feroSenadnobTa eleqtroTermia

zurab simongulaSvili 

feroSenadnobTa eleqtroTermia 

`teqnikuri universiteti”@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti 

z. simongulaSvili 

feroSenadnobTa eleqtroTermia 

feroSenadnobTa miRebis Teoria 

da teqnologia 

Tbilisi 

2009 

damtkicebulia stu-s 

saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo 

sabWos mier

wignSi axali saswavlo gegmis Sesabamisad gadmocemulia 

eleqtroTermuli procesebiT feroSenadnobTa mi- 

Rebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli safuZvlebi. ganxilulia 

elementebis da misi naerTebis Tvisebebi, liTonuri da 

oqsiduri sistemebis mdgomareobis diagramebi, oqsidebis 

aRdgenis reaqciebis Termodinamika da kinetika. moyvanilia 

feroSenadnobTa miRebis Tanamedrove procesebis 

klasifikacia da maTi standartizaciis principebi. aRwerilia 

ferosiliciumis, maRalnaxSirbadiani, saSualo da 

mcirenaxSirbadiani feromanganumis, silikomanganumis, 

liTonuri manganumis da dabalfosforiani gadasamu- 

Savebeli manganumiani widebis miRebis teqnologia mZlavr 

madanaRmdgenel RumelebSi. 

mocemulia manganumSemcveli nedli masalebis xarisxis 

Sefasebis kriteriumebi, Senadnobebis miRebis teqnikoekonomikuri 

maxasiaTeblebi da maTi gaumjobesebis perspeqtivebi. 

gankuTvnilia umaRlesi-teqnikuri saswaveblebis `Savi 

liTonebis metalurgiis~ specialobis studentebisaTvis. 

misi mizania daexmaros maT eleqtroRumelebSi feroSenadnobTa 

miRebis mravalferovani teqnologiebis aTvisebaSi, 

momavali praqtikuli da sainJinro saqmianobisTvis 

momzadebaSi. igi SeiZleba gamoadgeT magistrantebs, doqtorantebs 

da am dargSi momuSave specialistebs. 

recenzenti prof. b. maisuraZe 

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009 

ISBN 978-9941-14-563-6 

http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/ 

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, 

ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu 

meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis 

gareSe. 

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

S i n a a r s i 

Sesavali ................................................................................................................................6 

Tavi 1. feroSenadnobTa miRebis fiziko-qimiuri 

safuZvlebi...................................................................................................15 

1.1. madanaRmdgenel RumelebSi feroSenadnobTa 

miRebis safuZvlebi .....................................................................15 

1.2. Rumelis abazanis agebuleba da masSi denebis 

ganawileba ............................................................................................17 

1.3. kazmis svla RumelSi da dnobis produqtebis 

temperatura .........................................................................................27 

1.4. sakazme masalebis momzadeba dnobisaTvis.......31 

1.5. aglomeracia..........................................................................................31 

1.6. dagundaveba..............................................................................................36 

1.7. dabriketeba ............................................................................................37 

Tavi 2. feroSenadnobTa warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli 

aRmdgenlebis daxasiaTeba.........................................................39 

2.1. naxSirbadiT aRdgena (naxSirbadaRdgeniTi 

procesebi) .........................................................................................39 

2.2. naxSirbadis, rogorc aRmdgenelis Taviseburebani........................................................................................................... 

40 

2.3. oqsidebis siliciumiT aRdgena (silikoTermuli 

procesebi).............................................................................. 46 

2.4. siliciumis, rogorc aRmdgenelis Taviseburebani............................................................................................................48 

2.5. oqsidebis aluminiT aRdgena (alumoTermuli 

procesebi) ........................................................................................... 49 

2.6. aluminis, rogorc aRmdgenlis 

Taviseburebani...................................................................................50 

Tavi 3. kristaluri siliciumis da ferosiliciumis 

miReba ...................................................................................................................52 

3.1. siliciumis da misi naerTebis fiziko-qimiuri 

Tvisebebi...................................................................................................54 

3.2. kristaluri siliciumis gamodnoba..........................56 

3

3.3. ferosiliciumis eleqtroTermia............................... 60 

3.4. ferosiliciumis miRebis teqnologia...................65 

Tavi 4. manganumi da misi Senadnobebi ..............................................82 

4.1. manganumis fiziko-qimiuri Tvisebebi......................82 

4.2. manganumis da misi Senadnobebis 

gamoyenebis areali ..................................................................84 

4.3. manganumis madnebis da koncentratebis daxasiaTeba 

.................................................................................................86 

4.4. manganumis koncentratebis defosforacia..... 90 

4.5. defosforaciis metalurgiuli meTodi..............93 

Tavi 5. naxSirbadiani feromanganumis miReba ..........................97 

5.1. maRalnaxSirbadiani feromanganumis 

eleqtroRumelebSi miRebis teqnologia...........99 

5.2. dnoba ufluso meTodiT...................................................... 107 

5.3. dnoba flusiani meTodiT...................................................112 

5.4. naxSirbadiani feromanganumis gamodnobis 

procesSi SemCneuli damaxasiaTebeli 

darRvevebi da misi aRmofxvris 

RonisZiebebi ......................................................................................116 

5.5. naxSirbadiani feromanganumis gamosadnobi 

kazmis angariSi...............................................................................117 

Tavi 6. silikomanganumis eleqtroTermia................................ 120 

6.1. silikomanganumis miRebis fiziko-qimiuri 

safuZvlebi ..................................................................................... 122 

6.2. silikomanganumis gamodnobis teqnologia..132 

6.3. silikomanganumis dnobis teqnikoekonomikuri 

maCveneblebi ...............................................139 

6.4. silikomanganumis gamodnobis procesSi Sem- 

Cneuli damaxasiaTebeli darRvevebi da misi 

aRmofxvris RonisZiebebi................................................... 142 

6.5. silikomanganumis gamosadnobi kazmis 

angariSi .................................................................................................143 

4

Tavi 7. saSualonaxSirbadiani da dabalnaxSirbadiani 

feromanganumis miReba.................................................................145 

7.1. liTonuri manganumis miReba........................................ 149 

7.2. liTonuri manganumis miRebis teqnologia 

eleqtro-silikoTermuli meTodiT....................150 

7.3. ufosforo, gadasamuSavebeli manganumiani 

widis gamodnoba .........................................................................152 

7.4. gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumis gamodnoba 

.........................................................................................................157 

7.5. liTonuri manganumis gamodnoba............................ 166 

7.6. saSualonaxSirbadiani (rafinirebuli) 

feromanganumis gamosadnobi kazmis 

angariSi ............................................................................................. 170 

gamoyenebuli literatura ........................................................................ 172 

5

Sesavali 

feroSenadnobebi ewodebaT rkinis Senadnobebs 

sxva elementebTan: siliciumTan, manganumTan, qrom- 

Tan, volframTan da sxva. ormag Senadnobebs ewodebaT: 

ferosiliciumi, feromanganumi, feroqromi, ferovolframi 

da a.S. sammagi Senadnobebia, magaliTad, 

rkinis Senadni siliciumTan da manganumTan; rkinis 

Senadni siliciumTan da qromTan, romelTac Sesabamisad 

ewodebaT, ferosilikomanganumi (an silikomanganumi), 

ferosilikoqromi (an silikoqromi) da 

a.S. Semoklebulad Senadnobebi SeiZleba aRiniSnos 

Semdegnairad: ferosiliciumi - FeSi, feroqromi - 

FeCr ferosilikomanganumi - FeSiMn (an SiMn) da a.S. 

feroSenadnobebs ganekuTvnebian agreTve dbalrkinisSemcveli 

Senadnobebi, magaliTad, kristaluri 

siliciumi, romelSidac rkinis Semcveloba ar aRemateba 

1,5%, liTonuri manganumi (rkinis Semcveloba 

ara umetes 3%), liTonuri qromi, silikokalciumi, 

silikoalumini da sxva. 

feroSenadnobebis ZiriTadi komponentebia: siliciumi, 

manganumi, qromi, romlebTac ewodebaT wamyvani 

elementebi, radganac maTi Semcveloba SenadnSi rkinasTan 

erTad gansazRvravs Senadnis daniSnulebas da 

xarisxs, miRebis sirTules, eleqtroenergiis da nedleuli 

masalebis xarjs 1 t Senadnze da a.S. 

imisaTvis, rom sworad iqnas Sefasebuli da Sedarebuli 

mocemuli Senadnobis miRebis teqniko-ekono- 

6

mikuri maCveneblebi, romelSidac SesaZlebelia wamyvani 

elementis raodenoba iyos sxvadasxva, SemoRebulia 

e.w. bazuri tonis cneba. magaliTad, ferosiliciumis 

dnobisas, romelSidac standartis Sesabamisad 

unda iyos 45% siliciumi, dasaSvebia misi Semcvelobis 

diapazoni iyos 41-dan 47%-mde. am SenadnisaTvis 

bazur tonad miRebulia erTi tona 45% siliciumiT. 

silikomanganumisaTvis bazur tonad miRebulia tona, 

romelSidac jami manganumis da siliciumis Semcvelobisa 

procentebSi tolia 82. (anu % Mn + % Si = 82) 

naturaluri tonebidan bazur tonebSi gadaangariSeba 

warmoebs Semdegi formulis saSualebiT: 

Q ⋅A% 

Q = 

45% 

nat.t. 

baz.t. (ferosiliciumisaTvis) 

Q ⋅A% 

Q = 

82% 

nat.t. 

baz.t. (silikomanganumisaTvis) 

sadac A _ faqtiuri raodenobaa siliciumisa 

SenadnSi %-Si (ferosiliciumSi), xolo silikomanganumisavis 

A _ aris manganumis da siliciumis faqtiuri 

raodenobebis jami %-Si. 

zustad aseve SeiZleba gadaiTvalos yvela danarCeni 

teqniko-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi bazur tonaze: 

nedleuli masalebis xarji, el. energiis xaji 

da sxva. 

feroSenadnobebis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa foladebis 

xarisxis gaumjobeseba maTi ganJangvisa da 

legirebis saSualebiT. feroSenadnobebi gamoiyenebian 

agreTve oqsidebis silikoTermuli xerxiT aR- 

7

sadgenad. magaliTad, saSualonaxSirbadiani feromanganumis 

da liTonuri manganumis misaRebad, dabalnaxSirbadiani 

feroqromis misaRebad da sxva. 

foladebis ganJangva mdgomareobs Warbi Jangbadis 

blokirebasa da moSorebaSi, romelic li- 

TonSi dnobis Semdeg iseTi raodenobiT rCeba, rom 

man glinvis da Wedvis dros SeiZleba gamoiwvios 

foladebis e.w. cxeltexvadoba, romelsac sabolood 

mivyavarT nakeTobis wunTan. 

foladebis ganJangvisaTvis gamoyienebian iseTi 

feroSenadnobebi, romlebSidac wamyvani elementi am- 

JRavnebs ufro met swrafvas JangbadTan, vidre rkina. 

magaliTad, feromanganumi, ferosiliciumi, ferotitani 

da sxva. foladebSi aseTi feroSenadnobebis 

Seyvanisas, foladis Txevad abazanaSi, mimdinareobs 

ganJangvis reaqciebi: 

FeO + Mn = Fe + MnO 

2FeO + Si = 2Fe + SiO2 

foladebis sxvadasxva elementebiT (Si, Mn, Cr, W), 

romlebic feroSenadnobTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedian, 

legirebis mizania mianiWon foladebs specialuri 

fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi. foladis Txevad abazanaSi, 

foladebis feroSenadnobebiT legirebisas 

Rebuloben uJangav foladebs (feroqromis saSualebiT), 

swrafmWrel foladebs (volframis gamoyenebiT) 

da sxva. 

oqsidebis silikoTermuli aRgenisaTvis adnoben 

iseT feroSenadnobebs, rogoricaa silikomanganumi, 

8

silikoqromi, romlebic feroSenadnobTa RumelebSi 

SehyavT Sesabamis madnebTan erTad. am dros midis 

qromis an manganumis aRgena siliciumis saSualebiT: 

2Cr O + 3Si = 4Cr + 3SiO 

2 

3 

2MnO + Si = 2Mn + SiO 2 

miRebuli feroSenadnobebis TiTqmis 95% gamoiyeneba 

foladis metalurgiaSi. unda iTvqas, rom feroSenadnobebis 

gareSe ver iqneba miRebuli Tundac 

rigiTi markis foladebi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT 

specialur, legirebul-maRalxarisxovan foladebze. 

feroSenadnobebi mcire raodenobiT gamoiyenebian agreTve 

ferad metalurgiaSi da qimiur mrewvelobaSi. 

foladebis ganJangvisa da legirebisaTvis fero- 

Senadnobebis gamoyeneba da ara teqnikurad sufTa 

elementebisa, ganpirobebulia imiT, rom sufTa elementebis 

miReba-gamodnoba gacilebiT Znelia vidre 

Sesabamis elementiani feroSenadnobis, isini gacilebiT 

Zviri arian da bolos – sufTa elementebi 

Znelad ixsnebian Txevad foladSi, vidre feroSenadnobebi. 

am garemoebaTa gaTaliswinebiT, feroSenadnobebis 

magivrad sufTa elementebi gamoiyenebian mxolod 

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac foladsadnob abazanaSi 

ar SeiZleba Seyvanil iqnas rkina, an malegirebel 

elements waeyeneba gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi, 

rom is ar Seicavdes sxva Tanamdev minarevebs (nax- 

Sirbadi, siliciumi). 

9 

2

1 tona foladze daxarjuli feroSenadnobebis 

raodenoba sxvadasxva qyveyanaSi, teqnikisa da teqnologiis 

ganviTarebis Sesabamisad sxvadasxvaa da Semdeg 

zRvrebSi meryeobs: magaliTad, manganumis xarji, 

gadaTvlili sufTa manganumze ruseTSi Seadgens 9 

kg/t (0,9% mTeli foladis wonisa), aSS – 8,0 kg/t 

xolo iaponiaSi 6,5 kg/t. asevea ferosiliciumic. igi 

erT tona foladze, gadaangariSebuli ΦC45 ixarjeba 

daaxloebiT 7 kg/t (0,7% mTeli foladebisa). 

cxrilSi mocemulia ZiriTadi feroSenadnobebi, 

maTi daniSnuleba da gamoyenebis areali. 

feroSenadnobebis ZiriTadi saxeobebi, 

maTi daniSnuleba da miRebis meTodebi 

feroSenadnobi daniSnuleba (gamoyeneba) 

foladebis ganJangva. 

eleqtroteqnikuri (satransformatoro) 

da saresoro-sazambare foladebis legireba; 

specialuri daniSnulebis siT- 

ferosiliciumi bomedegi, sakonstruqcio, instrumentaluri 

da sxva saxis foladebis legireba. 

rogorc aRmdgeneli sxva fero- 

Senadnobebis (ferovanadiumi, feromolibdeni 

da sxva) sawarmoeblad. 

kristaluri 

siliciumiani brinjaos sawarmoeblad, 

siliciumi 

soluminis misaRebad. 

silikokalciumi foladebis ganJangva. 

silikoalumini 


rogorc aRmdgeneli liTonTermul procesebSi, 

Termituli SeduRebis dros da 

sxva. 

10

feromanganumi 

silikomanganumi 

liTonuri manganumi 

feroqromi 


sainstrumento, sakonstruqcio da ma- 

Ralmanganumiani foladebis legirebisaTvis. 

foladebis desulfuraciisaTvis. 


mciredlegirebuli foladebis legireba. 

naxevradproduqti saSualo, mcirenaxSirbadiani 

feromanganumis da li- 

Tonuri manganumis misaRebad. xarisxiani 

SesaduRi eleqtrodebis gare sagozavebis 

dasamzadeblad. 

specialuri, dabalrkinaSemcveli Senadnobebis 

miReba; dabalnaxSirbadiani, ma- 

Ralmanganumiani foladebis miReba. ferad 

metalurgiaSi. 

uJangavi, mJavamedegi, dabalnaxSirbadiani, 

qromvolframiani, sakonstruqcio, 

maRalqromiani, siTbomedegi, sainstrumento 

foladebis legireba. 

aRmdgeneli-dabalnaxSirbadiani 

feroqromis sawarmoeblad. 

(2%C) 

silikoqromi uJangavi, daballegirebuli qromiani 

feroSenadnobi 

da qromsiliciu-miani foladebis legirebisaTvis. 

daniSnuleba (gamoyeneba) 

ferovanadiumi 

ferovolframi 

sainstrumento, sakonstruqcio foladebis 

da zogierTi Tujebis legireba. 

specialuri sainstrumento (ZiriTadad 

swrafmWreli) da zogierTi sakonstruqcio 

foladebis legireba. 

sakonstruqcio, swrafmWreli, uJangavi, 

feromolibdeni siTbomedegi, 

legireba. 

mJavagamZle foladebis 

ferotitani foladebis ganJangva. 

11

uJangavi da siTbomedegi foladebis gan- 

Jangva sxva feroSenadnobebTan erTad. 

feroSenadnobTa warmoebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove 

etapze gamoiyeneba feroSenadnobTa miRebis 

oTxi xerxi: 

1. eleqtroTermuli – (naxSirbadaRdgeniTi da silikoTermuli). 

am meTodis gamoyenebiT dnoba mimdinareobs 

rkalur madanTermul RumelebSi, romlebSidac 

siTbo moyvanilia garedan el. energiis saSualebiT. 

2. liTonTermuli – am dros dnoba mimdinareobs 

kerebSi, siTbos garedan miyvanis gareSe. dnobisaTvis 

aucilebeli siTbo miiReba procesis egzoTermuli 

reaqciebis Sedegad. 

3. eleqtrolituri – elementebis aRdgena xorcieldeba 

eleqtroenergiiT, Sesabamisi elementebis oqsidebis 

(Mn, Cr) gogirdmJavas xsnarebidan. 

4. dnoba brZmedis RumelebSi – es meTodi saSualebas 

iZleva miviRoT mxolod naxSirbadiani feromanganumi 

da Raribi ferosiliciumi, 9-14% Si. 

ukanasnel wlebSi mrewvelbaSi inergeba feroSenadnobTa 

miRebis axali xerxebi – Txevadi liTonebis 

rafinireba konverterebSi Jangbadis SeberviT (vakuumSi 

da vakuumis gareSe). mimdinareobs farTo kvleviTi 

samuSaoebi feroSenadnobebis misaRebad plazmur 

RumelebSi. 

feroSenadnobebis miRebis ZiriTadi xerxia maTi 

miReba eleqtroTermuli meTodiT, amitomac sxvadas- 

12

xva feroSenadnobebis ZiriTadi da udidesi nawili 

iwarmoeba eleqtroRumelebSi. 

eleqtroTermuli da liTonTermuli meTodebi, 

Tavis mxriv, klasificirdebian gamoyenebuli aRmdgenlebis 

mixedviT: 

1. naxSirbadaRdgeniTi procesebi, romlis drosac 

oqsidebis aRmdgenelad gamoiyeneba naxSirbadi 

(koqswvrila, antracti da sxva) igi yvelaze iafi aRmdgenelia. 

2. silikoTermuli procesebi, romlis drosac 

aRmdgenelad gamoyenebulia ferosiliciumis, silikomanganumis, 

silikoqromis siliciumi. isini koqswvrilasTan 

SedarebiT ufro Zviri aRmdgenlebia, 

magram saSualebas iZleva miRebul iqnas unaxSirbado 

feroSenadnobebi. 

3. alumoTermuli procesebi, romlis drosac aRmdgenlad 

gamoiyeneba alumini. is aris yvelaze Zviri 

aRmdgeneli. igi saSualebas gvaZlevs aRvadginoT 

yvelaze ZneladaRsadgeni oqsidebi da miviRoT unax- 

Sirbado Senadnobebi. 

imis mixedviT dnobisas iyeneben Tu ara flusebs 

(kiri, dolomiti, kvarciti da sxva) feroSenadnobebis 

miRebis procesi SeiZleba iyos flusiani da ufluso. 

gasagebia, rom ufluso procesi ufro advili 

da iafia. 

feroSenadnobebis miRebisas yovelTvis warmoiqmneba 

widis garkveuli raodenoba. maSin, rodesac 

wida ise mcirea, rom igi Rumelidan gamosvlisas ar 

13

saWiroebs specialur WurWels (cicxvebi, sawidurebi), 

aseT procesebs pirobiTad uwodeben uwidos. 

xolo rodesac warmoiqmneba mniSvnelovani raodenobis 

wida, process ewodeba widuri. 

bolos, procesebi SeiZleba iyos uwyveti da wyvetili. 

uwyveti procesebis dros Rumeli mudmivadaa 

CarTuli, kazmi misi gadnobis Sesabamisad mudmivad 

miewodeba RumelSi, xolo liTonis da widis 

gamoSveba xdeba periodulad grafikis mixedviT. 

perioduli procesis dros, kazmis mTeli 

raodenoba itvirTeba RumelSi, gadneba, aRdgeba, ris 

Semdegac Rumels gamorTaven da liTonsa da widas 

gamouSveben. Semdeg es cikli xelaxla meordeba. 

14

Tavi 1. feroSenadnobebis miRebis fiziko-qimiuri 

safuZvlebi 

1.1. madanaRmdgenel RumelebSi feroSenadnobTa miRebis 

teqnologiis safuZvlebi 

feroSenadnobebis gamodnoba RumelebSi warmoadgens 

rTuli fiziko-qimiuri, eleqtruli da Tburi 

procesebis SeTavsebas. Rumelis muSaobis racionaluri 

reJimiT muSaobisaTvis aucilebelia yvela am 

faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba da sworad ganvsazRvroT 

TiToeulis roli dnobis procesSi. 

yvela liTonebi da araliTonebi, romlebidanac 

miiRebian feroSenadnobebi, bunebaSi arseboben oqsidebis 

an maTi gogirdovani naerTebis saxiT (SiO2, 

MnO2, Cr2O3, MoS da sxva). amitom feroSenadnobebis 

miRebisas ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens liTonebis 

(an araliTonebis) aRdgena maTi JangbadTan (an gogirdTan) 

naerTebidan, Sesabamisi Senadnis miRebiT 

rkinasTan an sxva elementebTan. 

erTi SexedviT, liTonis ganTavisufleba misi 

naerTebidan yvelaze advilad SesaZlebelia oqsidebis 

Termuli disociaciiT Sesabamis temperaturaze: 

MeO → Me + 1/2O 2 

magram am meTodis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod 

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Jangbadis disociaciis 

drekadoba Po 2 MeO metia vidre Jangbadis parcialuri 

15

wnevis drekadoba airad fazaSi e.i. oqsidebis disociaciis 

procesi midis Semdegi pirobis dacviT: 

Po > Po 

2 MeO 

16 

2 air.faz. 

am pirobis realizeba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia 

oqsidebis Tundac vakuumSi gaxurebiT, radganac 

Po 2 MeO Zalian mcirea: 

2Mn O2 

2MnO = + 17,55 C 1600 Po g 

0 

� = − atm. 

SiO O Si + = 

`--------------` = _19,00 atm. 

2 

2 

2Fe O2 

2FeO = + `--------------` = _10,25 atm. 

0 

mxolod Ag2 

O 1000 C g Po 2 3,360 = � atm. 

feroSenadnobebis miRebisas, rig SemTxvevaSi praqtikuli 

mniSvneloba eniWeba mxolod maRali oqsidebis 

disociacias. magaliTad, manganumiani Senadnobebis 

madnebidan miRebisas, romlebic Seicaven iseT oqsidebs, 

rogoricaa MnO 2, 

Mn 2O3 

, es oqsidebi haerze 

iSlebian Sesabamisad 4250 da 9500C temperaturebze: 

2MnO → Mn O + 1/2O 

2 

2 

3Mn O → 2Mn 

O + 1/2O 

. 

3 

maSin, rodesac Mn 3O 4 da MnO daSlisaTvis sa- 

Wiroa 1500 da 33800C temperatura Sesabamisad. 

amrigad, liTonebis misaRebad maTi oqsidebidan 

Cven ar SegviZlia visargebloT Termuli disociaciis 

meTodiT, aramed aucilebelia oqsidebis aRsadgenad 

gamoviyenoT myari an airovani aRmdgenelebi. 

2 

3 

3 

4 

2 

2 

2

aRmdgenelis SerCevisas aucilebelia Semdegi 

sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba – gadaWra: 

1. mocemuli (wamyvani) elementis, Tavisi oqsidebidan 

aRdgenis SesaZlebloba. 

2. madnebidan liTonSi aRdgenili elementis gadasvlis 

(amokrefis) xarisxi, (sasargeblo elementis 

amokrefis rogori saboloo Sedegi miiRweva). 

3. elementis madnebidan aRdgenis rogori maqsimaluri 

siCqaris miRwevaa SesaZlebeli. 

pirvel or kiTxvaze specialuri gamokvlevebis 

gareSe, gaTvlebis saSualebiT, pasuxs gvaZlevs Termodinamika, 

xolo mesame kiTxvaze – kinetika, romlisTvisac 

aucilebelia procesis meqanimzis codna 

da saWiroebs eqsperimentis Catarebas. 

naTelia, rom zemoTdasmul am sam ZiriTad kiTxvaze 

pasuxis gacemis Semdeg, SesaZlebelia SemuSavdes 

ama Tu im feroSenadnobis miRebis realuri teqnologiuri 

procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs maRal 

teqniko-ekonomikur maCveneblebs. 

1.2. Rumelis abazanis agebuleba da masSi denebis 

ganawileba 

dnobis uwyveti procesebis dros Rumelis abazana 

mudmivad Sevsilia kazmiT da misi gadnobis Sesabamisad 

mas TandaTan miewodeba kazmis axali ulufebi. 

eleqtrodebi CaSvebulia kazmSi sakmao siRrmeze 

(1-2 m) da maT boloze kazmis qveda fenebSi an- 

17

Tia eleqtruli rkali. aseT Rumelebs ewodebaT 

daxurul rkaliani Rumelebi. 

siliciumiani Senadnobebis gamodnobis SemTxvevaSi 

(ferosili-ciumi, silikoqromi, silikokalciumi 

da sxva), rodesac kazms gaaCnia dnobis maRali temperatura, 

eleqtrodebis qveS warmoiqmneba airovani 

siRruve (eleqtrods qveda areali), romlebSidac an- 

Tia eleqtruli rkali. 

SedarebiT advildnobadi kazmis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, 

silikomanganumi, naxSirbadiani feromanganumi 

da sxva), mkafiod gamosaxuli airovani siRruve 

ar aRiniSneba da eleqtruli rkalebi anTia gamdnari 

kazmis magmaSi (zogjer koqsis fenaze) an widaSi. 

koqsis fena warmoiqmneba aRdgeniT procesebze dauxarjavi 

koqsisagan. 

yvelaze maRali temperaturebi viTardeba rkalis 

zonebSi (airovan, eleqtrodis qveda arealSi), sadac 

mimdinareobs kazmis saboloo gadnoba da mTavrdeba 

ZiriTadi aRdgeniTi procesebi. eleqtrodis irgvlv 

warmoqmnil kazmis konusur moculobas, romlis qveda 

bolos warmoadgens eleqtrodis boloSi warmoqmnili 

airovani areali, ewodeba tigeli. 

tigelis moculbaSi gamoiyofa da moZraobs cxeli 

airebis udidesi nawili, romlebic Tavis siTbos 

gadascemen qvemoT Camaval sakazme masalebs, axureben 

maT da maRal oqsidebs aRadgenen dabal oqsidebamde 

(magaliTad, manganumis oqsidebi). ganieri, far- 

Te tigelebi – niSania Rumelis kargi, normaluri 

18

svlis, xolo viwro tigelebi maCvenebelia imisa, 

rom Rumelis muSaobaSi raRac darRvevebia. 

Rumelis kedlebTan Semcxvari da naxevrad- 

SemRvali kazmi warmoqmnis e.w. garnisaJs, romelic 

icavs Rumelis amonags daSlisagan. 

nax. 1. madanaRmdgeni Rumelis abazanaSi 

eleqtruli denebis ganawileba 

1 _ naxSiris blokebi (qvedi); 1 a _ naxSiris blokebi 

(kedlis); 2 _ liToni; 3-wida. 

А-tigeli; Б-airis (eleqtrodis qveda) are 

Rumelis normaluri muSaobisaTvis aucilebelia 

davicvaT ZiriTadi moTxovna (wesi), romelic gulis- 

19

xmobs, rom sworad da kargad momuSave Rumels unda 

hqondes cxeli qvedi da civi sakerZe. es moTxovna 

SeiZleba daculi iqnas eleqtrodebis kazmSi Rrma 

mdebareobis pirobebSi da Rumelis abazanaSi eleqtroenergiiT 

gamoyofili siTbos swori ganawilebis 

SemTxvevaSi. 

kazmis gaxureba RumelSi, uwyveti procesebis 

dros, kombinirebuli procesia da mimdinareobs uSualod 

kazmSi gamoyofili da eleqtrorkalis siTboTi. 

eleqtroenergiis ganawilebas madanaRmdgenel RumelebSi 

aqvs rTuli xasiaTi, ganisazRvreba mTeli 

rigi faqtorebiT da bolomde Seswavlili ar aris. 

nax.1-ze naCvenebia samfaza RumelebisaTvis denebis ganawilebis 

sqema. 

kazmis siRrmeSi mdebare (kazmSi Cafluli) eleqtrodebiani 

samfaza Rumeli unda ganvixiloT rogorc 

eleqtroenergiis mimRebi, romelic CarTulia 

sqemiT `varskvlavi~ da romlis nulovani wertili 

qvedze mdebareobs. am SemTxvevaSi Rumelis zeda horizontze, 

sadac kazmi jer kidev SedarebiT civia da 

aqvs maRali eleqtro winaRoba, eleqtruli denis 

gamtari ZiriTadad aris mxolod eleqtrodi. Rumelis 

Sua da qveda horizontebze, sadac kazmi ukve sakmaod 

gacxelebulia da nawilobriv SeiZleba gamRvalic 

iyos, mimdinareobs kazmSi denis mniSvnelovani gan- 

Stoeba, warmoiqmneba kazmuri gamtarobis denebi (I1, I2, 

I3, I4). denis meore nawili miedineba eleqtrodSi da 

20

warmoqmnis eleqtrul rkals (Irkalis), romelic anTia 

eleqtrodis bolosa da widas Soris. 

