buraNviTüaGMB Ielah¼ - Center for Khmer Studies

mCÄmNÐlmK: úeTÞsk_buraNviTüaburaNviTüaGMBIelah¼ERbCaPasaExμredayEksRmYledaypun ksikalI vNÑa]btßmÖkarbkERbeday mCÄmNÐlexmrsikSa (Center for Khmer Sudies)ebtikPNÐGgéKøs

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enAGMLúgeBlsørMlaynigeBldMEdk manCakaksMNl;RbePTepSg²Kña. vaGacmanBN’kMhab;rUbsa®sþ nigTMhMxusKña EtsmasPaBpSMvamanlkçN³dUcKñaNas;. eKeRcInBN’nafa vaCahVay:alITIkeRBaHvamansmasPaBpSMdUcKñaeTAnwghVay:alItxniC (2FeO.SiO 2 ) EdlCaEdksu IlIkat.RbsinebIeKsørMlayEr:sm,ÚrFatuEdk vamankaksMNl;tictYc. vaGacenAsl;nwg)tL edayminmankarraMgsÞHdl;karsørMlay ehIyeBlxøHbegáItCa)tL. RbsinebIEr:manFatuEdktic enaHvamankaksMNl;eRcIn. bBaðaenHGaceFVI[raMgsÞHLEpñkxageRkam dUecñHeKRtUvykvaecjedIm,IbnþkarsørMlay.karykkaksMNl;ecjenAeBlsørMlay edayminTuk[vamaneRcIneLIg GaceFVI[karsørMlaybnþeTA)nyUrnigplitduMEdk)neRcIn. eKGacykkaksMNl;ecjtamRbehagmYyenA)tL $edayeKaHvatic²enAeBlekþA ehIyrav ¬eKaHykkaksMNl;¦ $edayekasyk eBlvaekþAdUcemS:As¥it ¬ekayykkaksMNl;¦.enAkñúgLEdlmanreNþAkaksMNl; EdleK)nsÁal;enAGg;eKøs cab;BIsm½yGg;køÚ-sahSúg kaksMNl;)nhUrcUlreNþAenAxageRkamrcnasm

enAelIBMnUkKMnrEtmYy edIm,IbegáInsmtßPaBplitvtßúFM² (Crossley 1990). eRkABIenH mankarBN’naBIc®gáantUc²Edr EdleKehAfa c®gáanmux EdleKdYsEdksμitdak;kñúgBum

eTIbEtmkdl;edImstvtSTI18eT EdlLeRbIxül;)ndMeNIrkareLIgvij edayeRbIFüÚgfμ CMnYsFüÚg]s. karniymeRbIbec©kviTüaenHmankaryWty:av eTIbEtmkdl;qñaM1750eT bec©kviTüaenH)nrIksaynigvivtþy:agelOn. LeRbIFüÚgfμRtUv)nbegáIteLIg Lcas;²RtUvEkERbpøas;bþÚr CMnYsedayTRmg;LfμI².edaysarFüÚgfμmanfamBlxøaMgCagFüÚg]s eKRtUvbegáInkm

enAeBleKeRbIFüÚgfμCa\n§n³enAkñúgLeRbIxül; sarFatus‘ulhVÜrecjBIFüÚgfμ)ncUleTAkñúgplitplrbs;L. LbMEbøgeRcInmanbBaðakñúgkarplitEdkGaclt;)n BIdu MEdksøedayeRbIFüÚgfμ edaysarPaBminsuT§ehtuenHehIyeKRtUveFVIkarsm¥at. ry³eBlénkarERbRbYlnigkarEkERbfμI GaRs½yeTAnwgRbsiT§PaBéndMeNIrkar eRBaHeKRtUvBüayameFVIRTg;RTayFMmanlkçN³suRkwt. b:uEnþkarbegáItLbMEbøgEdksμiteTACaEdkEfb eTIbEtmankarvivtþn_kñúgTsvtSqñaM1780. LbMEbøgEdksμiteTACaEdkEfb)nbnSl;kaksMNl;Edl mansmasPaBRsedogKñaeTAnwgkaksMNl;bnSl;edayLplitdu MEdk EtvamanFatusu ‘lhVÜrx

