TurqeTis geopolitika XX saukunis 90 - iani wlebidan

urTierTobebzec, gansakuTrebiT samxedro aspeqtebze. samxedroSeiaraRebisa da teqnologiebis gaujobeseba mTel msoflioserTian strategiul sferod aqcevs. dedamiwaze ar arsebobssamxedro-SeteviTi SeiaraRebisTvis miuwvdomeli adgilebi.aseT pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba geopolitikaseniWeba, romelic araa erTxel da saudamod mocemuliucvleli fenomeni, igi sxvadfasxva, pirvel rigSi,geografiuli da politikuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegadxdeba ufro momgebiani, an ufro wamgebiani.saerTaSoriso samxedro-politikuri blokuri sistemisdaSlis Sedegad, rac bipolaruli msoflios dasasrulswarmoadgenda, wina planze wamovida axali regionulisaxelwifoebi, romlebic damoukidebeli sagareo politikisgatarebas cdiloben.bipolaruli ♣ msoflios daSlis Semdgom, Znelia imisTqma, rom samyaro erTpolusiani gaxda, radganac arsebobsseriozuli kontrargumentebi da gamowvevebi. arc imis TqmaSeiZleba, rom stabilurad mravalpolusiani samyaro gvaqvs,aramed ufro mizanSewonilia vilaparakoT CamoyalibebisprocesSi myof saerTaSoriso politikaze, romelic ZalTabalansisaken mimarTul tendenciebs avlens da erTpirovnulmonopolistur hegemonias Znelad egueba.axal viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaregionaluri saxelmwifoebis geopolitikuri interesebisganviTarebas da regionaluri qvesistemebis Camoyalibebas.miTumetes, roca es procesi msoflio globaluri politikisSemadgeneli nawilia da saerTaSoriso interesebis mqone didisaxelwifoebis yuradrebas iqcevs. am mxriv gamorCeuli♣bipolaruli - orpolusiani4

winamdebare sadisertacio naSromis kvlevis sagani arisTurqeTis respublikis geopolitika XX saukunis @90-ianiwlebidan da XXIs-is pirvel aTwleulamde, anu is periodi,roca ssrk dezintegraciis da ,,civi omis” dasrulebis Sedegadwarmoqmnil postsabWour qveynebs politikuriTviTidentifikaciis aucilebloba CamouyalibdaT. politikuriTviTdamkvidrebisaTvis brZola dakavSirebulia uSualod improcesebTan, romelic TurqeTis respublikis tradiciuligeopolitikuri veqtorebis axali SinaarsiT datvirTvamgamoiwvia.gamokvlevis konkretuli amocanebi fokusirebulia iseTimniSvnelovani problemebis gaSuqebaze TurqeTisgeopolitikur koncefciebSi, rogoricaa:_ saxelwifos geopolitikuri mdgomareoba da mniSvnelobasaerTaSoriso da regionalur politikaSi;_ partiul-politikuri sistema da sagareo politikisformireba;_ demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi (socialur-eTnikuristruqtura) da misi roli geopolitikis formirebaSi;_ qveynis geopolitikuri veqtorebi XX saukunis IInaxevridan;_ Turquli geopolitikuri mimarTulebebixmelTaSuazRvispira regionSi;_ Turquli geoeTnopolitika qurTTa mimarT;_ Turquli geopolitika ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg;_ Turquli geopolitikis rusuli veqtori_ TurqeTis geopolitikis samxreT kavkasiuri mimarTulebebi6

istoriografiasakvlevi Temis problematikis garSemo mravalferovanipolitikuri da istoriuli xasiaTis literaturissafuZvlianad damuSavebam didi samsaxuri gagviwia. marTalia,qarTul enaze jerjerobiT ar moipoveba iseTi monografiuligamokvleva, romelic kompleqsurad gaaSuqebs sadisertacioTemis sakvlev sakiTxebs, magram miuxedavad amisa, arisistoriuli da politikur-Teoriuli xasiaTis literatura,romelsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba calkeulisakiTxebis kvlevisas swori meTodologiuri midgomisSemuSavebisaTvis da masalis sistematizaciisaTvis.am kategoriis literaturidan unda aRiniSnos saerTodgeopolitikis, rogorc mecnierebisadmi miZRvnili naSromebi,rogoricaa a. gegeSiZis ,,geopolitika”, al. duginis,,geopolitikis safuZvlebi”, n. CixlaZis ,,geopolitika” da sxv.es naSromebi, garda imisa, rom gviqmnian kvlevis zogadTeoriul safuZvels, saSualebas gvaZleven movaxdinoTempiruli faqtebisa da masalis sistematizacia ama Tu imkonceptualuri midgomis mixedviT.disertaciaze muSaobisas gamoviyeneT Semdegi wyaroebi dadokumentebi: yarsis xelSekruleba ,,Договор о дружбе междуАрмянской ССР, Азербайджанской ССР и Грузинской ССР, с одной стороны,и Турцией - с другой, Заключенный при участии РСФСР в Карсе.”; АтатюркМ. К. Избранные речи и выступления.; xelSekruleba saqarTvelosrespublikasa da TurqeTis respublikas Soris megobrobis,TanamSromlobisa da keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb;7

mkvlevarebsa da sakiTxiT dainteresebul pirT globaluriprocesebisa da maTi saxelmwifo politikaze gavlenis Sesaxebswori warmodgenis SeqmnaSi. aseve elementaruli informaciissistematizaciasa da damoukidebeli politikuri analizisunaris gamomuSavebaSi.aRniSnul gamokvlevaSi SemWidroebuli saxiTaaganxiluli msoflio politikuri rukis formirebis,geopolitikis Teoriis, erovnuli usafrTxoebisa dasaerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sakiTxebi. agreTvedaxasiaTebulia ganiaraRebis, ekologiuri, demografiuli,sasursaTo, adamianTa uflebebis dacvis globaluriproblemebi, romlebic uSualo gavlenas axdenen msoflio dasaxelmwifo politikis formirebaze.saxelmZRvanelo originaluri xasiaTisaa, masSigamoyenebulia rogorc ucxouri literatura, aseve rusuliqarTuligamocemebi da presis masalebi, sainteresoa isic, romdanarTis saxiT moyvanilia sacnobaro xasiaTis informaciacxrilebisa da mcire ganmartebiTi leqsikonis saxiT.TurqeTis respublikis istoriis mkvlevari prf. emzarmakaraZe samecniero naSromSi ,,Tanamedrove TurqeTisaqtualuri sakiTxebi XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi” yuradRebasamaxvilebs sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom periodSiTurqeTis sagareo da saSinao politikur problemebze. avtorisaubrobs laicizmis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove TurqeTisrespublikis saSinao politikaSi, aseve ,,Turanizmis” sakiTxzeda ankaris sagareo politikur kursze yofil sabWoTamuslimanur respublikebTan mimarTebaSi.xsenebul monografiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravsTurqeT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebs da qveynebs Soris 19929

wlis 30 ivliss gaformebul megobrobisa da TanamSromlobisxelSekrulebas.e. makaraZe rogorc aRniSnul naSromSi, aseve Tavis meoremonografiaSi ,,kviprosis sakiTxi aRmosavlur politikaSi XXsaukunis 60_80-ian wlebSi” m. gogitiZesTan erTad ganixilavskunZul kviprosis problemas TurqeTis politikaSi.Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSixmelTaSuazRvis aRmosavleTi regioni, Sesabamisi saxelmwifourTierTobebiT, sistemebiTa da sxvadasxva dajgufebebiT,yovelTvis warmoadgenda problemaTa rTul kvanZs. dRes esproblemebi kidev ufro daamZima warsulSi samxedro an eTnokonfliqtebissaSiSma Sedegebma.swored amis erT-erT naTel magaliTs warmoadgenskviprosis problema, romelic warmoiSva da ganviTardauSualod berZnebsa da Turqebs Soris istoriulad arsebuliwinaaRmdegobebis safuZvelze. igi mniSvnelovnadganpirobebuli iyo agreTve winare epoqaSi SeqmnilisaerTaSoriso-politikuri viTarebiT, rogorc ori qveynis,TurqeTisa da saberZneTis, ise aSS-s, yofili ssrk-sa daevropis sxva saxelmwifoebis interesebiT. yovelive es, erTadaRebuli, ara erT winaaRmdegobas qmnida da dRemde SeinarCunaTavisi problemuri xasiaTi.aRniSnuli naSromi avtorebma swored am problemebisgamokvlevas miuZRvnes da safuZvlianad ganixiles kviprosissaSinao da sagareo politikis metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi.bolo xanebSi gamocemul qarTul naSromTagan CvenTvissainteresoa r. gaCeCilaZis wigni ,,axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce,xalxi da politika.” aRniSnul naSromSi avtors kargad aqvsnaCvenebi axlo aRmosavleTis regionis ZiriTadi problemebi,10

is Sedegadac igi amtkicebs, rom am regionis politikurgeografiulistabiluroba moCvenebiTia. CvenTvisgansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani gaxlavT monografiis meTormeteTavi, sadac r. gaCeCilaZe saubrobs Tanamedrove TurqeTisrespublikaze da gvaCvenebs rogor SeZlo ankaramgeopolitikuri Zvridan regionuli lideris rolisakendaZruliyo. amave TavSi is vrclad ganixilavs TurqeTisrespublikis iseT mniSvnelovan problemebs, rogoricaaankarisaTvis qurTebi regionul geopolitikaSi da oradgaxleCili kunZuli kviprosi. avtori aseve saubrobs, Turogor uaryofiTad imoqmeda, amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisxelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnili, koaliciis mier eraySiwamowyebulma samxedro kampaniam regionSi, rac udidesgavlenas axdens msoflio geopolitikasa da sakuTrivregionis politikur geografiaze.swored cvlilebaTa es speqtri moiTxovs mTlinadregionis axlebur politikur-geografiul gaazrebas, risicdac mocemuli aqvs avtors aRniSnul naSromSi.disertaciaze muSaobisas aseve didi daxmareba gagviwiaiseTma naSromebma, rogoricaa: z. batiaSvilis ,,TurqeTisSeiaraRebuli Zalebi”, t. lebaniZis ,,TurqeTis Sida politika1945-80 wlebSi da politikuri partiebi”, el. maCitiZes,,TurguT ozalis ekonomikuri politika”, g. anTelavas,,Tanamedrove evropa da Turquli migracia (1960-1990-ianiwlebi)” da a. S.Cvens TemasTan dakavSirebiT aucileblad miviCnieTgeopolitikis cnobili mkvlevaris al. duginis samecnieronaSromebis Seswavla. misi Tvasawieri farTo damravalferovania. rusi geopolitikosis wignSi ,,geopolitikis11

safuZvlebi” (qarTulad iTargmna da gamoica 1999 wels)dawvrilebiT aris gaanalizebuli geopolitikis, rogorcmecnierebis, safuZvlebi, misi istoria, geopolitikuriTeoriebi. aseve warmodgenilia geopolitikur skolaTa daSexedulebaTa farTo speqtri da sabolood kargad arisCamoyalibebuli ruseTis federaciis geopolitikuri doqtrina.aRsaniSnavia, rom al. dugini ,,velikoderJavuli”politikisaken, ruseTis federacias ,,civi omis”dasrulebisTanave mouwodebda. avtors wignSi gansakuTrebiTvrclad aqvs ganxiluli ruseTis federaciis geopolitikurimomavlis sakiTxebi, misi damokidebuleba samxreT kavkasiiseTnosebTan da saxelmwifoebTan, samxreTis, samxreTdasavleTisada dasavleTis qveynebTan. unda aRiniSnos isic,rom rusi geopolitikosi aRniSnul naSromSi, misibolodroindeli wignebisagan gansxvavebiT, sakmaod akninebsTurqeTis saxelmwifos rolsa da SesaZleblobebs, hqondes masraime damoukidebeli gavlena, rogorc msoflio, iseregionalur politikaSi, radgan avtori im periodisaTvisTurqeTis respublikas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebissatelitad da uSualod misi politikis gamtarebladmiiCnevda.al. duginis wigSi gamoTqmuli Sexeduleba da azriCvenTvis ara mxolod sakamaTo, aramed aSkarad miuRebelia,magram miuxedavad amisa, miT ufro aucilebelia Rrmad dasafuZvlianad gavecnoT yvela arsebul Tu momzadebisprocesSi myof doqtrinasa Tu ideologias, romelic Cvensinteresebs uSualod exeba.CvenTvis aseve mniSvnelovania duginis SedarebiTTanamedrove wignebi da statiebi, romlebSic is ukve Zalian12

damTbaria TurqeTis mimarT da ufro metic, evraziis Zlieriimperiis SeqmnisaTvis igi ruseTis xelisuflebas TurqeTisrespublikasTan aucilebeli kavSirebisaken mouwodebs.rusi geopolitikosis bolo naSromebidan, romlebic Cvensmier iqna gamoyenebuli gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa: ,,ОсновыЕвразийства” (М. 2008), ,,Проект Евразия” (М. 2008) da ,,Четвертаяполитическая теортя” (М. 2009).aRniSnul wignebSi duginis azriT, ruseTis federaciam daxmeleTis sxva saxelmwifoebma TviTgadarCenis mizniTaucileblad unda Seqmnan Zlieri evraziuli saxelmwifo,romelic ASeZlebs sabolood daamarcxos zRvissaxelmwifoebi. aRniSnuli axali imperiis lideri, avtorisazriT, ra Tqma unda, ruseTis federacia unda gaxdes.naSromebSi kargad Cans, rom evraziulobis proeqtSi sxvaevropis Zlier saxelmwifoebTan, TurqeTis respublikamac undamiiRos monawileoba. avtori amasTanave amtkicebs, romaxalgazrda TurqeTis respublikis fesvebi ,,hartlandSia” darom respublikis sulis Camdgmeli mustafa qemal aTaTurqixmeleTis saxelmwifoebs yovelTvis Tavis mokavSireebadmiiCnevda, xolo zRvisas piriqiT (am SemTxvevaSi mas saubariaqvs did britaneTze). CvenTvis aseve gansakuTrebiTsainteresoa is faqti, rom al. dugini Turqebs srulebiTamarTlebs, qurTuli problemis Zalismieri gziT mogvarebissakiTxSi da Tanaxmaa, rom ankaram aranairi angariSi argauwios mis teritoriaze mcxovreb 12 milionze met qurTuleTnoss, es maSin, rodesac is paralelurad mxars uWersseparatizms saqarTvelos regionebSi, afxazeTsa dasamaCabloSi, sadac dRes araqarTveli mosaxleobis raodenobaerTad aRebuli daaxloebiT 150 aTasic ki ar iqneba. arada13

ealurad al. duginisagan ufro marTebuli iqneboda, romTurqebi gaemarTlebina ara qurTebTan mimarTebaSi, aramedkunZul kviprosis winaaRmdeg mimarTul agresiaSi, radganamaze met daundoblobas iCens misi saxelmwifo dRessaqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, im dros, rodesac Cvens qveyanasmxolod da mxolod sakuTari teritoriuli mTlianobisaRdgena unda, ruseTi saokupacio jarebs agzavnis da omsuwyebs iseT patara saxelmwifos, rogoric saqarTveloa.amrigad, al. duginis yvela naSromi, romelic CvenTvisxelmisawvdomi gaxldaT, Zalian saintereso da mniSvnelovania,rogorc saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis progresuli ZalebisaTvis,ise msoflio TanamegobrobisaTvis, radgan dugini gaxlavTkremlis ideologi, misi survilebis xmamaRla ganmcxadebelida geopolitikosi, romlis mTavari mizani ruseTis uZleveliimperiis aRorZinebaa. aqve imasac davZenT, rom Tavis droze a.hitleri da misi politikuri gundi, swored cnobiligeopolitikosebis azris gamTvaliswinebeli gaxldnen, rac,rogorc mogexsenebaT, msoflioSi yvelaze didi omis dawyebiTdasrulda.gamorCeviT gvinda aRvniSnoT polonel-amerikeli (daibadaq. varSavaSi 1928w.) politologisa da saxelmwifo moRvawiszbignev bJezinskis wigni ,,The Grand Chessboard” (New York 1997.),,didi saWadrako dafa”. aRniSnul naSromSi avtori saubrobsimis Sesaxeb, rom meoce saukunis bolos, sabWoTa kavSirisdaSlis Semdeg, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma, araevraziulmasaxelmwifom, rogor SeZlo gamxdariyo erTpirovnuli liderievraziul saxelmwifoebs Soris. magram miuxedavad amgamarjvebisa, avtoris azriT, faruli brZola zRvisa daxmeleTis saxelmwifoebs Soris kvlav grZeldeba, radgan14

evrazia mainc inarCunebs Tavis geopolitikur mniSvnelobas,rogorc misi dasavleTi nawili evropis saxiT, iseaRmosavleTi nawilic, aziis saxiT, radgan boloperiodisaTvis es ukanaskneli gaxda sasicocxlodmniSvnelovani ekonomikuri siZlieris mflobeli. yovelive amisSemdeg z. bJezinskis azriT, amerikis SeerTebuli StatebiiZulebulia ibrZolos imisaTvis, rom evraziaSi SeqmnasTanasworuflebiani saxelmwifoebi, radgan SeZlosSeinarCunos Tavisi politikuri hegemonia, ganaxorcielosTavisi saboloo politikuri mizani da Seqmnas iseTi msofliowesrigi, sadac gansakuTrebiT didi roli daeTmobakacobriobis interesebis gaTvaliswinebas. aqve avtori mkafiodda dabejiTebiT urCevs amerikis specsamsaxurebs, rom ardauSvan SeerTebuli Statebis geostrategiuli miznebisganxorcielebisTvis xelisSemSleli raime gaerTianebis,kerZod ,,evraziuli imperiis” Seqmna, ruseTisxelmZRvanelobiT, radgan z. bJezinskis azriT, evraziulgaerTianebas yovelTvis SeuZlia xeli SeuSalos amerikasTavisi geopolitikuri miznebis ganxorcielebaSi. sworedamitom avtoris mizania gamokveTos Tvalsazrisi, rom misiqveynisaTvis aucilebelia, saxelmwifos mmarTvelma wreebmasworad Camoayalibon da ganixilon Tanamedrove evraziuligeopolitika.amave naSromSi bJezinskis Zalian kargad aqvs naCvenebiTurqeTis respublikis geopolitikuri roli axloaRmosavleTisa da kavkasiis regionebSi. avtoris azriT, racCvenTvisac misaRebia, miuxedavad rigi problemebisa, TurqeTiiranTan erTad aRniSnul regionSi iTvleba mniSvnelovangeopolitikur centrad, radan igi astabilizebs Savi zRvis15

egions, akontrolebs bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebs daawonasworebs ruseTs samxreT kavkasiaSi.dReisaTvis TurqeTis respublika gaxlavT amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis mokavSire da Crdilo atlatikurialiansis erTaderTi muslimuri saxelmwifo, romelicoficialurad winaaRmdegia islamuri fundamentalizmis dagaxlavT ,,nato”-s samxreTi flangis uSualo damcveli.amrigad, bJezinskis azriT destabilizacia TurqeTisrespublikaSi gamoiwvevs destabilizacias mTels regionSi daxels Seuwyobs ,,ruseTis imperias”, samxreT kavkasiis kvlavTavisi gavlenis qveS moqcevaSi.sadisertacio naSromze muSaobis periodSi CvenTvisgansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani gaxldaT Tanamedrove Turqipolitikosebisa da mecnierebis ukanaskneli 5-10 wlis manZilzegamoqveynebuli monografiebi da gamokvlevebi TurqeTisrespublikis geopolitikasa da geostrategiaze, qveynis rolzesaerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sistemaSi, ankaris, rogorcmimdinare, ise momaval sagareo da saSinao politikur kursze,Turquli saxelmwifos iseT mniSvnelovan problemebze,rogoric aris qurTebis separatistuli brZolaTavisuflebisaTvis, problemebi evrokavSirSi gawevrianebasTandakavSirebiT da mwvave urTierTobebi saberZneTTan SuazegaxleCili kunZuli kviprosiTurT.aRniSnuli naSromebidan upirvelesad gvinda gamovyoT b.Tanoris (B. Tanör), q. boratavisa (K. Boratav) da s. aqSinis (S.Akşin) naSromi ,,Bűgűnkű Tűrkiye 1980-2003” (dRevendeli TurqeT1980-2003), romelSic avtorebs dawvrilebiT aqvT aRweriliTanamedrove TurqeTis istoria da saSinao da sagareopolitika 1980 wlidan 2003 wlamde.16

wignSi kargad aris ganxiluli, rogorc respublikaSi1980 wels momxdari samxedro ajanyeba, aseve misi dasrulebisSemdeg arsebuli samxedro reJimi da 1982 wels miRebuliqveynis moqmedi konstitucia. monografiaSi dawvrilebiT arissaubari qveyanaSi 1980-2003 wlebSi Catarebuli yvelaarCevnebisa da masSi gamarjvebuli partiebis istoria, maTiSida da sagareo politikuri saqmianoba. aRsaniSnavia, romaRniSnuli naSromis avtorebis azriT, TurqeTis respublikiswarmatebuli momavali aucileblad dakavSirebuliaevrokavSirSi gawevrianebasa da saerTaSorisoTanamegobrobasTan urTierTobebis kidev ufrogaaqtiurebasTan.CvenTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania naSromis is nawili,romelSic mocemulia dokumentebi: zemoT aRniSnul periodSi,,Resmi Gazet”-Si gamoqveynebuli TurqeTis parlamentis miermiRebuli kanonebis garkveuli nawili da TurqeTis umaRlesisaarCevno komitetis gadawyvetilebebi 1983-87 wlebSi.disertaciaze muSaobisas mniSvnelovani daxmarebagagviwia a. alkanis (A. Alkan) naSromma ,, Karadeniz gűvenliġi” (,,SavizRvis usafrTxoeba"). aRniSnul monografiaSi avtoriganixilavs Tu ra roli ukavia TurqeTis respublikas SavizRvis qveynebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi. igi TavissamSoblos warmoaCens rogorc Zlier, ganviTarebul,regionalur saxelmwifos, dawvrilebiT ganixilavs ankarisgeopolitikas Savi zRvis regionis saxelmwifoebisadmi danaTlad asaxavs TurqeTis im politikur qmedebebs, romlebicmimarTuli gaxlavT Savi zRvis akvatoriis usafrTxoebisaTvis.a. alkani dawvrilebiT exeba rogorc ruseTis federaciis daTurqeTis respublikis politikur interesebs aRniSnul17

egionSi, ise amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleTevropis geopolitikur da geostrategiul miznebs Savi zRvisakvatoriis saxelmwifoebis mimarT. naSromSi asevedawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli samxreT kavkasiis ganviTarebadiregioni, misi aqtiuri problemebi da TurqeTis respublikisurTierToba aRniSnuli regionis saxelmwifoebTan.Turqi politikosebidan da mecnierebidan CvenTvis asevesayuradReboa T. Tofuri (T Topur). igi saerTaSorisodiplomati gaxlavT, moRvaweobda TurqeTis respublikiselCad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, kviprosSi, briuselSi,iyo Crdilo atlantikur aliansSi TurqeTis warmomadgenelida a.S.sagareo urTierTobebSi ormoci wlis moRvaweobis SemdegT. Tofurma saqmianoba ganagrZo ,,Yeditepe”-sa da ,,Kadir Has”-isuniversitetebSi, sadac aqtiuri pedagogiuri da samecnieromoRvaweoba daiwyo. avtoris mier gamocemuli naSromebidanCvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ,,kűreselleşme jeopolitika vemilli gűvenlik” (globalizacia, geopolitika da nacionaluriusafrTxoeba), radgan aRniSnul wignSi kargad arisganxiluli ,,civi omis” Semdgomi mdgomareoba msoflioSi daTurqeTis roli saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebaSi. avtori asevesaubrobs axal geopolitikur xedvebze, romelicgansakuTrebiT mkveTrad sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis SemdegwarmoCnda, aseve amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis hegemoniasa daTurqeTis respublikis nacionalur usafrTxoebaze. mas miaCnia,rom dasavleTi: Crdilo atlantikuri gaerTianeba daevrokavSiri arian is demokratiuli Zalebi, romelTanacTurqeTis warmatebuli momavali aris dakavSirebuli. T.Tofuri monografiaSi saubrobs imazec, rom evrokavSirma18

aucileblad unda miiRos TurqeTi Tavis ojaxSi, xolo Tuankaram momavalSi Tavisi sagareo kursi Secvala, avtorifiqrobs, rom es strategiuli Secdoma iqneba ara Turqebisbrali, aramed im evropeli mmarTvelebisa, romlebic uarsamboben misi qveynis maT organizaciaSi miRebaze.Tanamedrove TurqeTis respublikis sagareo politikisaqtualur problemebs exeba agreTve r. olsonis (R. Olson)naSromi ,, Trkiye’nin Suriye, Israel ve Rusya ile ilişkileri: 1979-2001”(TurqeTis urTierTobebi siriasTan, israelTan da ruseTTan)monografiaSi avtors dawvrilebiT aqvs ganxiluli zemoTaRniSnul wlebSi TurqeTis urTierToba siriasTan, israelTanda ruseTTan.r. olsoni wignis pirvel nawilSi saubrobs ankarissiriasTan urTierTobaze, gansakuTrebiT didi adgili aqvsdakavebuli am saxelmwifoebs Soris 1998 wlis seqtemberoqtomberSiarsebul kriziss, romelic kinaRam sabrZolomoqmedebebSi gadaizarda. aRniSnuli krizisis mTavari mizezigaxldaT saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier teroristulorganizaciad aRiarebuli ,,qurTistanis muSaTa partiis”lideri a. ojalani, romelic siriaSi mniSvnelovan informaciapolitikuri devnilis statusiT imyofeboda.naSromis meore nawili eTmoba TurqeT-israel-amerikispolitikur urTierTobebsa da TanamSromlobebs samxedro,politikur da ekonomikur sferoSi.xolo mesame nawilSi ki avtori vrclad saubrobs ssrk-sdaSlis Semdeg ankarisa da moskovis urTierTobebisgaRrmavebasa da TanamSromlobaze. paralelurad igi saubrobsTu ra Tanadgomas uwevdnen rusebi qurTebs sabWoTa kavSirisarsebobis periodSi da Turqebi CeCnebs, rusul-CeCnuri omebis19

dros. avtori aseve mniSnelovan yuradRebas aqcevs aRniSnulisaxelmwifoebis axal geopolitikur strategiebs, sadacZalian Soreul perspeqtivaSi ganixilavs msoflioSimovlenebis iseT ganviTarebas, rom SesaZlo gaxdes TurqeTisrespublikisa da ruseTis federaciis geopolitikurimokavSireoba.TurqeTis respublikis qurTul problemasTandakavSirebiT saintereso monografia aqvT dawerili m. qinaqs(M. Kaynak) da o. meTes (Ő. Mete). wignis saxelwodebaa ,,DerinPKK Bűyűk oyun’un gizli kodlarι” (,,qurTistanis muSaTa partiissiRrmeSi didi TamaSebis saidumlo kodebi"). aRniSnulnaSromSi avtorebi amxileben ,,qurTistanis muSaTa partias”,rogorc teroristul organizacias, maT dawvrilebiTdokumentebis saxiT aqvT gadmocemuli qurTebis ajanyebebi,aseve ganixilaven, amboxebuli qurTebi politikurimoTxovnebidan Tu rogor gadavidnen terorze, ra teraqtebimoawyo a. ojalanis ,,qurTistanis muSaTa partiam” TurqulimSvidobiani mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg da ra rols TamaSoben,,TiTqosda TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli teroristebi”Turquli da qurTuli eTnosebis erTmaneTTan dapirispirebissaqmeSi.paralelurad, avtorebi ganixilaven amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis politikas axlo aRmosavleTSi da maT aSkaraTanadgomas eraySi mcxovreb qurTul mosaxleobasTanmimarTebaSi. naSromSi CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovaniais Tavi, sadac m. qinaqi da o. meTe Tamamad ayeneben immosazrebas, rom dReisaTvis TurqeTisaTvis SeiZleba ufromomgebiani ruseTTis federaciasTan urTierToba da masTanseriozuli samxedro da politikuri kavSirebis damyareba20

iyos, radgan maT miaCniT, rom amerika piradi geopolitikurimiznebis gamo ukve aSkarad Ralatobs Tavis Zvel strategiulmokavSires da am mosazrebis dasturad moaqvT is, romvaSingtoni, ankaris mtrebis mimarT aSkarad megobruladaaganwyobili.Cveni yuradReba miiqcia agreTve T. qorqmazis (T. Korkmaz)wignma ,,Ankara vashington hatti” (,,ankara vaSingtonis xazi")romelSic avtori saubrobs SeerTebuli Statebisa daTurqeTis respublikis urTierTobebze XX saukunis meorenaxevridan XXI saukunis sawyis etapamde. igi kargad aRwers Tura wvlili miuZRvis aSS_s TurqeTis respublikaSi 1960 wlis27 maisisa da 1980 wlis 12 seqtembris samxedroebis miermowyobil ajanyebebSi. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoanaSromis is nawili sadac avtori dawvrilebiT saubrobs Turatom gaCnda bzari amerikisa da TurqeTis urTierTobebSi 11seqtembris cnobili teraqtis gamo vaSingtonis mier axloaRmosavleTSi wamowyebuli samxedro kampaniebis Semdeg.T. qorqmazi aseve exeba qurTebis problemas daamerikelebis qurTebisadmi sakmaod keTilganwyobilebazesaubrobs. sainteresoa aseve avtoris azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu rarols TamaSobda TurqeTis respublika 90-iani wlebis Semdegamerika-ruseTis urTierTobebSi da iyo Tu ara marTla ankaraam periodSi vaSingtonis sateliti da regionSi misisurvilebis gamxmovanebeli da Semsrulebeli.T. qorqmazis azriT, XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvisTurqeTma nel-nela moipova Tavisi politikuridamoukidebloba, rac msoflios Tundac imiT daanaxa, romerayis omis dros amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis armiasufleba ar misca, esargebla misi teritoriiT. sabolood21

avtori Tvlis, rom ukve ankara kidev ufro metaddamoukidebli gaxdes da regionSi daiwyos, iseTi politikisgatareba, romelic mimarTuli iqneba, rogorc TurqeTissaxelmwifos keTildReobisaTvis, ise mTeli regionisdemokratizaciisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.TurqeTis istoriisa da geopolitikis TanamedrovemkvlevarTa Soris angariSgasawevia a. CeCenis (A. Çeçen)mecnieruli Sexedulebebi TurqeTis geopolitikaze.prodasavluri politikosebisa da mecnierebisagangansxvavebiT, misi azriT, qveynis momavali da Zlierebamxolod da mxolod evraziulobaSia. Tavis naSromSi ,,Tűrkiye veAvrasya” (,,TurqeTi da evrazia") a. CeCeni saubrobs imis Sesaxeb,rom dedamiwaze arsebul imperiebTan SedarebiT yvelazefarTo imperia, sabWoTa kavSiri, 73 wlis arsebobis Semdeg,rogorc ki daiSala, msoflio axal geopolitikur periodSiSevida. avtoris azriT, rodesac meoce saukunis meorenaxevridan mTeli qveyana or politikur polusad gaiyo.TurqeTis respublika TviTgadarCenis mizniT iZulebiT wavidadasavleTisken, SeuerTda zRvis saxelmwifoebs da gaxdaCrdiloatlantikuri aliansis wevri.dasrulda Tu ara ,,civi omi”, ankarisaTvis moixsnasabWoeTidan wamosuli intervenciis safrTxe. swored amisSemdeg TurqeTis respublikas mieca axali SesaZleblobebisgamoxatvis saSvaleba da dasavleTis mxardaWeriT daiwyoTamami urTierToba, rogorc ruseTis federaciasTan, isesabWoTa imperiis daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnil axaldamoukidebel saxelmwifoebTan, ris gamoc TandaTan moipovaregionSi rogorc politikuri, ise ekonomikuri siZliere.aqedan gamomdinare, avtori fiqrobs, rom mis samSoblos dRes,22

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi ukve sakmaod gaZlierebuls, yvelazedidi Sansi eZleva moscildes dasavleTs da daubrundes Tavisevraziul fesvebs, swored evrazia miaCnia a. CeCens iseT ZlierZalad, romelsac SeuZlia daamxos msoflioSi amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis hegemonia.yovelive zemoT aRniSnulTan erTad, avtori rusigeopolitikosebidan gansxvavebiT, naSromSi imasac amtkicebs,rom TurqeTis respublika aris evraziis centri da raodengasakviric ar unda iyos, dRes mas ufro sWirdeba TurqeTissaxelmwifo, vidre Tavad ankaras evrazia, radgan igi gaxlavTerT-erTi damakavSirebeli xidi evropasa da azias Soris, asevemniSvnelovan politikur da ekonomikur rols TamaSobsrogorc axlo aRmosavleTSi, ise balkaneTsa da kavkasiaSi.sabolood avtori iSveliebs ra mustafa qemal aTaTurqismiswrafebebs evraziisaken, TurqeTis respublikisgabrwyinebul momavals mxolod evraziasTan erTad xedavs daamtkicebs, rom mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SeZlebs Turqi xalximiaRwios srul, politikurad damoukidebeli da Zlierisaxelmwifos Seqmnas.evraziulobis momxreobasTan erTad a. CeCeni ,,Tűrkiye veAvrasya”-Si aCens Tavis imperialistur zraxvebs da amtkicebs,rom dasavleT ATrakia (Crdilo-aRmosavleT saberZneTi) dabulgareTi TurqTa qveynis Semadgeneli nawilia.rac Seexeba ruseTs, avtori momavalSi ar gamoricxavsTurqeTisa da ruseTis samxedro-politikur TanamSromlobas,magram miuxedavad amisa, igi mkacrad akritikebs moskovsCeCnebTan mimarTebaSi.miuxedavad Zlieri geopolitikuri xedvebisa, Cven arSegviZlia daveTanxmoT a. CeCens, radgan misi Teoriebi gverds23

uvlis demokratias da sakuTari qveynis demokratiulganviTarebas. uaryofs mustafa qemal aTaTurqis azrsTurqeTis respublikis sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT da TamamadiWreba sxva saxelmwifoebis teritoriebsa da geopolitikursivrceSi.disertaciaze muSaobisas didi daxmareba gagviwiasamecniero statiebis krebulma ,,Tűrkiye’nin jeoekonomisi vejeopolitikasi, Tűrkiye geleceġin neresinde?” (,,TurqeTis geoekonomika dageopolitika; TurqeTis momavali sad aris?") wignisgamomcemlebi arian n. doRani (N. Doġan), f. qula (F. Kula), da m.ojali (M. Őcal).aRniSnuli naSromi gaxlavT TurqeTis respublikismaStabiT wamyvani profesorebis samecniero kvlevebis krebuliqveynis geoekonomikasa da geopolitikaze. krebuliT avtorebicdiloben gaarkvion Tu sad da vis gverdiT SeiZleba iyosmaTi samSoblos momavali. wignis pirvel nawilSi sxvadasxvamecnierebi saubroben rogorc TurqeTis respublikis Sidaekonomikaze da mis prioritetebze, ise TurqeTis saxelmwifosrolze globalur geoekonomikaSi. naSromebSi aseve kargadaris ganxiluli evrokavSirisa da ankaris ekonomikuriurTierTobebi.krebulis meore nawili CvenTvis saintereso Temasgeopolitikas eTmoba:mehmeT ojali (M. Ojal) Tavis naSromSi ,,Secvlilisferosebuli usafrTxoebis SuaSi TurqeTis axaliusafrTxoebis politika” saubrobs rogorc TurqeTisrespublikis Tanamedrove usafrTxoebis politikaze dastrategiaze, aseve mis momaval geopolitikaze, rigimecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, m. ojali TurqeTis momavals24

kvlav amerikasTan gansakuTrebiT mWidro samxedro kavSirSixedavs, magram miuxedavad amisa is mainc ar erideba aSS-sgakritikebas misi qurTebTan megobruli politikis gamo.CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa elif SimSekis (E.Şimek) naSromi ,,1991 wlidan dRemde samxreT kavkasiisa daTurqeTis sagareo politika”, sadac avtori Tamamad amtkicebs,rom samxreT kavkasias regionSi mniSvnelovani geostrategiuliadgili uWiravs da eTanxmeba TurqeTis respublikis sagareokurs am mimarTulebiT, rac ZiriTadad gamomdinareobs ankarisekonomikuri da politikuri mxardaWeriT azerbaijansa dasaqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi.sainteresoa is faqti, rom e. SimSeki TurqeTis mmarTvelwreebsa da saerTSoriso Tanamegobrobas mouwodebs metiyuradReba dauTmon aRniSnul saxelmwifoebs, raTa isini argaxdnen morigi provokaciis msxverpli yarabaxis, afxazeTisada e.w. samxreT oseTis separatistul regionebSi. aRsaniSnavia,rom samecniero statia avtors 2007 wels aqvs dabeWdili dafaqtiurad, nawinaswarmetyvelebi aqvs saqarTvelos 2008 wlisagvistos tragikuli movlenebi.aRniSnuli krebulidan Cveni yuradReba miiqcia aseve j.duras (C. Dura) naSromma ,,evrokavSiri da TurqeTi”, sadacavtori TurqeTis momavals evropasTan integrirebaSi xedavsda amtkicebs imas, rom maTi evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba zaralski ar miayenebs evropis ekonomikas, aramed piriqiT.amasTan erTad avtori saubrobs ankaris im alternatiulgzebze, romliTac momavalSi gansakuTrebiT evrokavSiridazaraldeba. j. dura aseT gzad ruseTis federacias miiCnevsda amtkicebs, rom moskovisa da ankaris strategiuli25

mokavSireobis miRwevis Sedegad evropisaTvis alternatiulienergo gzebi sabolood Caiketeba.mocemul krebulSi CvenTvis aseve saintereso samecnieronaSromebi aqvT: h. TurSujusa (H. Turuc) da o. kirlis (Ő. Kirli),,respublikeloba, demokratia da TurqeTi”, m. ojals (M. Őcal),,Secvlili msoflio usafrTxoeba da TurqeTis axaliusafrTxoebis politika”, m. nakips (M. Nakip) ,,TurqeTisperspeqtivebi kirkukSi, erayi da Turqmenebi”, n. doRans (N.Doġan) ,,globaluri mSvidobis proeqti demokratia: Teoriulidikusia da Sua aRmosavleTis momavali” da a.S.aseve mniSvnelovani daxmareba gagviwia r. inanCisa (R.Ynanç) da h. TaSdemiris (H. Taşdemir) redaqtorobiT gamocemulmasamecniero krebulma ,,Uluslararasi gűvenlik sorularι ve Tűrkiye”(saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi da TurqeTi).aRniSnuli wigni gaxlavT ,,ankara Universitesi”-s, ,,Gazi Universitesi”-sa da ,,Istanbul universitesi”-s wamyvani profesorebis samecnieronaSromebis krebuli, romelTagan CvenTvis gansakuTrebiTsaintereso aRmoCnda:C. erqanis (Ç. Erkan) ,,civi omis Semdeg, amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis mier axali usafrfrTxoebis aRqma”,sadac avtors kargad aqvs ganxiluli, Tu rogor politikasatarebda Statebi ,,civi omis msvlelobaSi” da rogorSeimuSava sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg axaligeopolitikuri strategia.mniSvnelovania T. ilmazis (T. Ilmaz) naSromi ,,SuaaRmosavleTis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi da TurqeTi”. sadacavtori mogviTxrobs regionSi ,,civi omis” Semdeg arsebulwonosworobaze da uSualod TurqeTis respublikis rolsada urTierTobaze mezobel aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebTan26

saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. aseveavtors saubari aqvs 90-iani wlebis Semdgom TurqeTisa daisraelis urTierTanamSromlobaze, rogorc socialurekonomikur,ise samxedro sferoSi.aseve sainteresoa z. daRis (Z. Dagi) gamokvleva ,,ruseTisusafrTxoebis politika da TurqeTi”. avtori saubrobssaerTaSoriso usafrTxoebasa da Tanamedrove ruseTis sagareopolitikaze, aseve 2000 wels gamoqveynebul samxedrodoqtrinaze, imis avtori kargad xsnis Tu ratom Riziandebakremli ,,nato”-s sazRvrebis gafarToebaze.CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia naSromisis nawili, sadac z. daRi saubrobs ruseTisa da TurqeTiserToblivi usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze da uSualod ankarisa damoskovis urTierTTanamSromlobis sisworeze.h. TaSdemiris (H. Tademir) statia ,,kavkasiis usafrTxoebissakiTxebi” im mxriv aris CvenTvis saintereso, rom pirvelrigSi saubaria Cveni qveynis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, garda amisaavtori msjelobs Tu ra rols asrulebs Tanamedrove etapzeTurqeTis respublika samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebisusafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi.f. i. Cakari (F.I. Çakar) naSromSi ,,TurqeTis tradiciuliusafrTxoebis sakiTxebi: kviprosi” saubrobs kunZulkviprosis geografiasa da mis geopolitikur mniSvnelobaze,TurqeTis respublikis mier kviprosis Turquli mosaxleobisTanadgomaze da imis Sesaxeb, rom kviprosis problemaberZnebis agresiuli politikis Sedegad warmoiSva. avtoriaseve ganixilavs evropelTa uaryofiT rols problemismogvarebasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan igi Tvlis, romevropelebi berZnebis sasargeblod sakmaod did27

tendenciurobas iCenen, rac Tundac imaSi gamoCnda romkviprosis beZnuli nawili sruliad uproblemod gaxdaevrokavSiris sruluflebiani wevri.28

[118] ♣ Tanamedrove TurqeTs esazRvreba rva qveyana: bulgareTi,Tavi - ITurqeTis saxelmwifos geografiul-geopolitikurimdebareoba, istoriuli warsulida saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri sistema.@$ _ 1. geografiul-geopolitikuri mdebareobaTurqeTis respublika evraziuli saxelmwifoa, romelicmdebareobs anatoliis naxevarkunZulze, dasavleT aziasa daTrakiaSi, (rumelia) samxreT aRmosavleT evropis, balkaneTisregionSi.cnobilia, rom or kontinentze strategiuli mdebareobisgamo TurqeTis kultura aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTistradiciaTa unikaluri nazavia. idealuri geografiuli dageopolitikuri mdebareobis gamo TurqTa saxelmwifom bolosaukuneebSi gansakuTrebuli strategiuli mniSvneloba SeiZina.TurqeTis dedaqalaqia ankara. administraciuladsaxelmwifos teritoria dayofilia oTxmocdaerT provinciadrasac Turqulad ,,ili“ ewodeba (ix. danarTi#1}. provinciebiTavis mxriv gaerTianebulia Svid regionSi cenzisTvis, TumcamaT administraciuli daTvirTva ara aqvs. yoveli provinciadayofilia raionebad, rac saerTo jamSi 923 raions Seadgens.saberZneTi, saqarTvelo, somxeTi, azerbaijani (naxiCevani),irani, erayi da siria. samxreTiT TurqeTs esazRvrebaxmelTaSua zRva, dasavleTiT egeosis zRva. anatoliasTrakiisagan aSorebs marmarilos zRva da TurqeTis sruteebi♣118 – gamoyenebuli internet resursis numeracia, aq da sxvagan teqstSi29

(bosfori da dardaneli), romlebsac aziasa da evropas SorissazRvrad miiCneven, ris gamoc TurqeTis respublikatraskontinenturi qveyanaa.anatolias Trakiisagan aSorebs marmarilos zRva daTurqeTis sruteebi: bosfori da dardaneli, romlebsac aziisada evropis sazRvrad miiCneven, ris gamoc, rogorcmogexsenebaT, TurqeTi transkontinenturi qveyanaa [118].igi mdebareobs aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi, aRmosavleTgrZedis 25°49’' da 44°48’ da CrdiloeT ganedis 35°51’ da 42°06’Soris. misi farTobia 814 578 km 2 . teritoriis ZiriTadi nawili_ daaxloebiT 97% (790 200 km 2) _ mdebareobs aziaSi, xolo 3%(24 378 km 2) - evropaSi, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis ukiduressamxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi (aRmosavleT Trakia).aRiarebuli WeSmaritebaa, rom saxelmwifosgeopolitikuri mdebareobis Sefasebisas udidesi yuradRebaeqceva mis geografiul faqtors, radgan bunebriv-geografiulipirobebi saxelmwifos Zlierebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovanimaxasiaTebelia. swored Cvens mier qvemoT aRniSnuligeografiuli mdebareobaa, imis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani piroba,rom TurqTa saxelmwifo dResdReobiT, mTeli msofliosmaStabiT, geopolitikurad Zlieri da angariSgasawevi qveyanagaxlavT.wignSi ,,geopolitika” politologi a. gegeSiZe miuTiTebs,rom geopolitikuri mdebareobis qveS, Cveulebriv, qveynissxvadasxva samxedro-politikuri dajgufebebis, ekonomikuritrasebisa da gansxvavebuli eTno-kulturuli tradiciebismqone saxelmwifoebis mdebareoba igulisxmeba. vinaidanmsoflio politika da ekonomika uaRresad dinamiuri30

procesebis erTobliobaa, geopolitikuri mdebareobac Zalzecvalebadia saxelmwifoebisaTvis sivrcesa da droSi.TurqeTis respublikis aziuri mxare moicavs mcire aziis(anatoliis) naxevarkunZuls, aRmosavleT anatoliis zegans dasiria-mesopotamiis zeganis Crdilo-dasavleT nawils.TurqeTis teritoriis maqsimaluri sigrZe dasavleTidanaRmosavleTiT 1565 km-ia, xolo CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT 550km. TurqeTs Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT esazRvreba saqarTvelo(sazRvris sigrZe 288 km), aRmosavleTiT _ somxeTi (312 km),azerbaijani (10 km) da irani (454 km). samxreT-aRmosavleTiT _erayi (331 km) da siria (877 km), Crdilo-dasavleTiT _saberZneTi (212 km) da bulgareTi (269 km). mTlianad saxmeleTosazRvris sigrZea 2753 km. [26-4]TurqeTis respublika gamoirCeva danawevrebulireliefiT, romlis teritoriis saSualo simaRle zRvisdonidan Seadgens 1132 metrs. anatoliis umetes nawils moicavsmcire aziis mTianeTi, romlis rigebSic Sedian maRali,xeobebiT danawevrebuli mTaTa qedebi da farTo mSralizegnebi. dablobebi qveyanaSi cotaa, isini ganlagebuli ariansazRvao sanapiros calkeul monakveTebze, ZiriTadadmdinareebis SesarTavebTan.TurqeTis aziuri teritoriis CrdiloeT da samxreTnawilebSi ganlagebulia mTaTa rkalebi, romelTa ganStoebebizRvisken cicabod eSveba. mcire aziis CrdiloeT nawilSi, SavizRvis sanapiros gaswvriv, daaxloebiT 1000_1200 km-ze,gadaWimulia CrdiloeT anatoliis mTebi (`pontos mTebi~,saSualo simaRle 2500 metri). aRmosavleTiT isini aRwevenCveni qveynis, saqarTvelos sazRvramde, dasavleTiT mdinaresaqarias xeobamde. TurqTa saxelmwifos aRmosavleT nawilSi31

mTaTa qedebis maqsimaluri simaRlea 3932 metri (mTa qaCqari),dasavleTiT pontos qedebi dabldeba 1000-1500 metramde(maqsimaluri simaRle mTa iaraligiozi – 2019 metri) [118].TurqeTis samxreTiT, xmelTaSua zRvis sanapirosgaswvriv, iran-TurqeTis sazRvramde gadaWimulia meore rTulimTaTa sistema _ Tavri ♣ igi ar warmoadgens erT mTlian jaWvsda iyofa sam nawilad: dasavleTi _ `likiis~, centraluri _`kilikiis~ da aRmosavleTi _ `didi somxeTis~ Tavri.dasavleT Tavris mTaTa sistema rkalad Semoevlebaantaliis yures da dablobs. mTaTa jaWvi dayofilia RrmavakeebiT da danawevrebulia kanionebiT. maqsimalurisimaRleebia _ mTa aqdaRi (simaRle 3014 m) da mTa elmali(simaRle 2490 m).centraluri Tavri gamoirCeva reliefis alpuri tipiT.mravali mwvervalis simaRle aRemateba 3000 metrs (mTamedeTsizi _ 3524 m; mTa aidosi _ 3480 m). kilikiisnaxevarkunZulis samxreT nawilSi centraluri Tavris mTaTasistema uaxlovdeba xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiros. sanapiroszogierT monakveTSi aris aluviuri vakis zolebi (alaniis,anamuris, manavgaTis, silifqies raionebi). silifqiedan mTebimkveTrad uxvevs Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT da qmnis TurqeTSiyvelaze did aluviur vakes _ adanis vakes.centraluri Tavris Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, gagrZelebaabinbogisa da beidaRis mTaTa jaWvebis, romlebic asevecnobilia antiTavris saxeliT. es qedebi TandaTanobiTdabldeba da uerTdeba uzunialis zegans, romelic mdebareobsaRmosavleT-anatoliis orografiul raionSi. centraluri♣Tavri - e.w. `torosis mTebi~32

Tavri qmnis cnobil xeobas _ kilikiis karebs, romelzec gadismcire aziis aRmosavleTTan damakavSirebeli rkinigza daavtomagistrali.aRmosavleT (`didi somxeTis~) Tavri gadaWimuliasamxreTiT md. muraTidan (evfratis Senakadi) da vanis tbidanqveynis aRmosavleT sazRvrebamde. misi aRmosavleTi nawili(haqqaris raioni) yvelaze amaRlebulia, rigi mwvervalebisacildeba 4000 metrs (mTa buluzi _ 4116 m). aRmosavleT TavrissamxreTiT mdebareobs diarbaqiris qvabuli, romelicsamxreTiT dabldeba.CrdiloeT anatoliisa da samxreT anatoliis mTaTaSoris ganlagebuli anatoliis zegani iyofa sam orografiulraionad: dasavleTi, Sida da aRmosavleT anatolia.dasavleT anatoliis orografiuli raioni moicavsegeosisa da marmarilos zRvebis sanapiro raionebs. zRvebisnapirebidan wamosuli qedebi mdinareebis xeobebTanmonacvleoben. mTebi umetes SemTxvevaSi saSualo simaRlisaa.maqsimaluri simaRle 2543 metri (mTa uludaRi).TurqeTis ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi _ aRmosavleTTrakia warmoadgens qvabuls (md. maricis marcxena Senakadis _md. ergenes xeoba), romelsac samxreT-aRmosavleTiTTeqirdaRis mTebi (maqsimaluri simaRle mTa ganosi, 924 m),xolo CrdiloeTiT balkaneTis mTebis ganStoeba istranjasmTebi (maqsimaluri simaRle mTa mahia, 1031 m) akravs.Sida anatolia warmoadgens anatoliis zeganis yvelazeamaRlebul nawils. igi Sedgeba qvabulebisagan, romelTaSorisac gamoirCevian dabali simaRlis qedebi. simaRlematulobs dasavleTidan aRmosavleTiT _ 800-1200 metridan 1500metramde. erT-erT aseT platoze, 850 metris simaRleze33

ganlagebulia q. ankara. zeganis samxreT nawilSi aRmarTuliarigi Camqrali vulkanebi. [26-37]aRmosavleT anatoliis zegans, romelzec ganlagebuliamaRali mTebi (1500 m-dan 2500 m-mde), CrdiloeTiT akravs pontosmTebi, xolo samxreTiT aRmosavleT Tavri. aq maRali qedebierwymis Rrma qvabulebs. somxeTis sazRvris maxlobladaRmarTulia TurqeTis yvelaze maRali mTa _ didi ararati,simaRle 5165 metri. gverdiT aRmarTulia mcire araratiskonusi _ 3896 metri [118].rac Seexeba TurqeTis respublikis geopolitikurmdebareobas, masSi igulisxmeba Cveulebriv qveynis sxvadasxvasamxedro-politikuri dajgufebebis, ekonomikuri trasebisada gansxvavebuli eTno-kulturuli tradiciebis mqonesaxelmwifoebis mdebareoba [17-195]. vinaidan msofliopolitika da ekonomika uaRresad dinamiuri procesebiserTobliobaa, geopolitikuri mdebareobac Zalzecvalebadia saxelmwifoebisaTvis sivrcesa da droSi.politikur_geografiuli TvalsazrisiT ama Tu im qveynismdebareobis Sefaseba sam sivrciT masStabSi xdeba. eseniamakro, mezo da mikro doneebi.makromdebareoba msoflio mniSvnelobis samxedro dapolitikuri centrebis mimarT mdebareobas niSnavs. amkvanZebTan siaxlove mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs ama Tu imqveynis geopolitikur kurss, mis monawileobas sxvadasxvasamxedro blokebSi, an politikur kavSirebSi [17_196].makromdebareobis Sefasebisas mniSvneloba eniWeba agreTveqveynis mdebareobas msoflio ekonomikuri centrebisa dasatransporto magistralebis, xalxis, saqonlis, kapitalisa dainformaciis gadaadgilebis arxebis mimarT.34

samxedro politikuri TvalsazrisiT TurqeTisrespublikas misi mdebareobis gamo aqvs didi potencialiiyos ♣ da momavalSic gawevriandes, msofliosaTvis udidessamxedro gaerTianebebSi.ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT TurqeTis respublikisSefaseba xdeba, rogorc misi adgilobrivi warmoebisresursebiT, aseve satransporto komunikaciebis saxeobebismixedviT. TurqeTi sazRvao qveyanaa, igi naxevarkunZulia,romlis irgvlivac oTxi zRvaa ganlagebuli. Turqebiakontroleben bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebs, risimniSvnelobiTac maT (Savi zRvis sruteebis reJimis darRvevisSemTxvevaSi) nebismier dros SeuZliaT Savi zRvis tbadgadaqceva. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare msoflioSi imsaxelmwifoTa Soris, romlTa makromdebareoba idealuria,rogorc samxedro-politikuri, ise ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT,erT-erTi TurqeTis respublikac gaxlavT.mezomdebareoba regionSi mdebareobas niSnavs, magaliTadTurqeTis respublikis anatoliaSi mdebareoba, saqarTvelossamxreT kavkasiaSi da Savi zRvis regionSi mdebareoba da a.S.[17_197]. mezomdebareobis elementia aseve msoflios ,,cxeliwertilebis” mimarT mdebareoba. aRniSnul wertilebTansiaxlove an daSoreba ganapirobebs ama Tu im qveynis dadebiTan uaryofiT mezomdebareobas.TurqeTis respublika ganekuTvneba maxlobelaRmosavleTs, romelic, rogorc cnobilia mezomdebareobiT daSesabamisi mimarTebebiT dRevandel msoflioSi erT-erTi♣1952 wlidan TurqeTis respublika gaxlavT Crdilo atlantikuri aliansis(NATO) sruluflebiani wevri.35

urTulesi regioni gaxlavT konfliqtebis sferoSi. amasemateba uSualod ankaris problemebi mis evropel mezobelsaberZneTis saxelmwifosTan, romelTanac mas uTanxmoeba dapretenziebi gaaCnia rogorc garkveul teritoriebTan, aseveorad gaxleCil kunZul kviprosTan dakavSirebiT, amasTanaveTurqeTs udides problemas uqmnis 2003 wlis amerika-erayisomis Semdeg, axali erayis saxelmwifoSi arsebuli qurTebisavtonomiuri elementi, romelic aZlierebs da mxars uWersqurTul separatizms, Tavad TurqTa saxelmwifos teritoriaze.[75_253]. yovelive amasTan erTad Turquli nacionalurisaxelmwifo gaxlavT, mudam mSfoTvare kavkasiis mezobelisadac, gansakuTrebiT meoce saukunis bolodan, Zveli,dakonservebuli konfliqtebi mudmiv mimdinareobaSia.saxelmwifos ganviTarebis sagareo politikuri daekonomikuri pirobebi damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoriamezobeli qveynebis saxelmwifo wyoba, (msgavsi angansxvavebuli), ekonomikis ganviTarebis done, aris Tu aramdidari es qveyana bunebrivi resursebiT, aqvs Tu ara msgavsisamxedro orientacia, aris Tu ara dapirispirebuli mismokavSireebTan da a. S.am mxriv is regioni, romelSic TurqeTis respublikaimyofeba, metad areuli da arastabiluri gaxlavT, radgan misimezobeli saxelmwifoebis umetesoba, rogorc cnobilia, nebsiTTu uneblied, CaTreuli arian mravalgvari saxiskonfliqtebSi, rac problemas uqmniT maT ganviTarebaSi.amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom regioni sakmaod mdidariaresursebiT uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, Tavadaxlo aRmosavleTi umdidresia navTobis resursebiT, ukrainamdidaria rkiniT, qvanaxSiriT, xorbliT, Sua azia gaziT,36

navTobiT. ruseTis federaciuli respublika TiTqmis yvelasaxis resursiT. ruseTiviT mdidari ara, magram TurqeTisrespublikaSic met-naklebad moipoveba TiTqmis yvela saxisresursebi. (ix. danarTi #_2).ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvasazrisiT regioniganviTarebadi qveynebis doneze imyofeba. yvelazeganviTarebuli ekonomika aqvs saberZneTs, Tavad TurqeTisrespublikas, aseve israels, ruseTsa da irans. didiekonomikuri potenciali aqvs erays, ukrainas, azerbaijans daa. S.samxedro-politikuri orientaciis mxriv regionissaxelmwifoebs Soris Zalian didi gansxvavebaa. erTdrouladTanaarseboben Crdilo atlantikuri aliansis, natos wevriramdenime qveyana da yovelive amerikulisa da dasavleTismoZule ruseTis federacia da iranis respublika.regionis qveynebSi saxelmwifo wyobis tipebic Zalzegansxvavebulia: TurqeTis respublika prodasavluridemokratiuli respublikaa, ruseTis federacia TiTqosdademokratiuli Rirebulebebis mqone, magram realuradimperiuli saxelmwifoa, irani islamuri respublikaasparseTis Yyuris qveynebis umravlesoba absoluturimonarqiebia da a. S.religiuri kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, aRniSnuli regioni,umeteswilad qristianul_musulmanuria. mxolod ebraelTasaxelmwifo, israeli gaxlavT erTaderTi qveyana, sadacoficialuri saxelmwifo religia iudaizmi gaxlavT.mikromdebareoba gulisxmobs qveynis sazRvrebissxvadasxva monakveTis ekonomikuri, politikuri dasamxedro_strategiuli TvalsazrisiT Sefasebas [17_198]. ase37

magaliTad, TurqeTis respublikaSi arsebuli centraluriTavris reliefi, gamoirCeva alpuri tipiT da igiaraxelsayrelia ekonomikuri kavSirebisaTvis. aq Zneliamagistralebis, sarkinigzo gzebis gayvana da sxvakomunikaciebis sistemebis amoqmedeba. magram arsebuli qedebida mTebi, am mxriv realurad qveynis makromdebareobazeveranair uaryofiT gavlenas ver axdenen, radgan iginaxevarkunZulovani gaxlavT da amasTanave Zalian didi dagaSlili sivrcis baton_patronia. realurad TurqeTisirgvliv mdebare zRvebi mis makromdebareobas xels uwyobs,rogorc ekonomikur, ise Tavdacvis sferoSi.amrigad, zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZlebadavaskvnaT, rom Cvens mier ganxiluli regioni gaxlavTstrategiuli mniSvnelobis teritoria, magram amasTanave igimetad mSfoTvare da arastabiluria. swored amitomSemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Tanamedrove istoriisaTvis cnobiliaaRniSnul teritoriaze momxdari, Tu mimdinare konfliqtebisSesaxeb.38