Rumelis muSaobis ZiriTadi wesis misaRwevad - 

`cxeli qvedi da civi sakerZe~ - eswrafvian, rom 

eleqtrodebi kazmSi Rrmad iyos CaSvebuli. am dros 

sasargeblo denebis Irkal., I1, I2 meSveobiT warmoiqm- 

neba maRali temperaturebis kerebi, romlebic ase aucilebelia 

procesis warmarTvisaTvis. deni I3, Zneladdnobadi 

kazmis SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens agreTve 

sasargeblo dens, radganac is uzrunvelyofs Rumelis 

Sua horizontebze kazmis winaswar gaxurebas. I3 

denis sidide, ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba (Rumelis mocemul 

parametrebSi da kazmis omuri xvedriTi wina- 

Robis dros) naxSirbadiani blokebiT amogebuli Rumelis 

kedlis simaRliT. 

deni I4, romelic miedineba Rumelis maRal horoizontebSi 

eleqtrodebs Soris (CarTva `samkuTxedi~), 

ara sasurvelia, radganac man SeiZleba gamoiwvios 

eleqtrodebs Soris mdebare kazmis naadrevi gadaxureba. 

am dros kazmis xvedriTi eleqtrowinaRoba 

Zlier ecema da I4 denis sidide mkveTrad izrdeba. am 

dros fazaze maqsimaluri dasaSvebi denis (I) SesanarCuneblad 

iZulebuli vxdebiT zemoT avwioT eleqtrodi, 

maTi kazmSi CaSvebis simaRle SevamciroT, 

rasac mohyveba metad arasasurveli Sedegi – maRali 

temperaturebis kera gadmoinacvlebs maRla sakerZisaken. 

amis Sedegad Rumelis qvedi TandaTan gacivdeba, 

sakerZe ki – gadaxurdeba, ramac SeiZleba gamo- 

21

iwvios Rumelis muSaobis (svlis) moSla da aRdgenili, 

wamyvani elementis didi raodenobiT danakargi 

(aorTqleba). 

deni I4-is sakmaod maRali maCvenebeli SesaZlebelia 

gamowveuli iyos kazmis araswori SerCeviT (aRmdgenelis 

siWarbe, kazmis ganSreveba), momatebuli ZabviT, 

eleqtrodebis ganSlis diametris simciriT da a.S. 

cnobilia, rom Rumelis moxmarebuli simZlavrea 

W = U Icosf 

. cosf -is (simZlavris koeficientia) maRali 

maCveneblebis misaRwvad sasurvelia SeZlebisdagvarad 

Rumelma imuSaos Zabvis maRal safexurebze, magram 

aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios eleqtrodebis maRla 

wamosvla, qedis gadaciveba da sakerZis gadaxureba. 

ukidures SemTxvevaSi am dros SeiZleba moxdes e.w. 

kazmis gaxsna da rkali ainTeba pirdapir kazmis zemoT. 

amitomac, yoveli procesisaTvis da yoveli RumelisaTvis 

unda SeirCes Rumelze miyvanili Zabvis 

optimaluri safexuri, romlis drosac Rumeli 

muSaobs kargad da miiRweva maRali teqniko-ekonomikuri 

maCveneblebi. Zabvis optimaluri sidide srulad 

ar ganisazRvreba Teoriuli gaTvlebiT da igi 

SeiZleba dadgindes mocemuli SenadnisaTvis, mxolod 

Zabvis sxvadasxva safexurze muSaobisas materialuri 

da energetikuli danaxarjebis SedarebiT. 

rogorc cnobilia Rumelis simZlavre warmoadgens 

jams rkalSi da kazmSi gamoyofil simZlavreebisa, 

romelTa Soris arsebobs mWidro kavSiri. 

Rumelis saerTo winaRoba (RRum.), romelzedac Zabvis 

22

mocemul safexurze, mWidrodaa damokidebuli saer- 

To denis sidide (IsaerT.), ganisazRvreba rkalis 

(Rrkali) da kazmis (Rkazmi) winaRobiT: 

1 

R 

Rum 

1 

1 

+ 

R 

= da saerTo rkalis kazmis 

R rkali kazmi 

23 

I = I + I 

kazmSi gamavali denis Zalis Semcireba zrdis 

rkalSi gamaval denis Zalas ( I rkal. ) da eleqtro rka- 

lis simZlavres da piriqiT, I kazmis gazrda amcirebs 

rkalis simZlavres. 

amrigad, kazmis winaRobis cvllebiT, Rumelis 

mocemuli parametrebis da Zabvis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia 

rkalSi da kazmSi gamoyofili simZlavris 

sidideebis gadanawileba. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, 

rom RumelSi siTbos gamoyofis ori ZiriTadi 

maCvenebeli (eleqtro rkali da siTbo, romelic 

warmoiqmneba kazmSi) SesaZlebelia mkveTrad icvlebodes 

teqnologiuri procesis xasiaTis, Rumelis 

parametrebis da miyvanil Zabvaze damokidebulebiT. 

eleqtruli rkali, rogorc maRali temperaturis 

wyaro, rigi procesebisaTvis aucilebelia da 

asrulebs gadamwyvet rols. rkalis zonaSi mimdinareobs 

kazmis Zneladdnobadi nawilis da widis saboloo 

gadnoba, agreTve midis oqsidebis aRdgenis 

reaqciebi, romlebic mimdinareoben siTbos didi 

raodenobis STanTqmiT. aseT procesebs, sadac rkali 

TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols da mis gareSe praqtikulad 

SeuZlebelia procesis warmarTva, ganekuTvneba

iseTi silicimumiani Senadnobebis miReba rogoricaa, 

kristaluri siliciumi, ferosiliciumi, silikokalciumi, 

silikoalumini da sxva. (magaliTad ΦC 45 

dnobsas rkalSi gamoiyofa simZlavris 40%, xolo 

kazmSi 60%. ΦC75-is SemTxvevaSi ki – rkalSi 85%, 

kazmSi ki 15%. 

sxva SemTxvevebSi, magaliTad, silikomanganumis, 

naxSirbadiani feromanganumis, naxSirbadiani feroqromis, 

gamodnobis dros Rumelebi muSaoben e.w. 

ùrkalo~ reJimSi (Rumeli muSaobs TiTqmis rogorc 

winaRobis Rumeli). muSaobis aseTi reJimis dros 

eleqtrodebi CaSvebulia widaSi an koqsTan areul 

gamdnar madanSi, sadac eleqtrodis da widis kontaqtis 

adgilebSi, Zlieri adgilobrivi gadaxurebis 

gamo, warmoiqmneba patar-patara e.w. `mikrorkalebi~. 

es rkalebi warmoiqmnebian da qrebian xan erT, xan 

meore adgilze. 

mZlavri eleqtruli rkalebis ar arseboba, ise- 

Ti Senadnobebis gamodnobsas, rogoricaa silikomanganumi, 

naxSirbadiani feromanganumi da sxva, karg 

gavlenas axdens dnobis procesis maCveneblebze. igi 

saSualebas gvaZlevs vimuSaoT Zlieri lokaluri 

gadaxurebis kerebis gareSe, rac TavisTavad amcirebs 

manganumis danakargebs aorTqlebaze (manganums 

gaaCnia maRali disociaciis drekadoba). 

RumelebSi energiis ganawilebaze da Tburi velis 

xasiaTze did gavlenas axdens Tanafardoba _ 

erTis mxriv – kazmis dnobis temperaturasa da siCqares, 

meores mxriv – oqsidebis aRgenis temperatu- 

24

asa da siCqares Soris. Tu kazmis dnobis temperatura 

mniSvnelovnad dabalia oqsidebis aRdgenis 

procesebis saboloo temperaturaze, maSin Rumelis 

Sua da qveda zonebi ivseba koqsTan Sereuli didi 

raodenobis gamdnari kazmiT, ris Sedegadac maRali 

temperaturebis zona inacvlebs Rumelis maRal horizontebSi 

da sakerZeze warmoiqmneba Txevadi faza. 

garda amisa, RumelSi energiis ganawilebaze gadamwyveti 

mniSvneloba eniWeba kazmis xvedriT winaRobas. 

imis mixedviT Tu ra Senadni unda iqnes miRebuli, 

kazmSi SehyavT sxvadasxva sawyisi masalebi: 

manganumis koncentrati an aglomerati, kvarciti, 

qromis madani, kiri, dolomati, rkinis burbuSela, 

naxSirbadis Semcveli aRmdgeneli. mravalricxovanma 

gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom xvedriTi winaRoba sxvadasxva 

oqsidebis, madnebis, aRmdgenelebis, widebis da 

liTonebis icvleba Zalian farTo diapazonSi da absoluturi 

sididiT aTasjer da milionjer SeiZleba 

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli iyos. 

madnebi, oqsidebi da mdnobebi dabali temperaturebis 

pirobebSi dens praqtiuklad ar atareben. 

aRmdgenelebi (koqsi, xis naxSiri da sxva) ki – piriqiT, 

ukve dabal temperaturebSi amJRavneben mniSvnelovan 

eleqtrogamtarobas. amitom dabal temperaturebze 

(Rumelis zeda horizontebi) kazmis gamtaroba 

ganisaRzvreba, ZiriTadad, aRmdgenelis da rkinis 

burbuSelis gamtareblobiT. 

temperaturebze, sadac xdeba kazmis garbileba, 

Secxoba da warmoiqmneba Txevadi faza (1050-11500C), mi- 

25

si xvedriTi winaRoba mkveTrad ecema da praqtikulad 

utoldeba naxSirbadiani aRmdgenelebis eleqtro 

winaRobas. 

kazmis gamtareblobaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens 

masSi rkinis burbuSelis an sxva liTonuri danamatebis 

arseboba. magram am SemTxvevaSic ZiriTadi 

komponenti, romelic gansazRvravs kazmis eleqtro 

gamtarobas, aris naxSirbadis Semcveli aRmdgeneli. 

amiT aixsneba is, rom maRali eleqtrowinaRobis mqone 

aRmdgenelis miRebas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. 

Catarebulia gamokvlevebi naxevradkoqsis da sxvadasxva 

naxSirebis gamoyenebaze, romlebsac aqvT SedarebiT 

maRali eleqtrowinaRoba. am aRmdgenelebis gamoyeneba 

saSualebas gvaZlavs Rumelma imuSaos eleqtrodebis 

ufro Rrma mdebareobiT, rac sabolood 

aumjobesebs dnobis teqniko-ekonomikur maCveneblebs. 

unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom maRali winaRobis 

mqone aRmdgenelebis gamoyenebam ar unda dagvaviwyos 

maTi meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovani Tviseba – maTi 

qimiuri aqtivoba. SesaZlebelia moiZebnos iseTi aRmdgeneli, 

romelsac eqneba maRali eleqtrowinaRoba, 

magram igi SeiZleba gamodges dabalaqtiuri, rogorc 

aRmdgeneli. maSin, miuxedavad eleqtrodebis dabali 

mdebareobisa da Zabvis maRal safexurze muSaobisa, 

Rumelis warmadoba sasurvelze dabali iqneba (amis 

magaliTia antracitis gamoyeneba). 

1.3. kazmis svla RumelSi da dnobis produqtebis 

temperatura 

26

kazmis dnobis da aRdgenis Sedegad, warmoiqmneba 

ra liToni da wida, Rumelis qveda horizontebSi 

myofi kazmis moculoba TandaTan mcirdeba. maRla 

arsebuli kazmi simZimis Zalis gavleniT eSveba 

dabla. zemodan RumelSi itvirTeba kazmis axali 

ulufebi da a.S. 

sakerZis normaluri muSaobis dros, kazmis kargi 

airganvladobis SemTxvevaSi, airebi Tanabrad gamoiyofian 

sakerZis zedapirze da Ria RumelebSi kazmis 

zedapirze mravali patar-patara CiraRdnebi anTia. 

airebi ZiriTadad eleqtrodebis garSemo gamoiyofian. 

rig SemTxvevaSi, Rumelebis zeda horizontebze 

kazmi SeiZleba Secxves, Seikras rogorc TaRi da 

moxdes misi Camokideba. ris Sedegadac kazmSi warmoiqmneba 

arasasurveli areebi, sadac grovdeba gamoyofili 

airebi da aRdgenili elementebis orTqli. 

rodesac aRniSnuli airebis da orTqlis wneva garkveul 

sidides miaRwevs, isini arRveven am Semcxvar 

kazms da sakerZis zedapirze didi kaSkaSa alebis 

saxiT iwvian. warmoiqmneba e.w. `sanTlebi~, ris Sedegadac 

sakerZe airebSi ikargeba didi raodenobiT wamyvani 

elementi. amitomac Ria RumelebSi am movlenas, 

Semcxvari kazmis qerqis CangreviT da mravalgzis 

CaxvretebiT ebrZvian, daxurul RumelebSi ki aseTi 

xerxis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia. aRsaniSnavia is, rom 

kazmis zedapiris Secxoba ZiriTadad gamowveulia sa- 

27

kazeme masalebis wvrilmarcvlovnebiT, rac TavisTavad 

kazmis cudi momzadebis Sedegia. 

kazmis gadnobis, aRdgenis da widis warmoqmnis 

siCqares ZiriTadad RumelSi arsebuli temperaturuli 

pirobebi gasazRvravs. 

RumelSi yvelaze maRal temperatura eleqtruli 

rkalis zonaSia da 40000C aRwevs. am zonaSi mTavrdeba 

yvela is procesi, romelic iTxovs intensiur 

gaxurebas da maRal temperaturas, magram liTonis 

da widis saSualo temperatura RumelSi ar ganisaz- 

Rvreba rkalis temperaturiT. marTlac, silikomanganumis 

da ferosiliciumis dnobis dros, erTidaimave 

simZlavris RumelebSi, gamoSvebis win silikomanganumis 

temperatura aris 1500-15500C, xolo ferosiliciumis 

temperatura ki 1800-18500C. maSasadame, eleqtruli rkali, rogorc maRali 

intensivobis siTbos wyaro, kompensacias ukeTebs siTbos 

danaxarjs procesze, forsirebas ukeTebs mas, magram 

saSualo temperaturas RumelSi ar gansazRvravs. 

ganvixiloT ra faqtorebi moqmedebs Rumelis 

temperaturul reJimze. warmovidginoT, rom Rumeli 

muSaobs rogorc mxolod sadnobi agregati. masSi 

mimdinareobs mxolod kazmis Txevad mdgomareobaSi 

gadasvla da gamoSveba. am SemTxvevaSi saSualo temperaturas 

Rumelis quroSi gansazRvravs kazmis 

dnobis temperatura. miuxedavad imisa rom rkalis 

zonaSi gveqneba Txevadi Senadnis nawilobrivi gadaxureba, 

zedmeti siTbo gadaecema SedarebiT nakle- 

28

ad gaxurebul Senadnis Sreebs, myar kazms da a.S. im 

momentamde sanam mTeli kazmi ar gadneba, rogorc ar 

unda gavzardoT Rumelis simZlavre, nadnobis temperaturis 

mniSvnelovani gazrda SeuZlebelia. mTeli 

siTbo xmardeba kazmis gadnobas. am SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobs 

yinuliani wylis gaxurebis msgavsi 

procesi. sanam yinuli mTlianad ar gadneba SeuZlebelia 

wylis temperatura nul gradusze metad 

gavzardoT. 

Tu sakazme masalebis gadnobis paralelurad mimdinareobs 

oqsidebis aRdgena da widis warmoqmna, ma- 

Sin quros temperaturas gansazRvravs an kazmis dnobis 

temperatura, an oqsidebis aRgenis temperatura, 

anda widis dnobis temperatura. Tu kazmis dnobis 

temperatura mniSvnelovnad dabalia widis dnobis da 

oqsidebis aRdgenis tempekraturaze, am SemTxvevaSi 

RumelSi dagrovdeba didi raodenobis gamdnari kazmi, 

xolo aRdgenis da widis warmoqmnis procesebi 

mniSvnelovnad iqneba CamorCenili. eleqtrodebi iwyeben 

maRla wamowevas da maRali temperaturebis kera 

gadmoinacvlebs sakerZesTan axlos. amitomac aucilebelia, 

rom kazmis gadnobis temperatura iyos 

cota ufro dabali, vidre aRdgenis da widis warmoqmnis 

temperaturebi. maSin quroSi warmoiqmneba 

sakmarisi raodenobis Txieri nadnobi, romelic Semdeg 

intensiurad da energiulad iwyebs aRdgenas da 

widis warmoqmnas. am pirobebSi quroSi saSualo temperaturas 

gansazRravs an nadnobis aRdgenisaTvis au- 

29

cilebeli temperatura, an widis dnobis temperatura. 

naTelia, rom dnobis procesebis sworad warmarTvisaTvis, 

kazmis dnobis, aRdgenis da widis dnobis temperaturebi 

mkveTrad ar unda gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan 

da dnobis siqCare axlos iyos aRdgenis 

siCqaresTan. zog SemTxvevebSi aseTi Tanxvedra ar 

aris da maSin kazmis da widis dnobis temperaturis 

gasazrdelad kazmSi SehyavT specialuri danamatebi 

(magneziti da sxv.), magaliTad, naxSirbadiani feroqromis 

dnobis dros. xolo piriqiT – quroSi temperaturis 

Sesamcireblad kazmSi SehyavT kvarciti. 

Zneladdnadi an advildnadi komponentebis kazmSi 

Seyvana aris erT-erTi saSualeba quroSi aucilebeli 

temperaturis misaRwevad. aris kidev meore SesaZlebloba 

(Tburi), romelic mdgomareobs RumelSi siTbos 

koncentraciis SecvlaSi. 

marTlac, Tu kazmi Zlier Zneladdnadia, maSin 

aucilebelia gavzardoT kazmis denebi im angariSiT, 

rom ukve Rumelis zeda horizontebze mimdinareobdes 

kazmis intensiuri gaxureba. romlis miRwevac SesaZlebelia 

im denebiT, romlebic miedinebian eleqtrodebs 

Soris da eleqtrodebsa da Rumelis kedlis 

naxSirbadian amonags Soris. amisaTvis aucilebelia 

gavzardoT Rumelis kedlis naxSirbadovani amonagis 

simaRle. 

Tu saWiroa gavzardoT temperatura aRdgeniTi 

procesebis intensifikaciisaTvis, saWiroa siTbos gamoyofa 

maqsimalurad koncentrirebuli iyos Rume- 

30

lis qveda horizontebSi da Rumelis zeda fenebSi 

siTbos naklebi raodenoba gvqondes. amisaTvis saWiroa 

piriqiT, Rumelis naxSirbadovani amonagis kedlis 

simaRle maqsimalurad iyos Semcirebuli da 

amiT SevamciroT kazmSi gamavali denebi. 

1.4. sakazme masalebis momzadeba dnobisaTvis 

Rumelis warmadobis gazrdis da sxva yvela teqniko-ekonomikuri 

maCveneblebis gaumjobesebis yvelaze 

efeqturi saSualebaa kazmis winaswar momzadeba 

dnobisaTvis. qarxnebis muSaobis praqtikidan gamomdinare 

miRebulia, rom kvarcitis natexis zomebi 

unda iyos 25-60 mm-is farglebSi, xolo aRmdgenelisa, 

koqswvrilasi 10-25 mm. aRmdgenelis fraqciis SerCevisas 

xelmZRvanelben im mosazrebidan, rom maRal temperaturamde 

RumelSi eleqtrowinaRobis mTavar 

maregulireblad gvevlineba aRmdgeneli da rac 

ufro wvrilmarcvlovania igi, miT ufro metia misi 

winaRoba. magram aRmdgenelis Zalian daqucmaceba (- 

5mm) dauSvebelia, radganac mas mivyavarT kazmis airganvladobis 

SemcirebasTan, mis SecxobasTan da 

Sedegad amisa Rumelis muSaobis gauaresebasTan. 

1.5. aglomeracia 

manganumis madnebis cnobili meTodebiT gamdidrebas 

mivyavarT mis daqucmacebamde. ase magaliTad, 

31

gravitaciul-magnituri gamdidrebis Sedegad vRebulobT 

koncentrats fraqciiT 0-3 mm, xolo flotokoncentratis 

zomebi 0-0,25 mm-ia. amasTan erTad, feroSenadnobTa 

Rumelebis muSaobis praqtikam gviCvena, 

rom wvrilfraqciuli sakazme masalebis gamoyeneba 

iwvevs kazmis airganvladobis Semcirebas, mis Secxobas 

da Rumelis muSaobis gauaresebas. amitom aucilebelia 

aseTi wvrilmarcvlovani madnebis da koncentratebis 

winaswar momzadeba maTi danaWrovnebis 

gziT. 

metalurgiul mrewvelobaSi gamoiyeneba danaWrovnebis 

Semdegi meTodebi: aglomeracia, dagundaveba 

da dabriketeba. 

am meTodebs Soris yvelaze meti gavrceleba 

hpova – aglomeraciam, radganac igi aris yvelaze ma- 

Ralmwarmoebluri procesi. magram es xerxi mizanSewonilia 

gamoviyenoT mxolod iseTi koncentratebisa- 

Tvis, romlis fraqciulobaa 0-10 mm. ufro wvrildispersiuli 

koncentratebisaTvis (flotokoncentrati 

da a.S.) igi ar gamoiyeneba, radganac am dros xdeba 

Secxobis procesis gauareseba da Sedegad aglolentis 

warmadobis mkveTri dacema. 

feroSenadnobTa warmoebaSi aglomeratis gamoyenebis 

praqtikam gvaCvena, rom igi aris kargi naWrovani 

masala, romelic uzrunvelyofs eleqtrodebis Rrma 

mdebareobas, karg airganvaladobas da Rumelis karg 

muSaobas. miuxedavad amisa aglomerati araa yvelaze 

kargi naWrovani masala, radganac igi Seicavs mniSvne- 

32

lovani raodenobiT, manganumis silikatebs saidanac 

manganumis aRdgena gaZnelebulia. garda amisa aglomeratSi 

SeuZlebelia yvela saWiro sakazme komponentis 

Secxoba (SesaZlebelia mxolod aflusebuli agolomeratis 

miReba). aglomeratis gamoyenebis dros sakazme 

komponentebis raodenoba igive rCeba, rac 

Cveulebrivi kazmis gamoyenebisas, rac TavisTavad iwvevs 

kazmis segregacias bunkerebSi da RumelSi. 

saaglomeracio kazmi Sedgeba erTidaigive an sxvadasxva 

xarisxis manganumis koncentrebisagan, mdnobisagan 

(kirqva an dolomiti), myari aRmdgenlisagan (koqswvrila 

antracitis fxvnili da sxva) da e.w. nabrunisagan. 

manganumis koncentratebis fraqciuloba unda 

iyos 10(8)-0 mm zRvrebSi. aRmdgenelis zomebi unda 

iyos 4-0 mm zRvrebSi da misi raodenoba woniT, ganisazRuvreba 

5-9%-is farglebSi. nabruni aglomeratSi 

SehyavT kazmis gafxvierebisa da airganvladobis gazrdisaTvis. 

Secxobis procesis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro 

siTbo miiReba kazmSi Seyvanili myari saTbobis (koqsis) 

wvis Sedegad. maTi wvrili nawilakebi ganawilebulia 

saaglomeracio kazmis mTel moculbaSi 

da gaaCniaT didi reaqciisunariani zedapiri. aglomeratis 

gaxurebis, Secxobis da gagrilebis zonebSi 

mimdinareobs madnis oqsidebis disociaciis da 

aRdgenis reaqciebi: 

33

MnO2 → Mn 2O3 

→ Mn 3O 

4 → MnO 

aglomeraciis temperaturebze (1200-15000C) myari 

saTbobis wvis zonebSi, naxSirJangi warmoadgens praqtikulad 

erTaderT produqts. miuxedavad imisa, rom 

procesi mimdinareobs haeris Warbi raodenobis Sewovis 

pirobebSi, rac mTlianobaSi process aniWebs 

damJangvel xasiaTs, mikromoculobebSi mainc aRdgeniTi 

atmosfero yalibdeba. amrigad, Termuli disociaciis 

procesebis paralelurad Secxobis dros 

myari saTbobis wvis zonaSi xdeba manganumis oqsidebis 

aRdgena, rogorc naxSirJangiT aseve myari nax- 

SirbadiT. 

manganumis zeJangi naxSirJangiT advilad aRdgeba 

braunitamde reaqciiT: 

2MnO 2 + CO = Mn 2O 

3 + CO2 

braunitis aRdgena naxSirJangiT mimdinareobs aRmdgenelis 

TiTqmis sruli raodenobis gamoyenebiT 

reaqciiT: 

3Mn O + CO = 2Mn O + CO 

2 

3 

Mn 3O 4 -is MnO -mde aRdgenis procesi atarebs 

Seqcevad xasiaTs da gamoisaxeba reaqciiT: 

Mn O + CO ⇔ 3MnO + CO 

3 

4 

manganumis qveJangi ( MnO ) ganekuTvneba Znelad 

aRdgenad oqsidebs da naxSirJangiT igi ar aRdgeba 

ara marto aglomeraciis procesSi, aramed eleqtro- 

RumelebSi feroSenadnobebis miRebis drosac. 

34 

3 

4 

2 

2

Mn 2O3 

da Mn 3O 4 -is MnO -mde aRdgena mimdinareobs 

oqsidebis disociaciis paralelurad, zemoT 

moyvanili sqemis mixedviT, an Mn 3O 4 -is uSualod 

naxSirbadiT aRdgenis reaqciiT: 

Mn 3 O4 

+ C = 3MnO + CO 

aglomeraciis procesSi, misi gaxurebis da wvis 

zonebSi mimdinareobs kazmSi Seyvanili mdnobi danamatebis 

karbonatebis daSlis reaqciebi: 

CaCO = CaO + CO 

3 

MgCO 3 = MgO + CO2 

dolomitis daSla mimdinareobs or stadiad 

Semdegi sqemis mixedviT: 

CaCO 

3 

⋅MgCO 

3 

= CaCO 

CaCO3 

= CaO + CO2 

CaCO3 

⋅MgCO3 

= CaO + MgO + 2CO2 

Secxobis dros koqsis wvis da mis mimdebare qveda 

fenebSi dehidrataciis, dekarbonizaciis da aRdgenis 

procesebis garda, kazmis komponentebs Soris 

mimdinareobs qimiuri urTierTqmedeba, gausmanitsa (an 

braunitsa) da kazmis SiO 2 Soris, ris Sedegadac warmoiqmneba 

manganumis silikatebi: 

3 

4 

2 

35 

3 

2 

+ MgO + CO 

2Mn O + 3SiO + 2CO = 3/2MnO⋅ 

SiO + 2CO . 

Mn 2O3 

+ SiO 2 = 2MnO⋅ 

SiO 2 + 1/2O2 

. 

swored manganumis silikatebi warmoadgenen aglomeratSi 

SemakavSirebel-macementirebel komponents. 

2 

2 

2

ogorc vxedavT, aglomeraciis process Tan axlavs 

rTuli fizikuo-qimiuri gardaqmnebi, romlebsac 

aqvT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aglomeratis fazur 

Sedgenilobaze da misi struqturis formirebaze. 

1.6. dagundaveba 

wvrilmarcvlovani madnebis (koncentratebis), 

narCenebis da sxva sakazme masalebis danaWrovnebis 

erT-erTi gavrcelebuli da efeqturi xerxia maTi 

dagundaveba. am meTodis arsi mdgomagreobs imaSi, 

rom areuli kazmi miewodeba mbrunav TefSisebr 

granulators, sadac amave dros gafrqveviT miewodeba 

Semkvreli (sulfiduri bardis wyalxsnari, 

Txevadi mina da sxva). miRebul nedl gundebs gamoaSroben 

daaxloebiT 1500C temperaturaze, an gamowvaven 

12000C temperaturaze. dadgenilia, rom dagundavebis 

procesi kargad midis im SemTxvevaSi, 

rodesac sakazme masalebis fraqciulobaa 0,5-0 mm da 

romelSidac fraqcia 0,07 mm aris aranaklebi 40-50%. 

es meTodi, rogorc vxedavT gamoiyeneba mxolod 

wvrildispersiuli masalebisaTvis (flotokoncentratebi, 

aspiraciuli mtveri, koqsis anaceri da sxva). 

gravitaciuli meTodiT gamdidrebuli koncentratebisaTvis, 

romlebsac gaaCniaT ufro msxvili marcvlebi, 

es meTodi danaWrovnebisa ar gamodgeba. manganumiani 

feroSenadnobebis miRebam, kazmSi gundebis gamoyenebiT, 

gviCvena, rom igi aris kargi naWrovani masala. 

36

misi gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs kazmis karg airganvladobas, 

aqvs sakmarisi meqanikuri simtkice da saSualebas 

gvaZlevs gavzardoT, gamdidrebis Rrma meTodebis 

Sedegad warmoebuli, wvrilmarcvlovani koncentratebis 

da narCenebis gamoyeneba. 

1.7. dabriketeba 

ukanasknel wlebSi did interess iwvevs manganumis 

koncentratebis danaWrovneba dabriketebis meTodiT. 

aseTi interesi gamowveulia imiT, rom am me- 

Tods sxvasTan SedarebiT (aglomeracia, dagundaveba) 

gaaCnia rigi upiratesobebi. jer erTi _ dasabriketebeli 

kazmis fraqciuloba, dasagundavebel kazmTan 

SedarebiT, SezRuduli araa, gamoiyeneba 5-0 mm masalebi. 

meore – dasabriketebel kazmSi SeiZleba SeviyvanoT 

dnobisaTvis saWiro yvela komponenti, rac 

sabolood agvacilebs RumelSi kazmis segregacias 

(rac xSirad xdeba Cveulebrivi kazmis an aglomeratis 

gamoyenebis dros) da mkveTrad zrdis aRdgeniTi 

procesebis mimdinareobis siRrmes da siCqares. 

feroSenadnobTa warmoebaSi briketebis gamoyenebis 

SesaZleblobaze da mis upiratesobaze, danaWrovnebis 

sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovani samecniero-kvleviTi 

da praqtikuli samuSaoebia Catarebuli 

stu-s Savi liTonebis metalurgiis kaTedraze 

da saproblemo laboratoriaSi prof. a. xviCias 

xelmZRvanelobiT. dadgenil iqna madnebis da sxva 

37

sakazme masalebis dabriketebis optimaluri parametrebi 

(dasabriketebeli masalebis fraqciuli 

Sedgenilobis, sinestis, Semkvrelis raodenobis, 

dawnexvis Zalis, gamoSrobis temperaturis da sxva, 

gavlena briketebis simtkiceze). pirvelad aq Semu- 

Savda e.w. monokazmis briketebis miRebis teqnologia, 

ramac saSualeba mogvca gamogveyenebina ara marto 

wvrilmarcvlovani koncentratebi, aramed warmoebis 

narCenebi (mtveri, granulirebuli widebi, koqsis 

anaceri da sxva) da aRmdgenelad deficituri 

koqsi Segvecvala adgilobrivi naxSirebiT. aRniSnuli 

teqnologiis bazaze zestafonis feroSenadnobTa 

qarxanaSi aSenebuli iqna briket-fabrika, ramac 

TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa danaWrovnebis am meTodis 

teqnikuri, teqnologiuri da teqniko-ekonomikuri 

upiratesoba dagundavebasTan da aglomeraciasTan 

SedarebiT. 

