SA_L_1_030115_Sanchita_Bakshi_Arunish_Chawla_Mihir_Shah

SPECIAL ARTICLERegional Disparities in IndiaA Moving FrontierSanchita Bakshi, Arunish Chawla, Mihir ShahAmong the various axes of inequality in India, regionaldisparities have acquired greater salience in recent times,with demands being made for special status for certainstates on this basis. What has been completelyoverlooked in the process is that regional backwardnessin India is a moving frontier with the most intense formsof poverty and deprivation getting increasinglyconcentrated within enclaves of backwardness,especially those inhabited by adivasi communities. Thispaper reports on a recent exercise within the PlanningCommission that tries to capture this dynamic ofregional backwardness in India.Annexures A (“List of districts in descending order of backwardnessbased on the index”) and B (“List of sub-districts in descending order ofbackwardness based on the index”) are posted on the EPW websitealong with this article.The authors gratefully acknowledge inputs received fromMontek Singh Ahluwalia, B K Chaturvedi, Siddharth Coelho-Prabhu,Kishore Chandra Deo, Radhicka Kapoor, Jairam Ramesh, Abhijit Senand P S Vijayshankar. The authors also acknowledge the inputs of themembers of the Advisory Council of the Ministry of Rural Development’sIndia Rural Development Report 2014, which will carry a modifiedversion of this paper.Sanchita Bakshi (sanchita.bakshi @gmail.com) is Young Professional,Planning Commission, Government of India; Arunish Chawla (arunish.chawla@gmail.com) is Joint Secretary (Expenditure), Ministry ofFinance, Government of India; Mihir Shah (mihir.shah@nic.in) isSecretary, Samaj Pragati Sahayog.44Overview 1The Eleventh Plan period saw states with the lowest percapita income (PCI) register relatively higher rates ofgrowth. Bihar, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradeshand Rajasthan had the lowest PCI in the Eighth Plan. All of thesehave gradually improved their growth rates, particularly inthe Eleventh Plan. The average gross domestic product (GDP)growth rate of these states increased from 4.6% in the EighthPlan to 6.76% in the Tenth Plan and 8.58% in the Eleventh Plan.Table 1 provides growth rates of states across plan periods.These show several convergence trends. First, the average GDPgrowth rate of states with lowest PCI over the last three plansis increasing continuously and during the Eleventh Plan, itexceeded the average growth rates of general category states.Table 1: Growth Rates in State Domestic Product across Plan Periods(% per annum)Sl No States/Union Territories Eighth Plan Ninth Plan Tenth Plan a Eleventh Plan1 Andhra Pradesh 5.4 4.6 6.7 8.332 Bihar 2.2 4.0 4.7 12.113 Chhattisgarh NA NA 9.2 8.444 Goa 8.9 5.5 7.8 9.025 Gujarat 12.4 4.0 10.6 9.596 Haryana 5.2 4.1 7.6 9.107 Jharkhand NA NA 11.1 7.278 Karnataka 6.2 7.2 7.0 8.049 Kerala 6.5 5.7 7.2 8.0410 MP 6.3 4.0 4.3 8.9311 Maharashtra 8.9 4.7 7.9 9.4812 Odisha 2.1 5.1 9.1 8.2313 Punjab 4.7 4.4 4.5 6.8714 Rajasthan 7.5 3.5 5.0 7.6815 Tamil Nadu 7.0 6.3 6.6 8.3216 UP 4.9 4.0 4.6 6.9017 West Bengal 6.3 6.9 6.1 7.32Special category states18 Arunachal Pradesh 5.1 4.4 5.8 9.4219 Assam 2.8 2.1 6.1 5.5020 Himachal Pradesh 6.5 5.9 7.3 5.5021 J&K 5.0 5.2 5.2 4.4022 Manipur 4.6 6.4 11.6 4.6023 Meghalaya 3.8 6.2 5.6 7.5024 Mizoram NA NA 5.9 8.7025 Nagaland 8.9 2.6 8.3 3.5026 Sikkim 5.3 8.3 7.7 12.2027 Tripura 6.6 7.4 8.7 8.0028 Uttarakhand NA NA 8.8 9.30aAverage of 2002-03 to 2005-06 for all states except J&K, Mizoram, Nagaland (2002-03 to2004-05) and Tripura (2002-03 to 2003-04).Source: Twelfth Five-Year Plan, Volume 1, Chapter 11.january 3, 2015 vol l no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Second, these also exceeded the growth rates of all states(including special category) during the Eleventh Plan. Third,the ratio of average growth rates of states with lowest PCI, asagainst those of five highest PCI states, increased from 57%(Eighth Plan) to 94% (Eleventh Plan). Fourth, the coefficientof variation indicating the extent of inequality in growth ratesamongst different states also shows an increasing convergenceof gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rates over successiveplan periods. This can be seen in Table 2 and Figure 1.Table 2: Convergence of GDP Growth Rates in Successive PlansEighth Ninth Tenth EleventhPlan Plan Plan PlanAverage GDP growth of top five states,among general category states (%) 8.02 5.00 7.00 9.10Ratio of average growth of bottomfive states to that of all India 0.68 0.75 0.87 1.08Ratio of average growth of bottom five statesto that of non-special category states 0.73 0.84 0.96 1.02Ratio of average growth rate of bottomfive states with that of top five(general category states) 0.57 0.82 0.96 0.94Figure 1: Convergence of GDP Growth Rates during Successive Plans1.1Ratio of average growth rates of bottom five states to that of all-India10.90.80.70.60.680.570.820.75Ratio of average growth rates of bottom five states to that of top five states0.5Eighth Plan Ninth Plan Tenth Plan Eleventh Plan(1992-97) (1997-2002) (2002-07) (2007-12)Figure 2: Weighted Gini Coefficient (Per capita GSDP, current prices)0.260.240.220.20.180.161980- 1983- 1986- 1989- 1992- 1995- 1998- 2001- 2004- 2007- 2010- 2011-81 84 87 90 93 96 99 02 05 08 11 12Growing Disparities in Per Capita IncomesHowever, as Ahluwalia (2011) has shown, convergent growthrates have not translated into equalising incomes across states.An update of the Ahluwalia computation is provided in Figure 2.The coefficient of variation of per capita net state domesticproduct (NSDP) has increased from around 28% in the early1980s to 36% in 2004-05 and further to 41% in 2011-12.Figure 3 plots the growth rate of the states for the period2001-10 against the log of PCI in 2001. If there was convergence0.960.871.080.94Figure 3: Growth during 2001-10 and Income in 200110y = 3.2326 x - 8.08R² = 0.0968SPECIAL ARTICLEin income levels, the relationship would have been downwardsloping. But as Figure 3 shows, the relationship is upward sloping.States with higher initial per capita NSDP on average grewfaster, suggesting that the inequality across states is actuallyincreasing. 2 Of course, it is important to clarify that althoughwe see no unconditional convergence (reducing dispersion ofincome), there still might be conditional convergence. Conditionalconvergence can be consistent with divergence in PCIs over acertain period of time. It is possible that Indian states areconverging to increasingly divergent steady states.Disparities in Human DevelopmentHuman development indicators show greater convergence thanincomes across states. The India Human Development Report2011 (IHDR-2011), which estimates the Human DevelopmentEconomic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol l no 1 45Average annual growth rate ofper capita NSDP 2001-1086423.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.7PCI (log Scale)Source: Twelfth Five-Year Plan, Volume 1, Chapter 11.Table 3: Human Development Index (1999-2000 and 2007-08)State HDI HDI Change in Percentage(2007-08) (1999-2000) HDI ChangeUttarakhand 0.49 0.339 0.151 44.54Kerala 0.79 0.677 0.113 16.69Assam 0.444 0.336 0.108 32.14Jharkhand 0.376 0.268 0.108 32.14Andhra Pradesh 0.473 0.368 0.105 28.53North-east (excluding Assam) 0.573 0.473 0.100 21.14MP 0.375 0.285 0.090 31.58Tamil Nadu 0.57 0.48 0.090 18.75Karnataka 0.519 0.432 0.087 31.64Odisha 0.362 0.275 0.087 31.64All India 0.467 0.387 0.080 20.72Chhattisgarh 0.358 0.278 0.080 28.78Bihar 0.367 0.292 0.075 25.68Himachal Pradesh 0.652 0.581 0.071 12.22Maharashtra 0.572 0.501 0.071 14.17West Bengal 0.492 0.422 0.070 16.59J&K 0.529 0.465 0.064 13.76UP 0.38 0.316 0.064 20.25Punjab 0.605 0.543 0.062 11.42Gujarat 0.527 0.466 0.061 13.09Haryana 0.552 0.501 0.051 10.18Rajasthan 0.434 0.387 0.047 12.14Goa 0.617 0.595 0.022 3.70Delhi 0.75 0.783 -0.033 -4.21Source: India Human Development Report, 2011.