$ _ 2. saxelmwifo wyoba,,civi omis“ dasrulebam da msoflios meorezesaxelmwifos, sabWoTa kavSiris saboloo daSlam, regionSipolitikuri kavSirebisa da konfrontaciis geometria Secvala,[16-14] Zlieri istoriuli gavleniT sivrceSi: evropas,centralur azias, ruseTsa da axlo aRmosavleTs Soris,TurqeTis respublikam XX saukunis bolosa da XXIsaukunis dasawyisSi gansakuTrebuli geopolitikuri dageostrategiuli mniSvneloba SeiZina.TurqTa Tanamedrove saxelmwifo demokratiuli,sekularuli da unitaruli respublikaa, romlis politikurisistema Camoyalibda, mustafa qemal aTaTurqis ♣ meTaurobiT,romelic mTavrobaSi pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg,osmaleTis imperiis dacemisa da revoluciis Sedegad movida.1922 wels mustafa qemalis TaosnobiT TurqeTSi gauqmdasasulTno, 1923 wlis seqtemberSi dafuZnda saxalxorespublikuri partia, romlis mTavari debulebebi gaxldaT:♣mustafa qemal aTaTurqi – daibada 1881 wels q. salonikSi (axlandeliTesalonike) igi gaxldaT osmaleTis armiis oficeri da revolucionerisaxelmwifo moRvawe, TurqeTis respublikis damaarsebeli da misi pirveliprezidenti. mustafa qemalma myisve daimkvidra Tavi, rogorc warmatebulmasamxedro meTaurma galipolis brZolaSi divizionis meTaurad msaxurobisganmavlobaSi. osmanTa imperiis mokavSireTa mier damarcxebis Semdeg, rasacTurqeTis danawilebis gegma mohyva Tan, qemali win gauZRva Turqebisnacionalur moZraobas, rasac SemdgomSi Turqebis damoukideblobisaTvis omidaerqva.39

espublikuroba, nacionalizmi, xalxuroba, etatizmi, ♣laicizmi ♣ da revoluciuroba. aRniSnuli debulebebiSetanili iqna axlad Seqmnili partiis pirvel programaSi.1923 wlis 29 oqtombers saxalxo respublikurma partiamTurqeTi respublikad gamocxadda. imave dRes TurqTagamarjvebis sulisCamdgmeli mustafa qemali pirvelprezidentad airCies. naklebad konsolidirebulixelisuflebis pirobebSi respublikis pirvelma prezidentmaTavis momxreebTan erTad islamuri qveynebisaTvisuprecendento sekularuli reformebi daiwyo: 1924 wlismartSi man gaauqma saxalifo, xolo 1928 wels TurqeTis didmaerovnulma krebam konstituciidan amoiRo is fraza, sadacewera: ,,TurqeTis saxelmwifo religia islamia” [29-433], amiTqemalma religia sabolood gamoyo saxelmwifos. amaveperiodisaTvis Seiqmna axali samoqalaqo kodeqsi, gauqmdaislamuri kalendari, TurqeTi evropul grigorianulkalendarze gadavida. aikrZala mravalcolianoba, dakanondaganqorwineba, qalebi uflebrivad gauTanabrdnen mamakacebs damieniWaT saarCevno uflebebi. daido zRvari religiasa dasaxelmwifos Soris, dakanonda saero ganaTleba, aucilebeligaxda evropuli yaidis samosis tareba, SeizRuda ulemebis♣etatizmi – gaxlavT saxelmwifos Careva sazogadoebis ekonomikur,socialur da kulturul cxovrebaSi, samecniero da sxva saqmianobaSi.etatizmi sazogadoebis politizaciis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa, rodesacpolitika racionaluri urTierTqmedebis zRvars scdeba da cdilobsgansazRvros cxovrebis TiToeuli sferos funqcionireba, ris SedegadaczRudavs da aferxebs mas. aqve davZenT imasac, rom Cveni azriT im periodisTurqeTisaTvis etatizmi aucilebeli iyo.♣laicizmi – gulisxmobs religiis gamoyofas saxelmwifoebisagan40

(sasuliero moZRvrebis) gavlena saswavlo procesze damarTmsajulebaze, gauqmda pirveli ulemis Tanamdeboba daSariaTis samonastro saswavleblebi, maT Soris religiuriskolebi, ganaTlebis saministros daeqvemdebara.1928 wlis 1 noembers qemalis TaosnobiT didma erovnulmakrebam miiRo kanoni, romlis meSveobiTac arabuli anbanidanTurquli damwerloba gadmovida laTinur alfavitze, raTamosaxleobas wera-kiTxvis aTviseba gaadvileboda [29-434],mogaxsenebT, rom nacionalistur revoluciamde, TurqeTSimosaxleobis mxolod oTxi procenti iyo wera-kiTxvis mcodne.1934 wels miRebuli iqna kanoni gvarebis Sesaxeb, riTicmosaxleoba iZulebuli Seiqmna saxelTan da mamis saxelTanerTad sakuTari gvari SeeZina da etarebina, am kanoniT gauqmdaaseve titulebi da mimarTvis Zveli formebi [29-436]. amave wels,am kanonTan dakavSirebiT, mustafa qemals didma erovnulmakrebam mianiWa aTaTurqis anu TurqTa mamis gvari [15_21].mustafa qemalma aRniSnuli reformebis meSveobiTTurqeTi CamorCenil musulmanur saxelmwifoebs daacila daTanamedrove evropul qveynebs dauaxlova, man saboloodmravalerovnuli islamuri, imperiuli struqturis nacvlad,Seqmna axali respublikuri saxelmwifo nacionaluri wyobiT.igi reformebis gatarebisas Tavis gamosvlebSi Tamamadmouwodebda Turq xalxs: ,,Cven civilizaciis gzas davadeqiTda mas aRar gadavuxvevT. vinc CamogvrCeba, civilizaciisboboqar nakadSi daixrCoba. civilizacia iseTi Zliericecxlia, rom vinc mas ewinaaRmdegeba, ueWvelad daiwveba" [11-57].qemal aTaTurqi 1938 wlis 10 noembers q. stambolSigardaicvala, igi dakrZales q. ankaraSi, specialurad agebul41

mavzoleumSi [23_60], romelsac Turqulad ,,ANIT KABIR”ewodeba.TurqeTis respublika gaxldaT aRmosavleTis pirvelisaxelmwifo, romelmac kavSiri gawyvita Tavis Zvel sulier,religiur da geopolitikur tradiciebTan, romelSic pirvelrigSi igulisxmeba osmaleTis imperiis agresiuli, dapyrobiTida proislamuri politika.mustafa qemal aTaTurqis mier swori politikisgatarebis Sedegad Seqmnilma axalma Turqulma nacionalurmasaxelmwifom gauZlo osmaleTis imperiis sxva erebis zewolasda Tavisi, sakuTari istoriis aTvla daiwyo. gavida aTeuliwlebi, TiTqmis mTeli saukune da nacionalur TurqeTs, aqamdeaxsovs misi Semqmneli mustafa qemal aTaTurqi Tavisinacionaluri ideebiT, romlebic dResac Tanamedrove TurqeTissaxelmwifos RerZs warmoadgenen. qveynis politikur speqtrSida sazogadoebaSi arian: memarjveneebi, memarcxeneebi,respublikelebi, muslimanebi da a.S. magram miuxedavad amisa,yoveli Tanamedrove Turqi moqalaqisaTvis nacionalurisaxelmwifo umaRlesi ganZia.1987 wlis 14 aprils TurqeTis respublikis premierministrma TurguT ozalma evrokavSirSi Seitana oficialurigancxadeba [29-540], romliTac igi TurqeTis evropul ojaxSisruluflebian wevrad miRebas iTxovda. ramdenime wlisSemdeg, iyo ra evropis ekonomikuri sabWos asocirebuli wevri1963 wlidan da sabaJo kavSiris wevri 1995 wlidan, aseve mTelirigi politikuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebis gamo, 1999 wlisoqtomberSi, helsinkis evrokavSiris samitis gadawyvetilebiT,TurqeTis respublika evropis kavSirSi gawevrianebisaTvisoficialur kandidat qveynad dasaxelda [29-544].42

miuxedavad yovelive amisa, ankara rigi politikuri daekonomikuri problemebisa da moTxovnebis gamo dRemde vergaxda evrokavSiris sruluflebiani wevri, ra mizeziTacoficialurad kvlavac grZeldeba molaparakebebi evropasa daTurqeTs Soris.dReisaTvis TurqeTis respublika araoficialuradgaxlavT muslimanuri saxelmwifo, romelsac kvlavevropeizacia da evropasTan Serwyma surs, magram igi rogorcmetwilad mahmadianuri qveyana, paralelurad agrZelebs axlokulturul, politikur, ekonomikur da industriulurTierTobebs aRmosavleTis qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT axloaRmosavleTsa da centralur aziasTan.amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis centraluri sadazvervosammarTvelos klasifikaciiT TurqeTis respublikaganviTarebuli qveyanaa, xolo msoflios saerTaSorisoeqspertebis, politikuri mecnierebisa da ekonomistebis didinawilis SefasebiT is regionuli saxelmwifoa. ♣respublikaSi dReisaTvis moqmedebs 1982 wliskonstitucia cvilebebiTa da damatebebiT, romelic Sedgebapreambulisagan da 7 nawilisagan. konstituciis preambulaSida mis pirvel nawilSi (1-11 muxlebi) gansazRvrulia qveynissaxelmwifo wyobis ZiriTadi principebi: mmarTvelobisrespublikuri wyoba, respublikis aRiareba demokratiul,saero (laicistur), socialur-samarTlebliv saxelmwifod;qveynisa da eris ganuyofloba; konstituciis uzenaesoba;sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis♣regionuli saxelmwifo - ewodeba iseT qveynebs, romelTa gavlenis sfero:politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli Tu sxva, scildeba mezobelsaxelmwifoebs da vrceldeba mTels regionze.43

erTmaneTisagan damoukidebloba. meore Tavi (12-74 muxlebi)eZRvneba moqalaqeTa pirad, socialur-ekonomikur, politikuruflebebs, Tavisuflebebsa da movaleobebs, aseve amuflebebis garantiebs. mesame nawilSi (75-160 muxlebi)reglamentirebulia sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli dasasamarTlo xelisuflebebis kompetenciebi; gansazRvruliaxelisuflebis organoTa _ parlamentis, prezidentis daministrTa kabinetis arCevis wesebi; Camoyalibebulia sagangebo,saalyo da saomari mdgomareobis gamocxadebis normebi dawesebi, aseve adgilobrivi TvimmarTvelobis formirebis wesebi.meoTxe nawilSi (161-173 muxlebi) finansuri da ekonomikurimdgomareobaa ganxiluli. mexuTe nawilSi (muxli 174)CamoTvlilia `revoluciuri kanonebi~, romlebic saxelmwifossaero xasiaTis gamyarebisaTvis, miRebul iqna 1924-34 wlebSi.meeqvse nawilSi dafiqsirebulia 16 droebiTi dadgenileba,romliTac dadgenil iqna droebiTi saomari reJimidanwarmomadgenlobiT demokratiaze gadasvlis wesebi. meSvidenawili (175-177 muxlebi) warmoadgens daskvniT muxlebs,romlebic adgenen konstituciis cvlilebis wesebs [60-82], aseveZiriTadi kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlis pirobebs.konstituciis Sesabamisad TurqeTSi sakanonmdeblofunqcia ekisreba erT palatian parlaments (mejliss) _TurqeTis did erovnul krebas (Türkiye Büyük Milli Meclisi),romelic 550 deputatisagan Sedgeba. deputatebi airCeviansayovelTao, pirdapiri arCevnebis meSveobiT 5 wlis vadiT.arCevnebi tardeba faruli wesiT. TurqeTis moqalaqeebs,romelTac SeusruldaT 19 weli, ufleba aqvT miiRonmonawileoba arCevnebsa da referendumebSi. sayovelTaoarCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba ara aqvT vadiani samxedro44

samsaxuris rigiTebsa da unter-oficrebs, samxedrosaswavleblebis kursantebsa da msmenelebs, asevemsjavrdebulebs, romlebic ixdian sasjels [29_519].deputatobis kandidatebisaTvis asakobrivi cenzi ufromaRalia _ kandidats unda Seusruldes 30 weli (Tumca 59-emTavrobis programaSi gaTvaliswinebulia aRniSnuliasakobrivi cenzis 25 wlamde daweva). deputatobis kandidatebiZiriTadad registrirdebian partiuli siebiT andamoukideblad. parlamentSi ar SeiZleba arCeul iqnas piri,romelsac ar aqvs dawyebiTi ganaTleba, ar aqvs moxdilisavaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri, nasamarTlevia ganzraxCadenili danaSaulisaTvis. aseve ar SeuZliaT sakuTarikandidaturis wardgena mosamarTleebsa da prokurorebs,umaRlesi saswavleblebis profesor-maswavleblebs,saxelmwifo seqtoris organizaciebisa da sawarmoebisTanamSromlebs, Tu dadgenil vadebSi ar ganTavisufldebiandakavebuli Tanamdebobebidan [64-34]. saamomrCevlo cenzTanerTad arsebobs sxva SezRudvebic, romelTa meSveobiTacSesaZlebelia moqalaqis deputatobis mandatisagan CamoSoreba.kerZod, zemoT aRniSnuli kategoriis pirebs ar aqvT uflebaiyvnen romelime partiis wevri, rac gamoricxavs maT CarTvaspartiulAsiebSi.TurqeTSi arCevnebi tardeba centraluri saarCevnokomisiis saerTo xelmZRvanelobiTa da kontroliT. igiSedgeba Svidi ZiriTadi da oTxi sarezervo wevrisagan.komisiis eqvsi wevri airCeva umaRlesi sakasacio sasamarTloskolegiis mier, xolo xuTi saxelmwifo sabWos kolegiazeaRniSnuli sasamarTloebis Semadgenlobidan farulikenWisyris meSveobiT. centraluri saarCevno komisiis45

gadawyvetileba arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli sarCelebisa daprotestebis Sesaxeb sabolooa da gasaCivrebas areqvemdebareba.yvela amomrCeveli Seitaneba administraciuli olqebismixedviT Sedgenil siebSi, romlebic mudmivmoqmedia dayovelwliurad xdeba maTi gadaxedva, dadgena da damatebaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mier. saarCevnopostze kandidatis wardgena xdeba partiebis mier, romelTaxelmZRvanelobac amzadebs kandidatTa siebs. deputatobis`damoukidebel kandidatebs~ praqtikulad mcire Sansi aqvT.moqmedi saarCevno kanonmdeblobiT TurqeTSi gamoiyenebaproporciuli sistema, romlis mixedviTac partiam deputatebismandatebis mosapoveblad unda gadalaxos 10%-iani barieri.TurqeTis sakonstitucio-samarTleblivi doqtrina arcnobs imperatiul mandats ♣ da deputatebis gamoTxovnisuflebas. isini iTvlebian mTeli eris warmomadgenlebad daara olqebisa da im moqalaqeebisa, romlebmac maT misces xma.sxva qveynebis msgavsad deputatebs konstituciiT aqvTminiWebuli xelSeuxeblobis imuniteti, romliTac maT maRalianazRaureba (utoldeba ministrebis anazRaurebas)ganesazRvrebaT.konstituciiT deputats ekrZaleba sazogadoebriv dakerZo organizaciebSi, profesiul kavSirebsa dasaqvelmoqmedo fondebSi, vaqifebSi ♣ postebis SeTavseba. am♣imperatiuli mandati – amomrCevelTa ganawesi, romlis aucilebladSesruleba evaleba amorCeul pirs an organos.♣vakif - (Turq) fondi46

wesis gamonaklisi daiSveba mxolo im SemTxvevaSi Tu deputatiministris postze dainiSneba.TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebis sesia yovelwliurad,pirvel oqtombers specialuri mowvevis gareSe ixsneba. sesiissxdomebs Soris Sesvenebebi da saparlamento ardadegebisaerTo jamSi sam Tves ar aWarbebs. sagangebo sxdomis mowvevaSeuZliaT qveynis przidents Tavisi an ministrTa kabinetismoTxovniT, aseve mejlisis Tavmjdomares an deputatebs [118],1/5 nawilis iniciativis safuZvelze. mejlisis sxdoma ixsnebaqvorumis (deputatebis 1/3 raodenoba) arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,xolo gadawyvetileba miiReba deputatebis saerToricxovnobis 1/4-iT. deputats, romelic 1 Tvis ganmavlobaSiarasapatio mizeziT gaacdens 5 sxdomas, SesaZloa, mandatiCamoerTvas. parlamentis plenaruli sxdomebi ZiriTadad RiaxasiaTisaa da deputatebis gamosvlebi mejlisis oficialurmacneSi ibeWdeba, aseve centraluri gazeTebis furclebze.daxuruli sxdomis masalebis gamoqveyneba SesaZlebeliamxolod mejlisis Sesabamisi nebarTviT.axali mowvevis parlamentis pirvel sesiaze iqmnebaTurqeTis didi erovnuli krebis organoebi dadawesebulebebi, irCeva mejlisis prezidiumi, romelic SedgebaTavmjdomarisagan, misi moadgileebisagan, mdivnebisa da saqmeTamwarmoeblebisagan. xdeba palatis mudmivmoqmedi komisiebisdakompleqteba, partiuli fraqciebis formireba. partiulijgufebi parlamentis organoebisa da dawesebulebebisCamoyalibebaSi aqtiur monawileobas iReben, aseve axdenenzegavlenas maT yoveldRiur muSaobaze da sakanonmdebloorganos saerTo moqmedebebze.47

deputatebi, romlebic ZiriTadad partiuli siebiTirCevian, valdebulni arian partiuli lideris gankargulebebsdaeqvemdebaron. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa maT mandatidakargon, radganac partiidan garicxva safrTxes uqmnisdeputatis mier mandatis SenarCunebas.mejlisis kompetenciis ZiriTadi nawilia sakanonmdeblomoRvaweoba. mxolod TurqeTis did erovnul krebas SeuZliamiiRos, Secvalos an gaauqmos kanonebi. mejlisis normatiulaqtebs, sxva organoebis aqtebTan koliziis SemTxvevaSigadamwyveti iuridiuli Zala gaaCniaT. parlamentiskompetenciaSi Sedis: mTavrobisa da calkeuli ministrebismomqmedebaTa kontroli, ministrTa kabinetisaTvis `kanonisZalis mqone~ dadgenilebis miRebis uflebis miniWeba(delegirebuli kanonmdebloba); saxelmwifo biujetisa dagadasaxadebis Sesaxeb kanonis ganxilva da miReba, omisgamocxadebisa da mSvidobis damyarebis Sesaxebgadawyvetilebis miReba, dadebuli saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis ratificireba. mas evaleba,miiRos gadawyvetileba sayovelTao da nawilobrivi aministiisSesaxeb (im pirebis gamoklebiT, romelTac Cadenili aqvTgansakuTrebiT mZime saxelmwifo danaSauli). aseve parlamentisuflebamosilebaSi Sedis qveynis prezidentis arCeva.sakanonmdeblo iniciativa ekuTvnis deputatebsa daministrTa kabinets. mTavrobis mier Semotanili kanonproeqtebida deputatebis sakanonmdeblo winadadebebi saboloodamuSavebisaTvis gadaecema palatis Sesabamis komisias,romelic mas sakuTari rekomendaciebiTa da komentarebiTmejliss warudgens. mejlisis mier miRebuli kanonproeqtigadaegzavneba prezidents, romelic kanons xel awers da48

promulgirebas ukeTebs 15 dRis ganmavlobaSi an sakuTariSeniSvnebiT abrunebs (biujetis Sesaxeb kanonis garda)parlamentSi xelaxali ganxilvisaTvis (gadasavadebeli veto)[29_521]. im SemTxvevaSi Tu TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebaxmaTa absoluturi umravlesobiT erTxel kidev miiRebskanonproeqts, prezidenti valdebulia, daamtkicos igi. Tuprezidents gadaegzavneba kanonproeqti (mTavrobis kanonisZalis mqone dadgenileba an mejlisis Sida wesdeba), romliscalkeuli muxlebi, misi azriT, ar Seesabameba konstitucias,xolo mejlisi, xelmeore kenWisyris Sedegad, kvlav moiTxovsmis miRebas, maSin aRniSnul kanonproeqts prezidenti agzavnissakonstitucio sasamarTloSi, romelsac saboloogadawyvetileba 60 dRis vadaSi gamoaqvs [118].TurqeTis mTavrobis mier, respublikis saxeliT dadebulisaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da konvenciebi eqvemdebarebamejlisis mier ratifikacias. savaWro-ekonomikuri xasiaTissaxelmwifoTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi, romelTa moqmedebis vadacar aRemateba 1 wels, Tu isini saxelmwifo biujets arakisrebs finansur valdebulebas da ar exeba TurqTa qonebasucxoeTSi, moqmedebaSi Sedis misi xelis mowerisa daoficialur macneSi _ `Resmi GazeTe~ ♣ -Si gamoqveynebismomentidan. aseTi xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb mTavroba mejlisiswevrebs acnobebs ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi. oficialurixelSekrulebebi da SeTanxmebebi, romlebic dadgeniliprocedurebis gavlis Semdeg, wesebis dacviT SevlenmoqmedebebSi, iZenen kanonis Zalas. amis Semdeg ikrZalebasakonstitucio sasamarTloSi misi kanonierebis gasaCivreba.♣`Resmi GazeTe (Turq) - ,,suraTebiani gazeTi”oficialuri gazeTis saxelwodebaTurqeTSi49

qveynis ZiriTad kanonSi xazgasmiT aris aRniSnuli, romkanonis Zalis mqone mTavrobis dadgenilebebi ar SeiZlebaexebodes moqalaqeTa politikur uflebebs, garda imadgilebisa, sadac saalyo an sagangebo mdgomareobaagamocxadebuli.TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebis moRvaweobismniSvnelovani sferoa _ saxelmwifo biujetis, asevesagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis SemuSaveba da miReba. biujetiskanonproeqti mTavrobis mier sagegmo-sabiujeto komisiasTanmWidro TanamSromlobiT mzaddeba da finansuri wlisdawyebamde (marti) 75 dRiT adre gaaqvs mejlisSigansaxilvelad. komisiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 40 deputati dakompleqtdeba mejlisSi partiebis warmomadgenlobisproporciulad. aqedan aranakleb 25 adgili gamoyofiliammarTveli partiisaTvis, romlis wevrebisagan dakompletqebulmTavrobasac zegavlena aqvs momzadebis, ganxilvis, miRebisa daSesrulebis procedurebze [188].Zalauflebis gayofis principis Sesabamisadsakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebebidamoukidebelni arian. miuxedavad prezidentis da mTavrobisfarTo uflebebisa, parlaments Seswevs unari zemoqmedebamoaxdinos aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze. prezidentis mierwardgenilma premier-ministrma, ministrTa kabinetma da axalimTavrobis programam unda miiRon mejlis ndobis votumi. ♣♣votumi – inglisurenovan politikur literaturaSi zogadad kenWisyrisaRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba. qarTul politikur praqtikaSi igi damkvidrdaufro viwro mniSvnelobiT, rac gulisxmobs mTavrobis an misi romelimewevris politikisadmi undoblobis gamocxadebas kenWisyris saSvalebiT.undoblobis v-is gamotanas mTavrobis gadadgoma mosdevs. kenWisyra SeiZlebaganxorcieldes xelis aweviT an eleqtronuli saSvalebis gamoyenebiT.50

parlaments xelisuflebaze zemoqmedebisaTvis aqvs mravalisxva meqanizmi. maTgan ZiriTadi sakiTxebi pirdapir arisnaCvenebi konstituciaSi: premier-ministris da ministrebisaTviszepiri da werilobiTi kiTxvebis dasma, mTavrobis moqmedebisada moRvaweobis Seswavla da Semowmeba, saxelmwifosa dasazogadoebis umTavresi problemebis mejlisis plenarulsxdomebze ganxilva da sxv. ministrTa kabineti koleqtiuradaris pasuxismgebeli mejlisis winaSe, romelsac SeuZliaTanamdeboba daatovebinos rogorc calkeul ministrs, asevemTel mTavrobas. ZiriTadad ndobis gamocxadeba xdeba premierministrisaTvis.mejlisis mier premier-ministrisaTvisundoblobis votumis gamocxadebis, premier-ministris mierTanamdebobis datovebis an misi sisxlis samarTlispasuxisgebaSi micemis SemTxvevaSi mTeli mTavrobis moqmedebisuflebamosileba Sewydeba. mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxebinterpelacia SesaZlebelia modiodes partiuli fraqciidan,risTvisac saWiroa 20 deputatis xelmowera [188].interpelaciis Sesaxeb winadadeba, misi spikeratSiSetanidan sami dRis vadaSi dabeWdili saxiT urigdebadeputatebs da 10 dRis vadaSi miiReba gadawyvetileba misidRis wesrigSi CarTvis Sesaxeb. ndobis votumis Taobazeganxilvebi SesaZloa daiwyos aranakleb 2 dRis Semdeg daaraugvianes Svidi dRisa, xolo interpelaciis Sesaxebgadawyvetileba miiReba xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobiT.daTvlis dros yuradReba eqceva mxolod im xmebs, romlebicemxroba mTavrobis gadadgomas. amrigad, mTavrobas ar aqvs imisriski, rom SesaZloa, gadayenebul iqnas xmaTa ubraloproceduris konkretuli saxe damokidebulia qveynis saparlamentotradiciasa da reglamentze.51

umravlesobiT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sayovelTavo arCevnebisSemdeg Semdgari mTavroba an mTavroba, romelic Sedgeba winaministrTa kabinetis gadadgomis Semdeg 45 dRis vadaSi vermiiRebs mejlisis ndobis votums, prezidents mejlisisTavmjdomaresTan konsultaciebis Semdeg, SeuZlia, daiTxovosparlamenti da daniSnos axali sayovelTavo arCevnebi.gansxvavebiT im saxelmwifoebisagan, sadac mkveTradgamoxatuli saparlamento reJimia, TurqeTis did erovnulkrebas ar SeuZlia, pretenzia gamoacxados xelisuflebisorganoebs Soris wamyvan rolze. prezidentishipertrofirebuli uflebebi da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisfarTo SesaZleblobebi amcirebs erovnuli warmomadgenlobiTiorganos mniSvnelobas. amasTan garkveuli konstituciuriuflebebis arsebobis gamo, parlaments aqvs SesaZlebloba,moaxdinos mniSvnelovani zegavlena saqmeTa mdgomareobaze daqveynis politikur koniuqturaze.saxelmwifo meqanizmSi wamyvani adgili respublikisprezidents ukavia. igi saxelmwifos meTauria da konstituciisTanaxmad warmoadgens saxlmwifosa da eris ganuyoflobissimbolos. prezidents gaaCnia farTo uflebebiaRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebissferoebSi. igi airCeva parlamentis mier 7 wlis vadiT [23_8].prezidents ar aqvs ufleba, arCeul iqnes xelmeored.konstituciiT dadgenilia saprezidento arCevnebis Catarebisvadebi, romelic ar unda aRematebodes 30 dRes.respublikis prezidentad SesaZloa, arCeul iqnasTurqeTis moqalaqe, romelsac Seusrulda 40 weli, aqvsumaRlesi ganaTleba da gaaCnia yvela piradi da politikuriufleba, romlebic saWiroa deputatobis kandidatobisaTvis.52

prezidentobis kandidatma pirvel an meore turSi undamoagrovos xmaTa 2/3, xolo mesame turis gamarTvis SemTxvevaSiigi airCeva xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobiT. Tu mesameturSic ar moxerxdeba prezidentis arCeva, iniSneba meoTxeturi. aRniSnuli turis warumateblobiT dasrulebisSemTxvevaSi xdeba mejlisis daTxovna da gadaudebladimarTeba saparlamento arCevnebi.konstituciiT daSvebulia prezidentis kandidatad piriswamoyeneba, romelic ar aris deputati. es SesaZleblobaSeiZleba ganxorcieldes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu deputatTa 1/5parlamentis spikeratSi mis kandidaturas waradgenswerilobiT. konstituciis Tanaxmad prezidenti unda iyosupartio da neitraluri parlamentSi arsebul partiuliSemadgenlobis mimarT. amitom prezidentad arCeuli deputatiwyvets kavSirs mis partiasTan. TurqeTSi ar arsebobs viceprezidentisposti. misi avadmyofobis, sazRvargareT vizitisan sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi prezidentis movaleobebs mejlisisTavmjdomare asrulebs.prezidenti ar atarebs politikur pasuxismgeblobas mismier uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis gamo. yvela misdadgenilebas, romelic exeba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas,xels awers premier-ministri an Sesabamisi ministri, ris gamocisini iReben personaslur pasuxismgeblobas. prezisdentisvadaze adre gadayeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod gansakuTrebulSemTxvevebSi _ samSoblos RalatisaTvis. misi sisxlissamarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micemis sakiTxis dayeneba xdebamejlisis deputatTa 1/3-is moTxovniT, xolo sisxlissamarTlis saqme aRiZvreba parlamentarTa 3/4 xmebismogrovebis SemTxvevaSi.53

amasTan, faqtiurad parlamentis winaSe pasuxismgeblobisarmqone prezidenti did rols TamaSobs saxelmwifocxovrebis yvela sferoSi. konstituciis Tanaxmad, prezidentsufleba aqvs gamovides saprogramo sityviT mejlisis sesiisyovelwluirad gaxsnis dRes – 1 oqtombers [188]. mas aqvsufleba moiwvios sagangebo sxdoma. daiTxovos mejlisi dadaniSnos axali sayovelTao arCevnebi, daamtkicos parlamentismier miRebuli kanonproeqti da gamoaqveynos isini; mas aqvsufleba xelaxli ganxilvisaTvis daubrunos parlamentsmiRebuli kanonproeqti; saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZliareferendumze gaitanos kanonproeqtebi, romlebic exebasakonstitucio cvlilebebs, mimarTos sakonstiuciosasamarTlos, gadaxedos kanonebs da kanonis Zalis mqonedadgenilebebs, paerlamentis Sida wesdebas an maT nawilebs,Tu misi azriT, isini ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias.aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis TvalsazrisiT prezidentsgaaCnia Semdegi uflebebi: niSnavs premier-ministrsa da misganiRebs gadadgomis Sesaxeb moTxovnas, niSnavs da aTavisuflebsTanamdebobidan ministrebs premier-ministris wardginebiT,SeuZlia, moiwvios ministrTa kabinetis sxdoma TavisiTavmjdomareobiT, ucxo saxelmwifoebSi agzavnis oficialurdiplomatiur pirebs da iRebs sxva saxelmwifoebisdiplomatiur warmomadgenlebs, romlebic akreditirebulniarian TurqeTSi; amtkicebs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa daSeTanxmebebs; SeuZlia sakuTar Tavze aiRos TurqeTisumaRlesi mTavarsardlis funqcia da imoqmedos TurqeTisdidi eerovnuli krebis saxeliT; iwvevs erovnuli uSiSroebissabWos sxdomebs da Tavmjdomareobs mas; SeuZlia, qveyanaSigamoacxados saalyo da sagangebo mdgomareoba da miiRos54

kanonis Zalis mqone dadgenileba. amtkicebs mTavrobisgadawyvetilebebs; ufleba aqvs Seumsubuqos an mouxsnassasjeli patimrebs maTi xangrZlivi avadmyofobis, invalidobisan asakis mizeziT; niSnavs saxelmwifo kontrolis sabWosTavmjdomaresa da wevrebs; irCevs umaRlesi saswavleblebisada universitetebis sabWos wevrebs.sasamarTlo sferoSi prezidents ufleba aqvs: daniSnossaxelmwifo sabWos, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrebis 1/4,respublikis generaluri prokurori da misi moadgile,samxedro-sakasacio sasamarTlos wevrebi, umaRlesi samxedroadministraciulisasamarTlos wevrebi, mosamarTleTa daprokurorTa umaRlesi sabWos wevrebi. ¼aRsaniSnavia, rom 60-iani wlebis dasawyisidan TurqeTisprezidentis postebi xSirad ekavaT ara arCevnebis gziT,aramed saxelmwifo gadatrialebebis (1960, 1971, 1980) anparlamentze da politikur partiebze samxedroebis uSualozemoqmedebis Sedegad mosul pirebs. TurqeTis generalitetiaxerxebda prezidentis postze moeyvana sakuTariwarmomadgeneli, riTac uzrunvelyofda qveynis SeiaraRebulZalebsa da administraciul-biurokratiul aparats Sorisuwyvet kavSirs [18_17].aRniSnuli amocanis warmatebiT SesrulebisaTviskonstituciaSi gaTvaliswinebul iqna prezidentTan,sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan, aseveamomrCevlebisagan faqtiurad damoukidebeli organoebis:erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWosa da saxelmwifo kontrolissabWos Seqmna.erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos SemadgenlobaSiTanamdebobrivad Sedian: prezidenti (Tavmjdomare), premier-55

ministri, gen.Stabis ufrosi, erovnuli Tavdacvis, SinagansaqmeTa da sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi, saxmeleTo Zalebis,samxedro-sahaero Zalebis, samxedro-sazRvao Zalebisa daJandarmeriis meTaurebi [23_10]. sabWos 10 wevrisagan 5samoqalaqo da 5 samxedro piria. sabWos SekrebaSi mis wevrTagarda dRis wesrigis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare SeiZlebamonawileoba miiRon sxvadasxva ministrebma da pirovnebebma.sabWos muSaobaSi xmis uflebis gareSe monawileobs erovnuliuSiSroebis sabWos generaluri mdivani. prezidenti premierisada generaluri Stabis ufrosis winadadebebis gaTvaliswinebiTadgens dRis wesrigs.sabWo ikribeba minimumi TveSi erTxel. amasTan misimoiwveva xdeba premier-ministrisa da generaluri Stabisufrosebis winadadebebis Sesabamisad prezidentis mier.erovnul uSiSroebis sabWoSi gadawyvetilebis miRebaxdeba xmebis ubralo umravlesobiT. xmebis Tanabrad gayofisSemTxvevaSi upiratesoba eniWeba im mxares, romelsacTavmjdomare dauWers mxars.sabWos movaleobebia: saxelmwifos erovnuliusafrTxoebis politikis gansazRvris, damtkicebisa dagamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba dasaWiro koordinaciis gaweva;Asaxelmwifos erovnuliusafrTxoebis politikis ganmamtkicebeli erovnuli miznebisada mosamzadebeli erovnuli gegmebisa da programebisganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli zomebis gansazRvra;saxelmwifos erovnuli usafrTxoebis politikaze gavlenismqone, qveynis politikuri, social-ekonomikuri, kulturulida teqnologiuri situaciisa da movlenebis ganviTarebismudmivi Tvalyuris devneba da Sefaseba; saxelmwifos56

arsebobis, damoukideblobis, qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobisda erTobis, sazogadoebrivi simSvidisa da usafrTxoebisdacvisaTvis saWiro zomebis miReba; erovnuli miznebisgansaxorcieleblad konstituciuri wyobisa da erovnulierTobis damcveli, qemalisturi da erovnuli ideebis garSemoTurqi eris gamaerTianebeli saWiro zomebis gansazRvra;saSinao da sagareo safrTxisagan Tavdacvis strategiisSemuSavebisa da gamoyenebis sakiTxebisaTvis aucilebeliRonisZiebebis Catareba; sagangebo, saalyo, samobilizacio ansaomari mdgomareobebis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb rekomendaciebismomzadeba; Cveulebriv saomar, omisaTvis mosamzadebel anomisSemdgom situaciebSi saxelmwifo, Tu kerZodawesebulebebisa da moqalaqeebis dacva, sayovelTaomobilizaciis da sxva sakiTxebis organizacia da gegmebismomzadeba; saxelmwifos erovnuli usafrTxoebis politikisZiriTad sakiTxebSi, TavdacvisTvis saWiro finansuri, socialekonomikuri,kulturuli da sxva zomebis miReba da erovnuliusafrTxoebis sferoSi Semavali xelmowerili an xelmosawerisaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb TvalsazrisisgamoTqma da damtkiceba [23_11].konstituciis Sesabamis muxlebSi naCvenebia imisiuridiuli meqanizmi, Tu rogor xorcieldeba erovnuliuSiSroebis sabWos Sexedulebebisa da gadawyvetilebebismiwodeba ministrTa sabWosadmi.saxelmwifo kontrolis sabWo iqmneba prezidentTan,konstituciis safuZvelze da misi saqmianoba regulirdebaspecialuri kanoniT. saxelmwifo kontrolis sabWos wevrebiSeirCeva da iniSneba prezidentis mier. saxelmwifos meTauriaRniSnul organos iyenebs saxelmwifo aparatis mniSvnelovani57

golebis kontrolisaTvis. prezidentis davalebiTsaxelmwifo kontrolis sabWo axorcielebs organizaciebis,dawesebulebebisa da Sereuli kapitalis, saxelmwifo an kerZosawarmoebis, profesiuli kavSirebis, socialuri mniSvnelobisvaqufebis kontrolisaTvis.prezidentis organizaciuli uzrunvelyofisaTvis masTaniqmneba generaluri kancelaria, romelic awarmoebs mimoweras,yvela saxis dokumentaciis Sedgenas da a.S. prezidentskancelariis aparatis meSveobiT mudmivi kavSiri aqvsxelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis centraluri organoebisxelmZRvanelebTan, presasTan da sxva uwyebebTan.aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas warmoadgens ministrTakabineti, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs premier-ministri.Camoyalibebuli tradiciis mixedviT, qveynis prezidentipremier-ministrad niSnavs arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli partiisTavmjdomares, xolo misi rekomendaciis Sedegad ministrebs.ministrTa kabinetis kompetenciis formireba xdeba misifunqcionirebis periodSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom TurqeTiskonstitucia ministrTa kabinets uflebas ar aZlevsdamoukideblad miiRos normatiuli aqtebi. qveynis ZiriTadikanonis Tanaxmad, ministrTa kabineti kanonebisa da wesdebebisSesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT miiRebs mxolod instruqciebs.magram ministrTa kabinetis normatiuli uflebebis SezRudvamxolod formaluria. sinamdvileSi ministrTa kabineti TviTonaxdens saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo politikissakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli mravali dadgenilebis gamocemisinicirebas, romlebsac xels aweren prezidenti da Sesabamisiministrebi da qveyndeba oficialur macneSi _ `Resmi GazeTe~-Si.aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebis politikuri58

uflebamosileba farToa da xorcieldeba prezidentis,premier-ministrisa da ministrebis mier.saministroebis raodenoba da struqtura drodadroicvleboda. 1983 wels Camoyalibebul mTavrobaSi 14 saministroSedioda. saxelmwifos moRvaweobis sferos gafarToebasTanerTad gaizarda saministroebis ricxvic, aseve Seicvala maTimoqmedebis mimarTulebebi. 2003 wels formirebul 59-emTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian: premier-ministri; 3 vicepremieri,romelTagan erTi maTgani amavdroulad sagareosaqmeTa ministria, xolo 2 _ saxelmwifo ministri; amasTandamatebiT kidev 5 saxelmwifo ministri; iusticiis ministri;erovnuli Tavdacvis ministri; Sinagan saqmeTa ministri;finansTa ministri; erovnuli ganaTlebis ministri;urbanizaciis, mSeneblobisa da gansaxlebis ministri;janmrTelobis dacvis ministri; transportis ministri;soflis meurneobis ministri; Sromisa da sicialuri dacvisministri; mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis ministri; energetikisa dabunebrivi resursebis ministri; kulturisa da turizmisministri; garemos dacvisa da satyeo meurneobis ministri.saministroebis garda mTavrobasTan moqmedebs 15saxelmwifo komiteti da umaRlesi sakoordinacio sabWo(saxelmwifo dagegmarebis organizacia, umaRlesi samxedrosabWo, mecnierebisa da teqnikis umaRlesi sabWo, samTavrobokontrolis umaRlesi sabWo, umRlesi saarbitraJo sabWo dasxva.), aseve 17 damoukidebeli sammarTvelo da instituti(aTaTurqis sax. samecniero centri, religiis saqmeTasammarTvelo, statistikis saxelmwifo instituti, atomurienergiis sammarTvelo, metrologiis mTavari sammarTvelo,informaciisa da beWdviTi sityvis mTavari sammarTvelo,59

saxelmwifo standartis instituti, saxelmwifo kadrebissammarTvelo, samecniero-teqnikuri kvlevebis sabWo da a.S.),romlebic funqcionireben premier-ministris an saxelmwifoministrebis xelmZRvanelobiT da ganageben samxedrosamrewvelokompleqsis, saxalxo meurneobisa da saSinaocxovrebis sxvadasxva mniSvnelovan sferoebs.ministrTa sabWos prezidentis TavmjdomareobiT,erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mxardaWeris Sedegad, epidemiis,ekonomikuri krizisis, masiuri daumorCileblobis aSkaraniSnebis arsebobis da samoqalaqo omis, respublikiswinaaRmdeg ajanyebis an saxelmwifosa da eris ganuyoflobisprincipis aSkara safrTxis SemTxvevaSi, qveynis mTelteritoriaze an mis romelime nawilSi 6 Tvis vadiT SeuZliagamoacxados sagangebo, saomari mdgomareoba, an mobilizacia.mTavrobis gadawyvetileba sagangebo situaciis gamocxadebisSesaxeb qveyndeba `Resmi Gazete“-Si da igzavneba mejlisSidasamtkiceblad. zemoT aRniSnuli 6 Tviani periodis gasvlisSemdeg mejliss SeuZlia 4 Tvis vadiT ramdenjerme kidevgaagrZelos sagangebo mdgomareoba. teritoriaze, sadacgamocxaddeba sagangebo da salyo mdgomareoba, moqmedebaSiSedis kanonis Zalis mqone mTavrobis dadgenileba. misSesabamisad saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebigadadian samxedro xelmZRvanelobis kontrlis qveS, xolosaxelmwifo usafrTxoebis sasamarTloebi SesaZloa,gadakeTdnen sagangebo mdgomareobis samxedro sasamarTloebad.aseT SemTxvevaSi samxedro nawilebsa da samarTaldamcavorganoebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon samxedro-administrciuli dasasamarTlo-policiuri Zaldatanebis xerxebi (eWvmitanilTapreventuli dakaveba, saxlebis Cxreka da moqalaqeTa60

gadasaxleba, masmediaze cenzuris daweseba, gaficvebis,Sekrebebis, mitingebisa da demonstraciebis akrZalva,mosaxleobis mobilizacia iZulebiT samuSaoze)..61

$ _ 3. Tanamedrove TurqeTis partiebis sagareo dasaSinaopolitikuri koncefciaTurqeTis respublikaSi dReisaTvis arsebobsmravalpartiuli sistema, romelic Camoyalibda XX saukunis50-70-ian wlebSi. Tumca misi funqcionireba 1980 wlis 12seqtembris samxedro gadatrialebis Sedegad droebiTSeCerebul iqna.gadatrialebis Semdeg, 1982 wels, qveyanaSi miRebuli iqnaaxali konstitucia, romelic mniSvnelovnad zRudavdapolitikuri partiebis SesaZleblobebs da mimarTuli iyoiqiTken, rom msxvil partiebs maqsimaluri SesaZleblobamiscemoda, raTa sabolood erTpartiuli mTavrobisCamoyalibeba moxerxebuliyo.1983 wels samxedro reJimis moqmedebis dasrulebis Semdegdaiwyo partiebis brZola maTi moRvaweobis pirobebisa damTlianad politikuri sistemis demokratizaciisaTvis. mxolod1995 wels moxerxda 1982 wlis konstituciaSi cvlilebebisSetana, maT Soris politikur partiebisadmi miZRvnildebulebebSi. cvlilebebis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad Semcirdapolitikuri partiebis programebis akrZalvaTa CamonaTvali.asakobrivi cenzi partiaSi gawevrianebaze 21 wlidan daiwia 18wlamde, gauqmda debulebebi, romlebic krZalavdnenpartiebTan qalTa, axalgazrdul da sxv. saxis organizaciebisSeqmnas, aseve akrZalvebi politikuri partiebiskooperativebTan, profesiul kavSirebTan da sxvasazogadoebriv organizaciebTan TanamSromlobaze. gauqmdadebuleba, romelic krZalavda profesorebis, leqtorebisa da62

studentebis romelime partiis wevrobas, magramgansazRvrulia, rom aRniSnuli saxis wevroba regulirdebaspecialuri kanoniT, romelic awesebs garkveul SezRudvebs115-102]. partiaSi gawevrianeba ekrZalebaT mosamarTleebs,saxelmwifo moxeleebs da im moswavleebs, romlebic arswavloben universitetebSi (liceumi, koleji da sxva saxissawavleblebi).1982 wlis konstituciiT, akrZaluli politikuripartiebis xelmZRvanelebs ekrZalebaT axali partiis Seqmna,Tu misi wevrebis umravlesobas Seadgenen gauqmebuli partiiswevrebi. cvlilebaSi gansazRvruli iyo, rom partiisxelmZRvanelebs da wevrebs, romelTa moRvaweobac, gaxdapartiis gauqmebis mizezi, politikuri moRvaweoba 5 wliTekrZalebaT.qvemoT moyvanilia Tanamedrove TurqeTis respublikismsxvili politikuri partiebi da maTi prioritetebis mokledaxasiaTeba, romlebic politikur brZolaze realuradzemoqmedeben da garkveulwilad qveynis marTvaSimonawileoben.ADALET VE KALKINMA PARTISI (AKP) (samarTlianobisa daganviTarebis partia). dafuZnda 2001 wlis 14 agvistos.generaluri Tavmjdomare rejef Taif erdoRani. faqtiuradwarmoadgens `saTnoebis partiis~ samarTalmemkvidres, romelicakrZalul iqna. partia 2002 wlis 3 noembris arCevnebSigamarjvebis Semdeg, dRemde qveynis mmarTveli Zala gaxlavT.AKP-m ukanasneli 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi, TurqeTisrespublikaSi pirvelad SeZlo erTpartiuli mTavrobisCamoyalibeba.63

partiis ZiriTadi programa gaxlavT ekonomikuri zogadiprincipebi: makroekonomikis stabilizacia; mikroekonomikisliberalizacia da sagareo investiciebis mozidva.partiisaTvis ekonomikis mTavari prioritetebia:ekonomikis reabilitaciis procesis dasruleba; ekonomikiszrdis procesis xelaxla dawyeba; siRaribisa da umuSevrobisdonis Semcireba; biurokratiis Semcireba; korufciasTanbrZola; evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisaTvis saWiro ekonomikurireformebis gatareba; TurqeTis regionalur ekonomikur Zaladda finansur centrad gadaqcevisaTvis saWiro garemosmomzadeba.samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis partiis sagareopolitika gaxlavT Semdegi: TurqeTi warmoadgens axloaRmosavleTisa da kavkasia-centraluri aziis regionisstabilurobis erT-erT garants. am Tvisebidan gamomdinarevaldebulia meti iniciativa aiRos regionSi arsebulikrizisebis daregulirebis procesSi. miuxedavad erayisgarSemo Seqmnili daZabulobisa, aSS rCeba TurqeTis mTavarmokavSire qveynad. evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba miiCneva qveynissagareo politikis prioritetad da mTavrobam da parlamentmaunda gadadgan evropelTa moTxovnebis dakmayofilebisaTvissaWiro qmediTi nabijebi, rac qveyanaSi demokratiulireformebis gatarebaSi unda aisaxos [92-487]. nato-s egidiTganxorcielebul RonisZiebebSi monawileobis paraleluradTurqeTma aqtiurad unda iTanamSromlos euTo-sTan. aseveqveynis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma nato-s da gaero-s egidiTmonawileoba unda miiRon saerTaSoriso samSvidobooperaciebSi. TurqeTma qveynis interesebis Selaxvis gareSeunda uzrunvelyos ruseTTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis64

ganmtkiceba. aseve mniSvnelovania kulturulad axlocentraluri aziisa da kavkasiis saxelmwifoebTanurTierTTanamSromlobaze damyarebuli urTierTobebisgagrZeleba. saberZneTi ar unda aRiqmebodes rogorcmowinaaRmdege da mteri, aramed urTierTobebi unda iyos orixalxisaTvis sargeblobis momtani. saberZneTTan ormxriviurTierTobebi unda emyarebodes ekonomikur miznebs, risTvisacmniSvnelovania arsebuli politikuri dapirispirebisaRmofxvrisaTvis safuZvlis momzadeba.aucileblad unda mogvardes kviprosis problema dadaregulirebis meTodi safrTxes ar unda uqmnides kunZulzemcxovrebi Turqebis interesebs. didi mniSvneloba eniWebaislamur samyarosTan urTierTobas. erTis mxriv am qveynebTanormxrivi urTierTobi unda ganviTardes, xolo, meores mxriv,saWiroa islamuri konferenciis organizaciis roli dapativiscema gaizardos saerTaSoriso arenaze.erdoRanis partiisaTvis axalgazrdobisa da mTlianaderis ganaTleba warmoadgens yvela dargis ganviTarebisZiriTad xelSemwyob pirobas. ganaTlebis xarisxis gazrda,ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobis Tanasworobisuzrunvelyofa da ganaTlebis sistemis ideologiuri brZolisarenisagan CamoSoreba maTi ZiriTadi prioritetia.rac Seexeba jandacvas, partiis liderebis azriT,janmrTeli Taobis aRzrdis mizniT, jandacvis sfero yvelasocialuri fenisaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos, risTvisacSesabamisi reformebis gatarebaa saWiro.CUMHURIYET HALK PARTISI (CHP) (saxalxo respublikuripartia). dafuZnda 1923 wlis 11 seqtembers. pirveli generaluriTavmjdomare iyo TurqeTis respublikis damaarsebeli mustafa65

qemal aTaTurqi [32_45]. amJamad generaluri Tavmjdomareadeniz baiqali. 2002 wlis noembris saparlmento arCevnebisSedegad warmoadgens erTaderT opoziciur partias TurqeTisdid erovnul krebaSi. (parlamentSi)CHP memarcxene-centristuli orientaciis partiaa. masgaaCnia `eqvsi isris principi~, rac qemalizmis da TurqeTissaxelmwifos ideologiuri safuZvelicaa. esenia:respublikanizmi, erovnuloba, xalxuroba, etatizmi, laicizmi(religiis gamoyofa saxelmwifosagan) da revolucionizmi.partiis sagareo politikis kursi mimarTulia qveynisevropeizaciisaken, amasTanave, maTi azriT, sagareo politikaganuyofelia TavdacviTi politikisagan. regionis qveynebsSoris urTierTkavSirebi ndobis faqtors unda efuZnebodes.saSinao politikaSi partiis ZiriTadi programa gaxlavT:tradiciuli saxelmwifo monopoliebis garda yuradReba undamieqces mZime mrewvelobasa da janmrTelobis dacvis sakiTxebs;adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis mixedviT undaganisazRvros nebismieri pirovnebis ufleba; muSebs aqvTgaficvis da profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnis xelSeuxebeliufleba; gadasaxadebi saxelmwifosaTvis ara marto Semosavliswyaroa, dagegmili samuSaoebis, warmoebis da mowesrigebuliurbanizaciis ganxorcielebis saSualebacaa; teqnologiisganviTarebiT produqciis raodenobis zrda da am mizniTwvrili da saSualo glexobis waxaliseba; aseve Tavisufladunda ganviTardes nebismieri pirovnebis niWi daSesaZleblobebi. ganaTlebam xeli unda Seuwyosdamoukidebeli pirovnebis Camoyalibebasa da erovnulierTobis grZnobis gaZlierebas.66

ANAVATAN PARTISI (ANAP) (dedasamSoblos partia) _dafuZnda 1983 wlis 20 maiss. pirveli generaluri Tavmjdomareiyo TurguT ozali. amJamindeli generaluri TavmjdomareamesuT ilmazi. ANAP-is memarjvene-centristuli mimarTulebispartiaa [12-192]. partias sagareo politikaSi prioritetadmiaCnia mWidro kavSiri Crdilo atlantikur aliansTan, magramisini amasTanave aucileblad Tvlian axlo aRmosavleTismuslimanur qveynebTan, megobruli urTierTobebisganviTarebasa da gaRrmavebas.saSinao politikis prioritetebia: privatizacia,Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika, inflaciis SeCereba, sagareovaWrobaze saxelmwifo kontrolis gauqmeba; nebismieripirovnebis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis xelSeuxebloba;gadasaxadebi unda iyos mcire, advili gasagebad dagadasaxdelad. soflis meurneobaSi aucilebelia axaliteqnologiis ganviTareba da reformebis gatareba; adamianebsunda mieceT kavSirebis dafuZnebis da gaficvis uflebebi;aucileblad unda Seewyos xeli ucxouri kapitalis mozidvas.rac Seexeba ganaTlebis sferos, maTi azriT, ganaTlebismTavari movaleobaa aTaTurqis principebis erTguli,Tanamedrove TurqeTis idealis, erovnuli da moralurifaseulobebis gaTavisebuli adamianis gazrda. saxelmwifoganaTlebasTan erTad SesaZlebeli unda iyos kerZoganaTlebis miRebac.DOGRU YOL PARTISI (DYP) (WeSmariti gzis partia)dafuZnda 1983 wlis 23 ivniss. partiis generaluriTavmjdomarea mehmed aRari. aRniSnuli partiis SeqmnaSi didiwvlili miuZRvis TurqeTis uaxlesi istoriis erT-erTgamoCenil moRvawes suleiman demirels [29-532].67

DYP memarjvene-centristuli mimarTulebis organizaciaa.iTvleba `samarTlianobis partiis~ (moqmedebda 1961-1980wlebSi) memkvidred.sagareo politikaSi partiis ZiriTadi programa gaxlavT;qveynis usafrTxoebisa da mSvidobis SenarCuneba. aseTipolitika gaero-s ZiriTad principebs unda emorCilebodes.gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia urTierTobebi axlomezoblebTan; saWiroa ucxouri kapitalis waxaliseba, radganigi marto imiT ki ar aris momgebiani, rom qveyanaSi valutaSemodis, aramed imiTac, rom viTardeba sagareo ekonomikuriurTierTobebi, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania srulyofilisaxelmwifosaTvis.saSinao politikaSi ,,WeSmariti gzis partiis”warmomadlenlebi Tvlian, rom: ekonomikuri wyoba Tavisufalda demokratiul reJims unda aZlierebdes; yvelas aqvsprofesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnis ufleba. anazRaurebisraodenobaze samuSaos mimcemi da Semsrulebeli TviTon undaSeTanxmdnen; sagadasaxado sistema moqalaqis finansurSesaZleblobebs unda pasuxobdes da, rac mTavaria, unda iyossamarTliani; xeli unda Seewyos soflis meurneobisaRorZinebas. am mxriv TurqeTi unda gauTanabrdes evrokavSirisqveynebs; ganaTlebis mTavari mizania Tavisufali, erovnulisakiTxebiT dainteresebuli, idealisti, fizikurad dasulierad janmrTeli, erovnul tradiciebze damokidebuli,morwmune Taobis aRzrda.ILLYETCI HAREKET PARTISI (MHP) (nacionalurimoZraobis partia) dafuZnda 1969 wels. partiis generaluriTavmjdomarea devleT bahCeli.68

partiis mizania `axali saxelmwifo wesrigis~ damyareba. eswesrigi ver ganxorcieldeba verc kapitalizmiT da verckomunizmiT. amisaTvis saWiroa mesame `idealuri gza~.MHP-s gaaCnia 9 principi, romelic `cxra sxivis~saxelwodebiT aris cnobili [29-534], esenia: nacionalizmi,idealizmi, zneobrioba, codna, sazogadoebrioba, glexoba,Tavisufleba da individualizmi, progresuloba daxalxosnoba, industrializacia da teqnikuroba.MHP-s ZiriTadi principi nacionalizmi da islamia, racxSirad ultranacionalizmsa da ultrakonservatizmSimoiazreba.DEMOKRATIK SOL PARTISI (DSP) (memarcxene-demokratiulipartia) dafuZnda 1985 wlis 14 noembers. partiis generaluriTavmjdomarea biulenT ejeviTi.DSP memarcxene-centristuli mimarTulebis organizaciaa.mxars uWers socializmis Svedur models.amrigad dReisaTvis daaxloebiT ase gamoiyurebaTurqeTis respublikis wamyvani partiebi da maTi xedvebisagareo da saSinao politikaSi.69