énstvtSTI18k¾eday (Craddock and Wayman 2000). viFIenHTak;TgnwgkarbMEbkdu MEdkenACab;Kña kardak;vakñúgL nigkardutkemþAvaenAkñúgLedIm,IeFVI[sMelah³rlaycUlKña munnwgeFVI[du MEdkEfbkan;Etrwg. vtßúTaMgLayEdleRbIkñúgdMeNIrkarenH)n køayCadUcEkv ehIykaksMNl;manlkçN³BBuH.kardMEdkkarsøEdkedIm,Iplitdu MEdk mansmasPaBepSg²Kña manbrimaNénkaksMNl;l¥itl¥ateRcIn EdlRtUvsøeLIgvij edIm,IplitCaEdkGacdMeFVICavtßúepSg²)n.dMNak;kaldMbUgénkarsødu MEdkTak;TgnwgkardMenAeBlekþAedIm,IBRgwgelahFatu nigykkaksMNl;l¥itl¥atecj. enAdMNak;kalenH mankar)t;bg;KYreGaykt;smÁal;pgEdr (Crew 1991; Craddockand Wayman 2000). kardMEdkelIkdMbUgenHEtgeFVIeLIgenAkEnøgsø dUecñHehIykardM nigkarsøkaksMNl;GaceFVIeLIgCamYyKña. bnÞab;mk Edk $kMNat;EdkEdlplit)nRtUvdM $søCaelIk TI2 edIm,IplitvtßúepSg².kardMelIkTI2 k¾KitTaMgkarCYsCul nigkareRbIvtßúepSg²eLIgvij Edr.lkçN³epSg²rbs;Edk nigsMelah³xus²Kñarbs;va RtUv)nBN’naxagelIrYcehIy¬TMB½r22¦ ehIyCMnajrbs;GñkdMEdk rYmTaMgkic©karRtYtBinitü nigkareRbIR)s;lkçN³sm,tþirbs;elah³[)nRtwmRtUv enAeBlplitvtßúepSg². GñkdMEdk)nTTYlsÁal;fa EdkTaMgGs;minmanlkçN³dUcKñaeTehIyelahFatu k¾manlkçN³xus²KñaEdr. ]TahrN_ rUbiyvtßúenAyuKEdkRtUvKitfaCaTRmg;ragCar)EdkFmμta ehIycugrbs;vamanRbehag $pSarmuxCab; EtenAeBlBinitül¥itl¥n; duMEdkrUbiyvtßúTaMgenaHmanlkçN³sMxan; edayvabgðajy:agc,as;BIlkçN³smÁal;énkardMEdk. sMNl;rkeXIjTaMgLay dUcCadu MEdk kMNat;Edk nigRKb;TRmg;énRbePTEdkFmμtaepSg²eTot mansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkarRsavRCavTak;TgnwgCMnYj nigkareRbIR)s;RbePTsMelah³EdkdéTeTot.vtßúekIteLIgBIkarrYmpSMénsMelah³EdkepSg²Kña. ]TahrN_ sMelah³rwgRtUveRbIedIm,IeFVImuxkaMbitehIysMelah³sViteRbIsRmab;eFVIxñgkaMbit GavuFEdlmanmuxtMNpSareRcInkEnøg RtUveFVIBIsMelah³epSg²minbBa©ÚlKña bt;EdkbBa©ÚlKñacuHeLIg ehIymYlbBa©ÚlKña enAeBldM edIm,ITTYl)nvtßúmYy EdlmanépÞs¥atKYr[cab;GarmμN_ (Gilmour and Salter 1998). EdkxøH)n)t;enAGMLúgeBldM ehIykar)t;bg; mankan;EteRcInenAeBlRbtibtþikardMEdkenaHkan;EtmanlkçN³sμúKsμaj dUcCakar dMbBa©ÚlP¢ab;muxtMNKña.34

Ubelx 18 ³ karbgðajBIGñkdMEdkenAcugsm½ykNþal.cUrkt;smÁal; c®gáanmankm

RTnab;dI\dæxagkñúgrbs;c®gáan EdlrlaydUcEkv KWRsedogKñaeTAnwgRTnab;xagkñúgrbs;LsøEdkEdrEtCaTUeTA RTnab;c®gáanesþIgCagrkeXIjCabMENktUcCag nigmanbrimaNticCag. CYnkal RTg;RTayrn§xül;enAsl;rUbragl¥ CYnkalk¾eXIjmankaksMNl;epH]sEdr.rUbelx 19 ³ rUbPaBénkaksMNl;ragmUl nig kemÞcEdkesþIg²bgðajedayGtisuxumTsSn_EsáneGLicRtug. kemÞcEdktUc²manBN’BIRbepHeTAexμA ragRskaRtICabMENk² manRbEvgBImçageTAmçag 1-3m>m. TMhMtUc²rbs;vamingaysÁal;)nenAeBlkMNayeLIy EtCYnkalGacrkeXIjenAkñúgKMrUtagbrisßan $KMrUdIEdlRbmUlykmkviPaKrkkemÞcEdktUc²TaMgenH. kemÞcbnÞHEdktUc²manEdnm:aej:TicxøaMg EdlgayGacykecjBIdI edayeRbIemEdkqk;. kaksMNl;ragmUl¬sMedAelIkemÞcEdktUc²¦ mandMNk;kaksMNl; mUltUc²EdlGacmanRbehag. CaTUeTACaemEdk.kardMEdkbegáIt[mankemÞcEdktUc². kemÞcEdkesþIg²ekIteLIgTaMgenAeBldMEdkelIkTI1 nigelIkTI2 eBleKdMEdkekþAEdlmanGuksu ItkmμenAépÞelI. Gacm_EdkmUltUc²GacehAfa kemÞcEdktUc²Edr mantMNk;kaksMNl;tan;rwgtUc² EdlekIteLIgeBldMelIkdMbUg CakaksMNl;ecjBIdu MEdk. dUecñHGacm_EdkmUltUc² GaceXIjmanenAkñúgkemÞckmÞIsøEdk. kñúgdMNak;kaldMelIkTI2 k¾eXIjmanEdr dUcCadMNak;kalpSarP¢ab;bMENEdk.kemÞcEdktUc²minRKan;Etbgðajfa kardMEdkeFVIeLIgenAkEnøgenaHeT Etk¾GackMNt;TItaMgskmμPaBy:agc,as;Edr eRBaHeKEtgRbTHeXIjenAbrievNc®gáandMEdk nigEdkRTnab;. sMNl;EdkRTnab; GacRtUvCan;BIelIeTACakRmaldMEdkP¢ab;KñaCamYyvtßúeRcHsu IenAnwgkEnøgdMEdk.enAeBlEdkekþAenAkñúgc®gáan kaksMNl;ekIteLIgBIRbtikmμrvag]s CBa¢aMgc®gáan nigEdkGuksu Itkmμ. tMNk;énkaksMNl;ekIteRcIneLIgenAkEnøgekþACitrn§xül; RbmUlpþMúKñaCaKMnrFM Edl eKsÁal;faCa)tc®gáan EdlGñkdMEdkRtUvykvaecj muneBlraMgsÞHdl;dMeNIrkarénc®gáan. kaksMNl;dMEdksMBIgsMeBagenH KrCaBMnUkenAEk,reragdMEdk $GacRtUvdwkykeTAcak;ecalenATIqay $eRbIeLIgvij]TahrN_enAkñúgkarsagsg;pøÚvfñl;.36

