgfñal RKab;RbePTenHKYrEtdak;
bNþúHenAkEnøgEdlmanBnøW edIm,I[vaecjBnøk CYnkalRbePTxøHRtÚvkarxYbBnøW éf yb;eTotpg.
‣PaBsMgMedayxVHkMedA³ RKab;BYkenH GacduH)anedaysar)anTTYlsItuNðPaBsmRsb.
enAFmµCati vaeRcInduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;ekþA b¤enArdUvNamYykMNt;edaysarTIkEnøgenHmansItuNðPaB
GMeNaypl dl;karrIkduHda énRKab;rbs;va. enAkñúgfñal eyIgKYrdak;bNþúHRKab;RbePTenHenATIEnøg
EdlmansItuNðPaBx>>>>>.
rUbTI14-k- kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµRKab;BUCedayRtaMTwk
rUbTI14-x-kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµedayqabRKab;
21

11-karEfrkSa nigTukdak;RKab; (How to store the seed)
‣cMeBaHRKab;BYkminGacTuk)anyUr(Recalcitrant) eyIgminKYrrkSavaTukkñúgry³eBlyUréfeLIy
RtÚvykvaeTAsab b¤dak;bNþúH[)anqab;tamkarEdlGaceFVIeTA)an.
‣sMrab;BYkRKab;Fmµta (Orthodox)
-RtUvsMgYtRKab;eGay)ansmRsbsin eTIbrkSaTuk
-Tukdak;vakñúgRbGb; b¤es,agEdlGacbnSt;xül;xagkñúg)an dUcCakMb:ug b¤dbEkvEdlmanKMrbbiT
Citl¥.
-rkSaRKab;kñúgkEnøgsÜt ehIyRtCak; edIm,IeFVIeGayRKab;manlT§PaBrs;)anyUr.
-biTpøakelIsMPar³pÞúkRKab; edaymankt;Rta³ eQµaHRbePTRKab; TIkEnøg nigéfEx Edl)anRbmUl
RKab;BUCenaH.
-RbsinebIGaceFVI)an KYreFVIkarkt;RtanUvGRtadMNuHrbs;RKab; brimaNRKab;kñúg1xñatTMgn; cUlkñúg
pøakpgEdr. Bt’manenHnwgCYy[eyIgmanmUldæankñúgkar):an;sµannUvtMrUvkarRKab;BUC kñúgkardaMduH.
rUbTI15 TMrg;karrYménkarTukdak; nigEfrkSaRKab;BUCBYkFmµta (Orthodox)
22

CMBUk 3
karBiesaFn_RKab;BUC
nigBRgagEpnkar
GMBItMrUvkarRKab;BUCkñúgfñal
Chapter 3
Seed testing
and draft of plan for seed
demand for nursery
23