Tavi IITurqeTis geopolitikuri koncefciebis evoluciameore msoflio omis Semdeg$ _ 1. geopolitikis tradiciuli safuZvlebi daTanamedroveobatradiciuli gagebiT geopolitika gaxlavT xelisuflebismsoflmxedveloba, mecniereba xelisuflebis Sesaxeb daxelisuflebisaTvis. igi mxolod maSin amJRavnebs TavismniSvnelobas, azrs, sargeblianobas, roca adamianimiuaxlovdeba garkveul socialur simaRles, manamde kiabstraqciad aRiqmeba. geopolitika politikuri elitebisdisciplinaa. mTeli misi istoria damajereblad adasturebs,rom masze muSaobdnen swored is pirovnebebi, romlebic anaqtiurad monawileobdnen qveynebisa da erebis marTvisprocesSi, an am rolisaTvis emzadebodnen.geopolitika aris mecniereba marTvis Sesaxeb, romelicSeiswavlis saxelmwifos sagareo politikaSi geografiulifaqtoris rols da mis gavlenas qveynis erovnuli interesebisCamoyalibebaze. geopolitikis, rogorc sagareo politikuripraqtikis, mTavari mizania saxelmwifos geografiulimdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, e. i. geopolitikis arsimdgomareobs nebismieri qveynis geostrategiis SemuSavebaSi [31-26].geopolitika ar acxadebs pretenzias mecnierulsizusteze da TviTon gansazRvravs, Tu ra aris misTvisRirebuli da ra ara. humanitarul da sabunebismetyvelodisciplinebs iSveliebs mxolod maSin, rodesac isini70

geopolitikuri meTodebis ZiriTad principebs arewinaaRmdegebian. geopolitika garkveulwilad, TviTon irCevsmisTvis sasargeblo mecnierebebsa da samecnieromimdinareobebs, xolo danarCens yuradRebis gareSe tovebs.Tanamedrove msoflioSi igi warmoadgens ,,mokle cnobarsmbrZaneblisaTvis” [40-39], xelisuflebis saxelmZRvanelos,sadac mocemulia daskvnebi, romlebic unda gaviTvaliswinoTglobaluri an sabediswero gadawyvetilebebis dros, iseTebismagaliTad rogoricaa: omebis dawyeba, kavSirebis Seqmna,mniSvnelovani reformebis ganxorcieleba, sazogadoebisstruqturuli gardaqmna, masStaburi ekonomikuri dapolitikuri sanqciebis SemoReba da a. S.geopolitikuri midgomis sinTezuri Seswavla gulisxmobsnebismieri qveynis an regionis geografiul, socialurpolitikur,samxedro, demografiul, ekonomikur da qveynissxva simZlieris ganmsazRvrel faqtorTa kombinirebulSeswavlasa da Sefasebas.,,geopolitis”, rogorc terminis, mniSvnelobas xSiradgaafarToeben xolme imgvarad, rom igi SeiZleba moicavdesdamatebiT sxva socialur da zogadkulturul aspeqtebsac,magram Tu am terminis sakuTrivi sazrisis SenarCuneba gvsurs,yovelTvis unda vigulisxmoT, rom geopolitika arisgeografiuli da politikuri faqtorebis imgvari kombinacia,romelic zegavlenas iqoniebs qveyanasa Tu regionze.qveynis geopolitikuri mdebareobis Sefasebisas udidesiyuradReba eqceva, rogorc geografiul faqtors, aseveekonomikur da strategiul poziciebs, qveynis warsuls, misurTierTobas mezoblebTan an msoflios nebismier71

saxelmwifoebTan, aseve regionSi arsebul politikur Tuekonomikur viTarebas.aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela saxelmwifos gaaCnia Tavisigeopolitikuri kodebi, romlebic calkeuli qveynis miermsoflios xedvas gulisxmobs da msoflios calmxrivtendenciur suraTs iZleva. Cvens realobaSi arsebobs samidonis geopolitikuri kodi: lokaluri, regionaluri daglobaluri [17-82].lokaluri kodi mosazRvre qveynebis Sefasebasgulisxmobs. nebismier qveyanas, patarasa Tu dids, Zliersa Tususts, aucileblad unda hqondes aseTi kodi.regionaluri kodebi gaaCniaT iseT saxelmwifoebs,romelTa gavlenis sfero: politikuri, ekonomikuri,kulturuli Tu sxva scildeba mezobel qveynebs. arsebuli dapotenciuri regionaluri mniSvnelobis saxelmwifoebisaTvissaWiroebas moiTxovs aseTi kodebis SemuSaveba.globalur geopolitikur kodebs dRevandel msoflioSimxolod ramdenime saxelmwifo flobs, radgan marto amqveynebs SeuZliaT awarmoon globaluri politika da mxolodmaT xelSia msoflios umniSvnelovanesi problemebis gadaWrisgasaRebebi.meoce saukunis istoriam udidesi gavlena iqonia araerTididi qveynis geopolitikuri mdgomareobis ganviTarebisTaviseburebaze. amis naTeli magaliTia Tundac ruseTissaxelmwifo da misi ,,regaliebis” cvla saukuneTa manZilze.mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda aseve dasavleT evropisa daaRmosavluri (mag: TurqeTis) qveynebis geopolitikurifaqtorebis ganviTarebis TaviseburebebSi [124].72

nebismieri qveynis, iqneba igi TurqeTis respublika,amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Tu saqarTvelo, geopolitikurisimZlavreebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebia: teritoriis zedapiri;sazRvrebis buneba; zRvaze gasasvleli; mosaxleobisraodenoba; bunebrivi resursebi; finansuri siZliere;ekonomikisa da teqnikis ganviTarebis done; eTnikurierTgvarovneba; socialuri integraciis done; politikuristabiluroba da erovnuli suli.rogorc zemoT iTqva, termini ,,geopolitika” exebamsoflio politikur rukas da geografiul faqtorebs, asevecvlilebebs politikur dagegmarebaSi. igi Zvelia rogorcistoria. terminis uSualo Camoyalibebamde uamraviineleqtuali aRniSnavda geografiis gavlenas politikuristrategiis regulirebaSi. antikuri xanis berZeni filosofosiaristotele iyo pirveli, vinc yuradReba gaamaxvilageografiisa da politikis kavSirze. igi gvTavazobs raidealuri saxelmwifos models, Tvlis, rom unda iyossakmarisad Zlieri, raTa SeinarCunos ekonomikuridamoukidebloba, yuradebas aqcevs mocemuli teritoriisgeografiul mdebareobas ucxouri agresiisagan Tavdacvissawarmoeblad. xazs usvams topografiuli faqtorebispolitikur da strategiul Rirebulebas da gvTavazobs, romadgili unda iyos xelsayreli mterze TavdasxmisaTvis, undaSeuqmnas winaRoba potenciur dampyrobels, rogoricaabunebrivi simaRleebi, mTebi da gadaulaxavi mdinareebi.amasTanave teritoria iolad misawvdomi unda gaxldestransportaciisaTvis zRvidan da miwidan [40_39], swored aseTigeografiuli mdebareobaa misTvis Rirebuli idealuradganlagebuli qveynisaTvis.73

Tanamedrove rusi geopolitikosi aleqsandre dugini aseTparalels avlebs: marqsizmi da liberalizmi TanabradTavsdeba adamianis arsebobis ekonomikur mxareSi, magram,,ekonomikuri ideologiisagan" geopolitika emyareba Teziss -,,geografiuli reliefi rogorc bedi" [43-27]. geografia dasivrce geopolitikaSi asruleben iseTive funqcias, rogorcfulisa da warmoebis urTierToba marqsizmsa daliberalizmSi, maTTanaa dakavSirebuli adamianis arsebobisumTavresi aspeqtebi, isini warsulis interpretaciis ZiriTadmeTods warmoadgenen, aseve warmoadgenen adamianuri yofisumTavres faqtors, romlebic Tavis irgvliv ajgufebsarsebobis sxvadasxva sakiTxebs.erT-erTi wamyvani amerikeli geopolitikosi zbignevbJezinski (Zbigniew Brzezinski) aRniSnavs, rom geopolitika, esgaxlavT poziciuri TamaSis Teoria "msoflios saWadrakodafaze" [52-7]. bJezinski aris polonel-amerikeli politologi,sociologi da saxelmwifo moRvawe. didi xnis ganmavlobaSiigi amerikis sagareo politikis erT-erTi wamyvani ideologiiyo, amasTan jon hopqinsis universitetis strategiuli dasaerTaSoriso marTvis centris mrCeveli da wevric gaxldaT.geopolitikis koncefcia warmoiqmna XIX saukunis bolosada XX saukunis dasawyisSi, Tumca mecnierebi jer kidevadreul SromebSi gamoiyenebdnen, rogorc termins,,politikuri geografia".TviTon sityva-cneba ,,geopolitika” TanamedroveliteraturaSi sami sxvadasxva gagebiT ixmareba:pirveli gagebiT, termini ,,geopolitika" gaxlavTreaqciuli politikuri doqtrina, romelic araxelsayreligeografiuli pirobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT amarTlebs da74

asabuTebs eqspansiur politikasa da teritoriul dapyrobebs,xelsayreli, e. w. ,,sasicocxlo sivrcis” Seqmnisaucileblobas sxva susti da ,,arasrulfasovani” qveynebisteritoriebis xarjze [161]. aseTi gagebiT geopolitikagaigivebulia im oficialur politikur ideologiasa dapraqtikasTan, rasac magaliTad axorcielebda nacisturigermania da rac amjerad sayovelTaodaa uaryofili.meore gagebiT, geopolitika aris iseTi moZRvreba,romelic saerTaSoriso urTierTobebsa da saxelmwifoTasagareo politikur qcevas safuZvlad udebs, ukve Cvens mierzemoT CamoTvlil iseT geografiul maxasiaTeblebs,rogoricaa: geografiuli mdebareoba, teritoriisa damosaxleobis sidide, klimati, reliefi da a.S. aseTSemTxvevaSi geopolitikis gageba yalibdeba rogorcdamoukidebeli mecniereba.mesame gagebiT, termins iyeneben iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesacxdeba saxelmwifoTa konkretuli sagareo-politikuriqmedebani TavianTi rolisa da gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvissxvadasxva geografiul regionSi.xmeleTi da zRva geopolitikis sawyisi cnebaa. swored esori stiqia, miwa da wyali udevs safuZvlad adamianismiTologiur warmodgenas dedamiwis sircis Sesaxeb. xmeleTisada zRvis, miwisa da stiqiebis gaazrebis dros adamianiurTierTobaSi Sedis Tavisi arsebobis ganmapirobebel ZiriTadaspeqtebTan. xmeleTi es aris stabiluri, mWidro, mdgradisivrce. wyali ki moZraoba, moqniloba, dinamika, dro.es ori stiqia samyaros sagnobrivi bunebis arsis yvelazeZveli da naTeli gamovlinebaa. isini adamianis gareT75

arseboben, es aris yvelaferi, rac mdgradi da Txevadia, isiniTviTon adamianSic sufeven, es aris sisxli da xorci.istoriulad wyali anu Talasokratia dasavleTTan daatlantikis okeanesTanaa dakavSirebuli, xolo xmeleTi anuTelulokratia aRmosavleTTan anu evraziis kontinentTanaagaigivebuli.dedamiwaze yvela geopolitikosis mier gaziarebulsaerTo meTodologiur formulas warmoadgens fundamenturiistoriuli dualizmis mtkiceba, erTi mxriv xmeleTi,Telulokratia, miwa ,,nomosi”, evrazia, hartlandi, ,,Suamdebaremiwa”, ideikratiuli civilizacia, ,,istoriis geografiuliRerZi” da meore mxriv, zRva, Talasokratia, ,,sazRvaoZalaufleba”, ,,zRvis nomosi”, atlantika, anglosaqsurimsoflio, savaWro civilizacia, ,,gare anu kunZulovaninaxevarmTvare”. geopolitikosTa xedvebiT swored am or mxaresSoris mimdinareobs geopolitikuri dapirispireba, romelicar dasruldeba manam, sanam erT-erTi srul gamarjvebas armiaRwevs.pirveli da meore msoflio omebi, aseve ,,civi omi”, sxvaaraferi iyo, Tu ara brZola hartlandisaTvis, 1917 wels mefisruseTSi momxdarma revoluciam Zireulad Secvala ZalTabalansi, industrializaciam da komunikaciebis swrafi tempiTganviTarebam ruseTs saSualeba misca sabWoTa kavSiradgardaqmniliyo da hartlandis gulis kontrolidangamomdinare msoflioze batonobis pretenzia gamoeTqva,sabednierod, Tu saubedurod, mxolod sabWoTa kavSirs arhqonda msgavsi pretenzia da resursebi misgansaxorcieleblad, igi am dapirispirebaSi mesame raixispirispir aRmoCnda. dasavleTisaTvis ar arsebobda imaze76

saSineli koSmari, vidre germaniisa da sabWoTa kavSirisSeTanxmeba aRmosavleT evropis gayofaze. 1939 wlis ribentropmolotovispaqtiT isini faqtiurad Tanxmdebodnen erToblivkontrolze, gavlenis sferoebis dayofasa da msofliobatonobaze, magram, aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba xangZlivi araRmoCnda.meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebam aRmosavleT evropazesabWoTa kavSiris ambiciebi da gavlena ganuzomlad gazarda,aucilebeli gaxda misi izolacia da am gziT neitralizacia,saWiroebam miwodeba ganapiroba da hartlandis TeoriasgagrZelebac moeZebna. arsebuli sinamdvilidan gamomdinare,hartlandis gakontrolebis perspeqtiva ararealuri Canda,saWiro iyo misi ganeitraleba da amis erTaderT saSualebadganxiluli iqna hartlandis garSemo arsebuli rkalis (evropa,axlo aRmosavleTi, samxreTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia) –anu rimlandis kontroli da dasavleTis mier am gziT sabWoTaSetevebis eqspansia. swored zustad am periodisaTvis mieqcaudidesi mniSvneloba, zRvis saxelmwifoebis mier, TurqeTisrespublikis geografiul da geopolitikur faqtors, racsabolood ankaris Crdilo-atlantikur aliansSigawevrianebiT dasrulda. hartlandis neitralizacia mxolodmecnierebis mier wamoWrili Teoria ar gaxldaT, swored amsaqmes emsaxureboda msoflios udidesi movlena ,,civi omi”,romelic yvelasaTvis naTelia, rom sabolood sabWoTakavSiris daSliT damTavrda, amasTanave, im periodisaTvisdamTavrda hartlandisaTvis brZolis mniSvnelovani etapic –aRmosavleT evropa sabolood Camoscilda rusul orbitas dadasavleTsa da ruseTs Soris saimedo izolatoris rolidaekisra, swored aman ganapiroba am qveynebis swrafi77

integracia dasavlur struqturebsa da upirveles yovlisanatoSi, Tu gavixsenebT imave versalis 1919 wlisxelSekrulebas, es saxelmwifoebi swored am mizniT SeiqmnaTavis droze, am azrs isic ganamtkicebs, rom amerikisSeerTebulma Statebma Tavisi antisaraketo sistemebi sworedCexeTsa da poloneTSi ganaTavsa, nato ki warmatebiTuzrunvelyofs baltiispireTis sahaero sivrcis kontrols.berlini _ korea _ axlo aRmosavleTi _ vietnami _avRaneTi Cvens uaxloes warsulSi dasavleTsa daaRmosavleTs, Talasokratiasa ♣ da Telurokratias ♣ SorisrimlandisaTvis dapirispirebis gamoxatulebaa, esdapirispireba dResac grZeldeba da raoden samwuxaroc arunda iyos, realobaa, Cveni qveynisa da qarTveli xalxisaTviszemoT moyvanil cxel wertilebTan erTad, dRes ukve ,,zRvisada miwis nomosebis” dapirispirebis erT-erTi poligonikavkasiacaa. amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom TurqeTis respublika,Tu XX saukunis meore naxevridan myarad idga zRvissaxelmwifoebis mxareze da gaxldaT amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis mokavSire, XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis is, rogorcsaxelmwifo, ise gaZlierda, rom nel-nela iwyebsdamoukidebeli politikis gatarebas [146], amasTanave qveyanaSisakmaod momravldnen iseTi politikuri da arasamTavroboorganizaciebi, romlebic evraziulobis proeqts aqtiuraduWeren mxars. ra Tqma unda, geopolitikurad Zlieri, TurqeTissaxelmwifos Tanadgoma da mis mier warmoebuli politika♣Talasokratia – (bberZn.) ,,sazRvao Zlevamosileba”, ganviTarebuli sazRvaosaxelmwifoebis dasaxeleba♣Telurokratia – (berZn.) ,,saxmeleTo Zlevamosileba”, Zlieri, saxmeleTogeopolitikuri orientaciis mqone saxelmwifoebis daxasiaTeba.78

gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania rogorc dapirispirebulimxareebisaTvis, ise kavkasiis regionisaTvisac.geopolitikuri terminebiT Tu visargeblebT dadasavlel politologebsa da eqspertebs davujerebT, dResruseTis federaciam ,,civi omis” dasrulebis Semdeg kvlavgamoacxada geopolitikuri omi Telulokratebsa daTalasokratebs Soris. udides amerikel politologsa dasovetologs, henri kisinjers erT-erT amerikul gazeT,,vaSington post”-Si gamoqveynebuli aqvs werili, sadac ambobs,rom Telulokratebisa da Talasokratebis dapirispirebaSi TuTelulokratebma gamarjvebis mopoveba SeZles, msoflio srulqaosSi da axal globalur omSi gadavardeba. maSin, Tu esukanasknelni sasaubro enas gamonaxaven da saerTo intersebsipovian, es ukve axali msoflio wesrigi iqneba.amerikuli geopolitikuri skolis warmomadgenlebisazriT, hartlandis neitralizaciis erTaderTi saSualebagaxldaT mis garSemo arsebuli rkalis – e. w. SidanaxevarmTvaris, anu rimlandis (dasavleT evropa, axloaRmosavleTi, samxreTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia)kontroli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleTis sxvaqveynebis mier, rac Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofda sabWoTa, anukomunisturi safrTxis eqspansiis SeCerebas (Sekavebispolitika).hartland_rimlandis Teoria iyo meore msoflio omisSemdgomi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sagareo politikiskonceptualuri baza, xolo misi praqtikuli ganxorcielebisiaraRs warmoadgenda natos, sentos da seatos samxedropolitikuri blokebis Seqmna.79

amerikuli geopolitikuri Teoriebidan aRsaniSnavia s.koenis geostrategiuli arealebisa da geopolitikuriregionebis Teoria, romlis Sesabamisadac msoflio batonobadayofilia or geostrategiul samyaros Soris:I. vaWrobaze damyarebuli sanaosno zona (amerika,dasavleT evropa, afrika, avstralia).II. evraziuli kontinenturi zona (yofili sabWoTakavSiri, centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis da monRoleTisCaTvliT) [188].rogorc cnobilia, bolo ori-sami aTwleulisganmavlobaSi situacia axlo aRmosavleTSi dasavleTisaTvisarasasurveli scenariT warimarTa. gansakuTrebuli zianimiayena evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisgeopolitikur interesebs palestina israelis konfliqtma,iranis fundamentalizmisaken Semobrunebam da avRaneTSi,Semdgom ki eraySi, damkvidrebulma arastabilurobam da omebma.persreqtivaSi arasaTanado partniorebad aRiqmebianregionis arabulenovani qveynebic. rogorc Cans, swored amisgamo aRmosavleT afrikisa da aziis islamuri saxelmwifoebie.w. gamyof qamars qmnian. es faqtiurad evropas aziaSi(harTlandisagan anu ruseTisagan) damoukidebel gasasvlelsuketavs.am mxriv aseve aRsaniSnavia i. galtungis ,,panregionebisada zesaxelmwifoebis Teoria”, sadac avtors kargad aqvsaxsnili msoflio geopolitikaSi ra roli akisriaT zRviszesaxlmwifoebs da ra rols TamaSoben regionaluri qveynebi.aseve sainteresoa s. hantingtonis ,,civilizaciaTa SejaxebisTeoria” da sxv.80

alternatiul geopolitikur Teoriebs miekuTvnebasafrangeTis ganmanTavisuflebeli gmirisa da prezidentisSarl de golis gaerTianebuli evropis Tezisi da indoeTispremierministris javaharlal nerus miumxroblobis moZraobisTezisi.Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTaliberalizacias msoflio politikaze samxedro faqtorisganmsazRvreli rolis SedarebiT Sesusteba mohyva da winaplanze wamoiwia ekonomikuri keTildReobisa da saxelmwifoTakompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis faqtorebma. amitomzogierTi mkvlevari daaskvnis, rom geopolitika icvlebageoekonomikiT ♣ da geoinformaciiT. Tumca kompozitisdasawyisi nawili ,,geo” migvaniSnebs, rom TanamedrovesaerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, geografiul faqtors kvlavdidi roli akisria.politikuri geografiisa da geopolitikis warmoSoba me-19 saukunis miwurulSi ZiriTadad aixsneba im dros mimdinareistoriuli procesebiT. iqamde met-naklebad stabilurmsoflio politikur rukaze ukve isaxeboda mniSvnelovani♣geoekonomika – erTi mniSvnelobiT aris qveynis qveynis geografiuli daekonomikuri urTierTkavSiri da, aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos ,,qceva”, racgansazRvravs misi warmoebisa da vaWrobis dones da saqonlisa da momsaxurebismoxmarebis moculobas. meore mniSvnelobiT, g. ganisazRvreba rogorcgeopolitikis gansakuTrebuli versia, romelic prioritetulad miiCnevs arageografiul, kulturul, eTnikur da a.S. faqtorebs, aramed sivrcesTandakavSirebul wminda ekonomikur realobebs. g. msoflio ganviTarebissafuZvels xedavs imaSi, Tu sad iqneba ganlagebuli msoflio birJebiscentrebi, sasargeblo wiaRiseuli, sainformacio centrebi, msxvili sawarmoebida sxv. g.-is koncefciis avtori J. atali Tvlis, rom ,,civi omis” Semdeggeopolitika g.-iT Seicvala da igi Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemis mTavarimodelia81

cvlilebebi. bevri mecnieri grZnobda, rom evropasa damsoflioSi ingreva is ,,geopolitikuri wesrigi”, romelicnapoleonis omebis da misi damarcxebis Sedegad Camoyalibdada modifikaciebiT, anu balkaneTSi axali saxelmwifoebisSeqmniT, germaniisa da italiis gaerTianebiTa da koloniuridayrobebis warmoebebiT mTeli saukune iarseba. saboloodswored es modifikaciebi gaxda sababi msoflioSi ZalTabalansis darRvevisa. am saqmeSi mowinave gaxldaT germaniisimperia, romelic miiswrafoda msoflio hegemonTa rigSi didibritaneTis imperiis xarjze SeWriliyo. am swrafvis finalmasaerTaSoriso sazogadoeba miiyvana xalxTa gamanadgurebel,pirvel da meore msoflio omebamde, rasac, Tavis mxriv, moyvamkveTri geopolitikuri Zvrebi msoflioSi.,,civi omis” dros geopolitikis gansazRvra TavSekavebisstrategiis CarCoebSi amerikis taqtika iyo, rogorcsamxreTisaken sabWoTa eqspansiis SemaCerebeli instrumenti.amrigad, sanam ,,civ oms” geopolitikur konfliqtadSevracxavT, amerika – sabWoTa kavSiris metoqeobisdominanturi TaviseburebebiT ideologiuri da ekonomikuri,aseve teritoriuli, sazRvao-sanaosno da sahaero gavlenismosapovblad, termini ,,geopolitika” gaxda ZiriTadi elementiaRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris daZabulobisgansasazRvrad.Tanamedrove msoflio wyobaSi ,,civi omis” SemdgomiurTierTobis specifika geografias, Zalauflebasa damsoflio wyobas Soris mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba, radganacgeopolitikuri xedvebi winaaRmdegobaSi modian axaligeopolitikis sazRvrebis dasadgenad. erTis mxriv ,,civi omis”dasasrulma gamoamJRavna axali geopolitikuri wyoba geo-82

ekonomikuri sakiTxebiT. msoflio, sadac ekonomikurisaqmianobis globalizacia, vaWrobis globaluri nakadi,investiciebi da saqoneli cvlis rogorc saxelmwifossuverenitets, aseve planetis geopolitikur struqturas.meores mxriv, axali geopolitika ganmartavs msoflios, sadacadgili aRar aqvs teritoriul daZabulobas ordapirispirebul mxares Soris, magram xazs usvamstransnacionalur problemebs, rogoricaa terorizmi,birTvuli zrda da civilizaciaTa Widili. sxva mxriv kipolitikisa da samyaros urTierToba axla yvelazemniSvnelovania, radgan saxelmwifo da xalxi ibrZvis, raTaTavi gaarTvan garemo degradacias, bunebrivi resursebisamowurvas, transnacionalur dabinZurebasa da globalurdaTbobas.garemos dacvaze orientirebuli inteleqtualebisa daumaRlesi politikuri wreebisaTvis axali geopolitika arisara geo-ekonomika, aramed ekologiuri politika anuekopolitika.strategebi daoben, rom ,,neo-geopolitika” - erebs Sorisfsiqologiuri da kulturuli dinamikis aqtivacia -warmoSobs grZnobas, aRqmasa da swrafvas, romelic exebajgufis identifikaciasa da cxovrebis stils, iseve rogorcerTaSorisi da kulturaTaSorisi eqsperimenti. am konteqstSigeopolitikis gansazRvra moiTxovs terminis sxvadasxvagvariganmartebisa da ganzomilebis mxedvelobaSi miRebas. cnebisdinamikisa da mzardi bunebis gamo, analizis gakeTebis droszogma SeiZleba iyoymanos im analogiuri parametrebisgamoyenebisas, romlebic geopolitikasTanaa dakavSirebuli.83

miuxedavad axali geopolitikuri realobisa, undaaRvniSnoT isic, rom rigi mecnierebi XXI saukunis dasawyisSiganviTarebuli movlenebidan gamomdinare samarTlianadTvlian, rom dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris dapirispirebaSesaZloa, kvlav ganaxldes [113], radgan, rogorc zemoT ukveaRvniSneT, miwa da wyali erTmaneTTan yovelTvisdapirispirebaSi iqneba. amasTanave dRes ukve naTlad CansruseTis federaciis dRevandeli xelmZRvanelobis agresiuli,iperialisturi sagareo da saSinao politika.,,civi omis” dasrulebis Semdeg 90-ian wlebSi ruseTismTavrobam sityvieri mzadyofna gamoxata gaeTvaliswinebinadasavleTis mier miwodebuli principebi, magram mxolodsityvieri da nawilobrivi, anu ,,saSinao sargeblobisTvis” daZiriTadad CeCneTTan mimarTebaSi.im droisaTvis ruseTi aTvicnobierebda, rom igiekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT jerkidev ar iyo mzad xelaxla gamxdariyo supersaxelmwifo daamisaTvis gardamaval periods saWiroebda.amdenad maSin, rodesac ruseTi axali msoflio wesrigisCamoyalibebisa da saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdegbrZolaSi, sityviT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis partniorqveynad gvevlineboda, sinamdvileSi misi mizani am axaliprincipebisa da lozungebis saTavisod gamoyenebaSimdgomareobda, Tavdapirvelad CeCneTSi da yofili sabWoTakavSiris qveynebis sxva teritoriebze, Semdeg ki axlomdebareregionebSic.kremlis dRevandeli revanSistuli da imperialisturimiznebi kargad aqvs gaxmovanebuli vladimer putinis axlomegobarsa da cnobil rus geopolitikos, aleqsandre dugins84

naSromSi ,,geopolitikis safuZvlebi” (Tb.1999w.), romelicruseTSi jer kidev me-20 saukunis 90 ian wlebSi gamoica.,,geopolitikis safuZvlebSi” gaxmovanebuli gegmebisa daimis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom swored aleqsandr duginis arsisda misive msolmxedvelobis mqone mrCevelebis ideebidaemTxveoda ,,kgb”-s oficrisa da ruseTis momavaliprezidentis vladimer putinis (romelsac piradad mravaljergauxmovanebia da Riad ganucxadebia is gamoTqma, rom ,,yofiliCekistebi ar arseboben”) ideebsa da saqmeebs, sruliaddabejiTebiT SeiZleboda imis prognozireba, rom TanamedroveruseTis federacia yvelafers gaakeTebda, raTa aRedgina,,supersaxelmwifos” statusi da revanSi aeRo ,,civ omSi”droebiT damarcxebisaTvis (rac TavisTavad logikurisurvilia). amisaTvis pirvel rigSi qveyanaSi, tradiciulad,saWiro gaxdeboda ,,mtkice xelis” meSveobiT wesrigisdamyareba [21_48], rac SeuZlebelia mmarTvelobis yvelasaTaveebis e. w. ,,Zalovnebis” mier xelSi Cagdebisa, presisa dateleviziis gakontrolebisa da sxva demokratiuli procesebisSezRudvis gareSe.sagareo politikaSi a. duginis moTxovniT gamoyenebuliunda iqnas rogorc tradiciuli meTodebi: winaaRmdegobisgaRviveba amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da evropas Soris,birTvuli da Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis Semcirebazedamyarebuli SantaJi, dasavleTis winaaRmdeg aRmosavleTissaxelmwifoebTan (CineTi, indoeTi, irani damTlianad islamuri samyaro) aliansebis Sekvra; ise axloaRmosavleTSi amgvari politikis Sedegad axlad warmoqmniliekonomikuri saSualebebi, magaliTad,Ffasebis arnaxuli zrdaenergomatareblebze da energetikuli politikis berketebi.85

swored politikis am mimarTulebiT svlam XXI saukuneSiruseTis federacia kvlav daubruna mmarTvelobis tradiciul,Zalaze damyarebul avtoritarul reJims, ris gamocdasavleTSi gamoCndnen ,,specialistebi”, romlebmac im azriskultivireba daiwyes, rom ,,CineTsa da ruseTs SeuZliaTSeqmnan ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli, magram arademokratiuliaxali msoflio” [113], rac TavisTavad, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,aucileblad gamoiwvevs morig dapirispirebas ,,xmeleTsa dawyals” Soris.,,civi omis” damTavrebasTan, mowinaaRmdege mxareebisSerigebasTan da axal geopolitikur realobasTandakavSirebiT, sainteresoa cnobili ingliseli mwerlisrediard kiplingis azri, igi wers: ,,aRmosavleTiaRmosavleTia, dasavleTi dasavleTi da isini erTmaneTsarasodes ar Sexvdebian” [178]. aRniSnuli sityvebidan kargadCans, rom ,,civi omis” dasruleba ver gadawyvetda im didproblemas, rasac aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis dapirispirebahqvia.amrigad, geopolitikaze saubrisas, mniSvnelovania qveynisgeografia, romelic erTi SexedviT, ucvleli faqtoria, magramspecifikur teritoriaze droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZlebaSeicvalos saerTaSoriso Zalebis balansis cvlilebis,teqnologiuri ganviTarebisa da ekonomikuri faqtorebis gamo.maSasadame, argumenti adasturebs, rom arsebobs permanentuligangrZobiTida gardamavali-cvalebadi geopolitikuri sivrcemocemuli qveynisa. maSin, roca permanentuli maxasiaTebeliwarmoiqmneba xangrZlivi istoriuli gamocdilebiTa da Tavadteritoriis mdidari memkvidreobiT, xolo droebiTimaxasiaTebeli gaxlavT moklevadiani. magaliTad “TurqeTi86

aris xidi evropasa da azias Soris” aris permanentuliargumenti, maSin, rodesac gamoTqma “TurqeTi barieriasamxreTSi sabWoTa eqspansiisaTvis”, droebiTia.erTi SexedviT, ,,geopolitika” ,,geografiisa” da,,politikisagan” warmoebuli terminia da bevrs SecdomiTpolitikuri geografiis sinonimi hgonia. sinamdvileSi maTSoris realuri gansxvavebaa. politikuri geografia,Cveulebriv, swavlobs politikur ZalTa ganlagebas ama Tu imgeografiuli sivrcis SigniT. es sivrce SeiZleba iyos qveyana,mxare, raioni, Stati, saarCevno ubani da sxv. geopolitikagulisxmobs urTierTobebs iseT sivrcul-geografiulerTeulebs Soris, rogorebicaa qveynebi, regionebi dakontinentebi [37-11].geopolitika ar Semoifargleba mxolod aRniSnuliSinaarsiT. igi saxelmwifoTaSorisi sagareo-politikuriurTierTobebis mTel speqtrs moicavs, radganac yovelpolitikur gadawyvetilebas sivrculi gamoxatuleba gaaCnia.amrigad, Tanamedrove xedviT, geopolitika warmoadgenssaxelmwifoTa sagareo politikis axleburad gagebuliTeoriisa da praqtikis erTobliobas, romelic geografiulifaqtoris, erovnuli interesebis, politikuri da ekonomikuriprioritetebis, politikuri procesebisa da saerTaSorisokrizisebis regulirebis kombinirebul analizs efuZneba.87

$ _ 2. TurqeTis geopolitikis veqtorebi XXsaukunisis meore naxevridan: tradicia dacvlilebebiTurqeTis respublikis geopolitikaze seriozulizegavlena iqonia meore msoflio omma. misi geografiulimdebareobis gamo dapirispirebuli mxareebi cdilobdnen Tavissasargeblod gamoeyenebinaT TurqeTis saxmeleTo Tu sazRvaoprivilegiebi. Turq diplomatebs omis dawyebidan misdasrulebamde, udidesi Zalisxmeva dasWirdaT imisaTvis, rommaTi qveyana sabediswero brZolaSi ar CaTreuliyo da amiTsamudamod ar daRupuliyo igi.jer kidev meore msoflio omis dawyebamde maTi lideri,mustafa qemal aTaTurqi Turqebs afrTxilebda msoflioSimosalodneli areulobis Sesaxeb, mas miaCda, rom hitleri damusolini aucileblad daiwyebdnen axal oms TavianTiambiciebis dasakmayofileblad da mouwodebda TurqTammarTvel wreebs, rom arasdidebiT ar ayolodnen nacistebisprovokaciebs. mustafa qemalis gardacvalebis Semdeg, maleve,1939 wlis aprilSi TurqeTSi, uSualod fiureris davalebiTCamovida germaniis elCi fon papeni, misi mTavari mizanigaxldaT TurqeTis respublikis germaniis, italiisa daiaponiis kavSirSi CaTreva. germaneli generali TurqebsmokavSireobis sanacvlod italiis mflobelobaSi myofdodekanozis kunZulebidan oTxi patara kunZulis gadacemasdahpirda [29-462], sabolood molaparakeba ar Sedga, radganmusolinma da misma gundma TurqTaTvis italiis teritoriebisgadacemaze uari ganacxades.88

germaniis mcdeloba TurqeTis gadabirebisaTvis inglisisada safrangeTisaTvis uyuradRebod ar darCenila, radganmaTTvisac Zalian mniSvnelovani gaxldaT TurqeTis samxedrostrategiuli mdebareoba da resursebi.TurqTa mmarTveli wreebi, am droisaTvis orad iyvnengayofili. nawili germanelTa mxares ixreboda, nawili kiinglisTan da safrangeTTan TanamSromlobas moiTxovda.sabolood gaTvaliswinebuli iqna qemalis anderZi daupiratesoba inglisis bloks mieniWa. 1939 wlis 12 maiss didmabritaneTma da TurqeTma xeli moaweres winaswar SeTanxmebas,romliTac isini acxadebdnen, rom xmelTaSua zRvis regionSisabrZolo moqmedebebis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi aqtiurad daefeqturad iTanamSromlebdnen da erTmaneTs yovelgvardaxmarebas aRmouCendnen. inglis-TurqeTis SeTanxmeba ariqneboda efeqturi da nayofieri xmelTaSua zRvis regionSisafrangeTis monawileobis gareSe [29-462]. aRsaniSnavia, rom amperiodisaTvis haTais provinciasTan dakavSirebiT safrangeTsada TurqeTs erTmaneTTan sakmaod daZabuli urTierTobahqondaT, magram britanelebis Carevis Sedegad am orsaxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebi danormalizda da ukve 1939wlis 19 oqtombers ankaraSi TurqeTma inglisma dasafrangeTma xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas, romliTac isinivaldebulebas iRebdnen xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi agresiisSemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisaTvis mniSvnelovani daxmarebaaRmoeCinaT. am gadawyvetilebas aseve mniSvnelovnad uwyobdaxels is faqti, rom 1939 wlis 23 agvistos sabWoTa kavSirsa dagermanias Soris moskovSi daido urTierTTavdausxmelobispaqti, romelic istoriaSi ribentrop-molotovis paqtissaxeliT aris cnobili.89

aRniSnuli xelSekrulebiT sabWoTa kavSiri da germaniaiyofdnen aRmosavleT evropas, amasTanave stalinis brZanebiT,rusebi nacistebs uyenebdnen sakiTxs bosforisa dadardanelis sruteebSi saxmeleTo da samxedro-sazRvaobazebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. am informaciam rogorRac miaRwiaankaris yuramde, ris gamoc saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobamdaaCqara Tavisi gadawyvetilebis sisruleSi moyvana.aRsaniSnavia, rom Turqebs 1939 wlis gazafxulisbolosaTvis urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekrulebis dadebismoTxovniT sabWoTa kavSirmac mimarTa, maisSi ankaras ewviasabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa komisris moadgile v.potiomkini. TurqTa mTavrobam sabWoebs am moTxovnazedroulad garkveuli pasuxi ar misca. male 1939 wlis 1seqtembers nacisturi garmania Tavs daesxa poloneTs, racsabolood gaxda meore msoflio omis dawyebis sababi.1939 wlis seqtembris bolos ukve Turqebma scadessabWoTa kavSirTan xelSekrulebis dadeba. am mizniT moskovSigagzavnil iqna sagareo saqmeTa ministri sarajoRlu, manrusebs SesTavaza urTierTdaxmarebis paqtis dadeba, romelicgavrceldeboda sruteebsa da balkaneTze. sabWoTa kavSirmauaryo TurqTa sagareo saqmeTa ministris winadadeba, radganmaTTvis cnobili gaxldaT is faqti, rom aseTivexelSekrulebas debdnen Turqebi inglissa da safrangeTTan[29-463]. stalinma da misma Tanamoazreebma kargad icodnen, romam yvelafers SeiZleba sabWoTa kavSiris germaniasTan omSiCaTreva mohyoloda.1940 wlidan meore msoflio omi gavrcelda ukvexmelTaSuazRvispireTSi. amave wlis aprilsa da ivnisSigermaniam daipyro dania da norvegia, ris Semdegac faSistebi90

SeiWren belgiasa da holandiaSi, gaarRvies safrangeTisTavdacviTi xazi da gezi parizisaken aiRes. amavdrouladgermaniis mokavSirem, italiam 1940 wlis 10 ivniss omigamoucxada safrangeTs. TurqeTi, rogorc inglisisa dasafrangeTis mokavSire, valdebuli iyo megobari qveynebisaTvissamxedro daxmareba aRmoeCina, magram mustafa qemalismemkvidreebma cbieri politikis Sedegad omSi Cabmisagan Tavisacileba moaxerxes. TurqeTis respublikis mTavrobamganacxada, rom mokavSireebTan dadebuli xelSekrulebisTanaxmad, isini sargeblobdnen ,,arameomari saxelmwifos”statusiT [29-484].TurqeTis saxelmwifo miuxedavad inglissa dasafrangeTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebebisa, yovelTviscdilobda germaniasTan kargi urTierTobis SenarCunebas. amisutyuar magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT is, rom mas, miuxedavadmokavSireebTan daaxloebisa, arasodes ar SeuwyvetiagermanelebTan savaWro ekonomikuri TanamSromloba. xolo,rac ufro met warmatebas aRwevdnen RerZis saxelmwifoebi,Turqebic miT ufro metad ixrebodnen germanelebisaken, radganankaris xemZRvaneloba maqsimalurad cdilobda qveynisaTvisTavidan aecilebina gamanadgurebel omSi CaTreva.1941 wlis ianvarSi didi britaneTis premier-ministrmauinston CerCilma, TurqeTis prezidents, ismeT inoniusgaugzavna werili, romliTac is iTxovda, TurqebsingliselebisaTvis miecaT ufleba maT teritoriazeaeSenebinaT sazRvao da sahaero, samxedro bazebi, razecbritanelebma kategoriuli uari miiRes [29-465].paralelurad, TurqeTSi germanelTa intervenciissafrTxe TandaTan ufro izrdeboda. vermaxtis91

xelmZRvanelobidan, TurqeTis winaaRmdeg laSqrobis dawyebiserT-erTi Zlieri mxardamWeri gaxldaT. mesame raixismniSvnelovani elita moiTxovda, rom balkaneTisnaxevarkunZulis qveynebis dapyrobis Semdeg aucilebeli iyoTurqeTis respublikis okupacia.sabolood, germanelebma afrikaSi ufro mniSvnelovanisaqmis mogvarebis mizniT droebiT uari Tqves TurqeTisteritoriebis iZulebiT dakavebaze, magram isic undaaRiniSnos, rom adolf hitlers aRniSnuli qveynis okupaciazesaboloo uari ar ganucxadebia, is darwmunebuli gaxldaT,rom sabWoTa kavSiris ganadgurebis Semdeg aucilebladdauTmobda mniSvnelovan yuradRebas TurqTa saxelmwifosac[29-466], magram sanam vermaxti sabWoebis winaaRmdeg brZoliTiqneboda dakavebuli, maTTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani iqnebodaTurqTa neitraluri pozicia. am mizniT 1941 wlis 18 ivniss,sabWoTa kavSirze germaniis Tavdasxmamde oTxi dRiT adreqalaq ankaraSi xeli moewera germaniasa da TurqeTs SorisxelSekrulebas ,,teritoriuli xelSeuxeblobisa damegobrobis Sesaxeb” [16_361]. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebiT orivemxare valdebulebas iRebda Tavi Seekavebina erTmaneTiswinaaRmdeg sabrZolo kampaniebis Catarebisagan dasaxelmwifoebs Soris Tbili megobruli urTierTobebiSeenarCunebinaT.1941 wlis 25 ivniss TurqeTis saxelmwifom oficialuradgamoacxada neitraliteti, magram realurad is xels uwyobdafaSistur germanias sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. mandaarRvia montres konvencia Savi zRvis sruteebis Sesaxeb,radgan germanelTa da italielTa samxedro gemebs uflebamisca Sav zRvaSi Semosuliyvnen. aseve didi arapirdapiri92

samsaxuri gauwies Turqebma germanelebs imiT, rommobilizebuli hyavdaT Tavisi milioniani armia, romelTa didinawili ganlagebuli iyo samxreT kavkasiis sazRvrebTan, risgamoc sabWoTa kavSiri iZulebuli gaxda jaris garkveulinawili aRniSnul teritoriaze ganelagebina TurqTa SesaZlointervenciis mosagerieblad.1941 wlis zafxulidan megobrobis xelSekrulebisdadebis Semdeg TurqeTsa da germanias Soris gaformdaramdenime ekonomikuri xelSekruleba, romelTa ZaliTac orivemxare mniSvnelovan sargebels poulobda, magram germaniissamxedro mdgomareobis gauaresebis Semdeg, TurqeTmagermanelebTan yovelgvar ekonomikur saqmianobaze uariganacxada. miuxedavad am gancxadebisa isini mainc cdilobdnen,rom faSistebTan megobruli damokidebuleba jer kidevSeenarCunebinaT.TurqeTis saxelmwifos omis msvelobis drosmniSvnelovan rols aniWebda orive mebrZoli mxare, inglisispremier-minitris uinston CerCilis azriT, meore frontigermanelTa winaaRmdeg unda gaxsniliyo ara safrangeTSi,aramed balkaneTSi. am mizniT aucilebeli xdeboda TurqeTisomSi Cabma. CerCilis am gegmas mxari dauWira amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis prezidentma franklin ruzveltma.inglisisa da Statebis xelmZRvaneloba Tvlida, rom TurqeTisomSi Cabma, rac SeiZleba swrafad unda momxdariyo, am mizniTmaT 1943 wlidan daiwyes am ukanasknelis sabrZolo iaraRiTmomarageba [29-468].1943 wlis noember-dekemberSi TeiranSi Catardakonferencia, sadac moxda sami wamyvani saxelmwifosmeTaurebis stalinis, CerCilis da ruzveltis Sexvedra.93

konferenciaze molaparakebebis dros mniSvnelovani adgilieWira sakiTxs, romelic dakavSirebuli gaxldaT TurqeTissaxelmwifosTan. sabolood gadawyda, rom meore frontigaixsneboda dasavleT evropaSi, xolo TurqeTs SesTavazebdnenwinadadebas, rom ara ugvianes 1944 wlis TxuTmeti Tebervlisa,Cabmuliyo omSi germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg.Teiranis konferenciis Semdeg amerikisa da inglisissaxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebi kairoSi Sexvdnen TurqeTisrespublikis prezidents ismeT inenius, romelsac Seaxsenesmisi qveynis valdebulebebi. Tavis mxriv, TurqeTis prezidentmabrZolis dawyebisaTvis moiTxova SeiaraRebis iseTi raodenoba,romelis miwodebac mcire droSi TiTqmis SeuZlebeligaxldaT. miuxedavad amisa, inglis-amerika ganagrZobda TurqTaSeiaraRebas, ingliseli samxedro specialistebi kiuwvrTnidnen armias [29-469].TurqeTis prezidenti da mTavroba cdilobda frTxilipolitikiT gamosuliyven am rTuli mdgomareobidan da maTiqveyana arc erTi mxaris sasargeblod ar CaeTriaTgamanadgurebel omSi. es gaxldaT TurqeTis diplomatiisudidesi warmateba, omis msvlelobaSi SeZles inglisTanmokavSireobisa da germaniasTan megobrobis pirobebSi maTSeZles faqtobrivi neitralitetis SenarCuneba. mxolod 1945wlis 23 Tebervals simbolurad gamoucxades omi germaniasa daiaponias. realurad meore msoflio omSi arc erTi Turquliqvemexi ar gavardnila, magram germanelTa winaaRmdeg omisgamocxadebam TurqeTi moaxvedra antihitlerul koaliciaSi,ris Semdegac man moipova mowveva 1945 wels san-franciskoskonferenciaze da Sesabamisad gaeros wevris statusi.94

sagareo politikaSi warmatebebis miuxedavad, ismeTinonius mTavrobam ver SeZlo aseTive warCinebiT gaerTva TavisaSinao politikas. mTeli meore msoflio omis msvlelobaSiTurqTa xelmZRvaneloba iZulebuli gaxldaT srulmzadyofnaSi hyolodaT jari, omis periodSi samxedro xarjebiomamdelTan SedarebiT daaxloebiT xuTjer iqna gazrdili.milioniani armiis Senaxvas mTavroba mTel Zalisxmevasandomebda. qveynis ekonomika da soflis meurneoba ZiriTadadjaris Senaxva-gamokvebaze iqna gadayvanili, rac saboloodqveynis ekonomikis ganadgurebis mTavari mizezi gaxda.meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, saerTaSorisosistemaSi ZalTa ganawilebis axali xasiaTi Seiqmna [28-116] dagamoCnda sruliad sxva geopolitikuri realoba: Camoyalibdae. w. socialisturi banaki, aziisa da afrikis qveynebSi daiwyoganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebi da nel-nela daiZabaurTierTobebi aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris. aseT rTulsaerTaSoriso viTarebaSi TurqeTis xelisuflebas samoqmedogza aRar hqonda, rogorc sagareo, ise saSinao politikaSic,radgan qveyanaSi mZime ekonomikuri krizisi idga.gansakuTrebiT rTul mdgomareobaSi iyo soflis meurneoba daglexoba, radgan miwebis udidesi nawili memamuleebis xelSiiyo. xelmZRvanelobam mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniTgaatara rigi reformebi, magram sasurvel Sedegs mainc vermiaRwia. saerTo ukmayofilebam mmarTvel, saxalxorespublikurpartiazedac imoqmeda, igi aqamde qveyanaserTpirovnulad, monopoliurad marTavda.TurqeTis progresuli Zalebi partiisagan moiTxovdnenantixalxuri kanonebis gauqmebasa da qveyanaSi demokratiulireformebis Catarebas. cvlilebebis gatarebis momxreebi95

saxalxo-respublikur partiaSic gamoCnden. 1945 wlis 7 ivnisspartiis ramdenime wevrma (jelal baiari, adnan menderesi, fuadqofrulu, refik qoralTani) parlamentSi Seitana paketidemokratiuli cvlilebebis Sesaxeb [29-472], aRniSnuli paketisganxilvaze mejlisma uari ganacxada, rasac demokratiulireformebis gatarebis momxreebidan moyva seriozuli protestida kritika mmarTveli partiis mimarT. sapasuxodxelisuflebam partiidan garicxa cnobili opozicioneriliderebi, romlebmac Tavis mxriv axali politikuri partiisSesaqmnelad mzadeba daiwyes.aseT mZime viTarebaSi saxalxo-respublikuri partiaiZulebuli gaxda sxva politikuri patiebis daarsebisnebarTva gaeca. 1946 wlidan qveyanaSi daiwyo politikuripartiebis daarseba [29-472]. nel-nela izrdeboda opoziciuripartiebis reitingi, ris gamoc mmarTveli partia iZulebuligaxda vadamdeli arCevnebi Caetarebina.1946 wlis ivlisSi Catarda arCevnebi, sadac gamarjvebakvlav saxalxo respublikurma partiam moipova. miuxedavaddamarcxebisa, mejlisSi mainc moxvdnen opoziciuri Zalebi,romlebmac jamSi 74 mandati moipoves. mmarTevlma partiamqveynis prezidentad kvlav ismeT inoniu airCia, mTavrobispremier-ministri gaxda rejeb feqeri, mejlisis Tavjdomare kigenerali qiazim qarabeqiri. ganaxlebuli xelmZRvanelobaaxali energiiT Seecada qveynisaTvis sasikeTo reformebisgatarebas. pirvel rigSi maT moaxdines liras devalvacia dadolarTan erovnuli fulis kursi orjer Seamcires [29-473].TurqeTis mTavrobas sagareo politikaSic mZime viTarebahqonda. iseTi didi da Zlieri saxelmwifo rogoric gaxldaTsabWoTa kavSiri, TurqeTTan mosalodneli konfliqtisaTvis96

emzadeboda. stalins samamulo omis sawyis periodSi, im dros,roca sabWoTa kavSiri germaniasTan marcxs ganicdida, mudamhqonda SiSi imisa, rom Turqebi SeiZleba omSi RerZissaxelmwifoebis mxareze CarTuliyvnen da kavkasiis mxridangamanadgurebel Setevaze gadmosuliyvnen.msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg ki sabWoTa kavSirmamniSvnelovnad gaafarTova Tavisi gavlenis sferoebi evropasada aziaSi. mis omamdel samflobeloebs dasavleTSi daematakenigsbergi da fineTis teritoriis nawili. aRmosavleTSisabWoTa kavSirma miitaca kuriliis kunZulebi da port-arturikvlav rusuli samxedro-sazRvao baza gaxada.moskovis gavlenis sferoSi moxvda manjuria, CrdiloeTkorea, poloneTi, Cexoslovakia, rumineTi, ungreTi, bulgareTi,albaneTi, iugoslavia. rusuli tankebi idgnen elbaze daiqedan arsad ar apirebdnen wasvlas. Zalze mniSvnelovanigaxldaT sabWoTa kavSiris gavlena iranis CrdiloeTraionebsa da avstriaSi. iq sabWoTa jarebi dabanakdnen.omiT dasustebul did britaneTsa da safrangeTs,danarCen evropul qveynebTan erTad, ar SeeZloT komunisturieqspansiisaTvis winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT. imis Sesaxeb, rom igiTurqeTis mimarT realurad mzaddeboda, mravalricxovanifaqtebi mowmobs. magaliTad: potsdamis konferenciaze iosebstalini moiTxovda, sabWoTa kavSirsa da TurqeTs erToblivadgaekontrolebinaT Savi zRvis sanapiroebi da sruteebi, razecman evropelebisa da amerikelebis mxardaWera ver moipova. amisSemdeg, sabWoTa beladma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom TurqeTisaRmosavleT raionebi unda mierTeboda somxeTs, xolo iranulazerbaijanisa da qurTebiT dasaxlebul teritoriebzesabWoTa kavSiris mxardaWeriT Seqmniliyo avtonomiebi, radgan97

es ukanasknelni uars ambobdnen Teiranisa da ankarisxelisuflebis morCilebaze. am periodisaTvis sabWoTa jarebiukve kargad iyvnen gamagrebulni manjuriis teritoriaze daarsad ar fiqrobden iqidan wasvlas, amasTanave aRniSnuliteritoria aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda CineTis wiTeli armiisbazebadac.ukve 1945 wlis bolodan sabWoTa kavSiri TurqeTTanmimarTebaSi cvlis Tavis geopolitikis mimarTulebas daTavdacviTi politikidan aqtiur, SeteviT politikaze gadadis.1945 wlis 19 marts kremlma calmxrivad gaauqma 1925 wlis 17dekemberis Tavdausxmelobisa da neitralitetis Sesaxebdadebuli xelSekruleba TurqeTTan. ufro metic, sabWoTakavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saministrom amave wlis 7 ivnisswamoWra 1921 wlis moskovis SeTanxmebiT TurqeTisaTvisgadacemuli qarTuli teritoriebis, yarsis, arTvinis daartaanis ukan dabrunebisa da Savi zRvis sruteebSi sabWoTasamxedro bazebis Seqmnis sakiTxebi. sruteebSi sabWoTasamxedro bazebis daarsebis moTxovna sabWoTaxelmZRvanelobam Zalian kategoriulad, TiTqmis ultimatumisformiT daayena 1946 wlis 7 agvistos notaSi [29-478].jer kidev 1945 wlis bolodan sabWoTa mTavrobisbrZanebiT daiwyo sazogadoebis Semzadeba TurqeTanmosalodneli konfliqtisaTvis. aRniSnuli sakiTxiTgansakuTrebiT dainteresdnen saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi,qarTuli inteligencia didi sixaruliT gamoexmaura moskovissurvils samSoblosaTvis ZirZveli miwebis dabrunebis Sesaxeb.TurqeTis respublikis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis naTeli iyo,rom maTi qveyana marto ver SeZlebda sabWoTa kavSiridan98

wamosuli agresiisagan Tavi daecva, amitom daxmareba sTxovesdid britaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs.inglisi meore msoflio omis Semdeg sakmaoddasustebuli gaxldaT, ris gamoc man ver SeZloTurqeTisaTvis pirdapiri daxmareba aRmoeCina. samagierod,londonma aqtiuri roli iTamaSa amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis darwmunebaSi, TurqeTisaTvis daxmarebis gawevisaucileblobaSi, radgan amerikelebs Tavdapirvelad miaCndaT,rom sabWoTa kavSirsa da TurqeTis respublikas piradi sadaosakiTxebi pirispir, mxolod erTmaneTTan molaparakebebiTunda gadaewyvitaT.amerikelebs, ingliselebTan erTad gadawyvetilebismiRebisaken axalma geopolitikurma realobam ubiZga. 1945wlidan geopolitikuri situacia msoflioSi Zalze cvalebadida aramyari iyo. ,,didi sameulis” wevrebs erTmaneTisaganmniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli prioritetebi da miznebi hqondaT.amerikis SeerTebul Statebs mkafiod gamoxatuliekonomikuri gaTvlebi hqonda: misi mizani iyo biznesisaTvismaqsimalurad xelsayreli pirobebi Seeqmna mis teritoriasada mTels msoflioSi, britaneTis prioritetebi politikurixasiaTisa iyo. mas surda darCeniliyo erT-erT wamyvansaxelmwifod. miuxedavad imisa, rom gadarCenis mizniTbritaneTs amerikisagan didi sesxis aReba mouxda, igi maincrCeboda msoflio istoriaSi udides imperiad, sabWoTakavSiris prioriteti dasavleT flangis usafrTxoebisuzrunvelyofaSi mdgomareobda, rac aRmosavleT evropaSibuferis Seqmnas da aseve msoflioSi komunizmis gavrcelebasgulisxmobda.99

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axal prezidents haritrumens saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gardamtex,uprecendento etapze mouwia etvirTa zesaxelmwifosmeTauroba da Sesabamisad mTeli dasavluri samyaroslideroba. rogorc cnobilia, meore msoflio omi, aramxolod masStabebiT aRemateboda yvela uwindels, aramed masTvisobrivad gansxvavebuli ganzomilebebic axlda, romlebmacSemdgomSi Sedegebis drosac iCina Tavi da saerTaSorisosistemaSi arsebiTi cvlilebebi moitana. Tu omiT gamowveulmasaxelmwifoebrivi interesebis Tanxvedram erT banakSi moaqciakomunistur-totaluri sabWoTa kavSiri da liberalurdemokratiulianglo-saqsuri samyaro, amerikisa da didibritaneTis saxiT, ♣ faSistur (agreTve totalitaruli)eqspansionisturi RerZis: berlini-romi-tokio, ganadgurebisSemdeg, antihitleruli koaliciis samma ,,mZimewonosanma"sakuTari interesebis uzrunvelyofasa da miznebisganxorcielebas mihyo xeli. gamomdinare iqidan, rommarqsistul-leninuri moZRvrebis medroSe sabWoTa kavSiri,Tavisi ,,istoriuli materializmiT", klasTa brZolis TeoriiTda ukve mopovebuli gamarjvebebis stimuliT, SeerTebuliStatebisa da aseve, didi britaneTisTvis omis droindelimokavSire saxelmwifo ki aRar iyo, romelTan uTierTobasacruzvelti ase Tu ise warmatebiT arTmevda Tavs, aramed,,kapitalisturi samyaros" ukompromiso antagonisti, romlisbunebasa da zraxvebze xirosimasa da nagasakis atomurmadabombvebmac ki ver moaxdina mosalodneli efeqti da♣romanuli safrangeTi, rogorc viciT, garkveul momentamde orad gaixliCebaTavis orientaciaSi100

amitomac, trumeni did xans ver darCeboda ruzveltis kursismeqanikur gamgrZeleblad. SeerTebuli Statebis morigiprezidentis mdgomareobas arTulebda isic, rom massaerTaSoriso politikis sibrtyeze ori giganturi figura, i.stalini da u. CerCili ,,eTamaSeboda". marTalia, es ukanasknelimale oficialurad ,,TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi" aRmoCnda,magram didi britaneTis interesebi premieris gadarCevasTanerTad ar Secvlila da erT sakiTxSi mainc, komunizmisSemdgomi gavrcelebis aRkveTis aucileblobaSi, amerikulbritanulurTierTobas bzari ar gasCenia. piriqiT, sworedpremierobas Camocilebulma CerCilma Semohkra ,,civi omis"zars fultonSi, 1946 wels, mis cnobil gamosvlaSi, romelsacTavad ,,mSvidobis kunTebi” daarqva [27-291]. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgamosvlas amerikis prezidenti hari trumenic eswreboda.saerTaSoriso wesrigis Camoyalibeba yovelTvis rTulida mtkivneuli procesia. XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis meorenaxevrisa da 50-iani wlebis dasawyisis geopolitikuritranzicia ♣ am mxrivac gansakuTrebuli aRmoCnda. trumenma,,memkvidreobiT miiRo saerTaSoriso viTareba, sadacsademarkacio xazebs aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTidan mosuliarmiebis erTmaneTze mibjenili avanpostebi gansazRvravda" [60-231]. trumenis Tavdapirveli, instiqturi swrafva iyoSeTanxmeboda stalins. sabWoeTTan uTanxmoebas trumeni xsnidaara sapirispiro geopolitikuri interesebiT, aramed maTi,,politikuri umwifarobiT, TavdaWeris qcevis wesebisarasakmarisi CvevebiT", xolo rodesac cno, rom SeerTebul♣tranzicia – gulisxmobs ,,win” moZraobas erTi socialuri, ekonomikuri dapolitikuri wyobilebidan meorisaken. politikur garemoSi tranzicia ganisazRvra,rogorc cvlileba erTi saxelmwifo wyobilebidan meorisaken.101

Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris daZabuloba raimegaugebrobis mizezi ki ar aris, aramed TandayolilixasiaTisaa, maSin ,,civi omis" istoriac daiwyo, sadac TurqeTisrespublika udides saxelmwifoebTan erTad, TviTgadarCenismizniT, dasavleTis banakis mxares aRmoCnda CaTreuli.1946 wlidan amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma daiwyoTurqeTis respublikis aSkara lobireba da naTlad agrZnobinasabWoTa kavSirs rom, samxreTisaken mis eqspansias ardauSvebda.axlo aRmosavleTisa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTisaTvisudidesi geopolitikuri mniSvnelobis mqone movlena gaxldaT,,trumenis doqtrina”. sabWoTa kavSiris mier TurqeTisadmiwayenebuli moTxovnebisa da saberZneTSi komunistebisajanyebis Sedegad warmoqmnili sirTuleebis gamo 1947 wlis 12marts amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentma haritrumenma kongresis sagangebo gaerTianebul sxdomaze gaakeTamoxseneba, romliTac is hpirdeboda srul politikur dasamxedro daxmarebas im qveynebs, romlebsac sagareo safrTxeemuqrebodaT, am droisaTvis ki sabWoTa kavSiris mxridaneqspansiis safrTxis winaSe aSkarad idga TurqeTisrespublikas da saberZneTi. swored amitom, doqtrina xazsusvamda amerikis mier TurqeTisa da saberZneTis usafrTxoebisgarantiis dacvas. trumenis doqtrinis Sesabamisad amerikamaRniSnuli qveynebisaTvis didi samxedro, ekonomikuri dapolitikuri daxmarebebis gaweva daiwyo.1949 wels TurqeTis respublika miiRes evrosabWoswevrad, rac misi sagareo politikisaTvis uTuod didiwarmateba gaxldaT. amave wlis 4 aprils moxda udidesimsoflio politikuri movlena, orma amerikulma (amerikis102