IP½sþútagBIrcnasm

dMeNIrkarburaNviTüaGMBIelah¼ nigsMNlŕkeXIj ½TgÉdg nigsMelah¼Tg´EdgTg;EdgsuT§rlayenAsItuNðPaB 1084 o C TabCagcMNucrlayrbs;EdkEfb ehIyvaCaEr:mYyRbePT EdlGacykmkeRbIR)s;)neRcInya:g. eKGacrMlay nigsitTg;EdgedIm,IeFVICaRTg;RTayNamYy $k¾GaceFVICak,ac;lm¥)n. Tg;EdgmanlkçN³Tn; nigyWt EdleyIgGachUtvaCaExS $k¾lt;va[esþIg)n. fVIebICaerOy² eKeRbIBaküs½BÞRsedogKñasRmab;BiBN’naGMBIsMelah³rbs;Tg;Edgk¾eday k¾Baküs½BÞTaMgenHCanic©CakalmineRbIsRmab;Gtßn½yénvtßúdUcKñaenaHeT. dUecñHkarkMNt;niymn½yénBaküs½BÞEtgEtmanRbeyaCn_enAeBlrkeXIj nigBiBN’naGMBIsMelah³. CaTUeTA sMelah³rbs;Tg;EdgEdlbkRsaykñúgGtßbTesovePAENnaMenH KWCasMrwT§ ¬Tg;Edg÷sMN):haMg¦ Tg;Edg¬Tg;Edg÷s½gásI¦ elahFatusRmab;plitkaMePøIg ¬Tg;Edg÷sMN):haMg÷s½gásI¦. RbsinebIbEnßmsMN enaHeKnwgBiBN’nafa sMelah³sMN ]TahrN_{Tg;EdgsMN}.l. karlaypSM sMelahFatubegáInPaBrwgénelah³ kat;bnßysItuNðPaBrlay GacbegáInnUvPaBrwgmaM nigpøas;bþÚrB’N pg. eKeRbIsMrwT§ nigR)k;sRmab;karlt;nigsμitCavtßú bu :EnþkareRbIR)s;sMelah³nImYy²bEnßmGaceFVI[ry³eBlxus²Kña. karbEnßmsMNeTAelIsMelah³Tg;Edg GaceFVI[KuNPaBénkarsitkan;EtRbesIreLIg b:uEnþeFVI[xUcsMelah³EdlnwgykmkeFVI $ykmkeRsab.karsørMlay nigkarlaypßMsMelah¼mantwktagrUbragtictYcNas; bgðajBIkarsørMlayTg;EdgenAsm½ymunbdivtþn_]sSahkmμkñúgcRkPBGg;eKøs eTaHbIRbEhlCamankarplitsMNl;EdlGacsÁal;)n dUcCaRTnab;dI\dæEdlkaøyeTACaEkv nigGacm_elah³kþI. ÉksarstvtSTI14 )nkt;RtakargarTak;Tgnwg Er:Tg;EdgenA Devon (Claughton1992). Er:Tg;EdgEdlRbTHeXIjenAEtPaKxøHéntMbn;x

