SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~ da Tamar mefis iambikoebi
SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~ da Tamar mefis iambikoebi
SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~ da Tamar mefis iambikoebi
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nestan sulava<br />
<strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> sax. qarTuli literaturis instituti<br />
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia<br />
<strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> <strong>`vefxistyaosani~</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> <strong>iambikoebi</strong><br />
(paralelebi <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebi)<br />
<strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> <strong>`vefxistyaosani~</strong> is<br />
Txzulebaa, romelSic Tavs iyris <strong>da</strong> romlisganac<br />
gamoedineba qarTuli mxatvrulesTetikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovnebis<br />
monapovrebi. rusTavelma originaluri<br />
mxatvruli interpretaciiT miawo<strong>da</strong> mkiTxvels,<br />
erTi mxriv, qarTuli, meore mxriv,<br />
msoflio kulturis miRwevebi, humanuri idealebi.<br />
swored amitom savsebiT bunebrivad<br />
aRiqmeba is didi interesi <strong>da</strong> yuradReba, rasac<br />
qarTveli eri saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
amJRavneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amJRavnebs `vefxistyaosnis~<br />
mimarT.<br />
sakmaod didi dro <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong> rusTvelologiaSi<br />
im marTebuli Sexedulebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas,<br />
rom <strong>rusTavelis</strong> mxatvrul-esTetikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> msoflmxedvelobrivi naazrevisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> `vefxistyaosnis~ Semecneba upirvelesad<br />
erovnul Zirebs <strong>da</strong> qristianul TvalTaxedvas<br />
un<strong>da</strong> emyarebodes. qarTveli eri xom Tavis<br />
sulier xats xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> `vefxistyaosanSi~,<br />
masSi aisaxa <strong>da</strong> gamoixata eris istoriuli<br />
xasiaTi, sulieri <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualuri cxovreba.<br />
igi mu<strong>da</strong>m miiCneo<strong>da</strong> mxatvruli formiT<br />
gamovlenil qarTveli eris sulier-inteleqtualur<br />
sazomad, erovnuli cnobierebis<br />
umaRles gamoxatulebad. rusTavelma <strong>da</strong><br />
misma poemam - teqstma <strong>da</strong> interpretaciam -<br />
arekla saqarTvelos istoriuli viTareba:<br />
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos tragikuli<br />
xvedris Sesabamisad, rusTavelma <strong>da</strong><br />
misma poemam ga<strong>da</strong>itanes gasxviseba, gayalbeba...<br />
magram misi ga<strong>da</strong>mrCeni poemis mxatvruli<br />
mSveniereba, qristianuli msoflmxedvelobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> filosofiuri azrovnebis ukidegano<br />
siRrme aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. Seqmni<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli,<br />
<strong>`vefxistyaosani~</strong> mu<strong>da</strong>m ibrZo<strong>da</strong>; qarTul<br />
simRerasTan, cekvasTan, xuroTmoZRvrebasTan,<br />
kulturis sxva formebTan erTad swored<br />
man Semoinaxa qarTuli originaluri suli,<br />
gamoavlina inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobani,<br />
bibliasTan erTad ikisra eris sulieri<br />
aRmzrdelis funqcia.<br />
yovel nawarmoebs orgvari RirebulebiTi<br />
funqcia ekisreba: 1. umTavresi <strong>da</strong> umaRlesi<br />
Rirebulebaa mistikuroba, saganTa <strong>da</strong> movlenaTa<br />
mistikuroba, rac zedroulobisa <strong>da</strong> zesivrculis<br />
kategorias ganekuTvneba, romlis<br />
wvdoma-Secnoba a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>sazRvruli gonebis<br />
SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. 2. nawarmoebi<br />
konkretul pirovnebas, gmirs, personaJs,<br />
an istoriuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqts<br />
asaxavs, rac erTdroulad moicavs amaRlebulsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> esTetikurs. konkretul-istoriul<br />
pirovnebebsa <strong>da</strong> movlenebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis goneba<br />
gasagnebulad aRiqvams, ris gamoc TiToeuli<br />
maTgani amaRlebulobasTan erTad es-<br />
Tetikur Rirebulebasac iZens. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
nawarmoebi, romelSic sagnebi <strong>da</strong> movlenebi<br />
amaRlebulobis mSvenierebiT gamoirCeva,<br />
simboluri, mistikuri Rirebulebisacaa<br />
<strong>da</strong> konkretul-istoriul dro-sivrceSi<br />
ganfenilic. <strong>`vefxistyaosani~</strong> iseTi mxatvruli<br />
nawarmoebia, romelic orgvarive aqsiologiuri<br />
funqciiTaa <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli. masSi<br />
yvelaferi droulicaa <strong>da</strong> zedroulic, anu<br />
Jamiericaa <strong>da</strong> uJamoc; misi sivrcec orgvaria:<br />
sofluri <strong>da</strong> zesTasofluri. soflur,<br />
miwier samyaroSi myofi misi personaJi<br />
mkveTrad individualuria, Semkulia pirovnulobiT,<br />
rasac igi inarCunebs zesTasofel-<br />
Sic; amitomacaa `vefxistyaosnis~ personaJi,<br />
anu a<strong>da</strong>miani-pirovneba erTaderTi <strong>da</strong> ganumeorebeli,<br />
viTarca RmerTis mier Seqmnili<br />
samyaro; igi mikrokosmosia. <strong>rusTavelis</strong><br />
msoflmxedvelobiT, yovelive amis Semoqmedi,<br />
rac qristianul TvalTaxedvas Tanxvdeba,<br />
uzenaesi arsebaa, RmerTia. RmerTis mier<br />
Seqmnili ierarqiuli samyaro ki mravalferovania,<br />
<strong>rusTavelis</strong> sityviT, `gvaqvs uTvalavi<br />
feriTa~. aseTia qristianuli msoflmxedveloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> aseTia <strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong><br />
msoflganc<strong>da</strong>c.<br />
akad. korneli kekeliZe e<strong>da</strong>vebo<strong>da</strong> akad.<br />
niko mars, rodesac am ukanasknelma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom <strong>rusTavelis</strong> poemam meteoriviT gai-<br />
47
ACADEMIA<br />
elvao qarTuli mwerlobis klasikur periodSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong> wer<strong>da</strong>: `araraisagan TviT mSvenieri<br />
venerac ar gaCenila; miTologiiT, is aqafebuli<br />
zRvis wiaRi<strong>da</strong>n gamovi<strong>da</strong>, - miT umetes,<br />
araraobisagan, meteoriviT, verc Cveni mSvenieri<br />