SeerTebuli Statebi, kanada) da aTma evropulma (didibritaneTi, safrangeTi, beniluqsi, ♣ italia, dania, islandia,norvegia, portugalia.) saxelmwifom Sekra samxedro aliansi,,,Crdilo atlantikuri kavSiri” – nato. aRniSnuliorganizacia uzrunvelhyofda koleqtiur Tavdacvas dasagareo safrTxis SemTxvevaSi masSi gawevrianebuli qveynebiserTian brZolas samxedro mtris winaaRmdeg.iaponiis kapitulaciis Semdeg misi yofili kolonia –korea orad gaiyo. 1948 wels CrdiloeT korea ,,saxalxodemokratiul respublikad” gamocxadda. xelisuflebissaTaveSi komunistebi movidnen. samxreTs ki saprezidentoreJimi marTavda. 1950 wlis ivnisSi CrdiloeT koream, sabWoTakavSiris aSkara mxardaWeriT, wamoiwyo laSqroba samxreTiswinaaRmdeg, misi xelmZRvanelobisagan gaTavisuflebisa daqveynis mTlianobis aRdgenis motiviT. bunebrivia, koreiserTiani saxelmwifo komunisturi unda gamxdariyo, racTavisTavad dasavleTis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. gaero-mCrdiloeT koreas saomari moqmedebebis Sewyveta dadakavebuli teritoriebis gaTavisfleba mosTxova, rasacagresori, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ar daemorCila. maSingaerom samxreT koreisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis mizniT iqsaerTaSoriso Zalebi gagzavna.amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleT evropismimarT Tavisi madlierebis gamosaxatavad TurqeTma aqtiurimonawileoba miiRo koreis omSi. ankaris xelmZRvanelobam, 1950wels mejlisis Tanxmobis gareSe Tavisi samxedro danayofebiamerikelTa da maTi mokavSireebis dasaxmareblad gagzavna.Turqi samxedroebi CrdiloeT koreidan wamowyebuli agresiis♣beniluqsi – belgia, niderlandebi, da luqsenburgi103

winaaRmdeg amerikelTa gverdiT ibrZodnen da didibrZolisunarianobac gamoamJRavnes [16_364].swored aRniSnul omSi warmatebiT CarTva gaxda sxvageopolitikur movlenebTan erTad, erT-erTi xelSemwyobifaqtori 1952 wels TurqTa natoSi gawevrianebisa, risSedegadac dasavluri samxedro gaerTianebis flangi uSualodsabWoTa kavSiris samxreT sazRvarTan gadaadgilda. natoSigawevrianeba TurqeTisaTvis sagareo safrTxis acilebisagaranti gaxda. aliansSi gawevrianebis Semdeg ankaram aqtiurimonawileoba miiRo yvela im aqciaSi, romlebic dasavleTissaxelmwifoebma axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis winaaRmdegmoawyves. 1956 wlis ivlisSi TurqeTma gailaSqra egviptis miersuecis arxis nacionalizaciis winaaRmdeg da mxari dauWirainglis-safrangeT-israelisa da egviptis oms. 1958 welsankaram Ria Tanadgoma gamoucxada inglissa da amerikas,rodesac am ukanasknelebma libanisa da iordaniis winaaRmdegintervencia moaxdines [29-492]. paralelurad mas Semdeg racTurqeTi natos wevri gaxda SeerTebulma Statebma ankarasdaxmarebis paketebi kidev ufro gauzarda. vaSingtonma axalmokavSires gaugzavna sxvadasxva samxedro da samoqalaqomisiebi, mrCevlebi da eqspertebi, romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnensamxedro bazebis mSeneblobebsa da TurqeTis armiisSeiaraRebas. 1959 wlis martSi ankarasa da vaSingtons Sorisdaido ormxrivi samxedro SeTanxmeba, romlis mizani iyo,gadaeqcia TurqeTi mTavar atomur-raketul bazad sabWoTakavSiris sazRvrebTan [29-493]. swored am mizniT, aRniSnulteritoriaze ganlagda amerikuli samxedro bazebi, sadacteqnikasTan erTad amerikelebma Seitanes birTvuli iaraRic,romelic 1963 wlamde TurqeTis teritoriaze inaxeboda.104

ac Seexeba uSualod sabWoTa kavSiris pretenziebsankaris mimarT, 1953 wels gardaicvala qveynis xelmZRvaneliioseb besarionis Ze stalini. misi gardacvalebidan 3 TveSiaxalma mTavrobam uari Tqva Tavis teritoriul pretenziebzeTurqeTis mimarT, sruteebSi samxedro bazebis Seqmnisa da misireJimis gadasinjvis moTxovnebze, riTac sabolooddadasturda, rom TurqeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg warmoebulagresiul politikas uSualod ioseb stalini edga saTaveSi[30-72].amrigad, TurqeTis sagareo politikaSi 1945-52 wlebSiSeicvala daintereseba politikuri sivrcis mimarT, rasacmohyva misi geopolitikuri Zvra anu geopolitikuri bruni dadidxniani faqtobrivi neitralitetis mkveTrad prodasavluriveqtoriT Secvla.105

$ _ 3. islamis islamis politikuri faqtoriTurqul geopolitikur strategiaSiTanamedrove TurqeTis geopolitikur koncefciaSireligias gansakuTrebuli roli uWiravs. qveyanaSigavrcelebul sxva religiaTa Soris umTavresi gaxlavTislami, sunituri mimdevrobiT.islami arabuli sityvaa da erTgulebas niSnavs, masmsoflioSi daaxloebiT 1,3 miliardi mimdevari hyavs. yvelamuslimi, miuxedavad misi eTnikuri da rasobrivi warmoSobisa,an moqalaqeobrivi kuTvnilebisa, maTive religiis mixedviT,Teoriulad erT Tems ekuTvnis. muslimebs sakmaod Zlieripolitikuri erTianobac axasiaTebT. dReisaTvis arsebobs 1971wels Seqmnili organizacia ,,islamuri konferencia“,romelSic iseTi sekularuli qveynebic ki Sevidnen, rogoricaaTurqeTis respublika, azerbaijani da albaneTi, magramrealurad msoflio saerTaSoriso politikaSi amorganizaciis reitingi Zalze umniSvneloa.islami msoflio religiaTa Soris yvelaze axalgazrdaa[16_183]. igi meSvide saukuneSi arabeTis naxevarkunZulzewarmoiSva, fuZemdebelia muhamedi, romelic islamuriswavlebis mixedviT RmerTis ukanaskneli winaswarmetyveli iyo.dRes islami gavrcelebulia mTels msoflioSi, kerZod axloaRmosavleTSi, CrdiloeT afrikaSi, samxreT da samxreTaRmosavleTaziaSi.Tavdapirveli cnobebi muhamedis Sesaxeb eyrdnoba ibnisakismier VIII saukuneSi daweril hagiografiul Txzulebas[16_184], romelic gaxlavT islamis fuZemdeblis biografia.nawarmoebis mixedviT, rodesac muhamedi ormoci wlis106

Sesrulda, mas daewyo xilvebi, romelTa ZaliTacerTRmerTianobis qadageba daiwyo. misi mowodebiT arabebsuari unda eTqvaT mravalRmerTianobaze da erTi RmerTis,alahis unda erwmunaT. islami miiCnevs, rom wminda wigni,,yurani“ maradiulad arsebobda da muhameds euwya misi teqsti,romelsac igi zepirad gadascemda Tavis mimdevrebs. qalaqmeqas mcxovreblebma axali religia ar miiRes da muslimTalideri iZulebuli gaxda, sxva arabul qalaqSi medinaSigaqceuliyo. iq mas bevri Tanamzraxveli gamouCnda da 630 welsgamarjvebuli muhamedi meqaSi dabrunda, ris Semdegac irwmunesmisi.Zalian male muhamedis garSemo Semokrebilma arabobamalahis erTgul morwmuneTa saxelmwifo Seqmna (xalifati),romelic ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg did imperiad iqca.muhamedis sikvdilis Semdeg arabTa saxelmwifos misiSemcvlelebi, xalifebi marTavdnen [66_43].islami warmoadgens TurqeTis respublikis ZiriTadreligias, magram didma erovnulma krebam mustafa qemalaTaTurqis TaosnobiT, 1924 wels gaauqma saxalifo [23-21] da1928 wels qveynis konstituiciidan amoiRo Tavi, romelicislams gansazRvravda saxelmwifo religiad.amrigad, pirvelad muslimur qveyanaSi damkvidrdareligiuri Tavisuflebis demokratiuli principi. moqmedikonstituciis me-2 muxliT gansazRvrulia, rom TurqeTisrespublika warmoadgens demokratiul, saero da socialursamarTleblivsaxelmwifos. aRniSnuli principebis gamyarebawarmoadgenda qemalisturi demokratiuli reformebis Sedegs,ris Semdegac TurqeTSi nebismier moqalaqes aqvs uflebagaaCndes Tavisi religia an iyos aTeisti. aRniSnuli107

principebi gamoricxavs TurqeTis respublikaSi legaluradSariaTis ♣ aRdgenas.unda aRiniSnos, rom SariaTis xelaxla damkvidrebisakenmimarTuli nebismieri mowodeba kvalificirdeba, rogorcsaero xelisuflebis Zalismieri xelyofis faqti. TurqeTiskonstituciis me-14 muxlSi CamoTvlili antikonstituciuriqmedebebi, romlebic mimarTulia saxelmwifos erTianobis,qveynisa da eris winaaRmdeg, safrTxes uqmnis TurqeTissaxelmwifoebriobas da respublikas, aseve ZiriTad uflebebsada Tavisuflebebs [130]. zemoT aRniSnuli qmedebebi moicavsxalxis dayofas enis, rasis, religiisa da aRmsareblobisniSnis mixedviT. aseve iseTi saxelmwifo wyobilebis Seqmnas,romelic efuZneba aRniSnul koncefciebs da Sexedulebebs.TurqeTis kanonmdebloba ar Semoifargleboda mxolodkonstituciuri CarCoebiT da didi xnis ganmavlobaSimoqmedebda sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 163-e muxli, romeliciTvaliswinebda Tavisuflebis aRkveTas xangrZlivi vadiT,morwmunis religiuri grZnobebis eqspluataciisaTvis,religiis gamoyenebisaTvis romelime piris an organizaciismier politikuri Tu piradi miznebisaTvis.miuxedavad aseTi mkacri kanonebisa, islams mainc myarisafuZveli aqvs, respublikuri TurqeTis politikur istoriaSi.qveyanaSi aTaTurqis mier Catarebuli reformebis Semdeg, 50-iani wlebidan religiuri potencialis gamoRviZeba kvlavdaiwyo, rac mniSvnelovan politikur faqtorSi gadaizarda.gaZlierdnen proislamisturi partiebi. 1960 wlis maisSi♣SariaTi (arab.) - muslimTa samarTali, religiuri da iuridiuli normebiskrebuli, romelic dafuZnebulia yuranze108

samxedroebis mier mowyobili amboxebisa da adnan menderesisxelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg, TurqeTSi aikrZala iseTipartiebis dafuZneba, romlebic religiur moZRvrebebseyrdnoboda da gamodioda saxalifos aRdgenisaTvis, magrammiuxedavad am akrZalvisa, TurqeTSi religiuri programebismqone politikuri partiebi realobad iqca.am mimarTulebiT erT-erT pirvel mcdelobas adgilihqonda 1967 wels, rodesac Camoyalibebul iqna,,ganTavisuflebis partia.“ misma erT-erTma damfuZnebelma e.ozkanma ganacxada: ,,Cveni mizania, Seiqmnas saxelmwifo,romelic daeyrdnoba islamis koncefciebs. dRemde arsebulikapitalisturi reJimebi gamoicada, Tumca am reJimebma vercerTsaxelmwifoSi ver moipova stabiluroba. Cven miviswrafiTimisken, rom SevqmnaT osmalTa imperiis msgavsi saxelmwifo“[184]. aRniSnuli partiis wevrebma gaavrceles TurqeTiskonstituciis proeqti, romlis mixedviTac, SemoTavazebuliiyo qveyanaSi Teokratiuli ♣ reJimis damyareba. es mcdelobawarumatebeli aRmoCnda mmarTveli partiis (,,xsnis partia“)sastiki winaaRmdegobis gamo.1970 wlidan TurqeTSi gamoCnda axali proislamuripartia saxelwodebiT: ,,erovnuli wesrigis partia“. misixelmZRvaneli gaxldaT nejmeTin erbaqani [29-529], romelicmoiTxovda qveyanaSi religiisa da religiuri swavlebisTavisuflebas, islamis moraluri faseulobebis win wamowevassazogadoebaSi dasavluri kulturis sapirispirod da♣Telulokratia – saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis forma, romlis dros umaRlesixelisufleba aris samRvdeloeba, an iTvleba RmerTis mier legitimirebulad anxeldasmulad, xolo mmarTveloba xorcieldeba religiuri principebismixedviT.109

politikuri kursis prioritetad muslimur qveynebTanurTierTobis gamocxadebas.1971 wlis maisSi, qemaliseuli Rirebulebebis uaryofisada laicizmis principis darRvevis gamo, umaRlesisakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT ,,erovnuliwesrigis partia“ aikrZala, magram maleve 1972 wels manganaaxla Tavisi moRvaweoba amjerad ,,erovnuli xsnis partiis“saxelwodebiT [185]. proislamuri partia politikurisaqmianobis dawyebisTanave aqtiurad gamovida ucxouriZalmomreobis winaaRmdeg. man mokle droSi moaxerxa, sakmaodgaefarTovebina gavlena da 1973 wlis Semodgomaze, qveynisreligiur wreebze dayrdnobiT, warmatebiT mieRo monawileobasaparlamento arCevnebSi.,,erovnuli wesrigis partia“ dasavleTs islamisfaseulobebs upirispirebda da qveyanas reislamizaciisakenmouwodebda, rasac Sedegad 1980 wlis 12 seqtembris samxedrogadatrialeba da represiebi mohyva. amboxebulebma daiTxovesmTavroba da parlamenti, ris Semdegac xelisufleba gadavidaerovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos xelSi, romelic Tavadsamxedroebma Camoayalibes. maTive xelmZRvanelobiT SemuSavdaaxali konstitucia, romelic 1982 wels sayovelTaoreferendumis safuZvelze miiRes. masSi xazgasmiT aRiniSna,politikaSi religiis Carevis akrZalvis Taobaze [3].90-iani wlebidan TurqeTSi kvlav izrdeba islamisturiorganizaciebis ricxvi, radgan 1991 wels gauqmda sisxlissamarTlis kodeqsis 163 muxli [29-532]. amasTanave islamistebispopularobas xels uwyobda qveyanaSi arsebuli mwvavesocialur-ekonomikuri krizisi, umuSavrobis zrda, inflaciismaRali done da sxv. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom110

qemalistebi mxilebuli iyvnen korufciaSi da garkveulwiladamiTac iyo ganpirobebuli maTi opoziciis reitingis zrda.1995 wlis dekemberSi TurqeTis respublikaSi Catardamorigi arCevnebi, romelSic ,,keTildReobis partiam“parlamentSi yvelaze meti adgili moagrova. 1996 welsaRniSnuli partiis lideri n. erbaqani dainiSna premierministrad.man Tanamdeobis dakavebisTanave partiasTan erTaddaiwyo aqtiuri mowodebebi: evrokavSirSi ,,WeSmaritdemokratiaze“ gadasvlisa da ,,demokratiuli sagareopolitikis“ gatarebis aucileblobaze [29-533]. aRniSnulmoTxovnebSi pirvel rigSi igulisxmeboda islamursaxelmwifoebTan daaxloeba, rwmenis Tavisuflebis aRiareba,skolebSi da saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi Cadris tarebisTavisufleba, dReSi xuTjer locva, religiuri skolebisTavisufali saqmianoba, locvaSi arabuli enis gamoyeneba dasxva [29-533]. igi aseve Tamamad da Riad akritikebda TurqeTisswrafvas evrokavSirSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT.xelusuflebis saTaveSi TeqvsmetTviani yofnis manZilze,,keTildReobis partiam“ SeZlo islamistebis moyvana yvelaZiriTad postze. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom maTi xelSewyobiT 1997wels Seiqmna ,,muslimanuri rviani“, romelSic SevidnenTurqeTi, egvipte, irani, pakistani, bangladeSi, indonezia,malaizia da nigeria.islamizaciis winaSe samoqalaqo Zalebis umweobisdanaxvis Semdeg qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi kvlav Caeriasamxedro elita. maT mTavrobas SesTavazes antiislamuriRonisZiebebis sia, romelic Tvrameti punqtisagan Sedgeboda.aqedan ZiriTadi uflebebi exeboda islamuri politikuripartiebis SezRudvas, yuranis Semswavleli kursebis daxurvas111

da sxv. swored amis Sedegi gaxldaT n. erbaqanis partiisakZalva qveynis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier. Tumcamaleve misma yofilma wevrebma Seqmnes ,,saTnoebis partia“,romelic aikrZala imave sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier 2001wels ,,islamizaciis mcdelobis“ gamo [12-1289].amave 2001 wlis zafxulis dasasruls, partiis zomierifrTis momxreebma Seqmnes axali ,,samarTlianobisa daganviTarebis partia“, romelsac meTaurobda xalxSi metadpopularuli stambolis yofili meri rejef Taif erdoRani ♣(1994-1998ww.). wina proislamisturi partiebisagan gansxvavebiTaRniSnuli partia proevropuli orientaciis gaxldaT.2002 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi, TurqeTSipolitikuri eqspertebis umravlesoba winaswarmetyvelebda,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis partiis“ gamarjvebas,magram aravin eloda, rom es gamarjveba amdenad STambeWdaviiqneboda. arCevnebis Sedegebma yuradReba imiT miiqcia,rom wina xelisuflebaSi myofi partiebidan vercerTmaver gaimarjva, rac iseTma faqtorebma ganapiroba, rogoricaris ekonomikuri krizi, umuSevrobis zrda, sagareo valebisdagroveba, samTavrobo wreebSi arsebuli korufcia da a.S.xelisuflebaSi mosuli axali ZalebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli gaxldaT liberalizmi da dasavleTTandaaxloebis tendencia. gamarjvebuli partiis liderma siebSiar Seiyvana radikali kandidatebi da arCevnebis Semdeg♣rejef Taif eRdoRani – (2003 wlidan dRemde TurqeTis respublikis premierministri)daibada q. stanbolSi, 1954 wlis 26 Tebervals, igi gaxlavT qarTveliemigrantebis STamomavali, misi winaprebi gadasaxlebuli arian q. baTumidan q.rizeSi. erdoRanma adreuli bavSvoba gaatara rizeSi da 13 wlis asakSidabrunda stanbolSi.112

ganacxada, rom misi politika ar efuZneba religias da qveynissagareo prioritetad kvlav evrokavSirSi gawevrianebasmiiCnevs.r. edoRanis damsaxurebaa aseve is faqti, rom qveyanaSiamoqmedda 1982 wlis konstituciis is debuleba, romelSicsaubari gaxlavT religiis politikuri da piradimiznebisaTvis gamoyenebis akrZalvaze, ris Semdegac TurqeTisrespublikaSi kvlav aikrZala moqmedi radikali islamisturipartiebi. aRniSnuli politikiT r. erdoRanma da mismaTanamoazreebma SeZles da zomierebiT daaregulires islamismomxreebsa da nacionalistebs Soris urTierToba.amrigad, rogorc TurqeTis axalgazrda respublikisuaxlesi istoriidan Cans, miuxedavad sekularuli mowyobisa,saxelmwifoSi radikali islamistebi yovelTvis cdilobdnenqveynis reislamizacias. aRsaniSnavia, rom Turqulsaxelmwifos radikalebisagan SeiZleba momavalSic Seeqmnasigive problemebi. magaliTad dRes, aRniSnuli sakiTxisasicocxlod aris dakavSirebuli qveynis evrokavSirSiintegraciasTan, radgan Tu ankara evropelebma sabolooduariT gamoistumres, maSin igi iZulebuli gaxdeba, Tavadacuari Tqvas prodasavlur politikaze da axali ekonomikuri dapolitikuri mokavSireebi eZebos.yovelive amis Semdeg, savaraudod, mosaxleobaSi kvlavgaZlierdeba fundamentalisturi ideebis gavrceleba daSeizRudeba demokratiuli institutebi. Sedegad TurqeTisrespublika an samoqalaqo dapirispirebamde miva, an iranismsgavsad, islamuri fundamentalizmis mimdevari gaxdeba, rackidev erT ,,cxel wertils“ da Tavsatexs gauCens rogorcregions, ise mTels msoflios.113

Tavi IV114

TurqeTis respublikis geopolitika 90-ianiwlebis Semdeg.$ _ 1. xmelTaSuazRvispiruli geopolitika.sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom TiTqmis kacobriobisistoriis dasabamidan xmelTaSuazRvis aRmosavleT regioniyovelTvis warmoadgens cxeli wertilebisa da konfliqtebiskeras. es tradicia gagrZelda Tanamedrove saerTaSorisourTierTobebSic, risi erT-erTi naTeli magaliTia kviprosissaxelmwifos sakiTxi, romelic meoce saukunis meore naxevarSiganviTarda.kviprosi gaxlavT kunZulovani qveyana, igi mdebareobsxmelTaSuazRvaSi, misi farTobi Seadgens 9.251 km-s.saxelwodeba momdinareobs spilenZis laTinuri saxelidan,,kuprum”, radgan es qveyana uxsovari droidan spilenZissabadoebiTaa cnobili.dReisaTvis kunZuli orad aris gayofili. misiteritoriis 63% ukavia kviprosis berZnul saxelmwifos,romlsac marTavs prezidenti da oTxmoci kacisagan SemdgarierTpalatiani parlamenti. qveynis moqmedi xelmZRvaneligaxlavT tasos papandopulosi, kunZulis danarCeni teritoria,37% ukavia kviprosis Turqul respublikas, romelsac marTavsaseve prezidenti da ormocdaaTi kacisagan SemdgarierTpalatiani parlamenti. vikipedias eleqtronulienciklopediis versiis Tanaxmad, 2005 wlis monacemebiT,kunZulis mosaxleoba Seadgens 780 000 adamians, amaTgan 85procenti erovnebiT berZenia, 12 procenti Turqi, xolodanarCeni 3 procenti sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebiswarmomadgenlebi arian [24-17].115

Suaze gaxleCil kunZulze sasaubrod miRebulia ori ena:berZnuli da Turquli. kunZul kviprosis msgavsad, qveynisdedaqalaqi niqoziac gayofilia or nawilad, romlisCrdiloeTi mxare TurqeTuli nawilis dedaqalaqia, danarCeninawili ki berZnuli mxaris mflobelobaSia da maTTvisacdedaqalaqis funqcias asrulebs.kunZuli kviprosi 1878 wlidan didi britaneTis koloniaiyo. inglisis mmarTvelobis periodSi aRniSnul teritoriazeyovelTvis arsebobda eTnokofliqtebi, berZnebsa da TurqebsSoris. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom berZnuli Temi damoukideblobismopovebis mizniT eTno dapirispirebasTan erTad didibritaneTis winaaRmdegac antikolonialistur brZolasawarmoebda.meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, miuxedavad imisa,rom brZolisagan dasustebulma inglisma SeZlo darCeniliyomsoflioSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan saxelmwifod, koloniebiveRar SeinarCuna da misma dakavebulma saxelmwifoebmaTandaTan damoukidebloba moipoves.kviprosis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saberZneTTan erTaddid interess gamoxatavda TurqeTis respublika, racsabolood gaxda kidec sababi xmelTaSuazRvis am ori didisaxelmwifosa da istoriuli mtrebis kvlav dapirispirebisa.1959 wels TebervalSi ciurixsa da londonSi gaformdaxelSekrulebebi, romelTa ZaliTac kviprosma moipovadamoukideblad arsebobis ufleba, ris garantadacgamodiodnen didi britaneTi, saberZneTi da TurqeTi.damoukideblobisadmi miZRvnil oficialur ceremoniazeukanasknelma britanelma mmarTvelma huji futma gadascaZalaufleba axlad Seqmnili respublikis arqiepiskoposs116

makarios III, romelic amave wels arCeuli iqna axlad Seqmnilirespublikis prezidentad.ciurix-londonis SeTanxmebisa da kviprosis respublikiskonstituciis safuZvelze daarsda ori – berZnuli daTurquli TemTa palata. palatebSi wyvetdnen am or TemTandakavSirebul yvela kulturul, religiur TusaganmanaTleblo sakiTxebs. 31 ivliss, koloniurikanonmdeblobis safuZvelze Catarda pirveli saparlamentoarCevnebi, 7 agvistos ki TemTa palatis arCevnebi.warmomadgenelTa saerTo raodenoba Seadgenda ormocdaaTs,aqedan samocdaaTi procenti (35 wevri) berZnuli Temis mieriyo arCeuli, ocdaaTi procenti (15 wevri) ki Turqebma airCies[81-52].1960 wels axlad Seqmnili saxelmwifo saerTaSorisosazogadoebis ZalisxmeviT gaxda gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciis wevri. es faqti TiTqosda unda yofiliyoqveyanaSi mSvidobisa da stabilurobis garanti, magram,samwuxarod, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg kviprosisrespublikaSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma da politikurmaambebma, Tavis mxriv, qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebSi mTelirigi cvlilebebi gamoiwvies, ramac kidev ufro gaaZlierasaberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris dapirispireba da kunZulzemosaxle Turqul da berZnul Temebs Soris eTnikuriuTanxmoeba. yovelive amas piradi interesebisaTvis, faruladTu aSkarad xels uwyobdnen mezobeli saxelmwifoebisspecialuri organoebis TanamSromlebi. amasTanave berZnuli117

mosaxleobis umravlesoba momxre iyo kviprosis enosisisa ♣ [80-172].sabolood am dapirispirebam mxareebi miiyvana 1964 wliskrizisamde. amave wlis 4 marts gaeros uSiSroebis sabWommiiRo rezolucia, romelic mouwodebda dapirispirebulmxareebs TavSekavebisa da wesrigisaken. mSvidobisdasamyareblad kviprosze gaigzavna gaeros jarebi, romlebicsituaciis gasaneitraleblad dRemde iq rCebian.aRniSnuli konfliqti did problemas uqmnida Crdiloatlantikur alianssac [47-59], radgan, rogorc zemoTaRvniSneT, es ar gaxldaT mxolod TemTa dapirispireba, masSiukve erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen saberZneTi daTurqeTi, romlebic orive natos wevri qveynebi iyvnen da maTidapirispireba aucileblad Sida areulobas gamoiwvevdadasavlur samxedro aliansSi.situacia kunZulze kidev ufro daiZaba 1967 wlis aprilisSemdeg, radgan am dros saberZneTSi moxda areuloba,gadatrialebis safuZvelze xelisuflebaSi movida samxedroxunta. aRniSnuli revolucia istoriaSi ,,Savi polkovnikebis”diqtaturiT aris cnobili [94-89]. maTi zewoliT kviproszegvardiis meTaurad dainiSna generali grivasi.mas xelmZRvanelobidan mieca davaleba saswrafodgaeTavisuflebina kunZuli Turquli elementebisagan dadaewyo zrunva kviprosis saberZneTTan SeerTebisaTvis [94-89].1967 wlis noemberSi general grivasis xelSewyobiTkunZulze moxda sisxliani Setakebebi, ris gamoc TurqeTis♣enosisisi – ase uwodebdnen berZnebi da kunZul kviprosis berZnuli Temiswarmomadgenlebi maTi saxelmwifos saberZneTTan gaerTianebas.118

espublikis xelmZRvanelobam, ultimatumis saxiT aTensmeamboxe ganerlisa da misi sabrZolo diviziebis ukansaberZneTSi gawveva mosTxova. berZnebi iZulebuli gaxdnendaTmobebze wasuliyvnen, maT gamoacxades mzadyofnamolaparakebebis dawyebisaTvis, amasTanave ganacxades, rommzad iyvnen Setakebebis dros Turquli soflebisaTvis maTmier miyenebuli zarali aenazRaurebinaT.TemTaSoris dawyebuli molaparakebebi didxans argagrZelebula. 70-iani wlebisaTvis kvlav wamoiwia kunZulissaberZneTTan SeerTebis sakiTxma, ramac, rogorc mosalodneliiyo, Turquli mxaris ukmayofileba gamoiwvia.1974 wlis 15 ivliss erovnulma gvardiam kviprosSiamboxeba daiwyo. maTi mTavari mizani gaxldaT mTeli kunZulissaberZneTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Seyvana. ,,SavpolkovnikebTan” SeTanxmebiT, maT SeZles da gadaayeneskviprosis respublikis kanonieri prezidenti, arqiepiskoposimakariosi, ris Semdegac, aqtiurad Seudgnen mTeli kviprosissaberZneTTan enosisisaTvis mzadebas.progresuli xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg reaqciulmaZalebma qveynis prezidentad gamoacxades nikolas sampsoni,romelmac movaleobis Sesrulebis SedgomisTanave, kviprosisdamoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli berZnebis winaaRmdeg mkacriangariSsworeba daiwyo. paralelurad TurqTa masobriviganadgureba mimdinareobda.rasakvirvelia, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, amas ardauSvebda TurqeTis respublikis xelmZRvaneloba da maleve,ukve 1974 wlis 20 ivliss, Turqi mosaxleobis berZnuliagresiidan Tavdacvis mizniT kunZulis CrdiloeT nawilSi119

gadasxa desanti [24_40], romelic 40 aTasi jariskacisaganSedgeboda.TurqeTis mier kviprosis teritoriaze jarebis SeyvanasaerTaSoriso sazogadoebam intervenciad Seafasa. amave dResgaeros uSiSroebis sabWom miiRo rezolucia, romelicmoiTxovda saomari moqmedebebis dauyonebliv Sewyvetas,kviprosidan gareSe Zalebis, anu Turqi samxedroebis gayvanasada konstituciuri mTavrobis dauyonebliv aRdgenas. ukve 22ivliss saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis zewolis Sedegad,uSualod TurqeTma da saberZneTma moaweres xelixelSekrulebas, sabrZolo moqmedebebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. 24ivliss adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ukmayofilebis gamo,nikolas sampsoni iZulebuli gaxda prezidentobaze uariganecxadebina da nebayoflobiT gadamdgariyo. prezidentobismovaleobis Semsruleblad mis magivrad dainiSna kliridisi.1974 wlis ivlisis bolos kviprosis sakiTxTandakavSirebiT daiwyo molaparakeba did britaneTs, saberZneTsada TurqeTs Soris. molaparakebas awarmoebdnen aRniSnuliqveynebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi. miuxedavad ingliselTadidi mondomebisა, iseTkompromiss mainc ver miaRwies, romkonfliqtis orive mxare kmayofili darCeniliyo, ris gamocmolaparakebebi uSedegod dasrulda.1974 wlis 16 agvistos TurqeTma ganaaxla sabrZolomoqmedebebi, ris Sedegadac daikava da gamagrda kunZulisteritoriis 37 procentze. CrdiloeT nawilis sruliokupaciis Semdeg TurqTa jarebma daiwyes dakavebuliteritoriebidan beZeni mosaxleobis ayra da gaZeveba, risgamoc berZnulma mxarem miiRo 200 aTasamde ltolvili, Tavis120

mxriv samxreTidanac saberZneTis mier gamoZevebul iqnenTurqebi, daaxloebiT 40 aTasi adamiani.TurqeTis respublikas enosisis ideis msgavsadCafiქrebuli hqonda kunZulis okupirebuli teritoriis mismflobelobaSi Seyvana, magram politikuri viTarebis Sedegad,naTlad gamoCnda, rom am ideas ukve arafriT ar dauSvebdarogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, ise mTeli msofliossaerTaSoriso sazogadoeba [82-189]. TurqeTi iZulebuli gaxdaukan daexia da kviprosis CrdiloeT nawilis SeerTebismagivrad, misi federalurad mowyoba moiTxova.1975 wlis 13 Tebervals Turquli Temis xelmZRvanelobam,maT mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze Seqmnes gancalkevebulisaxelmwifo warmonaqmni ,,kviprosis Turquli federaciulisaxelmwifo”, romlis prezidentadac dainiSna rauf denqTaSi.kunZul kviprosTan erTad gayofili iqna misi dadaqalaqiniqoziac, im nawils romelic Turqebis mxares darCa, ewodaTurquli saxeli ,,lefkoSa” (Lefkoşa).axlad Seqmnili federaciuli saxelmwifo msofliosazogadoebam ar cno. ufro metic, gaeroმ daiwyo maszesanqciebis daweseba. TurqeTis respublika mouwodebda gaeros,ar Careuliyo TemTa Soris molaparakebebSi, magram uSedegod.ukve 1983 wlis 15 noembers kunZulis Turquli TemisxelmZRvanelobam TurqeTis respublikis mmarTvelTa karnaxiTada mxardaWeriT gamoacxada ,,CrdiloeT kviprosis Turqulirespublika”, romlis prezidentadac rauf denqTaSi darCa [79-103]. amis Semdeg ankaram daiwyo zrunva imisaTvis, rom axladSeqmnili saxelmwifo msoflios eRiarebina, magram uSedegod,igi dRemde mxolod ankaris mier aris aRiarebuli. amasTanaveTurqTa maSindelma mmarTvelobam teritoriis kargad121

aTvisebisaTvis gaatara mizanmimarTuli demografiulipolitika, 100 aTasze meti moqalaqe Caasaxla kunZulze dadaakavebina maT berZnebis mier iZulebiT datovebuli saxlebi.amis Sedegad kviprosze eTnikuri Turqebis raodenoba orjerda metad gaizarda. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, aseTmaagresiulma politikam kidev ufro gaamruda viTarebisgamosworebis gza.saberZneTisa da berZnuli mxaris kviprosis daJinebulimoTxovnis Sedegad, kviprosis Turquli respublikiswinaaRmdeg evrokavSirma ekonomikuri embargo SemoiRo, rac amukanasknelisaTvis Zalian mZime dartyma gamodga.90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saberZneTma moiTxova kunZulissamxreT nawilis evrogaerTianebaSi gawevrianeba, rac kideverTxel gaxda sababi, im periodSi berZnul-TurquliurTierTobebis daZabvisa.Tanamedrove etapze TurqeTis urTierTobebi saberZneTTanda kviprosis problemis daregulireba evrokavSiris WrilSiganixileba. rogorc cnobilia, or qveyanas SorisurTierTobebSi arsebul uTanxmoebas Suaze gaxleCilkviprosis problemasTan erTad, safuZvlad udevs berZnulikunZulebis statusis sakiTxis dauregulirebloba, mxareTapretenziebi kontinentalur Selfze, egeosis zRvisakvatoriasa da sahaero sivrceze.me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis Semdeg, TurqeTisrespublikaSi arsebuli mTavrobebi sagareo urTierTobebSiTavidanve prioritets aniWebdnen evrokavSirSi gawevrianebas,maT surT, gaxdnen evrogaerTianebis aziuri gagrZeleba,risTvisac mzad arian evrokavSiris moTxovnebis SesabamisadsaxelmwifoSi reformebi gaataron [100-69]. TurqeTis122

mmarTvelobisaTvis kargad aris cnobili Tu rogorwarmatebas moutans Turqul ekonomikas evrokavSirisgaerTianebaSi Sesvla.Tumca TurqTa respublikis aRniSnuli miswrafebajerjerobiT ganuxorcielebel mcdelobad rCeba. evropulqveynebs misi evrokavSirSi miRebis mimarT ukanasknelperiodamde gaaCndaT da gaaCniaT seriozuli problemebi, racgamoixateba Semdeg faqtebSi: TurqeTis mosaxleoba Seadgens 70milionamde mcxovrebs da hyavs mravalricxovani SeiaraRebuliZalebi, amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom Turquli mosaxleobamzardi dinamikiT gamoirCeva, rac evrokavSirSi SesvlisSemTxvevaSi, TurqeTs germaniis da safrangeTis msgavsad,romlebic dRemde axdenen zegavlenas mniSvnelovaniganxilvebis msvlelobisas da iwveven ganxeTqilebasevrogaerTianebis biurokratiul struqturebSi,gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros mniSvnelovani sityvis TqmissaSualebas miscems; adamianis uflebebs oficialuri ankaraaRiarebs mxolod misTvis xelsayrel xarisxSi, rac arakmayofilebs evrokavSirs. aRniSnulidan pirdapirgamomdinareobs araeTgvarovani damokidebuleba qveynisaRmosavleTSi mcxovrebi qurTebis sakiTxTan; qveynispolitikis erT-erTi warmmarTveli, SeiaraRebuli Zalebisgeneraliteti evropis mimarT sakmaod negatiurad arisganwyobili; saxelmwifo wyobis evropuli modelis da mzardiekonomikis miuxedavad, islamuri tradiciebis gamo TurqeTiaRmosavleTs miekuTvneba, rasac evropuli saerTaSorisoorganizaciebi daufaravad acxadeben da TurqeTs evropisnawilad ver moiazreben. TurqeTis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebispretenzia amerikuli lobis saSualebiT SeiZleba123

ganxorcielebuliyo, Tumca antiamerikulad ganwyobili evropayvela saSualebiT cdilobs, ar miiaxlovos TurqeTi.miuxedavad amisa ukanasknel periodSi aRniSnulsakiTxTan dakavSirebiT evropis wamyvani saxelmwifoebispoziciam TiTqosda mkveTri cvlileba ganicada. maT miergakeTebuli gancxadebebidan aSkarad gamoCnda, rom evropaTavadac mowadinebuli iyo TurqeTis Tavis ojaxSimiRebisaTvis. rac gamoixateboda imaSi, rom evrostruqturebidadebiTad afasebdnen qveynis sagareo da saSinao politikaSimimdinare reformebs da akeTebdnen gancxadebebsTurqeTisaTvis maqsimalur mxardaWeraze dasaxuli miznismiRwevaSi.marTlac aRniSnuli saxelmwifos evrokavSirSigawevrianeba warmoadgens regionis axlidan mowyobis ZiriTadfaqtors, rac mniSvnelovania kontinentis am nawilSistabilurobis SenarCunebisaTvis.dasaxelebuli problemebi ase Tu ise mogvarebadia, magramorive mxarisaTvis rCeba erTi mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba -kunZuli kviprosi. kviprosis sakiTxis droulad gadaWrapirdapir kavSirSia TurqeTis evrokavSirSi integraciasTan.TurqTis mxridan am problemis mogvarebis mcdelobadSeiZleba CaiTvalos is faqti, rom CrdiloeT kviprosisTurquli respublikis prezidentma rauf denqTaSma, kviprosisrespublikis prezidentTan tasos papandopulosTan erTadmiaRwia mniSvnelovan SeTanxmebas, romlis Tanaxmadac mxareebimzad iyvnen jer kidev 2004 wlisaTvis gaemarTaT mniSnelovanimolaparakebebi da mieRoT imJamindeli gaero-s generalurimdivnis kofi ananis mier 2003 wels momzadebuli gegma,kviprosis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, romelic, misive TqmiT,124

saSualebas miscemda orive mxares, misi ganxorcielebisSemTxvevaSi, mogebuli darCeniliyo [179].mas Semdeg, rac kviprosi evrokavSiris wevrobis kandidatigaxda, dRis wesrigSi dadga Seqmniliyo pirobebi qristiani damuslimi mosaxleobis Tanacxovrebis uzrunvelsayofad. kofiananis gegmis mixedviT, saxelmwifos mowyobisa da qveynissimboloebis Seqmna nawilobriv gadaWrili iyo. gaerTianebuliqveynis axal droSaze lurji feri saberZneTiswarmomadgenlobis simbolo gaxdeboda, wiTeli _ TurqeTis,SuaSi moqceuli spilenZisferi ki gaerTianebul kviprossgamoxatavda.uprecedento suraTi iqmneboda im mxriv, rom muslimebsdasveneba qristianul dResaswaulebze mouwevdaT, xoloqristianebs _ muslimur uqme dReebze. amave kofi ananis gegmiT,gaerTianebuli kviprosi evrokavSirSi warsdgeboda orilideriT. qveynis marTva unda ganexorcielebina prezidents dapremier-ministrs, romelTagan erTi berZeni iqneboda, meore kiTurqi. maTi postze monacvleoba ki yovel oc TveSiganxorcieldeboda.gaeros winandeli dokumentebisagan gansxvavebiTaRniSnuli gegmiT regionSi mxolod im raodenobis berZeniunda dabrunebuliyo, rac Turqi mosaxleobis mxolod Tvrametprocents Seadgenda, gansxvavebiT manamde dafiqsirebuliocdaerTi procentisa. Turqul sajariso nawilebs saSualebaeZleodaT, samudamod darCeniliyvnen kviprosis teritoriazesademarkacio xazis gaswvriv, magram evrokavSirSigawevrianebis Semdeg, maTi raodenoba 40 aTasidan 6500mde undaSemcirebuliyo. berZnul-Turquli Sereuli mmarTveloba da125

gardamavali periodi gaeros gaangariSebiT eqvs weliwadsgagrZeldeboda [182].gaero-s generaluri mdivnis kofi ananis gegmis ZiriTadiprincipebi gaxldaT Seqmniliyo: ori Tanabaruflebianisubieqtis ,,ganuyofeli” kavSiriT saerTo saxelmwifo; saerTomoqalaqeoba; ori mxaris mosaxleobis proporciulad arCeulieqvswevriani mmarTveli sabWo, Tavjdomareobis aTTvianirotaciis safuZvelze; gardamavali mTavroba sami wlismanZilze; orpalatiani parlamenti, TiToeul palataSi 48wevriT; saberZneTsa da TurqeTs ufleba eZleodaTSeenarCunebinaT kunZulze 6000 kaciani samxedro kontinentikofi ananis gegmiT ZiriTadad ukmayofilo berZnulimxare aRmoCnda. maT miaCndaT, rom generaluri mdivani aSkaradTurqebs lobirebda. berZnebi Tvlidnen, rom gegmiTaucileblad gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo 1974 wlisTurquli intervenciis Sedegad dazaralebuli yvelaltolvilis saxlSi dabruneba da maTi kompensireba. maTiazriT, aseve yovlad dauSvebeli iyo Turquli samxedrokontigentis ganusazRvreli droiT kunZulze darCena.2004 wlis aprilSi, kunZul kviprosis orive nawilSi,gaeros generaluri mdivnis gegmis Tanaxmad, Catardareferendumi mis gaerTianebasTan dakavSirebiT.Turqul mxareSi gaerTianebis survili gamoTqvamosaxleobis 64,90 procentma, xolo berZnul mxareSi Tanxmobaganacxada mosaxleobis mxolod 24,17 procentma, racadasturebs imas, rom berZnuli mxare bolomde ukmayofilogaxldaT evropelebis mier SemoTavazebuli samSvidobogegmisa.126

gaeros generaluri mdivnis gegmis CaSlis Semdeg,kviprosis berZnuli mxare evropuli qveynebis daxmarebisSedegad gaxda evrokavSiris wevri, rac TurqeTis mxarisaTviskidev ufro gamaRizianebeli aRmoCnda, radgan, rogorc zemoTaRvniSneT, evropuli ojaxis wevroba, TurqeTis sagareopolitikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani prioritetia, aRniSnulismisaRwevad ki isini ukve aTeuli wlebia iswrafian, magramsamwuxarod, dRemde Sedegs ver miRwies.berZnuli nawilis evropasTan gaerTianebis Sedegad misiekonomika da mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomareoba kidev ufrogaumjobesda. gayofili kunZulis mxareebi, dReisaTvis TiTqmisiseve gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rogorc Tavis drozegermaniis demokratiuli da federaciuli respublikebigansxvavdebodnen [183].unda aRiniSnos, rom ukanasknel periodSi TurqeTisa dasaberZneTis xelmZRvaneloba, samxedro sakiTxebis gadawyvetissaqmeSi, garkveulwilad cdilobda mxareTa poziciebisgaTvaliswinebas. aRniSnulze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom 1997wlidan periodulad xdeba TurqeTis samxedro-sahaero dasamxedro-sazRvao Zalebis mier egeosis zRvasa da kviprosiskunZulebTan dagegmili wvrTnebis gadadeba [134]. amTvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia 2003 wlis oqtomberSi, TurqeTis q.antaliaSi, saberZneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministr giorgopapandreusa da TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministr abdulahgiuls Soris miRweuli SeTanxmeba, romlis ZaliTac, aTenSiCasatarebuli olimpiuri TamaSebis usafrTxoebis mizniT, undagadadebuliyo samxedro swavlebebi, ris Sedegadac TurqeTismxarem gadado wrTvnebi saxelwodebebiT _ `Torosi~ da127

`barbarosi~, xolo Tavis mxriv, saberZneTma gadado samxedroswavlebebi saxelwodebebiT _ `Toksadisi~ da `fotorosi~.miuxedavad rigi mcdelobebisa, samwuxarod, mxareebmasaboloo SeTanxmebas jerjerobiT mainc ver miaRwies, risgamoc CixSi Sevida molaparakebebi evrokavSirTanac. esukanaskneli kategoriulad iTxovs TurqeTis mier kviprosisdamoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiarebas, rac TurqTaTvis dRemdemiuRebeli da mtkivneuli sakiTxia.2008 wlis aprilidan TiTqosda kvlav gaCnda kviprosisor Tems Soris urTierTobaTa daTbobis niSnebi, rodesacmolaparakebis Sedegad gaixsna adre blokirebuli gasasvlelikunZulis dedaqalaq niqoziaSi da dapirispirebul mxareebskvlav miecaT saSualeba normaluri urTierTobis aRdgenisdaewyebisa.miuxedavad dadebiTi Zvrebisa, kviprosis konfliqtisregulirebis procesSi, jer-jerobiT naadrevia konfliqtissabolood aRmofxvraze saubari, radganac mxareebs Sorismolaparakebebi adrec misula mocemul wertilamde, rasacSemdgomi gagrZeleba ar mohyolia. miuxedavad amisa,gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom wina molaparakebebisdros TurqeTi ar iyo kunZulis sakiTxis daregulirebaSidainteresebuli im xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac dRes aris.marTalia, TurqeTis respublikis warmomadgenlobacdilobs saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis TvalSi SeamciroskunZulis problemebi da mxolod TemTaSoris mourigeblobadaCvenos, magram realurad kviprosis sakiTxi TanamedrovesaerTaSoriso politikuri urTierTobebis erT-erTi umwvavesiproblemaa, romelic, samwuxarod, dResac gadauWreli rCeba.aRniSnuli problema ukve didi xania gascda sakuTriv128

kviprosis sazRvrebs. man didi garTuleba gamoiwvia orsaxelmwifos saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris.iseTi globaluri saxelmwifoebi, rogorebic arianamerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da yofili sabWoTa kavSiriTavisi mokavSireebiTurT, yovelTvis cdilobdnen kunZulkviprosze datrialebuli tragedia Tavisi politikurimiznebis misaRwevad gamoeyenebinaT. rac, ra Tqma undayovelTvis aSorebda dapirispirebul mxareebs konfliqtissaboloo mogvarebisagan. faqtobrivad, kviprosis respublikamsxverplad Seewira jer ori saxelmwifos da Semdeg zemoTnaxsenebi ori samxedro politikuri banakis geopolitikurinteresebs, mxolod imitom, rom ase axlos mdebareobdaSfoTian da navTobis resursebiT mdidar arabulaRmosavleTTan.aSkaraa, rom kunZul kviprosis problemas mravalmxriviganxilva sWirdeba, vinaidan igi dakavSirebulia TemTaSorisdamokidebulebasTan, TurqeTisa da saberZneTis istoriulmetoqeobasa da aseve evropis didi qveynebisa da amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis politikasTan.amrigad, kunZul kviprosis sakiTxi DdRevandelamderCeboda da momavalSi kvlav darCeba Tanamedrove TurqeTisrespublikis geopolitikuri xedvis areSi, ris gamoc mas didiproblemebi eqmneba rogorc evrokavSirTan, ise mis uSualomezobel saberZneTTan urTierTobaSi. miuxedavad amisa, mTelrig mkvlevarebsa da eqspertebs miaCniaT, rom dRevandeliTurqeTis xelmZRvaneloba kvlav didi mondomebiT gaagrZelebskonfliqtis mogvarebis iseTi xerxis Zebnas, romelSic pirvelrigSi gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba rogorc kunZulze mcxovrebiTurqebis, iseve ankaris geopolitikuri interesebi, Tundac129

aman daazianos TurqeTis respublikis sagareo politikis erTerTimTavari mizani evropasTan mimarTebaSi.amasTanave aucileblad unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Tavismxriv dRes ukve evropis umetesi wamyvani qveynebisxelmZRvaneloba yuradRebas amaxvilebs TurqeTis respublikisgeostrategiul, geoekonomikur mdebareobasa da mismniSvnelobaze, swored aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo evrokomisiamiesalmeba ankaris xelmZRvanelobis samSvidobo mcdelobebsrogorc axlo aRmosavleTSi, ise kavkasiis rTul regionSi.ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisidan TurqeTisrespublikisadmi evropelebis aseTi interesi ganapirobaruseTis federaciis imperialistur politikaze gadasvlam,kremlis ambiciebma da iperiis aRdgenis mcdelobebma, rasacSedegad mohyva: ruseT_ukrainis dapirispireba, 2008 wlisagvistoSi omi saqarTvelosTan, separatistuli dasaerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier araRiarebuli, TviTmarqviareJimebis damoukideblobis cnoba, 2008 wlis zamTarSi mTelievropisaTvis gazis miwodebis Sewyveta, Seferxeba da a.S.amasTanave, rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT ZalzemniSvnelovania isic, rom TurqeTis saxelmwifo dReisaTvisukve sakmaod gaZlierda da cdilobs Tavisi politika ukvepiradad, martom gankargos. aseve Tu gavixsenebT imasac, romTurqi eri sakmaod ambiciuri brZandeba, TavissaxelmwifoebriobasTan mimarTebaSi, ar iqneba gasakviri, romXXI saukunis dasawyisidan ukve man Seaqcios evropa-amerikaszurgi da axali strategiuli partniorebis Zebna daiwyos. miTumetes, rom TurqeTis maRali wreebidan, (rogorc politikuri,ise mecnieruli) ukve mkafiod ismis iseTi gancxadebebi,rogoricaa magaliTad erT-erTi umsxvilesi Turquli130

developeruli kompaniis xelmZRvanelTa warmomadgenlis hasanaratis gancxadeba: Cven Turqebi amayi xalxi varT da ar gvindaim saxlSi Sesvla, sadac jer dagvpatiJes, magram Semdeg yoveljerze maspinZeli cxvirwin kars gviketavs” [182].2009 wlis 21 oqtombers stambulSi moewyo didi Sexvedra,sadac mezobel saxelmwifoebTan TurqeTis respublikisurTierTobebis sakiTxebs ganixilavdnen. floridisdemokratma kongresmenma, warmomadgenlobiTi palatis wevrmada kongresSi evropis sakiTxebis qvekomitetis Tavjdomarerobert ueqslerma Sexvedrisas wevrebs mimarTa: ,,TqvenkiTxulobT, ratom dainteresda TurqeTi sxva mimarTulebiT?evropa, daakvirdi sakuTar qmedebebs da sakuTar mosazrebebs”[182].yovelive amis Semdeg, dRes evropa ukve kargadxedavs, rom TurqeTi dasavleTisaTvis TavisigeostrategiulobiT aucilebeli partnioria. amasTanaveevropuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis ukve naTelia, rom 2008-09 wliszamTarSi ganviTarebuli, yvelasaTviis kargad nacnobimovlenebis gamo, energetikis sferoSi mxolod ruseTzedamokidebuleba ar SeiZleba, radgan naTlad Cans, rom igiarastabiluri partnioria da energo resursebs misi ambiciurimiznebisaTvis iyenebs. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebeliaalternatiuli momaragebis wyaros povna, romlis rolisSesruleba misi geografiuli mdebareobis gamo mxolodTurqeTs SeuZlia.131