elah³mYy. P½sþútagmYycMnYneTotmkBIxagGWr:ub)n[dwgfa Er:s‘ulhVitFmμtaRtUvrMlayeTACadu MkMNkelah³ ¬Tg;Edgs‘ulhVit¦ ehIybnÞab;mk ykeTAsømþgeToteTACaTg;Edg.enAs>vTI16 Rkumh‘un Mines Royal )nnaMykkmμkrGaLWm:g; nigbec©keTs CaBiess eTAtMbn; LakeDistrict nigRbeTsevlxagt,Úg. Rbtibtþikarsøelah³ RbRBwtþeTAkñúgdMNak;kalsμúKsμaj dUcCa dMbUgRtUvplitTg;Edgs‘ulhVit ehIyeRkaymkCaTg;Edg. nacugstvtSTI17 Ll,Il,ajRtUvnaMcUl ehIyviFIsa®sþénkarsøelah³d¾l¥itl¥n;enA Bristol nig Welsh )nGPivDÆ. ma:sIunrMlayTg;EdgmanragtUc samBaØ edIredaykmøaMgTwkk¾)neRbIR)s;enAtMbn;xøH (Day and Tylecote 1991).sMelah³sMrwT§GacplitedaykarsørMlayEr:sMN):haMg nigEr:Tg;Edg bu :EnþsMrwT§esÞIrTaMgGs;RtUvrMlayeLIgvijbBa©ÚlKñaCamYyelah³Edl)nsørMlayedayELkBIKña. Bu MTan;mankarplitTg;Edg rhUtmkdl;sm½yr:UmuaMg ehIykarplitTg;Edg nwgBiBN’na enAEpñkniyayBIs½gásI ¬TMB½r55¦.segçbGMBITg;EdgTg;EdgKWCaelah³Tn; ehIyGachUtCasés)n sItuNðPaBrlayrbs;vaKW1084 o C sMelah³Tg;EdgrYmmanTg;Edg ¬lays½gásI¦ sMrwT§¬laysMN):haMg¦ nigelah³sRmab;plitkaMePøIg ¬laysMN):haMg nigTg;Edg ¦. eBlxøH eKbEnßmsMN ehIysMelah³Tg;EdgenaH ehaAfa sMelah³sMN.viFIsa®sþ BiBN’na sMNl;buraNviTüasørMlay karsørMlayEr:RtUveFVIeLIgkñúgmYy $eRcIn manP½sþútagtictYcEdlbBa¢ak;BIkarsøTg;EdgtMNak;kal. elah³rlayRtUvplit dMbUg² fVIebI EtmansMNl; dUcCa Gacm_ elah³eLIg. eRkaymk dMeNIrkarsørMlayd¾ nigdI\dæEdlkøayeTACaEkvk¾eday. enAsm½ysμúKsμaj bnÞab;mkeTIbcUldl;kareRbI eRkay²mk eXIjmankareRbIR)s;famBlL søelah³.Twk.sμit eKGacrMlayelah³enAkñúgqñaMgrMlay qñaMgrMlayBum< kemÞcelah³kMBb; vtßúsμitrYcxUcehIysitPøam²[eTACavtßúepSg² $eTA nigelah³elIsBItRmUvkar )nkat;tRmwmBIvtßúCadu MsμitedayeRbIBum

$k¾dMlt;nwgjjÜr EtebIdMlt;enAkñúgbnÞb;kemþAelah³eLIgrwgehIyRsÜy.kardutkemþAelah³ ¬eFVI[sVitedaykemþA¦ enA cenøaHeBlEdlelah³kMBugEtrwgeFVI[elah³kan;EtsVitehIyTn;.$kat; bMENkesþIg kMNat;dMu cMrwg nigExSlYs.dMusμittUc² $dMuelah³sørYc ¬dMueRtomnwgykeTAeFVIvtßúGVImYy¦ ]bkrN_ nigelah³RTnab;KWCaRbePTsMNl;kRm. famBlTwkGaceRbIR)s;sRmab; dMeNIkaredayRbB½n§m:asuInenAsm½yeRkay² mkeTot.karsitelah³rlaysuT§ nigelah³rlaymansMelah³GacykeTAsitPøam²[eTACa]bkN_ $eTACadMusμittUc². edayebIkcMh emBum

Bukpuy sl;EtEpñkxøH²bu :eNÑaH. dI\dæsRmab;eFVIBum

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Ubelx 25³ Bum

minRtwmEtrkeXIjBum

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dMeNIrkarburaNviTüaGMBIelah¼nigsMNlŕkeXIj ½sMNsMNmankRmitrlayTabenA 327 o C ehIyEr:sMNGacrMlayeTACaelahFatusMNenAeRkamsItuNðPaB 800 C. sMNmansPaBTn; niggayeFVIeTACabnÞH². bnÞab;BITukry³eBlyUr sMNgayhUtCaosrés niggayrmYl. edaysarsMNmankMhab;x

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MrUbelx 33 ³ EkvviPaKCaPaCn_dImkBI York. épÞxagelIEdlrlaydUcEkvmansMNeRcIn nigmanBN’ditxøaMg. EpñkptkNþalmanCab;sMNl;elahkþaMgrwg. CYnkal mantMNk;mas nigR)k;tUc² minlaycUlKña Cab;enACMuvijkEnøgptenaH.rUbelx 34 ³ bMENkdu MsMNGuksu It mkBI Thetford, Norfolk. sMNl;xøHeTot manGgát;p©itrhUtdl; 200m>m nigkRmas; 30m>m.vaman)tpt $e):g ehIyFmμtaptkNþal Rtg;épÞxagelIrbs;va.manTmn;Fn; minsmnwgTMhMrbs;vaeLIy edaysarmanCab;sMNnigmanlkçN³m:dædUcemS:AehIyRsÜy. dMusMNGuksuItmanBN’xus²Kña BIRbepHeTAexovRsgat; ebImanTg;EdgeRcIn.karsøcRmaj;R)k;kñúgRTg;RTayFMedayeRbIkarviPaK eFVIeLIgenAkñúgc®gáan layCamYysarFatugayRsUb CaTUeTAKWkemÞcq¥wgdut ¬epHq¥wg¦ $dI\dæEdlmanCatikMe)r. sMNGuksu ItnigelahFatuepSgeTot)nRtaMeTAkñúgRsTab;xagkñúgEtelahFatumantémøGENþtenAépÞelI. RsTab;xagkñúgrbs;c®gáan Edlpþl;P½sþútagBIdMeNIrkarenH KWdu MsMNGuksu It.bec©kviTüadUcKñaenHRtUveRbIkñúgkarsøykR)k;BIsMN EdlmanCatiR)k; ehIyk¾plit)nCadusMNGuksu ItEdr. duMsMNGuksuItTaMgenHGacxusKñaBIdu MEdlekIteLIgBIkarsøcRmaj;R)k; eRBaHCaTUeTA minmanvtþman elahFatuepSgeTot ehIydu MvamanTMhMmuxkat; FMCagrhUteTAdl; 600m>m nigkRmas; 60m>m.sMNGuksu ItsuT§Et manBN’RkhmRsal EtCaFmμta dMusMNmanBN’Bgman; nigmanépÞsakBN’.karEjkbMEbkkarviPaKminGaceRbIedIm,IEjkbMEbkR)k;ecjBImas)neT dUecñHeKRtUvbegáItbec©kviTüamYyepSgeTot.P½sþútagburaNviTüaGMBIkarEjkbMEbkenHeTIbEtmankarTTYlsÁal;naeBlfμI²enHb:ueNÑaH. karEjkbMEbk52