SPECIAL ARTICLEIndex (HDI) for states at beginning of the decade and forthe year 2007-08, allows us to compare HDI across statesand over time. The top five ranks in HDI in both years areoccupied by Kerala, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Goa andPunjab. At the other end of the spectrum are states such asChhattisgarh, Odisha, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, UttarPradesh and Rajasthan. These states have shown tremendousimprovement in their HDI and its component indices overtime, leading to a convergence in HDI across states. The coefficientof variation of the HDI for states in 2000 was 0.313.This fell sharply to 0.235 in 2008. Furthermore, the IHDR-2011finds that the absolute improvements in health and educationindices for low PCI states such as Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,MP and Odisha have been better than for all India, with theirgaps with the all-India average narrowing over time. In six ofthe low HDI states – Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,MP, Odisha and Assam – the improvement in HDI (in absoluteterms) is considerably more than the national average. Infact, if we look at absolute changes in HDI over the decade(Table 3, p 45), the conclusion that the poorer states are catchingup with the national average is strengthened.Intrastate DisparitiesHowever, the remarkable characteristic of regional disparitiesin India is the presence of backward areas even within statesthat have grown faster and are at relatively high income levelson average. Debroy and Bhandari (2003) list districts that fallin the bottom 25% under various categories such as head countratio (HCR) poverty, food sufficiency, infant mortality rate(IMR) and literacy rate. On examining this dataset, we findthat the most backward districts in terms of these parameterslie not just in the undivided BIMARU (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) states, but also in states thathave grown faster and are at a relatively high income level onaverage. District-level poverty estimates confirm that thepoorest districts in India lie not only in undivided BIMARUstates and Odisha, but also in rich states such as Maharashtra,Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The disparity across districts inHCR is stark in the case of Maharashtra. At one end of the spectrum,there are districts with poverty HCR between 40% and48% such as Wardha, Washim, Akola, Amravati, Bhandara,Buldhana, Dhule, Gondia, Nanded and Nandurbar. At theother extreme are districts such as Mumbai and Pune withHCR of 11.3% and 14.1%, respectively. Similarly in the case ofKarnataka, there are districts with extremely high povertyHCRs, such as Bellary, Gulbarga, Koppal and Raichur, whilethere are also districts with extremely low percentage of poorsuch as Kodagu and Bangalore. In Tamil Nadu, too, we find avery wide range in district-level HCR – Tiruvannamalai at60.2% and Thoothukudi at 3.3%. The fact that these threestates have lower poverty HCRs than the national average andyet have some of the poorest districts in India is an indicator ofthe extent of intrastate inequalities.Intrastate disparities are not just in terms of income, but alsonon-income indicators such as hunger (defined in NationalSample Survey (NSS) terms). India’s richest states include some46of our “hungriest” districts. These include East Godavari,Khammam and Mahbubnagar in Andhra Pradesh, Fatehabadand Hissar in Haryana, Gulbarga in Karnataka, Malappuram,Palakkad, Thiruvananthapuram and Thrissur in Kerala andKolhapur, Ratnagiri, Satara and Sindhudurg in Maharashtra.This is also true of other indicators such as infant mortalityand literacy.A New Exercise for Identifying Backward Districtsand Sub-DistrictsIt is against this backdrop that the Planning Commissionundertook a new exercise to identify the most backwarddistricts and sub-districts in the country as part of therestructuring of the Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF)mandated by the Twelfth Five-Year Plan. The Twelfth Planhas recognised that backwardness is a dynamic phenomenonand, therefore, the selection of districts under BRGF must beupdated with time. Independent evaluations have alsopointed out that district identification for fund allocationunder BRGF has not always been related to backwardness,and there is an urgent need to devise robust and transparentcriteria for identification of backward districts. It has alsobeen suggested that an index be devised that appropriatelycaptures the multidimensional character of backwardness.Another aspect emphasised by the Ministries of PanchayatiRaj, Tribal Affairs and Rural Development, as also by severalstate governments, is the need to address intra-districtinequality to ensure that the truly backward sub-districts ofthe state receive adequate supportMethodologyBackwardness is multidimensional and there is no single variablethat captures all its dimensions. Many committeesin the past have assessed backwardness at the state andsub-state levels. Prominent among these are the PlanningCommission Study Group set up for the Fourth Plan, WanchooCommittee set up by National Development Council in 1968,National Committee on Development of Backward Areas1978, Inter-Ministry Task Group on Redressing GrowingRegional Imbalances in 2005 and the Raghuram Rajan Committeeset up by Ministry of Finance in 2013. All these expertcommittees used a multitude of variables for identifyingbackwardness at the state and sub-state levels. There hasnever been a consensus on what variables should be usedfor this purpose.In the academic literature also, there has been debate onthe use of indices for the measurement of underdevelopment,more so after the publication of HDI. This has been researchedfor both the US and Latin American countries. Unfortunately,PCI is not available, through reliable sources, at the districtand sub-district levels. Most of the indicators used by expertcommittees for measuring backwardness at the state andregional levels are also not reliably available at the districtand sub-district levels. This makes the task of finding reliablebackwardness variables at the district and sub-district levelsall the more challenging. We used the following criteria tojanuary 3, 2015 vol l no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

SPECIAL ARTICLEshortlist variables for the new backwardness index at thedistrict and sub-district levels:(1) Data Source Criteria: This was the first most importantfilter. Data collected by independent agencies using standardisedmethodologies is more reliable than data collected by implementingministries or their agencies. Data collected in acensus format is likely to have only measurement errors,whereas data collected purely through samples will haveboth measurement and sampling errors. Further, even whenboth conditions are met, data collected by hearsay is going tobe less reliable than data collected by direct evidence, forexample, any household’s reporting of its personal assets toan enumerator is going to be less reliable, than say electrificationstatus which is visible to the naked eye, particularly in anenvironment where interviewees suspect their answers couldcause them a loss.(2) Sensitivity Criteria: This was the second filter. Any variableselected should be able to differentiate between backwardand less backwardness entities, whether the ranking is cardinalor ordinal. Variables which cluster too many entitiesaround a particular measure, or which give results perverse tocommon sense must be dropped.(3) Correlation Criteria: Variables selected should ideallyhave correlation coefficients between 0.30 and 0.90, that isneither uncorrelated, nor so tightly correlated that they virtuallylose their independence as explanatory factors.To find variables at the district as well as sub-districtlevel, which satisfy all these criteria was not an easy task.At the state level, we have the luxury of choosing fromamongst many variables, including per capita income. Unfortunately,at the district and sub-district levels, the optionswere limited. Fortunately, Census 2011 has been completedand data has been made available. We considered all thevariables used in the census questionnaire, and found thatfollowing seven variables satisfy both data source andsensitivity criteria:(1) Agriculture workers as a proportion of total workers(2) Female literacy rate(3) Households without access to electricity(4) Households without drinking water and sanitary latrinewithin premises(5) Households without access to banking facility(6) Percentage SC population(7) Percentage ST population.We also tried agricultural labourers as a percentage of totalworkers, but this was dropped as distribution of labourers,sharecroppers and cultivators greatly varies across thegeographical terrain (valley plains, rain-fed and mountainousareas) and these structural differences in the agriculturaleconomy precluded its use as a reliable indicator of backwardnessat the district and sub-district levels. Householdassets also had to be dropped for the reasons mentionedabove. At the district and sub-district levels, the hearsaybased reporting of these variables makes them unreliable.The next step was to apply the correlation criteria, andcorrelation matrix for these seven variables is reproducedbelow in Table 4.Table 4: Correlation MatrixAgri Female Electricity Water- Banking SC Pop ST PopWorkers Literacy SanitationRateAgri workers 1.000Female literacy rate 0.635 1.000Electricity 0.522 0.560 1.000Water-sanitation 0.735 0.636 0.501 1.000Banking 0.423 0.314 0.334 0.424 1.000SC pop 0.054 0.044 0.016 0.024 -0.195 1.000ST pop 0.258 0.079 0.072 0.244 0.346 -0.614 1.000The first five variables passed the correlation test and wereselected as explanatory variables for backwardness at thedistrict and sub-district levels. The distribution of scheduledcaste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) population was found to beuncorrelated with the five selected variables, but they werenegatively correlated with each other, indicating their geographicalconcentration is significantly different from eachother. Thus, the distribution of SC and ST population could notbe included as structural variables. 