poema gaCndebo<strong>da</strong>. vefxistyaosani nawarmoebia<br />
qarTuli feo<strong>da</strong>luri literaturis<br />
klasikuri periodisa, romelic X saukuni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
XIII s-is naxevramde grZeldeba. rusTaveli<br />
produqtia Tavisi epoqisa, is fokusia, romelSic<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>ty<strong>da</strong> kulturuli miRwevebi<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>luri saqarTvelosi. misi xana is xanaa,<br />
rodesac yoveli mxare qarTveli eris<br />
cxovrebisa, politikuri, social-ekonomiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturuli, ganviTarebis umaRles safexurs<br />
aRwevs~ 1 . TviT k. kekeliZisa <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi<br />
xanis kvleva-Ziebam <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura `vefxistyaosnis~<br />
msoflmxedvelobrivi, ideologiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> mxatvrul-esTetikuri kavSiri winare<br />
literaturul tradiciebTan, kerZod, himnografiul<br />
tradiciebTan. uTuod saintereso<br />
Sedegs iZleva himnografiis, rogorc <strong>rusTavelis</strong><br />
poemis erT-erTi poeturi wyaros, Seswavla,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n zogierT SemTxvevaSi `vefxistyaosnis~<br />
poeturi saxe Tu xatovani gamoTqma<br />
swored misgan iRebs saTaves <strong>da</strong>, arc<br />
Tu iSviaTad, axleburad gaiazreba. umdidresma<br />
himnografiulma literaturam bevri<br />
ram uanderZa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva droSi moRvawe qar-<br />
Tvel klasikosebs. aq viTvaliswinebT am<br />
Janris ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes etapebs,<br />
klasikurad wodebul X saukunesa <strong>da</strong><br />
erovnuli idealebiT gaJRenTil momdevno<br />
xanas (XI-XIII ss.).<br />
amjerad, CvenTvis sainteresoaD <strong>rusTavelis</strong><br />
epoqaSi Seqmnil himnografiul poezias-<br />
Tan, kerZod, <strong>Tamar</strong>is iambikoebTan, paralelebis<br />
gavleba, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi Seswavla, rac uTuod<br />
warmoaCens epoqis suliskveTebas, literaturul<br />
<strong>da</strong> ideologiur moTxovnebs. yuradRebas<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d or problemaze SevaCerebT.<br />
1. <strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> aRmsareblobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong>Yqristianuli msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxi<br />
sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo eWvqveS<br />
<strong>da</strong>yenebuli. sabolood gairkva <strong>rusTavelis</strong><br />
aRmsareblobis sakiTxi <strong>da</strong>, tradiciisamebr,<br />
aRiarebul iqna misi qristianuli msoflmxedveloba.<br />
amJamad aRaravin <strong>da</strong>vobs imis<br />
Taobaze, rom Sesaqmis rusTveliseuli gageba<br />
bibliur-qristianul msoflmxedvelobas<br />
emyareba <strong>da</strong> rom samyaro Seqmna pirovnulma,<br />
cocxalma RmerTma, romelic `vefxistyaosan-<br />
Si~, erTi mxriv, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva katafatikur-apofatikuri,<br />
meore mxriv, arsobrivi <strong>da</strong> hipostasuri<br />
saxelebiTaa moxseniebuli gansxvavebuli<br />
rigis konteqstis Sesabamisad.<br />
qristianuli moZRvrebiT, RmerTma samyaro<br />
Seqmna arafrisagan Tavisufali nebiT, keTili<br />
nebiT <strong>da</strong> yovelive Seqmnils sikeTe <strong>da</strong>udo<br />
safuZvlad. `vefxistyaosnis~ pirvelive<br />
strofi Sesaqmis procesis bibliur-evangelur<br />
Sexedulebas asaxavs:<br />
`romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT<br />
ZlieriTa,<br />
zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa,<br />
Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi<br />
feriTa,<br />
misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa~<br />
2 .<br />
aq RmerTi, `romelman~, samyaros Semoqmedia,<br />
igi araraobisagan samyaros Semqmneli<br />
RmerTia, is `erTi~ RmerTi (meore strofSi:<br />
`he RmerTo erTo~), romelic qristianulia<br />
<strong>da</strong> romelSic imTaviTve igulisxmeba erTarseba<br />
sameba (mamaRmerTi, Ze RmerTi <strong>da</strong> suliwmi<strong>da</strong>).<br />
aRvniSnavT, rom strofTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong> azrTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaoba, aris Tu<br />
ara `vefxistyaosnis~ Semoqmedi RmerTi<br />
qristianuli sameba. v. nozaZis SexedulebiT,<br />
igi qristianuli RmerTia, magram samebis<br />
personifikaciisagan mkvlevarma Tavi Seikava<br />
3 . g. ime<strong>da</strong>Svilis azriT, `rusTaveli Rmer-<br />
Tis cnebas qristianuli Teologiis dogmiT<br />
ar asaxierebs <strong>da</strong> Tavisi a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganc<strong>da</strong>Si mas ar sWirdeba mama-RmerTis,<br />
Ze-RmerTisa <strong>da</strong> suliwmindis sqolastikuri<br />
sirTule~ 4 . Tumca samarTlianoba moiTxovs<br />
imis aRniSvnas, rom man, m. janaSvilis Semdeg,<br />
5 safuZvlianad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sabuTebulad warmoaCina<br />
pirvelive sityvis `romelman~ Rmer-<br />
Tis saxelad gamoyeneba, rac bibliur monacemebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> himnografiul tradiciebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT<br />
aris SemoTavazebuli. 6 akaki gawereliam<br />
`vefxistyaosnis~ pirvelsave strof-<br />
Si <strong>da</strong>inaxa qristianuli RmerTis saxe, rogorc<br />
samebisa: `<strong>rusTavelis</strong> `romelman~ araraobisagan<br />
samyaros Semqmneli pirovnuli<br />
qristianuli RmerTia, is `erTi~ RmerTi, romelSic<br />
winaswar igulisxmeba misi sameba<br />
(samgvamovaneba anu triniteti - mama, Ze <strong>da</strong><br />
suliwmin<strong>da</strong>). es `erTi~ igive `uxilavi Zalia~,<br />
sampirovani, romlis erTi wevric (meore<br />
piri) qristea. es RmerTi mnaTobia <strong>da</strong> zecis<br />
miRma, empiriumSi `zegardmo arsTa~ anu<br />
angelozebs maRla `zis~ saRmrTo nislSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> `sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong>usazRvrebs~ am ukanasknelT~<br />
7 . zviad gamsaxurdias TvalsazrisiT,<br />
`dRemde arc erT rusTvelologs ar miuqce-<br />
48
<strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> <strong>`vefxistyaosani~</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> <strong>iambikoebi</strong><br />
via yuradReba, rom vefxistyaosnis pirvelive<br />
strofi axsenebs qristianul samebas, rac<br />
gamoricxavs Sesaqmis rusTveliseuli gagebis<br />