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Ubelx 39 ³ CBa¢aMgdI\dæ nigek,Ógmk BIsMNg;GKarsm½yr:UmuaMgmYyenATIRkugLúg bMpøajedayePøIg eqHrlayCab;KñaCaEkvmanFatusMNeRcIn.enAsm½ykNþal eKk¾eRbIPaCn_dI\dækñúgkargarplitFatuKImIepSg²eTotEdr. dMeNIrkarenH CaFmμtaRtUvGnuvtþenAkRmitsItuNðPaBcMGinmðÚbGahar dUecñHvaminbegáIt[manCaEkveT eTaHbICaCYnkalmanRsTab;emSA: $sarFaturwgenACab;nwgPaCn_k¾eday.rUbelx 40 ³ BMnuHTTwgénbMENkdu Mfμkk ³ épÞmUlxageRkAGac[RcLMCamYyGacm_Edk.rUbelx 41 ³ du MEdkBIrIt. épÞsakBN’xageRkA ¬xagsþaM¦ GacdUcCaGacm_EdkEtEpñkxagkñúg ¬xageqVg¦ manBN’R)k; nigmanrcnasm

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viFIviTüasa®sþGnuvtþkñúgkarplitelahFatuEpñkenHnwgniyayGMBIviFIsa®sþmYycMnYnEdlykmkeRbIkñúgkarsikSaGMBIelahFatusm½yburaN.viFIsa®sþTaMgenaHman PUKBÖrUbsa®sþ GtisuxumTsSn_ nigviFIviPaKsarFatuKImIepSg²eTot. eKGaceRbITinñn½ymanRsab;edIm,IBinitüBic©½yrkbBaðaepSgeTot dUcCa karTajykFnFan esdækic© BaNiC¢kmμ CMnYjnigedaHdUrTMnij nigTMnak;TMngvb,Fm’. karsikSaEbbviTüasa®sþGMBIvtßúburaN Gacpþl;B½t’manCaeRcInGMBIvtßúFatuedIm nigviFIplit. eyIgnwgelIkeLIgEtBIviFIEdlniymeRbImkBiBN’naenATIenH.karftedayviTüúGuic (X-radiography)karftedayviTüúGuicCaviFIftykrUbPaBEdlmanplRbeyaCn_sRmab;Binitü nigkt;RtakarplitelahFatuburaN nigRbePTkemÞckaksMNl;epSg² enAkñúgvis½yburaNviTüa. karGnuvtþCacm,gxagburaNviTüa KWkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaNvtßú nigkarBinitürUbsa®sþrbs;va viFIplit niglkçxNÐ. eK)neRbIkarftviTüúGu icedIm,IkMNt;GtþsBaØaN karerobcMlm¥ Etm muxtMNpSar nigrebobpSarvtßúburaN CaEdk edIm,IBinitüqñaMgrMlay nigBum< ¬CakEnøgEdlbMENkelahFatuGacrkSaTukenAkñúgkulalPaCn_¦ EbgEckkaksMNl;ecjBIvtßúburaNEdkmaneRcHsu I nigravrkkemÞcEdktUc² nigkemÞckmÞIepSgeTotenAkñúgkareFVIKMrUsMNakdI.PUKBÖrUbsa®sþ (Geophysics)viFIPUKBÖrUbsa®sþmanskþanuBlKYr[kt;smÁal;enAkñúgkarsikSaGMBIsßanIyplitelahFatusm½yburaNdMbUg nigCa]bkrN_manRbeyaCn_sRmab;vaytémøRTg;RTay kalbriecäT GPirkSsßanIy nigPaBsMxan;rbs;sßanIy (English Heritage 1995; Gaffney and Gater 1993; Gaffney et la 1991; Vernon et la 1999). viFIPUKBÖrUbsa®sþBIrEdleKniymeRbICaTUeTAbMputenAsßanIyplitelahFatuenaHKW PaBqab;TTYlrgviFIvas;m:aej:Tic nigkarRsUbqk;m:aej:Tic ¬qk;CatiEdk¦.CaTUeTA eKGnuvtþviFIvas;ma:ejTicEdlman]bkrN_PUKBÖrUbsa®sþbgðajBItMbn;manEdnm:aej:Tic$]bkrN_srub ¬dUcCa cMhay suIsüÚm¦ CaviFIeCaKC½ymYy eRBaH]bkrN_TaMgenHGacBinitütamdanCabnþbnÞab;BinitüemIlenAtMbn;FMTUlay)ny:agqab;rh½s. ]bkrN_PUKBÖrUbsa®sþkt;RtaTRmg;epSg²énTItaMg enAtamCRmaléntMbn;Ednm:aej:Ticrbs;EpndI. TRmg;TaMgenHGacbNþalmkBIrcnasm