3It is also important to identify the structural relationships,and what the latent and observed variables are. We took theproportion of workers who derive their livelihood from theagriculture sector as an indicator of the absence of economicdiversification, hence a proxy for economic backwardness.We added the total agriculture workers, that is main andmarginal cultivators and labourers and then divide them bythe total number of workers in that geographical unit. TheHDI would have been a good choice for human developmentbut the components of HDI are not reliably available at thedistrict and sub-district levels. However, literacy rates areaccurately measured by census right down to the village level.In the literature, female literacy rate has been found to beclosely related to education, health and nutrition outcomes.Using this tradition, we use the census female literacy rate(for age 7-plus years) as a proxy for the level of human developmentat the district and sub-district levels. Quality of infrastructureis another important dimension of backwardness atany regional level. While many variables are available at thestate level, there is a real paucity of reliable data sources atthe district and sub-district levels. We selected householdelectrification as the first indicator of quality of infrastructureservices at this level. Availability of drinking water and sanitarylatrines within premises (clearly crucial for health aswell) was taken as the next observed variable for infrastructureservices. In the absence of household level identifiers,simple average of the percentage availability of these servicesat the household level was taken as the indicator variable.Last but not the least, financial infrastructure is important,and availability of banking services at the household levelwas taken as the third indicator variable for the quality ofinfrastructure services.Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol l no 1 47

SPECIAL ARTICLEThe relationship between the observed and latent variablesis summarised in Table 5.Table 5: Relationship between Latent and Observed VariableLatent VariableObserved VariableLatent VariableObserved VariableEconomic Diversification Agriculture workers as a % of total workersHuman DevelopmentFemale illiteracy rate (7+ years)Quality of InfrastructureHouseholds without electricityWithout drinking water, sanitation facilitiesWithout access to banking servicesNext we addressed the question of the relative weights to beassigned to each variable. We tried three different formulations:Model 1: Equal Weights Formulation: We provide equalweights to variables at every level. The three componentsof infrastructure services receive one-third weight each.Similarly, the three components of backwardness, economic,human development and infrastructure receive equal weighteach. To make them comparable, all the variables are normalisedby computing the classical z scores, that is value of anobservation minus the variable mean, divided by its standarddeviation.Model 2: Principal Component Analysis: In this formulation,we do not impose any weights. We do a stepwise principalcomponent analysis, that is first at the level of infrastructureservices and then at the level of backwardness index, for thethree components at each level. The weights so derived arethen used to construct the backwardness index using the normalisedvariables as described above.Model 3: Ordinal Rankings: This is simply a variant of Model 1.We compute the infrastructure index as above, and then rankthe districts in the order of economic, human developmentand infrastructure backwardness. The rank sum produces abackwardness ranking of all the districts in the country.After implementing the three models, we correlated thebackwardness ranking of districts across them. We got the followingresults:Rank Correlations• Model 1 vs Model 2: 0.992• Model 1 vs Model 3: 0.994• Model 2 vs Model 3: 0.990This made us cast our vote in favour of Model 1 as morecomplex models do not offer any advantage as shown by rankcorrelations above. We chose Model 1 as it is simple and easy tounderstand. The rest of the work in this paper is based onModel 1.Results of the ExerciseThe list of India’s 640 districts in descending order of backwardness,based on our index, is given in Annexure A (postedon the EPW website along with this paper). Similarly the list ofIndia’s 5,955 sub-districts in descending order of backwardness,based on our index, is given in Annexure B (also postedon the EPW website along with this paper). Our results show48that an emerging characteristic of regional disparities in Indiais the presence of underdeveloped regions even within higherincome states. We find that the most backward regions inIndia lie not just in the undivided BIMAROU states, but also instates such as Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra and Karnataka.Dohad and Dang in Gujarat, Mahbubnagar, Srikakulam andVizianagaram in Andhra Pradesh, Mewat in Haryana andYadgir, Raichur and Chamarajnagar in Karnataka are allexamples of districts in the advanced states that have appearedin the bottom quartile of the most backward districts.But what is even more remarkable, within relatively developeddistricts, we also find pockets of intense backwardness insome of their sub-districts. And conversely, some backwarddistricts can have some of the most developed sub-districts. Infact we find many districts, which include the most backwardand most developed sub-districts of India. And these districtscan themselves be either among the most developed ormost backward. “Developed” districts like Thane, Vadodara,Ranchi, Visakhapatnam, Raipur have some of the most backwardsub-districts. Conversely, “backward” districts likeKoraput, Kandhamal, Mayurbhanj have some of the mostdeveloped sub-districts.Evidence of Polarisation at District LevelIn fact we have as many as 27 districts which have sub-districtsthat are both in the top 10% and bottom 10% in the list ofsub-districts. Furthermore, we have 92 districts that includesub-districts from both the top 20% and bottom 20%sub-districts. And finally, when we look at the top 30% andbottom 30% of the sub-districts in the country, they coexistin as many as 166 districts of India. We may call these the“polarised” districts of India (Table 6).Pockets of Tribal ConcentrationWhat we also find is that the backward sub-districts of thesehighly polarised districts are overwhelmingly tribal. In the27 districts that have sub-districts in the top and bottom 10%,Table 6: Extremes of Development (Polarisation) within the Same DistrictDistricts with Number Illustrative Names Backward Sub-districtsSub-districts in of Such of Such Districts with High Tribal ShareDistricts(>20%) in These DistrictsCategory I – 27 Adilabad, Guntur, 78 out of 102Top 10% and Visakhapatnam, Raipur, sub-districts in 27Bottom 10% Vadodara, Ranchi, Thane, districts (76%)Koraput, Mayurbhanj,Sundargarh, JodhpurCategory II – 92 Anantapur, Karimnagar, 445 out of 483Top 20% and Gaya, Patna, Korba, Raigarh, sub-districts inBottom 20% Valsad, Banaskantha, Kathua, 92 districts (92%)Palamu, Gwalior, Nashik,Nayagarh, Udaipur,South 24 ParganasCategory III – 166 Krishna, Kurnool, Murshidabad, 944 out of 993Top 30% and Bhagalpur, Nalanda, Bastar, sub-districts (95%)Bottom 30%Bilaspur, Kachchh, Surat, Palwal,Anantnag, Bokaro, Kodarma,Bellary, Balaghat, Vidisha,Gadchiroli, Dhule, Anugul,Kendhujhar, Ajmer, Bikaner,Allahabad, Jhansi, Malda,Murshidabadjanuary 3, 2015 vol l no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

78 out of 102 sub-districts (76%) have a tribal percentage ofmore than 20%. In the 92 districts with the top 20% and bottom20% sub-districts, of the total 483 backward sub-districts445 (92%) have more than 20% tribal population. And finally,the 166 districts with the top and bottom 30% sub-districts,have a total of 993 backward sub-districts of which 944 (95%)have more than 20% tribal population.This correlation of backwardness with preponderance oftribal concentration also shows up more directly in our datasets. When we begin to analyse the features of the most backwardsub-districts of India, we find a remarkable correlationwith the proportion of ST population within the sub-district.As shown in Table 7 below, we find the share of ST population inthe bottom 100 sub-districtsof the country at 72%. At thebottom 250 sub-districts, thetribal percentage figure goesdown but it is still more thanhalf the total population(about 51%). With the 500most backward sub-districts,Table 7: High Adivasi Concentration inMost Backward Sub-districtsSub-districtsST Population(%)Bottom 100 sub-districts 72Bottom 250 sub-districts 51Bottom 500 sub-districts 42Bottom 1,000 sub-districts 36Bottom 1,500 sub-districts 38the share of the ST population is as high as 42%. Overall, whenwe classify the most backward sub-districts into differentclasses (at bottom 100, 250, 500, 1,000) we find a very highpreponderance of ST population.We need therefore to look for an explanation of this extraordinarycorrelation. At the same time we need an explanationfor this amazing coexistence of development and underdevelopmentin such a large number of districts in the country. Aswe shall show, a remarkable convergence emerges betweenthese two explanations.Indicators of Tribal DeprivationA variety of indicators of development clearly show that the STpopulation is perhaps the most disadvantaged segment ofIndia’s population. STs are at the bottom of all indicators ofliving conditions and household amenities and assets as perthe Census 2011. Only one-tenth of the ST households havehouses with concrete roofs, one-fourth have tap water, lessthan a quarter have latrine facility within their premises, andonly half of them have electricity in their houses. The qualityof life in an ST household is dismal.STs trail behind the rest of the society in human developmentindicators, with health and education remaining a significantchallenge. In the context of education, data from the NSS 66thround reveals that STs have the highest illiteracy rates in bothrural and urban areas (47% in rural and 22% in urban) comparedto other social groups. Equally worrying are the highdropout rates among ST children. As per the Statistics of SchoolEducation 2010-11, 70.6% of ST boys and 71.3% of ST girls dropout of school before finishing Class X, as compared to 50.4% ofboys and 47.9% of girls from other groups.On other key health indicators, STs show a dismal record.National Family Health Survey data reveals a very high (nearly70%) prevalence of anaemia in ST women. On a range of indicatorsrelated to access to maternal healthcare, the data finds aSPECIAL ARTICLEyawning gap between tribal and other women. Only 18%of ST women deliver in medical facilities, much below anall India average of 39%. When we look at the child healthindicators, we