38

Tavi 2. feroSenadnobTa warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli 

aRmdgenelebis daxasiaTeba 

2.1. naxSirbadiT aRgena (naxSirbadaRgeniTi procesebi) 

arsebobs naxSirbadiT aRdgeniTi procesebis 

ori tipi: 

a) iribi aRdgena - MeO + CO = Me + CO2 

b) pirdapiri aRdgena - MeO + C = Me + CO 

feroSenadnobebis miRebisas iribi aRgena ar TamaSobs 

gadamwyvet rols, rogorc rkinis aRdgenis 

SemTxvevaSi da adgili aqvs mxolod maRali oqsidebis 

dabal oqsidebamde aRdgenis dros. magaliTad, 

feromanganumis gamodnobis dros oqsidebis aRdgena 

mimdinareobs safexurebiT: 

→ Mn O → Mn O → MnO → Mn 

MnO2 2 3 

3 4 

maRali oqsidebi MnO 2 , 2 3 O Mn da 3 4 O Mn SesaZlebelia 

aRdgenil iqnas iribi gziT CO -s saSualebiT, 

romelic gamoiyofa RumelSi sakerZe airebiT 

ukve Rumelis zeda horizontebSi. rac Seexeba MnO , 

igi SesaZlebelia aRdges mxolod pirdapiri gziT 

naxSirbadis saSualebiT maRal temperaturebSi. 

SevadaroT FeO-s da MnO -s iribi gziT aRdgenis 

pirobebi: 

PCO2 

MnO + CO = Mn + CO2 

K 1 = 

P 

39 

CO

FeO + CO = Fe + CO 

P 

K = 

2 2 

CO2 

PCO 

10000K temperaturaze K1 

−7 

7⋅10 

, 

40 

= xolo K 2 = 0,624 

e.i. FeO -s aRdgenisas airad fazaSi CO -s da CO2 -s 

wonasworuli raodenoba tolia: 

CO = 

wonasw. 

CO 2 wonasw. 

61, 

5% 

. 

= 38, 

5% 

. 

MnO -s aRdgenisas ki CO -s wonasworuli raodenoba 

aRwevs TiTqmis 100% (99,997%) da Sesabamisad 

CO 

2 

−6 

= 7⋅10 

% . gasagebia, rom feromanganumis misaRebi 

Rumelebis sakerZe airebSi, rodesac CO -s Semcveloba 

65-80% MnO -s iribi aRdgena SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad 

amisa aRdgena mimdinareobs airad fazaSi aRmdgenelis 

naxSirbadiT CO -s regeneraciis pirobebSi: 

C CO 2 2CO = + . 

2.2. naxSirbadis, rogorc aRmdgenelis Taviseburebani 

1. aRdgenis procesis miminareobis dros, misi erTerTi 

produqti CO airis saxiT, yovelTvis gamoiyofa 

Rumelidan, ris Sedegadac MeO + C = Me + CO reaqciis 

wonasworoba mudmivad irRveva, aRdgenis procesi 

midis Sors marjvniv da wamyvani elementis aRdgenis 

xarisxi xSirad aRwevs 95-98%.

2. naxSirbadis swrafva JangbadTan temperaturis 

zradsTan erTad izrdeba, rac saSualebas iZleva 

aRvadginoT sxvadasxva ZneladaRsadgeni oqsidebi. 

3. oqsidebis naxSirbadiT aRdgenis dros xdeba 

karbidebis warmoqmna ( SiC, Mn 7C3 

da sxva), ris Sedegadac 

miRebuli Senadnobebi yovelTvis Seicaven 

naxSirbadis maRal procents. amitomac unaxSirbado 

da dabalnaxSirbadiani Senadnobebis misaRebad nax- 

Sirbadis aRmdgenelad gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia. 

4. oqsidebis naxSirbadiT adRgenis procesi endoTermulia, 

amitom feroSenadnobebis misaRebad aucilebelia 

eleqtroenergiis mniSvnelovani raodenobiT 

daxarjva. 

5. naxSirbadi mainc rCeba yvelaze iaf aRmdgenelad. 

naxSirbadis gamoyeneba aRmdgenelad yovelTvis 

SesaZlebelia, rodesac SenadnSi dasaSvebia misi SedarebiT 

maRali Semcveloba an liToni Seicavs siliciumis 

maRal procents. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, 

warmoqmnili karbidebi iSleba siliciumiT da Tavisufali 

naxSirbadi ixarjeba oqsidebis aRdgenaze: 

MeC + Si → MeSi + C 

C + MeO → Me + CO 

feroSenadnobTa warmoebis ganviTarebis procesSi 

gamocdil iqna da gamoiyeneba mravalgvari nax- 

Sirbadiani aRmgenelebi: koqswvrila, dayalibebuli 

koqsi, naxevradkoqsi, xis naxSiri, antraciti, qvanax- 

Siri, navTobis koqsi, torifis koqsi, naxerxi da 

41

sxva. yvela es masalebi Tavisi TvisebebiT Zlier 

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. 

nax. 2. elementebidan oqsidebis warmoqmnis 

0 

reaqciebisaTvis jibsis energiis cvlilebis ( ΔG ) 

damokidebuleba temperaturaze 

� da � _ liTonis da misi oqsidebis dnobis wertilebi; 

� _ liTonis duRilis (aorTqlebis) wertili. 

naxSirbadSemcveli aRmdgenlebis daxasiaTeba 

42

maCvenebeli 

Semadgenloba teqnikuri 

analiziT, %: 

nacari, A 

aqroladebi, V 

sineste, W 

gogirdi S 

myari naxSirbadi 

reaqciis unarianoba 

1323K, ml/g.wm 

xvedriTi el. winaRoba, 

10-2 omi. m. 

struqturuli simtkice, % 

simkvrive, 103 kg/m3 : 

WeSmariti 

moCvenebiTi 

forianoba, % (sm3 /g) 

nacris qimiuri Sedgeniloba, % 

SiO2 

Al2O3 

CaO+MgO 

Fe2O3 

P2O5 

K2O+Na2O 

metalurgiuli koqsi 

10,65 

1,44 

0,44 

0,89 

87,02 

0,69 

0,0121 

83,0 

1,82 

0,91 

53, 1 

049 , 

35,4 

23,3 

3,8 

33,8 

0,24 

2,13 

43 

koqswvrila 

10,80 

1,20 

1,30 

1,34 

86,66 

0,92 

0,0148 

85,0 

1,95 

0,93 

49, 7 

051 , 

36,5 

22,2 

3,9 

33,7 

0,24 

2,64 

naxevrad koqsi 

27,0 

5,60 

1,90 

0,91 

71,49 

8,0 

75,0 

63,7 

1,58 

0,93 

55, 0 

067 , 

75,7 

11,2 

3,0 

7,6 

0,03 

1,18 

navTobis koqsi 

0,71 

8,08 

0,80 

4,23 

86,98 

0,42 

310 ⋅ 6 

64,3 

1,41 

1,12 

21, 1 

018 , 

46,3 

24,3 

10,5 

14,2 

0,75 

0,13 

xis naxSiri 

1,45 

14,54 

2,10 

0,04 

83,97 

11,1 

210 ⋅ 6 

39,0 

1,40 

0,40 

63, 8 

11 , 

1,90 

3,40 

41,1 

0,85 

5,12 

0,29 

koqswvrila – aris qvanaxSirebidan metalurgiuli 

koqsis warmoebis procesSi warmoqmnili 

Tanmdevi produqti. igi aris yvelaze gavrcelebuli

da iafi aRmdgeneli. igi gamoiyeneba yvela procesebSi, 

sadac dasaSvebia maRalnacriani aRmdgenelis 

gamoyeneba (misi nacrianobaa 10-12%) koqswvrilas 

xarisxi, misi eleqtrowinaRoba, forianoba, qimiuri 

aqtivoba Zalian icvleba qvanaxSiris xarisxis da 

dakoqsebis reJimTan damokidebulebiT. igi Seicavs 

didi raodenobiT wvril fraqcias (-5 mm) rac aucileblad 

unda gamoicras. 

naxevradkoqsi – miiReba arakoqsvadi grZelaliani 

naxSirebidan da igi ukeTesi aRmdgenelia 

vidre koqswvrila. misi xvedriTi eleqtrowinaRoba 

SedarebiT dabal temperaturebSi, TiTqmis orjer 

metia vidre sxva saxis koqsebisa. magram gaxurebis 

kvalobaze misi winaRoba mkveTrad ecema da Cveulebrivi 

xarixsis koqswvrilas winaRobas utoldeba. 

qimiuri aqtivoba ki, koqswvrilasTan SedarebiT mas 

ufro maRali aqvs. 

dayalibebuli koqsi. koqswvrila da sxva saxis 

koqsebi Sedgenilobis da Tvisebebis mixedviT sakmaod 

araerTgvarovania da Seicaven didi raodenobiT 

wvril fraqcias. amitom Rumelis stabiluri 

muSaobisaTvis sasurvelia gvqondes SedgenilobiT 

da gabarituli zomebiT erTgvarovani masalebi. aseT 

masalas warmoadgens winaswar forma micemuli (bur- 

Tula, disko da sxva) koqsi. igi Seicavs mcire raodenobis 

wvril fraqcias da gamoirCeva maRali eleqtrowinaRobiT. 

44

antraciti – mkvrivi dabalnacriani naxSirbad- 

Semcveli masalaa. aqvs dabali eleqtrowinaRoba da 

qimiuri aqtivoba. maRal temperaturebSi imsxvreva. 

feroSenadnobTa warmoebaSi igi gamoiyeneba sxva 

aRmdgenelebTan (xis naxSirTan) erTad. 

qvanaxSirebi – maT aqvT mniSvnelovnad maRali 

eleqtrowinaRoba vidre sxva aRmdgenelebs, magram 

Seicaven didi raodenobiT aqrolad da fisisebr 

nivTierebebs, rac xels uSlis Rumelis normalur 

muSaobas. maT feroSenadnobTa warmoebaSi jer gamoyeneba 

ver poves. 

xis naxSiri – aris yvelaze ukeTesi aRmgeneli. 

mas aqvs maRali eleqtrowinaRoba, forianoba, maRali 

qimiuri aqtivoba da mcire nacrianoba. miuxedavad 

am didi upiratesobisa sxva aRmdgenelebTan SedarebiT, 

igi SezRudulad gamoiyeneba misi siZviris 

gamo. mas mxolod im SemTxvevebSi iyeneben, rodesac 

saWiroa didi qimiuri aqtivobis da mcirenacriani 

aRmdgeneli. magaliTad, kristaluri siliciumis, 

silikokalciumis da 90% ferosiliciumis misaRebad. 

navTobis koqsi – esaa navTobis gamoxdis Sedegad 

darCenili narCenebis dakoqsebis produqti. isini 

mcire raodenobiT Seicaven nacars da aqroladebs. 

aqvT sakmaod maRali forianoba da qimiuri aqtivoba. 

siZviris gamo misi gamoyeneba SezRudulia. igi sxva 

aRmdgenelebTan narevSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac saWiroa 

minarevebisagan sufTa Senadnobebis miReba (magali- 

Tad kristaluri siliciulmis misaRebad). 

45

xis naxerxi. ukanasknel xanebSi zog feroSenadnobTa 

qarxnebSi, Rumelis eleqtrowinaRobis da 

airganvladobis gazrdis mizniT, daiwyes misi gamoyeneba. 

gasagebia, rom aseTi masalebis gamoyeneba 

warmoebaSi aris meorexarisxovani. 

2.3. oqsidebis siliciumiT aRdgena (silikoTermuli 

procesebi) 

oqsidebis siliciumiT aRgena xdeba Semdegi reaqciiT: 

+ [Si] = 2[Me] + (SiO ) 

2(MeO) 2 

2 

(SiO 2)[Me] 

K = 

2 

(MeO) [Si] 

aseTi procesebis dros Sesabamisi zomebis miRebis 

gareSe (flusebis saSualebiT SiO 2 aqtivobis 

Semcireba) aRdgenis reaqcia male aRwevs wonasworobas, 

ris Sedegadac wamyvani elementis aRdgenis 

xarisxi Zalian mcirea. magaliTad, dabalnaxSirbadiani 

feroqromis ufluso meTodiT dnobisas qromis 

aRdgenis xarisxi kazmidan da misi gadasvla li- 

TonSi Seadgens 55-60%, xolo qromis Jangis Semcveloba 

widaSi aRwevs 35%. 

naTelia, rom liTonis ( Me ) maRali raodenobiT 

aRsadgenad aucilebelia SiO 2 -is aqtiurobis Semcireba, 

rac SesaZlebelia miRweul iqnas kazmSi kiris 

( CaO ) SeyvaniT. am SemTxvevaSi procesis jamuri 

46

eaqcia SeiZleba Semdegnairad gamoisaxos: 

2(MeO) + [Si] + (CaO) = 2[Me] + (CaO⋅ 

SiO 2 ) 

nax. 3. C-O sistemis urTierTqmedebis reaqciebSi 

0 

jibsis energiis cvalebodobis ( ΔG ) damokidebuleba 

temperaturaze 

47

kkal 

0 

nax. 4. Termodinamikuli potencialis ( ΔG ) 

cvlilebis damokidebuleba temperaturaze 

widaSi CaO arseboba uzrunvelyofs reaqciis 

marjvniv warmarTvas, rac TavisTavad zrdis sasargeblo 

elementis amokrefis xarisxs. magaliTad, unax- 

Sirbado feroqromis miRebisas, flusis gamoyenebiT 

qromis amokrefa liTonSi Seadgens 83-85%. 

siliciumi, rogorc aRmdgeneli Cveulebrivad 

sufTa saxiT ar gamoiyeneba. igi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva 

elementebTan Senadnis saxiT. aseTi Senadnobebia 

silikomanganumi, silikoqromi, ferosiliciumi. 

2.4. siliciumis, rogorc aRmdgenelis Taviseburebani 

1. didi swrafva Jangbadisadmi, ris gamoc siliciumi 

sxvadasxva oqsidebisaTvis SeiZleba iyos 

rogorc aRmdgeneli ( Cr O , MoO da sxv). 

MnO, 2 3 

3 

48

2. unaxSirbado feroSenadnobebis miRebis SesaZlebloba. 

3. aRmdgenelad siliciumis gamoyeneba iwvevs li- 

Tonis silici-debis warmoqmnas, rac rig SemTxvevebSi 

arasasurvelia, radganac am dros liTonSi 

izrdeba siliciumis Semcveloba. 

4. flusebis gamoyenebis aucilebloba zrdis widis 

jeradobas, rac zrdis sakazme masalebze danaxarjebs. 

5. silikoTermuli procesebis dros ixarjeba 

sakmaod didi raodenobis eleqtroenergia, miuxedavad 

imisa, rom oqsidebis siliciumiT aRdgena, sufTa 

fazebSi, aris egzoTermuli. 

6. siliciumi – ZviradRirebuli aRmdgenelia, radganac 

mis misaRebad specialuri Senadnobebis saxiT 

calke RumelebSi, ixarjeba eleqtroenergiis da nedleulis 

mniSvnelovani raodenoba. 

2.5. oqsidebis aluminiT aRdgena (alumoTermuli 

procesebi) 

oqsidebis aluminiT aRdgena zogadi saxiT SeiZleba 

gamoisaxos Semdegi reaqciiT: 

3MeO + 2Al = 3Me + Al 

49 

2O3 

3 

3 3 

(Al2O3 

)[Me] 

3 K ⋅(MeO) 

[Al] 

= ; [Me] = 

. 

3 

(MeO) ⋅[Al] 

(Al O ) 

K 2 

2 

3

am SemTxvevaSic, rogor silikoTermuli procesebis 

dros, liTonis aRdgenis maRali xarisxis misaRwevad, 

aucilebelia Al2O 3 -is aqtivobis Semcireba, 

risTvisac iyeneben kirs. CaO kravs Al 2O3 

kalciumis 

aluminatad, rac TavisTavad uzrunvelyofs reaqciis 

marjvniv warmarTvas da sasargeblo elementis amokrefis 

maRal xarisxs. 

flusis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi oqsidebis aluminiT 

aRdgenis reaqcia SeiZleba gamoisaxos Semdegnairad: 

3MeO + Al + CaO = 3Me + CaO⋅ 

Al2O 

3 

alumoTermuli procesebi, Cveulebrivad, kerebSi 

mimdianreobs. alumini wvrili marcvlebis (0-3 mm) 

saxiT gamoiyeneba. aseT marcvlebs Rebuloben gamdnari 

aluminis SekumSul haerTan an orTqlTan gafrqvevis 

gziT. iSviaTad alumins winaswar gaadnoben 

eleqtroRumelebSi, Semdeg ki mis zedapirze kazms 

miawvdian. 

2.6. aluminis, rogorc aRmdgenelis Taviseburebani 

1. didi swrafva Jangbadisadmi, rac saSualebas 

iZleva, rom man aRadginos ZneladaRsadgeni oqsidebi. 

aluminis swrafva Jangbadisadmi, maRal temperaturebSi 

(1400-20000C) SesamCnevad maRalia vidre siliciumis 

da naxSirbadis. 

50

2. oqsidis aRdgenis prduqti _ Al2O3 rCeba widaSi, 

amitomac misi aqtiurobis Sesamcireblad saWiroa 

flusi, rasac TavisTavad widebis jeradobis 

gazrdisaken mivyavarT. 

3. alumini aris yvelaze ZviradRirebuli aRmdgeneli. 

marTlac, 1 kg molekula JagbadisaTvis saWiroa 

24 kg naxSirbadi, 28 kg siliciulmi da 36 kg. 

alumini. fasebTan mimarTebaSi, Tu 24 kilogrami nax- 

Sirbadi Rirs 1 pirobiTi dolari, maSin 28 kg 

siliciumi Rirs 8 pirobiTi dolari, xolo 36 kg 

alumini ki Rirs 19 pirobiTi dolari. 

aluminis maRali fasis gamo mas iyeneben mxolod 

ZneladaRsadgeni oqsidebis aRsadgenad da kidev ma- 

Sin, rodesac aucilebelia unaxSirbado Senadnobebis 

miReba. 

51

Tavi 3. kristaluri siliciumis da 

ferosiliciumis miReba 

siliciumis JangbadTan didi swrafvis gamo, misi 

Senadnobebi farTod gamoiyenebian foladebis gan- 

JangvisaTvis, Semdegi reaqciiT: 

2[FeO] + [Si] = 2[Fe] + (SiO2 

) 

siliciumis didi raodenoba gamoiyeneba, agreTve 

foladebis legirebisaTvis. 1,3-2% siliciumi foladebSi 

zrdis misi denadobis zRvars, xolo 2,4-4% 

siliciumi foladebSi naxSirbadis dabali Semcvelobis 

dros (0,1%) (satransformatoro, sadinamo 

foladebi), uzrunvelyofs dabal narCen magnitizms 

da vatur danakargebs. 

ferad metalurgiaSi siliciumi gamoiyeneba siliciumiani 

brinjaos (5% Si), TiTberis, siluminis 

(11% Si da 89% Al) da sxva ligaturebis misaRebad. 

gansakuTrebiT maRali sisufTavis siliciumi gamoiyeneba 

qimiur da eleqtroteqnikur mrewvelobaSi (naxevargamtarebis 

misaRebad). siliciums agreTve iyeneben 

wyalbadis misaRebad, Semdegi reaqciiT: 

2NaOH + Si + H 2O 

= Na 2O 

⋅SiO 

2 + 2H 2 

igi agreTve gamoiyeneba madnebis gamdidrebis 

dros mZime suspenziebis misaRebad, rogorc damamZimebeli. 

saSualod, yovel gamomdnar tona foladze ixarjeba 

7 kg 45%-iani ferosiliciumi. feroSenadnob- 

52

Ta mTeli warmoebis 60% modis siliciumiani Senadnobebis 

gamodnobaze. 

dabalsiliciumiani (9% Si) ferosiliciumis garkveuli 

nawili, jerjerobiT iwarmoeba brZmedebSi. 

axlo momavalSi es procesi mTlianad eleqtroRumelebSi 

gadainacvlebs. 

ferosiliciumis markebi da Sedgeniloba 

Senadnis 

Sedgeniloba, % 

marka Si Mn Cr P S Al Ca C 

ФС90 

ФС75 

ФС65 

ФС45 

ФС25 

ФС18 

85-95 

74-80 

63-68 

41-47 

23-27 

17-22 

0,2 

0,3 

0,4 

0,6 

0,9 

1,0 

0,2 

0,2 

0,4 

0,6 

0,9 

1,0 

53 

0,03 

0,05 

0,05 

0,05 

0,06 

0,10 

0,02 

0,02 

0,03 

0,03 

0,03 

0,04 

3,0 

2,5 

2,0 

2,0 

1,0 

1,0 

1,0 

1,0 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

0,1 

0,2 

0,4 

0,6 

1,0 

kristaluri siliciumis markebi da Sedgeniloba 

Senadnis 


marka Si Fe Al Ca minarevebi 

Kp 00 99,0 0,4 0,4 0,4 1,0 

Kp0 98,8 0,5 0,6 0,4 1,2 

Kp1 98,0 0,7 0,7 0,6 2,0 

Kp2 

Kp3 

97,0 

96 

1,0 

1,5 

1,2 

1,5 

0,8 

1,5 

2,0 

4,0

siliciumiani Senadnobebis Sedgeniloba limitirebulia 

saerTaSoriso standartebiT. cxrilebSi 

mocemulia ferosiliciumis da kristaluri siliciumis 

markebi da Sedgeniloba. 

3.1. siliciumis da misi naerTebis fiziko-qimiuri 

Tvisebebi 

dedamiwis qerqSi, gavrcelebis mixedviT (27%), 

siliciums (kaJbads) meore adgili uWiravs Jangbadis 

Semdeg. bunebaSi igi ZiriTadad gvxvdeba JangbadnaerTebis 

saxiT (kvarci, silikatebi, alumosilikatebi, 

hidratebi da a.S). 

siliciumi-araliTonia, magram aqvs liTonuri 

bzinvareba. igi Zalian magari da myifea. misi fizikoqimiuri 

Tvisebebi Semdegia: 

atomuri masa -------------------- 28,09 

simkvrive 200 --------------------- 2370 kg/m3 valentoba --------------------- 2,4 

dnobis temperatura ------- 14130C duRilis temperatura ---- 2305-26170C siliciumi arsebobs ori alotropiuli formiT: 

1. amorfuli _ Savi feris, ar atarebs eleqtro 

dens; 2. kristaluri-foladisferi, atarebs el. dens. 

siliciums gaaCnia didi swrafva Jangbadisadmi 

da masTan warmoqmnis myar da mdgrad oqsids _ SiO2 

da maRaltemperaturul, aramdgrad formas _ SiO 

(siliciumis monooqsidi). 

54

kaJmiwa (SiO2) - arsebobs amorful da kristalur 

mdgomareobaSi. gaxurebisas amorfuli kaJmiwa gadadis 

kristalurSi. kristaluri kaJmiwa arsebobs sami 

modifikaciis saxiT: kvarci, tridimiti, kristobaliti. 

erTi forma meoreSi gadadis Semdeg temperaturebSi: 

α kvarci ⎯⎯→ 0 

570 

55 

β kvarci ⎯⎯→ 0 

870 

1470 

tridimiti ⎯→ ⎯ kristobaliti 

kristobaliti mdgradia 17130-mde. SiO2-is dnobis temperatura 17130C. duRilis temperatura ki _ 28000C. maRal temperaturebSi (1800-2200) kaJmiwa disocirdeba: 

⎯ 0 

SiO 2 → SiO + 1/2 O2 

amrigad, kaJmiwis orTqlis ZiriTadi mdgenelebia 

siliciumis monooqsidi da Jangbadi. 

siliciumis monooqsidis (SiO) Tvisebebi sabolood 

Seswavlili araa. dadasturebulia, rom SiO ruxi 

feris individualuri naerTia da ara Si da SiO2-is 

narevi. sufTa SiO mdgradia viwro temperaturul intervalSi 

1785-1848K, romelic gacivebisas iSleba ka- 

Jmiwad da kaJbadad: 

2SiO SiO 2 Si + → 

haerze SiO advilad iJangeba da gadadis SiO2. 

siliciumis monooqsidi SeiZleba miRebul iqnas, 

rogorc disociaciiT, aseve aRdgeniT: 

+ 

C = SiO + CO 

SiO 2

SiO 2 

+ Si = 

56 

2SiO 

2SiO 2 + SiC = 3SiO 

+ CO 

naxSirbadTan siliciumi warmoqmnis siliciumis 

karbids. 

Si + C = SiC 

romelic 28000C mTlianad disocirdeba. 

siliciumi rkinasTan nebismieri TanafardobiT 

SelRveba da warmoqmnis rig silicidebs: FeSi, Fe5Si3, 

Fe3Si da sxva. 

dadgenilia, rom siliciumis aRdgena SiO 2 -dan 

mimdinareobs Sualeduri produqtebis _ siliciumis 

karbidis _ SiC da advilaorTqlebadi siliciumis 

monooqsidis _ SiO warmoqmniT. 

SiO2 -is aRdgenis jamuri reaqcia 1710-18270C SeiZ- 

leba gamoisaxos: 

SiO 2 ( Txevadi) 2C( 

myari) = Si( 

+ Txevadi) 

3.2. kristaluri siliciumis gamodnoba 

+ 2CO . 

rogorc zemoT cxrilSi moyvanili kristaluri 

siliciumis Sedgenilobidan Cans, masSi rkinis, aluminis, 

kalciumis minarevebis minimaluri raodenobaa 

dasaSvebi. es elementebi dnobis procesSi aRdgebian 

Sesabamisi oqsidebidan Semdegi reaqciiT: 

Al2 O3 

+ 3C = 2Al + CO 

CaO + 

C = Ca + CO

FeO + C = Fe + CO 

zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, kristaluri siliciumis 

misaRebad gamoiyeneba maRali sisufTavis sakazme 

masalebi. aseTebia _ kvarci, xis naxSiri, nav- 

Tobis an sqelfisebis koqsebi. 

sakazme masalebis Sedgeniloba Semdegia %: 

kvarci (kvarciti) _ SiO2 ---- 98,8-99,2 

Fe2O3 ---- 0,15-0,57 

Al2O3 ---- 0,03-0,3 

CaO ---- 0,1-0,3 

C 

xis naxSiri 

71,98 

navTobis 

koqsi 91,94 

sqelfisis 

koqsi 

96,2 

nacris 

Sedgeniloba 

xis naxSiri 

SiO2 8,26 

nacari 

1,77 

0,59 

1,89 

Fe2 O3 

4,18 

57 

sineste 

1,70 

1,07 

2,05 

Al2O 3 

6,20 

aqroladebi 

MgO 

10,0 

1,77 

6,40 

1,96 

CaO 

40,43 

navTobis koqsi 71,98 16,15 _ 2,12 2,0 

sqelfisis koqsi 53,2 14,25 15,26 2,56 5,96 

kristaluri siliciumis gamodnoba xdeba uwyveti 

procesiT, nadnobis perioduli gamoSvebiT. Cveulebrivad 

iyeneben dabali simZlavris 3000 kva (samfaza, 

mrgvalabazaniani) da 6500 kva (erTfaziani, oreleqtrodiani, 

ovaluri abazaniT) Rumelebs.

aseTi Rumelebi amogebulia naxSiris blokebiT, 

ferosiliciumis sadnobi Rumelis analogiurad. gamoiyeneba 

grafitizirebuli eleqtrodebi. ukanasknel 

xanebSi daiwyes am Senadnis dnoba didi simZlavris _ 

16500 kva RumelebSi. am SemTxvevaSi iyeneben TviTcxobad 

eleqtrodebs an naxSiris eleqtrodebs rkinis 

garcmis gareSe. sakazme masalebis dnobisaTvis momzadeba 

xdeba Semdegnairad. kvarci (kvarciti) imsxvreva. 

natexis zomebia 15-50 mm. xis naxSirs iyeneben natexovans. 

10-80 mm. navTobis koqss amsxvreven 5-15 mm natexebad. 

sadnobi kazmis erTi ulufis Sedgenilobaa: 

kvarci (kvarciti) – 100 kg 

navTobis koqsi – 23-27 kg 

xis naxSiri – 24-30 kg 

Senadnis gamoSveba uwyvetia, e.i. Rumelis xvreli 

mudmivad Riaa da siliciumi wvril nakadad Caedineba 

Tujis boyvSi. xandaxan xvrels ketaven xis naWriT 

da Semdeg xsnian eleqtro rkalis meSveobiT. 

xvrelis movlis da gawmendis dros kategoriulad 

ikrZaleba liTonis instrumentebis gamoyeneba, SenadnSi 

rkinis moxvedris Tavidan asacileblad. 

6500 kva simZlavris Rumelis dReRamuri warmadoba 

11 tonaa sakazme masalebis da eleqtro energiis 

xarji 1 bazur tona Senadnze Seadgens: 

kvarciti – 2872 kg 

xis naxSiri _ 1423 kg 

navTobis koqsi – 326 kg 

58

naxSiris eleqtrodebi – 83 kg 

kleqtroenergia – 12239 kvt. sT 

siciliumis aorTqleba sakerZe airebidan SiO da 

Si saxiT, aRwevs kazmSi arsebuli siliciumis 25%. 

kristaluri siliciumis miReba gansakuTrebiT 

Sromatevadi procesia, igi saWiroebs maRal temperaturebs 

da Tan axlavs rigi arasasurveli Taviseburebebi, 

romelTagan aRsaniSnavia siliciumis karbidis 

warmoqmna. 

rogorc siliciumis naxSirbadiT aRdgenis Termodinamikidanaa 

cnobili, siliciumis karbidis warmoqmna 

mimdinareobs ufro dabal temperaturebSi, vidre 

sufTa siliciumis miReba. Rumelis `civ~ zonebSi, gansakuTrebiT 

naxSirbadis Warbi raodenobis dros, mimdinareobs 

SiC intensiuri warmoqmna. ris Sedegadac 

RumelSi grovdeba karborundis warmonaqmnebi da radganac 

mas aqvs maRali eleqtrogamtaroba, eleqtrodebi 

iweven maRala, xdeba Rumelis qvedis gaciveba, 

rac isev iwvevs karborundis warmoqmnas da dagrovebas 

Rumelis qveda nawilSi. yovelive amis gamo Rumelis 

muSaobis procesi areulia da xSirad saWiro 

xdeba misi gaCereba karborundis garnisaJis amosamtvrevad. 

es operacia Zalian rTuli procesia, romelsac 

mivyavarT Rumelis mniSvnelovani droiT amorTvamde. 

am metad arasasurvel procesebs warmatebiT 

ebrZvian mbrunav abazaniani Rumelebis gamoyenebiT. am 

dros eleqtruli rkalebi, romlebic anTia eleqtrodsa 

da mis irgvliv arsebul e.w. tigelis kedels 

59

Soris (brunvis mimarTulebiT), xels uwyobs karborundis 

_ SiC daSlas. 