$ _ 2. qurTebis problema da TurqeTissaxelmwifoebriv - politikuri usafrTxoebaaxlo aRmosavleTSi mcxovreb im EeTnosTa Soris,romelTac Tavisi saxelmwifo ar gaaCniaT, yvelazemravalricxvovani da uZvelesi nacia gaxlavT qurTebi. es ariseri, romelic miekuTvneba indoevropuli ojaxis indoiranulenobriv jgufs. istoriulad isini ZiriTadad qurTistanisteritoriaze saxlobdnen.qurTistans ukavia axlo aRmosavleTis regionis SidanawilSi mdebare mTiani mxare, romelic daaxloebiT 350 aTaskv. kilometrs moicavs. aRmosavleTidan mas emijneba urmiistba (iranSi), samxreTidan al-jazira (siriasa da eraySi) damardinis dablamTianeTi (TurqeTSi). dasavleTidan qurTistansesazRvreba aRmosavleT tavrosis qedi (TurqeTSi),CrdiloeTiT misi geografiuli sazRvari Znelad dasadgenia,radgan am mxridan igi aRmosavleT anatoliaSi mdebareobs.aRniSnul teritoriaze uZvelesi droidan mcxovrebiqurTebi meoce saukunemde osmaleTis imperiis erzerumis,erzijanis, vanis, muSis vilaieTebSi TurqebTan da somxebTanSereulad cxovrobdnen. maTi mosaxleobis didi nawilisunituri mimdevrobis muslimi gaxlavT, Tumca maT Sorisarian orTodoqsi Siitebi, iezidebi da seqta ahli hakismimdevrebic.qurTebi ZiriTadad saubroben sam dialeqtze. esenia:qurmanji, zaza da surani. bolo periodisaTvis tomTa Sorismoxda SeTanxmeba, ris mixedviTac qurmanji aRiarebuli iqna,rogorc qurTuli literaturuli enis safuZvli.132

miuxedavad imisa, rom ,,qurTistani” mdgradi geografiuliterminia da TviTon qurTi eri, rogorc eTnosi, istoriaSiuZvelesi droidan moixsenieba, maT arasodes ar SeuqmniaTraime umaRlesi politikuri erTeuli. qurTTa wridanyovelTvis gamodiodnen saxelganTqmuli da Zlieri adamianebi,magaliTad marto muslimTaTvis samagaliTo gmiri, salahaddinic gveyofa. kaci, romelmac gaaerTiana egviptis samefoda ierusalimi jvarosnebisagan gaanTavisufla, magram raodensakvirvelic ar unda iyos, mas arc ki ufiqria Seeqmna erTianiqurTuli saxelmwifo.qurTTa aseTi infantiloba sakuTari damoukidebeliqveynis Seqmnis Sesaxeb ganpirobebulia imiT, rom maT garSemoyovelTvis arsebobda urTierTdapirispirebuli Zlieriimperiebi: romi-parTia, bizantia-irani, bizantia-saxalifo daosmaleT-irani. am uZlieresi saxelmwifoebis interesebixSirad swored qurTistanis teritoriaze ikveTeboda, racTavisTavad aRniSnuli teritoriis omis qarcecxlSi gaxvevasda dasaxlebebis ganadgurebas moaswavebda. qurTTasaxelmwifos arSeqmnis mizezia aseve endogenuri faqtoric,maT Soris ar gamokveTila iseTi pirovneba, romelsacqurTistanis damoukideblobaze ezruna, Zveli tomTa beladebida Seixebi maqsimumis miRwevad Tvlidnen xalifas, Sahis ansulTnis nominaluri vasalobis mopovebas. aseve didproblemas uqmnidaT qurTebs gautanloba da Suri, romelicTanamedrove epoqaSic ki igrZnoboda, rodesac partiaTaliderebs SeeZloT erTmaneTis jibrze mosisxle mtrisaTvisdaeWiraT mxari, damdgariyvnen xan iranis, xan erayis, xanTurqeTis oficialuri xelisuflebis mxares da metoqequrTuli partiis ganadgurebasaTvis SeewyoT xeli.133

olo periodis urbanizaciam, qurTuli inteligenciiswarmoSobam, rasac umeteswilad dasavleTSi swavla-ganaTlebismiRebam Seuwyo xeli, Seqmna ukeTesi pirobebi erovnuliTviTSegnebisa da nacionalizmis ganviTarebisaTvis, rac maTSiparalelurad separatizmis ganviTarebasac uwyobs xels.dResdReobiT damoukidebeli qurTistanis Seqmnis idearealurad arsebobs da moqmedebis did stimuls aZlevsqurTul mosaxleobas.qurTTa raodenoba dRevandel msoflioSi 45 milionamdeaRwevs. aqedan maTi umetesoba, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,daaxloebiT 30 milionamde adamiani cxovrobs TurqeTSi,eraySi, iransa da siriaSi [71_72]. qurTuli mosaxleobis zustiraodenobis dadgena Zalian rTulia, radgan axloaRmosavleTis saxelmwifoTa oficialuri statistika saerTodgverds uvlis eTnikuri jgufebis, gansakuTrebiT ki qurTebisarsebobis faqts.aRniSnul qveynebs rogorc saSinao, ise sagareopolitikaSi, qurTuli Temebi dRemde seriozul problemebsuqmnian. gansakuTrebiT mZimea mdgomareobaa TurqeTisrespublikasTan mimarTebaSi, sadac eTnikurad qurTulimosaxleobis raodenobis ricxvi daaxloebiT 12 milionsscildeba [119].pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg gamarjvebulmadidma britaneTma da safrangeTma 1920 wels sevrisxelSekrulebaSi ♣ Seitanes qurTistanis saxelmwifos Seqmna,♣ sevris xelSekruleba – iyo samSvidobo xelSekruleba dadebuli 1920 wlis 10agvistos osmaleTis imperiasa da mokavSireebs Soris pirveli msoflio omisdasasruleblad. igi gauqmebuli iqna TurqeTis damoukideblobis omis msvlelobisas,xolo mxareebma mis Semcvlel SeTanxmebas 1923 wels moaweres xeli (lozanisxelSekruleba)134

magram TurqeTis 1923 wlis revoluciis gamarjvebisa damustafa qemal aTaTurqis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlisSemdeg es piroba gadaisinja da qurTistanis sakiTxidaviwyebas mieca. am faqts, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, mohyvaqurTTa ukmayofileba, romelic sabolood ajanyebaSigadaizarda. qveyanaSi amboxeba mimidinareobda mustafaqemalisa da misi xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli erovnuli danacionaluri reformebis winaaRmdeg religiuri reaqciisdroSis qveS, amitom qurTTa am gamosvlebisaTvis evropelebsyuradReba ar miuqceviaT.1925 wels TurqeTis respublikis erovnuli krebisbrZanebiT aRmosavleT anatoliaSi qurTTa amboxeba sastikadiqna CaxSobili. amis Semdeg qurTebma ramdenjerme scadesajanyeba, magram Turqi samxedroebi maT yovelTvis sastikaduswordebodnen.meoce saukunis bolos, kerZod 1984 wlidan TurqeTisrespublikaSi daiwyo seriozuli qurTuli separatistulikampania ,,qurTuli muSaTa partiis” xelmZRvanelobiT.aRniSnuli partia 1978 wels Camoayalibda [56-49].misi lideri gaxldaT qurTistanis damoukideblobisaTvismebrZoli abdula ojalani. ♣ romelic dRes ukve saerTaSoriso♣ abdula ojalani _ daibada 1949 wlis 4 aprils TurqeTSi, sofel omrelSi. 1971_1974wlebSi ojalani swavlobda ankaris universitetSi politologiis fakultetze, magrammisi damTavreba ver moaxerxa. 1974 wels, jer kidev studentma, Seqmna erovnulsawyisebze dafuZnebuli maoisturi politikuri moZraoba, romelsac 1978 wels,,qurTuli muSaTa partiis” saxelwodeba mieniWa. 1980 wels TurqeTis respublikaSisamxedro gadatrialebis moxdenamde ojalani siriaSi gaiqca, sadac man miiRopolitikuri TavSesafari. siriaSi CasvlisTanave ojalanma adgilobrivi xelisuflebisxelSewyobiT daiwyo samxedro danayofebis organizeba, romlelTa meSveobiTac 1984wlidan qurTistanis damoukideblobis moTxovnis sababiT, aqtiurad daiwyo samxedrooperaciebi TurqeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg.135

sazogadoebis mier teroristad aris aRiarebuli. TurqeTisrespublikas sakmaod didi ziani miayenes qurTma mebrZolebma,sabolood im periodisTvis, maT SeZles ajanyebulebisdamarcxeba da qurTTa didi masebis asimilaciis mizniT, maTiqveynis siRrmeSi gadasaxleba [57-184].miuxedavad damarcxebisa, abdula ojalani siriissaxelmwifos mfarvelobis qveS, damaskoSi cxovrobda daSeZlebisdagvarad TurqeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg kvlavaqtiur brZolas ganagrZobda.siriis saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobas Turqebi daJinebiTsTxovdnen amboxebulTa lideris gadacemas, sabolood,ankaris mkacri ultimatumis Semdeg, siriis prezidenti hafezasadi iZulebuli gaxda, 1998 wlis oqtomberSi ojalanisaTvisqveynis datoveba moeTxova [69_247]. abdula ojalani da misimomxreebi bevrs ecadnen moeZebnaT axali politikuriTavSesafari ruseTSi, italiaSi, saberZneTSi da sxvagan, magramuSedegod.1999 wlis 15 Tebervals keniaSi TurqeTis, amerikisSeerTebuli Statebisa da israelis specsamsaxurebis mierCatarda specoperacia, romlis Sedegadac daapatimressaerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier teroristad aRiarebuliabdula ojalani. patimari gadaeca TurqeTis saxelmwifos,romlebmac is gadaiyvanes marmarilos zRvis erT-erT kunZulimralze, ganTavsebul mkacri reJimis sapatimroSi. TurqulmasasamarTlom ojalans sikvdiliT dasja miusaja, romelicSemdeg msoflio sazogadoebis moTxovniT, samudamopatimrobiT Secvales. amboxebis lideris dapatimrebis SemdegTurqulma xelmZRvanelobam daiwyo ZaldatanebiTi asimilacia,136

aikrZala abdula ojalanisa da saerTod sityva ,,qurTi”-sgamoyeneba mTels respublikaSi,evropelTa gulis mosagebad Turqebma ocdameerTesaukunis dasawyisSi sakmaod Searbiles politika qurTebismimarT, magram miuxedavad amisa, lideris gareSe darCenili,,qurTebis muSaTa partia” kvlav agrZelebda brZolasdamoukideblobis mopovebisaTvis. regionSi viTareba daiZaba2003 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da misimokavSireebis mier, eraySi sadam huseinis diqtatorulireJimis damxobis Semdeg.amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis administracia eraySisabrZolo moqmedebebis dawyebamde Tvlida, rom brZolisperiodSi aucilebeli iyo Sida mokavSiris povna, amTvalsazrisiT amerikelebs erayeli qurTebis saxiTgamouCndaT bunebrivi mokavSire, radgan isini sistematiuradiCagrebodnen sadam huseinis reJimis mier, rac TavisTavadaZlevdaT maT uflebas yvelaze proamerikuli yofiliyvnenerayis eTno religiur Temebs Soris. magram qurTebismokavSireoba StatebTan geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT araRmoCnda martivi saqme, radgan igi miuRebeli Seiqna regionSi,amerikis erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli mokavSiris TurqeTisaTvis,,,qurTebis problema” ukve didi xania Zalian mtkivneuli Temaa.erayis omma Seqmna axali geopolitikuri situacia axloaRmosavleTSi rogorc SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis, iseTurqeTis respublikisaTvisac. Tu amerikelebma gamoiyenesqurTebi sadamis winaaRmdeg da omis dasrulebis Semdegcdilobdnen maT gamoyenebas forsirebul daregulirebaSiisrael-palestinis krizisisa, gansakuTrebiT siriismimarTulebiT, ankara aRmoCnda iseTi dilemis winaSe, rogoric137

iyo konfliqtis axali garTuleba da SeiaraRebulidapirispireba qurTul moZraobasTan, TurqeTsa da CrdiloeTeraySi. yovelive aman, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, gamoiwviaTurqeTis urTierTobebis daZabva amerikis SeerTebul Statebsada evropis rig qveynebTan.erayis omis mimdinareobaSi pirvelad 80 wlis manZilze,lozanis xelSekulebis Semdeg TurqeTis respublikas mouwiaim faqtTan Segueba, rom qurTuli moZraoba Camoyalibdadamoukidebel faqtorad, rogorc regionalur, asevesaerTaSoriso doneze. erayeli qurTebi gamodiodnen aramxolod mokavSireni antierayul koaliciaSi mosulisa dakirkukis ganTavisuflebis dros, aramed rogorcTanamonawileni omis Semdgom erayis saxelmwifos mowyobisa,federalur safuZvelze.ankarisaTvis erayel qurTTa aseTi warmatebis miRwevagangaSis signali iyo, radgan es gaxda precendenti dastimuli brZolis koreqtirebisa TurqeTis teritoriazemacxovrebeli qurTebisaTvis. erayel TanamoZmeTa mibaZviT, maTdaiwyes im miznebis gamoyeneba, rasac jer kidev am movlenebismoxdenamde qadagebda ,,qurTuli muSaTa partiisa” daganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis lideri abdula ojalani. misikoncefcia gaxldaT: ,,uari separatizms da qurTulisaxelmwifos federaluri mowyoba, mravalmxriv safuZvelze”[69-247].amgvarad, qurTistani, romelic adre miRebuli iyoqurTebis kompaqtur dasaxlebad dasavleT aziaSi, axalgeopolitikur pirobebSi isev yalibdeba ara mxolod eTnikur,aramed saxelmwifoTa dapirispirebis kvanZad axloaRmosavleTSi. amas Tan erTvis jerjerobiT mcire gacieba138

amerikisa da TurqeTis respublikis urTierTobebSi, berZnebisada Turqebis (natos wevri qveynebis) mravalwlianidapirispireba. amasTanave aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoTrogorc ruseTis federacia Tavisi ambiciuri politikiT da300 000 qurTi mosaxliT, ise danarCeni ,,post sabWoTa”saxelmwifoebi erTi milioni qurTi erovnebis mcxovrebiT,romlebsac aqvT ara mxolod saxelmwifo, aramed sxvainteresebic musulmanur samyarosTan da ar SeuZliaT amregionSi arsebuli daZabuli situaciis mimarTb gulgrilniiyvnen.erayis krizisis eTnografiaSi TurqeTisa da qurTistanisgeopolitikuri kvanZi iZens gacilebiT met mniSvnelobas,vidre TalibTa reJimis damxoba avRaneTSi, an analogiurikvanZi pakistanelebsa da puStunebs Soris.eTnikuri problemebis gadauWreloba uqmnis didsirTuleebs demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis pirobebis Seqmnas,iqneba es TurqeTSi, israelSi, palestinasa Tu eraySi.brZola, terorizmTan iqneba is, Tu separatizmTan,religiuri Tu sxva SeferilobiT, yovelTvis arSemoifargleba erTi saxelmwifos sazRvrebiT daver ganisazRvreba raime drois CarCoebiT, wlebiT TuaTwleulebiT. ase iyo da aris magaliTad avRaneTSi. didi xnismanZilze gagrZelda sparseTis yuris krizisi, romelSicsrulad aRmoCndnen CaTreulni is aRmosavluri saxelmwifoebi,romlebmac Tavis droze moaxerxes da gaiyves qurTistanisistoriuli teritoria, romelic, rogorc iTqva, dResacregionSi arsebuli daZabulobisa da areulobis erT-erTi139

mTavari sababia sparseTis yureSi meore omis dawyebisas, ♣TurqeTis respublika didxans ewinaaRmdegeboda SeerTebulStatebs, ar CarTuliyo ,,operacia udabnos qariSxalSi”, magrammiuxedavad amisa, vaSingtonma igi politikuri zewoliT maincaiZula gaegzavna erayis sazRvarze daaxloebiT 40 000 kacianisamxedro kontigenti. amasTanave TurqeTma neba darToamerikelebs, mniSvnelovnad gaezardaT sabrZoloTviTmfrinavTa raodenoba sahaero samxedro Zalebis bazaze,injirliySi [85-94].mTeli rigi daTmobebis miuxedavad, ankaram Tavissasargeblodac moaxerxa nabijis gadadgma, romelmac,samwuxarod, sabolood ar gaamarTla. mTavrobamparlamentisagan moipova sakuTari jaris sazRvargareTgayvanis ufleba, ris Semdegac aRar daayovna, SeiWra erayisteritoriaze, gadaketa erayidan gamomavali orivenavTobsadenis toti da Sewyvita yvelanairi ekonomikuriurTierToba mezobel saxelmwifosTan. aRniSnuli misiaTurqeTma kraxiT daasrula, radgan ver SeZlo erayisteritoriaze moqmedi qurTuli samxedro danayofebisganadgureba da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis zewolis SedegadiZulebuli gaxda samxedroebi ukan gamoewvia [85-107].dasavleli da Turqi eqspertebis daskvnebis mixedviTsaboloo jamSi ,,operacia udabnos qariSxalis” SedegadTurqeTis respublikas Svidi miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis♣ ,,sparseTis yuris meore omi” - ewodeba oms, romelic axlo aRmosavleTSi 1990wels erayis mier quveiTze TavdasxmiT daiwyo da 1991 wels 34 qveyniskoaliciis (meTauri aSS) mier erayis damarcxebiT dasrulda. aSS-Si amsamxedro operaciebs uwodeben ,,udabnos fars” (ingl. "Operation Desert Shield") da,,operacia udabnos qariSxals” (ingl. "Operation Desert Storm").140

zarali miadga. konpensaciis saxiT man mokavSireebisaganSepirebuli 4,5 miliardis nacvlad miiRo erTi miliardidolari. gansakuTrebiT did sirTuleebs Seejaxa TurqeTierayidan maT qveyanaSi 500 aTasze meti qurTi ltolvilismasiuri gadasvlisas. aseve didi zarali naxes qurTulsabrZolo dajgufebebTan moulodneli SetakebebiT. TurqTaxelmZRvaneloba sayovelTaod adanaSaulebda ,,qurTistanismuSaTa partias” sazRvris orive mxares teroristuli aqtebismowyobaSi.omis msvlelobis dros, dasavleli eqspertebis azriT,ankaris mtice poziciam Seasrula erT-erTi mniSvnelovaniroli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis dayoliebaze, raTa ardaesrulebina omi sadam huseinis reJimis damxobiT. TurqTaazriT, amas SeiZleba erayi mieyvana srul dezintegraciamde daSeeqmna piroba, Camoyalibebuliyo qveynis CrdiloeTiTqurTistanis saxelmwifo warmonaqmni, raSic ankara xedavda,,gadamdeb magaliTs qurTi separatistebisaTvis TurqeTSi” [83-214]. Tumca miuxedavad amisa TurqeTis respublika omisdamTavrebis Semdeg win veRar aRudga urTierTobasa daaviareisebis ganxorcielebas erayis teritoriaze arsebulqurTTa avtonomiaSi.omis dasrulebis Semdeg ankaram politika Secvala damWidrod dauaxlovda sadam huseinis reJims, raTa qurTuliseparatizmis winaaRmdeg erToblivad ebrZolaT.1998 wels, rodesac axali antierayuli kampania daiwyo dabil klintonis administraciam da didi britaneTisxelmZRvanelobam amave wlis dekemberSi, Caatara opericia,,mela udabnoSi”, TurqeTis respublikis premier-ministrma b.ejeviTma mouwoda dasavlel partniorebs, ar gamoeyenebinaT141

Zala baRdadis winaaRmdeg, radgan, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,TurqeTisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda erayisteritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebas.2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtebis Semdeg, roca dadgasakiTxi avRaneTis Semdgom, samxedro moqmedebebigavrcelebuliyo erayzec, b. ejeviTma kvlav gaakeTa ganacxadi,rom TurqeTi ewinaaRmdegeboda eraySi dasavluri koaliciisSeWras. man aseTi omi Seafasa rogorc ,,agresia romelsacSeeZlo regionSi wonasworoba srul qaosamde mieyvana” [85-126].swored am wonosworobis darRvevis ukan, pirvel rigSiqurTuli problemebis wamowevas varaudobda ankarisxelmZRvaneloba, amas adasturebs Tundac is faqti, rom eraySiomis dawyebis ramdenjerme cudad Sefasebis Semdeg, ukve 2002wlis 25 seqtembers igive b. ejeviTma ganacxada: ,,imismiuxedavad, rom amboben, Cven qurTul saxelmwifos ar vqmniTo,de-faqto aseTi saxelmwifo Camoyalibebis gzazea. Tuki esoficialurad gancxaddeba, amas seriozuli problemebimoyhveba” [16-418]. ejeviTis aseTi mZafri reaqcia im periodSimTeli TurqeTis politikuri elitis azrs gamoxatavda.ukve 2002 wlis 3 noembrs TurqeTis respublikaSi Catardaaxali arCevnebi, romlis Sedegadac qveynis xelmZRvanelobaSimovida r. erdoRanisa da a. gulis proislamuri,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis” partia. ankaris axalmaxelmZRvanelobam daiwyo politikuri lavireba amerikasa damusulmanur qveynebs Soris. SeerTebuli Statebisa da erayiskrizisis gamwvavebis pirobebSi TurqeTis axalixelmZRanelobis umetesi nawili gamodioda Zalis gamoyenebiswinaaRmdeg da gmobda gaeros rezolucias erayTan mimarTebaSi.142

yovelive aman miuxedavad didi sifrTxilisa, mainc gamoiwviaurTierTobebis garTuleba aSS-sTan.TurqeTis erayis samxedro kampaniisadmi uaryofiTidamokidebulebas ramdenime obieqturi da subieqturi mizezigansazRvravda:1) koaliciis mier Catarebuli samxedro operaciis Semdeg,arsebobda erayis danawevrebisa da damoukidebeli an farToavtonomiuri uflebebis mqone qurTistanis Seqmnis albaToba,rac kidev ufro gaamwvavebda TurqeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTregionebSi arsebul qurTul separatistul moZraobas. amasTandamoukidebeli qurTistanis SemadgenlobaSi navTobiT mdidarikirkukisa da mosulis raionebis Sesvla ewinaaRmdegebaTurqeTis respublikis geopolitikur da strategiulinteresebs.2) samxedro moqmedebebis Sedegad eraySi warmoiqmnebodaqaosi, rac uaryofiT asaxvas hpovebda TurqeTze, rogorc misuSualo mezobel saxelmwifoze.3) 1990 wlidan sparseTis yuris krizisis Sedegad yvelazedidi ekonomikuri zarali, TurqeTma ganicada. axali samxedrokampania gamoiwvevda TurqeTSi turistuli sezonis CaSlas,rac mniSvnelovnad Searyevda, im periodisaTvis isedac mZimemdgomareobaSi myof Turqul ekonomikas. savaraudo gaTvlebiTeraySi, sadam huseinis winaaRmdeg, samxedro kampaniis dawyebisSemTxvevaSi, TurqeTis respublika ganicdida yvelaze mcire,daaxloebiT 17 mlrd. aSS dolaris odenobis zarals [85-133].yovelive amis Sedegad, samxedro moqmedebebis droSigaWianurebis SemTxvevaSi arsebobda erayidan ltolvilebisdidi nakadis Semosvlis albaToba, rasac ewinaaRmdegeboda143

ankara, radgan maTi gaTvlebiT ltolviTa umetesoba iqnebodaqurTuli warmoSobis.sabolood omis sawyis periodSi, ormagi politikuristandartebis pirobebSi, mZime viTarebaSi aRmoCnda aramxolod ankara, aramed vaSingtonic, radgan orive rTulpolitikur viTarebaSi Cavarda, erayis krizisisa da masTanmWidrod dakavSirebuli qurTTa problemebis gadaWris dros.erayTan omis mzadebisas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebissamxedro xelmZRvaneloba udides rols aniWebda qurTTaSeiaraRebul dajgufebebs, romelTa ricxvi im droisaTvissaxalxo razmelebis CauTvlelad, daaxloebiT 150 aTas kacsaRwevda [85-157]. vaSingtoni daJinebiT moiTxovda ankarisagandaeTmo teritoriebi samxedro operaciebis Casatareblad daimavdroulad TurqeTs hpirdeboda, rom ar miaRebinebda masuSualo monawileobas samxedro moqmedebebSi da Tuki TurqebiTavis teritoriaze ganaTavsebdnen 62-aTas kacian jars, maSinisini kompensaciis saxiT miiRebdnen 6 milioni dolarisarapirdapir daxmarebebs da 26 miliard dolars miznobrivikreditis saxiT, im SemTxvevaSi Tu qveynis ekonomika eraySisaomari moqmedebebis dros dazaraldeboda. realuradamerikis SeerTebuli Statebis am dapirebebis mTavari mizanigaxldaT TurqeTis respublikis gamoTiSva erayis omSipirdapiri monawileobis miRebisagan, radagan ankara arasodesar malavda Tavis Zvel ganzraxvas, aRedgina kontrolimezobeli saxelmwifos navTobiT mdidar raionebze: kirkuksada mosulze.SemdegSi, radgan TurqeTma amerikelebs TavisiteritoriebiT sargeblobaze uari ganucxada pentagoniiZulebuli gaxda, kirkukisa da mosulis raionebze kontrolis144

dasaweseblad, quveiTidan, desantis saxiT gadmoesrola Tavisisamxedro Zalebi, rogorc mterze am mxridan ieriSismisatanad, ise mokavSiris • Zalebis regionSi mosalodneliSeWris SesaCereblad. sabolood amerikelebma politikuri dasamxedro zewolis Sedegad SeZles, SeeCerebinaT ankara, romar Seeyvana Tavisi msxvili samxedro kontigenti CrdiloeTeraySi, raTa iqidan gamoedevnaT qurTuli samxedroformirebebi. amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan erTad TurqTajarebis eraySi Seyvanis winaaRmdeg gamodioda natosa daevropuli qveynebis umetesi nawili.sayuradReboa isic, rom erayis winaaRmdeg arsebulibolo samxedro konfliqtis Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi,rom is viTardeboda saerTaSoriso terorizmTan brZolispirobebSi da ukve TiTqmis naxevari saukunis manZilzemimdinare, axlo aRmosavleTis konfliqtebis fonze. amyvelafers ar SeeZlo misTvis ar mieca axali geopolitikuriganzomileba. istoriul retroperspeqtivaSi igi iTvlebalozanis xelSekrulebis geopolitikur sicocxlisunarianobisyvelaze seriozul gamocdad, romelmac gansazRvra oTxmociwlis win dadgenili TurqeTis respublikis sazRvrebi,dasavleTisagan Tavsmoxveuli qurTistanis gayofis pirobebiT.amasTanave krizisma pirdapiri konfrontaciis axal xazze,arabul qvenebTan erTad gamoiyvana ara marto israeli, kidevufro gamwvavebuli palestinuri sakiTxiT, aramed axloaRmosavleTis irib Tanamonawiled gaxada natos ojaxiserTaderTi musulmanuri saxelmwifo TurqeTic, TavisiqurTul mosaxleobasTan arsebuli problemebiT.•am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba TurqeTis respublika.145

erayis krizisis mimdinareobis fonze, rac ufro RrmaderTvebian axlo aRmosavleTis konfliqtSi, Turqebi da natossxva wevri saxelmwifoebi, Cndeba SemaSfoTebeli tendenciebi,lokaluri kerebis regionaluri maStabebis konfliqturkvanZSi gadazrdisa, am mxriv sul ufro metad SeiniSnebaCrdilo atlantikuri blokis wevrebs Soris faruliganxeTqilebis niSnebi.erayis krizisTan, kunZul kviprosis sakiTxTan daqurTistanis problemebTan sxvadasxva midgomis gamo,dasavleli politologebis azriT, am niadagze aRmocenebulmauTanxmoebebma pirvelad miiyvanes natos wevri saxelmwifoebi,,civi omis” dasrulebis Semdeg, seriozul krizisamde, romlismogvareba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod, uSualod samxedrokomitetis Carevis Semdeg [47_178].rac Seexeba rus politikosebs, politologebsa daeqspertebs isinic gafacicebiT adevneben Tvals axloaRmosavleTSi mimdinare movlenebs da cdiloben Tavissasargeblod gamoiyenon mokavSireebs Soris arsebuliuTanxmoebebi. kremlis politikis apologeti, ♣ geopolitikosial. dugini, presasa da publicistikaSi, aseve sateleviziogamosvlebiT (mecnieri, romelic Tavis wignSi ,,geopolitikissafuZvlebi” TurqeTis respublikas osmaleTis imperiisparodias uwodebs), dRes Tamamad acxadebs, rom TurqeTi arisruseTis potenciuri mokavSire da sruliad miesalmeba ankarispolitikas, ,,Tu TurqTa jari eraySi qurTTa gasanadgurebladSeiWreba”, ufro metic, is Turqul situacias, ruseTisa da♣apologeti – adamiani, romelic visime an risame apologiiT gamodis,damcveli, momxre.146

CeCneTis situacias adarebs, rac TavisTavad sakiTxisadmiaraswori da mikerZoebuli midgomaa, ragdan, marTalia,CeCneTis respublikis damoukidebloba marto saqarTvelom daavRaneTma aRiara, magram mas xalxis mier arCeuli prezidentijohar dudaevi marTavda, amasTanave yvelasTvis naTelia, romruseTis prezidenti boris elcini jer kidev 1991 welsmouwodebda avtonomiebs, rom ,,aeRoT imdeni suverenitetiramdenic surdaT” [186]. amis Semdeg ki rusma politikosebma dasamxedroebma CeCneTSi mmarTvelobis aRdgenisaTvis orjergaaCaRes samxedro kampaniebi, ris Sedegadac faqtiuradmiwasTan gaaswores mTeli CeCneTi da adgilobrivi mSvidobianimosaxleobis masobrivi ganadgureba moawyves. es, ra Tqma undagansxvavdeba Turquli politikisagan, radgan isini uSualobrZolas awarmoeben msoflio Tanamegobrobis miersaerTaSoriso teroristul organizaciad aRiarebul,,qurTistanis muSaTa partiasTan”.omis daskvniT etapze ara mxolod TurqeTi da erayi,aramed maT teritoriaze mcxovrebi qurTebic, frontissxvadasxva mxares aRmoCndnen. situaciaSi, roca erayeliqurTebi gamodiodnen amerikis SeerTebuli StatebismokavSireebad antierayul omSi, sazRvris meore mxaresqurTuli mosaxleoba awyobda omis sawinaaRmdego masiurgamosvlebs. ,,qurTuli muSaTa partia”, romelic 1999 wels misilideris abdula ojalanis dapatimrebis Semdeg sagrZnobladiyo dasustebuli, kvlav gamoCnda sabrZolo asparezze daTurqTa winaaRmdeg damoukideblobisaTvis omi terorizmismeSveobiT ganaaxla.erayis SesaZlo dezintegraciaSi, rogorc zemoTaRvniSneT, ankara xedavs arcTu mcire saSiSroebas147

TurqeTis respublikis usafrTxoebisa da teritoriulimTlianobisaTvis. sayuradReboa isic, rom msoflioSi ,,civiomis” msvlelobis dros maqsimaluri mizani qurTTa erTianisaxelmwifos Seqmnisa, realur sibrtyeSi arasodesar dasmula. brZolis simZimis centri, qurTulisaxelmwifoebriobis an avtonomiis miRwevisaTvis perioduladinacvlebda erayidan (1943-1945w.w.) iranSi (1945-1946w.w.) da isev(1960-1970w.w.) iranidan erayis CrdiloeTSi [74-87]. 1980-90-ianwlebSi qurTuli moZraoba arnaxulad gafarTovda da miiRoorganizebuli SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebisa da partizanulibrZolis saxe ukve aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleTTurqeTSi.miuxedavad ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolisa, qurTebierTiani Zala mianc arasodes yofilan, radgan maT SorisyovelTvis iyo Sidasatomo da Sidapartiuli uTanxmoebebi,metoqeoba mimdinareobda, rogorc TurqeTis teritoriaze a.ojalanis momxreebsa da mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris, aseveCrdiloeT eraySi myofi qurTi liderebis, m. barzanisa da d.Talabanis momxreebs Soris [73-241]. TumcaRa aRsaniSnavia romerayel qurTebs erTmaneTTan dapirispireba xels ar uSlidadrodadro gaeerTianebinaT Zalebi, ara imdenad sakuTarteritoriaze SeWrili Turqi meomrebis winaaRmdeg, aramederayis CrdiloeT nawilSi SeRweuli, maTive Tvistomis a.ojalanis momxreebisa da mebrZolebis gasanadgureblad.politikuri ganxeTqilebebi da uTanxmoebani, aseve Temuridapirispirebebi sxvadasxva qurTul dajgufebebs Soris iyo daiqneba uaxloes momavalSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi TurqeTSiqurTuli nacionaluri moZraobis sisustisa [65-187]. swored esgaxda mTavari faqtori imisa, rom qurTulma moZraobam148

qurTistanis eTnografiul sazRvrebSi farTomaStabiani dasayovelTao xasiaTi ver miiRo.zemoT moyvanil mizezTa gamo, qurTTa moZraobam miiRoseparatistuli xasiaTi, rogorc am qveynebs SigniT, aseveerTmaneTis mimarT, saerTo qurTuli moZraobis CarCoebSi.winaaRmdegobebi da uTanxmoebebi maT Soris kidev ufroRvivdeba Sida regionaluri da saerTaSoriso Zalebis CarevisSedegad. qurTTa moZraobis daqucmacebuloba, kidev ufroRrmavdeba gadauWreli sasazRvro konfliqtebiT da davebiT,rogorc saxelmwifoTa Soris, aseve TviTon qurTul TemTakavSirebs Soris, romlebic cxovroben saerTaSorisosazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli sazRvrebis orive mxares.globalizaciis gaZlierebis pirobebSi qurTulmamoZraobam TurqeTSi abdula ojalanis dapatimrebis Semdeg,Tavdapirvelad uaryo SeiaraRebuli meTodebiT brZola dadagmo teroristuli meTodebis gamoyeneba. es gansakuTrebiTkargad aisaxa a. ojalanis gamosvlaSi evropuli sasamarTloswinaSe.aseve mniSvnelovani evolucia ganicada erayis qurTulmamoZraobamac. Tu manamde qurTi liderebi m. barzani da d.Talabani erTmaneTTan TavianTi momxreebiTurT mudmivdapirispirebaSi imyofebodnen, sadam huseinis sawinaaRmdegokampaniis dawyebis win, orive mxare erTmaneTTan Sejerda dagaakeTes saerTo gancxadeba, rom mzad iyvnen ara martourTierTTanamSromlobis dasawyebad, saerTo antierayulifrotis CarCoSi, aramed uaryves yovelgvari separatistulimiznebi erayidan gamoyofis Sesaxeb da Tanasworuflebianiwevris statusiT, federaciul safuZvelze mis SemadgenlobaSidarCenis survili daadastures. miznebis droebiT aseTi saxiT149

koreqtireba rogorc Cans, atarebda taqtikur xasiaTs da isnakarnaxevi iyo TurqeTis respublikis mxridanfarTomaStabiani SeiaraRebuli SeWris saSiSroebiT erayulqurTistanSi.ankaris axalma proislamisturma mmarTvelma Zalam r.erdoRanisa a. giulis xelmZRvanelobiT, amerikelebsSezRuduli uflebebiT saSualeba misca, gamoeyenebinaTTurquli samxedro bazebi. maT gamoiCines Zalian didisifrTxile, raTa ar daeSvaT movlenebis arakontrolirebadida dramatuli ganviTareba. im SemTxvevaSi Tu eraySi omididxans gagrZeldeboda, ankaris xelmZRvaneloba argamoricxavda damoukideblobis msurveli qurTebis calkeulsaprotesto gamosvlebs, recidivebs da teroristul aqtebs.am periodisaTvis ki qurTulma moZraobam, sapirispirod,droebiT Secvala Tavisi politika da daiwyo swrafvamxardaWera mieRo antierayuli koaliciisagan, umTavresadStatebisa da dasavleT evropis lideri saxelmwifoebisagan.aseT situaciaSi TurqeTis teritoriaze mcxovrebi meamboxeebiiZulebulni gaxdnen, moCvenebiT Tavi SeekavebinaTseparatizmisagan, rac, saxeldobr, SemdegSi ar gamoricxavdaSesaZleblobas, mezoblad avtonomiuri raionis gaCenisSemTxvevaSi, maT saxecvlilebas iseT separatizmad, romlisSemTxvevaSic meamboxeebs esaxebaT mizani SeuerTden ara TviTerays, aramed sakuTar mezobel qurTul avtonomias.erayis omis Semdgom qurTuli nacionalur moZraobaTvlida, rom unda ganviTarebuliyo ori paraleluritendencia:pirveli – separatistuli moZraoba titularulerovnebebTan mimarTebaSi. maT gaiyves, magram sabolood ver150

moaxerxes qurTebis sruli integrireba im sazRvrebSi,romlebic Camoyalibda ori msoflio omis Sedegad. meore -nel-nela etapobrivad unda ganxorcieldes mTavari mizani daSeiqmnas erTiani qurTuli saxelmwifo qurTistanisgeografiul sivrceSi.erayis omma kidev ufro meti Zala STaberaglobalizaciis process, romelsac gaZlierebasTan erTadyovelTvis Tan erTvis brZola antiglobalizmis ZalebTan.globalizmi, rogorc a. panarini wers: ,,damaxasiaTebeliauTavbolo Sejaxebebis da eTnocentrizmis sxvagamovlinebebiT, romlebic miekuTvnebian separatizmsa daterorizms” [147]. erayis ,,reformirebebis” dros globalistebikvlav agrZeleben TamaSs saxelmwifoTa Soris, eTnoreligiurda SidaqurTul winaaRmdegobebze.ankaris azriT, wina saukuneSi dadgenili sazRvrebisuaryofa da geografiuli qurTistanis teritoriebisa daresursebis xelaxali araTanabari gadanawileba an aRniSnulsivrceSi nebismieri avtonomiuri erTeulis Seqmna, gamoiwvevsregionSi seriozul ZalTa balansis darRvevasa dadestabilizacias. am sababiT TurqeTis respublikisxelisufleba kategoriuli winaaRmdegia Tavis teritoriazeraime avtonoomiis Seqmnisa amavdroulad isini wina planzeayeneben eraySi mcxovrebi TurqmenebisaTvis Seiqmnasdamoukidebeli saxelmwifo. ankaras surs, rom am axal qveyanasmiakuTvnos umetesi nawili erayuli qurTistanisa,gansakuTrebiT navTobiT mdidari qalaqi kirkuki. swored esqalaqi gaxlavT mTavari sadao sakiTxi TurqeTs, eraysa da misqurTistans Soris, miT umetes, rom transqurTuli151

navTobsadeni kirkuk-jeihani uzrunvelyofs erayuli navTobisgadinebas Turqul da xmelTaSuazRvis msoflio bazarze.qalaqi kirkuki am periodisaTvis erayeli qurTebismflobelobaSia, isini mas qurTistanis ,,ierusalims” uwodeben.SeerTebuli Statebis Ria mxardaWerisa da daxmarebebisSedegad erayelma qurTebma TavianT avtonomiur raionSiSeZles aRedginaT rigi sawarmoebisa, daiwyes reabilitaciasocialuri da kulturuli programebisa. qurTebma TiTqosdadaamtkices TavianTi aRmSeneblobis unari, magram realurad amregionSi maT ukan dgas SeerTebuli Statebi Tavisipolitikuri miznebiTa da gegmebiT. Statebis aRniSnulimiswrafebebi, rogorc Cans, ar eTanxmeba im qveynebisinteresebs, romlebmac Tavis droze gaiyves qurTistanisteritoria.dReisaTvis TurqeTsa da erays Soris urTierTobasakmaod daZabulia. maT omis Semdeg ramdenjerme miaRwiesSeTanxmebebs urTierTanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, magram,samwuxarod, jerjerobiT regionSi mSvidoba ver daamyares.,,qurTistanis muSaTa partia” kvlav ganagrZoobs teroristuliaqtebiT da Turq samxedroebze moulodneli TavdasxmebisganxorcielebiT brZolas ankaris winaaRmdeg, erdoRani damisi mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda samxedro muqarebzegadasuliyvnen, isini ultimatumebs uyeneben erayisCrdiloeTiT mdebare qurTistanis regionalur mTavrobas:Sewyviton teroristebisa da separatistebis mxardaWera daaRar miscen maT TavSesafari sakuTar teritoriaze, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi TurqeTis xelmZRvaneloba irwmuneba, romCaatarebs farTomaStabian antiteroristul operacias,erayuli qurTistanis teritoriaze.152

TurqTis respublikis mTavroba da samxedroebiimedovneben, rom Zalismieri muqara da ultimatumi SedegsgamoiRebs, rogorc es zemoTxsenebul SemTxvevaSi siriissaxemwifosTan 1998 wels moxda. mogexsenebaT, maSin samxedrointervenciis muqaram damaskos mmarTveloba aiZula, meamboxequrTTa lideri a. ojalani, sakuTari qveynidan gaeZevebina.Tumca, amJamad ki dRevandeli viTareba sruliadgansxvavebulia. im droisaTvis sirias ar hyavda ZlierimokavSireebi, xolo dReisaTvis, rodesac erayis avtonomiuriqurTistanis regionalur mTavrobas, romelic CrdiloeTerays, erayis centraluri xelisuflebisagan sruliaddamoukideblad akontrolebs da marTavs, amerikis SeerTebulStatebSi Zlieri mfarvelebi hyavs.cnobilia, rom mahmud barzani 1991 wels ,,qurTistanismuSaTa partiis” ganadgurebaSi Turq samxedroebTan erTadaqtiurad TanamSromlobda. rac Seexeba meore lider jalalTalabanis, romelic amJamad erayis prezidentia, Tavis drozeisic xan ibZoda ,,qurTistanis muSaTa partiis” wimaaRmdeg, xankidev Tavis kontrolqveS myof ,,qurTistanis patriotulikavSiris” teritoriaze TavSesafars aZlevda TurqeTisrespublikis teritoriidan gamoqceul a. ojalanis mebrZolebs[87-214].amJamad gavlenian qurT liderebs ,,qurTistanis muSaTapartiis” winaaRmdeg brZola aRar surT, radgan miuxedavadmaTi saqmianobis xasiaTisa ukve isini maT TavianT umcrosZmebad aRiqvamen. barzanisaTvis TurqeTTan TanamSromlobazeuaris Tqmas kidev erTi seriozuli mizezi aqvs, kerZod,rogorc aRvniSneT, Turqebs ar surT navTobiT mdidari qalaqikirkuki qurTistanis regionaluri mTavrobis kontrolis qveS153

gadavides [89-144]. barzanis poziciis fonze, TurqeTisxelisuflebam saqme pirdapir erayis centralur mTavrobasTandaiWira, romelmac ,,qurTistanis muSaTa partiis” winaaRmdegbrZolis piroba dado, magram am pirobas amerikis SeerTebuliStatebisa da barzanis mxardaWeris gareSe Sesruleba aruweria.,,qurTistanis muSaTa partiasTan” brZolaSiSemaferxebeli faqtoria amerikis poziciac, romelic dilemiswinaSe dgas. qurTistanis regionuli mTavrobis mierkontrolirebadi teritoria erayis erTaderTi regionia, sadacStatebis moqalaqeebi Tavs mSvidad grZnoben, vaSingtonSi zogimiiCnevs, rom iranze SesaZlo Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSiaRniSnuli teritoria SeiZleba placdarmadac gadaiqces.,,qurTistanis muSaTa partia”, romlis wevrebic Tavsmarqsistebad miiCneven, zogjer islamistebis sapirwoneZaladac iTvleba, rac maT vaSingtonis zogierT politikurTu samxedro wreebSi amerikisaTvis sasargeblo ZaladwarmoaCens.amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ankaris bolodroindelipolitikis gamo, TurqeTis mxardaWerisagan garkveulwiladTavsac ikavebs. maSin, roca vaSingtoni siriisa da iranissawinaaRmdego politikas awarmoebs, amerikelebisaTvis raodensakvirvelic ar unda iyos, ankara am qveynebTanTanamSromlobas zrdis. Statebis gansakuTrebuliukmayofileba gamoiwvia aseve iransa da TurqeTs Sorisenergetikul sferoSi TanamSromlobaze, urTierTgagebismemorandumze xelismoweram. am SeTanxmebis ZaliT, iranssakuTari energoresursebis evropul bazarze gatanisSesaZleblobac ki eZleva. ankara Tavis saqciels imiT xsnis,154

om mas surs, yvela mezobelTan kargi da megobruliurTierToba hqondes.miuxedavad zemoT Tqmulisa, vaSingtonSi ,,qurTistanismuSaTa partiis” bolodroindel agresiul qmedebebs aramarTleben da baRdadsa da erayis qurTistanis regionalurmTavrobas saswrafo, adekvaturi nabijebisaken mouwodeben,ankaris xemZRvaneloba ki amerikisagan sityvier Tanadgomasa dadaxmarebaze mets moiTxovs, radgan CrdiloeT eraySi,,qurTistanis muSaTa partiis” neitralizaciis gareSe,TurqeTi iZulebuli iqneba, 2007 wlis 17 oqtombers, misiveparlamentis mier miRebuli rezoluciiT isargeblos daerayis teritoriaze sakuTari samxedro Zala Seiyvanos.miTumetes, rom ukve msgavsi moTxovna TviTon Turqulisaxelmwifos, sazogadoebis mxridanac sul ufro da ufrointensiurad gaismis.rac Seexeba aSS-s politikas: SesaZloa, vaSingtonisabolood aRmoCndes dilemis winaSe, rogor SeinarCunoserTaderTi mokavSire qurTebis saxiT eraySi da ardaazaralos TurqeTis republikis strategiuli interesebi,radgan es ukanaskneli aris misi erTaderTi Zvelimusulmanuri da strategiuli mokavSire axlo aRmosavleTSi.saerTaSoriso eqspertTa umetesobis azriT, saboloojamSi globaluri geopolitikis samsxverploze zvarakadiqneba mitanili qurTebis erovnuli interesebi, magramregionis cvalebadi geopolitikis fonze, savaraudod, maincSesaZlebelia, rom qurTebma garkveul Sedegs miaRwion.gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi Tu amerikasa da TurqeTs Sorisfaruli daZabuloba Ria politikur dapirispirebaSigadaizrdeba. yovelive es ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios vaSingtonis155

geopolitikam axlo aRmosavleTsa da samxreT kavkasiaSi.ankaris mxridan ki ruseTis saxelmwifosTan gaRrmavebulmaurTierTobebma da somxeTis genocidis aRiarebaaraRierebasTan dakavSirebulma politikam.156

$ _ 3. TurqeTis geopolitika XXs-is bolosa daXXIs-is dasawyisSi,,civi omis” dasrulebisa da uzarmazari saxelmwifos,sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, mis yofil teritoriebzeCamoyalibda ,,ZalTa vakuumi”, romlis Sevsebasac, rogorcmosalodneli iyo, imTaviTve TurqeTis respublika Seecada ♣[104_105].1990 wlidan TurqeTSi TandaTan Cndeba evraziulobisgeopolitikuri koncefcia, iwyeba saubari imis Sesaxeb, romTurqeTi esaa evraziis geografiulad centraluri qveyana,mowodebuli, raTa transkontinenturi gavlenebi gaavrcelos.amave periodidan TurqeTis respublika iwyebs mcdelobas,gamoiyenos Tavisi strategiuli, geografiuli mdebareoba dagaxdes ,,RerZuli qveyana”, xidi dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTsSoris, mastabilizebeli Zala Tavis sazRvrebTan, raSicupirvelesad igulisxmeba kavkasia, centraluri azia da axloaRmosavleTi.aRniSnuli miznebisaTvis ankaram 90-iani wlebidan daiwyoaxali geopolitikuri koncefciis SemuSaveba, romelicuSualod daukavSira centralur aziur da kavkasiurpolitikas, rasac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobda ssrk-ssamarTalmemkvidris, ruseTis saxelmwifoSi arsebuli Sidaareulobebi da mis regionSi axali damoukidebelisaxelmwifoebis Seqmna.ankara, Tvlida ra Tavs Turqulenovani saxelmwifoebisliderad, swrafad gaacnobiera sakuTari geostrategiulimdgomareoba da aamoqmeda regionSi mcxovrebi Turquli♣am SemTxvevaSi saubaria kavkasiasa da centralur aziaze157

warmoSobis xalxebisaTvis mxardamWeri fondebi, romlebSicmniSvnelovani mizezebis gamo, mravlad iyvnen gaerTianebuliTurqeTis specsamsaxurebis warmomadgenlebi. regionSi ankarisgavlenis gafarToebas aqtiurad uwyobdnen xels, rogorcamerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, ise dasavleTis sxva Zlierisaxelmwifoebic, radgan isini imedovnebdnen, rom TurqeTskvlav gamoiyenebdnen, rogorc erT-erT Semakavebel berkets,ruseTis winaaRmdeg politikuri TamaSis dros.miuxedavad didi mondomebisa da mcdelobisa, TurqeTmasabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg aSkarad gadaWarbebiT SeafasazogierTi Turqulenovani qveynis kulturuli siaxlove.eTnobrivi naTesaoba sakmarisi faqtori ar aRmoCnda.cetraluri aziis Turqulenovanma qveynebma marTvis sakuTaripolitikuri sistemebi SeimuSaves, romlebic, rbilad romiTqvas, evropuli demokratiis modelisagan sakmaod Sorsaa.unda aRiniSnos isic, rom TurqeTis garkveul politikurwreebSi am sakiTxis mimarT interesi ar gamqrala da isini,SeZaZlebelia, dRevandeli demokratiuli mTavrobis farulixelis SewyobiTac, dResac aqtiurad cdiloben, grZelvadianievraziuli politikis gatarebis Sedegad sabolood maincganaxorcielon da Seqmnan didi erTiani Turqulenovanisaxelmwifo, rac, maTi azriT, iqneba osmaleTis imperiismkvdreTiT aRdgena, oRond ukve XXI saukuneSi.bolo periodSi mimdinareobs TurqeTis respublikismTeli sagareo politikis gadasinjva, romlis mizania, Seiqmnasmegobruli saxelmwifoebis rkali misi sazRvrebis perimetrze.amis magaliTebia, miuxedavad misi Zveli da strategiulimokavSiris, vaSingtonis ganawyenebisa, erTgvari daaxloebairanTan, am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia premier-ministris158

. erdoRanis viziti iranSi, romelic im moments daemTxva,roca oficialuri Teirani garkveuli pirobebiT daTanxmdaatomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentos winadadebas Tavisiurani sazRvargareT gaamdidros. miuxedavad amisa r.erdoRanma brali dasdo dasavleTs ,,ormagi standartebiTmoqmedebaSi” da iranis mimarT usamarTlo damokidebulebaSi,amasTan ganacxada, rom ,,xmebi iranis samxedro birTvuliprogramis Sesaxeb dausabuTebelia da SesaZloa simarTles arSeesabamebodes” [116]. aRniSnuli pozicia TurqeTis mxridanmoulodneli gaxldaT dasavleTisaTvis, radgan erdoRanis amgamosvliT irani ara agresor, aramed piriqiT daCagrulisaxelmwifo gamodis. Tavis mxriv, Teirani dReisaTvisankarasTan farTod TanamSromlobs, rogorc sadazvervo, isesamxedro doneze mis brZolaSi ,,qurTistanis muSaTa partiis”winaaRmdeg.yuradRebis Rirsia aseve is faqti, rom TurqeTsa da iranssamxedrosTan erTad sakmaod kargi ekonomikuriurTierTobebic aqvT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 2010 wlisdasawyisSi ankarisa da Teiranis mier xelmowerili xuTwlianiZviradRirebuli garigeba, romelic TurqeTis navTobisa dabunebrivi airis industriis modernizebas iTvaliswinebs.aseve mniSvnelovania TurqeTis respublikis mierurTierTobaTa normalizacia arabul qveynebTan, upirvelesadsiriasTan, romelTanac, sul raRac ramodenime wlis winsakmaod daZabuli urTierToba hqonda [90-17].amrigad, mimdinare periodSi ankaras yvela mezobelsaxelmwifosTan, garda somxeTisa, aqvs mWidro megobruli daekonomikuri urTierToba. TurqeTis respublikas dRes ukveveRar ganvixilavT, rogorc ,,vaSingtonis nebis Semsrulebels”159

[72-582], rasac Zalian xSirad abralebdnen zogierTidasavleli da rusi eqspertebi da politologebi.TurqeTis respublika keTilmezoblur politikasTanerTad, paralelurad, Tavis axlo aRmosavleTel mezoblebsmkafiod uCvenebs ,,mZlavr kunTebs”. is monawileobda 1990-91wlebis koaliciaSi quveiTidan erayis saokupacio jarebisgasadevnad. 90-ian wlebSi man ramdenjerme Seiyvana CrdiloeTeraySi Tavisi samxedro nawilebi meamboxe ,,qurTistanis muSaTapartiis” bazebis gasanadgureblad da miuxedavad vaSingtonisukmayofilebisa, imaves akeTebs 2007 wlidan [16_370].mimdinare periodisaTvis, SesaZlebeliadRevandeli TurqeTis respublikis geopolitikisganuwyveteli istoriuli-permanentuli da cvalebadi-droebiTimaxasiaTeblebis naerTi Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT:aTasobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi xmelTaSua zRvis irgvlivyalibdeboda civilizaciebi, romlebic maSindeli maStabebiTdid, msoflio politikas qmnidnen. xmelTaSuazRvispirasazogadoebis politika, ekonomika da socialuriurTierTobebi Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisprototipia. amrigad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom xmelTaSua zRvaiyo ,,aramarto msoflios centri, aramed Tavad msoflio,sadac CrdiloeTi da samxreTi, simdidre da siRaribe,axalgazrdoba da xandazmuloba, sami monoTeisturi religiada sami kontinenti iyrida Tavs” [108-38].aristoteles azriT, anatoliel xalxs – anatolielberZnebs, evropasa da azias Soris Sualeduri geografiulipozicia ukaviaT. swored amitom erTiandeba maTSi orivekontinentis xalxebis pozitiuri xasiaTi, ris gamoc SeiZlebavikamaToT, rom istoriulad es teritoria warmoadgens sami160

kontinentis kombinacias sxvadasxva, gansxvavebulikulturebiT, enebiT, miTebiTa da SexedulebebiT. amisgaTvaliswinebiT anatoliisaTvis msoflios centris wodebaar iqneba adekvaturi, radganac unda vaRiaroT, rom isyovelTvis iyo ,,плавильный котёл” (sadnobi Rumeli) sxvadasxvasamyaros xalxisa, misi gardamavali geografiis wyalobiT,kerZod, ki misi adgilmdebareobiT aRmosavleTisa dadasavleTis, aseve CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis gzajvaredinze.TurqeTi mdebareobs evraziis centralur nawilSi. isaris rogorc xidi, aseve mudmivi kavSiris wertili evropasada azias Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, aucileblad mxedvelobaSiunda miviRoT Semdegi argumenti: ,,Zala, romelic batonobsevraziaze, akontrolebs msoflios or udides nawils, samyvelaze warmatebul da ekonomikurad produqtiul regions......evraziis kontrols avtomaturad mohyveba afrikissubordinacia, rac msoflios centraluri kontinentisaTvisdasavleT naxevarsferosa da okeanias geopolitikurperiferiad gadaaqcevs.... amrigad, evrazia Wadrakis dafaa,romelzedac globaluri pirvelobisaTvis brZola grZeldeba”[52_33].AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATurqeTis respublika iZulebulia regionSi wamyvaniroli iTamaSos, rasac zbignev bJezinski ,,geopolitikursayrdens” uwodebs. misi azriT, geopolitikuri sayrdenebiarian saxelmwifoebi, romelTa mniSvnelobamac wina planzegadainacvla ara maTi Zalidan da motivaciidan, aramed maTimdebareobidan da maTi potenciurad mtkivneuli viTarebidangamomdinare, romelic geo-strategiuli moTamaSeebisaTvismniSvnelovania. umetesad geopolitikuri sayrdenebi maTigeografiiT ganisazRvrebian, rac xSir SemTxveaSi161

maT gansakuTrebul rols aniWebs an mniSvnelovanteritoriebTan dasakavSireblad, an maRali rangismoTamaSeebisaTvis resursebze uaris saTqmelad [52-41].TurqeTis mdebareoba am SemTxvevaSi orives moicavs. ,,civiomis” dros TurqeTis roli sabWoTa kavSiris SeCereba iyo da,,civi omis” dasavleTisaTvis warmatebiT dasrulebis Semdgomki, es roli gadaizarda yofili sabWoTa miwebisaken gzisgaxsnis misiaSi, Turqulad molaparake musulmanurisazogadoebebis SekvriT. samwuxarod, es misia mtrulad aRiqvazogierTma rusma politikosma da TurqeTi Seiracxa amerikismokavSire destabilizatorad, mTel islamur samyarozeTurqeTis gabatonebis mcdelobisas, balkaneTidan yirimamde dakavkasiamde, volgispireTidan aziis centralur nawilamde daaRmosavleT cimbiramdec ki. unda aRiniSnos isic, romTurqeTis geopolitikuri siaxlove, isevev rogorc istoriulikavSirebi am regionis mosaxleobasTan, yovelTvis aSinebdaruseTis saxelmwifos, iyo is mefis ruseTi, Tu sabWoTakavSiri.evraziis mdidari energoresursebi, rac am regionsudides mniSvnelobas aniWebs, gaxda ZiriTadi faqtoriregionaluri saxelmwifoebisa da sxva qveynebis urTierTobismTavari dinamikis gansazRvrisas, maT Soris TurqeTisac.regionis maStabiT navTobis warmoeba daaxloebiTigaangariSebiT 35 miliardidan 300 miliard barelamdemeryeobs, romlis mTliani Rirebuleba 5 trilioni dolaria.dRiurma warmoebam ki 2020 wlisaTvis SesaZlebelia, 6 milionbarelsac miaRwios [167]. maSin, roca regionze dominirebismcdeloba aqtiur fazaSi Sevida, axali didi TamaSi daiwyo.regionis energiaze damyarebuli ekonomikuri da politikuri162

mniSvnelobis SenarCunebis mravalricxovani amocanebi, kaspiiszRvis resursebis gamoyeneba, gazisa da navTobis satranzitomarSutebis SemuSaveba, sadenebis usafrTxoebisdacva, amSvidebs regionis eTnikur konfliqtebs, sadac,,Turquli” faqtori aucilebladEmxedvelobaSiaEmisaRebi.gansakuTrebul da msoflio mniSvnelobis globalurkonteqstSi unda ganvixiloT kaspiis regionidan gazisa danavTobis transportirebis problema. dReisaTvis yvelazemniSvnelovani misia gaxda sisxlZarRvebis - milebis dacva,romelic tumbavs sisxls_navTobs, gulidan_evraziidan,sxeulis_samyaros kargi da jansaRi formis SesanarCuneblad[42-156]. aseTi regionis mezoblobam ankaras didiupiratesoba misca, rogorc kaspiuri navTobisa dagazis transportaciis sakiTxSi, ise mezobeliregionaluri saxelmwifoebis saerTaSoriso uTanxmoebisfonze.anatoliis naxevarkunZuli satranzito zonaa, romelicZiriTadad antikuri dasavleT-aRmosavleTis savaWro,abreSumis gzebze mdebareobs. alternatiuli savaWro gzisganviTarebamde, romelsac adgili hqonda aRmoCenebis epoqaSi,anatolia iyo erTaderTi satranzito marSruti saerTaSorisoekonomikuri aqtivobisaTvis. osmalTa droidan imperiaakontrolebda sazRvao, satransporto marSrutebs aziidandasavleT evropamde, sparseTis yuris, suecis arxisa daegviptis gavliT. sakuTari mdebareobis upiratesobisgaTvaliswinebiT otomanebi globaluri Zalauflebismopovebis Sanss xelidan ar uSvebdnen. magram revoluciurmamiRwevebma, romelic satransporto sistemasTan iyodakavSirebuli, warmoSva axali kavSirebi Soreul qveynebs163