find that a disproportionately high number ofchild deaths are concentrated amongst the tribals, especiallychildren under 5. STs make up to 8-9% of the population, butaccount for about 14% of all under-5 deaths, and 23% of deathsin the 1-4 age group in rural areas (World Bank, Policy Paper2010). While it is true that we have made progress in child survivalover the years, the fact remains that children born intribal areas are at a much higher risk of dying that those inother places.Tribal Demography Reinforcing DisadvantageSo what explains the deprivation faced by India’s tribals? Webegin to get a clue when we examine the distinctive demographyof tribals in India. As shown in Shah et al (1998), tribals inmost districts of India (outside the north-east) form a minorityof the district population. From the 2011 Census, we estimatethat in 74% of the districts, Table 8: Frequency Distributiontribal population is below of Districts by Share of Tribals inTotal Population20% and these districts togetheraccount for nearly(%) Districts DistrictsCategory Tribal Number of % of40% of total tribal populationin the country. Table 8Nil 0 58 9Low 1-10 347 54Important 10-20 70 11also reveals that in as manySignificant 20-50 79 12as 554 (86%) of the 640 districts,tribals are in a minor-Dominant >80 40 6High 50-80 46 7ity. Tribals living in these Total 640 100districts constitute 76% of Source: Census India 2011.the national tribal population. Thus, as shown in Table 8,nearly three-quarters of India’s tribals live in districts wherethey form a minority of the population.In fact what is even more remarkable is that this spatial distributionpattern of clustering and concentration applies evenwhen the area unit of analysisbecomes smaller. Sub-districtlevel patterns, given inTable 9 below, reveal thatwithin districts, tribals areconcentrated in a few subdistricts.From Table 9 wecan see that nearly 75% subdistrictsin India have atribal proportion of less than20%. There are only 15%sub-districts in India whereTable 9: Incidence of Tribal Populationin Sub-DistrictsPercentage of Number of % ofTribal Population Sub-districts Sub-districtsNil 196 4Up to 4.9 2,918 495 to 9.9 660 1110 to 19.9 624 1020 to 49.9 659 1150 to 74.9 375 6More than 75 523 9Total 5,955 100Source: Census of India 2011.tribal population constitutes 50% or more. This explains theessentially enclave character of the demography of tribalcommunities in India.Confinement to Forest and Ecologically Difficult AreasShah et al (1998) propose that this very distinctive “enclavement”of the tribes is a result of long drawn-out historical encountersinvolving the subjugation of the tribes by more dominant communities.Tribes have been driven over centuries, further andEconomic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol l no 1 49

SPECIAL ARTICLEfurther away from the alluvial planes and fertile river basinsin what has been described as “refuge zones” – the hills, forest,arid and semi-arid tracts. Whatever be the exact historicalprocess that led to tribals occupying these regions in India(and this has indeed been a matter of debate and disagreementamong scholars), the undeniable fact (as we show below)is that they do inhabit some of the harshest ecological regionsof the country today.We have put together data on three kinds of ecologicalzones, which we find important from the point of view of geographicallocation of tribal communities in India. The ecologicalzones are:• Forests (where >15% of district area is under forest);• Hilly areas (1 to 3, 7, 8 and 11 of the 14 physiographic zonesclassified by the Forest Survey of India’s State of the ForestsReport, 2009); and• Drylands (as defined in Shah et al 1998). 4For the purpose of this analysis, we consider only thosedistricts where the tribal population is at least as high as thenational average. We callthese the “tribal districts” ofIndia. In 2011, there were 257such tribal districts (40% ofthe total 640 districts of India).Table 10 gives a breakupof this tribal populationin different combinations ofhilly, forest and dry areas.We can see that of the 257 districts with tribal concentration,237 are either forested, or hilly or dry and these togetheraccount for 80% of the total tribal population of the country.Regions of ContiguityWe must also recognise that these tribal areas transcend thestatic administrative borders of districts and states. Indeed,tribal concentration mirrors the ecological continuity of theseareas, in terms of their being hilly, forested or dry. Our tribalsub-districts belong to a larger contiguous backward region ortribal belt, that goes beyond the frozen administrative categoriesof state, district and sub-district. In fact mapping of thesepredominantly tribal concentrated sub-districts suggests acontinuum of pockets of underdevelopment that are connectedto one another and to the larger development processesaround them.A brief illustration of this can be provided with referenceto the districts of Gwalior, Visakhapatnam and Thane. InGwalior, the backward sub-district of Bhitarwar is adjoiningShivpuri district in the south. This larger area is part of thecontiguous Sahariya 5 tribal belt that moves from Baran inRajasthan in the west, towards the east to Sheopur, Shivpuri,Gwalior and Bhind across Madhya Pradesh. Similarly, inVisakhapatnam we find the backward sub-districts of PedaBayalu, G Madugula, Chintapalle all concentrated in thenorth, adjoining the tribal-dominated KBK (Koraput, Balangirand Kalahandi) region of Odisha. In Thane too, we find widevariations in the levels of development between the prosperous50Table 10: Distribution of TribalDistricts and Population byEcological Zones (2011)Ecological Region Districts % of DistrictsForests 193 75Dry 98 38Hilly 77 30Hilly and forests 72 28Dry or hilly or forests 230 90All-India 257 100south and the neglected tribal regions in the north. The majorityof the tribal population is concentrated towards the northin sub-districts of Palghar, Dahanu, Vikramgadh, Talasari,Mokhada and Wada. This area is part of a contiguous tribalstretch covering districts of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Damanand Diu, and parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan.Growth Poles or Polarised Development?In a large number of polarised districts, where the majority ofthe population in the district is non-tribal, we do not just find ahigh concentration of tribals in the backward sub-districts, wealso discover evidence of this enclavement around centres ofgrowth and development. In Korba and Raigarh districts ofChhattisgarh, Valsad of Gujarat, Paschmi Singhbhum and PurbiSinghbhum of Jharkhand, Kendujhar, Koraput and Mayurbhanjof Odisha, we find that the most advanced sub-districts areflanked by the most underdeveloped tribal sub-districts. Thus,far from the ideal pattern of development expanding in concentriccircles around growth poles, we find a growing divergenceof development leading to a high degree of polarisationwithin different, even adjacent parts of the same district. Infact, in spatial terms, the extent of divide in these districtsmanifests itself as a core-periphery contrast.The most important consequence of the minority status andenclavement of tribals in India has been that it has preparedthe objective basis for the process of internal colonialism andresource emasculation that tribal areas have often beensubject to (Shah et al 1998). It could even be suggested that inmany instances, the development of the larger region of whichthe tribals are a part itself becomes a source of underdevelopmentof the tribals. Typically tribal areas are mineral andforest-rich and the extraction of these resources tends to be aone-way street with little benefit flowing to the tribal people.At the same time, the fact that many of India’s remaining largedam sites are found in areas of high tribal concentration, hasalso led to massive displacement of tribal people from theiroriginal habitats. As stated in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan in thechapter on Land Issues:Independent estimates place the number of people displaced followingdevelopment projects in India over the last sixty years at 60 million, andonly a third of these are estimated to have been resettled in a plannedmanner. This is the highest number of people uprooted for developmentprojects in the world. Most of these people are the asset-lessrural poor, marginal farmers, poor fisher-folk and quarry workers.Around 40% of those displaced belonged to Adivasis and 20% to Dalits.Given that 90% of our coal, more than 50% of most minerals andmost prospective dam sites are in Adivasi regions, there is likely to becontinuing contention over issues of land acquisition in these areas,inhabited by some of our most deprived people (Planning Commission,2013, Vol I, p 196).Because the tribals are surrounded by large areas ofnon-tribals and because they form such a small proportion ofthe district or state population, they are often unable to influencethe mainstream political agenda. The political leadershipthat arises, for the most part, projects them only symbolicallyand strategically in political parties. It has a limitedvoice in effecting power sharing between the state and tribaljanuary 3, 2015 vol l no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