araqristianulobas~. 8 saRvTismetyvelo<br />
literaturisa <strong>da</strong> cnobil mecnierTa gamokvlevebze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT igi mivi<strong>da</strong> im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde,<br />
rom `vefxistyaosnis pirvelsave strof-<br />
Si naxsenebia sameba. mama (romelman...), Ze (ZaliTa<br />
miT ZlieriTa) <strong>da</strong> suliwmin<strong>da</strong>... 9 ”; ase<br />
rom, rusTvels ar uRalatia qristianul<br />
mwerlobaSi sakmaod <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli tradiciisaTvis,<br />
man samebisadmi mimarTviT <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
Tavisi ukv<strong>da</strong>vi qmnileba~. 10<br />
samecniero literaturaSi mravalgzisaa<br />
aRniSnuli, rom poemis pirveli strofis<br />
pirvel taeps uamravi paraleli eZebneba rogorc<br />
Targmnil, ise qarTul himnografiaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> fsalmunTa wignSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamoxatulia<br />
qristianuli Sexeduleba samyaros arafrisagan<br />
Seqmnis Sesaxeb (m. janaSvili, g. ime<strong>da</strong>Svili,<br />
a. gawerelia, z. gamsaxurdia <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv.).<br />
Cveni yuradReba miiqcia <strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> iambikom<br />
`casa caTasa~, romelic CarTulia `istoriani<br />
<strong>da</strong> azmani SaravandedTanis~ teqstSi.<br />
misi <strong>da</strong>weris sababi 1195 wels Samqoris<br />
omSi mopovebuli gamarjveba gamx<strong>da</strong>ra. <strong>Tamar</strong>ma<br />
Samqoris omSi gamarjvebis Sedegad<br />
mopovebuli droSa, Salva axalcixelis mier<br />
wagvrili mterTaTvis, xaxulis RvTismSoblis<br />
xats Seswira <strong>da</strong> masve miuZRvna RvTismSoblis<br />
samadlobeli xuTstrofiani iambikuri<br />
sagalobeli, romelsac safuZvlad<br />
udevs himnografiuli tradicia. masSi saubaria<br />
qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis ZiriTad<br />
problemebze: sameba-erTarsebaze, samyaros<br />
Seqmnaze, zecisa <strong>da</strong>sze, qristes Sobaze qalwulisagan,<br />
qristes vnebiT pirvelcodvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xsnaze; agreTve, sagalobelSi aisaxa istoriuli<br />
movlenebic <strong>da</strong> <strong>Tamar</strong>is epoqisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi ideologiuri<br />
mimarTulebac - antimahmadianuri tendencia.<br />
sagalobeli mesianisturi msoflmxedvelobisaa,<br />
rac umniSvnelovanes movlenad migvaCnia<br />
am epoqis Txzulebis ganxilvisas.<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> iambiko kompoziciurad<br />
mkvidrad Sekruli nawarmoebia, romlis yoveli<br />
strofi erTmaneTTan logikur-azrobriva<strong>da</strong>a<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. igi saRvTismetyvelo,<br />
filosofiuri, ideologiuri <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli<br />
TvalsazrisiT sakmaod did siaxloves am-<br />
JRavnebs `vefxistyaosnis~ prologis strofebTan.<br />
cxadia, es mosalodnelic iyo, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
orive nawarmoebi, maTi Janruli gansxvavebulobis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, erT epoqaSi Seiqmna<br />
<strong>da</strong> orivegan epoqis, kerZod <strong>Tamar</strong>is epoqis<br />
suliskveTeba airekla. <strong>Tamar</strong>is iambikos<br />
pirveli strofi kreacionistuli ideis gamomxatvelia.<br />
`casa caTasa <strong>da</strong>mwyeb ars RmerT-mTavroba,<br />
Ze saukunobs pirveli <strong>da</strong> kualadi;<br />
sulman man RmerTman srul yo arodes qmnadi,<br />
samebiT srulman, erTiTa RmrTeebiTa,<br />
miwiT pirvelis, pirmSoisa kacisa~. 11<br />
strofis mixedviT, erTarseba samebam, romlis<br />
hipostasebia mamaRmerTi, Ze RmerTi <strong>da</strong><br />
suliwmi<strong>da</strong>, arafrisagan Seqmna yovelive, rac<br />
<strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> miwiT pirveli, pirmSo kacis gaCeniT.<br />
RmerTi - samebiT sruli <strong>da</strong> erTi<br />
RmrTeeba mkvidrobs `casa caTasa~, xolo<br />
~casa caTasa~, revaz siraZis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT,<br />
RvTismSoblis saxismetyvelebiTi saxelia 12 .<br />
strofi asaxavs kosmogonias <strong>da</strong> bibliurevangelur-apostolur<br />
Sinaarss gadmoscems<br />
simboluri miniSnebebiT.<br />
RmerT-mTavroba, romelsac ganmartavs<br />
fsevdo-dionise areopageli <strong>da</strong> romlis ber-<br />
Znuli Sesatyvisia `Θεαρχιϖα~, saRvTismetyvelo<br />
terminia, kerZod, igi saRvTo saxelia, igi<br />
RvTaebriv pirvelsawyiss, pirvel <strong>da</strong>sabams,<br />
pirvel-saTaves aRniSnavs. areopagituli<br />
swavlebiT, RmerT-mTavroba a<strong>da</strong>mianis gonebisaTvis<br />
miuwvdomelia, mas avtori saxierebasac,<br />
sikeTesac uwodebs: `TviT RmerT-mTavrobiTsa<br />
mas myofobasa saxiereba uwoden~ 13 .<br />
RmerTmTavroba, RmerTmTavrobiTi erTdroulad<br />
aris rogorc arsobrivi, (igi aRniSnavs<br />
erTarseba samebas), ise hipostasuri saxeli,<br />
igi mamaRmerTsac aRniSnavs, Ze RmerTsac <strong>da</strong><br />
suliwmi<strong>da</strong>sac. Ze RmerTs rom aRniSnavs, amas<br />
isev fsevdo-dionise areopageli a<strong>da</strong>sturebs:<br />
`TÂT RmerTmTavrobiTi ityÂs sityuaÁ:<br />
`me <strong>da</strong> mamaÁ erTi varT <strong>da</strong> yoveli, raodeni<br />
aqus mamasa, Cemi ars <strong>da</strong> Cemi Seni ars <strong>da</strong> Seni<br />
Cemi ars~. <strong>da</strong> kualad raodeni ars mamisaÁ<br />
<strong>da</strong> raodeni TÂT amisi RmerTmTavrisaÁ, sazogadod<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTod <strong>da</strong>sdebs mas sulisaTÂsca...<br />
RmerT-mTavrobisa yovlisa sazogadod<br />
arian yovelnive sityuani RmrTeebisad<br />
Semsgavsebulni ganCinebisaebr RmrTiv<br />
srulTa sityuaTa werilisaTa~ 14 . r. siraZis<br />
SexedulebiT, ~RmerT-mTavroba gonebaSeuwvdomlad<br />
cxaddeba. e.i. is aris SemecnebiTi<br />
ram~ 15 . areopagituli moZRvrebiT, RmerTmTavrobas<br />
hbaZavs zecaTa mRvdelTmTavroba <strong>da</strong><br />
am ukanasknels - saeklesio mRvdelTmTavroba.<br />
saeklesio mRvdelTmTavroba aris zeca-<br />
Ta mRvdelTmTavrobis mistikuri asaxva. yo-<br />
49
ACADEMIA<br />
velive amis saTave, <strong>da</strong>mwyebi aris ~caTa ca~.<br />
es safexurebrivi ga<strong>da</strong>svla-gar<strong>da</strong>saxva areopagitikaSi<br />
Teologiur TxzulebaTa <strong>da</strong>saTaurebebSic<br />
gamoikveTa, xolo yovelives safuZvlad<br />
udevs sikeTe: ~saRmrTod ganyofis<br />
yofad vityÂT, viTarca pirvel Tqmul ars,<br />