Soris da anatoliis gavliT saxmeleTo gadazidvebma dakargesTavianTi strategiuli miSvneloba sahaerosa da sazRvaomarSutebTan SedarebiT. aseT viTarebaSic ki Tuki ganvixilavTmxolod saxmeleTo gadazidvebs, anatoliiis marSruti isevrCeba uiafes da umokles gzad aRmosavleTsadaEdasavleTsESoris.dardanelisa da bosforis sruteebi, romlebic Sav zRvasegeosisa da xmelTaSua zRvebTan akavSirebs, isev rCebiangadamwyveti mniSvnelobis ZiriTad geo-strategiul elementad,da regionSi stabilurobasa da usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofen.es ori srute SavizRvispira qveynebisaTvis okeaneebSigasasvles warmoadgens da mis makontrolebel Zalasunari Seswevs sruli gavlena iqonios am arxebisgavliT mimdinare komerciul da samxedro aqtivobebze.osmalTa imperiis memkvidre TurqeTis respublika, ammisias dResac warmatebiT arTmevs Tavs da inarCunebsstrategiul pozicias, magram sruteebis miSvneloba didia aramarto TurqebisaTvis, aramed mTeli msofliosaTvisac. ,,civiomis” periodSi TurqeTis geopolitikis mniSvnelovani nawiliiyo sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis barieris Seqmna, misi xmelTaSuazRvaSi SeRwevis sawinaaRmdegod. strategiuli TvalTaxedviT,TurqeTis pozicia gaxldaT arsebiTi Crdilo atlantikurialiansisaTvis, romelic bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebsakontrolebda da qmnida usafrTxo zonebs TurqeT-sabWoTakavSirisAsazRvarze.TurqeTis roli Tbili wylebisaken ruseTis eqspansiisSeCerebis saqmeSi ara marto ,,civi omis” droindeliaraCveulebrivi movlenaa, aramed istoriuli faqtic. rusebTan164

quCuk-kainarjis ♣ xelSekrulebamde, osmalebi iyvnen aRniSnulisruteebis reJimis kontrolis erTaderTi Zala.me-19 saukuneSi brwyinvale portam ♣ britaneTis daxmarebiTaRidgina statusi sruteebis kontrolis sakiTxSi.ingliselebis pro-otomanuri ganwyoba mniSvnelovnadganapiroba geostrategiulma faqtorebma. britaneTis imperiaruseTis Tbili wylebisken swrafvas windaxedulad dafrTxilad ekideboda. ruseTi, rogorc xmelTaSuazRvispireTSierT-erTi potenciuri Zala britaneTis winaaRmdeg, mispolitikur gavlenas TurqeTze, axlo aRmosavleTze, Crdiloafrikasa da Soreul aRmosavleT aziaze seriozul safrTxesSeuqmnida. miuxedavad imisa, rom osmaleTisa da britaneTisurTierToba gauaresda brwyinvale portis mier balkaneTisajanyebis mkacri darbevis gamo XIX saukunis bolos inglismaberlinis kongresze (13 ivnisi_13 ivlisi 1878w.) mainc osmalTaimperias dauWira mxari, riTac Tavidan aicila sruteebismimarT ruseTis agresia.♣quCuk-kainarjis sazavo xelSekruleba – 1774 wlis 10-21 ivliss sofel quCukkainarjSidadebuli xelSekrulebaa, romliTac damTavrda ruseT-osmaleTis1768-1774 wlebis omi. evropeli diplomatebis mtruli poziciisa da rTulisaSinao viTarebis miuxedavad, ruseTma mniSvnelovan Sedegebs miaRwia: gadaecateritoria dneprsa da bugs Soris, simagreebi Sav zRvaze, kinburni, qerCi daienikale, ruseTis savaWro flots Sav zRvaze Tavisufali naosnobisa dasruteebSi gavlis neba darTo, kavkasiaSi ruseTis sazRvari mdinare eisa daTergis xazze gavida, yirimis saxanos damoukidebloba mieniWa daganTavisuflda osmaleTis batonobisgan (Tumca batonis Secvla Tavisuflebasar niSnavs). quCuk-kainarjis sazavo xelSekrulebam xeli Seuwyo zRvazevaWrobis ganviTarebasa da ruseTis samxedro strategiuli poziciebisganviTarebas.♣brwyinvale porta – ase uwodebdnen osmaleTis imperiis xelisuflebas165

pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, rodesac xalxi mixvda,rom es ar iyo omi, romelic daasrulebda yvela oms, 1923wlis lozanis xelSekrulebiT sruteebi kvlav moeqcasaerTaSoriso politikis yuradRebis centrSi.sabolood, 1936 wlis 20 ivniss montreSi xeli moeweraSavi zRvis sruteebis konvencias, romlis ZaliTac gauqmdasruteebis saerTaSoriso komisia da aRdga TurqeTisrespublikis suvereniteti sruteebsa da missanapiroebzeE[29_450].axalma konvenciam TurqeTs mravalmxrivi uflebamovaleobebimoutana da saerTaSoriso konsesusis Tanaxmad,usafrTxoebis mizezebis gamo is sabolood aRiWurvasruteebis kontrolis uflebiT.meore msoflio omis Semdeg, rodesac, rogorcmogexsenebaT sabWoTa kavSiris saxiT gamoCnda realuri Zala,romelsac SeeZlo safrTxe Seeqmna ankarisaTvis, didibritaneTi ukve aRar iyo im mdgomareobaSi,rom misi dabalanseba SeZleboda. TurqeTisavanpostis dacva ruseTis agresiisagan amerikis SeerTebulStatebsa da Crdilo atlantikur alianss gadaebara.dasavluri aliansis sistemis wevris statusis mopovebisSedegad TurqeTma mSvidobian periodSi upiratesoba mianiWasruteebis reJimis ganxilvas globalur politikurCarCoebSi, vidre imave sakiTxis ganxilvas calmriv,individualurEbazisze.montres konvenciiT gansazRvrulia sruteebSi savaWro dasamxedro gemebis gavlis pirobebi. savaWro gemebisaTvismSvidobianobis dros dadgenilia umniSvnelo formalobebi,xolo saomari mdgomareobis dros gaTvaliswinebulia166

sxvadasxva SezRudvebi da pirobebi, omSi monawile mxareebistransportisaTvis. samxedro gemebisaTvis SemoRebul iqnaSezRudvebi tonaJze, SeiaraRebaze, aseve sruteebSi erTdrouladgamavali gemebis saerTo raodenobaze da saerTo tonaJze.SezRudvebi ZiriTadad Seexeboda araSavizRvispirasaxelmwifoebs [187].ankarisaTvis konvenciis gansakuTrebuloba imaSimdgomareobs, rom omis dros sruteebSi samxedro gemebisgatarebis SezRudva an akrZalva mTlianad damokidebuliaTurqeTze da erTnairad vrceldeba yvela saxelmwifoze.konvencias safuZvlad udevs savaWro gemebis gavlisTavisuflebis principi. magram aris gansxvaveba maT mimosvlaSimSvidobianobisa da saomari moqmedebebis dros.mSvidobian dros savaWro gemebi sargebloben Tavisufladnaosnobis uflebiT. amasTan isini valdebulni ariansruteebSi Sesvlisas Semowmebis gavlis mizniT, gaCerdnensanitarul sadgurTan. amavdroulad Sesabamis uwyebebs undaacnobon monacemebi droSaze, tonaJze, marSrutze da a. S.aRniSnuli monacemebis Sesabamisad dgindeba sanitarulikontrolis Rirebuleba.konvenciis me-5 muxliT omis dros, roca TurqeTi arwarmoadgens romelime monawile mxares, savaWro gemebisargebloben zemoT moyvanili uflebebiT. Tu TurqeTiwarmoadgens meomar mxares, maSin gemebi, romlebic arekuTvnian TurqeTTan dapirispirebul qveyanas, sargeblobensruteebSi navigaciis Tavisuflebis uflebiT, im pirobiT, romaraviTar mxardaWeras ar aRmouCenen TurqeTis mowinaaRmdeges.amasTan sruteebSi isini Sedian dRisiT da sargeblobenTurqeTis xelisuflebis mier dadgenili marSrutebiT [86-18].167

aRniSnuli muxlis gansakuTrebulobas warmoadgens isfaqti, rom masSi gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi moqmedebs imSemTxvevaSic Tu TurqeTi ar monawileobs omSi, magram Tvlis,rom mas uSualod emuqreba omis safrTxe. amasTangaTvaliswinebulia gemebis gayvana Turqi locmanis mier,magram momsaxurebis anazraurebis gareSe. amrigad, TurqeTsmicemuli aqvs ufleba, Tavisi SexedulebiT gaataros an argaataros sruteebSi savaWro gemebi omis dros, im SemTxvevaSicki, Tu igi ar monawileobs masSi.mSvidobianobis dros, Savi zRvis saxelmwifoebissamxedro gemebs sruteebis gavlisas upiratesoba aqvT sxvasaxelmwifoebis gemebTan. SavizRvispira qveynebis samxedrogemebma sruteSi Sesvlamde 8 dRiT adre unda acnobonTurqeTis xelisuflebas da miawodon Sesabamisi monacemebimaTi gemis Sesaxeb.araSavizRvispira saxelmwifoebisaTvis es vadaganisazRvreba 15 dRiT. sruteebis tranzitulad gavlis drossamxedro gemis kapitnebi, zust monacemebs gemis SesaxebgauCereblad, sruteebSi Sesvlamde sadgurebs acnobeben.samxedro flotis damxmare gemebi, romlebicgankuTvnilia mxolod Txevadi sawvavis gadatanisaTvis, ararian valdebulebi gaafrTxilon TurqeTis mTavroba.aRniSnuli gemebis tonaJi ar aris gansazRvruli. sruteebsisini TiTo-TiTod gadian. maT SeiaraRebaSi SesaZlebelia iyosori an naklebi qvemexi, romelTa kalibric ar aWarbebs 105 mms,da ori an naklebi haersawinaRo danadgari, romelTakalibric ar aWarbebs 75 mm-s.168

mSvidobian dros sruteebSi gamavali yvela ucxourisamxedro gemis saerTo tonaJi ar unda scdebodes 15 aTastonas, xolo gemebis raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes cxras.mxolod Savi zRvis saxelmwifoebs aqvT uflebagarkveuli pirobebiT, tonaJis SezRudvis gareSe, sruteebSigaiyvanon samxedro gemebi, maT Soris saxazo gemebi (saxazogemebad iTvleba gemebi, romelTa wyalzidvac aRemateba 10 160t-s da gaaCnia 203 mm-ze meti kalibris qvemexi). amasTan 8 128 tnaklebi wyalzidvis gemebi, romelTa qvemexis kalibric aseveaRemateba naklebi wyalwevis gemebi, romelTa qvemexis kalibriar aRemateba 155 mm).203 mm-s) [187]. akrZalulia aviamzidebisgasvla. saxazo gemebi sruteebs gadian saTiTaod erTi an orinaRmmzidis eskortiT.mSvidobian periodSi, rogorc Savi zRvis, aseve sxvasaxelmwifoebis msubuq da mcire samxedro da damxmare gemebsaqvT ufleba Tavisuflad gaiaron sruteebi, magram maTigasvla unda daiwyos dRisiT. isini zemoT aRniSnulismsgavsad valdebulebi arian gaafrTxilon TurqeTisxelisufleba da miawodon mas Sesabamisi informacia (msubuqisamxedro gemebi _ 102 t meti wyalwevisa da 10 160 t nakleniwyalwevis gemebi, romelTa qvemexebis kalibri ar aRemateba 203mm. mcire samxedro gemi _ 102 t meti da 2 032 t) [86-48]. (sworedaRniSnuli konvenciiT isargebla TurqeTis xelisuflebam dasruteSi Sesvlis ufleba ar misca saqarTvelo-ruseTis 2008wlis agvistos omis msvlelobisas, SeerTebuli Statebis mier,humanitaruli misiiT gamogzavnil or samxedro gems, radganisini ar Seesabamebodnen konvenciiT dadgenil standartebs,ris Semdegadac amerikis xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda169

saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT SedarebiT mcire zomis xomaldebigamoegzavna).amrigad, konvenciis gansakuTrebulobas warmoadgens isfaqti, rom TurqeTis xelisuflebis ufleba, miiRosgadawyvetileba samxedro gemebis gatarebis Sesaxeb vrceldebaim situacizaec, rodesac TurqeTi fiqrobs, rom igi imyofebasaomari an politikuri safrTxis winaSe. aseT SemTxvevaSiTurqeTis mTavrobas SeuZlia, TavianTi portebisakenac ki, argaataros im saxelmwifoTa gemebi, romlis poziciac massaxifaTod eCveneba.konvenciis meore gansakuTrebulobaa sruteebisgavlisaTvis saWiro uflebis miRebis formalurobebis dadgenada gasvlis procedura. isini zRudaven Savi zRvissaxelmwifoebis samxedro gemebis operatiul SesaZleblobebsda warmoadgenen, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, romelime raionSi,raime flotis koncentrirebis xelis SemSlel faqtors.aRniSnuli sakiTxi iwvevs ruseTis mxaris ukmayofilebas,radganac miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom xmelTaSua zRvaSi myofruseTis eskadras teqnikurad SeuZlia miiRos daxmareba SavizRvis flotisagan sami-oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi, magram imSemTxvevaSi Tu mas amis uflebas TurqeTis xelisuflebamiscems.miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, dReisaTvis yureebismniSvneloba samxedro TvalsazrisiT savaWro dasatransporto sferosTan SedarebiT gacilebiT naklebia.radgan mas Semdeg, rac kaspiuri navTobi ukanaskneliaTwleulebis saerTaSoriso politikis erT-erTi yvelazepopularuli Tema gaxda, SekiTxvam, rogor mivawodoT isindustrialur portebs, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis170

yuradReba daimsaxura. sazRvao gadazidvebi, rogorcmilsadenebiT gadazidvis alternativa, Zalzed mniSvnelivania.yureebSi garemos usafrTxoebis mizniT TurqeTis uarismiuxedavad am sakiTxis ganxilva kvlavac grZeldeba. amrigad,TurqeTis respublikis yureebi, ara marto inarCuneben TavianTgeopolitikur da strategiul mniSvnelobas, aramed maTisaerTaSoriso da komerciuli mniSvnelobaDdRiTidRe ZalianswrafAaRmasvlasEganicdis.anatolias msoflio kunZulebs Soris centraluriadgili uWiravs sami kontinentis - aziis, evropisa daxmelTaSua zRvis gavliT afrikis gadakveTasTan. saukuneebismanZilze dampyrobelTaTvis is gamoiyeneboda rogorcderefani dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken da piriqiT.jvarosnuli omebis dros anatolia iyo wminda miwisakenmimavali gza, romelic musulmanebs, ebraelebsa da qristianebsSoris kulturaTaSoris gavlenasa da gamocdilebebsafarToebda. am multikulturulma interaqciam daaCqaratradiciuli feodaluri sistemis rRveva, romelsac dasavleTevropaSi mxars eklesia uWerda da evropelebs socialuri daekonomikuri cxovrebis axali stili gaacno. anatoliis miwazecxovrebis sxvadasxva stili da religiis axleburi gagebaerTmaneTs harmoniulad Seewyo. es maxasiaTebeli iyoyvelaze mniSvnelovani elementi osmalTa saxelmwifos SidamSvidobisa (otomanTa imperiaSi 3 oficialuri religia iyo _islami, iudaizmi da qristianoba), romelic TiTqmis 600 weligagrZelda.miuxedavad imisa, rom osmalTa teritoria evropaSiTrakiiT SemoisazRvreba, maT mmarTvelebs didi survilihqondaT dasavleTiT gafarToebisa, rasac warmatebiT171

arTmevdnen kidec Tavs, swored am dapyrobiTi omebis SedegadosmaleTis imperia SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc balkaneTisimperia, sxvadasxva aspeqtSi. XV dan XIX saukunis CaTvliTimperia balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze ubadlo iyo dabalkaneTis mosaxleobis socialur-istoriuli evoluciazedidi gavlena hqonda sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani gziT,rogoricaa enebi, miTebi, tradiciebi da rwmenebi.Tavad sityva ,,balkan” Turqulia da “mTian areals” niSnavs.miuxedavad imisa, rom balkaneTi arastabiluri regioni iyo,sadac TurqeTis Tanamonawileobis SesaZlebloba aTwleulebismanZilze ,,civi omis” pirobebis wyalobiT friad SeizRuda,socialisturi blokis dezintegraciam TurqeTis respublikaistoriuli kavSirebis gamosworebisa da balkaneTis regionSiufro mniSvnelovani adgilis damkvidrebisakn waiyvana [55-146].dReisaTvis TurqeTis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 10procents, ojaxuri kavSiri aqvs balkaneTis sxvadasxvanawilis mosaxleobasTan. amitomac ankaras jer kidev aqvsmniSvnelovani gavlena aRniSnul regionze misi istoriuli,eTnikuri da religiuri kavSirebis gaTvaliswinebiT.es gavlena kargad ganmarta maria todorovam, romelic wers:,,osmaluri memkvidreobis Zieba balkanelebSi uSedegoa,radgan balkanelebi Tavad osmalebi arian” [97-68].Savi zRvis – Crdilo gagrZeleba TurqeTisgarsSemortymuli 3 zRvisa, aris erT-erTi yvelazestrategiuli sazRvao auzi evraziis regionSi. am zRvasuZveles droSi arastumarTmoyvares anu ,,Axenos” eZaxdnen,magram mogvianebiT ,,Euxine”, anu stumarTmoyvare zRva uwodes.Savi zRvis istoriis gaanalizebisas es metafora naTladgamoxatavs geografiis mWidro kavSirs politikur da172

socialur pirobebTan. maSin, roca SavizRvispira qveynebismravalmxrivi urTierToba ,,civi omis” periodSi,,dapirispirebulidan” ,,TanaarsebuliT” da ,,TanamSromluriT”Seicvala, bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, Savi zRvisgeostrategiuli statusi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.XV _ XVI saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Savi zRva iTvlebodaSiga wylad, did tbad da aranairi argumenti ar arsebobdamis statusTan dakavSirebiT. XVII saukuneSi, Savi zRvisteritoriul wylebSi ruseTis Sesvlidan arcTu didi xnisSemdeg, am sakiTxis mniSvnelobam saerTaSorisoExasiaTiEmiiRo.saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi zRvisa da sruteebiskontrolisaTvis regionaluri dapirispireba ufro da ufroizrdeboda da kulminacias msoflio omis wlebSi miaRwia.,,civi omis” periodSi, rodesc SavizRvispira qveynebi ordapirispirebul samxedro-politikur banakebSi iyvnenganawilebulni, romelTa Sorisac mxolod TurqeTi gaxldaTpro-dasavlurad ganwyobili, ankaras cxovreba mtrisgaremocviT gamowveul daZabulobaSi uxdeboda. dacvazeorientirebuli ucxoeli politikosebi TurqeTsdamoukideblad moqmedebis saSualebas arasodes aZlevdnen.aqamde arc mas da arc mis mezobel zRvispira saxelmwifos arhqonda Sansi da saSualeba Savi zRvis ekonomikuriRirebulebis wina planze wamowevisa. ,,civi omis” dasrulebisada sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, Savi zRvis grZelmasanapirom saaSkaraoze gamoitana TurqeTis respublikisxedvebis axali areali da ganzomileba, aseTia magaliTad amauzis ganxilva aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropis, asevesamxreT kavkasiisa da Sua aziis koridorad [76-161]. amkonteqstSi TurqeTis respublikis xelmZRvanelobam wamoayena173

amdenine geo-ekonomikuri proeqti, rogoricaa magaliTad, SavizRvis qveynebis ekonomikuri TanamSromloba (BSEC) daekonomkuriATanamSromlobisAorganizaciaE(ECO).anatolia axlo aRmosavleTis teritoriis CrdilogagrZelebaa, sadac asobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenimereligiuri omi warmoiSva, romelic sami monoTeisturireligiis mier wminda miwis kontrols isaxavda miznad.regionis religiuri mniSvneloba XI saukuneSi aRiniSna daaqedan gamomdinare jvarosnuli omebi, romlebic mimarTuliiyo musulmanTaA batonobis winaaRmdeg, saukuneebi gagrZelda.XXI saukuneSi ,,civilizaciebis konfliqtTan” dakavSirebuliargumenti, rogorc saerTaSoriso, popularuli Tema, regionismultireligiurma xasiaTma msoflio diplomatiur arenazekvlav win wamowia.regionis istoriuli mniSvneloba ar Semoifarglebamimdinare religiuri konfliqtebiT, is aseve moicavskomerciul komponents, rogorc mtkice ekonomikurisaqmianobis centrs. Camoyalibda axlo aRmosavleTisistoriuli savaWro potenciali. regioni gaxda XX saukunisenergo momaragebis ZiriTadi wyaro. am regionis qveynebimsoflios umsxvilesi energo mimwodeblebi arian daamitom axloAaRmosavleTiAglobalur politikur ekonomikaSimniSvnelovaniErolisESesrulebasAganagrZobs.regionis politikuri kontrolisaTvis brZola didi xaniainteresebis permanentul dapirispirebis sferos warmoadgens.osmaleTis imperiis dacemis Semdeg regionidan otomanTasaxelmwifos gasvlam, Sedegad axlo aRmosavleTispolitikuri sistemis Secvla moitana, romelic XX saukunis174

adreul wlebamde globalur ZalTa dapirispirebis fokusswarmoadgenda.omTaSua periodSi britaneTma da safrangeTmaregionaluri qveynebis marTvis mandatebi miiRes, magram meoremsoflio omis damTavrebasTan erTad gegmaSi axalipolitikuri modelis Seqmnis sakiTxi dadga, romelic axloaRmosavleTsac moicavda.axlo aRmosavleTis axladSeqmnili saxelmwifoebi orkategoriad iyofodnen: pro-dasavlurad da prosocialisturad.maT Soris ideologiuri dapirispireba gaxdaerT-erTi ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba axloaRmosavleTis politikisa 1950-1980 wlebisaTvis.amasTanave navTobze dafuZnebuli krizisi dauTanxmoebebi, israel-arabeTis omebTan erTad regionispolitikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo.miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTi araa navTobmwarmoebeli qveyana,misi, rogorc transportiori qveynis statusma, specifikuridatvirTva miiRo, xolo geografiulma mdebareobam mzardienergo moTxovnis gamo, dasavleTis industriuli qveynebismxridan ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina. aqedan gamomdinareTuki axlo aRmosavleTs ganvixilavT rogorc harthland-s,maSin igi SeiZleba CaiTvalos sistemis sisxlis mimoqcevisZiriTad, mTavar organod.regionis politikis kidev erTi fundamentaluri sakiTxiiyo 1948 wels israelis saxelmwifos Seqmna. axalisaxelmwifos warmoqmna mniSvnelovani sakiTxi gaxdaadgilobrivi qveynebis urTierTobaSi da mTeli politikuristoriulikonteqsti xelaxla ganisazRvra israelamde damisi Semdgomi periodiT. am mxriv TurqeTisa da israelis175

urTierToba ormxriv diplomatiur urTierTobaze ufro metiiyo. orive qveyanam, romlebic arabebisagan sakmaodgansxvavebul ideebs iziarebda, Camoayaliba axali kavSiri,romelsac analitikosma alan makovskim "gansxvavebis SegrZneba"uwoda. es ki or qveyanas erTmaneTTan aaxloebda da aSorebdamaT axlo aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebs.swored zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, 1991 wlisbolos ankaram elCis doneze aamaRla Tavisi diplomatiuriurTierToba tel-avivSi. 1994 wlidan xorcieldebodasistematiuri, erToblivi samxedro wrTvnebi, israelissawarmoebi uzrunvelyofen TurqeTis respublikis armiis,TviTmfrinavebisa, Sveulmfrenebis da tankebis modernizacias.ocdameerTe saukunis damdegisaTvis, siaxloviT TurqeTiisraelisaTvis meore adgilze iyo amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis Semdeg [16_369].miuxedavad tradiciuli mokavSireobisa, aucielebladunda aRiniSnos, rom dReisaTvis urTierTobebi am orsaxelmwifos Soris sagrZnoblad gacivda. 2009 wlisoqtomberis dasawyisSi ankaram Tavis teritoriaze natossamxedro wrvTnebSi monawileobaze israels uari ganucxada.TurqeTis premier-ministris r. erdoRanis ganmartebiT, esnabiji mas gadaadgmevina sazogadoebrivma azrma, romelicarcTu keTilganwyobilia maTi tradiciuli mokavSiris mimarTRazis seqtorSi maTi samxedroebis moqmedebebis gamo. TumcazogierTi eqsperti erdoRanis am gadawyvetilebas sxva mizeziTxsnis da varaudobs, rom TurqeTis premier-ministris esnabiji, SesaZloa, mianiSnebdes mniSvnelovan geopolitikurcvlilebaze axlo aRmosavleTSi, kerZod: ,,TanamSromlobis176

dasrulebaze TurqeTisa da israelis samxedro Zalebs Soris”[144].zemoT aRniSnuli natos samxedro manevrebi 12 oqtombersunda dawyebuliyo, magram ganusazRvreli vadiT gadaido masSemdeg, rac amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da italiam,israelisadmi solidarobis niSnad, masSi monawileobaze uariTqves.TurqeTis gadawyvetileba moulodnelad ar undaCaiTvalos, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ankarisa da Telavivismravalwliani aliansis nen-nela Sesustebas ganvlili 2007wlis manZilze. parizSi moRvawe eqspertis, doroTe SmidisSefasebiT: ,,erdoRanis nabiji aCvenebs, rom TurqeTis armia daumaRlesi oficrebi TandaTan kargaven Tavis Zlier gavlenas,romelsac mravali wlis manZilze axdendnen isini ankarissagareo politikur kursze” [138]. Smidi aRniSnavs, romTurqeTi amJamad anviTarebs axal saxelmwifo xedvas mTelsTavis samezoblosTan mimarTebiT. amave dros mimdinareobscvlilebebis procesi qveynis SigniT ZalalauflebisorganizebaSi, ris Sedegadac, garkveulwil sustdeba TurqeTisarmiis unari, Tavs moaxvios politikuri SexedulebebimTavrobas. ,,am ori procesiT, romlebic, yovel SemTxvevaSi,TurqeTis mxridan moCans, SeiZleba nawilobriv aixsnasbolodroindeli uaryofiTi procesi israelTanurTierTibaSi” [138], dasZens parizSi moRvawe eqsperti.aRniSnul sakiTxSi doreTe Smids srulyofilad areTanxmeba, kembrijSi moRvawe politologi jorj jofe, misiSefasebiT, jer naTeli ar aris dasruldeba Tu ara esprocesi israelTan TurqeTis aliansis bolos moRebiT. jofeRazis incidents Tvlis iseT movlenad, romelmac daarwmuna177

ankara, rom Tavs uflebas ver miscems israelTan metismetadaxlo urTierToba SeinarCunos da amis gamo cdilobs misganTandaTanobiT distancirebas. ,,jer ar aris naTeli, miva Tuara saqme saboloo ganxeTqilebamde da urTierTobistransformirebamde. magram savsebiT naTelia, rom garkveulifundametaluri cvlileba xdeba” [144], ambobs jofe. magramunda aRvniSnoT, rom msgavsad doroTe Smidisa, misi azriTac,es cvlileba ireklavs saSinao-politikur cvlilebebsTurqeTSi, mTavrobasa da armiis sardlobas SorisurTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT [144].TurqeTi aziis dasavleT nawilia da kavkasiisa dacentraluri aziis qveynebTan da xalxebTan teritoriuli dasulieri kavSirebi aqvs. am teritoriebTan kontaqtebisa dakavSirebis warmoSobasTan erTad ,,civi omis” periodSi,kavkasia da centraluri azia TurqeTis politikuri daekonomikuri interesebisaTvis yvelaze mimzidveli teritoriaaRmoCnda [70-322]. kaspiis zRvis auzi, romelic kerZo dasaxelmwifo kompaniebis interesis sferos warmoadgenda damTeli msoflios maStabiT regionis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobaserTiorad aamaRlebda, rogorc energo mowodebebis, asevesaerTaSoriso bazris sferoSi.saSiSroebam CineTis mxridan post-sabWoTa regionisgeostartegiuli pozicia gaamyara. momavali konfliqtisgacnobierebam ruseTis federacia da amerikis SeerTebuliStatebi, centraluri aziis qveynebis kontrolis mimarT ufromgrZnobiareebi gaxada. amerikis gansakuTrebulma CarTvam axloaRmosavleTis regionTan erTad post-sabWoTa sivrceSi 11seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg, regionSi ZalTa balansis axaligageba ganapiroba.178

uzbekeTSi samxedro Zalebis zrdasTan erTad amerikamyirgizeTSi daiwyo sahaero bazebis mSenebloba, romlebicregionis samxedro ZalebisaTvis lojistikuri centrismovaleobas Seasrulebs. amasTan ar unda daviviwyoT, romyirgizeTi sakmaod did sasazRvro zols iyofs CineTTan.evraziisa da CineTis Turqul sazogadoebasTan misiistoriuli, politikuri da fsiqologiuri kavSirebisgaTvaliswinebiT. TurqeTma, rogorc Cans, axalipasuxismgebloba da davalebebi SeiZina.XX saukunis bolo periodis axlo aRmosavleTisqveynebis politikuri arenis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovaniaspeqti hidro-politika gaxda, radganac globaluristandartebis mixedviT axlo aRmosavleTi wylis resursebismxriv mdidar regions ar warmoadgens. TurqeTis respublika kiakontrolebs maxlobeli aRmosavleTis wylis auzebs,saxeldobr mdinareebs _ evfratsa da tigross, misi batonobawylis resursebze gaxlavT is mniSvnelovani faqtori,romelic axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebs Soris xazs usvamsankaris prioritets da TurqeTis geopolitikas axalganzomilebas sZens. regionSi wylis simcire ar Semoifarglebamxolod israeliT, siriiT, iordaniiTa da erayiT, igi agreTveexeba marokos, tuniss, alJirs da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis imsaxelmwifoebs, romlebic wylis resursebis krizisis saTaveSidganan, mas Semdeg, rac gruntis wylebis maragis dawevamsaxifaTo zRvars miaRwia.sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg TurqeTis geopolitikismTavari RerZi ar Secvlila, igi Tavis prioritetul mizanTan,evrokavSirSi gaerTianebasTan erTad, kvlav dasavleTisakenanu zRvis saxelmwifoebisaken darCa mimarTuli. miuxedavad179

amisa, ankaris sagareo-politikuri prioritetebis sistemammcire cvlilebebi mainc ganicada da regionSi Seqmnil axalviTarebasTan SesabamisobaSi iqna moyvanili.90-iani wlebidan dRemde, ramdenjerme iyo da SeiZlebaaxlac aris SesaZlebloba, kidev erTxel momxdariyo anmoxdes mkveTri geopolitikuri Zvra da TurqeTi kvlav gaxdesmkacri islamuri saxelmwifo an ufro metic, saerTodSeaqcios zurgi zRvis saxelmwifoebs da dauaxlovdesxmeleTs anu hartlands, romlis erT-erT mTavar RerZadac,rogorc mogexsenebaT, dRes sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidre,ruseTis federacia iTvleba [75-139].movlenaTa aseTi ganviTarebis perspeqtiva savsebiTSesaZlebelia, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT TurqeTis saxelmwifosistoriul fesvebs. sabazo impulsi TurqeTis geopolitikisaCans Turquli eTnogenezisis uZveles istoriul fenaSi,romelic safuZvlad udevs TurqTa istoriul amaRlebas,romliTac SeZles maT giganturi msoflio saxelmwifos Seqmna,osmaleTis imperiis saxiT.rogorc Tanamedrove geopolitikosi a. dugini miuTiTebs,am didi sasulTnos birTvul fragmentad rCeba TanamedroveTurqeTi. tramalis momTabare Zveli Turqebi iyvnen mkveTradgamoxatuli kontinentaluri, saxmeleTo gadaadgilebistipiuri matarebelni. isini eTnosad Camoyalibdnen evraziissivrceebSi. aqve Seiasixlxorces eqspansiis energia daZalauflebisaken swrafva. rogorc sxva evraziulimomTabereebi: monRolebi, avarebi, goTebi alanebi da a. S.Turqebic iyvnen momTabare imperiis kulturis matarebelni,ipyrobdnen ra udabnos saZovrebsa da raionebs, romlebicdasaxlebuli iyo mSvidobiani mosaxleobiT.180

momTabare imperiaTa istoria, ganuyofeli nawilia mTelievraziis istoriisa. geopolitikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli h.makinderi am imperiebs uwodebs ,,xmeleTis yaCaRebs" [41-98].kerZod, es integrirebadi impulsi, romelic modis kontinentissiRrmidan da maqsimalurad aris dacilebuli sazRvaozolidan, warmoadgens evraziis geopolitikur sivrces. amazridan gamomdinare Tanamedrove TurqeTs, rogorc osmaleTisimperias, fesvebi miudis pirdapir evraziuli stiqiisaken daamitom arqaistuli evraziis sawyisi TurqTa geopolitikurWiplarad unda CaiTvalos [41-98].meore done es sakuTriv osmalTa imeriis drosCamoyalibebuli TurqTa geopolitikaa, sadac xdeba Tvisobrivicvlileba, radgan moqmedebaSi Semodis islamis faqtori, raciwvevs Turqebis mier dapyrobil teritoriaze rTuli eTnikurkulturulistruqturis Camoyalibebas. aq Cven saqme gvaqvsgeopolitikur simbiozTan, romelic Camoyalibda urTulesmravalsaukunovan geopolitikur sistemad da moicavdaxmelTaSua zRvis da axlo aRmosavleTis SfoTian sivrces.arabuli laSqrobani, romlebmac islamis gavrcelebasmisces sawyisi, unda mivakuTvnoT kontinentur, saxmeleTolaSqrobebs. xmelTaSua zRvis auzi gamoirCeodaurTierTsawinaaRmdego geopolitikuri tendenciebiT, sadacerTmaneTs saxmeleTo da sazRvao principebi enacvleboda.magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia gavixsenoT saxmeleTo romisdapirispireba sazRvao karTagenTan. es dapirispireba moicavdaqveynebs: sirias, egviptes, mesopotamias, saberZneTs, sparseTsda a.S.181

osmalTa imperiam Sekriba mTeli es rTuligeopolitikuri konglomerati ♣ mkacri kontrolis qveS daSeZlo ubralo samxedro eTikiT mravalferovani masa erTiangeopolitikur sistemad SeedeuRabebina. magram unda aRiniSnosisic, rom daamyares ra kontroli am veeberTela sivrceze,maRribidan dawyebuli balkaneTamde da kavkasiamde, TurqebiTandaTan iTvisebdnen im geopolitikur tendenciebs, romlebicam civilizaciebs axasiaTebda.TurqeTis saerTaSoriso poziciam otomanTa droidandRemde, imperialur ZalTa konfliqtebis pirobebSi, romlebicmiwisa Tu bunebrivi simdidrisaTvis ibrZvian, aqcia isgeopolitikur qvakuTxedad, saerTaSoriso ZalTasaukunoebrivi brZolis pirobebSi. TurqeTis winapariosmaleTis imperia erTxel ukve iyo ,,imperialur ZalTaklubis” [75-275] wevri da gasafarToeblad gamoiyena misigeografiuli aqtivebi, rogorc politikuri instrumenti.magram dacemis periodSi, saxelmwifo, romelic marTavda didteritorias da akontrolebda Crdilo afrikas,xmelTaSuazRvispireTs, axlo aRmosavleTs, balkaneTs, SavzRvasa da anatolias, itanjeboda tipiuri didi qveynissindromiT. ,,mesame romad” Tavis gamocxadebiT, osmalebimiznad isaxavdenen yofili romis imperiis sazRvrebamdemisvlas, maTTvis saubedurod isini ver gaeqcnen igive beds,rac gaiziara romis imperiam da sabolood meoce saukunisdasawyiSi, kerZod 1923 wels, osmalTa imperiam arsebobaSewyvita.♣konglomerati – ,,Segrovebuli”, ,,Semkvrivebuli”, sxvadasxvagvari nawilebis ansagnebis meqanikuri, SemTveviTi SeerTeba.182

TurqeTis geopolitikuri istoriis mesamefundamentaluri etapi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorcTanamedrove nacionaluri, anda postimperiuli. brwyinvaleportas Zalaufleba vrceldeboda ra mTel xmelTaSua zRvissivrceze, droTa ganmavlobaSi Semcirda da moicva erTikonkretuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebi. aRniSnulma faqtmawarmoSva mravali axali problema; rodesac Turqebiwarmoadgendnen imperiuli administraciis eTnikur birTvs,nacionaluri sawyisi emTxveoda geopolitikur, socialur dareligiur misias, magram imperiidan erovnul saxelmwifodgadaqcevis Semdeg, nacionalur umciresobaTa problema,kerZod, berZnebis, somxebis, bulgarelebis, lazebis daqurTebis warmoCnda axal WrilSi.CvenTvis kargad aris cnobili, rom Tanamedrove TurqeTiaris rkinis nebisyofiT SeduRabebuli da safuZvlad udevsmkacri samxedro sawyisi, Tandayolili sazogadoebrivi danacionaluri principebiT. magram, mocemuli nacionalursaxelmwifoebrivierToba Sekruli samxedro politikuristruqturebiT, qveyanas karnaxobda ukve axal geopolitikurxazs: axal TurqeTs aRar SeeZlo liderobis pretenziaganecxadebina musulmanur samyaroSi, radgan igi revoluciisSemdeg gaxda nacionaluri, sekularuli, saero saxelmwifo,romelsac ukve misi sagareo da saSinao politikis gamoZnelad Tu gaugebdnen tipiuri muslimuri saxelmwifoebi.amasTanave umravlesi musulmanuri qveynebi warmoiqmnaantiosmaluri, ganmanTavisuflebeli, nacionaluri politikisfonze ,,didi britaneTis mxardaWeris wyalobiT" [33-218].osmalTa imperialisturi funqciis dakargvisa da 1923wlidan axali nacionaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg,183

TurqeTis gverdiT aRmoCndnen Zveli da axali mtrebi: arabeTisqveynebi, ruseTi, saberZneTi, bulgareTi, iugoslavia da irani.aseTi mZime situacia moiTxovda qveynis gareT ZlierimxardamWeris povnas, aseT mokavSired Turqebi, maTi winaprebismsgavsad, ♣ XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan moiazrebdnengermaniis saxelmwifos, magram II msoflio omis Semdeg,rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo, maTistrategiuli partnioroba, pirvel rigSi, Tavisivegeopolitikuri interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, amerikisSeerTebilma Statebma sakuTar Tavze aiRo [85-18].aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisidan naTlad Cans, rom TurqeTididi geopolitikuri, kontinentaluri da imperiuliazrovnebidan gadavida mcire da misTvis praqtikul,regionalur geopolitikur azrovnebaze. unda aRiniSnos, romam sworad mimarTuli nabijis Sedegad TurqeTis respublikagaxda ra Crdilo atlantikuri aliansis sruluflebianiwevri (1952w.), oficialurad SeuerTda zRvis saxelmwifoTajgufs da uaryo evraziuli da saxmeleTo faqtorebi.aRsaniSnavia, rom ZiriTadad rusi da evraziulobismxardamWeri geopolitikosebi da Teoretikosebi, dRemdeakritikeben TurqeTis am gadawyvetilebas da Tvlian, romnatosTan aliansi wyvets mxolod taqtikur amocanebs, magramar gamodgeba maStabur geopolitikur perspeqtivad. sxvasityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maTi azriT, TurqeTi rom gaxdes didigeopolitikis moTamaSe: unda gadafaros Tavisi axaliistoria, dasaxos axali politikuri perspeqtivebi, ipovos♣aq igulisxmeba germaneli generlis liman fon sandersis misia, romelicosmaleTis mTavrobam moiwvia 1913 wels, armiis reorganizaciisa daganviTarebis mizniT.184

ufro saimedo da erTguli partniorebi, romelTageopolitikur proeqtebTan ankara unda iyos solidaruli [42-213].ra Tqma unda, rusi mecnierebis aRniSnuli mosazrebaTurqeTis respublikas Camoacilebs demokratiulRirebulebebs, daaSorebs dasavluri civilizaciisagan damiuxedavad imisa, rom qemal aTaTurqi Tavis droze momxre iyoruseTTan urTierTobebisa, dRes misi qveynis zomaze metaddaaxloeba ,,Crdiloel daTvTan", uSualod qemaliseulnacionalur-demokratiul principebze uaris Tqmas gamoiwvevs.,,civi omis” periodSi TurqeTis respublikasa dadasavleT evropas Soris urTierTobebi iyo dominirebuli.Tuki 70-ian wlebSi ankaris evropasTan urTierTobebsgansazRvravda mxolod ekonomikuri da TavdacviTiTanamSromloba 90-ian wlebSi evropelTaTvis dadga sakiTxiqveyanaSi demokratiis gaZlierebisa da srulyofisaTvis.TurqeTi ki, rogorc ukve zemoT mogaxseneT, gamomdinareobdara sakuTari Tavis usafrTxoebis dasacavad, kvlav moqmedebda,,civi omis” mentalitetis logikiT. es exeba represiebsqurTuli umciresobisa da memarcxene, radikaluri partiebismimarT.aRniSnuli sakiTxebisadmi sxvadasxvanairma midgomamseriozuli dabrkolebebi warmoSva evropelebisa da TurqebisurTierTobebSi, ris gamoc dRemde gaurkvevelia TurqeTisrespublikis statusi evropul TanamegobrobaSi. am tendenciam,rogorc ukve mogexsenebaT, kunZul kviprosisa da qurTulimosaxleobisadmi arsebuli problemebis gamo, Tavi iCina ukve70 iani wlebidan: igi gamwvavda 90-ian wlebSi da seriozuli185

uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa TurqeTis evrostruqturebSiintegrirebis gzaze.amavdroulad ankara ganicdida uiRblobas Sidapolitikur da ekonomikur reformebSic. evrokavSirisa daTurqeTis urTierToba erT-erTi aqtualuri da mwvave sakiTxiaTurquli sazogadoebisaTvis. es SeiZleba avxsnaT imiT, romTurqeTis mcdeloba, miaRwios evrokavSiris srulyofiliwevris statuss, aiZulebs mas gaakeTos arCevanievropeizaciisaken. mravali weli gavida mas Semdeg, racTurqebma daiwyes swrafva gamxdariyvnen evropuli ojaxiswevrebi, magram miuxedavad amisa, jer-jerobiT mizans mainc vermiaRwies.icaven ra uflebebs evrosabWoSi gaerTianebaze, Turqebixazs usvamen, sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT TavianT xangZlivurTierTobebs evrosabWosTan, miRwevebs ekonomikur sferoSi,TavianT xangZliv wevrobas Crdilo atlantikur aliansSi daagreTve saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas axseneben islamurifundamentalizmis safrTxes. cnobilia, rom TurqeTisrespublika erTaderTi gaxlavT im ormocdaTormetmusulmanur saxelmwifoTa Soris, romelic oficialurad,konstituciiT upirispirdeba fundamentalizms.swored amitom zogierTi amerikeli strategi urCevsamerikis xelmZRvanelobasa da evropis wamyvan saxelmwifoebsaqtiurad daiwyon moqmedebebi TurqeTis evrokavSirSiintegraciisaTvis. erT-erT aseT mxardamWerad gvevlinebazbignev bJezinski: ,,xeli rom SevuwyoT stabilurobas samxreTkavkasiaSi, agreTve centralur aziaSi amerikam ar undadauSvas TurqeTis gaucxoeba evropis mimarT... TurqeTi,romelic iqneba gariyuli evropisagan metwilad mogvevlineba,186

1997]. ♣ cnobilma Turqma publicistma orhan Sahinlermarogorc islamisturi TurqeTi" [52_203]. 1997 welsevroparlamentis sesiaze, rodesac uaryves TurqeTisgawevrianeba evrokavSirSi, ankaridan wargzavnilma sagareosaqmeTa ministrma gaakeTa gancxadeba, romliTac agrZnobinadasavleTs, rom TurqeTs ar gauWirdeba sxva gzis moZebnac, manganacxada, rom ,,evrosabWo ar aris erTaderTi alternativaTurqeTisaTvis da TurqeTs ar sWirdeba evrosabWo" [109-20-26 12.aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada: ,,evrosabWos uariTurqeTis miRebaze es saxelovani warumateblobaa, romelicgvexmareba Cven SevinarCunoT erovnuli TviTmyobadoba” [110-26.12.1997].aseve mniSvnelovania am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Cvens mierzemoT naxsenebi Cengiz aqtaris morigi gancxadeba aRniSnulsakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: ,,TurqeTis aRmosavleTiskenmoZraobaze nerviulobis nacvlad, dasavleTi imas undaufrTxodes, rom nawyeni TurqeTi ruseTisaken ar wavides”. igiTvlis, rom ruseTi yvelanairad efereba am qveyanas, romelicmisTvis energetikuli miwodebebis TvalsazrisiT sakvanZogamanawilebelia, swored amis gamoa, rom kremligansakuTrebiT uwyobs xels ruseTSi Turquli investiciebisgazrdas [144].2001 wlis zafxulis bolos TurqeTi ekonomikuri dapolitikuri krizisis piks miuaxlovda. mTavroba iZulebuligaxda mZime mdgomareobidan gamosvlisaTvis rigi ekonomikurireformebi gaetarebina, magram amis Sedegad Turquli lirakidev ufro daeca da gaufasurda. paralelurad, mkveTrad♣sagazeTo statia187

gaizarda qveyanaSi kriminali, mmarTveli Zalis reitingi daeca10 procentamde, yovelive amas daemata seriozuli safrTxesaerTaSoriso arenaze qveynis izolaciisa. 2001 wlis maisSi,msoflio savaluto fondma TurqeTs daxmarebis mizniTgamouyo krediti rva milioni dolaris odenobiT, amasTanavevaSingtonma mkacrad gaafrTxila ankara, rom Semdegdaxmarebaze zedmeti iqneboda laparaki, vidre TurqeTi armoawesrigebda Sida saqmeebs.Turqi samxedroebi da generaliteti tradiciuladyvelaze proamerikulad ganwyobili nawilia TurqeTissazogadoebaSi, magram aseTma xistma amerikulma politikamisinic ganxibla. TumcaRa 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenamseriozuli zegavlena iqonia Turqul amerikulurTierTobebze. amerikisaTvis TurqeTTan kavSiri gaxdamTavari sakvanZo mimarTuleba, ara mxolod materialurteqnikurida samxedro uzrunvelyofis kuTxiT, aramedantiteroristuli omis propagandis TvalsazrisiT.11 seqtembris Semdeg ankara ara marto erT-erTi pirvelimusulmanuri qveyana iyo, romelmac amerikaze Seteva dagmo,aramed dauyonebliv ganacxada Tanxmoba imis Sesaxeb, romSeerTebul Statebs samxedro aviaciisaTvis Tavis aviabazebsda sahaero sivrces uTmobda [77_216]. amis Semdeg TurqeTisxelmZRvanelobam xeli Seuwyo vaSingtons daerwmunebinadaeWvebuli musulmanuri samyaro imaSi, rom antiteroristulikampania mimarTuli iyo ara islamis winaaRmdeg, arameduSualod teroristebis gasanadgureblad.2001 wlis 10 oqtombers TurqeTis mTavroba ufro Sorswavida da amerikelebs neba darTo Tavis teritoriazeganeTavsebina aramtrulad ganwyobili, magram mainc ucxo188

samxedro Zalebi. amis sapasuxod Statebi ara mxolod daexmaraTurqebs msoflio savaluto fondisagan axali sesxis aRebaSi,aramed piradad ganacxada mzadyofna Camoewera ankarisaTvisZveli validan Tanxa, xuTi milioni dolaris odenobiT.amerikeli politologebi im periodisaTvis aRrfTovanebulniiyvnen TurqeTis erTgulebiT da warmoaCendnen mas danarCenimusulmanuri qveynebisaTvis misabaZ magaliTad.Turqi nacionalebisaTvis aseTi qeba-dideba gaxdamtkicebuleba imisa, rom evrosabWosgan gansxvavebiT, maTbolos da bolos gauges. vaSingtonma ,,qurTTa muSaTa partia”da ,,qurTistanis damoukidebeli partia” daaxasiaTateroristul organizaciebad. (rogorc mogexsenebaT,dReisaTvis ukve mas, miuxedavad maTi teroristobisa,araoficialurad, magram mainc aqvs faruli kavSiri aRniSnulorganizaciebTan). amavdroulad amerika kidev erT daTmobazewavida da Riad ganacxada Tanxmoba, rom garkveul SemTxvevaSiSenarCunebuli iyos TurqeTSi sikvdiliT dasja. paraleluradim periodisaTvis Statebis wamyvan wreebSi iSviaTadaxsendebodaT Turqebis mier qurTuli mosaxleobis uflebebisdacva.axalma strategiulma partniorobam ankaras saSualebamisca daekavebina kanonieri adgili ZiriTadi moTamaSisasaerTaSoriso arenaze da ganexorcielebina Tavisipolitikuri eqsporti danarCeni musulmanuri qveynebis mTelsamyaroze.rodesac vaSingtonma mimarTa natos wesdebis me-5 muxliT,TurqeTi aRmoCnda erTaderTi musulmanuri qveyana, romelmacTavis Tavze aiRo konkretuli valdebulebani amerikulantiteroristul samxedro kampaniaSi [92-418]. am periodisaTvis189

SeerTebuli Statebi eyrdnoboda TurqeTs, rogorc faseulmokavSires da ara rogorc mevales. amerikelebmamizanmimarTulad daiwyes ankaris xelisuflebis gulismogebada maTi keTiliganwyobis mopoveba. vaSingtoni TandaTanamcirebda TurqeTis respublikis davalianebebs, amaRlebdaSesaZleblobebs mieRoT maT damatebiTi kreditebi msofliosavaluto fondidan da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebasarwmunebda, rom TurqeTs SeeZlo SeesrulebinadamakavSirebeli xidis roli dasavleTsa da islamur samyarosSoris.2001 wlis bolos Turquli ekonomika amerikelTadaxmarebis Sedegad, damatebiTi sesxebis xarjze sagrZnobladgamococxlda da daiwyo TandaTanobiT krizisidan gamosvla.saerTaSoriso xedze ankaris xelmZRvaneloba tkbebodavaSingtonTan strategiuli partniorobis perspeqtiviT.aRniSnuli politika Turqebis azriT, gaaZlierebda maT piradpolitikur poziciebs evrosabWosTan urTierTobaSi, yoveliveamas isic daemata. rom xeli moewera SeTanxmebebs, romelicexeboda evropul-strategiul Tavdacvis politikas [96-198].yovelive amis Sedegad, Turqebma SeZles kvlav warmoeCinaT maTmierve okupirebuli da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier araRiarebuli kviprosis prezidenti rauf deqTaSi daevropelebTan erTad molaparakebebis magidasTan daesvaT.pirveli konkretuli mtkicebuleba imisa, rom TurqeTiasrulebda erT-erT mTavar rols antiteroristul kampaniaSi,warmoCnda 2001 wlis noemberSi, rodesac TurqeTs sTxovesmievlinebina Tavisi SeiaraRebuli Zalebi usafrTxoebisa daurTierTdaxmarebis organizaciaSi, agreTve ekisrebina am190

Zalebis mTavarsardloba, rodesac britanelebs 2002 wlisaprilSi mmarTvelobis mandati amoewurebodaT [98-179].2002 wlis dasawyisSi realoba mainc Tavisas amtkicebda.15 Tebervals TurqeTma avRaneTis dedaqalaq qabulSi samxedrorazmi miavlina, magram uari ganacxada finansuri garantiebisgareSe SeiaraRebuli Zalebis xelmZRvaneloba sakuTar TavzeaeRo. amerikelma samxedroebma ganacxades, rom iZulebuligaxdebodnen uari eTqvaT daefaraT TurqeTis valebi,iTvaliswinebdnen ra saSiSroebas, rom prezident jorj buSisadministracia ver SeZlebda am Tanxebis kongresis miRmagatarebas. 2002 wlis aprilSi iqmneboda StabeWdileba, romTurqeTis respublika mainc aiRebda mTavarsardlisuflebamosilebebs, magram ara aprilis bolodan, aramedivnisidan.amerikis axalma gegmebma, gaevrcelebina antiteroristulisamxedro kompania avRaneTis farglebs gareT, warmosaxesaxali konturebi ankarasTan strategiuli partniorobisTvalsazrisiT. sadao momentad, rom miRweuliyo uRrublostrategiuli TanamSromloba ankarasa da vaSingtons Soris,warmoiqmna erayis saxelmwifos sakiTxi. TurqeTi, rogorcmogexsenebaT, gansakuTrebiT ewinaaRmdegeboda SeteviTioperaciis Catarebas da gamoTqvamda saSiSroebas, rom es faqtigamoiwvevda misi qveynis SigniT ukmayofilebas, radganSeamcirebda regionalur vaWrobas, agreTve gazrdidaltolvilTa nakads, romelic 1991 wlis erayis omis drosdReSi 15 milioni dolari ujdeboda. agreTve CndebodaankarisaTvis yvelaze mTavari, Cvens mier zemoT aRniSnuli,qurTTa damoukideblobis moTxovnisa da axali problemebisgamwvavebis saSiSroeba [95-76].191

imis gamo rom TurqeTis respublikis ekonomika uSualoddamokidebuli iyo msoflio savaluto fondze, ankarisoficialuri pirebi miiCnevdnen, rom rTuli iqneboda amerikisSeerTebuli StatebisaTvis uaris Tqma, gamoeyenebina maTisamxedro sahaero bazebi, sadam huseinis reJimis dasamxobaderaySi. Turquli xelmZRvanelobis gaTvlebis mixedviT,mxolod isev amerikasTan mWidro TanamSromloba Tu miscemdaankaras SesaZleblobas, misive interesebidan gamomdinare, winaRsdgomoda omis Semdgom eraySi, qurTuli saxelmwifos anraime avtonomiuri erTeulis Camoyalibebas.im periodisaTvis ankaris xelmZRvaneloba realuradgrZnobda safrTxes da xvdeboda, rom maTi qveyana jer kidevar iyo mzad imisaTvis, rom Tavisi damoukidebeli politikisgatareba daewyo, radgan, rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna,centraluri aziis saxelmwifoebTan miuxedavad Tavisikulturuli da eTnikuri siaxlovisa, TurqeTs jer kidev arhqonda didi politikuri wona da ifargleboda mxolodkulturuli sferoTi. asevea igi kavkasiaSic, sadac wamyvanipozicia mainc moskovs ukavia da ara ankaras. CrdiloaRmosavleTiTsiriasTan TurqeTma lamis omi gaaCaRa, immizeziT, rom damasko emxroboda ,,qurTistanis muSaTa partias”da, rogorc viciT, TavSesafari aRmouCina mis liders, abdulaojalans. siriam ankarasTan urTierTobebis gaumjobesebamoaxerxa, mxolod maSin, rodesac qurTTa meaboxe liderigandevna Tavisi qveynidan [90-33]. urTierTobebis dalagebisSemdeg, 2001 wels TurqeTma CrdiloeT siriisaken sarkinigzoxazi gaiyvana, ris Semdegac gamococxlda ormxrivi vaWroba,gaCaRda TanamSromloba mineralebis mopovebaSi da soflismeurneobaSi, magram SemdegSi urTierToba kvlav daiZaba, im192

mizeziT, rom siriis prezidentma baSar al-asadma uariganacxada xeli aeRo TurqeTis provincia haTais moTxovnaze[117], romelic TurqeTma jer kidev 1938 wels SeierTa.aRsaniSnavia isic, rom miuxedavad amerikelebismowodebisa, sxva musulmanuri qveynebi ar miiswrafoden mxaridaeWiraT Turquli politikuri modelisaTvis. realurad esar iyo moulodneli, radgan ankaris politikuri sistema,rogorc mogexsenebaT, dafuZnebuli iyo mustafa qemaliseulideologiaze, romelic axasiaTebs mxolod Turqulsazogadoebas. amitomac aris, rom udidesi samuslimanosamyarodan dRemde evropasTan SeerTebisaTvis mxolodTurqeTis respublika miiswrafis.1999 wels, rac ankara oficialurad gaxda evrosabWoswevrobis kandidati, axal-axali reformebis gatareba misisagareo politikis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda [101-287]. TurqebisumravlesobisaTvis ara mxolod didi xnis ocnebaa misi qveyanaevropis sruluflebiani wevri gaxdes, aramed, maTi azriT,erTaderTi gamosavalia TurqeTis saxelmiwifosa da misiekonomikisaTvis.2001 wlis zafxulze miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTismosaxleoba eWvis TvaliT uyurebda mTavrobis mier dawyebulipolitikuri da ekonomikuri reformebis aucileblobas dayvelaze metad interesdebodnen imiT, rom saboloo jamSiramdenad radikaluri iqnebodnen isini 2001 wlis 11 seqtembrismovlenebis Semdeg, reformebis aucileblobam, CvenTvis ukvekargad cnobili mizezebis gamo, Tavisi mniSvneloba dakargada gare daxmarebebis meSveobiT Zvelma sistemam kvlav SeiZinasicocxlisunarianoba.193

am periodidan mosaxleobis didma nawilma daiwyo fiqriimaze, rom SesaZloa konservatorebi marTlebi iyvnen, rodesacamtkicebdnen, rom mxolod mciredi cvlilebebia saWiro. 2002wlis dasawyisSi ukiduresi nacionalistebi da konservatiulimTavrobis wevrebi ukve Tavazobdnen mejliss amerikisSeerTebul StatebTan partniorobis gaZlierebas,evrosabWosTan alternativis sanacvlod. isini acxadebdnen,rom evrosabWo realurad ar iyo mzad Tavis rigebSi mieRoTurqeTi, magram miuxedavad amisa, mainc moiTxovda ankarisaganCaetarebina qveynisaTvis mtkivneuli Sida reformebi da daeTmokunZuli kviprosi.meores mxriv, amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan partnioroba,maTi azriT, ar moiTxovda aseT mZime msxverpls da amisgareSec SeeZlo gardaeqmna TurqeTi erT-erT Zliersaxelmwifod. ase miiRo ankaram misi xelmZRvanelobis azriT,axali strategiuli mniSvnelobis saerTaSoriso statusi.Tumca es pozitiuri cvlilebebi praqtikaSi umniSvnelodaisaxa da realurad gamoCnda imisaTvis, rom qveyanas moexdinaTavisi udaod didi potencialis realizeba da gamxdariyosxva qveynebisaTvis samagaliTo saxelmwifo, misi politikurisistema, im periodisaTvis kidev ufro Rrma rekonstruqciassaWiroebda.rac Seexeba sagareo politikas centraluri aziisa daamierkavkasiis Turqulenovan saxelmwifoebTan, ankaraspraqtikulad ukonfliqto urTierTobebi aqvs aRniSnulqveynebTan. TurqeTSi Tvlian, rom geopolitikuri situaciaSeicvala sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg da misca Sansiankaras, ganemtkicebina Tavisi gavlena am mimarTulebiT. Cvensmier zemoT naxseneb regionebSi, arsebul saxelmwifoebSi194

Turquli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis modeli mimzidveli gaxda[84-121], TumcaRa unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom dReisaTvis esmiswrafeba TandaTan modidan gamodis.zogierTi amerikeli politologi miiCnevs, rom TurqeTisaRmosavluri orientacia dasavleTis mier aucileblad undaiqnes gamoyenebuli. am politikis Sinaarsi mdebareobsSemdegSi: dasavleTma kvlav unda daayenos da xeli SeuwyospanTurqistuli, gavlenis gavrcelebas Turquli modgmisxalxebze, romlebic cxovroben dawyebuli CineTis provinciasinZianidan, damTavrebuli balkaneTis naxevarkunZuliT [149].aRniSnuliT TurqeTi atarebda Semtev politikas centraluraziaSi, romelic, marTalia, limitirebulad, magram maincfinansdeboda qveynis Sida resursebiT [54-49]. aRniSnulisaqmianobiT ankara pirdapir dapirispirebaSi Sedioda ruseTisfederaciasTan da mis interesebTan Sua aziaze zegavlenisSenarCunebis sakiTxSi.axali Turquli geopolitika metnaklebad mimarTuliasakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebaze samxreTiT ,,axloaRmosavleTze da xmelTaSua zRvis regionze” daaRmosavleTiT ,,kavkasiasa da centralur aziaze”. undaaRiniSnos, rom TurqeTis respublika TandaTanobiT emsgavsebaiseT moTamaSes, romelsac aqvs sakuTari, piradi interesebi,romlebic gansxvavdeba tradiciuli mokavSireebisinteresebisagan, igulisxmeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi daCrdilo atlantikuri aliansis evropuli qveynebi. aseTviTarebaSi TandaTan ufro naTlad Cdeba faqtorebi, romlebicmetyveleben Turquli politikisa da musulmanuri politikisidenturobaze [77-35].195

$ _ 4. axali Turquli geopolitikis rusuliveqtoriTanamedrove TurqeTis geopolitikis ganxilvisasaucilebelia visaubroT ruseT-TurqeTis urTierTobebze. jerkidev gasul saukuneebSi TurqeTis respublikis winapariosmaleTis imperia da Zveli ruseTis saxelmwifo xSiradiWrebodnen erTmaneTis geopolitikur sivrceSi, racTavisTavad saxelmwifoTaSoris sasikvdilo, sabrZolodapirispirebebiT sruldeboda.ruseTs yovelTvis ainteresebda winsvla TbilizRvebisaken, magram rodesac man ukve gaiazra Tavisigeopolitikuri interesebi, iq ukve imyofebodnen Turqebi,romlebic akontrolebdnen bosforisa da dardanelissruteebs, Sesabamisad imis patronebi gamodiodnen, riskenacmiiswrafoda ruseTi. swored es gaxldaT mTavari mizezi imisa,rom am saxelmwifoebs Soris xSirad imarTeboda omebi,romelSic xan erT mxares uwevda ukandaxeva, xan meores.aRniSnuli mdgomareoba gamodga xangZlivi geopolitikuribrZola, ase rom Turqebica da rusebic mieCvivnen erTmaneTissaxelmwifoebSi mtris xatis danaxvas.miuxedavad amisa iyvnen rigi rusi filosofosebi daTeoretikosebi, vinc ganixilavdnen ruseTis politikas daTurqebs ar Tvlidnen absolitur mtrebad. kerZod, cnobilirusi filosofosi k. leontievi, romelic gaxldaT ruseTiskonsuli TurqeTSi meTvramete saukunis dasasruls, yovelTvismomxre iyo ruseTisa da TurqeTis imperiebis solidarobisa damokavSireobisa. igi Tvlida, rom aRniSnul saxelmwifoebs196

urTierTobaSi yovelTvis xels uSlida mesame Zala, didibritaneTis saxiT. (sxvaTaSoris kremlis interesebisgamomxatveli eqspertebis azriT dRes am rols, demokratiasamofarebuli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi TamaSobs). igiambobda, ,,dasavleTs surs moaxdinos ganxeTqileba oritradiciuli eris, or tradiciul imperias Soris, es imperiebiki ufro axloa erTmaneTisTvis, vidre dasavleTis qveynebiTavisi Crdiloevropuli kulturiT” [42-82]. swored amitom k.leontievi Tavazobda orive mxares aliansis Sekvras,winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi maT dacemas winaswarmetyvelebda,rac, rogorc mogexsenebaT, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi oriveimperias auxda.axalma Turqulma nacionalurma saxelmwifom TavisixelmZRvanelis, mustafa qemal aTaTurqis meSveobiT SeZlo dadaumegobrda sabWoTa kavSirs, romlisganac ramdenimejerseriozuli daxmareba miiRo iaraRisa da fulis saxiT, racwarmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli, qveynidan ucxoel interventTadamarcxebisa da gandevnisaTvis. aTaTurqi sicocxlis bolomdemomxre iyo ruseTTan dadebiTi urTierTobisa, radgan Tvlida,rom evraziul saxelmwifoebs ganviTarebisa dagaZlierebisaTvis aucileblad mWidro urTierTkavSiriesaWiroebodaT [75-399].meore msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg urTierTobaTurqeTsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris kvlav garTulda,radganac Turqebma Tavdapirvelad, farulad, magram mainc,,RerZis saxelmwifoebis” mxare daikaves, rac gaxda mizezi i.stalinis ganawyenebisa da rom ara amerikis SeeTebuliStatebi da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba, aucilebladdaiwyeboda morigi omi rusebsa da Turqebs Soris. swored am197

dapirispirebis Sedegad moxda ise, rom TurqeTma gezidasavleTisaken aiRo da gaxda Crdilo atlantikuri aliansiswevri, rasac saqarTvelos dRevandeli sagareo politikidangamomdinare CvenTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs.meoce saukunis bolosa da ocdameerTe saukunisdasawyisSi ruseTisa da TurqeTis daaxloeba saerTaSorisopolitikur scenaze erT-erT mniSvnelovan da sainteresorealias warmoadgens. am procesma starti jer kidev sabWoTakavSirisa da axali TurqeTis SeqmnisTanave aiRo, magramstalinis dros, rogorc aRvniSneT, urTierTobebi sakmaodgacivda da daiZaba, ,,civi omis” dasrulebisa da sabWoTakavSiris daSlis Semdeg, 90-iani wlebidan or qveyanas SorisurTierTobebis gaRrmavebam, starti Tavidan aiRo, rac dRemdegrZeldeba da TandaTan sul ufro met siRrmes da aqtualobasiZens [61-38].pirvel etapze daaxloebis procesi TurqeTisrespublikasa da ruseTis federacias Soris savaWrourTierTobebSi gamovlinda. dabali saeqsporto RirebulebiswyalobiT TurqeTma SeZlo Tavisi savaWro niSa daekavebinasabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad ekonomiurad dasustebulrusul, teritoriul sivrceSi.aRsaniSnavia, rom dReisaTvis ukve ruseTi TurqeTis erTerTiyvelaze didi ekonomikuri partnioria. mimdinare etapzeTurqeT-ruseTs Soris savaWro tvirTbrunva weliwadSidaaxloebiT 9-10 mlrd aSS dolars Seadgens da TurqeTismxare aRniSnuli maCvenebelis kidev ufro gazrdas gegmavs[159].198

ac Seexeba TurqTa erT-erTi mTavari Semosavlis wyarosturizms, mxolod gasul wels TurqeTis respublikasdaaxloebiT sami milioni rusi turisti stumrobda.ganviTarebuli savaWro urTierTobebidan ori qveyanasakmaod male ufro seriozuli politikuri mniSvnelobismqone TanamSromlobaze gadavida. 1997 wels xeli moewera e. w.,,cisferi nakadis” proeqts. xelmoweridan 4 wlis SemdegacTurqeTma ruseTidan bunebrivi airi, ukve Savi zRvis gavliTpirdapiri xaziT miiRo. proeqtis siZvirisa da saeWvoekonomikuri mizanSewonilobis miuxedavad, ruseTi maincaqtiurad Seudga mis ganxorcielebas, radgan pirvel rigSi igipolitikuri da strategiuli mosazrebebiT xelmZRvanelobda.aq aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom ,,cisferi nakadis”swrafma winsvlam kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena baqo-Tbilisierzerumisgazsadenis mSenebloba da misi realizaciaramdenime wliT gadado.zemoT aRniSnuli `cisferi nakadi~ TurqeT-ruseTs Sorisekonomikuri TanamSromlobis sakiTxSi dResac urTierTobebisZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. 2004 wlidan am proeqtiTankaras ukve miewodeba 4 mlrd kuburi metri bunebrivi airi,aRsaniSnavia, rom igi manamde `cisferi nakadiT~ mxolod 1.1mlrd kubur metr airs iRebda [90-88].mxareebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben saerTaSorisoterorizmTan brZolaSi TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebas. am mxriv2003 wels q. moskovSi TurqeT-ruseTis umaRlesi doniserToblivi samuSao jgufis Sekrebisas miRweul iqnaSeTanxmeba saerTaSoriso terorizmTan brZolaSiTanamSromlobis gaRrmavebisTvis ori qveynis sagareo saqmeTasaministroebs Soris konsultaciebis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb.199

jgufis muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRes TurqeTisa da ruseTissagareo saqmeTa ministrebis moadgileebma ali Tuiganma daaleqsandre saltanovma. ministrebis moadgileebis Sexvedrisasganxilul iqna eraySi Seqmnili situacia axlo aRmosavleTSiarsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebisa da sxva regionalurisakiTxebis gadaWris gzebi. aRniSnul Sexvedraze aseveganixiles saerTaSoriso da regionaluri problemebi. mxareebiSeTanxmdnen, rom or qveyanas Soris urTierTobisgaiolebisaTvis kvlav gagrZeldeba muSaoba saxelSekrulebosamarTlebrivibazis srulyofisaTvis. jgufis muSaobisfarglebSi Sedga amierkavkasiis qvejgufis Sexvedrac,romelzec ganixiles regionSi stabilurobis SenarCunebisa daarsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebis sakiTxebi.2003 wlisaTvis TurqeT-ruseTis urTierTobebSiaRsaniSnavia ruseTis federaciis pleseckis kosmodromidan 27seqtembers rusuli raketiT orbitaze Turquli Tanamgzavris`bilsaT-1~-is gayvana, romlis daniSnulebac bunebrivikatastrofebis Sedegad gamowveuli zaralis aRricxva daqalaqmSeneblobis daproeqtebisaTvis saWiro aerosuraTebismowodebaa.politikuri urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba samxedrostrategiul sakiTxebzec aisaxa. 2006 wlis martSiTvalSisacemi gaxda ruseTisa da TurqeTis interesTaTanxvedra Savi zRvis akvatoriasTan dakavSirebiT. TurqeTmaCrdilo atlantikur alianss, Savi zRvis akvatoriaSi,antiteroristuli sazRvao operaciis, ,,Operation Ative Endeavor”(,,operacia aqtiuri RonisZieba”) Catarebis ufleba ar misca.Turqulma mxarem ganacxada, rom Savi zRvis qveynebis sazRvaoflotebs msgavsi formatis operaciebis ganxorcieleba200

sakuTari ZalebiTac SeeZloT [63_157]. aRniSnul poziciasrogorc mosalodneli iyo, aqtiurad dauWira mxari ruseTisfederaciam.ukve mogvianebiT, 2006 wlis dekemberSi, ruseTioficialurad SeuerTda TurqeTis mier inicirebul proeqtssaxelwodebiT ,,Bleck Sea Harmony” (,,Savi zRvis harmonia").aRniSnuli iniciativa ,,Operation Ative Endeavor”-is formatisanalogia iyo, Tumca im gansxvavebiT, rom ,,Bleck Sea Harmony”-smonawileebi ara zogadad natos-s wevri saxelmwifoebi damaTi partniorebi, aramed mxolod Savi zRvis akvatoriisqveynebi iyvnen [63-184], sadac wamyvani roli ukve sworedTurqeTsa da garkveulwilad ruseTs hqondaT.ruseT-TurqeTis morigi politikuri siaxlovis mowmenikidev erTxel gavxdiT 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omisdrosac, miuxedavd imisa rom omis dawyebidanve TurqeTisrespublika gvexmareboda, rogorc humanitaruli daxmarebebiT,ise politikuri gancxadebebiTac, magram paralelurad 2008wlis 11 agvistos TurqeTis premier-ministrma sazogadoebasaxali iniciativa gaacno, romelic ,,kavkasiis stabilurobisada TanamSromlobis platformis” saxiT mogvevlina [143].iniciativis ZiriTad amocanas regionSi stabilurobis,usafrTxoebisa da erTmaneTis saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobisuzrunvelyofa warmoadgenda. rogorc erdoRanma aRniSna, esiniciativa ukve SeTanxmebuli iyo ruseTis federaciis pirvelpirebTan. ,,platforma” usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobismisaRwevad mxolod kavkasiis regionis qveynebis gaerTianebasgulisxmobda, rac mianiSnebda regionidan sxva garemoTamaSeebis gamoTiSvas. am moTamaSeebSi ki pirvel rigSi201