SPECIAL ARTICLEareas, which for many is a critical step to improve the lives oftribals in India. 6Before we end the presentation of our findings, we need toalso draw attention to the fact that while a preponderance of ourpolarised districts include tribal pockets within them, thereare others which do not exhibit this feature. Thus, for example,the districts of Gaya, Katihar and Patna in Bihar; Bilaspur andDurg in Chhattisgarh; Banaskantha and Surendranagar inGujarat; Hazaribagh and Koderma in Jharkhand; Bharatpur,Jodhpur and Bikaner in Rajasthan; Birbhum, South 24 Parganasin West Bengal and the district of Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh,do not include any significant pocket of tribal concentrationwithin them. The explanation for their being polarised liessomewhere other than the explanation proffered above. Indeed,we need perhaps to speak of a typology of dynamics of developmentthat would adequately explain differing patterns ofregional development and underdevelopment in India.Need for a New TheorisationThis spatial dimension of uneven development in these polariseddistricts calls for a re-examination of some of the conventionaltheories of development planning. Mainstream regional economicplanning entails a growth pole strategy designed withthe expectation of favourable spin-off impacts for the largerregion. Advocates for the strategy argue that all regions do notpossess equal capacity to grow, and deliberate focusing ofinvestment on a limited numbers of centres would satisfy anecessary condition for development. 7 Typically, the strategyinvolves concentration of investment at a limited number oflocations, in an attempt to encourage economic activity andthereby improve the standards of living within a broader region.A growth pole is viewed as a “set of expanding industrieslocated in an urban area and inducing further development ofeconomic activity throughout its zone of influence” (Boudeville1966 as quoted in Parr 1999). It is generally assumed that earlydevelopment within a region would initially generate increasinglylarge differentials in income and development, but graduallyas the core prospers, inter-regional income inequalityafter reaching a maximum level, would subsequently decline,in the manner of an inverted U, so-called Kuznets Curve. 8According to Williamson (1965):Somewhere during the course of development, some or all of the disequilibratingtendencies diminish, causing a reversal in the pattern ofinterregional inequality. Instead of divergence in interregional levelsof development, convergence becomes the rule, with the backwardregions closing the gap between themselves and the already industrialisedareas. The expected result is that a statistic describing regionalinequality will trace out an inverted ‘U’ over the national growth path.Our findings directly contradict this sanguine view thatdominates mainstream development economics literature. It isclear that while the growth pole could be regarded as a necessarycondition for growth of the region, it is by no meanssufficient for the purpose. Contrary to this perception of adistributive core, we find that increasingly the deprivation ofthe tribals happens around the growth pole. What is more,given the abysmal levels of human development of the tribalpeople, thanks to the complete absence of requisite health andeducation facilities in their areas, they are deeply disadvantagedin being able to benefit from the possibilities of growthin these regions. This not only points to the infirmities andinadequacies of the prevailing regional development strategies,but also raises pertinent questions about the nature ofdevelopment taking place around the so-called “growthpoles”. Our data reveals that development coexists withunderdevelopment in a large number of districts in India. Itmay even be speculated that the development and underdevelopmentof subregions within the same region could be ofone piece. Establishing this is beyond the scope of the presentpaper but forms an extremely useful line of further enquiryand research.ConclusionsAs Hirschman and Rothschild presciently warned 40 years ago,In the early stages of rapid economic development, when inequalitiesin the distribution of income among different classes, sectors and regionsare apt to increase sharply, it can happen that society’s tolerancefor such disparities will be substantial. To the extent that such tolerancecomes into being, it accommodates, as it were, the increasing inequalitiesin an almost providential fashion. But this tolerance is like acredit that falls due at a certain date. It is extended in the expectationthat eventually the disparities will narrow again. If this does not occur,there is bound to be trouble and, perhaps, disaster (Hirschmanand Rothschild, 1973, p 545).The “initial gratification” caused by the hope-inducing “tunneleffect” that Hirschman and Rothschild drew attention tohas long since run its course in tribal India, which is increasinglygripped by a sense of alienation and disenchantmentwith the national mainstream. 9 There is an urgent need to rethinkstrategies of development for these regions with a greaterfocus on sustainable and equitable natural resource management,within a framework of greater devolution of powers andparticipatory development planning. A focus on the sub-districtwould be a natural starting point for a new strategy forthese regions. It is heartening to see that the budget speech ofthe union finance minister makes a mention of this intent inthe context of the BRGF, which is a step in exactly the right direction.We are also encouraged that the intensive participatoryplanning exercises and multidisciplinary cluster facilitationteams to support gram panchayats to implement MahatmaGandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, recentlyinitiated by the Union Ministry of Rural Development in 2,500most backward sub-districts, is based on our list.available atOxford Bookstore-MumbaiApeejay House3, Dinshaw Vacha RoadMumbai 400 020Ph: 66364477Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol l no 1 51

SPECIAL ARTICLENotes1 This section draws upon and extends furtherthe analysis contained in the chapter onRegional Equality in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.2 At this point, we do not have state-level data onrelevant variables to estimate the growth equationto take this analysis forward.3 Although not directly relevant for the purposesof this paper, it should be mentioned here thatthese variables were included as special componentvariables in the BRGF exercise. Themost backward among these districts were includedas a top-up, over and above the districts/sub-districtsselected through the use ofstructural variables. This also satisfies apolicy requirement of the planning exercise,called the SC and ST sub-plan.4 Dryland districts are those that are located inAgro-Ecological Sub-Regions 1.1 to 9.2, 10.1,10.2, 10.3 and 12.3; have Length of GrowingPeriod (LGP)

Annexure A: List of Districts in Descending Order of Backwardness Based on the IndexBackwardness District State Backwardness District State Backwardness District StateRanking Ranking RankingSPECIAL ARTICLE1 Bijapur Chhattisgarh2 Nabarangapur Orissa3 Alirajpur Madhya Pradesh4 Dakshin BastarDantewadaChhattisgarh5 Malkangiri Orissa6 Jhabua Madhya Pradesh7 Narayanpur Chhattisgarh8 Madhepura Bihar9 Araria Bihar10 Purnia Bihar11 Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh12 Katihar Bihar13 Nuapada Orissa14 Godda Jharkhand15 Koraput Orissa16 Saharsa Bihar17 Kishanganj Bihar18 Sitamarhi Bihar19 Kalahandi Orissa20 Rayagada Orissa21 Supaul Bihar22 Pashchim Champaran Bihar23 Pakur Jharkhand24 Shrawasti Uttar Pradesh25 Pratapgarh Rajasthan26 Banka Bihar27 Madhubani Bihar28 Barwani Madhya Pradesh29 Purba Champaran Bihar30 Sheopur Madhya Pradesh31 Garhwa Jharkhand32 Bastar Chhattisgarh33 Mon Nagaland34 Dumka Jharkhand35 Sahibganj Jharkhand36 Latehar Jharkhand37 Bahraich Uttar Pradesh38 Sheohar Bihar39 Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh40 Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh41 Budaun Uttar Pradesh42 Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand43 Banswara Rajasthan44 Barmer Rajasthan45 Khunti Jharkhand46 Rajgarh Madhya Pradesh47 Darbhanga Bihar48 Nawada Bihar49 Yadgir Karnataka50 Khagaria Bihar51 Dohad Gujarat52 Chatra Jharkhand53 Gajapati Orissa54 Simdega Jharkhand55 Jamui Bihar56 Gumla Jharkhand57 Jalor Rajasthan58 Jamtara Jharkhand59 Balrampur Uttar Pradesh60 Singrauli Madhya Pradesh61 Surguja Chhattisgarh62 Sidhi Madhya Pradesh63 Dindori Madhya Pradesh64 Ashoknagar Madhya Pradesh65 Samastipur Bihar66 Balangir Orissa67 Jashpur Chhattisgarh68 Mewat Haryana69 Panna Madhya Pradesh70 Nandurbar Maharashtra71 Guna Madhya Pradesh72 Kabeerdham Chhattisgarh73 Dhar Madhya Pradesh74 Giridih Jharkhand75 Baudh Orissa76 Kandhamal Orissa77 Kaushambi Uttar Pradesh78 Jaisalmer Rajasthan79 Palamu Jharkhand80 Sheikhpura Bihar81 West Nimar Madhya Pradesh82 Arwal Bihar83 Jhalawar Rajasthan84 East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh85 Lohardaga Jharkhand86 Chitrakoot Uttar Pradesh87 Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh88 Lalitpur Uttar Pradesh89 Shajapur Madhya Pradesh90 Puruliya West Bengal91 Siddharthnagar Uttar Pradesh92 Anjaw Arunachal Pradesh93 Karauli Rajasthan94 Uttar Dinajpur West Bengal95 Mayurbhanj Orissa96 Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh97 Kanshiram Nagar Uttar Pradesh98 Nalanda Bihar99 Lawngtlai Mizoram100 Subarnapur Orissa101 Banda Uttar Pradesh102 Tonk Rajasthan103 Gonda Uttar Pradesh104 Kaimur (Bhabua) Bihar105 Debagarh Orissa106 Gaya Bihar107 Morena Madhya Pradesh108 Lakhisarai Bihar109 Jehanabad Bihar110 Changlang Arunachal Pradesh111 Mahrajganj Uttar Pradesh112 Tirap Arunachal Pradesh113 Dhemaji Assam114 Kishtwar Jammu & Kashmir115 Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh116 Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan117 Janjgir - Champa Chhattisgarh118 Bhind Madhya Pradesh119 Nagaur Rajasthan120 Tamenglong Manipur121 Ramban Jammu & Kashmir122 Sitapur Uttar Pradesh123 Reasi Jammu & Kashmir124 Raichur Karnataka125 East Nimar Madhya Pradesh126 Uttar Bastar Kanker Chhattisgarh127 Datia Madhya Pradesh128 Dhubri Assam129 Vaishali Bihar130 Muzaffarpur Bihar131 Ratlam Madhya Pradesh132 Gopalganj Bihar133 Bundi Rajasthan134 Deoghar Jharkhand135 Umaria Madhya Pradesh136 Bara Banki Uttar Pradesh137 Bargarh Orissa138 Mandla Madhya Pradesh139 Mahoba Uttar Pradesh140 Kendujhar Orissa141 Mahasamund Chhattisgarh142 Kheri Uttar Pradesh143 Fatehpur Uttar Pradesh144 Chittaurgarh Rajasthan145 Chamarajanagar Karnataka146 Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh147 Neemuch Madhya Pradesh148 The Dangs Gujarat149 Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh150 Damoh Madhya Pradesh151 Hardoi Uttar Pradesh152 Udaipur Rajasthan153 Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh154 Rewa Madhya Pradesh155 Shahjahanpur Uttar Pradesh156 Saran Bihar157 Dungarpur Rajasthan158 Raigarh Chhattisgarh159 Longleng Nagaland160 Baran Rajasthan161 Vidisha Madhya Pradesh162 Sirohi Rajasthan163 Kokrajhar Assam164 Kulgam Jammu & Kashmir165 Begusarai Bihar166 Narmada Gujarat167 Aurangabad Bihar168 Tapi Gujarat169 Chirang Assam170 Bhagalpur Bihar171 Sonbhadra Uttar Pradesh172 Shahdol Madhya Pradesh173 Dhaulpur RajasthanEconomic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 1