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m:aej:TicnIykmμenH manTisedAdUcKñanwgTisedAEdnm:aej:Ticrbs;EpndIenAeBlenaH. TisedABitCak;lak;énEdnm:aej:TicEpndI KWxusKñaeTAtameBlevla. dUecñH RbsinebIeKrkeXIjLdI\dædut Edlminpøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgtaMgBIeBleKdutvaenaH eKGackMNt;kalbriecäTBIkardutenaHedayeRbITisedAénm:aej:TicnIykmμEdlCab;nwgGVI²enATIenaH. KMrUsMNak viPaKsRmab;karkMNt;kalbriecäTm:aej:TicburaN KYreFVIeLIgedayGñkÉkeTsBak;B½n§ $GñkenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;GñkÉkeTs.karBinitüGtisuxumTsSn_ (Microscopic examination)GtisuxumTsSn_eGLicRtugnigGubTicGacpþl;B½t’mand¾mansar³sMxan;bMput GMBIsßanPaBépÞeRkA nigGtisuxumrcnasm

eKGaceRbIGtisuxumTsSn_edIm,IkMNt;GtþsBaØaNrbs;sMelah³Edk ¬EdksuT§ EdkEfb nig EdkpUhV½r¦.RbsinebIvtßúmYyRtUvdutkemþA dM $lt;edIm,IbegáInPaBrwgmaMrbs;elahFatuCaedIm vak¾GacemIleXIjc,as;Edr.CYnkal eKpSarEdkEfb nigEdkFmμtabBa©ÚlKña edIm,IbegáItvtßúburaN EdlmansmasFatupSMKñaeRcIn.eKEtgrkeXIjrcnasm

viPaKsarFatuKImI (Chemical analysis)viFIsa®sþviPaKEbøk² ekItmaneLIg GaRs½yelIsMNYrEdleKecaTsYr lkçN³rbs;vtßúCRmIsKMrUsMNakviPaKtémø nigeBlevla. viFIviPaKFmμta GackMNt;)nTaMgsmasFatuKImI nigsmasFatuxniCrbs;vtßú.karkMNt;smasFatuKImIrbs;vtßúenHGacCaKuNPaB ¬vtþman $GvtþmanFmμta¦ $CabrimaN ¬smamaRténFatuepSg²CaPaKry $PaKkñúgmYylan¦. vtßúburaNmanlkçN³xus²Kña nigRtUveRcHsu I. dUecñH karviPaKelIKMrUtagtUc $elIRsTab;épÞGacnaM[yl;xus. cMNaMgRtLb;énrsμIGu ic (XRF) CaviFIviPaKsarFatuKImI EdlykmkeRbITUlMTUlaybMputenAkñúgvis½yburaNviTüa. ExSBnøWGu ic)j;eqm¦. EDXRF k¾GackMNt;GtþsBaØaNFatuTaMgLayenAkñúgvtßú ]TahrN_ viFIenHGackMNt;)n RbsinebIqñaMgrMlayenaHRtUveRbIsRmab;sørMlaysMelah³Tg;Edg $R)k;. m:üageTot EDXRF GaceRbIviPaKrkbrimaN EdlGaceFVIeTA)ncMeBaHEtKMrUtag EdlmanBMnuHkat;BIr $bImIlIEm:RtEtb:ueNÑaH EdlRtUvykecjBIvtßúmYy ehIybiteTAelIbnÞHC½r rYcdusxat;[relag.rUbelx 45 ³ BnøWBN’ XRF )nmkBIqñaMgrMlay EdleKeRbIsørMlaysMelah³Tg;Edg/mkBI Mucking, Essex67