3.3. ferosiliciumis eleqtroTermia 

ferosiliciumi aris rkinis siliciumTan Senadni. 

ferosiliciumis markebi da Sedgeniloba mocemulia 

cxrilSi. siliciumi rkinasTan nebismieri 

raodenobiT Sedneba silicidebis warmoqmniT: FeSi, 

FeSi2, Fe5Si3, Fe3Si. yvela am Senadnis dnobis temperatura 

ar aRemateba 14100C. magram gamoSvebis dros 

75%-iani Txevadi ferosiliciumis temperatura 19000 , 

rac gamowveulia siliciumis aRdgenis maRali temperaturiT. 

teqnikuri ferosiliciumi warmoadgens mravalkomponentian 

sistemas, romelic mcire raodenobiT 

Seicavs Semdeg elementebs: Mn, Cr, P, C, S, Ca, Al. iseTi 

elementebi rogoricaa Al, P, Ca miuxedavad maTi mcire 

raodenobisa ferosiliciumSi, isini nestian atmosferoSi 

iwveven Sanadnis daSlas (dafxvnas). daSlas 

yvela markis ferosiliciumi ar ganicdis. daSlisadmi 

yvelaze meti midrekileba aqvs Senadns 50-60% 

siliciumiT. dadgenilia, rom Senadnis dafxvnas iwvevs 

masSi metastabiluri fazis – leboitis FeSi2 

arseboba, romelic warmoiqmneba siliciumis 53-56% 

koncentraciis dros. siliciumis dabali Semcvelobis 

dros 18-25% leboiti ar warmoiqmneba. 

60

leboiti warmoiqmneba rkinis atomebis nawilobrivi 

CanacvlebiT siliciumis atomebiT FeSi2-is idealur 

meserSi, ris gamoc is aris aramdgradi. metastabiluri 

leboiti daSlis Sedegad gadadis 

stabilur formaSi, ris Sedegadac xdeba misi moculobis 

gazrda, ris Sedegadac xdeba ferosiliciumis 

daSla. am procesze did gavlenas axdens P, 

Al, Ca, romlebic leboitSi warmoqmnian myar fazas. 

am mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT saSiSia fosfori. 

notio haeris an sinestis zemoqmedebiT ferosiliciumis 

natexebi fxvnilad iqceva, romlis drosac 

gamoiyofa Zlier Sxamiani airebi: fosforiani wyalbadi 

_ PH3, dariSxaniani wyalbadi _ AsH3 da acetileni 

C2H2, romelmac garkveuli koncentraciis 

dros SeiZleba gamoiwvios afeTqeba. am garemoebaTa 

gaTvaliswinebiT, ferosiliciumi Senaxuli unda 

iyos mSral saTavsebSi, kargi ventilaciiT, sadac 

dauSvebelia Ria cecxliT Sesvla. 

rkinis Senadnobebs siliciumTan, rogorc cnoblia, 

aqvT likvaciisken midrekileba, romelic xSirad 

siliciumisaTvis 8-10% aRwevs. am garemoebam 

SeiZleba gamoiwvios, magaliTad ΦC75 -is, romelic 

Seicavs 74-80% siliciums, likvacis Sedegad masSi 

siliciumis Semcireba da Sedegad misi dafxvna. es 

procesi SeiZleba daiwyos ukve saamqroebSi, rac 

kategoriulad dauSvebelia, dafxvnili ferosiliciumis 

momxmarebelTan gagzavna ar SeiZleba, igi 

mxolod unda iqnes gadamdnari. 

61

ogorc cnobilia likvacia xdeba droSi. rac 

ufro nela civdeba Senadni, miT metadaa gamoxatuli 

likvacia. Tanamedrove pirobebSi Senadnis 

Camosxma xdeba saCamosxmo manqanebze, sadac sxmulis 

sisqe ar aRemateba 80-100 mm. 

siliciumis rkinasTan Senadnobebis miReba, rogorc 

kristaluri kaJbadis gamodnoba damyarebulia 

kaJmiwidan siliciumis naxSirbadiT aRdgenis procesze. 

amave dros es procesebi Zireulad gansxvavdebian 

erTmaneTisagan, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom 

ferosiliciumis gamodnobis dros kazmSi specialurad 

SehyavT rkina, maSin rodesac kaJbadis gamodnobis 

dros rkinis moxvedra RumelSi dauSvebelia. 

kazmSi rkinis arseboba mniSvnelovnad xels uwyobs 

siliciumis aRdgenas, radganac rkina Tavis- 

TavSi xsnis aRdgenil siliciums da reaqciis zonidan 

gadahyavs igi Rumelis qvedisaken (rkina `daleqavs~ 

siliciums). 

amrigad, siliciumis aRdgenis reaqciebi rkinis 

TanxlebiT ganxiluli unda iyos rogorc reaqciebi, 

romlis drosac warmoqmnili produqti – siliciumi 

gadadis xsnarSi. Cveulebrivad am reaqciebs weren 

Semdegnairad: 

SiO 2 

+ 2C = [Si] rkinaSi + 2CO 

SiO C = [Si] + CO 

+ rkinaSi 

cnobilia, rom reaqciis erT-erTi prduqtis gadasvla 

xsnarSi, xels uwyobs aRdgeniT procesebs 

da isini mimdinareoben ufro dabal temperaturebze. 

62

kazmSi arsebuli rkina ara marto xels uwyobs siliciumis 

aRdgenas, kaJbadidan, aramed igi Slis siliciumis 

karbidebs da warmoqmnis silicidebs: 

SiC + Fe = FeSi + C 

amitomac ferosiliciumis sadnob RumelebSi karborundi, 

rogorc calke-damoukideblad arsebuli 

warmonaqmni ar gvxvdeba, rogorc amas adgili aqvs 

kristaluri siliciumis dnobisas. is Sedis garnisa- 

Jis SedgenilobaSi, didi raodenobiTaa SenadnSi, 

widSi ki igi mcire raodenobiT gadadis. 

ferosiliciums Rebuloben kvarcitSi Semavali 

kaJbadis myari naxSirbadiT aRdgenis gziT, foladis 

an Tujis burbuSelasTan erTad. kazmis SemadgenlobaSi 

liTonuri rkinis (burbuSelas) arsebobis aucileboba 

da ara misi oqsidebisa (madani, aglomerati, 

gunda) ganpirobebulia imiT, rom rkinis JangbadnaerTebi 

SedarebiT dabal temperaturebSi urTierTqmedeben 

SiO2 da warmoqmnian silikatur naerTebs. 

rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT kaJmiwis naxSirbadiT 

aRdgenis Teoriuli temperatura reaqciiT: 

SiO 2 + 2C = Si + 2CO 

Seadens 16890C, xolo FeO-SiO2 evteqtikuri temperatura 

Seadgens 11780C. amitom, siliciumis Senadnobebis 

misaReb kazmSi rkinis madnis an rkiniani 

kvarcitebis gamoyeneba iwvevs dnobis procesebis upirates 

da winmswreb ganviTvarebas aRdegnis procesebTan 

SedarebiT. Rumelis abazanaSi silikaturi 

nalRobis warmoqmna mkveTrad amcirebs kazmis eleq- 

63

trowinaRobas, xdeba misi komponentebis ganSreveba, 

grovdeba silikaturi wida, rasac sabolood Rumelis 

muSaobis darRvevasTan mivyavarT. amitom ferosiliciumis 

miRebis moqmedi teqnologia iTvaliswinebs 

kazmSi kvarcitis, koqsis da liTonuri rkinis 

(burbuSela) gamoyenebas. SesaZlebelia agreTve Tujis 

burbuSelis gamoyeneba, magram am dros SenadnSi 

gaizrdeba fosforis raodenoba. 

Si − O − C sistemaSi SesaZlebelia Semdegi reaqciebi: 

+ C = SiO + CO 

SiO 2 

SiO + C = SiC + CO 

SiO + C = Si + CO 

1/2 SiO 2 + SiC = 3/ 

2 Si + CO 

1/2 SiO 2 + C = 1/ 

2 Si + CO 

SiO + SiC = Si + CO 

1/2 SiO 2 + 3/ 

2C 

= 1/ 

2 SiO + CO 

SiO 2 + SiC = SiO + CO 

am reaqciebSi monawile nivTierebebi gvevlinebian, 

rogorc myar, aseve Txevad da airad fazebSi. 

rogorc moyvanili reaqciebidan Cans temperaturis 

gazrdiT mosalodnelia kaJbadis aRdgenis 

Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT warmarTva: 

SiO 2 → SiO → SiC → Si 

moyvanili monacemebi ganekuTvneba Si − O − C da 

Fe − Si − O − C sistemebSi wonasworul mdgomareobebs. 

64

unda aRiniSnos, rom madanaRmdgenel RumelebSi es 

pirobebi miiRweva calke aRebul, mcire moculobebSi. 

miuxedavad amisa, calkeuli kondensirebuli 

fazebis ( , C, SiC da Si ) arsebobis areali SiO da 

SiO 2 

CO garkveul parcialur wnevebze da temperaturebze, 

gansazRvraven im pirobebs saiTkenac miiswrafvian 

es sistemebi. reaqciebis sakmao droiT mimdinareobis 

SemTxvevaSi yvela es naerTi warmoiqmneba. 

3.4. ferosiliciumis miRebis teqnologia 

ferosiliciumis misaRebad iyeneben Semdeg nedl 

masalebs: kvarciti, naxSirbadiani aRmdgeneli da 

rkinis burbuSela. 

SiO2 -is Semcveloba kvarcitSi unda iyos aranaklebi 

97%; Al 2O3 

ara umetesi 1,3-1,8% da sxva niv- 

TierebebiT danagvianebuli ara umetes 1%. 

Cveni feroSenadnobTa warmoeba iyenebs ZiriTadad 

ovruCis, tarasovkis da ajameTis (qalcedoni) 

kvarcitebs. 

ovruCis SiO 2 

kvarciti 97,2 

trasovkis 

kvarciti 

ajameTis 

halcedoni 

kvarcitebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, % 

Fe2 O3 

0,55 

Al2 O3 

1,44 

65 

CaO 

0,29 

MgO 

0,36 

P2 O5 

0,02 

97,7 0,14 0,42 0,12 0,10 0,02 

96,1 1,2 0,6 0,7 0,5 0,014

ovruCis kvarciti iTvleba saukeTesod, radganac 

igi RumelSi ar skdeba, maSin rodesac tarasovkis 

kvarciti da ajameTis halcedoni gaxurebisas ganicdian 

msxvrevas, ris gamoc RumelSi warmoiqmneba 

didi raodenobiT wvrili (0-5 mm) fraqcia. 

sakazme masalebis racionaluri momzadeba (briketireba, 

dagundaveba, Secxoba) saSualebas gvaZlevs 

kvarcitebis magivrad gamoviyenoT kaJbadis Semcveli 

mdidari qviSebi. qviSebis sabadoebi, romlebic Seicaven 

96-98% SiO2-s Cvens qveyanaSi mravladaa da 

SesaZlebelia maTi gamoyeneba feroSenadnobTa warmoebaSi. 

qviSebi advili mosapovebelia, savaldebulo 

araa maTi damsxvreva da 1 tona qviSa bevrad 

ufro iafia vidre kvarciti. 

66

nax. 5. saamqro saSualo simZlavris RumelebiT: 

I _ saCamosxmo mali; II _ saRumele mali; 

1 _ saCamosxmo manqana; 2 _ cicxvi; 3 _ transformatori; 

4 _ kazmis skipuri miwodeba; 5 _ eleqtroRumeli 

67

nax. 6. saamqro didi simZlavris mrgvali RumelebiT: 


1 _ eleqtroRumeli; 2 _ saCamosxmo manqana; 

3 _ cicxvi; 4 _ kazmis konveieruli miwodeba; 

5 _ transformatori; 6 _ estakada. 

68

nax. 7. saamqro didi simZlavris sworkuTxa RumelebiT: 


1 _ eleqtroRumeli; 2 _ saCamosxmo manqana; 

3 _ cicxvi; 4 _ kazmis konveiruli miwodeba; 

5 _ transformatori; 6 _ estakada. 

69

ogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, feroSenadnobebis 

misaRebad SesaZlebelia mravalgvari naxSirbadSemcveli 

aRmdgenelis gamoyeneba. 

aRmdgenels unda gaaCndes maRali eleqtrowina- 

Roba da maRali reaqciisunarianoba siliciumis oqsidis 

mimarT, qondes dabali (1-3%) da mudmivi sineste. 

ferosiliciumis misaRebad, Cveulebriv iyeneben 

koqswvrilas (metalurgiuli koqsis wvrili 10-25 mm 

fraqcia) da naxvradkoqss. koqswvrilas uaryofiTi 

mxarea is, rom igi Seicavs didi raodenobiT (13-15%) 

nacars, sinestes, gogirds da fosfors. koqswvrilas 

Sedgeniloba icvleba imis mixedviT Tu rogori 

xarisxis naxSirebidan aris is miRebuli. Cveulebrivi 

ukrainuli koqswvrilas Sedgenilobaa %: 

nacari S P 

11,3 2,39 0,03 

70 

aqroladebi 

1,80 

C 

myari 

84,3 

koqsis nawili SeiZleba Secvlili iyos eleqtrodebis 

grafitizaciis da karborundis (SiC) warmoebis 

narCenebiT. maTi Sedgeniloba Semdegia %: 

grafitizaciis narCenebi: SiC − 26; C − 34, 

SiO 2 − 21. 

karborundis narCenebi: SiC − 61; C −10, 

SiO 2 − 20 . 

siliciumis gamosadnob kazmSi am narCenebis gamoyeneba 

efeqturia, im mizezis gamo, rom maT RumelSi 

SeaqvT ukve aRdgenili siliciumis didi 

my 

my

aodenoba SiC saxiT, romelic RumelSi rkiniT advilad 

iSleba. am narCenebis gamoyeneba zrdis Rumelis 

warmadobas da Sesabamisad amcirebs eleqtroenergiis 

xvedriT xarjs. ukanasknel periodSi 75% 

da 90% ferosiliciumis misaRebad iyeneben koqss, 

romelSic 15%-mde kvarcitia Secxobili. aseT koqsebs 

aqvT maRali eleqtrowinaRoba da cvlian xis 

naxSirebs. naxSirbadiani aRmdgenelebis eleqtrowinaRobis 

gasazrdelad maT zedapirs faraven Txevadi 

miniT an kiriani wyliT. 

RumelSi rkinis Sesayvanad iyeneben naxSirbadiani, 

aralegirebuli foladebis burbuSelas ara 

umetes 50 mm sigrZisa. Tujis burbuSelas Seyvana 

sasurveli araa masSi fosforis SedarebiT didi 

raodenobis gamo. adre iyo mcdeloba rkinis burbuSelas 

magivrad gamoeyenebinaT rkinis xenji da 

rkinis madani. magram male es meTodi uaryofili 

iqna imis gamo, rom igi saWiroebs rkinis aRdgenas 

oqsidebidan, rac TavisTavad iwvevs eleqtroenergiis 

da aRmdgenelis xarjis gazrdas, izrdeba 

agreTve widis raodenobac. 

amJamad rkinis xenjis da koncentratis gamoyeneba, 

rkinis burbuSelas sul ufro mzardi deficitis 

pirobebSi, SeiZleba sxvagvarad iyos gaazrebuli. 

rekomendirebulia, rom rkinis madani aRmdegenlTan 

erTad dabriketdes an dagundavdes da Semdeg 

moxdes misi maRaltemperaturuli gamowva. dnobamde 

briketebis gamowva saSualebas iZleva masSi 

71

arsebuli rkinis oqsidebi aRdgenil iqnas rkinamde 

da Rumels mivawodoT rkina ara oqsidebis saxiT, 

aramed ukve liTonur mdgomareobaSi. 

ferosiliciumis dnobisaTvis gamoyenebul sakazme 

masalebs, RumelSi moxvedramde winaswar 

amzadeben (damsxvreva, gacra da a.S.). kvarciti unda 

iyos garecxili (sufTa Tixovani minarevebisagan). 

misi fraqciuloba unda iyos 20-70 mm. koqswvrilas 

fraqcia unda Seadgendes 5-20 mm. grafitizaciis da 

karborundis warmoebis narCenebi winaswar raime damuSavebas 

ar saWiroeben. rkinis burbuSelas axarisxeben 

da amsxvreven zomiT _ 50 mm. 

Rumelis normaluri muSaoba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli 

sakazme masalebisa da kazmis momzadebis 

xarisxze. samwuxarod, kazmis momzadebas ar eqceva 

jerovani yuradReba, igi dabal donezea da gamoixateba 

mxolod, sakazme masalebis qimiuri da granulometruli 

Semadgenlobis SerCevaze. ra Tqma unda, 

orive es parametri mniSvnelovania, magram aRdgenis 

kinetikis TvalsazrisiT, aSkarad arasakmarisia. 

rogorc naxSirbadaRdgeniT procesebze Catrebuli 

mravali gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, siliciumis aRdgenis 

siCqare Cveulebrivi nayari kazmidan mniSvnelovnad 

dabalia briketebTan SedarebiT. amitom ferosiliciumis 

gamosadnobi kazmi unda iqnes dabriketebuli, 

romelSidac warmodgenili iqneba kazmis yvela 

komponenti (monokazmi). aseTi briketebis gamoyeneba sa- 

Sualebas iZleva advilad gadavwyvitoT aRmdgenelis 

72

SerCevis problema (SeiZleba gamoviyenoT yvelaze 

mdare xarisxis aRmdgenelebi: mura naxSiri, torfis 

koqsi, sustadkoqsvadi naxSirebi da sxva). Semkvrelad 

SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas sxvadasxva fisebi, 

bitumebi, sulfituri barda, Txevadi mina da sxva. ase- 

Ti briketebi unda gamoiwvas 700-8000C temperaturaze 

da cxel mdgomareobaSi miewodos Rumels. 

ferosiliciumis gamodnoba warmoebs didi sim- 

Zlavris (16,5-63 mva) naxSiris blokebiT amogebul, 

Ria da daxurul RumelebSi. 

Ria RumelebSi dnoba gacilebiT advilia, didi 

xania warmoebs da kargadaa aTvisebuli. magram, Ria 

reJimiT muSaobis meTodi Zlier araxelsayrelia, 

radganac Rumelidan gamoyofili didi raodenobis 

maRalkaloriuli airebi sakerZeze iwvian da ver 

xdeba maTi gamoyeneba. 

Ria RumelebSi xdeba maRali markis ( ΦC 75, 

Φ C 90) 

ferosiliciumis gamodnoba, xolo daxuruli 

tipis RumelebSi, SedarebiT dabali markis 

( ΦC20, ΦC25, Φ C45 da ΦC65 ) liTonis gamodnoba. 

ganvixiloT ferosiliciumis gamodnoba Ria RumelebSi, 

sadac dnobis procesi uwyvetia, nadnobis 

perioduli gamoSvebiT. gamocdilebam gvaCvena, rom 

Rumelis normaluri muSaobisaTvis aucilebelia 

mudmivad vakontroloT sakazme masalebis xarisxis 

da maTi dozirebis sizuste. sxvadasxva markis SenadnisaTvis 

miRebulia kazmis TiToeuli ulufis Semdegi 

Sedgeniloba, kg. 

73

daxarisxebeli 

kvarciti 

ΦC90 

300 

ΦC75 

300 

ΦC45 

300 

ΦC18 

200 

mSrali kaqswvrila 144 143 143 94 

foladis burbuSela _ 35 175 435 

kazmis CatvirTva RumelSi xdeba sakazme milebidan 

eleqtrodebis garSemo. cdiloben, rom mis 

irgvliv iyos kazmis momcro konusebi. eleqtrodebis 

qveda zonebSi warmoiqmneba e.w. tigelebi, esaa 

eleqtrodis garSemo da mis boloSi arsebuli are. 

es aris yvelaze maRaltemperaturuli zona, sadac 

xdeba kazmis gadnoba da misi intensiuri svla. eleqtrodebidan 

mocilebuli kazmi xurdeba SedarebiT 

nela, Rumelis kedlebTan axlos misi temperatura 

imdenad dabalia, rom is ar dneba, aramed Secxveba 

da warmoqmnis e.w. garnisaJs. 

Rumelis normaluri muSaobis dros gamoyofili 

sakerZe airebi, alis enebis saxiT, anTia kazmis zedapirze. 

maTi yvelaze didi raodenoba eleqtrodis 

irgvliv gamoiyofa. kazmis Secxobis dros irRveva 

airebis Tanabari gamoyofa da ganawileba. sakerZeze, 

calkeul adgilebSi xdeba airis TvalismomWreli, 

mkveTri alebis saxiT gamotyorcna, romlebsac didi 

raodenobiT Tan miaqvT siliciumis orTqli da SiO . 

kazmis Secxobis Tavidan asacileblad da gamoyofili 

airebis advilad da Tanabrad gamosasvlelad, 

mimarTaven sakerZis periodul damuSavebas, rac 

74

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Secxobil kazms liTonis 

wkiriT CaCxvlitaven (airebis Tanabrad gamoyofisaTvis), 

Caangreven mas da saWiroebis mixedviT Catvir- 

Taven kazmis axal ulufas. 

ferosiliciumis dnobis dros aucilebelia mudmivad 

vadevnoT Tvali kazmis swor dozirebas. araswori 

dozireba iwvevs Rumelis muSaobis darRvevas 

da warmadobis Semcirebas. gansakuTrebuli yurad- 

Reba unda mieqces koqswvrilas sinestis cvalebadobas. 

saiWroa yvela cvlaSi misi gakontroleba da 

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi moxdes kazmis koreqtireba. 

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, kazmSi gveqneba aRmdgenelis 

siWarbe an danaklisi. analogiuri SeiZleba ganmeordes 

dozirebis dros, araswori awonvis SemTxvevaSi. 

aRmdgenelis ukmarisoba iwvevs Rumelis e.w. dakvarcitebas 

(gamdnari da aRudgeneli kvarcitis dagroveba 

Rumelis quraSi), ris Sedegadac Rumelis 

winaRoba izrdeba imdenad, rom eleqtrodebi Caflobili 

arian gamdnar masaSi, qreba rkaluri reJimi da 

Rumeli muSaobs winaRobis reJimSi. am dros Rumeli 

ver moixmars aucilebel simZlavres, ris gamoc misi 

warmadoba mkveTrad ecema. 

aRmdgenelis siWarbiT xangrZlivi muSaobis 

SemTxvevaSi eleqtrodebi wamoiweven Zalian maRla, 

Rumelis qvedi civdeba, gamoSvebis dros liToni gamodis 

cota, xolo widis gamosvla saerTod wydeba. 

RumelSi kazmis koreqtireba moiTxovs garkveul 

dros, amitom Rumelis muSaobis normalur reJimSi 

75

dabrunebas Tan axlavs misi warmoadobis mniSvnelovani 

danakargi. 

siliciumis aRdgena da ferosiliciumis warmoqmna 

aris sakmaod rTuli fiziko-qimiuri procesi 

da mimdinareobs, zemoT ganxiluli, kaJbadis nax- 

SirbadiT aRdgenis Sesabamisi reaqciebiT. 

ferosiliciumis sadnobi Rumelebis sxvadasxva 

zonidan amoRebuli sinjebis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom 

dnobis procesebi, Rumelis Sesabamis temperaturul 

zonebSi, garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT viTardeba. Rumelis 

zeda zonebSi, sakerZeze (300-5000C) gamoyofili 

airebis wvis xarjze momdinareobs sinestis mocileba. 

Rumelis SedarebiT dabal horizontebSi 

900-1100 0 C temperaturaze (sakerZidan 200 mm) sakazme 

masalebi ifareba kupriT Semdegi reaqciebis mimdinareobis 

gamo: 

2CO CO 2 C + → 

SiO CO SiO 2 C + → + 

1200-1400 0 C temperaturaze kvarciti gadadis ma- 

Raltemperaturul formebSi, ris Sedegadac is kargavs 

simtkices, masze Cndeba bzarebi da zedapiri 

ifareba mwvane feriT, rac siliciumis karbidis 

warmoqmnis maCvenebelia: 

+ C → SiC 

Si ( orTqli) 

SiO + 2C → SiC + CO 

SiO 2 

+ 

3C → SiC + 2CO 

76

Rumelis am zonebSi rkinis burbuSela intensiurad 

danaxSirbaddeba, dneba, Caedineba dabla, gzaSi 

xdeba misi siliciumiT gajereba da Senadnis warmoqmna. 

koqswvrila ganicdis grafitizacias da mis forebSi 

warmoiqmneba SiC (SiC koqsiT fsevdomorfoza). 

1600 0 C kvarciti imxvreva, igi ifareba yviTeli feris 

warmonaqmniT. Cndeba liTonis calkeuli wveTebi. 

kazmi, SiO2-is dnobis temperaturaze (17200C) maRla, 

SesamCnevad Secxveba, gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac 

bevria wvrili fraqcia. Semcxvari masa ZiriTadad 

warmoadgens gamdnar kvarcits da koqswvrilas, romlebic 

mniSvnelovanwilad ukve gardaqmnili arian 

SiC da grafitad. koqsis calkeuli natexebi gaJRen- 

Tilia miniT. xSirad Semcxvari masa, romelic Secementebulia 

miniT, mkvrivi blokebis saxiTaa da 

masSi airebis gavla praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. aseT 

Semcxvar blokebSi aRdgenis procesebi garTulebulia, 

radganac adgili aqvs kazmis Zalian didi 

diferenciacias, cud airganvladobas, rac ar- 

Tulebs CO-s gamoyofas. 

2000 0 C temperaturaze maRla (eleqtrodis qveda 

are) kaJmiwa Txevad mdgomareobaSia da igi kargad 

asvelebs koqswvrilas. aq mimdinareobs SiO2-is saboloo 

aRdgenis reaqciebi, xdeba liTonis gamoyofa 

widisagan. 

ferosiliciumis miRebis procesi ganekuTvneba 

e.w. ùwido~ procesebis kategorias. sinamdvileSi 

77

wida ki warmoiqmneba, magram Zalian mcire raodenobiT. 

1t ΦC 45 modis 25-50 kg wida, xolo 1t ΦC 75 ki 

_ 40-80 kg. 

ferosiliciumis widebi Zalian blantia da Rumelidan 

isini Zalian Znelad gamodian. mis gasaTxevadeblad 

RumelSi SehyavT kiri. gaTxevadebis aseTi 

meTodi arasasurvelia, radganac is iwvevs eleqtroenergiis 

xarjis gazrdas. 

ferosiliciumis widebSi aRdgenili siliciumis 

da SiC CanarTebis saxiT ikargeba aRdgenili liTonis 

mniSvnelovani raodenoba. amitom maTi xelmeored 

gamoyneba da procesSi dabruneba metad aqtualuria. 

Senadni 

ΦC 18 

ferosiliciumis widebs Sedgeniloba 

daaxloebiT Semdegia, % 

SiO2 

35 

Si 

_ 

SiC 

0,9 

dnobis procesSi adgili aqvs agreTve siliciumis 

mniSvnelovan danakargebs orTqlis da SiO-s 

saxiT. es danakargebi Senadnis markis mixedviT sxvadasxvaa: 

ΦC 18- 

3% ; ΦC 45- 

5% ; ΦC 75- 

8% da 

ΦC 90 -18% 

. 

am danakargebis Semcireba SesaZlebelia dabriketebuli 

kazmiT muSaobis SemTxvevaSi. 

78 

Al2 O 

18 

CaO 

12 

FeO 

0,8 

MgO 

1,8 

ΦC 45 37 _ 10,2 16 20 0,7 0,8 

ΦC 75 32 5,6 14,3 23 16 0,2 1,6

ferosiliciumis gamoSveba Rumelidan xdeba 

cvlaSi 3-4-jer Samotis aguriT amogebul cicxvebSi. 

misi Camosxma xdeba saCamosxmo manqanebze. 

xarjviTi koeficientebi 1t ferosiliciumis misaRebad 

Ria RumelebeSi Semdegia, kg: 

kvarciti 

feroSenadnobTa warmoebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove 

etapze ferosiliciumis gamodnoba Ria RumelebSi 

iTvleba moZvelebul teqnologiad, amitom 

axal saamqroebSi idgmeba mxolod daxuruli Rumelebi, 

xolo Zvel, Ria Rumelebs ukeTeben TaRebs. 

fersiliciumis gamodnobas daxurul RumelebSi 

aqvs Semdegi ZiriTadi upiratesobebi: 

1. SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas maRalkaloriuli 

sakerZe airebi kazmis gasaxureblad an gamosawvavad. 

maTi Tbounarianobaa 2500 kkal/m3 , xolo 

raodenoba 1t Senadneze Seadgens 800 m3 . airebis 

Sedgeniloba Semdegia CO-80-85%; CO2-2,2-4,0%; O2-0,8- 

0,9%; H2-3-4%; N21,5-2,0%. 

2. haerSi mavne gamonabolqvebis aRkveTa, Semcireba. 

dReRameSi ferosiliciumis sadnobi, 16,5 mva 

79 

Φ C18 

425 

ΦC45 

940 

ΦC75 

1731 

rkinis burbuSela 850 569 210 

mSrali koqswvrila 205 455 740 

grafitizaciis narCenebi _ 285 13 

eleqtrodis masa 20 22 44 

eleqtroenergia (kvt. sT) 2350 4430 8750

simZlavris Rumeli atmosferoSi gamoyofs daaxloebiT 

1,5 t. mtvers. 

3. saamqroSi Sromis sanitarul-higienuri pirobebis 

gaumjobeseba (Rumelebis minimaluri Tburi gamosxiveba, 

toqsikuri airebis mocileba, saamqros 

minimaluri damtverianeba). 

daxurul RumelebSi ferosiliciumis miRebis 

fiziko-qimiuri safuZvlebi igivea, rac Ria RumelebSi, 

magram mas Tan axlavs rigi garTulebebisa, 

romlis aRmofxvra xels Seuwyobs dnobis teqnikoekonomikuri 

maCveneblebis gazrdas. 

sxvadasxva markis ferosiliciumis dnobis analizi 

gviCvenebs, rom siliciumis raodenobis gazrda 

SenadnSi iwvevs misi sasargeblo gamoyenebis (amokrefis) 

Semcirebas. danakargebi ZiriTadad modis SiOs 

aorTqlebaze, widaze, kovSis narCenebze da 

Camosxmis dros liTonis gaSxefebaze. 

ferosiliciumis warmoebis teqniko-ekonomikuri 

maCveneblebi SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesdes 

Tu dnoba ganxorcieldeba didi simZlavris, 75 mva 

RumelebSi. specialuri gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, 

rom mudmivi denis gamoyeneba RumelebSi mkeveTrad 

gazrdis dnobis yvela maCvenebels. am SemTxvevaSi 

umjobesdeba transformatoris simZlavris gamoyeneba, 

martivi xdeba mokle qseli, da sxva. mudmivi 

denis gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs gaizardos 

siliciumis aRdgenis xarisxi, Semcirdes mavne 

minarevebis raodenoba da eleqtroenergiis xarji. 

80

ferosiliciumis warmoebis TviTRirebulebis analizi 

gviCvenebs, rom ZiriTadi danaxarjebi modis 

eleqtroenergiaze da sakazme masalebze (koqswvrila, 

kvarciti). 

zemoT ganxiluli iyo Senadnis miRebis Teoriuli 

da teqnologiuri safuZvlebi, romlis codna 

da dagrovili mdidari gamocdileba saSualebas 

miscems specialists sworad da racionalurad warmarTos 

dnobs porocesi, rasac sabolood mohyveba 

materialuri danaxarjebis Semcireba. 