TurqeTis Zveli samxedro partniori da saqarTvelosstrategiuli mokavSire aSS da evrokavSiri moiazrebian.erdoRanis es dokumenti pirveli Turquli iniciativa araris, romelic regionis stabilurobisa da usafrTxoebisaTvisSeiqmna. ,,kavkasiis stabilurobisa da TanamSromlobisplatformas” win TurqeTis yofili prezidentis, suleimandemirelis mier 2000 wels gaJRerebuli ,,kavkasiisstabilurobis paqti” uswrebda. am ori radikaluradgansxvavebuli dokumentis zedapiruli analizic ki naTladgviCvenebs TurqeTis sagareo politikuri kursis mniSvnelovancvlilebebs, Tumca CvenTvis jerjerobiT ucnobia amas ankarapartniorebTan SeTanxmebiT akeTebs, Tu piradi iniciativiT.rusuli politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebi didiinteresiT akvirdebian Tavisi istoriuli mtris politikurnabijebs da TviTonac maqsimalurad cdiloben daaintereson,rogorc TanamSromlobaSi, aseve xeli Seuwyon rimlandidanhartlandisken SemobrunebaSi da sabolood Tavis mxarezegadaibiron igi. cnobili rusi geopolitikosi da putinisaxlo megobari aleqsadr dugini sajarod uxdis bodiSebsTurq xalxs, rom 90-ian wlebSi gamocemul wignSi,,geopolitikis safuZvlebi”, isini ruseTis mtrad gamohyavs.Cvens mier zemoT naxsenebi TurqeTis respublikisprezident suleiman demirelis iniciativa euTos egidiT undaganxorcielebuliyo. is kavkasiis regionis stabilurobisa dausafrTxoebis saqmeSi yvela dainteresebul mxares RiadepatiJeboda [91_419]. erT-erT mTavar moTamaSeebad ki, pirvelrigSi SeerTebuli Statebi da evrokavSiri moiazrebodnen.,,stabilurobis paqts” sajarod swored SeeTebuli Statebilobirebda. savaraudod, swored aRniSnuli ,,paqtis” mimarT202

useTis negatiuri damokidebulebac amerikis monawileobisgamo arsebobda.rac Seexeba erdoRanis ,,platformas”, rva wlis SemdegkavkasiaSi stabilurobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisgzebis Turquli xedva radikalurad Secvlilia [143].savaraudod, am koncefciis mTavari mizani, regionSi TurqeTisada ruseTis hegemoniis rolis arapirdapiri deklarirebaa.radgan demirelis iniciativisagan gansxvavebiT erdoRanisproeqtSi wamyvan Zalad ar moiazreba dasavleTis arc erTilideri da aralideri saxelmwifo, an maTi TaosnobiTSeqmnili raime organizacia. ,,platformis” Tanaxmad, kavkasiisbedi regionis xuTma saxelmwifom unda gadawyvitos: TurqeTma,ruseTma, saqarTvelom, azerbaijanma da somxeTma. gasagebia,rom bolo sami qveynis pozicia pirveli oris siZlierisfonze, did rols ver iTamaSebs da aseTi formatis saqmianobaZiriTadad TurqeTisa da ruseTis nebiT iqneba nakarnaxevi da,Sesabamisad, regionis momavali imaze unda iyos damokidebuli,Tu raze moilaparakebs erTmaneTSi es ori saxelmwifo.kavkasiis regionSi dominireba orive qveynis tradiciulgeostrategiul amocanas warmoadgens. am sakiTxSies saxelmwifoebi, istoriulad, erTmaneTs xSiradupirispirdebodnen, Tumca maT Soris garigebebsac hqondaadgili [42_269]. axali realiebis analizi aCvenebs, rom amSemTxvevaSi swored garigebasTan gvaqvs saqme. Tumca dRes esori saxelmwifo axal kavkasiur TamaSSi gansxvavebulimdgomareobiT erTveba.ruseTi mimdinare periodisaTvis ibrZvis kavkasiisregionSi mopovebuli upiratesobis SenarCunebisaTvis. amavedros igi cdilobs gaumklavdes iseT mniSvnelovan203

problemebs, rogoricaa: finansuri krizisi, teritoriulimTlianobis SenarCuneba, mZime demografiuli viTareba, rTuliganmanTavisuflebeli da klanuri brZolebis SekavebaCrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, Zalismieri sagareo politikis gamorTuli urTierToba mezoblebTan da msoflio saerTaSorisosazogadoebasTan, problemebi samxedro sferoSi, separatizmismxardaWera da mis mierve gaCeneli ,,Savi xvrelebis”TviTaRiarebuli afxazeTisa da samaCablos (samxreT oseTis)finansuri mxardaWera, romelic federaciis ekonomikissistemas kidev ufro rTul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs.rac Seexeba TurqeTs, man usafrTxoebis mTavari problema,sabWoTa da rusuli muqaris safrTxidan gamomdinare, Tavisdroze amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis daxmarebiTa da 1952wels Crdilo atlantikur aliansSi gawevrianebiT moagvara.dRes ukve mas analogiuri safrTxe aRar emuqreba. saSiSroebaeTnikuri separatizmis mxridanac praqtikulad daZleulia.erTaderT problemas misTvis am kuTxiTYqurTistanis sakiTxiwarmoadgens, Tumca am problemis Sesaxeb zemoT vrcladvisaubreT, saidanac naTlad Cans, rom misi seriozulobismiuxedavad qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvisgansakuTrebul safrTxes igi dRes ukve aRar warmoadgens.bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze TurqeTma seriozulwarmatebas miaRwia ekonomikuri aRmavlobis gzaze. dResmsoflio finansuri krizisis periodSi respublikis mTavaramocanas ekonomikis stabilurobis da ganviTarebis dinamikisSenarCuneba warmoadgens.Sav zRvaze da kavkasiis regionSi TurqeTisa da ruseTistradiciuli dapirispirebis miuxedavad, dRes swored aqikveTeba maTi interesebis erTgvari daaxloeba [63_106]. am204

SemTxvevaSi imis gadaWriT mtkiceba, rom es daaxloebataqtikur, an strategiul xasiaTs atarebs, jer kidev Zaliannaadrevia. amas ganapirobebs is, Tu rogor ganviTardebasituacia msoflioSi, regionsa da Tavad Cvens mier aRniSnulqveynebSi. jerjerobiT ki ruseTis federaciis mizania SavizRvis akvatoriasa da kavkasiis regionidan sxva moTamaSeebisgamoTiSva, xolo TurqeTi, rogorc Cans, an eTanxmeba ruseTisam politikas, an kidev am faqtis amerikis SeerTebulStatebisa da evropis dasaSantaJeblad da misi sakuTariqveynis interesebis gamoyenebisaTvis amzadebs.miuxedavad yvelafrisa, politikaSi mainc arsebobsalbaToba imisa, rom ruseTi da TurqeTi dasavleTismimarTulebiT sinqronuli politikis gatarebaze SeTanxmdnen.roca TurqeTs dRes ukve sabWoTa safrTxe aRar emuqreba,xolo misi evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis sakiTxi gaurkvevelivadiT aris gadadebuli, savsebiT SesaZlebelia am orisaxelmwifos strategiuli daaxloeba.amasTanave, SesaZlebelia, rom ankara Seecdeba evropasmisi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb kidev erTxel Seaxsenos. evropisgazmomaragebis diversifikaciis TvalsazrisiT TurqeTi erTerTimniSvnelovani qveyanaa. aqedan gamomdinare misievrokavSirSi gawevrianeba evropisaTvis strategiulimniSvnelobis sakiTxs unda warmoadgendes. winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi ar aris gamoricxuli, rom TurqeTis respublikamda ruseTis federaciam, gazmomaragebis Temaze dayrdnobiT,evropis mimarTulebiT erTiani TamaSi awarmoon damniSvnelovan warmatebebsac miaRwion [159].am mosazrebis gasamyareblad SeiZleba gamoviyenoTTurqeTis respublikis yoymani ,,nabukos” proeqtTan205

mimarTebaSi, romelic man politikuri vaWrobis sagnad aqcia.cxadia, ankaris yovel aseT pozicias ruseTis federaciaSididi sixaruliTa da enTuziazmiT xvdebian.Tumca dReisaTvis TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri a.daviToRlu, rodesac mas ekiTxebian, Tu sad xedavs TurqeTismomavals 10 wlis Semdeg, Tamamad pasuxobs: ,,me vxedav qveyanas,romelmac SeZlo ekonomikuri integraciis dawyeba da TavismezoblebTan myari urTierTobebis damyareba. qveyanas,romelmac SeZlo gamxdariyo evrokavSiris wevri. me vxedavqveyanas, romelic qmediT rols TamaSobs natos farglebSi,aseve sakvanZo moTamaSea ara mxolod usafrTxoebissakiTxebSi, aramed ekonomikur organizaciebSi, iseTebSi,rogoricaa ,,didi oceuli”. vfiqrob, 2023 wlisaTvis ammiznebis miRweva Tavisuflad SeiZleba. am dros TurqeTisrespublika Tavisi arsebobis asi wlisTavs aRniSnavs da es 14wlis Semdeg iqneba” [113].aRsaniSnavia, rom TurqeTsa da ruseTs Soris disonansispotencialic sakmao doziT arsebobs, radgan kavkasiisurTules regionSi orive saxelmwofo kvlav tradiciulmetoqeebad rCebian [155]. ruseTis federaciaSi uaryofiTadaRiqmeba misi gverdis avliT ganxorcielebuli yvela proeqti,maT Soris ukve Semdgari energetikuli proeqtebi,gansakuTrebiT ki baqo_Tbilisi_jeihanis navTobsadeni dabaqo_Tbilisi_erzerumis gazsadeni. ruseTi, Tu amisSesaZlebloba eqneba, yovelTvis Seecdeba, msgavsi tipisproeqtebs xeli SeuSalos, radgan es kremls pirdapir uSlisxels misive geopolitikuri miznebis ganxorcielebaSi, ankaraski piriqiT swored aRniSnuli proeqtebis ganxorcieleba206

moupovebs Zlier berketebs, rogorc regionSi, ise evropasTanmimarTebaSi [37-330].savaraudod, ori qveynis urTierTobebze, rogorc jerkidev 90-ian wlebis dasawyisSi, kvlav uaryofiT gavlenasaxdens Turanizmi anu igive panTurqizmi. dRes es realobagansakuTrebulad mtkivneulia ruseTisaTvis TurqeTSimcxovrebi Crdilo-kavkasiuri diasporis aqtiuri politikurifaqtorisa da centraluraziaSi mcxovrebi Turqulenovanixalxis gamo.winaaRmdegobis potencialis Semcvelia ekonomikurifaqtoric. magaliTisaTvis, dabali saeqsporto RirebulebiswyalobiT Turquli produqti ukve wlebia konkurencias uwevsrusul produqts iseT bazrebze, rogoricaa ukraina da TavadruseTi. Tumca, rogorc ekonomikuri eqspertebi aRniSnaven,ruseTi finansuri krizisisa da geostrategiuli miznebis gamo,iZulebulia, Tvali daxuWos da Semagebebeli qmedebebi arganaxorcielos, rac ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtorebiT:finansuri krizisis dros ruseTis federacias esaWiroebastabiluri momwodebeli; CineTis ekonomikur aqtivobasruseTis federaciaSi isev TurqeTis aqtivobas amjobineben[140].amave dros, ruseTisa da TurqeTis daaxloebisaTvisnayofier niadags SesaZloa, am qveynebSi arsebuli mzardiantiamerikuli sazogadoebrivi ganwyobac qmnides, iseverogorc is sirTuleebi, romlebic maT gaaCniaTsaxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTobebSi amerikis SeerTebulStatebTan.,,anti-amerikanizmi” Turqul sazogadoebaSi 2005 wlis ,,bibi-sis”gamokiTxviT piks aRwevda. es tendencia amerikis mier207

qurTebis mimarT loialuri, mxardamWeri politikisa dakunZul kviprosis sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli poziciis gamo,dResac SenarCunebulia [82-186]. rac Seexeba mmarTvel wreebs,maT Sorisac politikuri urTierTobebi dRes iseTi uRrubloaRar aris, rogoric es adre iyo. am realobebma, rogorcmogexsenebaT, mkafio gamoxatuleba hpova, maSin rocaTurqulma mxarem amerikel da mis mokavSire samxedroebseraySi Sesasvlelad sabrZolo derefani ar misca.rusuli sazogadoebis antiamerikanizmi ki dRes albaTkidev ufro Zlieria, vidre es ,,civi omis” dros iyo. racSeexeba saxelmwifo donis urTierTobebs, ruseTsa da amerikisSeerTebul Statebs Soris, sxvadasxva Rirebulebebis gamo,urTierTobebis problemuri xasiaTi sayovelTaod cnobilia[53-16].unda vivaraudoT, rom ruseT-TurqeTis daaxloebisprocesze uaryofiT gavlenas iqoniebs globaluri finansurikrizisi. ar aris gamoricxuli, krizisis gaRrmavebisSemTxvevaSi orive saxelmwifos dasWirdes saerTaSorisofinansuri institutebisa da wamyvani dasavlurisaxelmwifoebis seriozuli daxmareba. es ki orivesaxelmwifos aiZulebs, amerikisa da evrokavSiris interesebisgaTvaliswinebiT, TavianT politikaSi koreqtivebi Seitanon.(aRsaniSnavia, rom dRevandel periodSi, marTalia,metnaklebad, magram mainc, amerikis SeerTebul StatebsSeuZlia finansuri krizisiT, SeZlos ama Tu im qveynisdaSantaJeba)Tavis mxriv, evrokavSirs mouwevs izrunos TurqeTismomavali politikuri orientaciis bedze. umjobesi iqneba TuTurqeTis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis survils saTanado208

yuradReba daeTmoba. TurqeTis dasavleTTan integraciisgaRrmavebis procesSi mniSvnelovani rolis SesrulebaSeerTebul Statebsac mouwevs, radgan is unda iyos mTavariZala, romelic dRes daarwmunebs evropas, rom TurqeTisstrategiuli mokavSireoba aucilebeli gaxlavT dasavluri,demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis.amrigad, dasavleTisaTvis progresuli ZalebisaTvisaucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom wavida is dro,rodesac TurqeTisaTvis evrokavSiri ,,erTaderT sasurvelsaqmrod iyo miCneuli” [101-241]. mimdinare periodSi AankaragaxlavT energetikulad damSeul evropasa daenergoresursebiT mdidar centralur azias, axloaRmosavleTsa da ruseTs Soris. es qveynebi kargi myidvelebiarian da isini TurqeTis samrewvelo produqcias didiraodenobiT iZenen, rac mTavari pirobaa, isini dRes ukve mzadarian sarfiani ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisaTvis.TurqeTis respublikas evrokavSiri dReisaTvis sul ufroda ufro naklebad sWirdeba, radgan mas ukve aqvs sabaJokavSiri evropelebTan da bevrma Turqulma kompaniam ase Tuise miiRo is gasaRebis bazari, rac mas evrokavSiriswevrobidan sWirdeboda. dReisaTvis milionobiT Turqmaglexma icis, rom evrokavSiris sasoflo-sameurneo politikamaT uqmad yofnis saSualebas ar miscems, iseve, rogorc erTdros ganebivrebul frang fermerebs.oficialurad TurqeTis respublikis yvela Zlieripartia da politikuri Zala mxars uWers qveynis evrokavSirSiSesvlis ideas. isini ar uxveven didi xnis win Mmustafaqemalis mier datovebul anderZs da Tvlian, rom TurqeTievropis gagrZelebaa, magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ankaraSi209

sxva alternativebsac ganixilaven da ruseTidan saparseTisyuremde geopolitikur naxevarwreSi arsebul axalklientebTanac urTierToben [51-83].yovelive zomoTqmulis miuxedavad, briuseli kvlavganagrZobs TurqeTis, rogorc mudmivi jildos gareSedarCenili mTxovnelis aRqmas. evrokratebs unda axsovdeT, romqorwinebisaTvis oris Tanxmobaa saWiro, xolo gayrisTviserTis survilic sakmarisia [168]. Tuki ankara uars ganacxadebsnaxevarsaukunovan arSiyobaze, maSin ukve sabolood Crdiloatlantikuri aliansic wagebuli darCeba.maSasadame, TurqeTis respublikis evrokavSiris miRmadarCenis SemTxvevaSi, viTareba SesaZloa, sakmaodarasaxarbielo scenarebiT ganviTardes, saerTaSorisosazogadoebisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT samxreT kavkasiisregionSi myofi sami patara saxelmwifosaTvis, romelTaganmTeli rigi mizezebis gamo, yvelaze rTul dReSi Cveni qveyana,saqarTvelo aRmoCndeba [112].rogorc aRvniSneT, aseT SemTxvevaSi TurqeTi da ruseTiSeecdebian SeerTebuli Statebis kavkasiis regionidangamodevnas. Tu maT es moaxerxes, maSin, samwuxarod, arsebobsmovlenebis ganviTarebis Semdegi variantebi: adviliSesaZlebelia, rom mas Semdeg, rac isini kavkasiaSi sxva didimoTamaSeebis gareSe marto darCebian da am rols TviTonSeiTviseben, SeiZleba maSinve daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs, raTasaboolood gaarkvion kavkasiur arenaze gamarjvebulisvinaoba; SeiZleba yvelaferi konsesusamde mivides da moxdesruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris urTierTobebis sabooloodmogvareba, molaparakebebis Sedegad kavkasiaSi gavlenissferoebis mkafio gadanawileba da axali ,,gamyofi xazebis”210

gavleba. miTumetes gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am ukanasknelivariantis istoriuli analogi arsebobs.gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi, im periodisaTvis axladSeqmnilma sabWoTa kavSirma da osmaleTis saxelmwifom SeZles,moenaxaT saerTo ena da samreT kavkasia gadaenawilebinaT. esyvelaferi gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans yarsis xelSekrulebaSi, ♣romelic oficialurad gaxldaT samSvidobo xelSekrulebaTurqeTsa da amierkavkasiis respublikebis sabWoTa mTavrobebsSoris, realurad ki es SeTanxmeba Turqebma ara mezobelrespublikebTan, aramed uSualod kremlTan dades. aRniSnulxelSekrulebas xeli moewera 1921 wlis 13 oqtombers [29-406].xolo ratificirebul iqna 1922 wlis 11 seqtembers erevanSi.aRniSnuli SeTanxmebiT TurqeTma aWaris nawili, qalaqi baTumida q. giumri sabWoTa kavSirs gadasca, xolo nacvlad amisa, v.leninis damsaxurebiT, mis mflobelobaSi gadavida ZirZveliqarTuli miwebi yarsis, arTvinisa da artaanis saxiT.amasTanave, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sayovelTaod cnobilia,rom TurqeTis ganmanTavisuflebeli omis dros, mustafaqemali da misi TanamebrZolebi sabWoTa kavSirisaganseriozul daxmarebebs Rebulobdnen.amrigad, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, kavkasiis regionSi aseTitendenciebis gabatoneba ar unda Sediodes evrokavSirisa dazogadad dasavleTis, zRvis saxelmwifoebis interesebSi.aqedan gamomdinare, TurqeTis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaprincipul sakiTxs iZens. evropam unda ifiqros, ra ufroxelsayrelia misTvis, TurqeTis evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba(yvela siZneleebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac mas abrkolebs) Tu♣yarsis samSvidobo xelSekrulebas xeli moewera yarsSi 1921 wlis 13oqtombers xolo ratificirebuli iqna 1922 wlis 11 seqtembers erevanSi.211

usul-Turqili energetikuli aliansi? vfiqrobT, amviTarebaSi TurqeTis wevroba Crdilo atlantikur aliansSi,dasavleTisTvis myar garantiad albaT ver CaiTvleba, vinaidandapirispirebis frontma, rogorc amas evropaSic aRiarebenpotenciuri brZolis velebidan ocdameerTe saukunisaTvismilsadenebze gadainacvla [140].212

$ _ 5. Turquli geopolitikis samxreT kavkasiurimimarTulebasabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg TurqeTis respublikiserT-erTi mTavari mizani gaxlavT samxreT kavkasiis regionSilideris rolis mopoveba da Tavisi gavlenis gazrda. rodesacaRniSnuli regionis samma saxelmwifom (saqarTvelo,azerbaijani, somxeTi) moipova Tavisufleba, ankaram qveynisaxali sagareo-politikuri doqtrinis Tanaxmad, dauyoneblivaRiara maTi damoukidebloba, riTac Riad dauWira mxaridasavleTis, kerZod, amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisisTebliSmentisa ♣ da Crdiloatlantikuri aliansisxelSekrulebis e. w. ,,gafarToebis koncefcias” [155]. amasTanave,aucilebelia xazi gaesvas, rom ukanasknelis mier xsenebuliqveynebis suverenitetis aRiarebis procesSi adgili ar hqoniaaraviTar diskriminaciul politikas, maT Soris TviTsomxeTTan mimarTebaSi.,,civi omis” dasrulebamde TurqeTis respublika kargadarTmevda Tavs Crdilo atlantikuri aliansis davalebassabWoTa kavSirTan mimarTebaSi, bipolaruli samyarosdapirispirebis periodSi igi warmatebiT asrulebda Sekavebisrgolis ZiriTadi bastionis funqcias da araferia sakvirveliimaSi, rom man da dasavleTis strategebma samxreT kavkasiisaTu centraluri aziis regionis qveynebis suverenitetisaRiarebiT, praqtikulad gaafarToves TavianTi geopolitikurizegavlenis sfero, xolo ,,velikoderJavul” ruseTs kimaqsimalurad Seumcires eqspansiuri zraxvebis ganxorcielebis♣isTebleSmenti – (ingl) aSS-sa da did britaneTSi sazogadoebis mmarTveli,privilegirebuli jgufebi: xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis mTeli sistema.213

areali, ara mxolod samxreT kavkasiis, aramed centraluriaziisa da balkaneTis geopolitikur sivrceSic.sawyis etapze, 1991-1994 wlebSi, oficialuri ankaraZalRones ar iSurebda, raTa Seeqmna samxreT kavkasiissaxelmwifoebTan ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobisganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, maqsimalurad xelsayreliniadagi. man saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa dasomxeTis damoukideblobis aRiarebisTanave daamyaramaTTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebi da oficialuriwarmomadgenlobebi gaxsna am qveynebSi. miuxedavad amisa,dRemde somxeTTan arsebul civ urTierTobebs mravalianalitikosi afasebs, rogorc TurqeTis sagareo-politikurikursis fiaskos [139].aRniSnuli nabijebis Semdeg, TurqeTis xelmZRvanelobismier dRis wesrigSi daisva regionaluri integraciisa daTanamSromlobisaken mimarTuli mravali iniciativa, maT Sorisyvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens prezident TurguTozalis idea ,,Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisorganizaciis” (BSEC) formirebis Sesaxeb.Aam organizaciis Seqmnis Semdeg, kidev erTi didimniSvnelovani movlena gaxldaT TurqeTis respublikis IXprezidentis, suleiman demirelis mier, Cvens mier ukve zemoTnaxsenebi, regionaluri usafrTxoebis uzruvlyofis mizniT,,kavkasiis stabilurobis paqtis” ganxorcielebis idea,romelic kvlavac, jer kidev inarCunebs sakmaod aqtualurxasiaTs.TurqeTis respublikis samxedro da politikuri elitismier samxreT kaavkasiis qveynebTan mimarTebaSi gadagmulesoden mniSvnelovan nabijebs, wminda savaWro-ekonomikuri214

Sinaarsis RonisZiebebi mohyva, kerZod, aviakompania ,,TurqeTisaviaxazebma” stambolisa da ankaris meSveobiT daakavSiraTbilisi da baqo dasavleT_evropuli sivrcis qveynebTan daaqtiurad Seudga ekonomikur saqmianobas zogadad aRniSnuliregionis qveynebSi.amis Semdeg TurqeTis xelisuflebis ekonomikuridatvirTvis mqone morig iniciativas, romelic agreTvemimarTuli iyo ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebisaken,warmoadgenda samxreT kavkasiis, centraluri aziisa dabalkaneTis regionSi ,,TurqeTis TanamSromlobisa daganviTarebis saagentos” (TIKA) daarseba, romlis meSveobiTacTurqeTma faqtiurad gza gauxsna Turq biznesmenebsa da kerZoseqtoris warmomadgenlebs post-sabWour sivrceSi mcire damsxvili investiciebis gansaxorcieleblad.TIKA-s warmomadgenloba SeZlebisdagvarad xels uwyobdaama Tu im qveynis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebelxelisuflebas centralizebuli gegmiuri ekonomikidan,Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval, metad mtkivneuliprocesis daZlevaSi, amasTanave man safuZveli Cauyara mravaliekonomikuri xasiaTis proeqtebis ganxorcielebas. (mag.:imereTis mxaris social-ekonomikuri aRorZineba, 2008 wlisagvistos omis Semdeg ltolvilebisaTvis asi sacxovrebelisaxlis aSeneba, centraluri aziisa da balkaneTis qveynebSiZveli istoriuli Zeglebis aRdgena da a.S.).miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba xazi ar gaesvas im arsebiTgaremoebas, rom 1991-1994 wlebSi TurqeTi praqtikulad martoaRmoCnda xsenebul regionSi mitovebuli Tavisi tradiciulimokavSireebis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis mier,romelTac im droisaTvis faqtiurad ar hqondaT mkveTrad215

gansazRvruli samxreT kavkasiuri politika, rac, raRa Tqmaunda, ufro aZnelebda dasaxuli amocanebisa da miznebissrulfasovan ganxorcielebas. evroatlantikuri qveynebismsgavsi ususurobiT, rogorc mogexsenebaT, brwyinvaledisargebla sabWoTa kavSiris samarTalmemkvidre ruseTisfederaciam, romelic am drois manZilze Seudga e. w. ,,resovetizaciis”etapobrivi gegmis ganxorcielebas, rac,saboloo jamSi, kidec ,,damoukidebel saxelmwifoTaTanamegobrobis” formirebiT dasrulda.did yuradRebas imsaxurebs 1993 wlis agvistos TveSiruseTis federaciis mier axali militaristuli doqtrinisada e. w. ,,axlo sazRvargareTis” koncefciis gamocxadebisfaqti, romelmac praqtikulad gamoaRviZa dasavleTi. ruseTisam geopolitikuri nabijis Sedegad, mravali prioriteti iqnagadaxalisebuli evrokavSiris qveynebis sagareo-politikurdamokidebulebaSi samxreT kavkasiisa da centraluri aziisregionebTan mimarTebaSi. evropasTan erTad SeicvalaaRniSnuli problematikisadmi TviT amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis politikuri elitis midgomac.dasavleTma da aliansma drois mcire monakveTSigaiTavisa, rom ,,Crdiloatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWo”(NACC) aRmoCnda araqmediTunariani aRniSnul qveynebTanormxrivi da mravalmxrivi urTierTobebis ganviTarebisTvalsazrisiT. aqedan gamomdinare, evropuli geopolitikuriskolebisa da institutebis warmomadgenlebi 1994 welsdadgnen ,,partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” (Partnership for Peace)koncefciis praqtikaSi danergvis aucileblobis winaSe da,,Crdiloatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWos SemadgenlobaSi”Semavalma qveynebma daiwyes PFP-s xelSekrulebis xelmoweris216

procedura NATO-sTan erTad [141]. amas ki, ra Tqma unda,samxreT kavkasiis regionSi aRmocenebuli konfliqtebis(samaCablo, afxazeTi, mTiani yarabaRi) erTian potenciuradsaSiS keraSi konsolidacia-gaerTianeba mohyva, ris SemdegadacTanamedrove evropa dadga maTi daregulirebis aucileblobiswinaSe.paralelurad, TurqeTis respublikis xelmZRvaneloba1994 wlidan iwyebs aqtiur muSaobas aRniSnul regionebTanufro metad daaxloebisa da dakavSirebisaTvis. am mizniTmaqsimalurad mokle droSi SemuSavebul iqna samxreTkavkasiisa da centraluri aziis regionis qveynebTan mimdinareTanamSromlobis ganviTareba-gafarToebisaken mimarTulimkveTrad gansazRvruli sagareo-politikuri prioritetebissistema, romelic, Tavis mxriv, dRemde emyareba sam ZiriTadprincips: 1. politikuri dialogis gafarToeba; 2. ekonomikuriTanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba; 3. dialogi usafrTxoebissakiTxebSi [135].pirveli principis mixedviT aRniSnul periodSi ankarismier am regionTan mimarTebaSi warmoebuli sagareopolitikuriveqtori umTavresad emyareboda umaRlesi donisormxrivi vizitebisa da konsultaciebis princips, magramxsenebuli vizitebis farglebSi SeuZlebeli iyo ama Tu imkonkretuli regionuli sakiTxebis detalebis TaobazeSeTanxmebebis miRweva da saqme mTavrdeboda mxolodoficialuri, myari deklaraciuli xasiaTis gancxadebebisgakeTebiTa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebiT. aqedan gamomdinare,TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros mier dRis wesrigSidaisva mezobeli regionis qveynebTan yovelwliuripolitikuri konsultaciebis gamarTvis aucileblobis sakiTxi.217

dReisaTvis, samxreT kavkasiisa da centraluri aziisqveynebTan TurqeTis respublikas Catarebuli aqvs politikurikonsultaciebis sakmao raundebi.meore principi, romelsac CvenTan mimarTebaSi TurqeTismier warmoebuli sagareo-politikuri veqtori emyareba,gaxlavT, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisgaRrmaveba. aRniSnuli miznis warmatebiT gansaxorcielebladTurqeTis xelisuflebis mier wamoyenebul iqna ormxrivi –mTavroboTaSorisi ekonomikuri urTierTobebis komisiisa dagafarToebuli biznes-sabWos daarsebis iniciativa, romlisfarglebSic mxareebis mier permanentulad ganixileba wmindaekonomikuri sakiTxebi. da bolos, mesame mniSvnelovaniprincipi _ es aris TanamSromlobis ganviTareba usafrTxoebissferoSi. rogorc cnobilia, gansakuTrebiT bolodroindelimovlenebis fonze, saerTaSoriso terorizmisa da separatizmissafrTxe regionis zogad politikur landSaftze seriozulzegavlenas axdens da potenciuri safrTxis winaSe ayenebsCveni qveynebis stabilurobas. am mizniT, saqarTvelosa daTurqeTis sakanonmdeblo Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiswarmomadgenelTa monawileobiT, periodulad imarTebaSexvedrebi, ra drosac mxareebi axdenen mosalodnelisafrTxisa Tu problemebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebasa dagacvlas.erT-erTi mniSvnelovani msgavsi xasiaTisa daSinaarsobrivi datvirTvis samiti TurqeTis respublikis,saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis prezidentebis monawileobiTgaimarTa TurqeTis SavizRvispireTis qalaq trapizonSi 2001wlis 30 aprils, zemoTxsenebuli RonisZiebis farglebSi, Cveniqveynebis Sinagan saqmeTa ministrebis mier xelmoweril iqna218

SeTanxmeba ,,azerbaijanis respublikas, saqarTvelosa daTurqeTis respublikas Soris terorizmis, organizebulidanaSaulisa da sxva mniSvnelovani danaSaulebis winaaRmdegbrZolaSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb” [143].rac Seexeba uSualod TurqeTisa da saqarTvelosTanamedrove urTierTobebs, saWiroa iTqvas, rom jer kidev 1923wels, mustafa qemal aTaTurqi Tavis xalxs yovelTvismouwodebda saqarTvelosTan keTilmezoblobisaucileblobaze. mimdinare etapze ki, TurqeTis respublikaamerikis SeerTebul StatebTan da ukrainasTan erTadwarmoadgens saqarTvelos mTavar mokavSire da partniorqveyanas, rac aisaxeba rogorc samxedro da politikur, aseveekonomikur sferoebSi daxmarebiT.1992 wlis 30 ivliss saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs Sorisdaido megobrobisa da keTilmezoblobis pirvelisrulmaStabiani xelSekruleba.: ganaTlebis, mecnierebis,kulturisa da sportis dargSi urTierTTanamSromlobaze [2-1].xelSekruleba Cvidmeti muxlisagan Sedgeba da Cveni xalxebissaerTo_kulturul ganviTarebasa da sxvadasxva dargebSifarTo TanamSromlobas iTvaliswinebs. am xelSekrulebissafuZvelze 1993 wels TbilisSi gaixsna koleji. saswavlebelswilad xvda pativi, etarebina TurqeTis respublikisimJamindeli prezidentis suleiman demirelis saxeli. 1995wels, kerZo kolejTan dawyebiTi skolac Seiqmna. SemdgomSiaRniSnuli skolebi gaixsna saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSic.dReisaTvis ki ukve saqarTveloSi funqcionirebs TurqTa miergaxsnili umaRlesi saswavlebeli, romelsac msoflioSi,,Tbilisis Savi zRvis universitetis” saxelwodebiT icnoben.219

TurqeTsa da Cvens qveyanas Soris sagamanaTleblosamecnierokontaqtebis, mravalsaukunovani qarTulaRmosavluriurTierTobebis Semdgomi gafarToebisTvalsazrisiT, aseve uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo 1994 welsxelmowerili saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTaurisgankarguleba ,,saqarTveloSi aRmosavluri enebis swavlebisgaumjobesebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb".1996 wlis 4 aprils TurqeTis respublikasada saqarTvelos Soris xeli moewera SeTanxmebassamxedro wvrTnis, teqnikisa da mecnierebissferoSi urTierTanamSromlobis Sesaxeb [4-1]. aRniSnulixelSekrulebis Semdeg samxedro sferoSi TurqeT-saqarTvelosurTierTobebi mravali aspeqtiT viTardeba, rac gamoixatebamaterialur-teqnikur daxmarebaSi, kadrebis momzadebaSi, asevesxva samxedro programebis ganxorcielebaSi. am TvalsazrisiTaRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli samxedro akademiisreforma, kosovoSi TurqeTis samSvidobo batalionSi qarTulioceulis monawileoba, aseve mniSvnelovania TurqeTis grantisprograma saqarTvelosaTvis samxedro sferoSi da misimxardaWera evro-atlantikur sivrceSi integraciis gzaze dasxva [111-16].TurqeT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi umniSvnelovanesiadgili ukavia energoproeqtebis ganxorcielebas. swored baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenisa da baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumisgazsadenis sakiTxebi warmoadgenda GTurqeTis sagareo saqmeTaministris abdulah giulis vizitis ZiriTad mizanssaqarTveloSi. amasTan didi mniSvneloba eniWeba yarsiaxalqalaqisrinigzis mSeneblobis sakiTxs, romelicerTmaneTTan daakavSirebs aziisa da evropis bazrebs.220

2004 wlis TebervalSi saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTaministris Tedo jafriZis ankaraSi vizitis dros mxareebmaganixiles baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis paraleluri milsadenismSeneblobis sakiTxi, romelic uzrunvelyofs rusulinavTobis evropisaken transportirebas.saqarTveloSi 2003 wlis noembris TveSi ganviTarebulimovlenebis fonze, TurqeTi iyo erT-erTi pirveli saxelmwifo,omelmac mzadyofna gamoTqva, TanamSromla axalxelisuflebasTan da imedianad ganacxada, rom or qveyanasSoris arsebuli urTierTobebi kvlav darCebakeTilmezobluri da warimarTeba strategiuli partniorobisprincipiT. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia is finansuridaxmarebac, romelic TurqeTma gauwia saqarTvelos ,,vardebisrevoluciis" Sedegad, vadamdeli saprezidento arCevnebisCatarebisaTvis.zemoT aRniSnulTan erTad sagulisxmoa, rom TurqeTikvlav gaxldaT pirveli saxelmwifo, romelmac misigeografiuli mdebarebis gamo, 2008 wlis agvistoSi pirvelmagauwia saqarTvelos ruseTTan omis msvlelobis droshumanitaruli daxmareba da meomar mxareebs omis Sewyvetisakenmouwoda.Tanamedrove TurqeTis geopolitikaze saubrisas dResukve ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT aRniSuli qveynisa da somxeTisurTierTobebis warsulsa da momaval pespeqtivebs. ocdameerTesaukunis dasawyisidan somxur-Turquli urTierTobebisganxilvam Zalian farTo xasiaTi miiRo, pirveli seriozulinabiji TurqeT-somxeTis poziciaTa daaxloebis mcdelobisadaiwyo 2003 wlis ivnisSi, madridSi gamarTul nato-sministrTa Sexvedrisas, rodesac TurqeTis imdroindelma221

sagareo saqmeTa ministrma a. giulim axlo momavalSisomxeTTan sazRvris gaxsnis SesaZleblobaze isaubra.miuxedavad amisa maSindeli TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTaministri, im periodisaTvis mkacrad usvamda xazs or qveyanasSoris arsebul politikuri xasiaTis problemebis mogvarebisaucileblobas, rac pirvel rigSi dakavSirebuli gaxldaTgenocidis aRiarebis sakiTxTan da mTiani yarabaxis problemismogvarebasTan.somexTa erT-erTi masobrivi xocva-Jleta osmaleTSidaiwyo 1908 wels ,,axalgazrda TurqTa” mier revoluciurigadatrialebis Semdeg [29-340]. qveynis saTaveSi mosulitriumviratis: jemal faSas, TalaaT faSas da enver faSasTaosnobiT.avantiuristma mmarTvelebma 1914 wels erzrumSi somxebTanmosalaparakeblad gagzavnes warmomadgenlebi, raTa ruseT-TurqeTis Sejaxebis SemTxvevaSi somxebis pozicia gaerkviaT.rodesac yvela SeTavazebaze kategoriuli uari miiRes, maSin,,axalgazrda TurqTa” delegatebma sajarod ganacxades:,,aSkaraa, rom kavkasiaSi somxebi rusebs emxrobian da TurqeTisinteresebs ewinaaRmdegebian, osmaleTis warumateblobisSemTxvevaSi mTeli pasuxismgebloba Tqven, somxebs dagawvebaT”[136].delegaciis wevrTa gancxadeba srul simarTles Seicavda.dasavleT somxeTidan bevri iqauri mkvidri, maT SorisdaSnakebi, ruseTis mxares gadadiodnen, rom TurqeTiswinaaRmdeg mis jarSi ebrZolaT. aRniSnul mZimemdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT osmaleTis imperiisxelmZRvanelobam gamosca brZanebuleba, romelSic erTgannaTqvami iyo: ,,aSkaraa, rom rogori Sedegidac unda dasruldes222

es omi, samSvidobo molaparakebebze isev wamoiWreba somxurisakiTxi, romelic, ukve naxevari saukunea, saerTaSorisosakiTxad iqca da TurqeTis guls laxvariviT esoba” [136].amitom ,,axalgazrda Turqebis” mTavrobam gadawyvita, somxurisakiTxis xelaxali aRmoceneba Tavidan aecilebina. somxurisakiTxis arideba ki mxolod erT rames niSnavda – TurqeTSisomxebi aRar unda darCeniliyvnen. brZanebis Tanaxmad,osmaleTis teritoriaze mcxovrebi somexTa masobrivi xocva-Jletisa da deportaciebis axalma talRam 1915 wels ifeTqa daperiodulad grZeldeboda 1922 wlamde.dReisaTvis Turqi istorikosebi da maTi evropelikolegebis nawili, maT Soris aRiarebuli mecnierebi normansTouni, bernar liusi, Jil vainStaini uaryofen somexTaganadgurebis mizanmimarTul xasiaTs, rac genocidis aRiarebisaucilebeli pirobaa. isini TavianT azrs amtkiceben imiT, romam Sinaarsis dokumentebi dRes faqtobrivad ar arsebobs,magram 1978 wlidan germaniaSi devnilis statusiT mcxovrebiTurqi istorikosi Taner aqCami, romelic am sakiTxSi orhanfamuqisa da ramdenime wlis win mokluli somexi Jurnalistis,grant dinkis Tanamoazrea, wers, rom msgavsi dokumentebisZieba erTi SecdomiTaa gamowveuli: somexi da dasavleliistorikosebi ar icnoben osmalebis tradiciuldamokidebulebas werilobiTi dokumentebis mimarT. estradicia mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo brZanebulebebis sityvierxasiaTs gulisxmobs [48-231]. Tavis gaxmaurebul wignSi,,Turquli erovnuli cnobiereba da somxuri sakiTxi” aqCamisaintereso da Rrma analizs gvTavazobs, Tu ratom adevs tabusomxur sakiTxs dRevandel TurqeTSi. es mizezebia: istoriulicnobierebis da mexsierebis arqona; erovnul cnobierebaSi223

momxdari wyveta, risi mizezic respublikuri periodisTaobebis mier yovelive osmaluris zizRSi, 600 wlianiistoriis islamurobisaTvis xazis gadasmaSi, warsulisdaviwyebis survilSi imaleba; Turqi eri demografiuladac,,axalgazrdaa”. TurqeTis respublikuri periodi marTlacwinaaRmdegobrivia; erTi mxriv, osmaluri warsulis siZulviliikveTeba meore mxriv osmaluri periodis danaSaulebaTauaryofis an daviwyebis survili [62_198]. marTalia, TurqeTisinteligenciis erTma nawilma ramdenime xnis win kampania,,somxebo SegvindeT” wamoiwyo, magram TurqeTis mosaxleobisZiriTadma birTvma somexTa xocva-Jletaze araferi icis, xolorac Seexeba, qveynis xelmZRvanelobas, 2008 wels r. erdoRanmaganacxada, ,,es danaSauli Cven ar Cagvidenia da patiebaaravisTvis gvaqvs saTxovni” [136].rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisSemdeg 1991 wels ankaram aRiara samive amierkavkasiispostsabWoTa respublikebis damoukidebloba, TumcasaqarTvelosa da azarbaijanisagan gansxvavebiT, uari TqvaerevanTan diplomatiuri kavSiris damyarebaze. aRniSnuligadawyvetileba motivirebuli iyo imiT, rom 1990 welsmiRebul somxeTis damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi weria:,,somxeTi xels Seuwyobs 1915 wels osmaleTis imperiaSi dadasavleT somxeTSi, somexi xalxis genocidis saerTaSorisoaRiarebas” [164].miuxedavd somxeTTan diplomatiur urTierTobebze uarisTqmisa, TurqeTma ori qveynis 325-kilometriani sazRvrisgamSvebi punqtebis Caketva ar iCqara. erT-erTi gamSvebi punqtigiummrisTan mdebareobs, meore gamSvebi punqti erevnissamxreTiT 40 kilometrSia. 1992-93 wlebSi somxeTisaTvis224

yvelaze saSineli zamTris dros, swored am gamSvebi punqtidanSedioda qveyanaSi xorbali. im droisaTvis jer kidev ararsebobda iranTan damakavSirebeli xidi, aRmosavleTiTsazRvari Caketili iyo, xolo somxeT-azerbaijanis sazRvrismTel perimetrze sisxlismRvreli omi boboqrobda. im wlebSisamoqalaqo omsa da afxazeTis konfliqtSi CarTulisaqarTveloc ar iyo saimedo fanjara gare samyarosTankavSirisaTvis.TurqeTma somxeTTan sazRvris Caketva 1993 welsgadawyvita, roca somxurma Zalebma mTianiYyarabaRis mosazRvreqelbajaris raioni daikaves. gaiTvaliswina ra enobrivi,religiuri, eTnikuri da strategiuli interesebiazerbaijanTan, TurqeTma daiwyo somxeTis blokada, romelicukve 16 welia grZeldeba.1998 wlis aprilSi SeerTebuli Statebis Carevis SedegadsomxeTma da TurqeTma xeli moaweres uwyebaTaSorisdokuments, romlis Tanaxmadac, TurqeTma somxeTis sahaeroblokada Sewyvita. zustad 14 weliwadSi 2009 wlis 22 aprilsor qveyanas Soris xeli moewera ,,sagzao rukas”, romlissajaro dokumentSic weria mxolod is, rom ,,somxeTma daTurqeTma Sveicariis SuamavlobiT, intensiurad imuSavesormxrivi urTierTobebis normalizaciisTvis da amurTierTobebis keTilmezoblur da urTierTpativiscemisCarCoebSi gadayvanisTvis. es xels Seuwyobs mSvidobis,usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis damyarebas mTel regionSi...am konteqstSi mxareebis mier gansazRvrulia ,,sagzao ruka”.ukve SeTanxmebuli sakiTxebi uzrunvelyofs ormxriviprocesis gagrZelebis perspeqtivas” [139].225

aRniSnuli dokumentis Sesaxeb somxeTSi 23 aprilsSeityves, zustad meore dRes, 24 aprils, mTeli sasomxeTi damsoflioSi mcxovrebi somxebi, 1915-18 wlebSi osmaleTSiganviTarebuli tragikuli movlenebis Sedegad daRupuli 1,5milioni somexis xsovnis dRes aRniSnaven.mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi amerikis prezidentebi yovel24 aprils sityviT mimarTaven TavianTi qveynis somxur lobsda me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi moxdar tragedias usamZimreben,ra drosac yovelTvis iyenebdnen frazas ,,masobrivi xocva-Jleta” [16-371].dReisaTvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifomdivani, hilari klintoni uSualod aris Careuli TurqeTsa dasomxeTs Soris uTanxmoebis mogvarebis sakiTxSi. SeerTebuliStatebis azriT, aRniSnuli qveynebis daaxloeba xelsSeuwyobs kavkasiaSi mSvidobis damyarebas, axali derefnebisgaxsnas dasavleTSi navTobisa da gazis eqsportirebisaTvis,SezRudavs ruseTis batonobas somxeTSi da aRmofxvrisvaSingtonsa da ankaras Soris erT-erTi kamaTis sababs.unda aRiniSnos, rom am Serigebas dasavlelebisagangansxvavebiT rusi eqspertebi da politikosebi sxva mxridanxedaven da ganixilaven. swored amitom kremlic dadebiTadaris ganwyobili istoriuli mtrebis Serigebisadmi dacdilobs, TviTonac aqtiurad CaerTos am proeqtSi, rom SemdegTavis sasargeblod gamoiyenos igi.sabolood aSS-s saxelmwifo mdivnis daxmarebiTa daZalisxmeviT 2009 wlis 10 oqtombers, saRamos, ciurixisuniversitetSi TurqeT-somxeTs Soris, amave wlis aprilSigaformebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, gaformdaprotokolebi, romlebic miznad isaxavs or qveyanas Soris226

diplomatiuri urTierTobisa da sazRvris gaxsnisnormalizacias.mxareebma xeli moaweres protokolebs: ,,somxeTisa daTurqeTis respublikebs Soris ormxrivi urTierTobebisganviTarebis Sesaxeb” da ,,somxeTisa da TurqeTisrespublikebs Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobebis aRdgenisSesaxeb”. dokumentebs xeli moaweres qveynebis sagareo saqmeTaministrebma ahmeT davudoRlum da eduard nalbandianma. isiniSeTanxmdnen, rom protokolebis ZalaSi Sesvlidan or TveSiqveynebs Soris arsebul sazRvars gaxsnian.miuxedavad protokolebis gaformebisa, mTavari jer winaris, radgan aRniSnuli xelSekrulebebis ratificirebaparlamentebma unda moaxdinon, sadac TavisTavad wamoiWrebaurTierTobebSi arsebuli problemebi: somxeTis genocidissakiTxi da somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris mTiani yarabaRisgamo gadauWreli konfliqti. TurqeTis premier-ministriserT-erTi gancxadebiT, misi mTavroba SeTanxmebas gzas miscems,Tu somxeTi azerbaijanis teritoriidan Tavisi jaris nawilsmainc gaiyvans [126].Turqul-somxur urTierTobebSi progresi mxareebssxvadasxvagvarad esmiT. Tu somxeTisaTvis progresi niSnavssazRvris gaxsnas, TurqeTisaTvis igi SeiZleba iyosoficialuri da araoficialuri sajaro Sexvedrebi somxurmxaresTan. isini, vinc prezident sarqisianis politikasakritikeben, amboben, rom aucilebelia, ganisazRvroskonkretuli vadebi, anu, sazRvari daketa TurqeTma daSesabamisad, manve unda gaxsnas igi konkretul vadebSi.TurqeT-somxeTs Soris ,,yinulis dnobis” processfrTxilad akvirdeba da Zalian Relavs TurqeTis ,,umcrosi227