eKGacbegáItBnøWBN’RsedogKña edayeRbIGtisuxumTsSn_EsáneGLicRtug SEM EdlRtUvnwg]bkrN_viPaKBRgayfamBl EDS. GtisuxumTsSn_EsáneGLicRtug SEM k¾GacbBa©Úl]bkrN_vas;RbEvgrlkBnøWWDS nigsMedAelIkareRbIGtisuxum]bkrN_ nigviFIviPaKGtisuxumsÞg;eGLicRtug EPMA RbsinebIkarviPaKenaHeRbIviFI WDS. PaKeRcInviFIGtisuxumTsSn_EsáneGLicRtug SEM GacsRmbsRmYl)neTAtamsßanPaB.karviPaKeFVIenAelIcMNucEtmYykEnøg EtGacviPaK)neRcIn ¬rhUteTAdl;Ggát;p©it2 $3mIRkug¦ $rhUtdl;kEnøgFM Edl)nkMNt;TukCamun. eKGaceRbIviFIEsánExSEpnTI edIm,IbgðajsßanPaBBRgayénsmasPaBnImYy²enAkñúgTMhMmYy $BIr. viFIenHmanRbeyaCn_ CaBiesssRmab;viPaKvtßú EdlmansmasFatueRcIn dUcCakaksMNl;Gacm_Edk nigEdk.rUbelx 46 ³ rUbPaBdu MsMNGuksuItEdleGLicRtugR)yecjmanBN’minFmμCatibgðajBIdMNak;kalepSg²Kña. kEnøgmanBN’ébtgbgðajBIdMNak;kal GuksIutkmμsMN-Tg;Edk. BN’exovbgðajRsTab;c®gáanepHq¥wgEdlminmanRbtikmμ. BN’Rkhmbgðaj dMNak;kal Guksu ItrvagsMN):haMg-kal;süÚm-sMN. BN’elOgbgðajBIdMNk;R)k;tUc²¬TTwgrUbPaBRbEhl 1m>m¦viFIviPaKmYycMnYnEdlmanenAkñúgBnøWBN’)nbegáItCaBnøWCaCagCarsμIGu ic. viFIEdleKeRbICaTUeTAenAkñúgvis½yburaNviTüa KW]bkrN_vas;RsUbGatUm AAS nig]bkrN_rab;GatUmpøasμa (ICP- AES). viFITaMgenHtRmUv[KMrUtag EdlRtUvykeTAviPaKmanlkçN³m:dæ m:t;dUcemS:A dUcCa karxYg. KMrUtagenaHRtUvbMpøajenAGMLúgeBleFVIviPaK eRBaHvaRtUvrMlayenAkñúgGasuIt. viFITaMgenHGacpþl;PaBCak;c,as;y:agxøaMg CamYynwgkarkMNt;kRmitviPaKeRkam1PaKkñúg1lan ¬1ppm¦ sRmab;smasFatuxøH nigsaksmbMput cMeBaHkarviPaKelIvtßú EdlmansmasFatudUcKña CaCagkarviPaKelIklkçN³BiessNamYy.]bkrN_vas;sÞg;m:as Mass spectrometrykarviPaKBIsMNl;elahFatuburaN EdleKsÁal;CageK KWCakarviPaKeday]bkrN_vas;sÞg;m:as(ICP-MS) EdlGatUmGu Iy:ug $m:UelKulRtUveFVIcMNat;RbePT nigrab;Cam:as. viFIenHRtUv)nykmkeRbICacm,genAkñúgvis½yburaNviTüa edIm,IviPaKrkGIusUtUbrbs;sMNenAkñúgsMN sMelah³Tg;Edg nigR)k;.68

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kEnøgpþlĆMnYyIkarpþl;eyabl;EtgEtmansRmab;GñkGPirkSrmNIydæan GñkTTYlkargartamkic©snüa buraNviTUGñkGPirkSvtßúburaN nigGñkCMnajsarmnÞIr.cMnYnburaNviTURsavRCavGMBIelah³buraNEdlskmμmancMnYntictYcNas; b:uEnþBYkeKcUlcitþTTYlnUvkarBieRKaHeyabl; CaCagbeNþay[»kasrbUtputeTA. mCÄmNÐlebtikPNÐGg;eKøssRmab; buraNviTüanigKN³kmμkarburaNviTüaénsmaKmRbvtþisa®sþelah³viTüaCYnkalerobcM[mankmμviFIbMb:nsRmab;buraNviTüaGMBIviFIsmÁal; nigsikSaGMBIGacm_elah³ nigkemÞckmÞIdéTeTot. RbsinebIGs;elakGñkcg;)nB½t’man GMBI {TivaGacm_elah³elIkeRkay (Slag Days)} sUmsresreTA David Dungworth tamGas½ydæandUcxageRkam.buraNviTUxøH nigGñkRsavRCavGMBIvtßúburaNÉeTot² )nbegáInCMnajrbs;xøÜn tamry³karcUlrYmkMNayenAsßanIyplitelah³ nigcUlrYmkargarkMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigvaytémøBIsMNl;elah³buraN.CaTUeTA BYkeKKWCaFnFanl¥bMputsRmab;sMueyabl; kñúgdMNak;kaldMbUgénKeRmag. eTaHy:agenHkþBYkeKminmanlT§PaBrhUteTAdl;GaceRbIR)s;smÖar³brikçaepSg²edIm,IeFVIkarBiesaFn_ BinitüemIlGtþsBaØaN $k¾sikSaRsavRCavtamlkçN³viTüasa®sþ)neLIy.RKb;sßab½nerobrab;xageRkamsuT§EtmanGñkviTüasa®sþmYy $eRcInEdlmansmtßPaB pþl;eyabl; nigesvakmμBIelah³viTüa rYmmankarviPaKviTüasa®sþelIvtßú nigKMrUsMNak. xøHmanCMnajxagkMNt;GtþsBaØaNkemÞcelah³ ehIyxøHeTotepþatelIkareRbIR)s;bec©keTsviTüasa®sþ edayELk². BYkeKnwgbBa¢ÚnelakGñkeTACYbGñkCMnajepSgeTot eTAtamsßanPaBsmrmü. buKÁlEdlmancMNab;GarmμN_Biess manraynamxageRkam PaKeRcInBYkeKGacpþl;eyabl; )nTUlMTUlayelIRbFanbTRsavRCaveTotpg.¬sUmcgcaMfa sßab½nkñúgbBa¢IenH nwgminmanectnaCYyeLIy¦70