saxierebis SuenierTa maT mRvdelTmTavrobisa<br />
gamoslvaTa~ 16 .<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong>is iambikos pirveli strofis pirveli<br />
taepi exmianeba `vefxistyaosnis~ pirveli<br />
strofis pirvel taeps. orivegan saubaria<br />
samyaros Seqmnaze RmerTis mier, romlis pirveli<br />
hipostasia mamaRmerTi, `vefxistyaosniT~<br />
- `romelman~, mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeliT<br />
gamoxatuli (Sdr.: fsalmuni, miqael<br />
modrekili, ioane mtbevari...), <strong>Tamar</strong>is iambikoTi<br />
- `RmerT-mTavroba~, arsobriv-hipostasuri<br />
saxeli qristianuli RmerTisa.<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong>is iambikoSi pir<strong>da</strong>piraa <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
meore hipostasi - Ze RmerTi, xolo<br />
`vefxistyaosanSi~ igi SefarviT, saxismetyvelebiTad<br />
aris warmosaxuli: `ZaliTa miT<br />
ZlieriTa~. z. gamsaxurdiam <strong>da</strong>imowma evangelur-apostoluri<br />
swavleba, sa<strong>da</strong>c `Zali~ Ze<br />
RmerTis mniSvnelobiTaa moxmobili 17 , ker-<br />
Zod korinTelTa mimarT pavles pirveli<br />
epistole, hromaelTa mimarT epistole, romlebSic<br />
es `Zali~ anu Ze RmerTi ar ekuTvnis<br />
`qmnul samyaros~, rom igi ar aRmocenebula<br />
mis msgavsad <strong>da</strong> rom es Zali maradiulia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
igi Tavad RvTaebaa~ 18 . sagulisxmoa,<br />
rom es `Zali~ himnografiaSi Ze RmerTs aRniSnavs.<br />
efrem mcirem fsalmunTa TargmanebaSi<br />
`Zali~ Semdegnairad ganmarta: `Zal<br />
RmrTisa ars qriste, RmrTisa Zali <strong>da</strong><br />
RmrTisa sibrZne~ 19 . z. gamsaxurdiam yurad-<br />
Reba miaqcia avTandilis anderZSi <strong>da</strong>mowmebul<br />
`Zali uxilavs~, romelic Ze RmerTis<br />
mniSvnelobiTaa moxmobili. igi `pavle mociquliseuli<br />
terminia <strong>da</strong> niSnavs qristes, Ze<br />
RmerTs, romelic uSualod <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong> kacobriobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>miwis beds <strong>da</strong> amitom<br />
aris `Semwe yovlTa miwierTa~ 20 . amitom pirveli<br />
taepi ase SeiZleba gaviazroT: `mamam<br />
Seqmna samyaro Zis, Tavisi Zalis meSveobiT~<br />
(Sdr.: 21 ).<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong>is iambikos mixedviT, `casa caTasa~<br />
mkvidrobs Ze RmerTi, `Ze saukunobs pirveli<br />
<strong>da</strong> kualadi~, rac imas mianiSnebs, rom Ze<br />
RvTisa maradiulia, igi pirvelia, radgan mamasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> suliwmi<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad arsebobs<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabamiTve <strong>da</strong> kualadia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi dro-<br />
JamSi ganxorcielebulia. pirveladoba <strong>da</strong><br />
kvaladoba imis mauwyebelia, rom RmerTi, misi<br />
ucvlelobis, maradiulobis niSanTan er-<br />
Tad bunebiT maradganaxlebadia.<br />
`vefxistyaosnis~ pirveli strofis meore<br />
taepSi naxsenebi `suliTa monaberiTa~ aris<br />
suliwmi<strong>da</strong> RmerTi: `zegardmo arsni suliTa<br />
yvna zeciT monaberiTa~. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom<br />
rusTaveli yovelTvis mokled, lapi<strong>da</strong>rulad<br />
gadmoscems Tavis msoflmxedvelobriv<br />
Sexedulebebs, rogorc a. gawereliam ganacxa<strong>da</strong>,<br />
`vefxistyaosnis avtori Cveulebriv<br />
mTeli traqtatis ZiriTad debulebaTa substrats<br />
iZleva~ 22 . a. gawereliam `zegardmo<br />
arsni~ angelozebad, zeciur arsebebad miiCnia<br />
23 . z. gamsaxurdiam sagangebod ganixila<br />
taepi <strong>da</strong> aRniSna: `SemTxveviTi rodia, rom<br />
mamisa <strong>da</strong> Zis Semdeg naxsenebia suli anu suliwmi<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelic iseTive Tanamonawilea Sesaqmisa,<br />
rogorc Ze. es `suli~ rom `suliwmi<strong>da</strong>a~,<br />
amaSi eWvi aravis ar un<strong>da</strong> Segveparos,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n qarTul himnografiaSic <strong>da</strong> saero<br />
poeziaSic vxvdebiT sityva `suls~ `suliwmidis~,<br />
samebis mesame piris mniSvnelobiT~ 24 .<br />
aq uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia wmi<strong>da</strong><br />
RvTismetyvel mamaTa naazrevi suliwmidis<br />
raobis, funqciis, SemoqmedebiTi Zalis Sesaxeb,<br />
kerZod, netari avgustines (`saRvTo qalaqis<br />
Sesaxeb~), irineosis, basili didisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxvaTa Sexedulebani. <strong>da</strong>vimowmebT basili<br />
didis homilias `sulisa wmidisaTÂs", romelSic<br />
Zveli <strong>da</strong> axali aRTqmiseuli gaazrebaa<br />
warmoCenili: `arca ukue ucxoÁ ars<br />
didebisagan RmrTisa suli wmi<strong>da</strong>Á, aramed gamouTqumelisa<br />
mis pirisagan gamouTqumelad<br />
gamomaval ars, arca Sereuli ars mamisa Tana<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zisa, aramed suli ars RmrTisaÁ <strong>da</strong><br />
RmrTisa Tana ars, xolo moivlinebis RmrTisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zisa mier moguecemis, viTarca iTqumis<br />
pirisagan mamisa, viTarmed suli Cemi, romeli<br />
ara Sen ze<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iTqumis kualad uflisa<br />
mier, viTarmed: `sxuaÁ nugeSinismcemeli<br />
movivlino Tquen~, romelsaca uwess sulad<br />
WeSmaritebisad~ 25 .<br />
Zvel aRTqmaSi suliwmi<strong>da</strong>s ewodeba `suli<br />
uflisaÁ~ (sibrnZ. 1,7), suli sibrZnisa,<br />
mecnierebisa, ganzraxvisa, Zlierebisa, gulisÃmisyofisa,<br />
krZalulebisa, SiSisa RmrTisa<br />
(es. 11,2). iobis wignis mixedviT, suliwmi<strong>da</strong><br />
SemoqmedebiTi Zalis matarebelia: `suli<br />
wmi<strong>da</strong>Á ars, romelman <strong>da</strong>mba<strong>da</strong> me~ (33,4). axal<br />
aRTqmaSi suliwmi<strong>da</strong> SemoqmedebiTi Zalis<br />
mqonea, igia a<strong>da</strong>mianuri <strong>da</strong> RvTaebrivi bunebis<br />
Semzavebeli. ioane brZanebs saxarebaSi:L<br />
`me var Tquen Soris, ityÂs ufali <strong>da</strong> suli<br />
Cemi iyofebis Tquen ze<strong>da</strong>~ (15, 26). RmerTis<br />
mier gaCenili, <strong>da</strong>badebuli rom yofiliyo<br />
suliwmi<strong>da</strong>, mis Sesaxeb ver iTqmo<strong>da</strong> Semdegi<br />
50
<strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> <strong>`vefxistyaosani~</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> <strong>iambikoebi</strong><br />
sityvebi: `aRiyvana igi sulman u<strong>da</strong>bnod~ (l.<br />