81

Tavi 4. manganumi da misi Senadnobebi 

4.1. manganumis fiziko-qimiuri Tvisebebi 

atomuri masa – 54,93 

simkvrive 200C _ 7,4 g/sm3 simkvrive 12430C _ 6,43 g/sm3 dnobis temperatura - 12430C duRilis temperatura – 20360C valentoba – 2, 3, 4, 6 da 7 

JangbadTan manganumi warmoqmnis oqsidebs, romlebic 

Sedian manganumis madnebis SedgenilobaSi: 

MnO2 _ orJangi; Mn 2O3 

_ Jangi; Mn 3O 4 _ qveJang- 

Jangi; MnO _ qveJangi. 

manganumis maRali oqsidebi advilad disocirdebian, 

gascemen Jangbads da gadadian dabal 

oqsidebSi. am mxriv yvelaze mdgradia MnO . 

manganumis oqsidebis Termuli disociacia mimdinareobs 

Semdegi sqemiT (disociaciis temperaturebi 

mocemulia haeris pirobebSi): 

0 

424 

0 

877 

0 

1200−1400 2 2 

0 

3000 −ze 

maRla 

3 3 4 

MnO ⎯⎯⎯→Mn O ⎯⎯⎯→Mn O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 

MnO ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ Mn 

sxva elementebTan manganumi warmoqmnis karbidebs, 

silicidebs, fosfidebs, nitridebs da sulfidebs: 

3Mn + C = Mn 3C 

es karbidi 10000-ze zeviT aramdgradia. 

82

7Mn + C = Mn 7C 3 

arsebobs manganumis ramdenime silicidi: Mn2Si, 

MnSi da Mn2Si3. maTgan maRal temperaturebSi yvelaze 

mdgradia MnSi. 

Mn + Si = MnSi 

azotTan manganumi warmoqmnis nitridebs: 

1/2N Mn N 

+ 

4Mn 2 4 = 

5Mn + N = Mn 

gogirdTan igi warmoqmnis sulfidebs: 

2 

Mn 1/2S2 

MnS = + 

manganumi fosfarTan warmoqmnis mTel rig naer- 

Tebs. maTgan yvelaze mdgradia MnP da Mn 2 P (dno- 

bis temperatura, Sesabamisad aris 1147 da 1327 0 C). 

rkinasTan manganumi warmoqmnis nebismieri Sedgenilobis 

Senadnebs, romelTa dnobis temperatura 

rkinis dnobis temperaturaze gacilebiT dabalia. 

manganumi polimorfuli liTonia. polimorfuli 

gardaqmnis temperaturebi Semdegia: 

α 0 

0 

0 

742 C 

1093 C 

1133 

Mn ⎯ ⎯ →β 

Mn ⎯⎯⎯→ 

γ Mn ⎯⎯ 

⎯ →δ 

Mn 

δ Mn → gadadis Txevad Mn-Si 12430C. manganumis oqsidebis zogierTi fiziko-qimiuri 

Tvisebebi Semdegia. 

maCvenebeli 

MnO Mn 3 O4 

Mn 2 O3 

MnO 

molekuluri masa 70,93 228,81 157,87 86,93 

Jangbadis Semcveloba, % 50 57,12 60 66,67 

83 

5 

N 

2

simkvrive tona/m 3 5,18 4,70 4,94 5,03 

dnobis temperatura 0 C 1785 1590 1347 847 

4.2. manganumis da misi Senadnobebis gamoyenebis 

areali 

manganumis mTavari da ZiriTadi momxmarebelia 

metalurgiuli warmoeba. moxmarebis saerTo struqturaSi, 

misi uidesi nawili 90% meti, sxvadasxva 

feroSenadnobebis saxiT gamoiyeneba foladebis 

warmoebaSi. manganumis xarji 1 t foladze saSualod 

Seadgens 7-9 kg. manganumis SedarebiT mcire 

momxmarebels warmoadgens qimiuri, keramikuli da 

minis warmoeba. 

Sav metalurgiaSi manganumi gamoiyeneba foladebis 

ganJangvisa da legirebisaTvis, agreTve gogirdis 

Semcvelobis Sesamcireblad TujSi da foladebSi. 

manganumi Txevad mdgomareobaSi urTierTmoqmedebs 

foladSi arsebul rkinis oqsidebTan da gan- 

Jangavs mas Semdegi reaqciiT: 

[Mn] + [O] = ( MnO) 

daballegirebuli foladebi (instrumentaluri, 

sakonstruqcio) Seicaven 0,4-0,6% manganums, maRallegirebelebi 

ki – 14%-mde. aseTi foladebis ricxvs 

miekuTvneba cnobili, gatfildis tipis cveTamedegi 

foladi (Г13Л). igi Seicavs 12-14% manganums da ga- 

84

moiyeneba saliandago isrebisaTvis, samsxvrevelebis 

ybebisaTvis, eqskavatoris kbilebisaTvis, traqtorebis 

muxluxebisaTvis da sxva. uJangavi foladebi 

Seicaven Mn 4-6%, Cr 17-20%, Ni 5-7%. aramagnituri 

foladebi: Mn 7,5-9,5%, Cr 3,8-4,3%, Ni 8-10%. manganumi 

gamoiyeneba agreTve spilenZTan da aluminTan specialuri 

daniSnulebis Senadnobebis misaRebad. 

manganumi foladebis kargi desulfuratoria. 

rkinaSi gaxsnil gogirdTan manganumi warmoqmnis 

Termodinamikulad mtkice sulfids, romelic 

rkinaSi da mis SenadnobebSi metad mcired ixsneba. 

[FeS] + [ Mn] = (MnS) + [Fe] 

amitom manganumi, koncentratebis saxiT, farTod 

gamoiyeneba Tujis misaRebi kazmis SedgenilobaSi. 1 

tona rkinis aglomeratis misaRebad ixarjeba 12-30 

kg manganumis koncentrati. manganumis saSualo 

xarji 1 t gadasamuSavebel Tujze Seadgens 25 kg, 

xolo saCamosxmo TujisaTvis – 15 kg. 

manganumi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba rkinasTan, misi 

Senadnobebis saxiT. foladebis Sedgenilobis didma 

nairsaxeobam, Sesabamisad ganapiroba farTo sortamentis 

manganumiani feroSenadnobebis miReba. amJamad 

yvelaze gavrcelebuli manganumiani feroSenadnobebia: 

_ feromanganumi (maRalnaxSirbadiani, saSualonaxSirbadiani, 

dabalnaxSirbadiani) _ naxSirbadis, 

fosforis da sxva minarevebis zRvruli dasaSvebi 

koncentraciebiT; 

85

_ silikomanganumi, siliciumis Semcvelobis 

farTo intervaliT (10-30%) da naxSirbadis, fosforis 

da sxva minarevebis zRvruli dasaSvebi koncentraciebiT. 

_ liTonuri manganumi, eleqtrolituri (MpOO 

da MpO) da eleqtroTermuli (Mp1, Mp2, Mp1C) 

xerxiT miRebuli; 

_ azotirebuli liTonuri manganumi – Seicavs 2- 

8% azots. 

garda zemoT aRniSnuli feroSenadnobebisa manganumis 

fuZeze iwarmoeba mravali sxvadasxva daniSnulebis 

da Sedgenilobis kompleqsuri Senadnobebi. 

4.3. manganumis madnebis da koncentratebis 

daxasiaTeba 

manganumi farTodaa gavrcelebuli bunebaSi (sxva 

elementebs Soris ukavia daaxloebiT 15 adgili) da 

Sedis Zalian bevri naerTebis SedgenilobaSi. manganumis 

madnebis SedgenilobaSi arsebuli yvelaze 

gavrcelebuli mineralebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT samrewvelo 

mniSvneloba Semdegia: piroluiziti ( MnO 2 ), 

brauniti ( MnO ⋅ MnO2 

), manganiti (MnO2 ⋅ Mn(OH) 2 ) , 

fsilomelani ⋅ MnO nH O) , gausmaniti O ) , 

(MnO 2 ⋅ 2 

86 

(Mn3 4 

manganokalciti (Mn, Ca)CO3 

, rodoqroziti (MnCO3 ), 

rodoniti ⋅ 

SiO ). 

(MnO 2

mineraluri SedgenilobiT da qimiur naerTTa 

bunebis mixedviT manganumis madnebi iyofian Semdeg 

ZiriTad saxeobebad: Jangeuli, daJanguli (karbonatuli 

madnebis daJangvis prduqti), karbonatuli da 

Sereuli (Jangeuli da karbonatuli). gavrcelebis 

mixedviT madnebi Semdegnairadaa warmodgenili: Jangeuli 

madnebi – 23%, karbonatuli madnebi _ 70%, 

xolo Sereuli _ 7%. 

manganumis madnebi Seicaven didi raodenobiT fuW 

qanebs da Sesabamisad isini Raribia manganumis SemcvelobiT. 

amitom yvela saxis madnebs, romlebic gamoiyenebian 

manganumiani feroSenadnobebis gamosadnobad, 

winaswar amdidreben. Sedegad miiReba koncentratebi 

da swored maTi gamoyeneba xdeba Senadnobebis 

misaRebad. 

gaumdidrebeli (nedli) 

manganumis madnebis Sedgenilobaa, %. 

Jangeuli Mn P SiO 2 Al2 O3 

Fe2 O3 

CaO 

madani 20 − 22 0,16- 

0,02 25 - 39 3- 

6 2 - 3 1,7 - 6 

karbonatuli 

18-25 0,15-0,19 14-33 2,5-6 3-4,5 10-18 

Sereuli 20-27 0,17-0,20 18-25 4-5 3-4 7-17 

Sesabamisad miRebuli koncentratebis Sedgenilobaa 

I x. koncentrati 

Mn 

48,5 

P 

0,17 

SiO2 10,5 

Al2 O3 

2,14 

Fe2 O3 

1,64 

CaO 

2,34 

IV x. koncentrati 23,8 0,18 33,4 3,7 2,24 4,85 

87

karbonatuli 

konc. 

26,5 0,15 9,4 3,21 1,73 17,5 

manganumis madnebis gamdidrebis dros, lamebis 

saxiT ikargeba daaxloebiT 25-30% manganumi. amJamad 

mimdinareobs farTo samuSaoebi lamebis da sxva 

gamdidrebis narCenebis Semdgomi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. 

sxvadasxva saxis manganumiani feroSenadnobebis 

gamosadnobad gamoyenebul manganumis koncentratebs 

waeyenebaT garkveuli, teqnologiurad dasabuTebuli 

moTxovnebi: 

1. manganumis Semcveloba, (%Mn); 

2. fosforis xvedriTi Semcveloba (fos- 

%P 

foris moduli), ; 

%Mn 

3. kaJmiwis xedriTi Semcveloba (kaJmiwis 

%SiO2 moduli), ; 

%Mn 

4. rkinis xvedriTi Semcveloba (rkinis 

%Fe 

moduli), ; 

%Mn 

%CaO + %MgO 

5. fuZianoba, 

; 

%SiO2 

6. sineste, (%H 2 O); 

7. granulometruli Sedgeniloba 

nedleulis xarisxis ZiriTadi maCvenebelia mas- 

Si manganumis Semcveloba, romelic udides gavlenas 

88

axdens dnobis yvela teqniko-ekonomikur maCveneblebze. 

WiaTuris manganumis madnebSi da koncentratebSi 

arsebobs garkveuli kavSiri manganumis Semcvelobas 

da minarevebis (fosfori, kaJmiwa, rkina) Semcvelobas 

Soris. metalurgiul praqtikaSi gansakuTrebuli 

mniSvneloba eniWeba minarevebis ara absolutur 

raodenobas, aramed maT fardobiT Semcvelobas 

(moduls). 

fosforis modulis ( P/Mn ) sidide gviCvenebs SesaZlebelia 

Tu ara fosforiT standartuli Senadnis 

miReba. 

manganumiani nedleulis xarisxis mniSvnelovani 

maCvenebelia misi fuZianoba ⎟ ⎛ CaO + MgO ⎞ 

⎜ 

, romelic 

⎝ SiO 2 ⎠ 

gansazRvravs widis jeradobas da manganumis aRdgenis 

siRrmes da xarisxs. 

koncentratebis sineste, gansazRvravs saWiroebs 

Tu ara igi winaswar gamoSrobas da romelic did 

gavlenas axdens dnobis dros eleqtroenergiis xarjze. 

dnobis warmarTvisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs 

koncentratebis granulometrul Sedgenilobas. didi 

raodenobis wvrili fraqcia (0-5 mm) mkveTrad auaresebs 

Rumelis muSaobas da miuTiTebs misi danaWrovnebis 

aucileblobaze. 

89

4.4. manganumis koncentratebis defosforacia 

dabalxarisxiani madnebis gamoyenebis dros, 

fosforiT standartuli Senadnis misaRebad did winaaRmdegobas 

vawydebiT. aseT madnebSi, sasargeblo 

elementis – manganumis raodenobis SemcirebasTan 

erTad izrdeba fosforis fardobiTi Semcveloba. 

amitom aseTi madnebis (Raribi) gamoyeneba winaswari 

defosforaciis gareSe SeuZlebelia. damokidebuleba 

fosforis Semcvelobisa liTonSi da koncentratSi, 

SeiZleba miviRoT Semdegi tolobebis gamoyenebiT: 

α 

[Mn] = (Mn) 

100 

β 

[P] = (P) 

100 

[P] 

[Mn] 

= 

(P) 

(Mn) 

β 

⋅ 

α 

(P) β 

[P] = [Mn] ⋅ ⋅ , 

(Mn) α 

sadac [P] _ fosforis procentuli Semcvelobaa 

SenadnSi; 

[Mn] _ manganumis procentuli Semcveloba 

SenadnSi; 

(P) _ fosforis procentuli Semcveloba 

koncentratSi; 

(Mn) _ manganumis procentuli Semcveloba 

koncentratSi; 

β _ fosforis, koncentratidan SenadnSi 

gadasvis procenti; 

90

α _manganumis, koncentratidan SenadSi 

gadasvlis procenti. 

nax. 8. nikopolis (1) da WiaTuris (2) koncentratebSi P/Mn 

damokidebuleba Mn-is Semcvelobaze; 2,4,5-P/Mn dasaSvebi 

raodenoba fosforiT sxvadasxva Semcvelobis feromanganumis 

(A) da silikomanganumis (Б) gamosadnobad 

91

koncentratis xarisxTan mimarTebaSi, fardoba 

(P)/(Mn) Zalian cvalebadia. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT 

koncentratis dasaxasiaTeblad sakmarisi 

araa masSi fosforis mxolod absoluturi raodenobis 

gansazRvra, aramed unda mieTiTos masSi fosforis 

xvedriTi raodenoba. es fardoba gansaz- 

Rvravs fosforiT standartuli Senadnis miRebis 

SesaZleblobas da xsvadasxva SenadnisaTvis SeiZleba 

iyos sxvadasxva. magaliTad, sasaqonlo silikomanganumisaTvis 

masSi 0,3-0,35% fosforis SemcvelobiT, 

fardoba (P)/(Mn) SeiZleba iyos 0,0038-0,0040, 

maSin rodesac liTonuri manganumis misaRebad igi 

ar unda aWarbebdes 0,0005. 

sxvadasxva xarisxis manganumis koncentratebSi 

fardoba (P)/(Mn) cvalebadia da meryeobs 0,0038-dan 

0,009-mde. SedarebiT dabali manCvenebeli ganekuTvneba 

mdidar, xolo maRali maCvenebeli Rarib koncentratebs. 

amiTaa gamowveuli dabali xarisxis koncentratebis 

defosforaciis aucilebloba. 

arsebobs manganumis koncentratebis defosforaciis 

mravali meTodi – hidrometalurgiuli, qimiuri 

da metalurgiuli. samrewvelo masStabiT jerjerobiT 

mxolod defosforaciis eleqtrometalurgiul 

xerxs iyeneben. 

hidrometalurgiuli ewodeba iseT meTods, romlis 

drosac manganumis koncentrati defosforaciis 

Semdeg rCeba myar mdgomareobaSi, xolo fosfori da 

sxva minarevebi gadadian xsnarSi. 

92

qimiuri meTodiT defosforaciis dros xsnarSi 

gadadis manganumis mTeli raodenoba, ris Semdegac 

xdeba misi daleqva. 

defosforaciis meTodebs waeyenebaT Semdegi moTxovnebi: 

1. defosforaciis Sedegad miRebul produqtSi 

manganumis gamoyenebis (amokrefis) maRali maCvenebeli; 

2. sabolood miRebul koncentratSi fosforis 

dabali Semcveloba; 

3. teqnologiis da Sesabamisi aparaturuli gaformebis 

ubraloeba; 

4. gamoyenebuli madefosforirebuli reagentis 

aradeficituroba da siiafe; 

5. maRali warmadoba; 

6. procesis uwyvetoba da misi avtomatizaciis 

SesaZlebloba; 

7. narCenebis minimaluri raodenoba da misi realizaciis 

SesZlebloba. 

qvemoT ganxiluli iqneba mxolod defosforaciis 

metalurgiuli meTodi. 

4.5. defosforaciis metalurgiuli meTodi 

am meTodis arsi mdgomareobs manganumis koncentratis 

aRmdgenelTan erTad eleqtroRumelSi gadadnobaSi, 

sadac aRmdgenelis raodenoba gaTvlilia 

ise, rom moxdes mxolod rkinis da fosforis 

93

aRdgena da ar moxdes (an Zalian mcire raodenobiT) 

manganumis aRdgena (e.w. seleqturi an amorCeviTi aRdgena). 

fosforis ukeT aRdgenisaTvis kazmSi SehyavT 

SiO2 kvarcitis, qviSis, silikomanganumis widis da 

sxva saxiT. 

dnobis procesSi miminareobs fosforis da rkinis 

aRdgena misi naerTebidan: 

P O + 5C + 3SiO = 2P + 5CO + 3(CaO⋅ 

SiO ) 

(CaO) 3 2 5 

2 

2 


nawilobriv mimdinareobs manganumis aRdgenac 

(kazmSi Seyvanili manganumis daaxloebiT 8%) Semdegi 

reaqciiT: 

MnO + C = CO + Mn 

aRdgenili rkina da manganumi qmnian e.w. `Tanmdev 

liTons~, romelSidac ixsneba aRdgenili fosfori. 

dnobis ZiriTadi produqti – dabalfosforiani widaa, 

romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc ZiriTadi sakazme nedleuli 

manganumiani feroSenadnobebis gamosadnobad. 

`Tanmdevi liToni~ maRalnaxSirbadiani feromanganumia, 

romelSidac fosforis Semcveloba 1,5-4% 

farglebSia, ris gamoc is farTo gamoyenebas ver poulobs 

(nawilobriv mas iyeneben e.w. avtomatur foladebSi). 

defosforaciis eleqtrometalurgiuli meTodiT 

warmarTvisaTvis iyeneben mcire simZlavris (5000 kva) 

an didi simZlavris (10000-22500 kva) Rumelebs. mcire 

simZlavris RumelebSi dnoba mimdinareobs perio- 

94

duli procesiT, xolo didi simZlavris RumelebSi 

– uwyveti procesiT. 

am processac aqvs garkveuli sirTuleebi da 

uaryofiTi mxareebi: isini saWiroeben calke agregatebs 

(Rumelebs), erTi tona dabalfosforiani 

widis misaRebad ixarjeba 800-1000 kvt.sT eleqtroenergia 

da `Tanmdev liTonTan~ erTad ikargeba manganumis 

mniSvnelovani raodenoba. 

defosforaciis metalurgiuli meTodi saSualebas 

iZleva, miRebul dabalfosforian widaSi, fosforis 

raodenoba dayvanil iqnas 0.015% (ufro dawvrilebiT 

am process ganvixilavT liTonuri manganumis 

gamodnobis dros.) 

dabalfosforian koncentratebs, romlebic miRebulia 

defosforaciis sxvadasxva meTodiT (hidrometalurgiuli, 

qimiuri, metalurgiuli) iyeneben Sesabamisad 

dabalfosforiani Senadnobebis (maRali, 

saSualo da mcire naxSirbadiani feromanganumi, li- 

Tonuri manganumi, silikomanganumi) misaRebad. li- 

Tonuri manganumis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, sadac dasaSvebia 

fosforis Semcveloba ara umetes 0,05%, dnobas 

warmarTaven mxolod dabalfosforiani koncentratebis 

(widebis) gamoyenebiT. xolo silikomanganumis da 

naxSirbadiani feromanganumis misaRebad sadac fosforis 

Semcveloba dasaSvebia 0,2-0,4% farglebSi, dabalfosforian 

koncentratebs (widebs) iyeneben 

nawilobriv, kazmis madnuri nawilis 1/2 an 1/3. 

amrigad, umetes SemTxvevaSi, araa aucilebeli 

95

dnobaSi gamoyenebuli mTeli manganumis koncentratebis 

defosforacia, aramed aseTi koncentratebi 

unda gamoviyenoT mxolod nawilobriv, fosforiT 

standartuli Senadnobebis misaRebad. 

nax. 9. manganumiani feroSenadnobebis sadnobi 75 mva 

simZlavris madanaRmdgeni mrgvali, 

hermetuli eleqtroRumeli: 

1 _ Rumelis kedlis naxSiris blokebi; 2 _ TaRi; 

3 _ mokle qseli; 4 _ eleqtrodi 

96

Tavi 5. naxSirbadiani feromanganumis miReba 

naxSirbadis Semcvelobis mixedviT feromanganumis 

gvaqvs sami jgufi: maRalnaxSirbadiani (7%-mde 

C), saSualonaxSirbadiani (1-2% C) da dabalnaxSirbadiani 

(0,5% C). naxSirbadis koncentracia SenadnSi 

damokidebulia mxolod misi miRebis meTodze. 

maRalnaxSirbadiani feromanganumi miiReba brZmedeb- 

Si da eleqtroRumelebSi naxSirbadTermuli meTodiT, 

xolo saSualo da mcirenaxSirbadiani ki _ 

eleqtrosilikoTermuli meTodiT. 

istoriul aspeqtSi, brZmedebSi feromanganumis 

miReba daiwyes me-19 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi da misi 

miRebis teqnologia sakmaod daxvewili da aTvisebulia. 

mas gaaCnia rigi naklovanebebisa (igi saWiroebs 

deficituri da ZviradRirebuli metalurgiuli koqsis 

gazrdil raodenobas), ris gamoc misi warmoeba 

brZemdebSi TandaTan iklebs da axlo momavalSi feromanganumi 

mTlianad gamodnobili iqneba eleqtro- 

RumelebSi. qvemoT ganxiluli iqneba mxolod eleqtroTermuli 

feromanganumis miRebis teqnologia. 

eleqtroTermuli feromanganumi qimiuri Sedgenilobis 

mixedviT reglamentirebulia standartebis 

meSveobiT, romlebic Semdegia: 

97

feromanganumi ГОСТ 4755-88 

qimiuri Sedgeniloba 

marka masuri, % 

Mn C Si P S 

dabalnaxSirbadiani aranaklebi araumetes 

ФМн0,5 85,0 0,5 2,0 0,30 0,03 

saSualo naxSirbadiani 

ФМн1,0А 85,0 1,0 1,54 0,10 0,03 

ФМн1,0 85,0 1,0 2,0 0,30 0,03 

ФМн1,5 85,0 1,5 2,5 0,30 0,03 

ФМн2,0А 75,0 2,0 2,0 0,35 0,03 

maRal naxSirbadiani 

ФМн78А 78,0-82,0 7,0 2,0 0,05 0,03 

ФМн78К 78,0-82,0 7,0 1,0 0,35 0,03 

ФМн78 78,0-82,0 7,0 2,0 0,35 0,03 

ФМн75АС6 75,0 7,0 6,0 0,05 0,03 

ФМн75С4 75,0 7,0 4,0 0,45 0,03 

ФМн75С9 75,0 6,0 9,0 0,45 0,03 

ФМн75 75,0 7,0 1,0 0,45 0,03 

ФМн70 75,0 7,0 2,0 0,55 0,03 

SeniSvna: A da K asoebi saSualo da maRalnax- 

Sirbadian feromanganumSi migviTeTeben, rom am 

Senadnobebs waeyenebaT gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi 

fosforis da siliciumis Semcvelobis mixedviT. 

98

5.1. maRalnaxSirbadiani feromanganumis eleqtroRumelebSi 

miRebis teqnologia 

maRalnaxSirbadiani feromanganumis miReba xdeba 

didi simZlavris RumelebSi, manganumis da rkinis 

naxSirbadiT aRdgenis gziT. Semdgom aRdgenili 

elementebi erTmaneTTan Sedneba da miiReba liToni, 

xolo madnis fuWi qanebis da mdnobebis Semadgeneli 

oqsidebis galRobiT miiReba wida. 

samrewvelo naxSirbadiani feromanganumi warmoadgens 

Mn-Fe-C sistemis samkomponentian Senadns, 

romelic Seicavs agreTve siliciumis, fosforis, 

gogirdis da sxva elementebis minarevebs. manganumi 

da rkina Txevad mdgomareobaSi ganusazRvrelad 

ixsneba erTmaneTSi da qimiur naerTebs ar warmoqmnian. 

80% manganumis Semcveli Senadnobis dnobis 

temperaturaa 1277 0 C. manganumi naxSirbadTan war- 

moqmnis mtkice karbidebs: Mn7C3, Mn3C da Mn23C6. 

99

100 

nax. 10. naxSirbadiani feromanganumis sadnobi РПЗ-63 tipis, 63mva simZlavris madanaRmdgeneli 

sworkuTxa, daxuruli eleqtroRumeli: 

1 _ xvrelis gasaWreli aparati; 2 _ TaRi; 3 _ eleqtrodis damWeris fiqsatori; 

4 _ SemamWidroebeli; 5 _ hidro sistema; 6 _ eleqtrodebis gadasaSvebi 

mowyobiloba; 7 _ hidroamwe; 8 _ mokle qseli; 9 _ wyliT gacivebis 

sistema; 10 _ eleqtrodis damWeri; 11 _ amonagi; 12 _ garcmi.

naxSirbadiani feromanganumis dnoba warmoadgens 

rTul fiziko-qimiur process. manganumis da 

rkinis oqsidebis naxSirbadiT aRdgenis paralelurad 

mimdinareobs maTi disociacia da iribi aRdgena, 

xdeba agreTve karbonatebis daSla. qvemoT mocemulia 

is reaqciebi romlebic mimdinareoben Rumelis 

zeda horizontebSi: 

2 

reaqciebi 

2 

3 

2 

101 

Tburi efeqti, 

k. jouli/kg 

2MnO + CO = Mn O + CO 

+ 1178 

3Mn O + CO = Mn O + CO + 378 

3 

2 

4 

3 

3 

4 

Mn O + CO = 3MnO 

+ CO 

+ 237 

3Fe O + CO = 2Fe 

O + CO 

+ 117 

2 

3 

3 

3 

2 

4 

CaCO = CaO + CO 

− 1797 

MgCO = MgO + CO 

− 1195 

3 

3 

2 

MnCO = MnO + CO 

− 1015 

3 

4 

2 

Fe O + CO = 3FeO 

+ CO 

− 79 


− 2208 

H 2 Owyali 

= H 2O 

2253 

orTqli 

2 

2 

oqsidebis disociacia da iribi aRdgena zemoT 

ukve ganxiluli iyo, amitom qvemoT Cven ganvixilavT 

manganumis silikatebidan da MnO -dan pirdapiri 

aRdgenis reaqciebs, romlebic gadamwyvet rols Ta- 

2 

2 

−

maSoben naxSirbadiani feromanganumis miRebis procesSi. 

manganumis orvalentiani oqsidi MnO, romelic 

warmoiqmneba Rumelis abazanaSi, rogorc manganumis 

maRali oqsidebis iribi aRgenis da karbonatebis 

daSlis produqti, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, liTonamde 

(karbidamde) SesaZlebelia aRdges mxolod 

myari naxSirbadiT: 

MnO + C = Mn + CO ΔG 545490 320,7T 

0 

= − 

7 Mn + 3C = Mn 7C3 

ΔG 50327 -53,83T 

0 

T = − 

mocemuli reaqciebis aRdgenis sawyisi tempera- 

turebi Seadgens Sesabamisad 1410 da 1223 0 C. 

sxva gamokvlevebiT, MnO-s aRdgena mimdinareobs 

Semdegi reaqciiT: 

MnO (1 X) C MnCX 

CO + = + + 

ΔG 0 

T 

102 

T 

= 196293−123T 

PCO = 0,1mpa 

da ΔG = 0 e.i. aRdgenis sawyisi tem- 

peratura Seadgens 1324 0 C radganac feromanganumi 

Seicavs 7%-mde naxSirbads, SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, 

rom Senadnobi ZiriTadad Seicavs (Mn, Fe)7C3 tipis 

karbidebs. 

manganumis aRdgena mniSvnelovnad izrdeba kazmSi 

rkinis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. manganumis koncentratebSi 

yovelTvis gvaqvs advilaRdgenadi rkinis 

oqsidebi. 

rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, manganumis koncentratebSi 

sxva mineralebTan erTad SesaZlebelia

iyos manganumis silikatebi _ (Mn, Ca) SiO3. garda 

amisa dnobis procesSi 1200-12500C MnO intensiurad 

reagirebs fuWi qanebis da kvarcis marcvlebSi 

arsebul SiO2-Tan, warmoiqmneba Txevadi (widis) faza, 

romelic ZiriTadad Sedgeba manganumis silikatebisagan 

(MnO)⋅ SiO 2 (rodoniti) da 2 2 SiO 

(MnO) ⋅ (tefroiti), 

romelTa dnobis temperatura Sesabamisad 

tolia 1291 da 13450C. amitom manganumis aRdgena, Txevadi 

fazis gazrdasTan erTad, mniSvnelovanwilad 

silikatebidan miminareobs: 

⋅ SiO + C = Mn + SiO + CO 

MnO 2 

2 

(MnO) 2 ⋅ SiO 2 + 2C = 2Mn + SiO 2 + CO 

MnO⋅ SiO2 

+ 10/7C 

= 1/7Mn 7C3 

+ SiO 2 + CO 

manganumis silikatebis warmoqmna garkveulwi- 

lad aferxebs manganumis aRdgenas, magram 1500-1600 0 C 

manganumi silikatebidanac praqtikulad srulad aR- 

dgeba. amasTan, manganumis aRdgena 1500 0 C tefroiti- 

dan ufro advilad miminareobs, vidre rodonitidan. 

widaSi CaO da MgO arseboba xels uwyobs da 

aadvilebs manganumis silikatebidan aRdgenis process 

(izrdeba MnO-s aqtivoba). 

⋅ SiO + CaO = CaO ⋅SiO 

+ MnO 

MnO 2 

2 

(MnO) 2 SiO 2 + 2CaO = (CaO) 2SiO 

2 + MnO 

ufro Zlieri fuZiT Canacvleba iwvevs MnO-s 

aqtivobis gazrdas, romelic Semdgom aRdgeba nax- 

SirbadiT zemoT aRwerili sqemis mixedviT. 