12-karBiesaFn_RKab;BUC
RKab;KWCasrIragÁmanCIvit nigmantYnaTICaÉktþabnþBUCrbs;rukçCatI. KuNPaBrbs;RKab;enH eyIgmin
GacBinitü nigvaytMéledaykar)a:n;sµan eTAelIlkçN³xageRkArbs;va[)anRtwmRtÚv nigc,as; las; )an
eLIy. dUcenH eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚveFVIkarsakBiesaFn_va eDIm,IeFVIkarvaytMél[)anRtwmRtÚv.
CaTUeTA enAkñúgkarsakBiesaFn_RKab;BUC eyIg)anGnuvtþn_tameKalkarN_sMxan;²mYycMnYn Edl)an
kMNt;eLIgeday ISTA(International Seed Testing Association) b¤ smaKmBiesaFn_RKab;BUCGnþrCati.
dMeNIrkarEdlmanlkçN³samBaØ ehIyEdleyIgEtgEtGnuvtþn_CaTUeTA kñúgkarBiesaFn_RKab;BUC
KWkarBiesaFn_sþg;da (Standard test) . bNþacMNucsMxan;²mYycMnYnénkarBiesaFn_sþg;da rYmman ³
‣ karkMNt;rkPaBsuT§rbs;RKab; ( Purity test )
‣ karkMNt;rkTMgn;rbs;RKab; (Seed weight test)
‣ karkMNt;rksMeNImrbs;RKab; ( Seed moisture content test ) ¬sMrab;EtkarBiesaFn_¦
‣ karkMNt;rkPaBrs;rbs;RKab; ( Seed viability test )
karkMNt;edaykarkat;RKab; ( Cutting test )
karkMNt;edaykarbNþúH ( Germination test )
12-1-karsikSarkPaBsuT§rbs;RKab; (Purity test)
CaTUeTA RKab;EdlenAkñúges,agBUCrbs;eyIg minmanPaBsuT§l¥eT nig manlayeTAedaykMeTckMTI
epSg²dUcCa³ søwk> Emk> KMbkRKab;> esµA> RKYsfµ> RKab;eQIRbePTepSgeToteRkABIRbePTeQIrbs;eyIg.
dUcenHkarkMNt;rkPaBsuT§rbs;RKab; KWCakarsMxan; edIm,I[eyIgdwg)anfa³ etIkñúgmYyxñatTMgn;énRKab;kñúg
es,agBUCrbs;eyIg ¬1K>Rk¦ manRKab;suT§l¥b:unµanPaKry EdlGac[eyIgmankargayRsYlkñúgkar)a:n;
sµanbrimaNRKab;kñúges,ag edIm,IykmkeFVIkarbNþúHCakUneQI.
tarag 3³ lkçN³sMxan;²mYycMnYn sMrab;sMKal;cMeBaHRKab;suT§ nigRKab;minsuT§
RKab;suT§l¥ (Purity seeds)
‣RKab;TaMgmUlEdlminmankarxUcxat
‣RKab;TuM
‣RKab;minTuM
‣RKab;sÜtsVit
RKab;minEmnCaRKab;suT§s¥ (Impurity seeds)
‣RKab;énRbePTeQIepSgeTot
‣RKYsfµ
‣søabRKab;
‣søwk
24

‣RKab;EdlEbkehIymanTMhMFMCagBak;kNþalén
TMhMRKab;TaMgmUl
‣RKab;EdlduHBnøkehIy
‣RKab;EdlmanTMhMtUcCagRKab;Fmµta
‣RKab;EdlEbkehIymanTMhMtUcCagBak;kNþalén
TMhMRKab;TaMgmUl
‣RKab;EdlEbksMbk
sMNakRKab;Edl)aneRCIserIsrYcehIy eyIgykvamkEbgEckCaRKab;suT§l¥ nigRKab;minsuT§l¥ rYcKNna
tamrUbmnþ ³
TMgn;RKab;suT§l¥
PaBsuT§rbs;RKab;=
X 100
TMgn;sMNakRKab;srub
12-2-karkMNt;TMgn;RKab; (Seed weight)
karN_enHmansar³sMxan; eFVI[eyIgdwgTMgn;kñúg 1000RKab; b¤ brimaNRKab;kñúg1xñatTMgn;.
edIm,ITTYl)annUvlT§plxagelI eyIgykRKab;100RKab; cMnYn 8 KMrU ¬8 dg¦ykmkføwg dac;eday
ELkBIKña rYcKNna ³
‣TMgn;mFümkñúg 100RKab;
‣TMgn;mFümkñúg 1000RKab;
‣KNnabrimaNRKab;kñúg 1 K Rk
brimaNRKab;/1 K RK=
1>000>000
TMgn;mFümkñúg 1000 RKab;
rUbTI16 karføwgRKab;edIm,IkMnt;TMgn;rbs;va
25