4,1); es RmerTma ganaxorciela suliwmidis<br />
meSveobiT. Zvel aRTqmaSi winaswarmetyvelni<br />
ambobdnen: `amas ityÂs ufali~, axal aRTqma-<br />
Si mociqulebi ambobdnen: `amas ityÂs suli<br />
wmi<strong>da</strong>Á~, `ineba sulman wmi<strong>da</strong>man <strong>da</strong> Cuen~.<br />
rusTveluri `suliTa monaberiTa~ rom<br />
suliwmi<strong>da</strong>a, amas <strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> iambikos sityvebic<br />
a<strong>da</strong>sturebs: `sulman man RmerTman<br />
srul yo arodes qmnadi~. 26 suliwmi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vanebulia<br />
yovel a<strong>da</strong>mianSi, yoveli a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
suliwmidisagan aris cocxal arsebad qmnili,<br />
man mianiWa srulyofileba, sisrule yovel<br />
arss, romelic `arodes qmnadisagan~, anu<br />
arafrisagan Seiqmna. masSi `araarsisagan arsad<br />
moyvaneba~ igulisxmeba. yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
ki isaa, rom suliwmi<strong>da</strong> arsTa usasrulo<br />
simravlisa <strong>da</strong> calkeuli individualuri<br />
arsis ganmaxorcielebelia. qristianuli<br />
moZRvrebiT, suliwmi<strong>da</strong> mTeli Tavisi<br />
sisavsiT movi<strong>da</strong> mxolod RvTaebriv logos-<br />
Tan, qristesTan erTad: `pirveliTgan iyo<br />
sityuaÁ <strong>da</strong> sityuaÁ igi iyo RmrTisa Tana, <strong>da</strong><br />
RmerTi iyo sityuaÁ igi~ (i.1,1); `xolo raJams<br />
movides nugeSinismcemeli igi, romeli me movavlino<br />
Tquen<strong>da</strong> mamisa Cemisa mier, suli<br />
WeSmaritebisaÁ, romeli mamisagan gamovals,<br />
man wamos CemTÂs~ (i.15,26). suliwmi<strong>da</strong> gadmovi<strong>da</strong><br />
qristes mociqulebze macxovris aRdgomi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ormoc<strong>da</strong>meaTe dRes, martviliis<br />
dRes. igi erT-erTi udidesi saeklesio dResaswauli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> - suliwmidis gar<strong>da</strong>mosvlis<br />
dRe, rodesac mox<strong>da</strong> enaTa ganyofa, `viTarca<br />
cecxlisani~, `<strong>da</strong> aRivsnes yovelni suliTa<br />
wmidiTa <strong>da</strong> iwyes sityuad ucxoTa enaTa, vi-<br />
Tarca suli igi moscem<strong>da</strong> maT sityuad~<br />
(saqm.2,4). mamisa <strong>da</strong> Zis saqmeni suliwmidisagan<br />
gacxaddeba. a<strong>da</strong>mianebs yovelives -<br />
RmrTisagan gangebuls, ganzraxuls - suli<br />
wmi<strong>da</strong> gamoucxadebs. pavles epistoleTa mixedviT,<br />
suliwmi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia STagonebasTan,<br />
suliwmidis gardmovlena <strong>da</strong>faruli<br />
saidumlos gancxadebas moaswavebs: `<strong>da</strong> sityuaÁ<br />
igi qristesi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul iyavn Tquen<br />
Tana mdidrad yovliTa sibrZniTa, aswavebdiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> hmoZRvravdiT TavTa TquenTa fsalmuniTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> galobiTa <strong>da</strong> SesxmiTa sulieri-<br />
Ta, madliTurT ugalobdiT guliTa Sina<br />
Tquen<strong>da</strong> ufalsa~ (kolas. 3,16). aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
suliwmi<strong>da</strong>a STamagonebeli yovelive<br />
imisa, rac iqmneba, kerZod himnografiisa (Tavis<br />
droze ase Seiqmna fsalmunni), homiletikisa,<br />
hagiografiisa <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa. suliwmidis<br />
funqcia <strong>da</strong>faruli saidumlos gacxadebaa.<br />
basili kesarieli mamis, Zisa <strong>da</strong> suliwmidis<br />
erTianobas gadmoscems misTvis Cveuli ritoruli<br />
enawylianobiT: `iyo naTeli WeSmariti,<br />
romeli gananaTlebs yovelsa kacsa, momavalsa<br />
soflad, mamaÁ; iyo naTeli WeSmariti,<br />
romeli gananaTlebs yovelsa kacsa, momavalsa<br />
soflad, ZÀ; iyo naTeli WeSmariti, romeli<br />
gananaTlebs yovelsa kacsa, momavalsa<br />
soflad, suli wmi<strong>da</strong>Á; <strong>da</strong> nugeSinismcemeli<br />
iyo~ 27 .<br />
Tu Rrmad CavukvirdebiT <strong>Tamar</strong>is iambikos<br />
sawyis sam taeps, naTlad <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT<br />
RmerTisagan samyaros Seqmnis istorias, rasac<br />
Sesaqmis wignis ramdenime Tavi mieZRvna.<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong>is iambikoSi ki yovelive es gadmocemulia<br />
mokled, himnografiisaTvis Cveuli,<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli saxismetyvelebiTa <strong>da</strong> amaRlebuli<br />
stiliT. am TvalsazrisiT igi hgavs<br />
`vefxistyaosnis~ prologSi warmoCenil<br />
qristianul msoflmxedvelobriv Sexedulebebs<br />
RmerTis mier samyaros Seqmnis Taobaze,<br />
oRond `vefxistyaosnSi~ qristianuli<br />
dogmebi pir<strong>da</strong>pir araa naxsenebi. <strong>Tamar</strong>is<br />
iambikos pirveli strofisa <strong>da</strong> `vefxistyaosnis~<br />
pirveli-meore strofebis mixedviT,<br />
samyaro Seqmna RmerTma, mama RmerTma (`romelman~,<br />
~RmerT-mTavroba~) Ze RmerTis (`ZaliTa<br />
miT ZlieriTa~, `Ze saukunobs pirveli<br />
<strong>da</strong> kualadi~) monawileobiT <strong>da</strong> suliwmidis<br />
meSveobiT (`zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT<br />
monaberiTa~, `sulman man RmerTman<br />
srul yo arodes qmnadi~), manve ganuCina a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />
miwa (`qveyana~) sacxovreblad <strong>da</strong> samuSakeblad,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianic Seqmna Tavisi saxisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xatisebr, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, igulisxmeba pirvelqmnili<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani - zeciuri, codva<strong>da</strong>ucemeli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mi.<br />
meore strofSi rusTaveli axsenebs yoveli<br />
arsis pirvel nimuSTa, pirvel magaliT-<br />
Ta Seqmnas <strong>da</strong> RmerTs - erTs, erTarsebas, samebas<br />
(`romelman~, `ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa~,<br />
`suliTa zeciT monaberiTa~, `erTi RmerTi~,<br />
Semoqmedi `saxe yovlisa tanisas~) evedreba,<br />
SesTxovs satanis <strong>da</strong>mTrgunveli Zalis mimadlebas,<br />
codvaTa Semsubuqebas. <strong>Tamar</strong>is<br />
iambikoSi meore strofi swored satanisagan<br />
(`drku~) Tavis <strong>da</strong>xsnis, qristes vnebis motivs<br />
asaxavs. masSi miniSnebebiT, saxismetyvelebiTi<br />
saSualebebiT erTmaneTs Se<strong>da</strong>rebulia<br />
macxovari <strong>da</strong> codva<strong>da</strong>cemuli a<strong>da</strong>mi,<br />