103

RumelSi manganumis aRdgenasTan erTad CO-Ti da 

myari naxSirbadiT, praqtikulad srulad aRdgeba 

rkina. 5700C-ze maRla mimdinareobs Semdegi reaqciebi: 

3Fe O + CO = 2Fe O + CO O + C = 3FeO + CO 

2 

3 

3 

4 

2 

104 

Fe3 4 

Fe3 O4 

+ CO = 2FeO + CO FeO + C = Fe + CO 

FeO + CO = Fe + CO2 

naxSirbadiani fermanganumis gamodnobis procesSi 

mcire raodenobiT, magram mainc, myari naxSirbadiT 

aRgeba siliciumi: 

SiO 2 + 2C = Si + 2CO 

kazmSi arsebuli fosforis 70-85% aRdgeba da 

gadadis liTonSi. misi aRdgena mimdinareobs Semdegi 

reaqciiT: 

(PO ) + 5C = 3CaO + P + 5CO 

Ca 3 4 2 

2 

es reaqcia mimdinareobs ukve myar fazaSi 10000C temperaturaze maRla. 

SiO2-is arseboba xels uwyobs fosforis aRdgenas, 

radganac igi kalciumis fosfatidan gamoaZevebs 

P2O5: 

Ca (PO ) + 3SiO = 3CaSiO + P O 

3 

4 

2 

2 

P2 O5 

+ 5C = P2 

+ 5CO 

am SemTxvevaSi fosforis SemsamCnevi aRdgena 

mimdinareobs ukve 900 0 C. 

fosforis adgena Txevadi liTonidan SesaZlebelia 

agreTve manganumiT: 

3 

2 

5

P2 O5 

+ 5Mn = P2 

+ 5MnO 

feromanganumis miRebis procesSi gogirdovani 

naerTebidan aRdgeba gogirdi da warmoiqmneba MnS . 

igi Zalian Znelad isxneba liTonSi da TiTqmis 

mTianad gadadis widaSi. amitom gogirdis Semcveloba 

liTonSi ar aRemateba 0,03%. 

arsebobs naxSirbadiani feromanganumis dnobis 

ori meTodi: ufluso da flusiani. pirveli meTodi 

orsafexuriania, meore ki – erTsafexuriani. orive 

meTodiT dnobis Casatareblad gamoyenebulia Ria da 

daxuruli tipis samfaza Rumelebi sworkuTxa an 

mrgvali formis abazanebiT. 

zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxanaSi, romelmac 

naxSirbadiani feromanganumis gamodnoba jer 

kidev 1933 wels daiwyo da amJamadac awarmoebs aRniSnul 

Senadns, dadgmulia 11150 kva nominaluri 

simZlavris Zveli konstruqciis Ria, sworkuTxa 

formis samfaza Rumelebi (#1 saamqro) da axali 

samfaza daxuruli, mrgvali, 22,5 mva simZlavris Rumelebi 

(#4 samqro). 

105

nax. 11. mrgvali, daxuruli madanaRmdgeneli 

eleqtroRumeli. РКЗ-63. 

1 _ abazanis sabruni meqanizmi; 2 _ Rumelis garcmi; 

3 _ Rumelis TaRi; 4 _ CamtvirTi Zabri; 5 _ mokle qseli; 

6 _ meoradi denmimyvanis drekadi kabelebi; 7 _ eleqtrodis 

sayrdeni garcmi; 8 _ meoradi denmimyvani; 9 _ sakontaqto 

ybebi; 10 _ damWeri rgoli; 11 _ zonti; 12 _ TaRis 

damWeri; 13 _ abazanis amonagi; 14 _ gamosSvebi xvreli 

106

5.2. dnoba ufluso meTodiT 

maRalnaxSirbadiani feromanganumis ufluso me- 

TodiT miRebis Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom 

kazmSi ar SehyavT flusi (kiri), xolo aRmdgeneli 

kazmSi miewodeba im raodenobiT, rom feromanganum- 

Tan erTad miRebuli iqnas manganumiT mdidari dabalfosforiani 

wida (36-41% Mn da 0,01-0,02% P). 

aseTi Sedgenilobis wida gamoiyeneba sasaqonlo an 

gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumis misaRebad, romelSidac 

fosforis Semcveloba ar aRemateba 0,1%. 

naxSirbadiani feromanganumis, manganumiT mdidari 

dabalfosforiani wida, gamoiyeneba agreTve sa- 

Sualo da dabalnaxSirbadiani feromanganumis misa- 

Rebad. 

dnobis ufluso meTodi SeiZleba gamoyenebul 

iqnas mxolod maRalxarisxovani koncentratebis 

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sadac manganumis Semcveloba 

unda iyos aranaklebi 45% da %P/%Mn. kazmSi – ara 

umetesi 0,0036. 

dabalxarisxovani manganumis koncentratebis gamoyeneba, 

romlebic Seicaven SiO2-is did raodenobas, 

aseTi procesisaTvis SeuZlebelia, radganac ukve 

dnobis pirvel stadiaze aRdgeba siliciumis mniSvnelovani 

raodenoba da misi Semcveloba naxSirbadian 

feromanganumSi gadaaWarbebs standartiT dasaSveb 

raodenobas. 

107

maRalfosforiani koncentratebis gamoyenebis Sem- 

TxvevaSi aucilebelia kazmSi dabalfosforiani widebis 

Seyvana. 

ganvixiloT maRalnaxSirbadiani feromanganumis 

ufluso meTodiT dnoba zestafonis feroSenadnobTa 

qarxnis pirobebSi. dnoba warmoebs sworkuTxa da 

mrgvali tipis samfaza Ria RumelebSi. kazmis SemadgenlobaSi 

Sedis: WiaTuris pirveli xarisxis manganumis 

koncentrati, koqswvrila da rkinis burbu- 

Sela. kazmis erTi ulufis raodenobrivi Sedgeniloba 

Semdegia: 

manganumis koncentrati – 300 kg 

koqswvrila – 60-80 kg 

rkinis burbuSela – 10-20 kg 

feromanganumis gamodnobis procesi aris uwyveti, 

liTonis da widis perioduli gamoSvebiT. Rumeli 

yovelTvis savsea kazmiT da dnoba mimdinareobs 

e.w. kazmiT daxuruli sakerZis pirobebSi. 

eleqtrodebi Caflulia kazmSi 1200-1500 mm sigrZeze. 

kazmis gadnobis da sakerZis donis dawevis paralelurad 

mimdinareobs kazmis axali uluRebis CatvirTva. 

cdiloben kazmis CatvirTva moxdes ZiriTadad 

eleqtroedbis garSemo da Seqmnan mis irgvliv 

patara konusebi. eleqtrodebis garSemo xdeba namwvi 

da aRmdgeneli airebis udidesi raodenobiT gamoyofa, 

romlebic didi raodenobis CO-s Seicaven. 

amJamad, qarxanaSi feromanganumis misaRebad gamoyenebul 

kazms araviTari winaswari momzadeba ar 

108

utardeba, rac arasworia. aucilebelia wvrilmarcvlovani 

koncentratebis danaWrovneba (aglomeracia, 

dabriketeba, dagundaveba), rac saSualebas mogvcems 

mniSvnelovnad gaizardos Rumelis warmadoba, 

Semcirdes eleqtroenergiis xarji da amaRldes 

teqniko-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi. 

dnobis procesSi sakazme masalebi TandaTan dabla 

iweven da sakerZidan, romlis temperatura 100- 

300 0 C, quramde – 1500 0 C, gaivlian sxvadasxva tempera- 

turul zonebs. am gzaze, sakazme masalebis gaxurebis 

Sedegad, xdeba maTi gamoSroba, oqsidebis da 

karbonatebis disociacia, oqsidebis aRdgena da li- 

Tonis da widis Camoyalileba. liToni da manganumiT 

mdidari wida yovel or saaTSi Camoisxmeba sa- 

Camosxmo manqanaze. 

qarxnis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, naxSirbadiani 

feromanganumis gamodnobisas, elementebis ganawileba 

liTonSi, widaSi da airad fazaSi Semdegia: 

elementebis gadasvlis xarisxis (%): 

elementi 

manganumi 

liTonSi 

60 - 62 

widaSi 

28 - 30 

airad fazaSi 

10 

siliciumi 8-10 90-92 _ 

rkina 95 5 _ 

fosfori 70 3-5 25 

gogirdi 1 60 39 

109

nax. 12. sworkuTxa, eqvseleqtrodiani hermetuli 

Rumeli _ РПЗ-63: 

1 _ saZirkveli; 2 _ Rumelis garcmi; 3 _ abazanis amonagi; 

4 _ xvrelis gaWris meqanizmi; 5 _ eleqtrodi; 

6 _ Rumelis TaRi; 7 _ eleqtrodis damWeris Semviwroebeli; 

8 _ damWeri rgoli; 9 _ sakontaqto ybebi; 

10 _ eleqtrodis garcmi; 11 _ eleqtrodis gadamSvebi 

meqanizmi; 12 _ hirdroamwe; 13 _ mokle qseli; 

14 _ eleqtrodis sayrdeni garcmi. 

110

mdidari gadasamuSavebeli widis Sedgeniloba (%): 

Mn 

37 − 42 

SiO 2 

29 − 31 

CaO FeO P 

7 − 9 1 0,01− 

0,02 

C Al2O 3 MgO S 

0,3− 

0,5 6 −8 

2 − 3 1,2 −1,5 

widis jeradoba Seadgens daaxlobiT 1,2. manganumis 

gadasvlis xarisxi liTonSi 61-62%, xolo 

midari widis silikomanganumis gamosadnob kazmSi 

gamoyenebis Sedegad, manganumis jamuri, sasargeblo 

gamoyeneba aRwevs 83%. 

1 bazur tona feromanganumze sakazme masalebis 

da eleqtroenergiis xarji Semdegia: 

manganumis koncenetrati – 2520 kg 

koqswvrila (mSrali) – 450 kg 

rkinis burbuSela – 110 kg 

eleqtrodis masa _ 29 kg 

eleqtroenergia – 3200 kvt.sT 

unda aRiniSnos, rom maRalnaxSirbadiani feromanganumis 

miRebis ufluso meTodis gamoyenebas maSin 

aqvs azri, rodesac mTlianad xdeba miRebuli, manganumiT 

mdidari gadsamuSavebeli widis gamoyeneba. 

111

el. energiis xarji, 

kvt. sT/t 

nax. 13. el. energiis (1) da Mn-is gadasvlis (2) 

damokidebuleba feromanganumSi Si-is Semcvelobaze 

5.3. dnoba flusiani meTodiT 

dnoba flusiani meTodiT gulisxmobs imas, rom 

feromanganumis gamosadnob kazmSi SehyavT flusebi 

(kiri, kirqva, dolomiti). flusebis daniSnulebaa, 

widaSi kaJmiwasTan naerTebis saxiT arsebuli MnO-s 

aqtiurobis gazrda, rac sabolood xels uwyobs 

manganumis ufro Rrma da srul aRdgenas. 

MnO ⋅ SiO + CaO = MnO + CaO ⋅SiO 

2 

manganumis aRdgena misi oqsidebidan mimdinareobs 

da mTavrdeba erT RumelSi, romlis drosac miiReba 

standartuli Senadni da e.w. gadasayreli wida 10-12% 

manganumis SemcvelobiT. Cveulebriv, flusiani meTodiT 

naxSirbadiani feromanganumis dnobisas widis 

112 

Si SendnSi, % 

Mn-is gadasvla 

liTonSi

fuZianoba meryeobs sazRvrebSi 1,1-1,4, xolo manganumis 

gadasvla (amokrefa) SenadnSi Seadgens 76-78%. 

rogorc vxedavT, am meTodiT dnobisas SesaZlebelia 

gamoyenebul iqnas ara marto oqsiduri koncentratebi, 

aramed karbonatuli koncentratic, romlebic 

Seicaven sakmaod maRali raodenobiT (15%-mde) 

kalciumis oqsids (CaO). karbonatuli madnebis gamoyenebis 

SesaZlebloba am meTodis dadebiTi mxarea. 

dnobis flusiani meTodi oqsiduri koncentratebis 

gamoyenebiT, pirvelad 1933 wels ganxorcielda 

zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxanaSi. Semgom, didi 

samamulo omis periodSi, igi iqna Secvlili ufro 

progresuli ufluso meTodiT. 

feromanganumis dnobis maCveneblebi, flusiani 

da ufluso meTodiT erTidaigive nedleulis gamoyenebiT, 

zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxnis pirobebSi 

Semdegia: 

warmoebis meTodi 

maCveneblebi 

flusiani 

koncentratis 

xarji 

2, 

282 

1t feromanganumze, t 

113 

ufluso 

2, 

282 

manganumis amokrefa, % 75 62 

el. energiis xvedriTi 

xarji, kvt/sT. t 

3740 2895 

Rumelis dReRamuri warmadoba 

1000 kvt simZlavreze, t 

6,3 8,8

dnobis Teoriul da praqtikul monacemebze 

dayrdnobiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dnobis ufluso 

meTods aqvs aSkara upiratesobebi flusian 

meTodTan SedarebiT, rac ZiriTadad eleqtroenergiis 

xarjis SemcirebaSi da Rumelis warmadobis 

gazrdaSi gamoixateba. ufluso meTodiT dnobisas 

manganumis amokrefa liTonSi SedarebiT dabalia 

62%, magram manganumiT mdidari, dabalfosforiani 

widebis gamoyeneba silikomanganumis gamosadnobad 

saSualebas iZleva es maCvenebeli 81-83%-mde gavzardoT, 

rac mniSvnelovnad maRalia flusian meTodTan 

SedarebiT (74-78%). es midgoma samarTliania molod 

maRalxarisiani koncentratebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi 

(aranakleb 45% Mn). feromanganumis gamodnoba 

ufluso meTodiT, dabalxarisxovani oqsiduri da 

karbonatuli koncentratebidan gaZnelebulia Ziri- 

Tadad ori mizezis gamo: kaJmiwis didi raodenobiT 

Semcveloba koncentratSi iwvevs siliciumis raodenobis 

gazrdas SenadnSi, xolo fosforis SemcvelobiT 

standartuli liTonis miReba SesaZlebelia 

mxolod kazmSi dabalfosforiani manganumis 

Semcveli nedleulis (widebis) gamoyenebiT. 

amitom mdidari, oqsiduri koncentrantebis gamoyenebis 

SemTxvevaSi mizanSewonilia gamoviyenoT 

dnobis ufluso meTodi, xolo karbonatuli da dabalxarixsiani 

oqsiduri koncentratebis gamoyenebis 

SemTxvevaSi dnoba unda vawarmooT flusiani meTodiT. 

114

115 

nax. 14. feroSenadnobebis Camosaსxmeli konveiruli manqana: 

1 _ amyiravebeli mowyobiloba; 2 _ cicxvi; 3 _ konveiris jaWvi; 4 _ sayrdeni 

gorgolaWebi; 5 _ amZravi; 6 _ Camomyreli; 7 _ damWimavi meqanizmi; 8 _ Rari

5.4. naxSirbadiani feromanganumis gamodnobis procesSi 

SemCneuli damaxasiaTebeli darRvevebi da misi 

aRmofxvris RonisZiebebi 

aRmofxvris 

RonisZiebebi 

mizezi 

liTonis da widis 

Sedgenilobis cvlileba 

garegani 

niSnebi 

Semowmdes kazmis 

Sedgeniloba 

da misi 

fraqciuloba. 

gaizardos 

aRmdgenlis 

raodenoba kazmSi. 

aRmdgenlis ukmarisoba, 

an kazmis 

komponentebis 

fraqciulobis 

siliciumis dabali da 

fosforis maRali Semcveloba 

liTonSi. M 

n-s maRali Semcveloba 

eleqtrodebis zomaze 

metad Rrma 

mdebareoba, Rumelis 

warmadobis 

cvlileba. 

widaSi. 

Semcireba 

116 

moxdes kazmis 

koreqcia da Sem- 

eleqtrodebis 

maRali mdebareoba, 

cirdes masSi 

koqswvrilas 

aRmdgenelis si- 

Warbe, Zalian gamomSrali 

madani. 

siliciumis Semcvelobis 

gazrda li- 

amotyorcnebi, manganumis 

TonSi. 

raodenoba. 

aorTqlebis gazrda.

5.5. naxSirbadiani feromanganumis gamosadnobi kazmis 

angariSi (ufluso meTodi) 

masalebi 

naxirb. feromang. (Senadni) 

manganumis koncentrati I x. 

koqswvrila 

foladis burbuSela 

117 


Mn Si C Fe P 

78 

50 

_ 

_ 

1,5 

SiO2 

11,0 

_ 

_ 

6,5 

_ 

80 

_ 

14 

_ 

_ 

95 

0,35 

0,15 

_ 

_ 

elementebis ganawileba liTonsa da widas Soris 

agreTve maTi airad fazaSi gadasvla mocemulia 

cxrilSi. 

gadasvla, % 

elementebi liTonSi widaSi 

Mn 

Fe 

Si 

P 

S 

62 

95 

10 

70 

_ 

28 

5 

90 

5 

50 

aqroldeba, % 

angariSi warmoebs 100 kg manganumis koncentratze. 

100 kg koncentratidan manganumi gadadis: 

liTonSi: 100 ⋅ 0, 

5⋅ 

0, 

62 = 31 kg; 

aqroldeba 100 ⋅ 0, 

5⋅ 

0, 

1 = 5 kg. 

miiReba feromanganumi (78% Mn) 

31 : 0, 

78 = 39, 

74 kg. 

10 

_ 

_ 

25 

50

Senadni Seicavs: 

naxSirbads _ 39 , 74⋅ 

0, 

065 = 2, 

58 kg; 

siliciums _ 39 , 74⋅ 

0, 

015 = 0, 

60 kg; 

fosfors _ 39 , 74⋅ 

0, 

0035 = 0, 

14 kg. 

koncentratis Jangeulebis aRsadgenad saWiroa 

naxSirbadi: 

36 kg Mn-is aRsadgenad (liToni+aqroladi) 

reaqciiT: 

MnO + C = Mn + CO 

36⋅12 

= 7, 

85 kg 

55 

0,6 kg. siliciumis aRsadgenad reaqciiT 

SiO 2 + 2C = Si + 2CO 

0, 

6⋅ 

24 

= 0, 

51 kg; 

28 

0,14 kg fosforis aRsadgenad, reaqciiT 

P2 O5 

+ 5C = 2P + 5CO 

0, 

14⋅ 

60 

= 0, 

14 kg. 

62 

sul saWiroa naxSirbadi 10% siWarbiT (iwvis 

sakerZeze) 

( 7, 

85 + 2, 

58 + 0, 

51+ 

0, 

14) 

⋅1, 

1 = 12, 

1 kg. 

12 , 1 

an mSrali koqsi = 15, 

1 kg. 

0, 

8 

rkina unda iyos SenadnSi 

39 , 74⋅ 

0, 

14 = 5, 

56 kg. 

118

amisaTvis aucilebelia rkinis burbuSela 

5 , 56 : 0, 

95 = 5, 

85 kg. 

kazmis Sedgeniloba iqneba, kg: 

manganumis koncentrati _ 100 

koqswvrila (mSrali) _ 15,1 

rkinis burbuSela _ 5,85. 

119

Tavi 6. silikomanganumis eleqtroTermia 

silikomanganumi aris manganumis da siliciumis 

fuZeze damzadebuli kompleqsuri feroSenadnobi, romelic 

gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva markis foladebis gan- 

Jangvisa da legirebisaTvis. igi rogorc aRmdgeneli, 

gamoiyeneba agreTve silikoTermuli meTodiT saSualonaxSirbadiani 

feromanganumis da liTonuri manganumis 

misaRebad. silikomanganumi SeiZleba iyos sasaqonlo 

da gadasamuSavebeli. gansxvaveba maT Soris 

aris is, rom gadasamuSavebel silikomanganums waeyeneba 

gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi masSi naxSirbadis, 

fosforis da rkinis Semcvelobis TvalsazrisiT. 

foladebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba, ferosiliciumis 

silikomanganumiT Secvlis SemTxvevaSi, ganapirobebs 

am Senadnis warmoebis moculobis zrdis 

maRal tempebs. 

qimiuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT silikomanganumi 

unda akmayofilebdes standartebis moTxovnebs. amJamad 

moqmedebaSia ori saxis standarti: pirveli 

(ГОСТ), romelic moqmedebs postsabWoTa qveynebSi 

(saqarTvelo, ukraina, ruseTi) da meore _ saer- 

TaSoriso standarti (ISO). silikomanganumis qimiuri 

Sedgeniloba orive standartis mixedviT mocemulia 

qvemoT moyvanil cxrilebSi. 

120

silikomanganumis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, masuri %: 

marka 

(ГОСТ) 

Si Mn C P S 

ara naklebi ara umetesi 

МнС25(РА) aranaklebi 25 60,0 0,5 0,05 0,02 

МнС25(РБ) aranaklebi 25 60,0 0,5 0,25 0,02 

МнС22(РА) 20,0-25,0 65,0 1,0 0,10 0,02 

МнС22(РБ) 20,0-25,0 65,0 1,0 0,35 0,02 

МнС17(РА) 15,0-20,0 65,0 2,5 0,10 0,02 

МнС17(РБ) 15,0-20,0 65,0 2,5 0,60 0,02 

МнС12(РА) 10,0-15,0 65,0 3,5 0,10 0,02 

МнС12(РБ) 10,0-15,0 65,0 3,5 0,60 0,02 

marka (ISO) Mn Si C P S 

ara naklebi ara umetesi 

FeMnSi12 60,0-75,0 10,0-15,0 3,5 0,35 0,03 

FeMnSi18 60,0-75,0 15,0-20,0 2,5 0,35 0,03 

FeMnSi18LP 60,0-75,0 15,0-20,0 2,5 0,15 0,03 

FeMnSi22HP 60,0-75,0 20,0-25,0 1,6 0,30 0,03 

FeMnSi22MP 60,0-75,0 20,0-25,0 1,6 0,15 0,03 

FeMnSi22LP 60,0-75,0 20,0-25,0 1,6 0,10 0,03 

FeMnSi23HP 65,0-75,0 20,0-25,0 1,0 0,30 0,03 

FeMnSi23MP 65,0-75,0 20,0-25,0 1,0 0,15 0,03 

FeMnSi23LP 65,0-75,0 20,0-25,0 1,0 0,10 0,03 

FeMnSi28 65,0-75,0 25,0-30,0 0,5 0,20 0,03 

FeMnSi28LP 65,0-75,0 25,0-30,0 0,5 0,10 0,03 

FeMnSi30HP 57,0-67,0 28,0-35,0 0,1 0,20 0,03 

FeMnSi30MP 57,0-67,0 

121

6.1. silikomanganumis miRebis fiziko-qimiuri 

safuZvlebi 

silikomanganumi mravalkomponentiani kompleqsuri 

Senadnobia. naxSirbadis Semcveloba masSi damokidebulia 

siliciumis koncentraciaze: rac metia 

siliciumi SenadnSi, miT naklebia masSi naxSirbadis 

xsnadoba. am domokidebulebis fiziko-qimiuri arsi 

zemoT iyo ganxiluli. ramdenadac, siliciumis SemcvelobiT 

standartuli Senadnis warmoqmna mimdinareobs 

liTonis naxSirbadiani, nawilakebis TandaTanobiT 

_ aRdgenili siliciumiT gamdidrebiT, 

amitom liTonis nawilakebis Sedgeniloba mudmivad 

icvleba, rac TavisTavad arTulebs silikomanganumis 

miRebis qimizmis zust aRweras steqeometruli 

reaqciebiT. 

silikomanganumis miRebis Tavisebureba mdgomareobs 

manganumis da siliciumis naxSirbadiT 

erTdroulad aRdgenaSi. 

silikomanganumis dnobisas kazmSi gamoyenebulia 

sxvadsxva manganumiani koncentratebi, romlebic Seicaven 

_ MnO2, Mn2O3, Mn3O4 da MnO oqsidebs da warmodgenilia 

Semdegi mineralebis saxiT: piroluiziti 

(MnO2), fsilomelani ( ⋅ MnO nH O ), manganiti 

MnO 2 2 ⋅ 

⋅ Mn(OH) ], brauniti ) O (Mn 2 3 , gausmaniti 

[MnO2 2 

(Mn 3 O4 

) da sxva. manganumiani aglomerati ZiriTadad 

Seicavs gausmanits, manganozits (MnO) da manganumis 

122

silikatebs, ZiriTadad tefroitis (2MnO ⋅ SiO 2 ) saxiT. 

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, manganumis oqsidebi 

haerze disocirdebian Semdgi sqemis mixedviT: 

MnO 

2 

0 

424 

⎯ ⎯→Mn 

2 

O 

3 

877 

⎯⎯→Mn 

O 

123 

0 

3 

4 

0 

1200-1400 

⎯⎯⎯ 

⎯ →MnO 

MnO stabiluria Zalian maRal temperaturebSic 

ki (30000C). manganumis maRali oqsidebi advilad aRdgebian 

naxSirJangiT da myari naxSirbadiT: 

2MnO + CO = Mn O + CO 

(1) 

2 

2 

3 

2 

3 

3 

3Mn O + CO = 2Mn 

O + CO 

(2) 

3 

4 

4 

Mn O + CO = 3MnO 

+ CO 

(3) 

MnO2 naxSirJangiT aRdgenis wonasworobis konstanta 

ukve 500 K 

0 

aRwevs maRal maCvenebels: 

P 

= lg 

P 

2 

CO2 

lgK MnO2 

2 

CO 

2 

2 

= 45,8 

Mn 2O3 

aRdgena SedarebiT Znelad mimdinareobs, 

magram 800 K 

0 misi wonasworobis konstanta sakmaod 

maRalia: 

2 

PCO2 

lgK Mn O = lg = 22,81 

2 2 2 

PCO 

kidev ufro Znelad aRdgeba Mn3O4. 

P 

= 

lg 

P 

2 

CO2 

lgK Mn3 

O4 

2 

CO 

= 2,37 

2

manganumis maRali oqsidebi MnO2, Mn2O3, Mn3O4 

advilad aRdgebian myari naxSirbadiT sakmaod dabal 

temperaturebSi. am dros MnO2 da Mn2O3 aRdgenis 

procesi disociaciis paralelurad mimdinareobs. 

zemoTTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT feroSenadnobTa 

RumelebSi, sadac gvaqvs aRdgeniTi atmosfero, ukve 

Rumelis zeda horizontebSi 600-800 0 C temperaturaze 

wvrilmarcvlovan kazmSi mimdinareobs manganumis ma- 

Rali oqsidebis aRdgena MnO-mde. bunebrivia, rom 

msxvilnatexovani kazmis pirobebSi, sadac aucileblad 

gveqneba difuziuri garTulebebi, aseTi reaqciebis 

mimdinareoba Zalian Senelebulia, ver aswreben 

gavlas Rumelis maRal horizontebSi da isini SeiZleba 

warimarTos da dasruldes mxolod Rumelis 

dabal horizontebSi. 

manganumis maRali oqsidebi iribi gziT CO-s meSveobiT 

aRdgebian MnOmde. Semdgomi misi aRdgena 

iribi gziT SeuZlebelia da igi SeiZleba aRvadginoT 

pirdapiri gziT _ myari naxSirbadiT: 

MnO + C = Mn + CO, 

ΔG 

124 

0 

= 138600 −82,76T 

0 

MnO + (1+ 

x)C = MnCx 

+ CO, ΔG = 134090 −86,73T 

am reaqciebiT aRdgenis sawyisi temperatura Mn- 

mde aris 1401 0 C, xolo Mn7C3-mde 1279 0 C. 

sxva monacemebiT, MnO-s aRdgena manganumamde iw- 

yeba 1310 0 . sufTa MnO-s SemTxvevaSi misi aRdgena Zi-

iTadad mimdinareobs myari fazidan Txevad li- 

TonSi arsebuli naxSirbadiT: 

MnO + [C] = Mn + CO 

( myari) Mn( 

Txevadi) ( Txevadi) ( airi) 

xolo madanSi arsebuli MnO-s aRdgena mimdinareobs 

adviladwarmoqmnadi widebidan: 

(MnO) + [C] = [ Mn] + CO 

125 

( airi) 

kazmSi rkinis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, rasac adgili 

aqvs silikomanganumis dnobis dros, manganumis 

aRdgena misi oqsidebidan SesamCnevad advilad mimdinareobs. 

silikomanganumis miRebis procesSi manganumis aRdgenasTan 

erTad kazmSi arsebuli kvarcitidan, madnis 

kaJmiwidan da koqswvrilas nacridan xdeba siliciumis 

aRdgena. dadgenilia, rom kaJmiwidan siliciumis 

aRdgena mimdinareobs Sualeduri produqtebis 

warmoqniT, esenia: karborundi _ SiC da adviladaorTqlebadi 

siliciumis monooqsidi _ SiO. 

arsebuli monacemebis safuZvelze, siliciumis 

aRdgena SeiZleba gamoisaxos Sedmegi reaqciiT: 

SiO + 2C = Si + 2CO 

2( 

Txevadi) ( grafiti) ( Txevadi) 

( airi) 

ΔG 167400 86,40T 

0 

= − 

reaqciis sawyisi temperatura rodesac 

PCO = 1atmosf. 

tolia 1690: 

SiO + 3C = SiC + 2CO 

2( 

Txevadi) ( grafiti) ( myari) 

( airi) 

ΔG 0 

= 

153720 −81, 

96T

SiO + C = SiO + 2CO 

2( 

Txevadi) ( grafiti) ( airi) 

( airi) 

ΔG 159600 - 77,94T 

0 = 

reaqciis sawyisi temperatura, rodesac 

+ P = 1 atm. Seadgens 17300C: PCO SiO 

SiO + Si = 2SiO 

2( 

myari) ( Txevadi) 

( airi) 

ΔG 0 

= 121430 − 52, 

87T 


2( 

airi) ( grafiti) ( Txevadi) ( airi) 

ΔG 0 

= 7800 −8, 

46T 

SiO + 2SiC 

= 3Si 

+ 2CO 

2( 

Txevadi) ( myarii) ( Txevadi) 

( airi) 

ΔG 194760 95, 

28T 

0 

= − 

reaqciis sawyisi temperatura 17300 . 

nax.15-ze mocemulia siliciumis naxSirbadiT aRdgenis 

reaqciebisaTvis, Termodinamikuli potencialis 

damokidebuleba temperaturaze. 

zemoT moyvanili manganumis da siliciumis aRdgenis 

reaqciebi, romlebsac adgili aqvs silikomanganumis 

dnobis procesSi, rTuldeba manganumis 

da siliciumis oqsidebidan silikatebis warmoqmnis 

SemTxvevaSi da manganumis da siliciumis aRdgenis 

procesebis urTierT zegavlenis Sedegad. 

manganumis silikatebi: tefroiti (MnO)2SiO2 da 

rodoniti ⋅ SiO ) warmoiqmnebian RumelSi daax- 

(MnO 2 

loebiT 12000C temperaturaze. garda amisa, am sili- 

katebs Seicaven manganumis koncentratebi da gansakuTrebiT 

isini bevria aglomeratSi, romelSidac 

126

tefroitis raodenoba 40% aRwevs. mniSvnelovani 

raodenobiT silikatebis arseboba uaryofiT gavlenas 

axdens manganumis aRdgenaze. 