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure A: List of Districts in Descending Order of Backwardness Based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness District State Backwardness District State Backwardness District StateRanking Ranking Ranking174 Bharatpur Rajasthan175 Dewas Madhya Pradesh176 Unnao Uttar Pradesh177 Tuensang Nagaland178 Kiphire Nagaland179 Hamirpur Uttar Pradesh180 Buxar Bihar181 Karbi Anglong Assam182 Pilibhit Uttar Pradesh183 Darrang Assam184 Chandel Manipur185 Panch Mahals Gujarat186 Dausa Rajasthan187 Bhilwara Rajasthan188 Burhanpur Madhya Pradesh189 Banas Kantha Gujarat190 Seoni Madhya Pradesh191 Maldah West Bengal192 Kushinagar Uttar Pradesh193 Anuppur Madhya Pradesh194 Ariyalur Tamil Nadu195 Kurnool Andhra Pradesh196 Bilaspur Chhattisgarh197 Adilabad Andhra Pradesh198 Rampur Uttar Pradesh199 Prakasam Andhra Pradesh200 Bankura West Bengal201 Sant Kabir Nagar Uttar Pradesh202 Balaghat Madhya Pradesh203 Sehore Madhya Pradesh204 Betul Madhya Pradesh205 Gadchiroli Maharashtra206 Etah Uttar Pradesh207 Baksa Assam208 Senapati Manipur209 Raisen Madhya Pradesh210 Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh211 East Garo Hills Meghalaya212 Udalguri Assam213 Narsimhapur Madhya Pradesh214 Khammam Andhra Pradesh215 South Garo Hills Meghalaya216 West Garo Hills Meghalaya217 Bhojpur Bihar218 Rae Bareli Uttar Pradesh219 Birbhum West Bengal220 Basti Uttar Pradesh221 Koppal Karnataka222 Saraikela-Kharsawan Jharkhand223 Churu Rajasthan224 Kodarma Jharkhand225 Siwan Bihar226 Kannauj Uttar Pradesh227 Medak Andhra Pradesh228 Shupiyan Jammu & Kashmir229 Dakshin Dinajpur West Bengal230 Farrukhabad Uttar Pradesh231 Bijapur Karnataka232 Bid Maharashtra233 Chhindwara Madhya Pradesh234 Hingoli Maharashtra235 Pali Rajasthan236 Alwar Rajasthan237 Kanpur Dehat Uttar Pradesh238 Viluppuram Tamil Nadu239 Koriya Chhattisgarh240 Warangal Andhra Pradesh241 Dharmapuri Tamil Nadu242 Jalna Maharashtra243 Katni Madhya Pradesh244 Korba Chhattisgarh245 West Khasi Hills Meghalaya246 Sultanpur Uttar Pradesh247 Rajsamand Rajasthan248 Jodhpur Rajasthan249 Satna Madhya Pradesh250 Barpeta Assam251 Gulbarga Karnataka252 Ghazipur Uttar Pradesh253 Hazaribagh Jharkhand254 Anantapur Andhra Pradesh255 Harda Madhya Pradesh256 Ganjam Orissa257 Perambalur Tamil Nadu258 Pratapgarh Uttar Pradesh259 Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh260 Mainpuri Uttar Pradesh261 Lohit Arunachal Pradesh262 Morigaon Assam263 Ujjain Madhya Pradesh264 Nanded Maharashtra265 Parbhani Maharashtra266 Bandipore Jammu & Kashmir267 Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh268 Jalaun Uttar Pradesh269 Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh270 Ukhrul Manipur271 Rohtas Bihar272 Jyotiba Phule Nagar Uttar Pradesh273 Bikaner Rajasthan274 Dhamtari Chhattisgarh275 Upper Siang Arunachal Pradesh276 Punch Jammu & Kashmir277 Dhule Maharashtra278 Thoubal Manipur279 Bellary Karnataka280 Nayagarh Orissa281 Chikkballapura Karnataka282 Rajouri Jammu & Kashmir283 Moradabad Uttar Pradesh284 Rajnandgaon Chhattisgarh285 Doda Jammu & Kashmir286 Mandya Karnataka287 Bagalkot Karnataka288 Tiruvannamalai Tamil Nadu289 Bidar Karnataka290 Osmanabad Maharashtra291 Ramanagara Karnataka292 Auraiya Uttar Pradesh293 Koch Bihar West Bengal294 Faizabad Uttar Pradesh295 Ambedkar Nagar Uttar Pradesh296 Goalpara Assam297 Bareilly Uttar Pradesh298 Azamgarh Uttar Pradesh299 Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh300 Murshidabad West Bengal301 Peren Nagaland302 Washim Maharashtra303 Jaintia Hills Meghalaya304 Guntur Andhra Pradesh305 Yavatmal Maharashtra306 Chitradurga Karnataka307 Sagar Madhya Pradesh308 Mahamaya Nagar Uttar Pradesh309 Anantnag Jammu & Kashmir310 YSR Andhra Pradesh311 Paschim Medinipur West Bengal312 Baleshwar Orissa313 Dhenkanal Orissa314 Raipur Chhattisgarh315 Ribhoi Meghalaya316 Lower Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh317 Patan Gujarat318 Chandauli Uttar Pradesh319 Pudukkottai Tamil Nadu320 Deoria Uttar Pradesh321 Ballia Uttar Pradesh322 Sonitpur Assam323 Surendranagar Gujarat324 Tumkur Karnataka325 Munger Bihar326 Uttarkashi Uttarakhand327 Lakhimpur Assam328 Buldana Maharashtra329 Badgam Jammu & Kashmir330 Mansa Punjab331 Jhunjhunun Rajasthan332 Hanumangarh Rajasthan333 Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh334 Phek Nagaland335 West Siang Arunachal Pradesh336 Kupwara Jammu & Kashmir337 Etawah Uttar Pradesh338 Sri Potti SriramuluNelloreAndhra Pradesh339 Sant Ravidas Nagar(Bhadohi)Uttar Pradesh340 Sikar Rajasthan341 Krishnagiri Tamil Nadu342 Bhadrak Orissa(Continued)2january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure A: List of Districts in Descending Order of Backwardness Based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness District State Backwardness District State Backwardness District StateRanking Ranking Ranking343 Aligarh Uttar Pradesh 400 Bijnor Uttar Pradesh 456 Jagatsinghapur Orissa344 Anugul Orissa401 Kamrup Assam457 Kathua Jammu & Kashmir345 Udhampur Jammu & Kashmir 402 Kendrapara Orissa458 Akola Maharashtra346 Mamit Mizoram403 Mau Uttar Pradesh 459 Thanjavur Tamil Nadu347 Hoshangabad Madhya Pradesh 404 Cuddalore Tamil Nadu460 Bathinda Punjab348 Sundargarh Orissa405 Patna Bihar461 Pithoragarh Uttarakhand349 Palwal Haryana406 Champawat Uttarakhand462 Amravati Maharashtra350 Jalgaon Maharashtra407 Baghpat Uttar Pradesh 463 Jamnagar Gujarat351 Jind Haryana408 Hisar Haryana464 Kachchh Gujarat352 Jajapur Orissa409 Firozpur Punjab465 Bangalore Rural Karnataka353 Nagaon Assam410 East Siang Arunachal Pradesh 466 Lunglei Mizoram354 Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 411 Ajmer Rajasthan467 Lower Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh355 Gadag Karnataka412 Mahendragarh Haryana468 Faridkot Punjab356 Belgaum Karnataka413 Jalpaiguri West Bengal469 Cachar Assam357 East Godavari Andhra Pradesh 414 Zunheboto Nagaland470 Barnala Punjab358 Chittoor Andhra Pradesh 415 Ranchi Jharkhand471 Porbandar Gujarat359 Sambalpur Orissa416 Wokha Nagaland472 Anand Gujarat360 Sabar Kantha Gujarat417 Bhandara Maharashtra473 Sangrur Punjab361 Latur Maharashtra418 Bokaro Jharkhand474 Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand362 Firozabad Uttar Pradesh 419 Karimganj Assam475 Purbi Singhbhum Jharkhand363 Fatehabad Haryana420 Namakkal Tamil Nadu476 Sangli Maharashtra364 Bishnupur Manipur421 Puri Orissa477 Garhwal Uttarakhand365 Dindigul Tamil Nadu422 South Twenty Four478 Gwalior Madhya Pradesh366 Haveri KarnatakaParganasWest Bengal479 Moga Punjab367 Dima Hasao Assam423 Chandrapur Maharashtra480 Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh368 Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand424 Ganganagar Rajasthan481 Chikmagalur Karnataka369 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 425 Erode Tamil Nadu482 Dibrugarh Assam370 Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh 426 Tawang Arunachal Pradesh 483 Shimoga Karnataka371 Allahabad Uttar Pradesh 427 Ramgarh Jharkhand484 Wardha Maharashtra372 Mathura Uttar Pradesh 428 Churachandpur Manipur485 Cuttack Orissa373 Bageshwar Uttarakhand429 Hailakandi Assam486 Vellore Tamil Nadu374 Theni Tamil Nadu430 Ramanathapuram Tamil Nadu487 Jaipur Rajasthan375 Durg Chhattisgarh431 Tarn Taran Punjab488 Mandi Himachal Pradesh376 Chamba Himachal Pradesh 432 Junagadh Gujarat489 Bharuch Gujarat377 West Godavari Andhra Pradesh 433 Kullu Himachal Pradesh 490 Sivasagar Assam378 Bongaigaon Assam434 Saharanpur Uttar Pradesh 491 Satara Maharashtra379 Muktsar Punjab435 Sivaganga Tamil Nadu492 Vadodara Gujarat380 Ganderbal Jammu & Kashmir 436 Aurangabad Maharashtra493 Dhalai Tripura381 Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh 437 Mysore Karnataka494 Kota Rajasthan382 Kolar Karnataka438 West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh 495 Karnal Haryana383 Bhiwani Haryana439 Agra Uttar Pradesh 496 Virudhunagar Tamil Nadu384 Davanagere Karnataka440 West District Sikkim497 North District Sikkim385 Kaithal Haryana441 Nadia West Bengal498 Champhai Mizoram386 Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh 442 Baramula Jammu & Kashmir 499 Kargil Jammu & Kashmir387 Ahmadnagar Maharashtra443 Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu500 Navsari Gujarat388 Rudraprayag Uttarakhand444 Nashik Maharashtra501 Valsad Gujarat389 Solapur Maharashtra445 Gondiya Maharashtra502 Dadra & Dadra &390 Kheda Gujarat446 Krishna Andhra PradeshNagar HaveliNagar Haveli391 Salem Tamil Nadu447 Jharsuguda Orissa503 Nalbari Assam392 Amreli Gujarat448 Bhavnagar Gujarat504 Dhanbad Jharkhand393 Karur Tamil Nadu449 Purba Medinipur West Bengal505 Mahesana Gujarat394 Sirsa Haryana450 Lahul & Spiti Himachal Pradesh 506 Jorhat Assam395 Hassan Karnataka451 Chamoli Uttarakhand507 South District Sikkim396 Golaghat Assam452 Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh 508 Sindhudurg Maharashtra397 Thiruvarur Tamil Nadu453 Tinsukia Assam509 Jhajjar Haryana398 Pulwama Jammu & Kashmir 454 Ratnagiri Maharashtra510 Sonipat Haryana399 Almora Uttarakhand455 Barddhaman West Bengal511 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 3

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure A: List of Districts in Descending Order of Backwardness Based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness District State Backwardness District State Backwardness District StateRanking Ranking Ranking512 Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu513 Shimla Himachal Pradesh514 Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh515 Tiruppur Tamil Nadu516 Dharwad Karnataka517 Kurukshetra Haryana518 Saiha Mizoram519 Kolhapur Maharashtra520 Meerut Uttar Pradesh521 South Tripura Tripura522 Hugli West Bengal523 Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh524 Hardwar Uttarakhand525 Kolasib Mizoram526 Mokokchung Nagaland527 Leh (Ladakh) Jammu & Kashmir528 Imphal East Manipur529 Panipat Haryana530 Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu531 Madurai Tamil Nadu532 Rewari Haryana533 Gandhinagar Gujarat534 Rohtak Haryana535 Kohima Nagaland536 Darjiling West Bengal537 Raigarh Maharashtra538 Thoothukkudi Tamil Nadu539 Rajkot Gujarat540 Solan Himachal Pradesh541 Yamunanagar Haryana542 The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu543 Nainital Uttarakhand544 Kanpur Nagar Uttar Pradesh545 Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh546 Khordha Orissa547 Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh548 North Tripura Tripura549 Imphal West Manipur550 Patiala Punjab551 East Khasi Hills Meghalaya552 Kangra Himachal Pradesh553 Indore Madhya Pradesh554 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh555 Uttara Kannada Karnataka556 Amritsar Punjab557 Gurdaspur Punjab558 Una Himachal Pradesh559 Yanam Puducherry560 Thiruvallur Tamil Nadu561 Haora West Bengal562 