12-3-karkMNt;PaBrs;rbs;RKab;
KWCadMeNIrkard_sMxan; kñúgkarkMNt;GRtaPaKryénPaBrs;rbs;RKab; edIm,I[eyIgmanmUldæankñúgkar)a:n;
sµannUvtMrUvkarRKab;kñúgkarplitkUneQIkñúgfñal. CaTUeTA enAkñúgkarBiesaFn_ eKmanviFICaeRcInedIm,IkMNt;
PaBrs;rbs;RKab; EtviFIEdlsamBaøØ niggayenaHKW³
‣karkat;RKab;Binitü (Cutting test)
‣karbNþúHRKab; ( Germination test )
12-3-1-karkat;RKab;Binitü (Cutting test)
tamviFIenH eyIgeFVIkarkat;RKab;tambeNþay rYcBinitüemIlEpñkxagkñúg ¬GMRb‘Íy:U¦ nigeFVIkarvay
tMélelIPaBrs;rbs;vaCaPaKry.
rUbTI17 karkat;RKab;edIm,IvaytMélPaBrs;rbs;vaedayEPñk
12-3-2-karbNþúHRKab; (Germination test)
eyIgeFVIkareRCIserIsRKab;mYycMnYn ¬CaTUeTA eKniymykRKab;cMnYn 50 b¤100 eRBaHgayRsYlkñúg
karKNna¦ cMnYn4 KMrU ykeTAeFVIkarbNþúHdac;edayELkBIKña ehIyeFVIkarkt;RtalT§plEdlTTYl)an nig
eFVIkarvaytMélelIPaBrs;rbs;va.
rUbTI18 karbNþúHBiesaFn_edIm,IkMNt;PaBrs;rbs;RKab;
rUbTI19 kardak;RKab;[)anRtwmRtÚvmunnwgbNþúH KWFana[kUneQIduH)anelOn
26

13-BRgagEpnkarGMBItMrUvkarRKab;BUCkúgfñal
CaTUeTA kUneQIEdleyIg)anbNþúHrYcehIy rhUtdl;eBlykeTAdaM EtgEtgab;eTAvijmYycMnYn
edayeCosmin)an EdlEtgEtgekItmaneLIgCayfaehtuenAkñúgkardaMduHéRBeQI ehIykarN_enHTamTar
[eyIgmankUneQI bMrugTukCaRbcaMeNAkñúgfñal ehIyvaTak;TgeTAnwgtMrUvkarRKab;BUC EdlyIgRtÚvEtKitKUr
[)anRtwmRtÚv.
xageRkamenHenHCa]TahrN_xøH²kñúgkarKNnaGMBItMrUvkarRKab;BUC sMrab;eFVIkardaMduH
27

tarag4³]TahrN_xøH²cMeBaHBRgagEpnkaréntMrUvkarRKab;BUCkñúgkardaMduHéRBeQI
tMrUvkar nigkarBüakrN_xøH²kúgtMrUvkar ebg (Afzelia xylocarpa) dUnEcm (Tarrietia javanica) Ggáaj; (Cassia siamea)
RKab; daMCacMkar 20 ht KMlat 4mX4m daMCacMkar 10 ht KMlat2>5X2>5m daMtamdgpøÚv 5000m KMlatBIKña 2m
tMrUvkarkUneQIkñúgKMerag 12 500 kUn 16 000 kUn 2 500 kUn
GRtakUneQIEdlGacgab; bnÞab;BIdaM 20°=3125 kUn 20°=4000 kUn 10°=278 kUn
enATIval
srub 12 500 +3125=15 625 kUn 16 000+4000=20 000kUn 2 500+278=2 778 kUn
GRtakUneQIEdlGacgab;edaykardwk 15°=2757 kUn 15°=3530 kUn 10°=310 kUn
CBa¢Ún nigedayehtukarN_epSg²
kñúgfñal
srub 15 625+2757=18382 kUn 20 000+3530=2 3530kUn 2 778+310=3 088kUn
tMrUvkarRKab;suT§kñúgfñal
GRtadMNuH 80° dUcenHtMrUvkarRKab;
srub=22978RKab;
GRtadMNuH 75° dUcenHtMrUvkarRKab;
srub=31373RKab;
GRtadMNuH 65° dUcenHtMrUvkarRKab;
srub=4751RKab;
TMgn;RKab;EdlRtÚvkar
TMgn;RKabmFüm;=100RKab; / K Rk
tMrUvkarRKab;KW 229>78 K Rk
TMgn;RKab;mFüm=1190RKab; / K Rk
tMrUvkarRKab;KW 26>36 K Rk
TMgn;RKab;mFüm=48500RKab; / K Rk
tMrUvkarRKab;KW 0>10 KRk
PaBsuT§rbs;RKab;=90°
PaBsuT§rbs;RKab;=85°
PaBsuT§rbs;RKab;=55°
tMrUvkarRKab;srubKW 256 KRk tMrUvkarRKab;sruvKW 31 KRk tMrUvkarRKab;sruvKW 0>18 KRk
28

CMBUk4
cMenHdwgbEnßmelI
mIRkÚsrIragÁshR)aN
Chapter 4
Symbiotic micro organism
29