Tavisufali energiis cvlileba, kkal 

127 

temperatura, 0 K 

nax. 15. Si-O-C sistemaSi SesaZlebeli urTierTqmedebebis 

0 

dros Tavisufali energiis cvlilebis ( Δ G ) 

damokidebuleba temperaturaze

aRdgenili manganumi siliciumTan mimarTebaSi 

asrulebs `damleqavis~ funqcias, msgavsad rkinisa 

ferosiliciumis miRebis dros, rac mniSvnelovnad 

aadvilebs siliciumis aRdgenas misi oqsidebidan. 

Tavis mxriv, aRdgenili siliciumi xels uwyobs 

manganumis aRdgenas Semdegi reaqciiT: 

2MnO + Si = 2Mn + SiO 2 

es reaqcia, liToni-wida sistemis wonasworobis 

miRwevisas, gansazRvravs agreTve silikomanganumis 

Sedgenilobas da manganumis Semcvelobas widaSi. 

mocemuli reaqciis wonasworobis konstantidan 

2 

[Mn] (SiO 2 ) 

= Nn = 

gamomdinareobs, rom 

(MnO) [Si] 

K Si 

2 

2 

2 [Mn] ⋅(SiO2 

) 

(MnO) = , e.i. manganumis Semcveloba 

KSi-Mn 

⋅[Si] 

widaSi damokidebulia liTonSi siliciumis koncentraciaze. 

rac ufro maRalia SenadnSi siliciumis 

procenti, miT ufro mcire unda iyos manganumis 

Semcveloba widaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom manganumis 

aRdgena ZiriTadad naxSirbadiT xdeba. es Teoriuli 

damokdiebuleba mTlianad dasturdeba praqtikiT. magaliTad, 

gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumis (30%Si) 

dnobis dros widaSi manganumis Semcveloba ar aRemateba 

5%, maSin, rodesac sasaqonlo silikomanganumis 

(17%Si) SemTxvevaSi widaSi manganumis raodenoba 

aRwevs 14-16% (zogjer 18-120%). rogorc etyoba MnO- 

Mn-SiO2-Si-C sistemaSi wonasworoba myardeba mxolod 

128

maSin, rodesac myardeba wonasworoba Semdegi reaqciebis: 


[Mn] ⋅PCO 

K Mn = 

(MnO) ⋅C 

SiO 2 + 2C = Si + 2CO 

2 

[Si] ⋅PCO 

KSi 

= 

2 

(SiO2 

)C 

am reaqciebis wonasworobis dros unda damyardes 

wonasworoba maT Sorisac da manganumis siliciumiT 

aRdgenis reaqciebs Soris. es gamomdinareobs 

iqedan, rom 

2 

K Mn ⋅C(MnO) 

KSi 

(SiO 2 )C 

PCO 

= 

= 

[Mn] [Si] 

saidanac gardaqmnebis Semdeg vRebulobT: 

K Mn [Mn] ⋅(SiO2 

) 

= 

KSi 

(MnO) ⋅[Si] 

es gamosaxuleba warmoadgens KSi− Mn wonasworobis 

konstantas. 

manganumis aRdgenaze silikatebis uaryofiTi gavlenis 

Sesamcireblad, zogjer kazmSi SehyavT dolomiti 

an kirqva. 

es RonisZieba saSualebas gvaZlevs gavzardoT 

MnO -s aqtivoba Semdegi reaqciiT: 

MnO ⋅ 

SiO + CaO = MnO + CaO ⋅SiO 

2 

129 

2

am reaqciis Sors, marjvniv, Rrmad ganviTareba 

uaryofiTad moqmedebs siliciumis aRdgenaze, radganac 

kaJmiwis aqtivoba Zalian mcirdeba kalciumis 

da magniumis silikatebis warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi. 

mravalricxovanma gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom 

kazmSi dolomitis Seyvana, widis fuZianobis 

CaO + MgO 

= 0,4 − 0,5 misaRwevad, zrdis 17%Si-ian Se- 

SiO 2 

nadnSi manganumis sasargeblo gamoyenebas 3-8%. magram 

mcdlobam, widis fuZianoba gagvezarda 1,0-mde 

mogvca uaryofiTi Sedegi _ silikomanganumSi siliciumis 

Semcveloba Semcirda 8-10%-mde. silikomanganumis 

dnobis procesSi, flusebis gamoyenebis Sem- 

TxvevaSi, aucilebelia am viTarebis gaTvaliswineba. 

zemoT moyvanili monacemebidan Cans, rom manganumis 

aRdgenis sawyisi temperatura imyofeba 1310- 

1420 0 C intervalSi, xolo siliciumis _ 1690 0 C. ami- 

tom MnO-SiO2 oqsidebis narevSi manganumi silicium- 

Tan SedarebiT unda aRdges ufro advilad, rac 

praqtikaSidac dasturdeba. 

prof. s. rostovcevma, TanamSromlebTan erTad 

Seiswavla manganumis silikatebis aRdgena 1400 da 

1500 0 C temperaturaze, risTvisac specialurad mom- 

zadda silikatebi: (MnO)2 SiO da MnO ⋅ SiO . Sedegad 

miRebul iqna oqsidebis narevis da Sesabamisi 

silikatebis aRdgenis xarisxis moancemebi. 

130

aRdgenis xarisxi, %: 

silikati 

2 SiO 

(MnO) ⋅ 

2 

narevi 

53,1 

1400 0 C 1500 0 C 

silikati 

36,9 

131 

narevi 

100 

silikati 

100 

MnO ⋅ SiO 7,8 7,4 41,3 37,0 

2 

moyvanili monacemebidan gamomdinareobs, rom 

mdidar narevebSi 14000C-ze MnO da SiO2 oqsidebis 

aRdgena midis ukeTesad vidre silikatebidan. es migviTiTebs 

imaze, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi, narevebSi 

aRdgenis procesi win uswrebs silikatebis warmoqmnas 

(widis warmoqmnas). 15000C-ze aRdgena mimdinareobs 

Tanabari zomiT. magram rodonitis sruli 

aRdgenisaTvis saWiroa ufro maRali temperatura _ 

1600 0 C da meti, romlesac adgili aqvs mxolod sili- 

komanganumis sadnobi Rumelis qveda horizontebSi. 

miRebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba CaiTvalos, 

rom pirvelad aRdgeba tefroiti, Semdeg, 

ufro maRal temperaturebSi ki _ rodoniti Semdegi 

reaqciebiT: 

⋅ SiO + C = Mn + MnO ⋅SiO 

+ CO 

(MnO) 2 2 

2 

MnO ⋅ SiO 2 + 3C 

= ( Mn + Si) + 3CO 

amrigad, naTelia, rom kazmSi erTeul manganumze 

mosuli silikatebis da didi raodenobis kaJmiwis 

arseboba auaresebs manganumis da siliciumis aRdgenis 

xarisxs.

sasaqonlo silikomanganumis dnobis maCveneblebis 

Sedarebam, kazmSi aglomeratis da madnuri briketebis 

gamoyenebiT, TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa rom aglomeratze 

dnobis SemTxvevaSi dnobis maCveneblebi 

iyo mniSvnelovnad uaresi, vidre briketebis gamoyenebis 

dros. es imiT aixsneba, rom aglomerati 

mniSvnelovani raodenobiT Seicavs manganumis silikatebs. 

6.2. silikomanganumis gamodnobis teqnologia 

silikomanganumis gamodnoba warmoebs uwyveti 

procesiT didi simZlavris (10,0-75 mva), samfaza Ria da 

daxuruli tipis RumelebSi. Rumelebi aRWurvilia 

TviTcxobadi naxSiris eleqtrodebiT. misi qvedi da 

kedlebi amogebulia naxSiris blokebiT, ise, rogorc 

feromanganumis da ferosiliciumis dnobis SemTxvevaSi. 

silikomanganumis gamosadnobad, sakazme masalebad 

iyeneben manganumis koncentratebs, manganumis aglomerats, 

kvarcits, koqswvrilas da fluss (dolomiti). 

iseTi silikomanganumis miReba, romelSidac fosforis 

Semcveloba 0,1-0,2%, SesaZlebelia mxolod 

mdidari, dabalfosforiani gadasamuSavebeli widebis 

gamoyenebiT. aseTi widebis miReba xdeba maRalnaxSirbadiani 

feromanganumis ufluso meTodiT, an am miznisaTvis, 

maTi calke RumelebSi specialurad gamodnobiT. 

WiaTuris I xarisxis koncentratis gamoyenebac 

132

ver uzrunvelyofs dabalfosforiani (0,1-0,2%) Senadnis 

miRebas da Cveulebriv misi Semcveloba liTonSi 

0,3-0,35% farglebSia. 

rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, fosforis SemcvelobiT, 

standartiT gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri 

manganumiani Senadnis misaRebad kazmSi %P/Mn% ar 

unda aRematebodes garkveul zRvars. ase magaliTad, 

sasaqonlo silikomanganumis misaRebad, romelSidac 

fosforis Semcveloba 0,3-0,35%, kazmSi %P/Mn% unda 

iyos 0,0038-0,0040, xolo liTonuri eleqtroTermuli 

manganumis misaReb kazmSi es fardoba ar unda aRematebodes 

0,0005. 

zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxanaSi e.w. gadasamuSavebeli 

silikomanganumis misaRebad, romelSidac 

fosforis Semcveloba 0,1-0,2%, iyeneben specialurad 

gamodnobil dabalfosforian gadasamuSavebel 

widebs, an ufluso meTodiT gamodnobil nax- 

Sirbadiani feromanganumis da saSualonaxSirbadiani 

feromanganumis widebis narevs. am SemTxvevaSi kazmis 

erTi ulufis Sedgenilobaa: 

naxSirbadiani feromanganumis wida (40%Mn) 

_ 70 kg 

saSualonaxSirbadiani feromanganumis wida 

(32%Mn) _ 30 kg 

kvarciti _ 10 kg 

koqswvrila _ 25 kg 

133

widebis Sedgeniloba Semdegia, % 

Mn SiO2 CaO Al2O3 P 

naxSirbadiani 

feromanganumis 

wida 

saSualonaxSirb. 

37-42 29-31 7-9 6-9 0,01-0,02 

feromanganumis 

wida 

30-34 26-28 21-24 2,5-3 0,01-0,03 

am kazmiT miRebuli gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumis 

Sedgenilobaa, % 

Mn Si P C Fe 

73− 

76 17 − 21 0,16 − 0,18 1,0 −1,5 

3− 

5 

am monacemebidan Cans, rom kazmSi gamoyenebul 

widebSi fardoba _ P/Mn Zalian mcirea, rac saSualebas 

gvaZlevs miviRoT liToni 0,1-0,2% fosforis 

SemcvelobiT. 

amave qarxanaSi sasaqonlo silikomanganumis gamosadnob 

klasikur kazmad iTvleba Semdegi: 

manganumis koncentrati an aglomerati 

(42%Mn) _ 70 kg 

saSualonaxSirbadiani ferom. wida 

(32%Mn) _ 30 kg 



134

% 

WiaTuris II xarisxis koncentratis Sedgeniloba, 

Mn 

42 − 48 

SiO2 16 −10 

135 

P 

0,16 − 0,19 

CaO 

2 − 3 

Al2O 3 Fe2O 3 MgO 

1,3−1,8 

1,5 − 2,0 1,4 −1,6 

am sakazme masalebiT miiReba silikomanganumi 

CMн17, romelSidac fosforis Semcveloba ar aRemateba 

0,35%. 

erTi bazuri tona (%Mn + %Si = 82) silikomanganumis 

CMн17 misaRebad ixarjeba sakazme komponentebis 

daaxloebiT Semdegi raodenoba, kg: 

manganumis koncentrati an aglomerati 

(45%Mn) _ 2000 

kvarciti (97%SiO2) _ 470 

koqswvrila (mSrali) _ 486 

dolomiti (gamouwvavi) _ 170 

amJamad, zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxanaSi 

silikomanganumis misaRebad gamoiyeneba rogorc 

WiaTuris, aseve importirebuli manganumis koncentratebi.

nax. 16. silikomanganumis gamosadnobi РКЗ-16,5 Ria (a) da 

daxuruli (b) Rumelis abazanis vertikaluri Wrili: 

1 _ civi kazmi; 2 _ gaxurebuli kazmi; 

3 _ gamdnari kazmi; 4 _ nadnobi 

136

silikomanganumis gamodnoba formalurad uwyveti 

procesia, liTonis da widis perioduli gamoSvebiT. 

sinamdvileSi mas axasiaTebs TvaliT SeumCneveli 

garkveuli perioduloba. yoveli gamoSvebis Semdeg 

Rumelis quraSi Camoiyreba sustad gaxurebuli kazmi, 

romelsac gaaCnia SedarebiT mcire eleqtrowinaRoba, 

ris gamoc gamoSvebis Semdeg eleqtrodebi 

maRla iwevs. dnobis procesSi warmoiqmneba liTonis 

da widis mniSvnelovani raodenoba, romelic areulia 

aRmdgenelTan da kazmTan. rogorc Cans aseT narevs 

(liToni, wida, aRmdgeneli, kazmi) gaaCnia ufro ma- 

Rali eleqtrowinaRoba, vidre susutad gaxurebul 

kazms, ris Sedegadac eleqtrodebi iwyeben Ziris daSvebas. 

aseTi xasiaTis periodulobas xSirad Rumelis 

normaluri muSaobis darRvevasTan mivyavarT, rac 

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom wida iwyebs eleqtrodis gar- 

Semo duRils da sakerZeze amodis. am movlenis aRsakveTad 

iZulebuli vxdebiT eleqtrodebi maRla wamovwioT 

da SevwyvitoT kazmis miwodeba eleqtrodebis 

qveS. aRniSnuli procesi metad arasasurvelia, 

radganac mas Rumelis warmadobis Semcirebisken mivyavarT. 

Rumelidan nadnobis gamoSveba xdeba yovel or 

saaTSi erTxel, an eleqtroenergiis garkveuli xarjis 

moxsnis Semdeg. gamoiyeneba foladis an Samotis 

aguriT amogebuli cicxvebi. liTonis temperatura 

gamoSvebis dros 1500-15500C. igi Camoisxmeba 

137

konveieruli tipis saCamosasxmo manqanebze, romlis 

TiToeuli sxmuli 50-60 kg iwonis. 

silikomanganumis e.w. gadasayreli widebis Sedgeniloba, 

sxvadasxva qarxnebSi gamoyenebuli sakazme 

masalebis mixedviT, sxvadasxvaa da igi Seadgens 14- 

18%Mn, 44-49%SiO2, 20-26%CaO, 6-8%Al2O3, 0,5-0,7%FeO, 0,015- 

0,02%P. fuZianoba 0,4-0,6, jeradoba 0,8-1,5. 

rogorc vxedavT widebSi ikargeba manganumis 

mniSvnelovani (18-20%) raodenoba. zogjer aseTi 

widebis nawils iyeneben dabalfosforiani, gadasamuavebeli 

widebis misaRebad, danarCeni ki gadaiyreba. 

amitom metad aqtualuria aseTi widebis bolomde 

aRdgena da maTi warmeobaSi dabruneba. amis miRweva 

SesaZlebelia maTi dafqviT an granulaciis Semdeg 

misi aRmdgenelTan erTad dabriketebiT da Semdgomi 

gamodnobiT. aseT RrmadaRdgenil widebSi manganumis 

Semcveloba 2-5% farglebSia da isini SeiZleba gamoyenebul 

iqnas samSeneblo miznebisaTvis. 

mZlavr 16,5 mva simZlavris daxurul RumelebSi 

silikomanganumis drobis procesSi, warmoiqmneba daxoebiT 

800 m3 /t sakerZe airebi, romelTa Sedgenilobaa, 

%:CO-63-80; CO2-13-24; H2-1,3-7,5; N2-2-19; O2-0,5-2,7. 

aseTi airebi warmatebiT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyeneuli 

sxvadasxva teqnologiuri miznebisaTvis, rac mniSvnelovnad 

gazrdis silikomanganumis warmoebis 

rentabelobas. 

138

6.3. silikomanganumis dnobis teqniko-ekonomikuri 

maCveneblebi 

sxvadasxva markis silikomanganumis warmoebis 

ekonomikuri efeqturoba miT metia, rac metia sxvaoba 

Senadnis TviTRirebulebasa da gasayid fass 

Soris. Tanamedrove pirobebSi, rodesac mkveTrad 

meryeobs liTonis gasayidi fasebi, da SeimCneva nedleulis 

da eleqtronergiis fasebis mudmivad zrdis 

tendencia, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba iseTi teqnologiebis 

danergvas, romelic saSualebas mogvcems 

davzogoT nedleuli masalebi, gavzardoT sasargeblo 

elementis gamoyenebis koeficienti, SevamciroT 

narCenebis raodenoba da gamoviyenoT adgilobrivi 

iafasiani masalebi. 

silikomanganumis gamodnobis miRweuli (saSualo) 

teqniko-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi (nedleulis 

da eleqtroenergiis xvedriTi xarji 1 bazur tonaze) 

Semdegia: 

manganumis koncentrati an aglomerati, 

48%Mn _ 2000 kg 



eleqtrodis masa _ 31 kg 

eleqtroenergia _ 4200 kvt/sT 

manganumis gadasvla SenadnSi, % _ 75 

139

ZiriTadi elementebis ganawileba dnobis produqtebs 

Soris aseTia, %: 

elementi 

manganumi 

siliciumi 

rkina 

fosfori 

liTonSi 

75 

40 

95 

80 

140 

widaSi 

17 

50 

5 

4 

aorTqldeba 

8 

silikomanganumis 

struqtura, % 

(CMн17) TviTRirebulebis 

nedleuli aRmdgeneli el.energia eleqtrodebi sxvaxarjebi 

46-50 15-18 23-26 3-4 7-10 

rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, silikomanganumis 

dnobis teqniko-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis zrda 

SesaZlebelia sasargeblo elementebis gamoyenebis 

gazrdiT da Sesabamisad warmoebis narCenebis Semcirebis 

gziT. silikomanganumis gamodnobis procesSi 

warmoiqmneba, ZiriTadad ori saxis narCeni _ granulirebuli 

wdebi (14-18Mn, 45-50%SiO2) da airgamwmend 

mowyobilobebSi darCenili mtveri (Slami), romelSidac 

manganumis raodenoba 25-35% aRwevs. am narCenebis 

uSualod silikomanganumis gamosdnob kazmSi gamoyeneba 

ver xerxdeba maTi wvrildispersiulobis gamo. 

mravalricxovanma gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom am masalebis 

gamosayeneblad da sadnob kazmSi dasabruneblad 

perspeqtiul gzas warmoadgens maTi 

10 

_ 

16

dabriketeba aRmdgenelTan (koqsis anaceri, naxSirebi 

da sxva) erTad. aseTi briketebis gamoyeneba silikomanganumis 

gamosadnob kazmSi, saSualebas gvaZlevs 

gavzardoT sasargeblo elementebis gamoyenebis koeficienti, 

SevamciroT ZviradRirebuli nedleulis da 

deficituri koqsis xarji da Sesabamisad liTonis 

TviTRirebuleba. 

141

6.4. silikomanganumis gamodnobis procesSi Sem- 

Cneuli damaxasiaTebeli darRvevebi da 

misi aRmofxvris RonisZiebebi 

142

6.5. silikomanganumis gamosadobi kazmis angariSi 

sakazme masalebis da silikomanganumis Sedgeniloba 

mocemulia cxrilSi. 

masalebi 

mdidari wida 

manganumis koncentrati 

koqswvrila 

kvarciti 

rkinis burbuSela 


143 


Mn SiO2 C Fe 

40 

50 

_ 

_ 

_ 

68 

30 

12 

_ 

96 

_ 

Si 

21 

_ 

_ 

80 

_ 

_ 

0,9 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

95 

9,0 

angariSi warmoebs 100 kg madnisa da widis narevze: 

75 kg wida da 25 kg koncentrati. 

manganumis gadasvla SenadnSi 82%, aorTqldeba 

5%. 

100 kg widisa da madnis narevidan SenadnSi 

gadadis manganumi: 

75 ⋅ 0, 

82⋅ 

0, 

40 + 25⋅ 

0, 

82⋅ 

0, 

5 = 35, 

1 kg. 

aqroldeba manganumi: 75 ⋅ 0, 

4⋅ 

0, 

05 + 25⋅ 

0, 

5⋅ 

0, 

05 = 2, 

13 kg. 

warmoiqmneba liToni (68%Mn) 35 , 1: 

0, 

68 = 51, 

6 kg. 

Senadni Seicavs: 

naxSirbads _ 51 , 6⋅ 

0, 

009 = 0, 

465 kg. 

siliciums _ 51 , 6⋅ 

0, 

21 = 10, 

84 kg. 

saWiroa naxSirbadi: 

37,23 kg Mn-s aRsadgenad MnO-dan:

37, 

23⋅12 

= 8, 

13 kg. 

55 

10,84 kg Si-is aRsadgenad SiO2-dan: 

10, 

84⋅ 

24 

= 9, 

28 kg. 

28 

danaxSirbadebaze 0,465 kg. 

sul naxSirbadi: 8,13 + 9,28 + 0,465 = 17,875 kg. 

an koqsiki 20% siWarbiT amowvaze: 

17, 

875 

= 27, 

95 kg ≈ 28 kg. 

0, 

8⋅ 

0, 

80 

rkina SenadnSi unda iyos 56 , 6⋅ 

0, 

09 = 4, 

65 kg. 

saWiroa burbuSela 4, 65: 

0, 

95 ≈ 4, 

9 kg. 

praqtikulma gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom kazmSi 

SiO 2 : Mn (koqsis nacris gauTvaliswineblad) unda 

iyos ≈ 1. 

kazmSi gvaqvs 42,5 kg manganumi, Sesabamisad SiO2 

unda iyos 42,5 kg. 

widas da madans SeqavT SiO2 _ 25,5 kg. damatebiT 

saWiroa 

42,5-25,5=17kg SiO2, an 17:0,96=17,7 kg kvarciti. 

kazmis ulufis Sedgeniloba iqneba kg: 

manganumis koncentrati _ 25 

wida _ 75 

kvarciti _ 17,7 

koqswvrila, mSrali _ 28,0 

rkinis burbuSela _ 4,9. 

144

Tavi 7. saSualonaxSirbadiani da dabalnaxSirba 

diani feromanganumis miReba 

saSualo da dabalnaxSirbadiani feromanganumi 

qimiuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT unda akmayofilebdes 

ГОСТ 4755-88 moTxovnebs (ix. `naxSirbadiani feromanganumis 

miReba~). isini gamoiyenebian, rogorc 

ganmJangvelebi da malegirebeli danamatebi mTeli 

rigi foladebisaTvis, romlebSidac naxSirbadis da 

fosforis Semcveloba saSualebas gvaZlevs gamoviyenoT 

es, liTonur manganumTan SedarebiT, iafi Senadnobebi. 

am Senadnobebis miRebis sawyis etapze cdilobden, 

rom isini mieRoT SedarebiT advili xerxiT _ 

naxSirbadiani feromanganumis naxSirbadisagan rafinirebis 

gziT. am meTodis arsi mdgomareobda imaSi, 

rom RumelSi gamdinar naxSirbadian feromanganums 

ayovneben garkveuli drois manZilze, maRal temperaturaze, 

manganumis oqsidebiT mdidari widis 

qveS. am pirobebSi xdeboda liTonis gaunaxSirbadoeba 

Semdegi reaqciiT: 

Mn 7 C3 

+ 3(MnO) → [10Mn] + 3CO 

[Fe3 C] + (MnO) → [3Fe] + [Mn] + CO 

Catarebulma sacdelma dnobebma uCvena, rom am 

meTodiT liTonis gaunaxSirbadoeba, 1700 0 C tempera- 

turazec ki, sasurvel Sedegs ver iZleoda da ukve 

rafinirebul liTonSi naxSirbadis Semcveloba iyo 

ara naklebi 2,5%. amave dros xdeboda manganumis 

145

didi raodenobiT aorTqleba, procesi iyo sakmaod 

xangrZlivi da ixarjeboda didi raodenobis eleqtroenergia. 

yovelive amis gamo aRniSnuli procesis Semdegi 

damuSaveba SeCerebul iqna da mis magivrad samrewvelo 

masStabiT, farTod gamoiyeneba dnobis silikoTermuli 

meTodi, romelic uzrunvelyofs standartis 

moTxovnebis Sesabamis saSualo da dabalnaxSirbadiani 

feromanganumis miRebas. 

saSualo da dabalnaxSirbadiani feromanganumis 

gamosadnobad iyeneben Semdeg sakazme masalebs: manganumis 

koncentrati (an dabalfosforiani wida), kiri 

(flusi) da silikomanganumi (aRmdegenli). 

sakazme masalebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, % 

sakazme masalebi 

dabalfosforiani 

wida 

MnO 

62 

SiO2 25,8 

146 

FeO 

0,3 

Al2 O3 

2,6 

CaO 

5,8 

MgO 

3,2 

P 

0,018 

manganumis koncentrati 

58 9,2 1,9 2,2 3,5 1,5 0,16 

kiri _ 0,6 0,13 0,3 92 2,0 0,01 


Mn 

72 

Si 

27 

sadnobad gamoyenebulia dabali simZlavris 

(2500-5000 kva), magnetizis amonagiani, Ria samfaza Rumelebi. 


dnobis procesis ramdenime varianti arsebobs: 

I varianti. esaa dnobis Cveulebrivi procesi, wi- 

Fe 

4,0 

C 

1,0 

0,30

naswar naxSirbadiani feromanganumis mdidari widebidan 

gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumis miRebiT. 

II varianti. Cveulebrivi saSualo da dabalnax- 

Sirbadiani feromanganumis miReba Txevadi dabalfosforiani 

widebidan, masze manganumis koncentratis 

da silikomanganumis damatebiT. 

III varianti. dabalfosforiani (0,10-0,05), saSualo 

da dabalnaxSir-badiani feromanganumis miReba 

Txevadi (an myari) dabalfosforiani widebidan. 

yvela es sami varianti, ZiriTadad, imiT gansxvavdeba 

erTmaneTisagan, Tu ra saxis sawyisi masalebia 

gamoyenebuli: sasaqonlo Tu gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumi, 

manganumis koncentrati Tu dabalfosforiani 

wida (an orive erTad) da bolos, myari Tu 

Txevadi dabalfosforiani wida. miuxedavad am gansxvavebisa, 


miRebis teqnologiis ZiriTadi arsi rCeba 

erTidaigive, rac silikomanganumis siliciumiT manganumis 

oqsidebis aRdgenaSi mdgomareobs. 

sakazme masalebs RumelSi SeaqvT manganumis Semdegi 

oqsidebi: MnO 2 , Mn 2 O3, 

Mn 3O 4 da MnO (widebs). 

maRali oqsidebi ( MnO 2 da Mn 2O3 

) SedarebiT 

dabal temperatureb-Si disocirdebian Mn 3O 4 (ix. 

`naxSirbadiani feromanganumis miReba~), Semdeg ki _ 

Mn 3O 4 siliciumiT aRdgeba MnO -mde reaqciiT: 

2Mn O + 

Si = 6MnO + SiO 

3 

4 

147 

2

mTavari, rac gansazRvravs saSualo da dabalnaxSirbadiani 

feromanganumis miRebis process, aris 

manganumis qveJangis ( MnO) siliciumiT aRdgenis 

reaqcia flusTan (kiri) erTad. 

+ [Si] + CaO = 2[Mn] + (CaO⋅ 

SiO ) 

2(MnO) 2 

ΔG 53000 41,86T 

0 

= − 

manganumis aRdgenasTan erTad mimdinareobs kazmSi 

arsebuli rkinis da fosforis aRdgenac. 

kalciumis oqsidi, iseve rogorc liTonuri manganumis 

miRebis SemTxvevaSi, amcirebs kaJmiwis (SiO2) 

aqtivobas, romelic warmoiqmneba zemoT moyvanili 

reaqciiT an Seitaneba dabalfosforiani widebiT 

(koncentratebiT), amaRlebs MnO-s aqtivobas da 

zrdis manganumis gadasvlas liTonSi. widis optimaluri 

fuZianoba (CaO/SiO2) tolia 1,0-1,2, rac ramdenadme 

ufro dabalia, vidre liTonuri manganumis 

gamodnobis SemTxvevaSi (1,5-1,6). 


miRebis teqnologia zestafonis feroSenadnobTa 

qarxanaSi, romelic ramdenime aTeuli wlis win iqna 

aTvisebuli, Semdegia: sakazme masalebad gamoiyeneba 

WiaTuris pirveli xarisxis oqsiduri koncentrati 

(48%Mn da 0,18%P), kiri da gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumi, 

romelic Seicavs ara umetes 0,15%P. gadasamuSavebel 

silikomanganums Rebuloben naxSirbadiani 

feromanganumis ufluso meTodiT miRebuli ma- 

Ralmanganumiani da dabalfosforiani widebidan. 

148

koncentrats winaswar aSroben 200 0 C temperaturaze, 

ris Semdeg misi sineste ar unda aRematebodes 1-3%. 

dnoba, romelic periodul xasiaTs atarebs, mimdinareobs 

5000 kva simZlavris marafinirebel RumelebSi, 

sadac Zabva dnobis dasawyisSi 284 voltia, 

xolo dnobis bolos 232 volti. liTonTan erTad 

miiReba mdidari, maRalfuZiani, dabalfosforiani 

wida, romlis Sedgenilobaa (%):30-34Mn; 26-28SiO2; 21- 

24CaO; 0,01-0,03P. am widebs SemdgomSi iyeneben rogorc 

sasaqonlo, aseve gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumis 

misaRebad. 

7.1. liTonuri manganumis miReba 

liTonuri manganumi ewodeba teqnikurad sufTa 

manganums, romelSidac aris 93,5-99,85%MMn. arsebobs 

misi miRebis eleqtrosiliko-Termuli, aluminoTermuli 

da eleqtrolituri xerxebi. 

1. silikoTermuli xerxi _ manganumis aRdgena 

misi oqsidebidan silikomanganumis siliciumiT 

rkalur eleqtroRumelSi. 

2. aluminoTermuli xerxi _ manganumis aRdgena 

aluminiT kerebSi (RumelgareSe dnoba). 

3. eleqtrolituri xerxi _ gogirdmJavas xsnarebian 

abazanebSi manganumis eleqtrodeniT daleqva. 

liTonuri manganumis miReba, didi samrewvelo 

masStabiT, xorcieldeba dnobis silikoTermuli me- 

TodiT. eleqtrolizi gamoiyeneba calkeul SemTxvevebSi 

_ zesufTa manganumis misaRebad. alumoTer- 

149

muli xerxi praqtikulad ar gamoiyeneba misi siZviris 

da miRebuli liTonis SedarebiT dabali xarisxis 

gamo. 

marka 

MpOO 

liTonuri manganumis qimiuri Semadgenlobaa, 

(masuri %): 

Mn 

ara naklebi 

99,85 

C 

004 , 

Si 

− 

150 

Fe 

− 

P 

001 , 

S 

003 , 

MpO 99,70 0,10 _ _ 0,01 0,10 

Mp1 96,5 0,10 0,8 2,3 0,05 0,10 

Mp2 95,0 0,20 1,8 2,8 0,07 0,10 

Mp1C 93,5 0,15 1,8-3,0 2,8 0,07 0,10 

MpOO da MpO markis manganumi miiReba eleqtrolituri 

meTodiT, xolo Mp1, Mp2 da Mp1C eleqtrosilikoTermuli 

meTodiT. eleqtrolituri manganumi, 

romelic yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi mxolod 

zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxanaSi iwarmoeboda, 

gamoiyeneba specialuri daniSnulebis foladebsa da 

SenadnobebSi. 