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh563 Wayanad Kerala564 North TwentyFour Parganas West Bengal565 Kapurthala Punjab566 Shahid BhagatSingh NagarPunjab567 Samba Jammu & Kashmir568 Gautam Buddha Nagar Uttar Pradesh569 East District Sikkim570 Ambala Haryana571 Kancheepuram Tamil Nadu572 Fatehgarh Sahib Punjab573 Serchhip Mizoram574 Idukki Kerala575 West Tripura Tripura576 Coimbatore Tamil Nadu577 Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh578 Rupnagar Punjab579 Nagpur Maharashtra580 Pune Maharashtra581 Hoshiarpur Punjab582 Dimapur Nagaland583 Kodagu Karnataka584 Karaikal Puducherry585 Surat Gujarat586 Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir587 Jammu Jammu & Kashmir588 Panchkula Haryana589 Puducherry Puducherry590 Ludhiana Punjab591 Faridabad Haryana592 Palakkad Kerala593 Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh594 Thane Maharashtra595 Jalandhar Punjab596 Gurgaon Haryana597 Ahmedabad Gujarat598 Nicobars Andaman &Nicobar Islands599 SahibzadaAjit Singh Nagar Punjab600 Dehradun Uttarakhand601 Udupi Karnataka602 North & Middle Andaman &AndamanNicobar Islands603 Diu Daman & Diu604 Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh605 North East Nct of Delhi606 South Goa Goa607 Daman Daman & Diu608 North West Nct of Delhi609 Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu610 Aizawl Mizoram611 Kasaragod Kerala612 Bangalore Karnataka613 Malappuram Kerala614 Kamrup Metropolitan Assam615 South Andaman Andaman &Nicobar Islands616 North Goa Goa617 South Nct of Delhi618 North Nct of Delhi619 Kollam Kerala620 Chandigarh Chandigarh621 Thiruvananthapuram Kerala622 Dakshina Kannada Karnataka623 Pathanamthitta Kerala624 West Nct Of Delhi625 Central Nct Of Delhi626 South West Nct Of Delhi627 Chennai Tamil Nadu628 Alappuzha Kerala629 Kolkata West Bengal630 Mumbai Suburban Maharashtra631 New Delhi Nct of Delhi632 Kozhikode Kerala633 Kottayam Kerala634 Mumbai Maharashtra635 East Nct Of Delhi636 Thrissur Kerala637 Kannur Kerala638 Ernakulam Kerala639 Lakshadweep Lakshadweep640 Mahe Puducherry4january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the IndexBackwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking1 Bastanar Bastar Chhattisgarh2 Jodamba Malkangiri Odisha3 Paparmetla Malkangiri Odisha4 Katekalyan Dakshin Bastar ChhattisgarhDantewada5 Longding Koling Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh(Pipsorang)6 Usur Bijapur Chhattisgarh7 Damin Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh8 Kotiya Koraput Odisha9 Gudri Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand10 Jharigan Nabarangapur Odisha11 Bhairamgarh Bijapur Chhattisgarh12 Chhindgarh Dakshin Bastar ChhattisgarhDantewada13 Doraguda Rayagada Odisha14 Orchha Narayanpur Chhattisgarh15 Pipu-Dipu East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh16 Kosagumuda Nabarangapur Odisha17 Gyawe Purang East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh18 Phomching Mon Nagaland19 Konta Dakshin Bastar ChhattisgarhDantewada20 Padua Koraput Odisha21 Bandhugaon Koraput Odisha22 Darbha Bastar Chhattisgarh23 Kotra Udaipur Rajasthan24 Chandrapur Rayagada Odisha25 Kalyanasingpur Rayagada Odisha26 Seskhal Rayagada Odisha27 Parsi-Parlo Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh28 Pumao Tirap Arunachal Pradesh29 Nandapur Koraput Odisha30 Kodinga Nabarangapur Odisha31 Mudulipada Malkangiri Odisha32 Dabugan Nabarangapur Odisha33 Kusheshwar Asthan Darbhanga BiharPurbi34 Goiliang Anjaw Arunachal Pradesh35 Lada East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh36 Mopong Mon Nagaland37 Palling Upper Siang Arunachal Pradesh38 Dasamantapur Koraput Odisha39 Chandahandi Nabarangapur Odisha40 Andirakanch Rayagada Odisha41 Monyakshu Mon Nagaland42 Boipariguda Koraput Odisha43 Chitrakonda Malkangiri Odisha44 Pottangi Koraput Odisha45 Sarli Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh46 Sawa East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh47 Podia Malkangiri Odisha48 Bajna Ratlam Madhya Pradesh49 Peda Bayalu Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh50 Litipara Pakur Jharkhand51 Thuamul Rampur Kalahandi Odisha52 Kashipur Rayagada Odisha53 Tali Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh54 Metengliang Anjaw Arunachal Pradesh55 G.Madugula Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh56 Puttasing Rayagada Odisha57 Barhait Sahibganj Jharkhand58 Sundarpahari Godda JharkhandSPECIAL ARTICLE59 Baisa Purnia Bihar60 Bhairabsingipur Koraput Odisha61 Tarak-Lengdi Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh62 Shangnyu Mon Nagaland63 Salkhua Saharsa Bihar64 Kunda Chatra Jharkhand65 Lohandiguda Bastar Chhattisgarh66 Renuk Changlang Arunachal Pradesh67 Nayakote Kendujhar Odisha68 Narayanpatana Koraput Odisha69 Varla Barwani Madhya Pradesh70 Tonto Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand71 Baisi Purnia Bihar72 Lasadiya Udaipur Rajasthan73 Siyum Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh74 Amour Purnia Bihar75 Kundura Koraput Odisha76 Ramagiri Ganjam Odisha77 Madhubani Pashchim Champaran Bihar78 Manjhari Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand79 Amrapara Pakur Jharkhand80 Biswanathpur Kalahandi Odisha81 Borio Sahibganj Jharkhand82 Boarijor Godda Jharkhand83 Chintapalle Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh84 Motu Malkangiri Odisha85 Pati Barwani Madhya Pradesh86 Y. Ramavaram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh87 Barsoi Katihar Bihar88 Kanjipani Kendujhar Odisha89 Monigong West Siang Arunachal Pradesh90 Tikiri Rayagada Odisha91 Mathili Malkangiri Odisha92 Lakshmipur Koraput Odisha93 Bardiha Garhwa Jharkhand94 Goilkera Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand95 Sharata Mayurbhanj Odisha96 Kumardungi Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand97 Dighalbank Kishanganj Bihar98 Adhaura Kaimur (Bhabua) Bihar99 Paparahandi Nabarangapur Odisha100 Srinagar Purnia Bihar101 Turekela Balangir Odisha102 Similiguda Koraput Odisha103 Chaglagam Anjaw Arunachal Pradesh104 Bhagwanpura West Nimar Madhya Pradesh105 Marauna Supaul Bihar106 Gora Bauram Darbhanga Bihar107 Kiratpur Darbhanga Bihar108 Bameng East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh109 Raighar Nabarangapur Odisha110 Chawngte Lawngtlai Mizoram111 Alauli Khagaria Bihar112 Mahishi Saharsa Bihar113 Balrampur Katihar Bihar114 Munchingi Puttu Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh115 Alirajpur Alirajpur Madhya Pradesh116 Manchal Anjaw Arunachal Pradesh117 Hat Gamharia Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand118 Dumbriguda Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh119 Laukahi Madhubani Bihar120 Jhiranya West Nimar Madhya Pradesh121 Bhitaha Pashchim Champaran Bihar(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 5

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking122 Ambadala Rayagada Odisha123 Terhagachh Kishanganj Bihar124 Dhurki Garhwa Jharkhand125 Ghailarh Madhepura Bihar126 Belaghar Kandhamal Odisha127 Bithan Samastipur Bihar128 Herhanj Latehar Jharkhand129 Alamnagar Madhepura Bihar130 Kosigi Kurnool Andhra Pradesh131 Boden Nuapada Odisha132 Kusheshwar Asthan Darbhanga Bihar133 Khenewa East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh134 Ismailpur Bhagalpur Bihar135 Chohtan Barmer Rajasthan136 Azamnagar Katihar Bihar137 Dagarua Purnia Bihar138 Rawti Ratlam Madhya Pradesh139 Sindhekela Balangir Odisha140 Peepalkhoont Pratapgarh Rajasthan141 Lanjigarh Kalahandi Odisha142 Katoria Banka Bihar143 Erki(Tamar Ii) Khunti Jharkhand144 Tobu Mon Nagaland145 Palasi Araria Bihar146 Bhargama Araria Bihar147 Ramkanda Garhwa Jharkhand148 Ranapur Jhabua Madhya Pradesh149 Majhgaon Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand150 Manatu Palamu Jharkhand151 Lawalaung Chatra Jharkhand152 Singa Upper Siang Arunachal Pradesh153 Mainpat Surguja Chhattisgarh154 Rupauli Purnia Bihar155 Pathna Sahibganj Jharkhand156 Kundei Nabarangapur Odisha157 Pedda Kadubur Kurnool Andhra Pradesh158 Gudem Kotha Veedhi Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh159 Phassang Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh160 S' Bungtlang Lawngtlai Mizoram161 Sukma Dakshin Bastar ChhattisgarhDantewada162 Meghnagar Jhabua Madhya Pradesh163 Ramgarh Dumka Jharkhand164 Jobat Alirajpur Madhya Pradesh165 Falka Katihar Bihar166 Dhanpur Dohad Gujarat167 Sikti Araria Bihar168 Piprasi Pashchim Champaran Bihar169 Akrani Nandurbar Maharashtra170 Puraini Madhepura Bihar171 Raniganj Araria Bihar172 Kakiriguma Koraput Odisha173 Jokihat Araria Bihar174 Pizirang(Veo) East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh175 Kushalgarh Banswara Rajasthan176 Chausa Madhepura Bihar177 Ghattu Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh178 Kokasara Kalahandi Odisha179 Kowthalam Kurnool Andhra Pradesh180 Bhawanipur Purnia Bihar181 Angjangyang Mon Nagaland182 Chanan Banka Bihar183 Machh Kund Koraput Odisha6184 Kotagarh Kandhamal Odisha185 Banma Itahri Saharsa Bihar186 Jalalgarh Purnia Bihar187 Hukumpeta Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh188 Ananthagiri Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh189 Tikhak Rima Putok Changlang Arunachal Pradesh190 Beldaur Khagaria Bihar191 Laju Tirap Arunachal Pradesh192 Maheshpur Pakur Jharkhand193 Parihar Sitamarhi Bihar194 Nokhu Tuensang Nagaland195 Sagma Garhwa Jharkhand196 Jayapatna Kalahandi Odisha197 Pratappur Chatra Jharkhand198 Kegaon Kalahandi Odisha199 Bishamakatak Rayagada Odisha200 Boriguma Koraput Odisha201 Anandpur Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand202 Poreyahat Godda Jharkhand203 Kawakol Nawada Bihar204 Tentulikhunti Nabarangapur Odisha205 Thandla Jhabua Madhya Pradesh206 Tetaria Purba Champaran Bihar207 Kishanpur Supaul Bihar208 Mainatanr Pashchim Champaran Bihar209 Chakai Jamui Bihar210 Jogapatti Pashchim Champaran Bihar211 Dandai Garhwa Jharkhand212 Umarkote Nabarangapur Odisha213 Bankatwa Purba Champaran Bihar214 Pipra Supaul Bihar215 Kathikund Dumka Jharkhand216 Gamharia Madhepura Bihar217 Khimiyong Changlang Arunachal Pradesh218 Bariyatu Latehar Jharkhand219 Kishanganj Madhepura Bihar220 Gandhwani Dhar Madhya Pradesh221 Alinagar Darbhanga Bihar222 Taljhari Sahibganj Jharkhand223 Karahal Sheopur Madhya Pradesh224 Nauhatta Saharsa Bihar225 Shankarpur Madhepura Bihar226 Narayanpur Jamtara Jharkhand227 Bandgaon Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand228 Gwalpara Madhepura Bihar229 Hiranpur Pakur Jharkhand230 Tisri Giridih Jharkhand231 Kumarkhand Madhepura Bihar232 Sikta Pashchim Champaran Bihar233 