romlebic antinomiurad, binaruli opoziciiT<br />
warmoisaxebian. strofi uaRresad <strong>da</strong>tvirTulia,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n masSi Zveli aRTqmiseuli<br />
umniSvnelovanesi epizodi - a<strong>da</strong>mis codviT<br />
<strong>da</strong>cemaa miniSnebuli - `ros drkuÁ midrka~,<br />
<strong>da</strong> mis sapirispirod ucodveli qristes vne-<br />
51
ACADEMIA<br />
baa asaxuli - `uvnebelman vnebisadmi ivno<br />
<strong>da</strong> vnebaÁ pirveli uvnebel yo~. sagalobel-<br />
Si pirvelcodva gamoxatulia fraziT `vnebaÁ<br />
pirveli~, TviT a<strong>da</strong>mi - simboluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis<br />
mqone sityviT `drkuÁ~. qriste, Ze<br />
RmerTi `uvnebelad~ iwodeba, radgan man Tavisi<br />
vnebiT <strong>da</strong>sabami <strong>da</strong>udo codvaTa aRxocvas,<br />
gamosyidvas. amrigad, <strong>Tamar</strong>is iambikos<br />
meore strofi bibliur-evangelur Sinaarssa<br />
<strong>da</strong> motivebs asaxavs, antinomiuri saxeebiT<br />
Zveli <strong>da</strong> axali aRTqmis movlenebs gadmoscems.<br />
amrigad, <strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> `vefxistyaosnisa~<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>Tamar</strong>is iambikos `casa caTasas~<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisTa Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTma Seswavlam <strong>da</strong> gaanalizebam<br />
warmoaCina, erTi mxriv, msoflmxedvelobrivi<br />
msgavseba, rac Sesaqmis procesis<br />
bibliuri warmosaxvisadmi erTnairi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT<br />
gamovlin<strong>da</strong>, meore mxriv, naTeli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> maTi gansxvavebac, rac, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
TxzulebaTa Janrulma specifikam ganapiroba.<br />
`vefxistyaosanSi~ qristianuli dogmebi<br />
araa naxsenebi, magram RmerTi imgvara<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebuli,<br />
rom eWvs ar iwvevs misi qristianuloba,<br />
arsobrivad <strong>da</strong> hipostasurad gaazreba.<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong>is `casa caTasa~ qristianul<br />
RmerTs hipostasuri saxelebiT moixseniebs,<br />
TiToeulis funqcias gamokveTs Sesaqmis<br />
procesSi <strong>da</strong> yovelive amas amaRlebuli stiliT,<br />
himnografiisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
lapi<strong>da</strong>rulobiT, bibliuri saxismetyvelebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli cnebebis moSveliebiT sTavazobs<br />
mkiTxvels. cxadia, <strong>rusTavelis</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> mizan<strong>da</strong>saxuloba gansxvavebulia<br />
<strong>da</strong> igia maTi individualobis, specifikurobis<br />
safuZvelic. <strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> iambikos<br />
monacemTa gaTvaliswineba kidev erTxel<br />
a<strong>da</strong>sturebs im Sexedulebas, rom "vefxistyaosnis"<br />
prologis pirvel strofSi naxsenebia<br />
qristianuli RmerTi - erTarseba sameba<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi samive hipostasi, romelTa funqciebic<br />
bibliuri swavlebis kvalobazea warmosaxuli.<br />
2. <strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> `vefxistyaosansa~ <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> iambikoSi yuradRebas iqcevs mesianisturi<br />
ideis gamoxatvis formebi. `vefxistyaosnis~<br />
epilogis erT-erTi strofis<br />
mixedviT, qarTveli mefeebi bibliuri <strong>da</strong>vi-<br />
Tis Camomavlebi arian:<br />
qarTvelTa RmrTisa <strong>da</strong>viTis vis mze msaxurebs<br />
sareblad,<br />
ese ambavi gavleqse me maTad mosaxmareblad,<br />
vin aris aRmosavleTiT <strong>da</strong>savleTs zarTa<br />
mareblad,<br />
orgulTa maTTa <strong>da</strong>mwvelad, erTgulTa gamaxareblad<br />
(1597/1666).<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> iambiko `casa caTasa~ Ziri-<br />
Tad saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebTan erTad<br />
XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos politikur<br />
<strong>da</strong> ideologiur problematikas asaxavs,<br />
ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT amjerad Cven-<br />
Tvis sainteresoa mesianizmis gamoxatva, romelic<br />
samefo ideologiis, anu dinastiursaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
ideologiis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
safuZveli iyo. qarTvel mefeTa bibliuri<br />
Camomavlobis Tema saxelmwifoebrivpolitikuri<br />
ideologiisa <strong>da</strong> qristianuli<br />
cnobierebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi uZiri-<br />
Tadesi niSani iyo, romelsac Cvenamde moRweuli<br />
cnobebis mixedviT, IX saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>sabami<br />
misca wmi<strong>da</strong> grigol xanZTelma aSot kurapalatis<br />
<strong>da</strong>locvisas: `<strong>da</strong>viT winaswarmetyvelisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> uflisa mier cxebulisa Svilad<br />
wodebulo Ãelmwifeo~. <strong>Tamar</strong>is iambikoSi<br />
bibliuri <strong>da</strong>viT winaswarmetyvelis epizod-<br />
Tan erTad, romelsac RvTismSoblisa <strong>da</strong> Ze<br />
RvTisas simboloebi ukavSirdebian, warmosaxulia<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong>is, sazogadod qarTvel bagrationTa<br />
bibliuri Camomavloba, romelTanac,<br />
Tavis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>viT soslanis efremianobaa<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebuli:<br />
`Sengan, qalwulo, romelsa SenTÂs <strong>da</strong>viT<br />
rokvi<strong>da</strong>, Zisa RmrTisa Zed Sen<strong>da</strong> yofad,<br />
me, <strong>Tamar</strong>, miwaÁ Seni <strong>da</strong> mierive,<br />
cxebulebasa Rirsmyav <strong>da</strong> TÂsobasa<br />
edems, RadirTad, samxriT <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeTiT<br />
Suamflobeli, iavars Sen<strong>da</strong> vmrTumelob,<br />
xalifas droSa Tanave maniaksa SevrTe,<br />
crusjulTa moZRvrisa Razod mZRuani,<br />
vin <strong>da</strong>viT, Zeebr efremis moisarman,<br />
moirTxna, mosrna sultniTa aTabagi~.<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong> mefe Tavis meore iambikoSic -<br />
`qalwulebrivTa~ - imeorebs samefo ideologiis<br />
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes debulebas,<br />
rom igi <strong>da</strong>viTis tomis Camomavalia:<br />
`me, <strong>Tamar</strong>, mCeni tomTagan <strong>da</strong>viTebrTaÁT<br />