7.2. liTonuri manganumis miRebis teqnologia 

eleqtrosilikoTermuli meTodiT 

liTonur manganums, rogorc misi qimiuri Sedgenilobidan 

Cans, waeyeneba mkacri moTxovnebi iseTi 

minarevebis mimarT, rogoricaa P, Fe da C. mavne 

minarevebisagan aseTi sisufTavis liTonis miReba

pirdapir, erTsafexuriani dnobiT SeuZlebelia da 

amJamad liTonuri manganumis misaRebad iyeneben samsafexurian 

sqemas: 

1. ufosforo, urkino, gadasamuSavebeli 

manganumiani widis gamodnoba. 

2. gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumis gamodnoba. 

3. liTonuri manganumis gamodnoba. 

liTonuri manganumis miRebis samstadiiani teqnologiis 

Tavisebureba mdgomareobs manganumis sasargeblo 

gamoyenebis simcireSi, romelic ar aRemateba 

50-52%. ris gamoc maRalia eleqtroenergiis 

da sakazme masalebis xvedriTi xarji, rac mniSvnelovnad 

zrdis manganumis TviTRirebulebas. manganumis 

sasargeblo gamoyenebis dabali maCvenebeli, 

ZiriTadad gamowveulia manganumis didi danakargebiT 

e.w. gadasayrel widebSi, ZiriTadad procesis 

mesame stadiis dros. gadasayrel widebSi manganumis 

Semcveloba 14-16%, ris gamoc manganumis gadasvla 

sasaqonlo liTonSi, mesame stadiaze, ar aRemateba 

60-63%. 

manganumis qveJangis (MnO) siliciumiT aRdgenis 

reaqcia aris ZiriTadi procesi liTonuri manganumis 

silikoTermuli meTodiT miRebisa. am reaqciis 

Termodinamikulma gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom standartiT 

dasaSvebi siliciumis raodenoba liTonSi 

(0,8-1,8%) wonasworobaSia 15-17% manganumis qveJangTan 

(MnO) widaSi, misi 1,5-1,6 fuZianobis pirobebSi. swo- 

151

ed esaa ZiriTadi mizezi manganumis didi raodenobiT 

(40%-mde) danakargebisa, liTonuri manganumis 

eleqtrosilikoTermuli xerxiT miRebis SemTxvevaSi. 

7.3. ufosforo gadasamuSavebeli manganumiani widis 

gamodnoba 

es procesi, rogorc zemoT ukve iyo aRniSnuli, 

warmoadgens defosforaciis metalurgiul xerxs. 

misi arsi mdgomarebs, eleqtro RumelebSi manganumis 

koncentratebidan naxSirbadiT fosforis da 

rkinis SerCeviT (seleqtiur) aRdgenaSi. am miznis 

misaRwevad manganumis koncentrats adnoben, mcire 

raodenobis naxSirbadian aRmdgenelTan erTad, romelic 

miewodeba im angariSiT, rom uzrunvelyofili 

iyos fosforis da rkinis sruli aRdgena, 

xolo manganumis aRdgena moxdes minimaluri raodenobiT. 

am pirobebSi manganumis ZiriTadi masa rCeba 

ganfosforebul widaSi, xolo aRdgenili rkina, 

manganumis nawili, fosfori da naxSirbadi qmnian 

e.w. `Tanmdev~ liTons, romelic faqtiurad warmoadgens 

naxSirbadian feromanganums fosforis maRali 

SemcvelobiT. 

aseTi xerxiT defosforaciis Sedegad miRebul 

widaSi fardoba %P%Mn unda iyos ara umetes 0,00038, 

rac daaxloebiT aTjer dabalia, vidre yvelaze 

xarisxovan koncentratebSi, sadac es fardoba 0,0038- 

0,04 farglebSia. 

152

gadasamuSavebeli, ufosforo widis Sedgeniloba 

unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg teqnikur pirobebs 

(masuri %): Mn-45-47; P-0,08-0,017; SiO2-25-27; CaO-5-7; FeO- 

0,17-0,24. 

gadasamuSavebeli widebis dnoba xorcieldeba 

magnezitis aguriT amogebul mcire simZlavris (5000 

kva), samfaza, perioduli moqmdebis eleqtroRumelebSi 

da didi simZlavris (22,5 mva) RumelebSi uwyveti 

procesiT. 

sakazme masalebad gamoyenebulia: manganumis koncentrati, 

koqswvrila, kvarciti da silikomanganumis 

wida. 

dabalfosforiani (ufosforo) widebis dnobis 

procesis ZiriTadi amocanebia: 

1. koncentratebidan fosforis maqsimaluri 

aRdgena da misi gadayvana e.w. `Tanmdev~ liTonebSi; 

2. koncentratSi arsebuli manganumis maqsimaluri 

gadasvla widaSi (misi minimaluri danakargebi 

`Tanmdev~ liTonSi da aorTqlebaze); 

3. miRebuli widis dabali siblante, rac uzrunvelyofs 

liTonis da widis karg gayofas da li- 

Tonuri CanarTebis minimaluri raodenobis CarCenas 

widaSi. 

pirveli da meore amocanis gadaWras uzrunvelyofs 

kazmSi Sesabamisi raodenobis aRmdgenelis 

da mdnobis (kvarcitis) Seyvana da dnobis warmarTva 

Sesabamisi eleqtruli reJimiT. 

153

mesame amocanis gadawyveta ki xdeba widis Sedgenilobis 

optimaluri SerCeviT da misi sakmaod ma- 

Ral tempearturaze gaxurebiT. 

widaSi SiO2-is maRali Semcveloba ganpirobebulia 

masSi kaJbadSemcveli komponentebis (kvarciti, qviSa, 

silikomanganumis wida) Seyvanis aucileblobiT, rac 

uzrunvelyofs widebis dabal siblantes. dadgenilia, 

rom sxva oqsidebis Semcvelobis gaTvaliswinebiT widaSi 

SiO2-is raodenoba unda iyos 27-29%. 

fosforis rac SeiZleba srulad mosacileblad, 

garda optimalurad Sedgenili kazmisa, aucilebelia 

mkacrad davicvaT dnobis temperaturuli reJimi, rac 

erT dnobaze gaTvaliswinebuli eleqtroenergiis 

xarjis moxsniT miiRweva. 

widis dnoba maSin iTvleba damTavrebulad, rodesac 

kargad aris gamdnari yvela sakazme masala, 

daxarjulia dnobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli eleqtroenergia 

da miRweulia widis kargi Txevaddenadoba. 

liTonuri CanarTebis kargad dasaleqad, mTeli 

kazmis srulad gadnobis Semdeg, widas gamoSvebis 

win RumelSi 25-30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi ayovneben. 

Tvlian, rom manganumis koncentratebSi fosfori 

ZiriTadad warmodgenilia Semdegi mineralebis 

saxiT: apatiti _ (CaO)3P2O5, graftoniti _ [Fe, Ca, 

Mn]3(PO4)2, stiuartiti _ Mn 3(PO4 ) 2 ⋅ 4H 2O, 

vivianiti 

_ (FeO) 2 P2O 

5 da sxva. 

SedarebiT dabal tempearturebSi (>10000C) SesaZlebelia 

Semdegi reaqciebi: 

154

2[Fe3 4 2 

2 

(PO ) ] + 16C = 3Fe P + P + 16CO 

2[Mn 3 (PO4 

) 2 ] + 16C = 3Mn 2P 

+ P + 16CO 

kalciumis fosfatidan fosforis aRdgena iwyeba 

10000C-is zemoT: 

(CaO) 3 P2O 

5 + 5C = 3CaO + 2P + 5CO 

aRdgenili rkinis da manganumis arseboba, romlebic 

TavisTavSi xsnian fosfors an warmoqmnian 

masTan naerTebs, amsubuqebs fosforis aRdgenas apatitidan 

da dabla swevs aRdgenis sawyis temperaturas. 

magram am mimarTebiT, gansakuTrebiT efeqturad 

moqmedebs kaJmiwa, romelic amaRlebs P2O5-is aqtivobas. 

kazmSi SiO2-is arsebobis SemTxvevaSi fosforis 

aRdgenis procesi mimdinareobs Semdegi reaqciiT: 

2[Ca3 

(PO4 

) 2] 

+ 3SiO2 

= 3(Ca 2SiO4 

) + 2(P2O 

5) 

2(P2O 

5) 

+ 10C = 4P + 10CO 

3SiO2 

+ 2[Ca3 

(PO4 

) 2] 

+ 10C = 3(Ca 2SiO4 

) + 4P + 10CO 

moyvanili monacemebidan Cans, rom fosfori 

Tavisi naerTebidan sakmaod advilad aRdgeba da 

gadadis liTonSi. 

fosforis ganawileba fazebs Soris Semdegia: 

gadadis liTonSi _ 75-85% 

gadadis widaSi _ 3-5% 

aorTqldeba _ 12-20% 

155

fosfori widaSi imyofeba oqsidebis (PSekruli ) da 

liTonuri CanarTebis (PliTonis ) saxiT. fosforis 

saerTo raodenoba tolia _ 

P = P + P 

saerTo 

Sekruli 

156 

liTonis 

raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT fosfori Semdegnairad 

nawildeba, %: 

PsaerTo 0, 

013 

0,018 

0,010 

P Sekruli 

0, 

010 

0,010 

0,009 

P liTonis 

0, 

010 

0,008 

0,001 

e.i. fosforis mTeli Semcvelobis 85% imyofeba 

oqsidebSi (Sekruli saxiT), xolo 15% liTonur Ca- 

narTebSi ( P (liTonuri) 

praqtikam gviCvena, rom widaSi fosforis minimaluri 

raodenobis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia, 

rom misi fuZianoba CaO/SiO 2 ar aRematebodes 0,3. 

fuZianobis gazrda iwvevs liTonSi manganumis gadasvlis 

gazrdas, rac arasasurvelia. manganumis sasargeblo 

gamoyeneba Seadgens daaxloebiT 90%. 

elementi 

Mn 

P 

Fe 

Si 

liTonSi 

5 

75 

90 

0,5 

widaSi 

90 

5 

10 

95 

aorTqldeba 

5 

20 

_ 

4,5

miRebuli maRalfosforiani feromanganumis Sedgenilobaa, 

%: 

35-55Mn; 27-47Fe; 0,1-0,27Si; 2,5-4P; 2-6C. 

misi raodenoba 1 bazur tona widaze daaxloebiT 

80 kg-ia. es liToni gamoiyeneba saavtomate 

foladebis gamosadnobad naxSirbadiani feromanganumis 

da ferofosforis nacvlad. 

erTi bazuri tona ufosforo widis misaRebad 

sakazme masalebis xarjviTi koeficientebi Semdegia: 

manganumis koncentrati (45-48%Mn) _ 1180 kg 

koqswvrila _____________________ 137 kg 

kvarciti ________________________ 87 kg 

silikomanganumis wida ____________ 90 kg 

eleqtroenergia __________________ 1330 kvt. sT 

7.4. gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumis gamodnoba 

liTonuri manganumis misaReb kazmSi aRmdgenelad 

gamoyenebulia gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumi, 

romlis qimiuri Sedgeniloba unda akmayofilebdes 

Semdeg teqnikur pirobebs: 

marka 

СМнП - В 

СМнП-1 

СМнП-2 

Si 

ara naklebi 

28 

28 

28 

157 

C P Fe 

0,05 

0,07 

0,15 

ara umetesi 

0,05 

0,05 

0,07 

2,0 

2,3 

2,8

gadasamuSavebel silikomanganums Rebuloben 

mcire (5 mva) da didi (16,5 mva) siZlavris RumelebSi 

uwyveti procesiT, manganumis da siliciumis erTdrouli 

aRdgeniT. kazmi Sedgeba gadasamuSavebeli 

ufosforo manganumiani widisagan, koqswvrilasa da 

kvarcitisagan. saTanado gaTvlebis safuZvelze 

dadgenilia kazmis TiToeuli ulufis Sedgeniloba: 

270 kg dabalfosforiani wida, 85-90 kg kvarciti, 125- 

130 kg. koqswvrila da 10 kg dolomiti. 

silikomanganumis gamodnobis dros ZiriTad amocanas 

warmoadgens fosforiT, rkiniT da naxSirbadiT 

dabali Semcvelobis Senadnis miReba. fosforis 

da rkinis dabal procents uzrunvelyofs ufosforo 

da urkino gadasamuSavebeli manganumiani 

widis gamoyeneba, xolo naxSirbadis dabali Semcveloba 

SeiZleba miRweul iqnes mxolod siliciumis 

maRali SemcvelobiT. 

gaxurebis da dnobis procesSi mimdinareobs 

Semdegi ZiriTadi reaqciebi (analogiurad ix. Tavi 

`naxSirbadiani feromanganumis gamodnoba~). 


2MnO + 20/7C = 2/7Mn 7 C3 

+ 2CO 

am reaqciebis sawyisi temperatura Seadgens Sesabamisad 

1401 da 12790C. manganumis aRdgenasTan erTad mimdinareobs siliciumis 

aRdgena: 

+ 3C = SiC + 2CO 

+ 2C = Si + 2CO 

SiO 2 

SiO 2 

158 

SiO 2 

+ C = SiO + CO 

+ 

3C = SiC + 2CO 

SiO 2


siliciumis aRdgena mimdinareobs ufro maRal 

temperaturaze, vidre manganumis ( 1690 C 

0 

≈ ), magram 

aRdgenili manganumis arseboba aadvilebs siliciumis 

aRdgenas, radganac warmoiqmneba silicidebi da 

siliciumis xsnari manganumSi. 

SiO 2 + C + Mn = (Mn -Si) 

+ CO 2 

radganac gadasamuSavebeli manganumiani widebi 

Seicaven SiO 2 -is mniSvnelovan raodenobas, amitomac 

maT kazmSi SeaqvT didi raodenobis manganumis silikatebi, 

romlebic damatebiT, kidev warmoiqmnebian 

kazmSi arsebuli kvarcitidan. es garemoeba ramdenadme 

aZnelebs manganumis aRdgenas silikatebidan, 

romlebic mimdinareoben Semdegi reaqciebiT: 

MnO ⋅ SiO 2 + 3C = MnSi + 3CO 

MnO ⋅ SiO 2 + 3C = Mn + Si + 3CO 

3(MnO⋅ SiO 2 ) + 4C = Mn 3C 

+ 3SiO2 

+ CO 

MnO ⋅ SiO 2 + 4C = SiC + Mn + 3CO 

magram am reaqciebis Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom 

ukve 1500 0 C procesi midis sakmaod kargad. 

silikatebidan manganumis aRdgena SeiZleba gaadvildes 

kazmSi garkveuli raodenobis kirqvis SetaniT. 

kalciumis oqsidis arseboba kazmSi, amaRlebs 

manganumis oqsidis aqtivobas da manganumis aRdgena 

midis Semdegi reaqciiT: 

⋅ 

SiO + CaO + C = CaO⋅ 

SiO + Mn + CO 

MnO 2 

2 

159

gasagebia, rom MnO-s aqtivobis gazrdas, amave 

dros mivyavarT SiO2-is aqtovobis Semcirebisaken, 

rac auaresebs siliciumis aRdgenas. aRdgenis procesebisadmi 

CaO-s es ormagi gavlena iZulebuls 

gvxvdis, 

Ruduli. 

rom misi gamoyeneba kazmSi iyos Sez- 

nax. 17. siliciumis gavlena naxSirbadis xsnadobaze 

Si-O-C sistemis nadnobebSi 

1 _ naxSirbadis Semcvelobis cvlilebis areali 

siliciumis sxvadasxva Semcvelobis dros; 

2 _ naxSirbadis faqtiuri Semcveloba 

silikomanganumSi 

160

nax. 18. silikokarbiduli fazebi Mn-Si-C sistemaSi 

da naxSirbadis xsnadobis damokidebuleba 

siliciumis koncentratze 

161

nax. 19. silikomanganumSi naxSirbadis Semcvelobis 

damokidebuleba siliciumis Semcvelobaze 

162

ogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, silikomanganumSi nax- 

Sirbadis dabal procents uzrunvelyofs masSi siliciumis 

Sesabamisi Semcveloba, romelic Slis 

manganumis karbidebs da warmoqmnis silicidebs: 

C] + [Si] = [Mn Si] + C 

[Mn X 

X 

2[Mn X C] + (SiO 2 ) = [Mn 2XSi] 

+ 2CO 

MnO⋅ SiO2 

+ 3[Mn XC] 

= [Mn 3X+ 

1 ⋅Si] 

+ 3CO 

siliciumis es àntagonisturi~ damokidebuleba 

naxSirbadisadmi uzrunvelyofs naxSirbadiT Zalian 

dabali Semcvelobis silikomanganumis miRebas. nax. 

19-ze naCvenebia, rogor icvleba naxSirbadis Semcveloba 

SenadnSi masSi siliciumis raodenobasTan damokidebulebiT. 

imisaTvis, rom miviRoT naxSirbadiT 

standartuli (ara umetes 0,08%) Senadni aucilebelia, 

rom siliciumi masSi iyos ara naklebi 30%. 

SenadnSi naxSirbadis Semcvelobis Semcirebas 

xels uwyobs agreTve siliciumis karbidebis daSlis 

reaqciebi: 

+ 2SiC = 3Si + 2CO 

SiO 2 

Mn X C + SiC = Mn XSi 

+ 2C 

kazmSi arsebuli fosfori aRdgeba Semdegi reaqciiT: 

2Ca 3 (PO4 

) 2 + 3SiO 2 + 10C = 3(Ca 2SiO4 

) + 4P + 10CO 

da igi ZiriTadad gadadis liTonSi. 

silikomanganumis miRebis procesis Tavisebureba 

mdgomareobs manganumis da siliciumis erTdroul 

aRdgenaSi, rac TavisTavad gavlenas axdens, rogorc 

163

manganumis, aseve siliciumis aRdgenaze. ramdenadac 

manganumi xels uwyobs siliciumis aRdgenas da 

gvevlineba rogorc siliciumis damleqavi, imdenad 

kaJmiwa, raRac zomiT `blokirebas~ ukeTebs MnO-s 

da warmoqmnis SedarebiT Znelad aRdgenad silikatebs. 

manganumis da siliciumis am urTierTkavSiris 

garda, aRniSnul procesSi mimdinareobs erTi 

mniSvnelovani reaqcia, romelic wonasworobis damyarebisas 

sistemaSi gansazRvravs silikomanganumis 

Sedgenilobas: 

2(MnO) + [Si] = 2[Mn] + (SiO2 

) 

es reaqcia gansazRvravs MnO-s Semcvelobas widaSi: 

rac meti procentuli reodenobiTaa siliciumi 

liTonSi, miT ufro dabalia manganumi widaSi. 

rogorc sxva procesebSi, silikomanganumis miRebisas 

gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs temperatura. am 

procesis gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom temperaturis 

1400-dan 16000C-mde gazrdiT aRdgenis siCqare TiTqmis 

4-jer izrdeba. 

samrewvelo pirobebSi, temperatura RumelSi regulirdeba 

eleqtrodebis CaSvebis siRrmiT da widis 

raodenobiT. gamoSvebis mcire raodenobis dros RumelSi 

grovdeba bevri wida, rac iwvevs eleqtrodebis 

maRal ganlagebas, Rumelis maRal horizontebSi kazmis 

naadrev gaxurebas da Sesabamisad didi raodenobiT 

widis warmoqmnas. Sedegad, Rumelis qveda nawilSi, 

sadac unda damTavrdes siliciumis aRdgenis 

da manganumis karbidebis daSlis yvelaze Zneli da 

164

energotevadi reaqciebi, temperatura ecema da Rumelis 

warmadoba mcirdeba. 

Rumelis qveda horizontebSi energiis maRali 

koncentraciis Sesaqmnelad da SesanarCuneblad aucilebelia, 

rom RumelSi iyos widis optimaluri 

raodenoba. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia liTonis da 

widis gamoSvebebis raodenobis gazrdiT. liTonis 

da widis gamoSveba xdeba erTi xvrelidan foladis 

cicxvebSi cvlaSi 5-6-jer. 

silikomanganumi gamoSvebisas Seicavs imaze met 

naxSirbads, vidre es teqnikuri pirobebiTaa daSvebuli. 

amitom Camosxmis win mas 40-45 wuTi ayovneben 

cicxvSi. am dros dnobis procesSi warmoqmnili 

siliciumis karbidebi (SiC), zemoT amotivtivdeba da 

gadadis widaSi, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba naxSirbadis 

Semcveloba liTonSi. es dasturdeba Semdegi 

monacemebiT: gamoSvebisas naxSirbadis raodenoba 

iyo _ 0,30-0,47%, xolo dayovnebis da Camosxmis win 

ki _ 0,07-0,12%. kovSSi erTi saaTis dayovnebis Semdeg 

SenadnSi naxSirbadis Semcveloba aRwevs 0,08-0,1%, 

xolo siliciumis raodenoba ki 27-29%. 

gadasayreli widis jeradoba 0,8-0,1-is fargleb- 

Sia. misi Sedgeniloba ki Semdegia, (%): 

Mn SiO2 CaO MgO Al2O 3 P C 

6 47 26 5 11 0,07 1,5 

widaSi manganumis mcire Semcveloba, sasaqonlo 

silikomanganumis widasTan SedarebiT (14-16%) ganpirobebulia, 

rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, liTonSi 

165

siliciumis maRali SemcvelobiT _ 29%-mde (sasaqonlo 

silikomanganumSi Si=14-17%) widaSi naxSirbadis 

maRali Semcveloba gamowveulia masSi wvrili koqsis 

SereviT. 

1 tona gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumis 5 mva 

simZlavris RumelSi miRebisas, gvaqvs sakazme masalebis 

da eleqtroenergiis Semdegi xarjviTi koeficientebi: 

dabalfosforiani wida _ 1512 kg. 

kvarciti _ 573 kg. 

koqswvrila (mSrali) _ 599 kg. 

kirqva (dolomiti) _ 61 kg. 

eleqtrodebi (grafitis) _ 37 kg. 

eleqtroenergia _ 5100 kvt-sT. 

gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumis dnobam mcire 

da didi simZlavris RumelebSi gviCvena, rom misi gamodnoba 

didi simZlavris RumelebSi ekonomikurad 

ufro xelsayrelia, radganac mkveTrad mcirdeba sakazme 

masalebis da eleqtroenergiis xvedriTi xarji. 

7.5. liTonuri manganumis gamodnoba 

liTonuri manganumis gamodnoba warmoadgens bolo, 

mesame etaps am Senadnis miRebis samstadiian 

procesSi. 

dnobas awarmoeben samfaza 5000 kva simZlavris 

RumelebSi. Rumelis abazana amogebulia magnezitis 

aguriT. amonagis gamZleoba sakmaod dabalia (30-40 

166

dRe), rac gamowveulia widebis agresiulobiT da 

procesis periodulobiT (siTbos xSiri cvalebadoba). 

sakazme masalebad gamoyenebulia gadasamuSavebeli, 

dabalfosforiani manganumiani wida, gadasamuSavebeli 

silikomanganumi (aRmdgenili) da kiri (mdnobi). 

adre, dnobisaTvis iyenebdnen myar, damsxvreul, 

gadasamuSavebel widebs. Semdeg gadavidnen Txevad, 

manganumian widebze, rac saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes 

eleqtroenergiis xarji, gaizardos Rumelis warmadoba 

da gaumjobesdes liTonis xarisxi (maRali 

markis liTonis ufro didi gamosavali). kazmis angariSis 

dros iTvaliswineben elementebis, dnobis produqtebs 

Soris ganawilebis, miRweul maCveneblebs. 

kazmis erTi ulufa Sedgeba: 

1. ufosforo gadasamuSavebeli manganumiani wida 

(Mn 48%) _ 100 kg 

2. gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumi 

(30/64) _ 33 kg 

3. kiri _ 75 kg. 

liTonuri manganumis gamodnobis procesi moicavs 

Semdeg periodebs: 

a) abazanis gawyoba; 

b) Rumelis qvedze silikomanganumis erTi nawilis 

CatvirTva; 

g) Txevadi, gadasamuSavebeli widis Casxma RumelSi; 

d) kiris CatvirTva; 

167

e) kazmis gadnoba da silikomanganumis darCenili 

nawilis CatvirTva; 

v) dnobis gamoSveba. 

liTonuri manganumis miRebis teqnologiur process 

safuZvlad udevs dabalfosforian widaSi arsebuli 

manganumis qveJangis (MnO), gadasamuSavebeli 

silikomanganumis siliciumiT aRdgenis reaqcia: 

2MnO + Si = 2Mn + SiO 

ΔG 103367 35,85T 

0 

= − + 

sufTa fazebis SemTxvevaSi es reaqcia egzoTermulia. 

realuri procesis pirobebSi mocemuli reaqcia 

dakavSirebulia mTel rig sxva reaqciebTan, ris 

Sedegadac aRdgenis procesi ufro rTuli sqemiT 

mimidnareobs: 

2(MnO) + 2(CaO) = 2[Mn] + (CaO) ⋅SiO 

+ [Si] Si− 

Mn 

ΔG 53000 41,86T 

0 

T = − 

mocemuli jamuri reaqcia endoTermulia da misi 

warmatebiT warmarTvisaTvis saWiroa, rom Rumelis 

abazana kargad iyos gaxurebuli ( 1700 C 

0 

≈ ). amave 

dros saWiroa, rom kazmSi gvqondes sakmarisi raodenobis 

CaO, romelic warmoqmnil SiO2 Sekravs or- 

Tosilikatad. 

manganumis aRdgenis maRali maCveneblis misaRwevad 

aucilebelia, rom widis fuZianoba (CaO/SiO 2 ) 

iyos 1,55-1,65, rac uzrunvelyofs 2 2 SiO (CaO) ⋅ warmoqmnas. 

fuZianobis Semcirebas 1,40-mde mivyavarT MnO-s 

168 

2 

2 

2

aqtivobis Semcirebamde, romelic Semdegi reaqciiT 

gamoisaxeba: 

(MnO) 2 ⋅ SiO 2 + 2CaO = 2MnO + (CaO) 2 ⋅SiO 

2 

silikomanganumis ukmarisobis pirobebSi mimdinareobs 

MnO-s nawilobrivi Sekvra silikatad: 

3MnO + Si + CaO = 1/2(MnO) 2SiO2 

+ 1/2(CaO) 2 ⋅SiO2 

widis jeradoba am procesSi sakmaod maRalia 

da igi meryeobs 3,2-3,35 farglebSi. 

sakazme masalebis da eleqtronergiis xarjviTi 

koeficientebi 1 bazuri tona liTonuri manganumis 

misaRebad Semdegia: 

ufosforo wida (48%Mn) _ 2097 kg 

gadasamuSavebeli silikomanganumi (30/64) _ 633 kg 

kiri _ 1529 kg 

grafitis eleqtrodebi _ 9,6 kg 

eleqtroenergia _ 2412 kvt-sT 

eleqtroenergiis jamuri xarji 

(gadamuSavebis samive stadiaze) _ 9578 kvt-sT 

elementebis ganawileba dnobis produqtebs Soris 

Semdegia, % 

gadadis, % 

elementi nedleuli 

liTonSi widaSi aorTqldeba 

Mn 

wida 


169 

46,5 

100,0 

45,0 

_ 

8,5 

_ 

Fe 

wida 


90,0 

100,0 

10,0 

_ 

_ 

_ 

P kazmi 60,0 30,0 10,0

7.6. saSualonaxSirbadiani (rafinirebuli) feromanganumis 

gamosadnobi kazmis angariSi 

angariSi warmoebs 100 kg madanze. nedli masalebis 

Sedgeniloba mocemulia cxrilSi: 

masala, % Mn SiO2 CaO 

manganumis madani 50 11 _ 


kiri 

madnis MnO2 iSleba Mn3O4. madnidan 48%Mn aRdgeba 

liTonur manganumamde, saidanac 32% gadadis 

liTonSi, 16% aorTqldeba. manganumis saerTo raodenobis 

52% aRdgeba MnO-mde da gadadis widaSi. 

silikomanganumis siliciumis gamoyeneba aris 76%, 

24% iJangeba haeris JangbadiT. 

100 kg madnidan manganumi aRdgeba MnO-mde. 

100 ⋅ 0, 

5⋅ 

0, 

52 = 26 kg. 

70 

_ 

Mn -mde ki 

100 ⋅ 0, 

5⋅ 

0, 

48 = 24 kg. 

aucilebelia siliciumi: 

Mn 3O 4 -is aRsadgenad MnO -mde Semdegi reaqciiT: 

2Mn O + Si = 6MnO + SiO 

3 

4 

2 

26⋅ 

28 

= 2, 

21 kg. 

330 

Mn-mde aRsadgenad Semdegi reaqciiT ki saWiroa; 

Mn O + 

2Si = 3Mn + 2SiO 

3 

4 

2 

170 

Si 

23 

_ 

_ 

90

SiO 2 

24⋅ 

56 

= 8, 

14 kg. 

165 

aucilebelia sul siliciumi 

8 , 14 + 2, 

21 = 10, 

34 kg. 

10, 

35 

anu silikomanganumi = 59, 

3 kg. 

0, 

76⋅ 

0, 

23 

dnobis dros silikomanganumidan warmoiqmneba 

59, 

3⋅ 

0, 

23⋅ 

60 

= 29, 

4 kg. 

28 

madnidan Semodis SiO2 100 ⋅ 0, 

11 = 11 kg. 

sul SiO 2 iqneba 11 + 29, 

4 = 40, 

4 kg. 

widis warmosaqmnelad romlis fuZianoba iqneba 

CaO 40, 

4⋅1, 

4 

= 1, 

4 saWiroa = 62, 

8 kg kiri. 

SiO 

0, 

9 

kazmis Sedgeniloba iqneba, kg: 

madani _ 100 

silikomanganumi _ 59,3 

kiri _ 62,8 

saSualonaxSirbadiani 

feromanganumis Sedgeniloba 

Mn Si P C 

92,7 

92,0 

91,8 

1,69 

2,02 

1,31 

171 

0,22 

0,23 

0,24 

1,17 

1,08 

1,08

gamoyenebuli literatura: 

1. Гасик М.И., Емлин Б.И. Электрометаллургия ферросплавов. 

Киев, `Виша школа~, 1983. 

2. Хитрик С.И., Гасик М.И., Кучер А.Г. Электрометаллургия 

марганцевых ферросплавов. Киев, `Техника~, 1971. 

3. Гасик М.И., Лякишев Н.П., Емлин Б.И. Теория и технология 

производства ферросплавов. Москва, Металургия, 1988. 

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173

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