mCÄmNÐlsRmab´buraNviTüashkarCamYy GtItmnÞIrBiesaFn_RásaTburaNCentre for Archaeology (incorporating the Former Ancient Monuments Laboratory)mCÄmNÐlsRmab;buraNviTüa ebtikPNÐGg;eKøsEnglish Heritage, Centre for Archaeology, Fort Cumberland, Fort Cumberland Road, Eastney, Portsmouth PO49LDJustine Bayley023 9285 6794Justine.bayley@english-heritage.org.ukIron Age to medieval metal and glassworking; artefact analysis ¬sm½yEdk dl;sib,kmμEkvnigelah³sm½ykNþal karviPaKvtßúburaN¦David Dungworth023 9285 6783david.dungworth@english-heritage.org.ukMetalworking and artefact analysis ¬sib,kmμelah³ nigkarviPaKvtßúburaN¦Sarah Paynter023 9285 6782sarah.paynter@english-heritage.org.ukMetal and glass working; artefact analysis ¬elah³ nigsib,kmμEkv karviPaKvtßúsil,³¦karpþl;eyabl;CUn edayminKitéfø. RbsinebImankarerobcMTukCamun karvaytémø nigviPaKGaceFVIedayminbg;R)k;BIKeRmag]btßmÖedayebtikPNÐGg;eKøs. CYnkal Gacpþl;esvakmμsRmab;kMNay Edl]btßmÖedayGñkGPivDÆ eTaHbICakarKitR)k;eFVIeLIgsRmab;kargarenHk¾eday. vtßúFatuEdlCYypþl;dl;KeRmagRsavRCavfμI² nwgminKitéfø eTaHbICa minEmnmkBIKeRmag]btßmÖedayebtikPNÐGg;eKøs k¾eday.Bradford UniversityAncient Metallurgy Research Group, Department of Archaeological Sciences, Bradford BD7 1DPGerry McDonnell01274233531j.g.mcdonnell@bradford.ac.ukIronworking, artefact analysis ¬sib,kmμEdk karviPaKvtßúsil,³¦CMruj[manKeRmagRsavRCavrYm eTaHtUc $FM. esvakmμkargark¾GaceFVIeLIgedayKitéføEdr.British MuseumDepartment of Scientific Research, London WC1B 3DGPaul Craddock0207 323 8797pcraddock@british-museum.ac.uk71

mnusSCaeRcIneFVIkargarTak;TgnwgKeRmagRsavRCavburaNviTüaGMBIelah³ b:uEnþCaFmμta skmμPaBrbs;BYkeKmanEtenAkñúgsßanIy EdlkMNayedaysarmnÞIr $karRsavRCav EtsMNl;vtßúburaN enAkñúgsmuc©½yrbs;sarmnÞIr.Cardiff UniversitySchool of History and Archaeology, Cardiff University, PO Box 909, Cardiff CF10 3XUKilian Anheuser0292087 5157AnheuserK@cf.ac.ukAnalysis of ferrous and non-ferrous melalwork and fine art¬karviPaKBIsib,kmμ elah³EdlKμanCatiEdk nigmanCatiEdk nigviciRtsil,³¦esvakmμviPaKbrimaN nigKuNPaB ¬KitTaMgkarsikSaGMBIrcnasm

Paul Wilthew0131 2474143ptw@nms.ac.ukAnalysis of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and metal working debris¬karviPaKBI sMNl;elah³EdlKμanCatiEdk nigmanCatiEdk nigkemÞcelah³¦Kathy Ereminke@nms.ac.uk0131 2474201Analysis of non-ferrous metals, metalworking debris and glass ¬karviPaKBIelah³Edl KμanCatiEdkkemÞcelah³ nigEkv¦Gñkbec©keTsTaMgenH dMbUgeK eFVIkargarTak;TgCamYyvtßúrbs;RbeTssátELn b:uEnþminEmnsuT§EtTaMgGs;enaHeT.National Museums and Galleries of WalesDepartment of Archaeology and Numismatics, Cathys Park, Cardiff CF10 3NPMary Davies029 2057 3228mary.davies@nmgw.ac.ukArtefact analysis ¬viPaKvtßúburaN¦naykdæanenH sikSadMbUgeK elIvtßúburaNmkBIRbeTsevl.Nottingham UniversityDepartment of Archaeology, University of Nottingham, University Park,Nottingham NG7 2RDJulian Henderson0115 951 4840julian.henderson@nottingham.ac.ukAnalysis of glass ¬viPaKEkv¦Matt Ponting0115 951 4815m.ponting@nottingham.ac.ukAnalysis of metals (especially non-ferrous), glass and ceramics ¬viPaKelah³ {Biesselah³KμanCatiEdk}Ekv nigkulalPan_¦naykdæanenHnwgKitéfø sRmab;karviPaKrkbrimaN nigKuNPaBOxford UniversityBegbroke Science and Business Park, Sandy Lane, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1PFChris Salter 01865 28372273

chris.salter@materials.ox.ac.ukIronworking, artefact analysis ¬viPaKEdk nigvtßúsil,³¦Peter Northover01865 283721peter.northover@materials.ox.ac.ukNon-ferrous metalworking, artefact analysis ¬viPaKelah³KμanCatiEdk nigvtßúsil,³¦Brian Gilmour01865 552294brian@lgilmour.freeserve.co.ukArtefact analysis, especially ferrous metallography ¬viPaKvtßúsil,³ CaBiesskarsikSaBIrcnasm

Casting, metallography and use-wear analysis; supervising postgraduate students¬sμit sikSaGMBIrcnasm

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