Zma” da strategiuli partniori azerbaijani. mas yovelTvishqonda imedi, rom ankaris mxardaWeriT: somxeTis blokadiTada zewolis sxva meTodebiT, erevnis mxridan mTiani yarabaRissakiTxSi daTmobebs miaRwevda. baqoSi dRes ukve ismisradikaluri gancxadebebi, rom TurqeTi Tavis ,,umcros Zmas”azerbaijans Ralatobs. sainteresoa saqarTvelos faqtoric.moklevadian perspeqtivaSi, TurqeT-somxeTis sazRvris gaxsnisSedegad izaralebs mxolod saqarTvelo [122], radgantranzituli tvirTebis didi nawili ukve somxeTze gaivlis,xolo erevans, romelic mxolod saqarTvelos satransportomagistralebze iyo damokidebuli da sakmaod did Tanxasixdida saqarTvelos biujetSi, axla sxva marSutic eqneba.miuxedavad yvelafrisa, TurqeTsa da somxeTs Soris Tumoxerxda sabolood da srulyofilad diplomatiuriurTierTobebis aRdgena, mosalodnelia, rom es rigiTiregionaluri movlena gadaizardos globalur geopolitikurprocesebSi [115].qarTveli eqsperti kavkasiis sakiTxevbSi, m. areSiZeaRniSnavs, rom Turqul-somxuri Serigeba amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis proeqtia da igi prezident obamas administraciisaxali xedvaa kavkasiis sakiTxebSi; ,,amerikam Tavi daanebasaqarTveloze mTavari orientirebis gakeTebas mTeli rigimovlenebis gamo da cdilobs, globaluri politikuri TamaSiswevrad mTliani regioni gamoiyvanos” [114]. obamasadministracia ruseTTan Ria dapirispirebaze uars acxadebs,magram miuxedavad amisa, is mainc gaagrZelebs geopolitikurTamaSs da Seecdeba gavlenis sferoebi waarTvas mas [139]. TusomxeTi prorusulidan prodasavlurad gadaiqceva, es iqneba228

imlandis kidev erTi gamarjveba hartlandze da ruseTisfederacia mTlianad dakargavs gavlenas samxreT kavkasiaSi.jerjerobiT raime gamokveTil suraTze saboloodsaubari naadrevia, magram naTlad Cans, rom or qveyanas Sorisdiplomatiuri urTierTobebis ratificirebas seriozuligamocda elis. TurqeTis mejlisSi acxadeben, romratificirebas im SemTxvevaSi moaxdenen, Tu masSi yarabaRTandakavSirebiT azerbaijanis interesebi iqnebagaTvaliswinebuli, somxeTis sazogadoeba da diasporackategoriuli winaaRmdegia daaxloebisa, maTTvis mTavarproblemad isev da isev genocidis araRiarebis sakiTxi rCeba.rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso viTarebas am sakiTxis irgvlivamas lobirebs amerika-evropac da ruseTis federaciac,swored aq ikvreba Zalian saintereso kvanZi: vin ufro ZlieriaRmoCndeba? vin ufro warmatebuli iqneba am ,,WidaobaSi”;ruseTi SeZlebs da gadaiyvans TurqeTs, Tu dasavleTi SeZlebsda somxeTs sabolood gamoglijavs ruseTs klanWebidan? [114].realurad amis pasuxs mxolod dro gvaCvenebs, xolo ramdenadSeexeba es procesi saqarTvelosa da mis urTierTobasTurqeTis respublikasTan, esec mxolod momavalSiganviTarebul movlenebzea damokidebuli.rac Seexeba azerbaijans, igi ankaris eTnikurad Zalianaxlo, idealuri ekonomikuri da samxedro mokavSirea, magrambolo xans maTi strategiuli partnioroba uprecendentoddazaralda, rasac SeiZleba Sors mimavali Sedegebi moyhves. immomentidan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rodesac TurqeTismmarTvelma ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis partiam"ganacxada, rom azerbaijanis mosisxle mterTan somxeTTan229

urTierTobis normalizebas gegmavs, ankarasa da baqos SorisurTierToba sagrZnoblad gacivda.baqo gansakuTrebiT aRaSfoTa TurqeT_somxeTis mierdiplomatiuri urTierTobebis aRdgenaze SeTanxmebisxelismoweram. azerbaijanis sazogadoebam da qveynispolitikurma xelmZRvanelobam TurqeTis calmxrivi politikadagmes.bevr saerTaSoriso eqsperts miaCnia, rom ankaram kideverTi megobrulad ganwyobili mezoblis SeZenis mcdelobisas,aSkarad gadaaWarba da azerbaijanTan strategiuliurTierTobebi dangrevis piras miiyvana [115].cxadia, samxreT kavkasiaSi ganviTarebulmabolodroindelma movlenebma, aseve Turqul-somxurmadaaxloebam ankara-baqos strategiul partniorobas wyaliSeuyena. es partnioroba momavali aRmosavlur-dasavlurienergetikuri derefnis fundamenti, regionSi usafrTxoebis,politikuri da geostrategiuli balansis safuZveli, asevedemokratiuli TurqeTisa da masTan erTad mTeli dasavleTiskaspiis regionSi Sesvlis SesaZlebloba aris. am usafrTxoebisstrategiuli partniorobis gareSe TurqeT-evrokavSiriamerikisSeerTebuli Statebis RerZis arseboba da misigagrZeleba Sua aziis regionSi saWoWmano gaxdeba. TurqulsomxuriurTierTobebis normalizaciis momxre ankaris,briuselisa da vaSingtonis oficialuri pirebis mierdaSvebul am geopolitikur Secdomas azerbaijanis interesebisgaTvaliswinebisa da yarabaRis sakiTxis gadawyvetisuperspeqtivo, bumerangis efeqti moyhveba [126].miuxedavad yovelivesa, jerjerobiT, dRemde zustigansazRvreba rom mieces TurqeTisa da samxreT kavkasiis230

qveynebis TanamSromlobis dinamikas aRsaniSnavia, rom awyobsTu ar awyobs, zogierTi saxelmwifos geopolitikur gegmebs,realurad dResdReobiT Tu momavalSi rame ar Seicvala,TurqeTi, saqarTvelo da azerbaijani ukve dakavSirebulebiarian erTmaneTTan gazisa da navTobis milsadenebiT daerTobliobaSi qmnian umniSvnelovanes energokoridors kaspiiszRvidan evropamde.am sam qveyanas Soris TanamSromlobis mniSvnelovannawils warmoadgens rkinigza, romelic regionis SigniTTbilisisa da axalqalaqis gavliT, baqos yarsTandaakavSirebs. am proeqtis idea TurqeTis respublikas 1993wlidan hqonda. Tumca realobaSi misi ganxorcieleba mxolodbolo ramdenime welia daiwyo. proeqtis oficialuri gaxsna2007 wlis noemberSi Sedga, xolo rkinigzis amuSaveba 2010-11wlebisaTvis igegmeba.am proeqts garda regionaluri Sida datvirTvisa, ufromaStaburi mniSvnelobac aqvs. erTi mxriv, 2012 wlisaTvisigegmeba bosforis srutis gavliT rkinigzis xazismSenebloba, rac niSnavs, rom baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis rkinigzisxazi evropasac daukavSirdeba, xolo meores mxriv am proeqtSiCarTvis survili, azerbaijanuli wyaroebis gancxadebiT,CineTma da yazaxeTma gamoTqva. miiCneva, rom msgavsi maStabisganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi proeqti konkurencias gauwevsruseTze gamaval transcimbirul magistrals, rac TavisTavad,kremlis dRevandel geopolitikasTan pirdapirwinaaRmdegobaSi modis.evropisa da CineTis mzardi interesebis fonze zogadadcentraluri aziisa da kavkasiis regionebis da konkretuladam regionebSi arsebuli energo resursebis mimarT, aRniSnuli231

proeqtis mniSvneloba imatebs. swored amitom, baqo-Tbilisiyarsisrkinigzis proeqti ukve moixsenieba, rogorc abreSumisgzis aRdgenis mcdeloba.amrigad, sabolood ara marto regionisaTvis, aramedmTeli msofliosaTvis iqneba mniSvnelovani dRevandelgeopolitikur pasiansSi TurqeTis respublikis sabolooroli. im SemTxvevaSi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tu TurqeTisrespublikam ar moaxdina seriozuli geopolitikuri Zvra,,hartlandis" anu evraziulobis sasargeblod, rac damRupveliiqneba, rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis demokratiulipolitikisa da RirebulebebisaTvis, ise TviTon samxreTkavkasiis regionis qveynebis damoukideblobisaTvis. xolo Tumovlenebi ase ar ganviTarda da ankaram Tavisi geopolitikurikursi da Zveli mokavSireebi SeinarCuna, maSin es gaxlavTukve absoliturad axali SesaZleblobebisa daperspeqtiuli iniciativebis periodi, rogorc saerTaSorisoTanamegobrobisaTvis, ise regionis iseTi patara qveyni,,saTvis,rogoric saqarTveloa.232

daskvnaTanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, romelicmyari stabilurobiT ar gamoirCeva, yoveli saxelmwifosaTvismniSvnelovania sakuTari adgilis, rolisa da funqciis povna.sabWoTa kavSiris daSla gasuli saukunis bolos, TanamedroveruseTis politikosTa mier meoce saukunis geopolitikurkatastrofad Sefasebuli, niSnavda ara marto msofliopolitikuri rukis kardinalur Secvlas, aramed msoflioswamyvan saxelmwifoebs Soris interesTa konfliqtis axalietapis dasawyiss, rogorc globaluri aseve regionalurimaStabiTac.geopolitikuri procesebi swored am niSniT viTardebakavkasiisa da mcire azia_axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi.saerTod, msoflio bipolaruli dapirispirebis gaqrobam,romelsac sistemuri xasiaTi hqonda, xeli Seuwyo manamde amaTu im samxedro politikur blokSi gaerTianebuli qveynebisswrafvis gaZlierebas meti damoukidebeli politikuri kursisgatarebisaken.winamdebare gamokvlevis analizis obieqtis _ TurqeTisrespublikis geopolitika swored amgvari kuTxiTeqvemdebareba Seswavlis aucileblobas. saTanado masalebisada mravalferovani istoriul-politikuri literaturissafuZvlianad Seswavlam SesaZlebloba mogvca warmogvedginaTurqeTis respublikis geopolitikuri warmodgenebisa dakoncefciebis analizis metnaklebad sruli saxe.meoce saukunis ociani wlebis dasawyisSi momxdar didistoriul-politikur movlenaTa rigSi gamorCeuli adgiliuWiravs TurqeTis nacionaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnas, rac233

uwinaresad mustafa qemal aTaTurqis saxelTanaadakavSirebuli. mravalsaukunovani osmaleTis imperiisnangrevebze aRmocenebulma axalma Turqulma saxelmwifomgauZlo mis winaSe wamoWril safrTxeebs, yofili imperiissxvadasxva erebis mxridan, Tu gareSe saxelmwifoebisaganmomdinare ganadgurebis mcdelobebs da sakuTari damoukideliistoriis aTvla daiwyo.TurqeTis respublikis geopolitikis analizmaTanamedrove etapze, anu sabWoTa kavSiris dezintegraciidanocdameerTe saukunis pirveli aTwleulis CaTvliT gvaCvena,rom sakuTari erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare aRniSnulmaqveyanam Seqmna myari da Zlieri saxelmwifo, ganviTarebulipartiul-politikuri struqtura da, rac mTavaria, ZiriTadSiSeZlo mis qveyanaSi mcxovrebi sxva eTnikur jgufTawarmomadgenlebis integrireba erT erad.warmodgenil gamokvlevaSi Catarebuli analizis Sedegad,rac mniSvnelovan da Tematikis mixedviT mravalferovanwyaroebsa da literaturas efuZneba, SesaZlebelia,Sejamebuli saxiT CamovayaliboT calkeuli sakvlevimimarTulebebis mixedviT konkretuli daskvnebi: marTalia,cneba ,,geografiul-gopolitikuri” mdebareba an ,,mdgomareoba”marto qveynis Sinagan maxasiaTeblebs ar gulisxmobs damWidrod ukavSirdeba saerTo regionalur da globalurpolitikur situacias, romelSic mocemuli periodisaTvisimyofeba saxelmwifo, magram igi arsebiT gavlenas axdenserovnuli interesebis da sagareo mimarTebis formirebaze.TurqeTis respublikis geografiuli mdebareoba dResaccxadia TiTqmis (1938 wels SeierTa haTais provincia) iseTivekonfiguraciis momcvelia, rogoric is iyo mustafa qemal234

aTaTurqis mier axali Turquli respublikis daarsebismomentSi. politikuri situacia da politikuri institutebi,maTi roli da funqciebi sxvadasxva etapze saSinao da sagareofaqtorebis zegavleniT garkveul koreqtirebaseqvemdebareboda.yvelaze mniSvnelovani etapi TurqeTis geopolitikurimidgomebis da xedvebis pereorientaciaSi gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan dgeba, roca dasrulda e. w. ,,civi omi” dasaerTaSoriso bipolaruli sistemis arseboba warsuliskuTvnileba gaxda.gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom erT-erTiumniSvnelovanesi momenti saerTo geopolitikuri situaciisformirebisas, misi stabiluri an arastabiluri xasiaTisgansazRvrebisaTvis istoriuli faqtoria, romelicTanamedrove pirobebSi yovelTvis garkveul datvirTvas iZens,roca saqme exeba sxva erebTan da saxelmwifoebTanurTierTobis daregulirebas.Tanamedrove TurqeTis socialur-politikuri dareligiuri viTareba istoriuli faqtebis zegavleniTacganisazRvreba da warmoaCens ama Tu im konkretul Tvisebas.miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTis respublika saerosaxelmwifoa, ar SeiZleba, davakninoT mis politikurcxovrebaSi islamuri faqtoris mniSvneloba. gansakuTrebulimomenti aq is gaxlavT, rom igi ar Semoifargleba qveynisnacionaluri sazRvrebiT da mas sxva saxelmwifoebTan daxalxebTan mimarTebaSic gaaCnia mniSvneloba.istoriuli osmaleTis imperiaSi Tavmoyrili iyo mravalisxvadasxva eris da konfesiis warmomadgenlebi. miuxedavadsaxelmwifo politikis mcdelobisa moexdina maTi asimilireba,235

procesi sabolood dasrulebulad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos. isformulireba, rom TurqeTis yvela mcxovrebi muslimiTurquli erovnebisaa, ver gamodgeba erovnuli konsolidaciismaCveneblad, radgan arsebobs sxva mcire erebi, romlebicsakuTar TviTSegnebas da TviTidentifikaciisken miswrafebasinarCuneben. TurqeTis respublikaSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxvadiasporebi Sesabamis saxelmwifoebSi mcxovrebTanamemamuleebTan kavSiris saimedo saSualebaa, romelsacistoriulad mravaljer iyenebdnen konkretuli politikisformirebisas.dRevandeli situaciidan gamomdinare SeiZleba miviCnioT,rom amJamadac asea. magaliTisaTvis Crdilokavkavsiuridiasporac gamodgeba, romelic Tavis istoriul samSoblosTansulier da kulturul naTesaobas gansakuTrebuli simZafriTaRiqvams. aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos im faqtorismniSvneloba, rac wina planze wamoswia TurqeTis sagareosaqmeTa minisrma a. davuToRlum, roca igi ankarisdamoukidebeli sagareo politikis aucileblobas asabuTebda.saqme exeba im istoriul faqts, rom ocze meti xalxisistoria, romelTanac osmaleTis imperias da Semdeg TurqeTisrespublikas urTierToba hqoniaT, Turquli arqivebis gareSear daiwereba. TviT Turqebisa da maT saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebisxva xalxebis bedi mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli mezobelqveynebTan, romlebic erT did mcire aziur da axloaRmosavlur regions Seadgenen.am realuri viTarebidan gamomdinare CamoyalibdaTanamedrove TurqeTis samxedro doqtrina, romlis ZiriTadiSinaarsi gaxlavT is, rom TurqeTi Crdiloatlantikurialiansis wamyvani Zalaa samxreT-evropis savaraudo samxedro236

moqmedebaTa Teatris samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi. amgeopolitikur sivceSi ankaras Seswevs unari winaaRmdegobisburusis roli Seusrulos ,,natos” blokis mimarT regionissaxelmwifoebis da ruseTis federaciis mxridan momdinareSesaZlo muqaras.aRsaniSnavia, rom TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, misisabrZolo moraluri potenciali da suliskveTeba Sidastabilurobis mniSvnelovani garantia. SeiaraRebul ZalebsaraerTxel SeusrulebiaT mniSvnelovani roli TurqeTisrespublikis meore msoflio omis Semdegdroindel politikurcxovrebaSi. amasTan erTad, rogorc sagareo safrTxeebisTavidan acilebis faqtori, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi TurqeTissaxelmwifos suverenitetis arsebiTi Semadgeneli elementia.naSromSi mniSvnelovani adgili daeTmo TurqeTisgeopolitikuri koncefciebis evoluciis sakiTxs meoremsoflio omis Semdeg da es bunebrivicaa, radgan ocdameerTesaukunis dasawyisis TurqeTi mniSvnelovanwilad dgas imRirebulebebze, romlebic aRniSnul periodSi iqmneboda.TurqeTis respublikis samxedro-politikurma da socialurekonomikurmastruqturebma aiTvises is geopolitikurixedvebi, romlebic wamyvan rols asrulebdnen da axlacasruleben msoflio politikaSi.geopolitika, CvenSi SedarebiT axali mecniereba,warmoadgens saxelmwifo da sagareo politikis axleburgagebas, romelic uwinaresad praqtikas efuZneba dapraqtikuli amocanebis gadaWrisaTvis aris mowodebuli. igiuciloblad emyareba geografiuli faqtoris, erovnuliinteresebis, politikuri da ekonomikuri principebis,237

politikuri procesebisa da saerTaSoriso krizisebisregulirebis da gadaWris konbinirebul analizs.am principis gaTvaliswinebiT TurqeTis geopolitikadasavluri samyaros geopolitikis Semadgeneli nawili iyo,romlis sapirispiro mxareze mis winaaRmdeg socialisturisamyaro idga sabWoTa kavSiris meTaurobiT. meore msoflioomma saTave daudo samyaros gaxleCas or sapirispiro banakadda Sesabamisad mtrul geopolitikur mowinaaRmdegeebad.aRniSnul periodSi TurqeTis respublikis politikasagareo sferoSi xangZliv perspeqtivaSi stabilurmdgomareobas inarCunebda da mimarTuli iyo mowinaaRmdegebanakidan mosalodneli safrTxis gasaneitraleblad. ra Tqmaunda, sakuTriv misi wili pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi.msoflio politikis cvlilebebma, pirvel rigSi blokurisistemis rRvevam aiZula TurqeTi axali mimarTulebebimoeZebna da sagareo politikis SedarebiT statikurimdgomareoba dinamikuri xasiaTiT Seecvala.1952 wels TurqeTis respublika dasavleTis daxmarebisSedegad gaxda Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis wevri, risimizanic ankaris sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg mimarTulplacdarmad gadaqceva gaxldaT. es dasavluri samyarosbunebrivi reaqcia iyo TurqeTis mimarT moskovis pretenziebze,romelTa Soris teritoriuli xasiaTis problemebic iyo.marTalia, destalinizaciis Semdgom es pretenziebi moixsna,magram sabWoTa strategia TurqeTs regionSi mainc mTavarmowinaaRmdeged ganixilavda.TurqeTis respublikisaTvis meore msoflio omis Semdgombedis ganmsazRvreli momenti 1945-52 wlebze modis, rocaqveyanam uaryo faqtobrivi neitraliteti da dasavluri238

samyaros Semadgeneli nawili gaxda. aseTad rCeboda igi ,,civiomis” eskalaciis Semdgom periodSi da arsebiTad dResac,magram miuxedavad amisa Tanamedrove periodSi ankarapraqtikulad met damoukideblobas amJRavnebs, rogorcsamxedro-strategiul dagegmvebsa da politikaSi, asevepraqtikuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis proceSic.ssrk-s dezintegraciis Semdgom iseve rogorc mTelmadasavlurma samyarom misi lideris a.S.S.-s meTaurobiTTurqeTma meti interesi gamoamJRavna yofili postsabWourisivrcis mimarT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am sivrceSi myof dadamoukidebloba mopovebul saxelmwifoebs antirusuliganwyoba ki gaaCndaT, magram naklebad Camoyalibebuli sagareopolitikuri orientacia hqondaT.Turquli geopolitikuri xedvebis WrilSi postsabWourisivrcis mimarT yuradReba udavoa, raSic Tundac qvecnobieradistoriuli warsulic TamaSobs rols da aseve am qveynisruseTis saxelmwifosTan mimarTebac.dRevandeli TurqeTisaTvis mniSvnelovani geopolitikurisafrTxis Semcveli problemebia iseTi calkeuli mimarTebebi,rogoricaa xmelTaSuazRvis regioni, qurTuli problema,ruseTi da samxreT kavkasia.ankaris xmelTaSuazRvispirul strategias upiratesadsaberZneTTan urTierToba gansazRvravs; miuxedavad imisa, romorive qveyana dasavluri samyaros samxedro-politikurialiansis wevrebia, maT Soris gadaulaxavi problema arsebobskunZuli kviprosis sakiTxis saxiT, romelzec ver moxerxdaormxrivi, misaRebi kompromisis SemuSaveba.TurqeTis respublikisaTvis aseve mniSvnelovan problemaswarmoadgens qurTuli eTnosi, is SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas239

sul mcire or ganzomilebaSi. jer erTi rogorc Sidaproblema, radgan qurTebi respublikis mosaxleobismniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgenen, romlebic sakuTarteritoriaze cxovroben da meore, sagareo politikuri aspeqtiam problemisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini aseve cxovrobenregionis sxva saxelmwifoebSi (irani, erayi, siria) da aseveTavis teritoriaze. es garemoeba safrTxes uqmnis aramartoTurqeTis teritoriuli da politikuri sistemis mTlianobasada stabilurobas, aramed mezobel saxelmwifoebTandabalansebul da grZelvadin perspeqtivaze gaTvlilurTierTobebsac.dReisaTvis Tanamedrove Turqul geopolitikas garkveulpostsabWoTa sivceSi axasiaTebs ekonomikuri eqspansia, magramamasTan erTad ankaras ruseTis geopolitikuri siZlierisgaTvaliswinebac uwevs, aRniSnuli faqtori xSir SemTxvevaSiSeiZleba faravdes kidec Sida politikis da regionis sxvaaxal Tu Zvel saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebis problematikas.ruseTi da TurqeTi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zveli daistoriuli geopolitikuri mowinaaRmdegeni arian, romelTaSoris konsesusi arc Tu ise iSviTad, negatiurad aisaxebodaxolme momijnave patara saxelmwifoebis bedze.Tanamedrove etapze Turqul-rusul urTierTobebs ufrometad ormxrivi sargeblianobis pragmatuli principebi daurTierT TanamSromlobisaken mimarTuli tendenciebiaxasiaTebs. aseT viTarebaSi samxreT kavkasiuri mimarTulebaTurquli geopolitikisa SesaZlebelia iyos frTxili damozomili, ise rom ar daazianos urTierTobebi ufro did daZlier saxelmwifosTan. yovel emTxvevaSi regionis istoriuliviTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve sakuTari qveynis240

interesebidan gamomdinare, am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi Turquligeopolitika kidev ufro metad moqnili strategiismaCvenebeli unda iyos, vidre xisti da sworxazovani bunebisa.241

danarTebidanarTi #_1 TurqeTis respublikis qalaqebismosaxleoba(2000 wlis aRweriT)# qalaqi mosaxleoba# qalaqi mosaxleoba1 stamboli 8 803 468 24 baliqesiri 215 4362 ankara 3 203 362 25 trapizoni 214 9493 izmiri 2 232 265 26 manisa 214 3454 bursa 1 194 687 27 qiriqqale 205 0785 adana 1 130 710 28 qojaeli 195 6996 gazianTefi 853 513 29 adiamani 178 5387 konia 742 690 30 osmanie 173 9778 antalia 603 190 31 quTahia 166 6659 diarbaqiri 545 983 32 Corumi 161 32110 iCeli 537 842 33 isparTa 148 496(mersini)11 qaiseri 536 392 34 haTai 144 91012 esqiSehiri 482 793 35 aidini 143 26713 Sanliurfa 385 588 36 uSaqi 137 00114 malaTia 381 081 37 aqsarai 129 94915 samsuni 363 180 38 afioni 128 51616 erzrumi 361 235 39 edirne 119 29817 qahraman 326 198 40 ToqaTi 113 100maraSi18 saqaria 303 989 41 ordu 112 52519 vani 284 464 42 TeqirdaRi 107 19120 denizli 275 480 43 erzijani 107 17521 eliaziRi 266 495 44 yaramani 105 38422 sivasi 251 776 45 zonguldaqi 104 276242

23 baTmani 246 678 46 qarabiuqi 100 74947 siirTi 98 281 64 qasTamonu 64 60648 qirSehiri 88 105 65 buruduri 63 36349 bolu 84 565 66 Canqiri 62 50850 giresuni 83 636 67 iRdiri 59 88051 aRri 79 764 68 haqqari 58 14552 yarsi 78 473 69 duzje 56 64953 rize 78 144 70 qiriqlarel 53 221i54 niRde 78 088 71 Sirnaqi 52 74355 Canaqqale 75 810 72 biTlisi 44 92356 amasia 74 393 73 muRla 43 84557 iozgaTi 73 930 74 barTini 35 99258 qilisi 70 670 75 bilejiqi 34 10559 ialova 70 118 76 baiburTi 32 28560 bingioli 68 876 77 sinofi 30 50261 muSi 67 927 78 giumuShane 30 27062 nevSehiri 67 864 79 Tunjeli 25 04163 mardini 65 072 80 arTvini 23 15781 ardahani 17 274243

danarTi #_2. TurqeTis respublikis bunebrivisimdidreebi_ qvanaxSirizonguldaqi, erReli-amasras auzi_ mura naxSiri afSini – elbistani, muRla,Tunjbileqi, quTahia, manisa, soma,CelTeqe, konia, beifazari, sivasi_ navTobibaTmani, quTahia, siirTi_ qromitebi mersini, feThie, marmarisi,isqenderuni_ rkinis madanibaliqesiri, heqimhani, bala_ polimetalebiordu, eRrigozi, fozanTi_ spilenZiergini, qevarshane_ manganumi TeqirdaRi, feThie, uluqoi,eRrigiozi_ vercxliswylisa da stibiumis centraluri anatolia, egeosimadaniregioni,qarabuqi_ boqsitebiTavri, zonguldaqi_ TuTia-tyviis sabadoebiavjilari, orTaqonu, giumuShane_ vercxlibala_ qvamariliolTu, qaRizmani_ tburi marilebibandirmasaTan axlos_ bunebrivi airiTba Tuzis midebare teritoria daTraqia244

danarTi #_3. TurqeTis respublikis mosaxleobis matebisdinamika 1927-2000 wwaRweris Catarebis mosaxleoba mosaxleobisTariRisimWidrove km 228.10.1927 13 648 270 1820.10.1935 16 158 018 2120.10.1940 17 820 950 2321.10.1945 18 790 174 2422.10.1950 20 947 188 2723.10.1955 24 064 763 3123.10.1960 27 754 820 3624.10.1965 31 391 421 4125.10.1970 35 605 176 4626.10.1975 40 347 719 5212.10.1980 44 736 957 5820.10.1985 50 664 458 6521.10.1990 56 473 035 7322.10.2000 67 803 927 88245

ibliografiawyaroebi1. deklaracia saqarTvelos respublikasa da TurqeTis respublikasSoris megobrobis TanamSromlobisa da solidarobis Sesaxeb. q. ankara13 ianvari 1994w.2. xelSekruleba saqarTvelos respublikasa da TurqeTis respublikasSoris megobrobis, TanamSromlobisa da keTilmezobluriurTierTobebis Sesaxeb. q. Tbilisi 30.07.92.3. 1982 wlis TurqeTis respublikis konstitucia, Turqulidan Targmna g.sordiam. Tbilisi 20004. SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da TurqeTis respublikismTavrobas Soris samxedro wvrTnis, teqnikisa da mecnierebis sferoSida savizo SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da TurqeTisrespublikis mTavrobas Soris. q. ankara 04.04.96.5. saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da TurqeTis respublikis mTavrobas Soris1996 wlis 4 aprilis savizo SeTanxmebaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebisSesaxeb SeTanxmeba 2005 wlis 5 dekemberi6. SeTanxmeba saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis respublikas Soris TavisufalivaWrobis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi 2007 wlis 21 noemberi7. ,,trapizonis sazavo konferencia” (dokumentebis krebuli) baTumi 19988. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükümeti ve Gürcistan Cumhurieti Hükümeti arasinda eġitim, Bilim,Kültür ve spor Alanlarinda Ibirliġi Anlamasi. Ankara 30.07.929. МОСКОВСКИЙ ДОГОВОР МЕЖДУ РОССИЕЙИ ТУРЦИЕЙ 16 марта 1921 годаwww.amsi.ge10. yarsis xelSekruleba ,,Договор о дружбе между Армянской ССР,Азербайджанской ССР и Грузинской ССР, с одной стороны, и Турцией - с другой,Заключенный при участии РСФСР в Карсе.” 13 октября 1921 г. www.amsi.ge11. Ататюрк М. К. Избранные речи и выступления. M. 1966.12. Bűgűnkű Tűrkiye 1980-2003 Istanbul, 2007.246

damowmebuli literatura13. anTelava g. _ Tanamedrove evropa da Turquli migracia (1960-1990-ianiwlebi) Tbilisi, 2004.14. batiaSvili z. _ TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, Tbilisi 2000.15. gaCeCilaZe r. – axlo aRmosavleTi, ekonomikur-geografiulimimoxilva, Tbilisi, 1977.16. gaCeCilaZe r. – axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da politika,Tbilisi, 2008.17. gegeSiZe a. – geopolitika, Tbilisi, 1998.18. gigineiSvili o. _ TurqeTis 1960 wlis 27 maisis saxelmwifogadatrialebis mokle istoria, Tbilisi, 1991.19. gigineiSvili o. – gigineiSvili o. _ nacionalizmis qemalisturidebuleba, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis axali da uaxlesi istoria,Tbilisi, 1983.20. grigalaSvili s. – TurqeTi Tanamedrove regionalur politikaSi.Tbilisi, 2009.21. dugini al. – geopolitikis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1999.22. lebaniZe t. _ TurqeTis Sida politika 1945-80 wlebSi da politikuripartiebi, Tbilisi, 2003.23. makaraZe e. – Tanamedrove TurqeTis aqtualuri sakiTxebi, XX saukunis90-iani wlebi, baTumi, 2000.24. makaraZe e. gogitiZe m. _ kviprosis sakiTxi aRmosavlur politikaSiXX saukunis 60_80-ian wlebSi. baTumi 2000.25. makaraZe e. _ mustafa qemal aTaTurqis roli respublikur TurqeTSi.baTumi, 2009.26. naWyepia n. _ TurqeTi: ekonomikur-geografiuli daxasiaTeba. Tbilisi,1970.27. svanaZe l. – uinston CerCili da konservatorebi, wig. 3 quTaisi, 2008.28. rondeli al. – saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, Tbilisi, 1996.29. svaniZe m. TurqeTis istoria, Tbilisi, 2007.30. sulgulaZe ab. _ saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis istoriisaTvis, baTumi,1996.247

31. CitiZe n. _ geopolitika. Tbilisi, 2008.32. jafariZe S. _ mustafa qemal aTaTurqi – politikuri da saxelmwifomoRvawe, baTumi, 1996.33. Алиев Г.З. – Турсиа в период правления младотурок, Москва, 1979.34. Живкова А.П. – Англо-Туреские отношеиа 1938-45гг, Москва, 1997.35. Мииллер А.Ф. – Очерки новейшей истории, Москва, 1948.36. Мииллер А.Ф. – Турсия. Актуалъные проблемы новой и новейщей истории, Москва,1983.37. Нартов Н. А. – Геополитика Москва, 2002.38. Новичев А.Д.- Турсия. Краткая история, Москва, 1965.39. Ратцел Ф. – Ролитическая география, (1897) Москва, 1996.40. Тихонранов Ю. – Георолитика, Москва, 2000.41. Дугин А. - Основы Евразийства, Москва, 2008.42. Дугин А. – ‘’Проект Евразия”, Москва, 2008.43. Дугин А. – Четвертая политическая теортя, Москва, 2009.44. Хлюпив В. – Воина Ислам и Геополитика: Мир XXI веке, Москва, 2000.45. Поцхверия Б. М. Внешняя политика Турции после Второй мировой войны. Москва,1976.46. Шахиндлер М.Ю. – Кемализм, Москва, 1998.47. Шмаров В. – Кипр в средиземноморской политики НАТО, Москва, 1982.48. Akçam T. – Dialogue across on international divide: Essays towards aTurkish-Armeniandialogue, Zoriyan Insitute, 2001.49. Ahmad F. - The making of Modern Turkey, London 1993.50. Andrews P. - Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. Wiesbaden 1989.51. Brewin Ch. The European Union and Тurks. Great Britain 2000.52. Brzezinski Z. - The Grand Chessboard, New York: Basic Books, 1997.53. Brzezinski Z. – The chois: Global Domination or Global Leadership. New york, 2004.54. Dale E. Russia ? s muslim Frontiers, Bloomington, 1993.55. Kramer H. - A Changing Turkey; A Challenge to Europe and the United States Washington,2000.56. McDowall D., A - Modern History of the Kurds, London 1999.57. McDowall D., The Kurdish Question in the 1990, London 1994.58. Tűrkmen F. - Turkey and Korcan wor. vol 3, 2002.59. Hale W. - Turkish Politics and the Military, London 1994.60. Zürcher E. - Turkey : A modern History., London 1993.248

61. Aras B. – The New Geopolitics of Eurasia and Turkey's Position. London, 2001.62. Akçam T. – Insan haklar ve Ermeni sorunu: Ihtihat ve Terakki’nden Kurtuluş Sava’ιna,Istanbul, 1999.63. Alkan A. – Karadeniz gűvenliġi, Ankara, 2006.64. Altan M. – Birinci Cumhuriet űzerine notlar, Istanbul, 2001.65. Altan M. – Kűrt sorununu insanletirmek, Istanbul, 2008.66. Ali B. – Islam ve fanatizm, Istanbul, 1993.67. Akdogan S. - Paralel ve Ortadogu, Istanbul, 1995.68. Akgűn M. – Karadeniz’de gűvenlik ve karadeniz Ekonomik işbirliġi: Tűrkiye açιsιndan birdeġerlendirme, Istanbul, 1994.69. Aydin A. – Kűrtler, PKK ve Abdula Ocalan, Istanbul, 2003.70. Aydin M.- Kavkasya ve Azya’yla ilikiler. Istanbul, 200171. Balli R – Kűrt dosyasι. Istanbul, 1991.72. Brown J.F. – Tűrkiye’nin yeni jeopolitik konumu, Istanbul, 2000.73. Bayrak M. - Kűrtler ve ulusal-demokratik műcadeleri, Ankara, 1993.74. Burkay K. – Geçmişten bugűne: Kűrtler ve Kűrdistan, Istanbul, 1992.75. Çeçen A. – Tűrkiye ve Avrasya, Ankara, 2006.76. Davutoġlu A. – Stratejik derinlik, Istanbul, 2001.77. Doġan N., Kula F., Őcal M. – Tűrkiye’nin jeoekonomisi ve jeopolitikasi, Tűrkiye geleceġinneresinde? Ankara, 2007.78. Erdoġan M. – Anayasal Demokrasi. Ankara, 1999.79. Gazioġlu A. - Avrupa Birliġi, Kιbrιs ve Tűrkiye. Lefkoa, 1994.80. Gazioġlu A. – Enosis Çemberi’nden Kιbrιs Cumhuriyeti’ne, Ankara 2000.81. Emircan M. – Kιbrιs Tűrk topraġidir, Ankara, 2000.82. Firat M. – “AB-Kιbrιs ilişkileri ve Tűrkiye’nin politiklarι” Istanbul, 1998.83. Kaynak M., Lűtfi Mete Ő. – Derin PKK Bűyűk oyun’un gizli kodlarι, Istanbul, 2007.84. Kona G. – Uluslararasi çatişma alanlari ve Tűrkiye’nin gűvenliġi, Istanbul, 2005.85. Korkmaz T. – Ankara Washington hattι, Amerikan iktidarinin sonu, , Istanbul, 2007.86. Kurumahmut Ő., Torsun S. A. - Uluslararasi Boġazlar’dan geçiş ve Tűrk Boġazlari’ninhukuki statűsű, Istanbul, 1999.87. Mumcu U. – Kűrt dűniyasi, Istanbul, 1994.88. Nadi Y. – M. Kemal Paşa Samsun’da, Samsun, 1998.89. Nakip M. – Kerkűk’űn kimliġi. Ankara, 2007.90. Olson R. - Trkiye’nin Suriye, Israel ve Rusya ile ilişkileri: 1979-2001, Ankara, 2005.91. Oran B. – Tűrk diş politikasι, Cilt 2, Istanbul, 2002.249

92. Oran B. – Tűrk diş politikasι, kurtuluş savaşindan bűgűne: lgular,belgeler yorumlar. Istanbul,2006.93. Őzbudum E. – Çaġdaş Tűrk politikasι: Demokratik ve Pekişmenin Őnűndeki Engeller,Istanbul, 2003.94. Sönmezoġlu F. – Tűrkiye-Unanistan ilişkileri ve bűyűk gűçler, Istanbul, 2000.95. Taştekin M. - Tűrk diş politikasιnda 2003 Irak savaşι. Ankara, 2006.96. Miroğlu O. - Çapraz Ateşte İki Halk: Türkler ve Kürtler, Yeni Jeopolitika ve Nasyonalizm.Ankara, 2005.97. Todorova M. (Trans. by Bernar Kutlu), “Balkanlarda Osmanlι Mirasι (The Ottoman Heritagein Balkans)” in Kemali Saybaflιlι and Gencer Özcan eds., Yeni Balkanlar Eski Sorunlar,Istanbul, 1997.98. Topur T. – Kűreselleşme jeopolitika ve milli gűvenlik, Istanbul, 2006.99. Tikov V. A., Filipova E. I. – Eski sovyet Űlkelerinde etnik ilişkiler ve sorunlar, Ankara,2000.100. Tűrkmen I. - Avrupa Birliġi ve Tűrkiye, Istanbul, 2000.101. Uġur M. – Avrupa Birliġi ve Tűrkiye, Istanbul, 2000.102. Yanar S. – Tűrk Rus ilişkilerinde gizli gűç: Kavkasiya, Istanbul, 2002.103. Ynanç R., Taşdemir H. – Uluslararasi gűvenlik sorulari ve Tűrkiye, Ankara,2002.250

presa da publicistika104. gorgilaZe i. _ TurqeTis transkaspiuri politika,saistorio macne, XVIII, baTumi, 2009.105. maCitiZe el. _ islamisturi partiebi TanamedroveTurqeTSi, orientalisturi Ziebani, krebuli 3-4, Tbilisi1995.106. gigineiSvili o. – nacionalizmis qemalisturi debuleba,max. aRm. qveynebis axali da uaxlesi istoria, samecnierokrebuli, Tbilisi 1983107. svaniZe m. _ qemalisturi revolucia, ,,axali xidi”, #3,2003.108. Bleda T. - “The Mediterranean and the Black Sea”, Perceptions, September-November, vol.1, no.3, 1996109. Aksyon. 20-26 12. 1997.110. Cumhuriyet 26.12.1997111. Ibadov H., Ibrahimov Ş., Aġasiyev H – Tűrkiye Gűrcistan Ilikileri,Çveneburi, Istanbul ocak-mart 2003.251

internet resursi112. ,,Tu TurqeTi evrokavSirs zurgs Seaqcevs, esdasavleTisTvis namdvili geopolitikuri miwisZvra iqneba”09.15.09 - www.ambebi.ge/.../3426-tu-evrokavshiri-turqets-dakargavs-esdasavletistvis-namdvili-geopolitikuri-mitsisdzvra-iqneba.html113. sarisko diplomatia (interviu TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTaministr a. daviToRlusTan) 01.12.09. www.ambebi.ge114. areSiZe m. - TurqeT-somxeTis urTierTobebis aRdgeniTkavkasiaSi ZalTa gadanawileba Seicvleba,” Tbilisi27.04.09. www.ghn.ge/news-317.html115. babicki a. – ,,TurqeT-somxeTis urTierToba da misigavlena regionis geopolitikaze,” 17.10.09.www.tavispleba.org/content/article/1854388.html 9somxebtan116. TurqeTma evrokavSiris alternativa ipova.www.kavkasia.ge/index.php?action=more..117. haTai (provincia) _ vikipedia ka.wikipedia.org/wiki118. TurqeTis respublika – vikipedia ka.wikipedia.org/wiki TurqeTi119. ,,erayeli qurTebi mzad arian TurqeTis armiismosageriblad” 19.10.07 24saati.ge/index/php/news/2009-11-27/1378120. ziraqiSvili l. - TurqeTi-ruseTis morigi msxverpliwww.presa.ge/print.php?/=3802121. ,,TurqeT _ saqarTvelos urTierTobebi Rrmavdeba,” 07.09.09.pirveli.com.ge/index.php?option=com_content...1122. ,,TurqeT-somxeTis daaxloeba – regionaluriTanamSromlobis perspeqtiva,” _ 16.11.09www.kavkasia.ge/index.php?action=more&id=58...geo123. ,,TurqeTi da azerbaijani aSS-s kongresSi Tavis lobsaZliereben” 23.03.09 www.newalliance.info/ge/geopolitics.html124. ,,TurqeTi regionuli zesaxelmwifos statuss eswrafvis”26.05.09 www.experti.ge/1999shevardnadze_demirelis_konqiqti.htm125. ,,konfederaciis proeqtis” kraxma ganapiroba CrdiloeTkavkasiidan mosaxleobis muhajiroba osmaleTSiwww. presa.ge/index.php?i=7041&text=news252

126. Turqi politologi: ,,somxeTTan sazRvari mxolodyarabaxis deokupaciis SemTxvevaSi unda gavxsnaT,”Tbilisi – 01.11.09 “ji-eiC-eni” www.ghn.ge/news-1572.htmi127. TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministro - www.mfa.gov.tr128. TurqeTis saxelmwifo daniSnulebis statistikisdepartamenti www. die. gov tr.129. saxmeleTo akademiis sardloba - www. harpak. tsk. mil. tr.130. TurqeTis strategiuli dagegmarebis saagentowww. dpt. gov tr.131. TurqeTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministro - www. icisleri. gov.tr132. TurqeTis premier ministris aparati - www.başbakanlik. gov.tr133. anatolieli Turqebi – vikipedia ka.wikipedia.org/wiki TurqeTi134. TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gen. Stabi - www. tsk. mil. tr.135. Turquli gambiti: TurqeTi yovelTvis ganixilavdakavkasias sakuTari geopolitikuri interesebis sferod11.10.09 rakurs.ge/geo/2009/11/10/136. სომხური საკითხი: უპასუხო კითხვაwww.shokoladi.ge/node/237?page=3137. somxebis genocidi – ka.wikipedia.org/.../138. Turquli presa: interviu d. SmidTan – 31.10.09, Turqulipresis mokle mimoxilvawww.trt.net.tr/international/newsDetail.aspx?HaberKodu139. meliqiSvili a. – TurqeT-somxeTis urTierTobebissxvadasxva aspeqts Turqi eqsperti Saban qardaSimimoixilavs... 17.07.09.www.voanews.com/geopgian/...2009-07-17-voa7.cfm?...07140. meliqiSvili a. – ,,ruseT-TurqeTis urTierTobebisnormalizacia: mniSvneloba regionisTvis, vaSingtoni,”30.09.09. www.voanews.com/geopgian/...2009-09-30-voa17.cfm141. molodini g. – ,,ras moaswavebs ruseT-TurqeTisdaaxloeba?,” ruseTis kvlevebis saqarTvelos instituti,2009 www.presa.ge/print.php?/=7043142. abaSiZe m. – ,,TurqeTi Tavis geopolitikur kurss icvlis?”15.10.09. presa.ge/index.php?text=news&i=11357253

143. ,,samxreT kavkasiis usafrTxoebis axali arqiteqtura 2008wlis 8 agvistos Semdeg”, q. ankara, 3 noemberi 2008www.caukasia-eqsperts.org/?p=360&language=ka144. Wiaureli m. - ,,TurqeT israelis uTanxmoeba:geopolitikuri cvlilebis niSani”www.tavisupleba.org/archive/.../1002.html145. janiaSvili l. – ,,qemalisturi eTnogenetikuri koncefciada saqarTvelo,” Tbilisi, 2007ijhei.wordpress.com/.../lavrenti-janiaSvili146. Анкара между геополитической Сцилой и Харибдой – 3 сентебря 2009www.analitika.ru147. Панарин А. С. – БиБлиотека думающего о Россииwww.patriotica.ru/.../panarin.html148. Йрекс – Геополитика и центральная Азияwww.irex.ru/press/pub/.../05/par/149. Турсия стремится к пересмотру своуй геополитической ролиwww.elections-ices.org/russian/.../textid:2051/150. Нартов Н. – Геополитика-Ирана, Турсии и мусулманскихгосударств. www.gumer.info/...Buks/.../11.php151. Нартов Н. – Геополитика politzone.in.ua/index.php?id=226152. Евразийская стратегия Турсии – Геополитика.руgeopolitica.ru/Articles/214/153. Евразия – Геополитическая дилема Турсии. 28.03.08.evrazia.org/article.php?id=388154. Новая Геополитическая реальность начала XXI века, Турсияфронтирная Империя. www.polit.nnov.ru/.../turkfrontierimper/155. Перекресток Геополитические интересов России и Турсии – Кавказwww.noravank.am/ru/?...7...156. Евразийский завет и геополитика Турсии. 22.01.2004www.turkey.mid.ru/.../rus_smi2.html157. Busiens New Europe: Турсия разминает свои Геополитические мускулыwww.rosinvest.com/news/580068/158. Междунородное Евразийское Движение – Турсия на евразийскомвираже...05.09.09. evrazia.info/modules.php?name...file...www.yerkramas.org254

159. Великая геополитическая игра: сближение Турсии и Россииwww.watchingrussia.com/...velikaya_geopoliticheskaya_igra_sblizhenie_turcii_i_rossii.print160. Геополитическая Болшая Игра: сближение Турсии и России -ВОИНА и МИР, 28.02.09.pda.warandpeace.ru/ru/exclusive/.../33081/161. Геополитические проблемы ближного зарубежьяmy.arcto.ru/public/3problems.htm162. Турсия помогает возвращению России на Южныи Кавказwww.inosmi.ru/world/.../247472.html163. Политические цели Турсии на Южном Кавказеwww.checheninfo.ru/index.php?...164. Taner Akçam – Armeniapedia.orgwww.armeniapedia.org/index.php?...Taner Akçam165. Akçam T. - Armenian-Turkish Research Projectwww.chgs.umn.edu/.../turkisharmenian/166. Barak Hussein: a good start in Ankara, 21.03.09.www.guardian.co.uk/.../barack-obama-turkey167. The Geopolitics of Turkey. July 31, 2007.www.stratfor.com/geopolitics_turkey168. The Geopolitics of Turkey’s Accession tu the European Unionbellwether.metapress.com/index/BO65L4HO3568VJ51.pdf169. 204 Amazon.com: Turkey’s New Geopoliticswww.amazon.com/Turkeys...Geopolitics.../0813386608 -170. Intellibriefs: The Geopolitics of Turkey –www.intellibriefs.blogspot.com/.../geopolitics-of-turkey.html171. The New Geopolitics of Eurasia and Turkey’s Position.www.encyclopedia.com/.../1G1-118416744.html172. Turkey’s New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China by...www.questia.com/.../turkeys-new-geopolitics-from-the-balkans-to-western-china-by-j-fbrown-graham-e-fuller-paul-b-henze-ian-o-lesser.jsp255

173. Aras B. – The New Geopolitics of Eurasia and Turkey’s Position.www.priceminister.co.uk/.../aras-bulent-the-new-geopolitics-of-eurasiaand-turkey-position-book.html174. Turkey: Global Geopolitics News and Analysisglobalgeopolitics.net/wordpress/tag/turkey/175. Spotlight on Geopolitics>>Turkey - florianpantazi.blogactiv.eu/.../turkey/176. Turkiyede Mahkeme - www.mcpsp.com › ... ›177. Askeri Disiplin Mahkemeleri - www.turkhukuksitesi.com178. Rudyard Kipling - Biography and Works - www.onlineliterature.com/kipling/179. Kıbrıs Sorunu / Cyprus Problem - Türkiye için 'Kıbrıs sorunu'bulunmamaktadır; ancak günün birinde adanın geleceği ... 1955 yılında ise,İngiltere, Kıbrıs sorunu ile ilgili olarak, ... www.turkishgreek.org/kibris.htm180. How to Resolve a Conflict at Work Cypress CA - Cypress CA, work ...www.articles.directorym.com/How_to_Resolve_a_Conflict_at_Work_Cypress_CA-181. Conflict Sensitive Reporting – In Cypress « Journalism that Matters – 15May 2008 www. journalismthatmatters.wordpress.com/.../conflictsensitive-reporting-in-cypress/182. Conflict in Cypress gains new urgency. 2002-04-22 10:17:48. Resolutionsought amid news.pseka.net/index.php?id183. Конфликт греков и турок на Кипре (Справка). Главная. 03-09-2008www.russiancyprus.net/.../184. NATO Update: TURKEY and Greece celebrate 50 years of NATO ...www.nato.int/docu/.../e0218a.htm185. islamis gavlena TurqeTis prodasavlur orientaciazewww.parliament.ge/files/1112_22236_810299_Turkey186. Internet.ge 16:47 15.12.09 – ,,CeCneTis omi”www.internet.ge/v2/index.php?...3...187. Montreux Convention 1936- www.globalsecurity.org/.../naval-armscontrol-1936.htm188. TÜRKİYE BÜYÜK MİLLET MECLİSİ - www.tbmm.gov.tr256

gamoyenebuli literaturamonografiebi - qarTuli1. anTelava g. _ Tanamedrove evropa da Turquli migracia (1960-1990-iani wlebi) Tbilisi, 2004.2. baramiZe i. – qarTul-rusul-osmaluri urTierTobebi XIX saukunisI mesamedSi, baTumi, 2005.3. batiaSvili z. _ TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, Tbilisi 2000.4. bawaSi w. _ eTno-religiuri procesebi Crdilo-aRmosavleTanatoliaSi. Tbilisi, 19885. gaCeCilaZe r. – axlo aRmosavleTi, ekonomikur-geografiulimimoxilva, Tbilisi, 1977.6. gaCeCilaZe r. – axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da politika,Tbilisi, 2008.7. gaCeCilaZe r. – Cemi XX saukune, Tbilisi, 2009.8. gegeSiZe a. – geopolitika, Tbilisi, 1998.9. gigineiSvili o. _ axalgazrda Turqebis kavkasiuri politika,Tbilisi, 1963.10. gigineiSvili o. _ TurqeTis 1960 wlis 27 maisis saxelmwifogadatrialebis mokle istoria, Tbilisi, 1991.11. gigineiSvili o. _ nacionalizmis qemalisturi debuleba,maxlobeli aRmosavleTis axali da uaxlesi istoria, Tbilisi, 1983.12. donaZe v. menTeSaSvili al. cincaZe i. – aziisa da afrikis qveynebisuaxlesi istoria, nawili II, Tbilisi, 1970.13. donaZe v. – sazRvargareTuli aziisa da afrikis uaxlesi istoria,Tbilisi, 1991.14. dugini al. – geopolitikis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1999.15. lebaniZe t. _ TurqeTis Sida politika 1945-80 wlebSi dapolitikuri partiebi, Tbilisi, 2003.16. makaraZe e. – Tanamedrove TurqeTis aqtualuri sakiTxebi, XXsaukunis 90-iani wlebi, baTumi, 2000.257

17. makaraZe e. _ mustafa qemal aTaTurqis roli respublikurTurqeTSi. baTumi, 2009.18. makaraZe e. gogitiZe m. _ kviprosis sakiTxi aRmosavlur politikaSiXX saukunis 60_80-ian wlebSi baTumi 2000.19. maCitiZe e. – TurguT ozalis ekonomikuri politika. Tbilisi, 2008.20. nakaSiZe lamara _ TurqeTi, saqarTvelo, dro, adamianebi. Tbilisi,2008.21. nanitaSvili n. _ sazRvargareTis qveynebis uaxlesi istoria,Tbilisi, 1974.22. naWyepia n. _ TurqeTi: ekonomikur-geografiuli daxasiaTeba.Tbilisi, 1970.23. naWyepia n. – Tanamedrove TurqeTi. Tbilisi 1957.24. svanaZe l. – uinston CerCili da konservatorebi, wig. 3 quTaisi,2008.25. rondeli al. – saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, Tbilisi, 1996.26. svaniZe m. TurqeTis istoria, Tbilisi, 2007.27. svaniZe m. osmaleTis istoria, Tbilisi, 1999.28. sulgulaZe ab. _ saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis istoriisaTvis, baTumi,1996.29. CitiZe n. _ geopolitika. Tbilisi, 2008.30. ercogi x. _ israel-arabebis omebi. Tbilisi, 2007.31. jafariZe S. _ mustafa qemal aTaTurqi – politikuri dasaxelmwifo moRvawe, baTumi, 1996.Turquli:1. Akdogan S. - Paralel ve Ortadogu, Istanbul, 1995.2. Akçam T. – Insan haklar ve Ermeni sorunu: Ihtihat ve Terakki’nden Kurtuluş Sava’ιna,Istanbul, 1999.3. Akgűn M. – Karadeniz’de gűvenlik ve karadeniz Ekonomik işbirliġi: Tűrkiye açιsιndanbir deġerlendirme, Istanbul, 1994.4. Alkan A. – Karadeniz gűvenliġi, Ankara, 2006.5. Altan M. – Birinci Cumhuriet űzerine notlar, Istanbul, 2001.6. Altan M. – Kűrt sorununu insanletirmek, Istanbul, 2008.258

7. Ali B. - Çaġda kavramlar ve dűzenler, Istanbul, 19938. Ali B. – Islam ve fanatizm, Istanbul, 1993.9. Aydin A. – Kűrtler, PKK ve Abdula Ocalan, Istanbul, 2003.10. Aytar O. – Kűrdűnűn “Makus Talih”i ve “Gűneydoġű” Anadolu projesi. Istanbul, 1991.11. Balkir C. – Karadeniz ekonomik işbirliġi bölgesi, Istanbul, 1993.12. Balli R – Kűrt dosyasι. Istanbul, 1991.13. Bayrak M. - Kűrtler ve ulusal-demokratik műcadeleri, Ankara, 1993.14. Brown J.F. – Tűrkiye’nin yeni jeopolitik konumu, Istanbul, 200015. Burkay K. – Geçmişten bugűne: Kűrtler ve Kűrdistan, Istanbul, 1992.16. Çeçen A. – Tűrkiye ve Avrasya, Ankara, 2006.17. Davutoġlu A. – Stratejik derinlik, Istanbul, 2001.18. Doġan N., Kula F. M. – Tűrkiye’nin jeoekonomisi ve jeopolitikasi, Tűrkiye geleceġinneresinde? Ankara, 2007.19. Ecevit B. – Űrűnű derme zamanι, ankara, 1994.20. Ergun A - – Tűrk solu, Istanbul, 1992.21. Emircan M. – Kιbrιs Tűrk topraġidir, Ankara, 2000.22. Firat M. – “AB-Kιbrιs ilişkileri ve Tűrkiye’nin politiklarι” Istanbul, 1998.23. Gűrsel H. – Tarih boyunca Tűrk-Rus ilikileri, Istanbul, 1968.24. Inana A. __ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ve Türk Devrimi", Ankara, 1973.25. Kaygi A. – Tűrk dűşűncesinde çaġdaşlama, Ankara, 1992.26. Kaynak M., Lűtfi Mete Ő. – Derin PKK Bűyűk oyun’un gizli kodlarι, Istanbul, 2007.27. Kιlalι M. A. – Gűneyidoġű: Dűűk yoġunluk çatιşma, Ankara, 1996.28. Kona G. – Uluslararasi çatişma alanlari ve Tűrkiye’nin gűvenliġi, Istanbul, 2005.29. Korkmaz T. – Ankara Washington hattι, Amerikan iktidarinin sonu, Istanbul, 2007.30. Kurumahmut Ő., Torsun S. A. - Uluslararasi Boġazlar’dan geçiş ve Tűrk Boġazlari’ninhukuki statűsű, Istanbul, 1999.31. Kűçűk Y. – Kűrtler űzerine tezler, Istanbul, 1990.32. Kűçűkomer I. – Idris Kűçűkömer’le Tűrkiye űstűune tartιşmalar, Istanbul, 1994.33. Miroğlu O. - Çapraz Ateşte İki Halk: Türkler ve Kürtler, Yeni Jeopolitika veNasyonalizm. Ankara 2005.34. Mumcu U. – Kűrt dűniyasi, Istanbul, 1994.35. Mumcu U. – Kűrt islam ayaklanmasι, 1919-25, Istanbul, 1991.36. Nadi Y. – M. Kemal Paşa Samsun’da, Samsun, 1998.37. Nakip M. – Kerkűk’űn kimliġi. Ankara, 2007.38. Oktay A. – Cumhuriyet dönemi edebiyatι,1923-50, Ankara, 1993.259

39. Olson R. - Trkiye’nin Suriye, Israel ve Rusya ile ilişkileri: 1979-2001, Ankara, 2005.40. Oran B. – Tűrk diş politikasι, Cilt 1, Istanbul, 2002.41. Oran B. – Tűrk diş politikasι, Cilt 2, Istanbul, 2002.42. Oran B. – Tűrk diş politikasι, kurtuluş savaşindan bűgűne: lgular,belgeler yorumlar.Istanbul, 2006.43. Őztűrk O. M. – RF Askeri doqtrini, Ankara, 2001.44. Sönmezoġlu F. – Tűrkiye-Unanistan ilişkileri ve bűyűk gűçler, Istanbul, 2000.45. Sűrmeli S. – Tűrk-Gűrcű ilişkileri (1918-1921), Ankara, 2001.46. Tavkul U. – Etnik Çatişmalarin gölgesinde Kafkasiya, Istanbul, 2002.47. Todorova M. (Trans. by Bernar Kutlu), “Balkanlarda Osmanlι Mirasι (The OttomanHeritage in Balkans)” in Kemali Saybaflιlι and Gencer Özcan eds., Yeni Balkanlar EskiSorunlar, Istanbul, 1997.48. Tikov V. A., Filipova E. I. – Eski sovyet Űlkelerinde etnik ilişkiler ve sorunlar, Ankara2000.49. Toluner S. – Milletlerarasi hukuk dersleri, Istanbul, 1996.50. Topur T. – Kűreselleşme jeopolitika ve milli gűvenlik, Istanbul, 2006.51. Tűrkmen I. - Avrupa Birliġi ve Tűrkiye, Istanbul, 200052. Uġur M. – Avrupa Birliġi ve Tűrkiye, Istanbul, 2000. evrokavshiri53. Yanar S. – Tűrk Rus ilişkilerinde gizli gűç: Kavkasiya, Istanbul, 2002.54. Ynanç R., Taşdemir H. – Uluslararasi gűvenlik sorulari ve Tűrkiye, Ankara, 2002.rusuli:1. Алиев Г.З. – Турсиа в период правления младотурок, Москва, 1979.2. Американская Историография Внешней Политики СЩА, Москва, 1972.3. Ермеев Д. Е. – Етногенез Турок, Москва, 1971.4. Гаджиев К.С. – Георолитикаю Москва, 19975. Живкова А.П. – Англо-Туреские отношеиа 1938-45гг, Москва, 19976. История Дипломатии, Т-V, Москва, 1974.7. История Зарубежных Стран, после второй мировой войны, Москва, 1964.8. Меинер М. С., Ермеев Д.Е. – История Турсии в средние века и новое время,Москва, 1992.9. Мииллер А.Ф. – Краткая история Турсии, Москва, 1948.10. Мииллер А.Ф. – Турсия. Актуалъные проблемы новой и новейщей истории,Москва, 1983.260

11. Мииллер А.Ф. – Очерки новейшей истории, Москва, 1948.12. Нартов Н. А. – Геополитика Москва, 2002.13. Новая История Стран Азии, Москва, 1983.14. Новейшфя История Стран Зарубежного Востока, Москва, 1954.15. Новейшфя История Турсии, Москва, 1968.16. Новичев А.Д.- Турсия. Краткая история, Москва, 1965.17. Очерки Новой и Новейшей Истории США, Т-Ι, Москва, 1960.18. Поцхверия Б. М. Внешняя политика Турции после Второй мировой войны. М.1976.19. Ратцел Ф. – Ролитическая география, (1897) Москва, 1996.20. Тихонранов Ю. – Георолитика, Москва, 2000.21. Устюн Н. – Америка и Американси в Турсии, Москва, 1971.22. Дугин А. - Основы Евразийства, Москва, 2008.23. Дугин А. – Проект Евразия, Москва, 2008.24. Дугин А. – Четвертая ролитическая теортя, Москва, 2009.25. Хлюпив В. – Воина Ислам и Геополитика: Мир XXI веке, Москва, 2000.26. Шахиндлер М.Ю. – Кемализм, Москва, 1998.27. Шмаров В. – Кипр в средиземноморской политики НАТО, Москва, 1982.inglisuri:1. Aras B. – The New Geopolitics of Eurasia and Turkey's Position, London 2001.2. Akçam T. – Dialogue across on international divide: Essays towards aTurkish-Armeniandialogue, Zoriyan Insitute, 2001.3. Ahmad F. - The making of Modern Turkey, London 1993.4. Andrews P. - Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. Wiesbaden 1989.5. Brewin Ch. The European Union and Тurks ., Great Britain 2000.6. Brzezinski Z. - The Grand Chessboard, New York: Basic Books, 1997.7. Brzezinski Z. – The chois: Global Domination or Global Leadership. New york, 2004.8. Aristoteles (Trans. by Mete Tunçay) Politika, Istanbul 1975.9. Dale E. Russia ? s muslim Frontiers, Bloomington, 1993.10. Entessar N - Kurdish Ethnonationalism, Boulder 1992.11. Hale W. - Turkish Politics and the Military, London 1994.261

12. Karpat K - Turkish Foreign Policy: Recent Developments. Madison 1996.13. Kramer H. - A Changing Turkey; A Challenge to Europe and the United States,Washington, 2000.14. Kemp G, Harkavy R - Strategic Geography and the Changing Middle East,Washington 1997.15. Tűrkmen F. - Turkey and Korcan wor. vol 3, 2002.16. McDowall D., A Modern History of the Kurds, London 1999.17. McDowall D., The Kurdish Question in the 1990, London 1994.18. Russet B - Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post Cold War World.,Princeton 1993.19. Boer P. D. - “Europe to 1914: the Making of an Idea”, in Kevin Wilson and Jan van derDussen eds., The History of the Idea of Europe, London, 1993.20. Shirin Akiner. - Politikal and economic trends in Central Asia, London, 1994.21. Trenin D. - The End of Eurasia; Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics andGlobalisation, (Carnegie Endowment For International Peace), Washington D.C.:Brookings,2002,22. Zürcher E. - Turkey : A modern History., London 1993.presa da publicistika:1. batiaSvili z. __ cnobari TurqeTze, saqarTvelos strategiulikvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri, biuleteni #23, aprili 1999.2. gorgilaZe i. _ TurqeTis transkaspiuri politika, saistorio macne,XVIII, baTumi, 2009.3. imedaZe g. – strategiuli partnioroba grZeldeba, axali xidi,Tbilisi, 2003.4. imedaSvili a. – saqarTvelo-TurqeTis saganmanaTleblourTierTobis sakiTxebisaTvis, axali xidi, Tbilisi, 2003.5. kalandaraSvili k. _ urTierTobaTa kvleva, axali xidi, Tbilisi,#1 2002.6. makariZe e. _ kviprosis problema dRes, saistorio macne #6, baTumi1997.262

7. makaraZe e. – religiis saqmeTa sammarTvelos roli TanamedroveTurqeTis cxovrebaSi, Sromebi VIII, humanitarul mecnierebaTaseria, baTumi, 2005.8. makaraZe e. – mustafa qemal aTaTurqi da nacionalizmi,saistorio macne, XVIII, baTumi, 2009.9. makaraZe e. – FfeTulah guleni – respublikur TurqeTSiaRiarebuli moazrovne, saistorio macne XVI-XVII, baTumi, 2008.10. rusul-qarTuli konfliqtebi : mizezebi, Sedegebi, perspeqtivebi.krebuli I. Tbilisi 200911. svaniZe m. _ qemalisturi revolucia, ,,axali xidi”, #3, 2003.12. fircxalava a. _ TurqeTma pirvelma gamogviwoda daxmarebis xeli,axali xidi, Tbilisi, #1 2003.13. CoCievi g. _ ucxouri kapitalis mozidvebi Tanamedrove TurqeTSi,14. maxlobeli aRmosavleTis qveynebis istoria, Tbilisi, 1989.15. Brzezinski Z. – the Wrong Way to Sell Democracy to the Arab World, The New YorkTims, 8 Mar 2004.16. Diner D. - “Knowledge of Expansion on the Geopolitics of Karl Haushofer”,Geopolitics, vol.4, no.3, Winter, 199917. Dialogue Across an International Divide: Essays Towards a Turkish-Armenian Dialogue,zoryaninstitute.org, 200118. Ibadov H., Ibrahimov Ş., Aġasiyev H – Tűrkiye Gűrcistan Ilikileri, Çveneburi, Istanbul,ocak-mart 2003.19. Peters P - “The West Against the Rest:Geopolitics After the End of the Cold War”,Geopolitics, vol.4, no.3, Winter, 1999.20. Űnal O. – Atatűrk’űn liderlik karizmasi, 19 Mais ve Milli Műcadele’de SamsunSempozyumu, Samsun, 2000.21. Turkey A New Role at Last? - Strategic Survey 2001-2002. The International Institute forStrategic Studies, 200222. Bleda T. - “The Mediterranean and the Black Sea”, Perceptions, September-Novembervol.1, no.3, 199623. Starr J. “Water Wars”, Foreign Policy, no.82, Spring, 1991,24. ,,Aksyon”25. ,,Cumhuriyet”26. ,,Güne”27. ,,Eurasian File”263

28. ,,Hürriyet”29. ,,Millet”30. ,,Sabah”31. ,,Yeni Yüzyil”264