TÂsad Semamkev, madide, aRmamaRle!~<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong>is orsave iambikoSi gamovlenilia<br />
samefo ideologiis, dinastiur-saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
politikuri ideologiis erT-erTi<br />
niSani - qarTvel bagrationTa `<strong>da</strong>viTianoba~<br />
<strong>da</strong> xazgasmulia misi upiratesoba oseTis<br />
`efremian~ bagrationebze. k. kekeliZem safuZvlianad<br />
axsna <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>asabuTa, ratom <strong>da</strong><br />
visTvis iyo saWiro titulis `efremianobis~<br />
52
<strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> <strong>`vefxistyaosani~</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> <strong>iambikoebi</strong><br />
SemoReba qarTul istoriografiaSi <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
kvalobaze - himnografiaSi. amiT undo<strong>da</strong>T<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT soslanis gmirobis, vaJkacobis, mamacobis<br />
warmoCena, viTarca <strong>Tamar</strong>is Rirseuli,<br />
Sesaferisi meuRlisa. magram, amave dros,<br />
amiT `<strong>da</strong>viTian~ bagrationTa upiratesoba<br />
iyo warmoCenili `efremian~ bagrationebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, rasac mxars uWers bibliuri monacemebic<br />
28 . k. kekeliZis <strong>da</strong>skvniT, roca <strong>da</strong>viT<br />
soslans `efremians~ uwodebdnen, erTi<br />
mxriv, aRniSnavdnen mis mebrZol bunebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
simamaces, rac bibliur efrems - mis winaprad<br />
miCneul pirs, axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong>; meore mxriv,<br />
aRniSnavdnen <strong>da</strong> aravis aviwyebdnen im garemoebas,<br />
rom <strong>da</strong>viTs legitimuri gziT ki ar<br />
rgebia saqarTvelos <strong>mefis</strong> pativi, aramed vi-<br />
Tarca <strong>Tamar</strong>is meuRles. igi amas verc miaRwev<strong>da</strong>,<br />
radgan igi mamiT `efremiani~ iyo 29 . yovelive<br />
es airekla <strong>Tamar</strong>is erT-erT istoriaSi<br />
`istoriani <strong>da</strong> azmani SaravandedTani~<br />
politikuri azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> dinastiur-saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
ideologiuri mimarTulebis<br />
gamosaxatavad; `<strong>da</strong>viTian-efremianoba~<br />
aisaxa <strong>Tamar</strong>is iambikoSi <strong>da</strong> aRiarebulia<br />
TviT <strong>mefis</strong> mier, rom <strong>da</strong>viT soslani Rirseuli<br />
meomari, uebro raindia, romelmac <strong>da</strong>amarcxa<br />
sultani <strong>da</strong> aTabagi.<br />
`vefxistyaosanSi~ <strong>da</strong>viT soslani metaforula<strong>da</strong>a<br />
moxseniebuli, rusTaveli prolog-<br />
Si mas <strong>Tamar</strong>is `loms~ uwodebs <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
saxels ar debs, rac imas miuTiTebs, rom igi<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong>is qmrobiT imsaxurebs pativiscemas.<br />
sagulisxmoa `vefxistyaosnis~ epilogis<br />
zemoxsenebuli strofis is taepi, romlis mixedviT<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong> mefe aris `aRmosavleTiT <strong>da</strong>savleTs<br />
zarTa mareblad~; masSi r. fircxalaiSvilma<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong>is <strong>da</strong>Sifruli saxeli <strong>da</strong>inaxa<br />
30 . igi SeuniSnavs p. ingoroyvasac, magram<br />
strofis wakiTxvisas <strong>da</strong>uSva koniuqtura,<br />
ris gamoc maTi Sexedulebani mkveTrad <strong>da</strong><br />
arsebiTad gansxvavebulia taepis interpretaciisas,<br />
rasac amjerad ar SevexebiT. Cven-<br />
Tvis aq sainteresoa is faqti, rom <strong>Tamar</strong>i<br />
aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleTs flobs, igi aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
miemarTeba, rac <strong>Tamar</strong>s, macxovris<br />
msgavsad, aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n momavali RvTaebrivi<br />
cxebulebis niSniT warmoaCens (Sdr.:<br />
mT.2,9). sainteresoa isic, rom Y<strong>Tamar</strong>ma iambikoSi<br />
`casa caTasa~ sakuTari Tavi `edems<br />
(aRmosavleTi), RadirTad (<strong>da</strong>savleTi), samxriT<br />
<strong>da</strong> CrdiloeTiT Suamflobelad~ warmoaCina,<br />
rac Rrma saxismetyvelebiT gaazrebas<br />
moiTxovs. aRmosavleTi is mxarea, sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />
wamovi<strong>da</strong> naTeli (Sdr.: Lux ex Oriente), xolo<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi is mxarea, saiTkenac miiswrafvis<br />
naTeli, RvTaebrivi 31 . e. i. <strong>Tamar</strong>is<br />
iambikos mixedviT, <strong>Tamar</strong>i, Ze RmerTis TÂsobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> cxebulebis Rirsi, aris mefe yovel-<br />
Ta qarTvelTa ze<strong>da</strong> naTesavTa, yovelTa qar-<br />
TvelTa qveyanaTa erTiani saxelmwifos<br />
mflobeli (Sdr.: grigol xanZTelis mier<br />
aSot kurapalatis, giorgi mcires mier giorgi<br />
mTawmidelis, solomon lioniZis mier<br />
erekle meoris <strong>da</strong>tirebebi).<br />
amrigad, `vefxistyaosanSi~ aisaxa saqar-<br />
Tvelos samefo ideologiis, dinastiur-saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
politikuri ideologiis<br />
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi niSani - qar-<br />
Tvel bagrationTa `<strong>da</strong>viTianoba~, rac qar-<br />
Tul istoriografiaSi, hagiografiasa <strong>da</strong><br />
himnografiaSi IX-X saukuneebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli<br />
gamovlin<strong>da</strong>. mas asazrdoeb<strong>da</strong> mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
literaturul-istoriuli tradicia, romlis<br />
saukeTeso nimuSebia <strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> <strong>iambikoebi</strong>.<br />
`vefxistyaosnisa~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> <strong>iambikoebi</strong>s<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi Seswavla warmoaCens<br />
<strong>rusTavelis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> <strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
Sexedulebebis, msoflmxedvelobis,<br />
saxismetyvelebis msgavsebas, rac<br />
mosalodnelic iyo erT epoqaSi moRvawe SemoqmedTagan.<br />
maTi SemoqmedebiTi mrwamsi<br />
qristianuli cnobierebisa <strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />
TviTSemecnebis Sezavebaa, riTic Rirseul<br />
winamorbedTa literaturul-esTetikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
msoflmxedvelobrivi tradiciebis gamgrZeleblebad<br />
moevlinnen qarTul kulturas.<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1. k. kekeliZe, rusTvelologiuri narkvevebi, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1971, gv. 122.<br />
2. <strong>SoTa</strong> rusTveli, vefxistyaosani, I, a. SaniZisa <strong>da</strong> al. baramiZis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT, `mecniereba~,<br />
Tb., 1966.<br />
3. v. nozaZe, vefxistyaosanis RmrTismetyveleba, parizi, 1963.<br />
4. g. ime<strong>da</strong>Svili, vefxistyaosani <strong>da</strong> qarTuli kultura, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1968, gv. 153.<br />
5. m. janaSvili, saunje meaTe saukunisa, tfilisi, 1891, gv. 51-52.<br />
6. g. ime<strong>da</strong>Svili, vefxistyaosnis paralelebi meaTe saukunis qarTul himnografiaSi, `literaturuli<br />
Ziebani~, II, Tb., 1944, gv. 200.<br />
53
ACADEMIA<br />
7. a. gawerelia, rCeuli nawerebi, I, Tb., 1977, gv. 17.<br />
8. z. gamsaxurdia, vefxistyaosani inglisur enaze, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1984, gv. 25.<br />
9. z. gamsaxurdia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 37.<br />
10. z. gamsaxurdia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 38.<br />
11. n. sulava, XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli himnografiis mxatvruli specifika, sadoqtoro<br />
disertacia (<strong>da</strong>matebad erTvis teqstebi), Tb., 1997. ix. <strong>da</strong>matebaSi.<br />
12. r. siraZe, `casa caTasa~ (<strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> iambiko). `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1993, 14 maisi.<br />
13. petre iberieli (fsevdo-dionise areopageli), Sromebi, gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>, gamokvleva<br />
<strong>da</strong> leqsikoni <strong>da</strong>urTo samson enuqaSvilma, Tb., 1961, gv. 29.<br />
14. petre iberieli, <strong>da</strong>sax. gamoc., gv. 15<br />
15. r. siraZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.<br />
16. petre iberieli, <strong>da</strong>sax. gamoc., gv. 23<br />
17. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom `Zalni~ angelozTa erT-erTi ierarqiuli safexuris saxelwodebaa.<br />
isini RmerTis Seqmnilni arian, ris gamoc mxolod Sesaqmis procesis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg<br />
arseboben. amitom `vefxistyaosnis~ pirvel strofSi moxseniebuli `Zalis~ gaigiveba<br />
ierarqiul `ZalTan~ <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia. a. gawerelia `ZalSi~ qristes ar gulisxmobs.<br />
ix. a. gawerelia, rCeuli nawerebi, I, Tb., 1977, gv. 34, 40-43.<br />
18. z. gamsaxurdia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 27.<br />
19. efrem mcire, fsalmunTa Targmaneba, gamosca mzeqala SaniZem. wignSi: Tsu Zveli qarTuli<br />
enis kaTedris Sromebi, 11, Tb., 1968, gv. 94.<br />
20. z. gamsaxurdia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 29.<br />
21. iqve.<br />
22. a. gawerelia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 25.<br />
23. a. gawerelia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 40-43.<br />
24. z. gamsaxurdia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 29-30.<br />
25. basili kesarielis `swavlaTa" efTÂme aToneliseuli Targmani, gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>,<br />
gamokvleva <strong>da</strong> leqsikoni <strong>da</strong>urTo ciala qurcikiZem, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1983, gv. 166<br />
26. taeps xelnawerebsa <strong>da</strong> gamocemebSi aqvs ramdenime varianti, romelTa arseboba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari<br />
gaazrebis safuZvels iZleva. sxvaobaa, rogorc suliwmidis moxseniebisas<br />
(`sulman man RmerTman~, `sulman RmrTisaman~), ise qmnadobis TvalsazrisiTac (`srul yo<br />
moqmedebadi~, `srul yo arodes qmnadi~). Cven vamjobineT xsenebuli wakiTxva, Tu ratom,<br />
aq sagangebod ver SevCerdebiT. masze vmsjelobT naSromSi `XII – XIII saukuneebis qar-<br />
Tuli himnografiis mxatvruli specifika~.<br />
27. basili kesarieli. <strong>da</strong>sax., gv. 163.<br />
28. k. kekeliZe, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, I, Tb., 1956, gv. 316.<br />
29. k. kekeliZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 317-318.<br />
30 r. fircxalaiSvili, `vefxistyaosnis~ epilogis ~zari~, `literaturuli Ziebani~, XXII,<br />
Tb., 2001.<br />
31. n. sulava, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.<br />
Nestan Sulava<br />
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature<br />
Georgian Academy of Sciences<br />
RUSTAVELI’S “THE NIGHT IN TIGER’S SKIN” AND QUEEN TAMAR’S IAMBI.<br />
(Parallels and Notes).<br />
The comparative study of the first stanza of the Prologue and the second stanza of<br />
the Epilogue of Rustaveli’s “The Night in Tiger’s Skin” and Queen <strong>Tamar</strong>’s Iambi<br />
(“The Heaven of Heavens”, “Virgin-like”) reveals the world-outlook and ideological<br />
resemblance between them expressed in the similar approach to the process of<br />
Creation in the first book of the Bible and in the idea that the Bagrations are descendents<br />
of the Biblical king David. At the same time the differences between the com-<br />
54
<strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> <strong>`vefxistyaosani~</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Tamar</strong> <strong>mefis</strong> <strong>iambikoebi</strong><br />
pared texts caused by their genre peculiarities are obvious as well. In “The Night in<br />
Tiger’s Skin” (I stanza) God is named without Christian dogmata though the context<br />
proves Christian interpretation and personification of the Creator. In Queen<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong>’s “The Heaven of Heavens” the hypostases, three real and distinct substances<br />
of God are mentioned and their function in the process of Creation is<br />
revealed as well. The intentions of Rustaveli and Queen <strong>Tamar</strong> are different and this<br />
is the reason of their originality and specificity.<br />
The comperative analysis of Rustaveli’s “The Night in Tiger’s Skin” and Queen<br />
<strong>Tamar</strong>’s iambi corroborates the likeness of their imagery and of their approach to<br />
the issues of political system and State power. Their artistic interests combining the<br />
Christian world-outlook and the strife for national self-knowledge represent the<br />
development of the Georgian Weltanschauung, literary and aesthetic traditions.<br />
55
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