Maldakal Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh234 Sinapali Nuapada Odisha235 Kadwa Katihar Bihar236 Adapur Purba Champaran Bihar237 Komna Nuapada Odisha238 Chambang Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh239 Golamunda Kalahandi Odisha240 Thakurganj Kishanganj Bihar241 Parsauni Sitamarhi Bihar242 Kotpad Koraput Odisha243 Pirtanr Giridih Jharkhand244 Laukaha Madhubani Bihar245 Ladania Madhubani Bihar246 Korha Katihar Bihar(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking247 Goalpokhar - I Uttar Dinajpur West Bengal248 Jhadol Udaipur Rajasthan249 Amdabad Katihar Bihar250 Bhandaria Garhwa Jharkhand251 Bollapalle Guntur Andhra Pradesh252 Pothia Kishanganj Bihar253 Makdi Bastar Chhattisgarh254 Pranpur Katihar Bihar255 Sailana Ratlam Madhya Pradesh256 Manbazar - II Puruliya West Bengal257 Koraput Koraput Odisha258 Singhia Samastipur Bihar259 Bashant Rai* Godda Jharkhand260 Bastar Bastar Chhattisgarh261 Manika Latehar Jharkhand262 Khongsa Kiphire Nagaland263 Niwali Barwani Madhya Pradesh264 Barari Katihar Bihar265 Sidhaw Pashchim Champaran Bihar266 Saur Bazar Saharsa Bihar267 Mahuldiha Mayurbhanj Odisha268 Mandro Sahibganj Jharkhand269 Kursakatta Araria Bihar270 Kavant Vadodara Gujarat271 Chayangtajo East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh272 Belpara Balangir Odisha273 Jhabua Jhabua Madhya Pradesh274 Ramagiri Gajapati Odisha275 Bokhara Sitamarhi Bihar276 Diyun Changlang Arunachal Pradesh277 Yatdam Changlang Arunachal Pradesh278 Kuchai Saraikela-Kharsawan Jharkhand279 Mahulapada Sundargarh Odisha280 Kalimela Malkangiri Odisha281 Mansahi Katihar Bihar282 Mangko Tuensang Nagaland283 M.V. 79 Malkangiri Odisha284 Chitrangi Singrauli Madhya Pradesh285 Gopikandar Dumka Jharkhand286 Bathnaha Sitamarhi Bihar287 Thakrahan Pashchim Champaran Bihar288 Narpatganj Araria Bihar289 Pakuria Pakur Jharkhand290 Dharamgarh Kalahandi Odisha291 Bagora Jalor Rajasthan292 Chiraia Purba Champaran Bihar293 Khaprakhol Balangir Odisha294 Maksoodangarh Guna Madhya Pradesh295 Peshrar Lohardaga Jharkhand296 Chen Mon Nagaland297 Sonbarsa Sitamarhi Bihar298 Majorganj Sitamarhi Bihar299 Chinia Garhwa Jharkhand300 Tantnagar Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand301 Bansjor Simdega Jharkhand302 Phulparas Madhubani Bihar303 Nawadiha Bazar/ Palamu JharkhandNawadiha*304 Dhariawad Pratapgarh Rajasthan305 Tamar I Ranchi Jharkhand306 Simri Bakhtiarpur Saharsa Bihar307 Mohanpur Gaya Bihar308 Shamho Akha Kurha Begusarai BiharSPECIAL ARTICLE309 Bhavra Alirajpur Madhya Pradesh310 Raghopur Vaishali Bihar311 Ranka Garhwa Jharkhand312 Dharur Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh313 Barnagar (Pt) Chirang Assam314 Goalpokhar - II Uttar Dinajpur West Bengal315 Orkel Malkangiri Odisha316 Gangte Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh317 Jamda Mayurbhanj Odisha318 Bijapur Bijapur Chhattisgarh319 Malkangiri Malkangiri Odisha320 Mopom ( Adipasi ) Upper Siang Arunachal Pradesh321 Khuntpani Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand322 Madhepur Madhubani Bihar323 Bakavand Bastar Chhattisgarh324 Tinali ( Paglam ) Lower Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh325 Krityanand Nagar Purnia Bihar326 Tan Kuppa Gaya Bihar327 Oudgi Surguja Chhattisgarh328 Pakke-Kessang East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh329 Hasanganj Katihar Bihar330 Samri(Kusmi) Surguja Chhattisgarh331 Tokapal Bastar Chhattisgarh332 Chanan* Lakhisarai Bihar333 Deobhog Raipur Chhattisgarh334 Ghat Kusumbha Sheikhpura Bihar335 Banmankhi Purnia Bihar336 Narkatia Purba Champaran Bihar337 Bamori Guna Madhya Pradesh338 Saraigarh Bhaptiyahi Supaul Bihar339 Barhara Purnia Bihar340 Gaunaha Pashchim Champaran Bihar341 Shikaripara Dumka Jharkhand342 Ghoswari Patna Bihar343 Junagarh Kalahandi Odisha344 Kasba Purnia Bihar345 Danda Garhwa Jharkhand346 Nautan Pashchim Champaran Bihar347 Arnod Pratapgarh Rajasthan348 Pakri Dayal Purba Champaran Bihar349 Bongkhar Tawang Arunachal Pradesh350 Harlakhi Madhubani Bihar351 Sahaswan Budaun Uttar Pradesh352 Bangomunda Balangir Odisha353 Ramgarhwa Purba Champaran Bihar354 R.Udaygiri Gajapati Odisha355 Dandkhora Katihar Bihar356 Beerpur Sheopur Madhya Pradesh357 Kochadhamin Kishanganj Bihar358 Sonahatu Ranchi Jharkhand359 Antagarh Uttar Bastar Kanker Chhattisgarh360 Pahari Bharatpur Rajasthan361 Dhamdaha Purnia Bihar362 Panki Palamu Jharkhand363 Nanpur Sitamarhi Bihar364 Meskaur Nawada Bihar365 Bajpatti Sitamarhi Bihar366 Belsand Sitamarhi Bihar367 Patahi Purba Champaran Bihar368 Nacho Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh369 Bade Rajpur Bastar Chhattisgarh370 Biraul Darbhanga Bihar371 Bagribari (Pt) Dhubri Assam(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 7

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking372 Brahmanigaon Kandhamal Odisha373 Wakka Tirap Arunachal Pradesh374 C Belagal Kurnool Andhra Pradesh375 Sarmera Nalanda Bihar376 Murliganj Madhepura Bihar377 Longshen Mon Nagaland378 Bejjur Adilabad Andhra Pradesh379 Ghaghra Gumla Jharkhand380 Badampahar Mayurbhanj Odisha381 Singheshwar Madhepura Bihar382 Phulidumar Banka Bihar383 Yangte Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh384 Sameli Katihar Bihar385 Chintur Khammam Andhra Pradesh386 Panso Tuensang Nagaland387 Araria Araria Bihar388 Patarghat Saharsa Bihar389 Bagmundi Puruliya West Bengal390 Babubarhi Madhubani Bihar391 Kharaundhi Garhwa Jharkhand392 Amirgadh Banas Kantha Gujarat393 Sugauli Purba Champaran Bihar394 Mainpur Raipur Chhattisgarh395 Gidam Dakshin Bastar Dantewada Chhattisgarh396 Bausi Banka Bihar397 Sonbarsa Saharsa Bihar398 Pichhore Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh399 Nepanagar Burhanpur Madhya Pradesh400 Madhuban Purba Champaran Bihar401 Bahadurganj Kishanganj Bihar402 Ghanshyampur Darbhanga Bihar403 Nardiganj Nawada Bihar404 Udhwa Sahibganj Jharkhand405 Manihari Katihar Bihar406 Lyngok-Longtoi Changlang Arunachal Pradesh407 Verno Gumla Jharkhand408 Shaligram Ram Chatra JharkhandNarayanpur(Hunterganj)409 Veldurthi Guntur Andhra Pradesh410 Bhopalpattnam Bijapur Chhattisgarh411 Chhota Udaipur Vadodara Gujarat412 Bhimini Adilabad Andhra Pradesh413 Kangti Medak Andhra Pradesh414 Dahi Dhar Madhya Pradesh415 Mahagama Godda Jharkhand416 Chhatarpur Palamu Jharkhand417 Satar Kataiya Saharsa Bihar418 Kamarposh Balang Sundargarh Odisha419 Velairpadu Khammam Andhra Pradesh420 Nandavaram Kurnool Andhra Pradesh421 Ketar* Garhwa Jharkhand422 Bairia Pashchim Champaran Bihar423 Madhwapur Madhubani Bihar424 Gudari Rayagada Odisha425 Suppi Sitamarhi Bihar426 Khaniyadhana Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh427 Amahator Kiphire Nagaland428 Mohangarh Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh429 Pakribarawan Nawada Bihar430 Kukru Saraikela-Kharsawan Jharkhand431 Paharpur Purba Champaran Bihar432 Khanpur Samastipur Bihar8433 Banjaria Purba Champaran Bihar434 Baheri Darbhanga Bihar435 Vararamachandra- Khammam Andhra Pradeshpuram436 Chetam (Peer Yapu) Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh437 Meral (Pipra Kalan) Garhwa Jharkhand438 Halsi Lakhisarai Bihar439 Thonoknyu Tuensang Nagaland440 Pathargama Godda Jharkhand441 Dhuraiya Banka Bihar442 Sirdala Nawada Bihar443 Ghorasahan Purba Champaran Bihar444 Ghoghardiha Madhubani Bihar445 Daringbadi Kandhamal Odisha446 Basopatti Madhubani Bihar447 Bano Simdega Jharkhand448 Kebai Khelma Peren Nagaland449 Margo Munda Deoghar Jharkhand450 Harsidhi Purba Champaran Bihar451 Narayanpur Narayanpur Chhattisgarh452 Kolaras Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh453 Ichagarh Saraikela-Kharsawan Jharkhand454 Jaldega Simdega Jharkhand455 Satgawan Kodarma Jharkhand456 Badod Shajapur Madhya Pradesh457 Mahasi Bahraich Uttar Pradesh458 Runisaidpur Sitamarhi Bihar459 Nanpara Bahraich Uttar Pradesh460 Kondagaon Bastar Chhattisgarh461 Charaut Sitamarhi Bihar462 Maredumilli East Godavari Andhra Pradesh463 Masalia Dumka Jharkhand464 Meherma Godda Jharkhand465 Muhra Gaya Bihar466 Fatehpur Gaya Bihar467 Ghagarbeda Mayurbhanj Odisha468 Deori Giridih Jharkhand469 Dudunghar Tawang Arunachal Pradesh470 Lakhanpur Surguja Chhattisgarh471 Sayla Jalor Rajasthan472 Kangku West Siang Arunachal Pradesh473 Ariari Sheikhpura Bihar474 Jama Dumka Jharkhand475 Kamporijo Lower Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh476 Banigochha Nayagarh Odisha477 Shivaji Nagar Samastipur Bihar478 Sursand Sitamarhi Bihar479 Palkot Gumla Jharkhand480 Ramna Garhwa Jharkhand481 Adva Gajapati Odisha482 Udaypur Surguja Chhattisgarh483 Kotwa Purba Champaran Bihar484 Poogal Bikaner Rajasthan485 Aspari Kurnool Andhra Pradesh486 Ghatol Banswara Rajasthan487 Jirapur Rajgarh Madhya Pradesh488 Bilasipara (Pt) Kokrajhar Assam489 Majhauli Sidhi Madhya Pradesh490 Turkaulia Purba Champaran Bihar491 Dobhi Gaya Bihar492 Karma Tanr Vidyasagar* Jamtara Jharkhand493 Badarwas Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh494 Marwah Kishtwar Jammu & Kashmir(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking495 Dumaria Gaya Bihar496 Pohri Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh497 Majhaulia Pashchim Champaran Bihar498 Gande Giridih Jharkhand499 Pachipenta Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh500 Bagra West Siang Arunachal Pradesh501 Khajauli Madhubani Bihar502 Tariani Chowk Sheohar Bihar503 Karra Khunti Jharkhand504 Giba Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh505 Tiryani Adilabad Andhra Pradesh506 Sisai Gumla Jharkhand507 Baldeogarh Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh508 Damhal Hanjipora Kulgam Jammu & Kashmir509 Poundi-Uproda Korba Chhattisgarh510 Ranishwar Dumka Jharkhand511 Noksen Tuensang Nagaland512 Bhinga Shrawasti Uttar Pradesh513 Barwadih Latehar Jharkhand514 Dummugudem Khammam Andhra Pradesh515 Vijaypur Sheopur Madhya Pradesh516 Gunnaur Budaun Uttar Pradesh517 Khalwa East Nimar Madhya Pradesh518 Garbada Dohad Gujarat519 Vemanpalle Adilabad Andhra Pradesh520 Gobindpur Nawada Bihar521 Nuapada Nuapada Odisha522 Garabandha Gajapati Odisha523 Holagunda Kurnool Andhra Pradesh524 Lailunga Raigarh Chhattisgarh525 Serango Gajapati Odisha526 Chewara Sheikhpura Bihar527 Palojori Deoghar Jharkhand528 Jarmundi Dumka Jharkhand529 Gochhapada Kandhamal Odisha530 Bisfi Madhubani Bihar531 Dadenggiri West Garo Hills Meghalaya532 Sonua Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand533 Gonegandla Kurnool Andhra Pradesh534 Gummalakshmipuram Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh535 Bishunpura Garhwa Jharkhand536 Sirpur Adilabad Andhra Pradesh537 Bihariganj Madhepura Bihar538 Gelling Upper Siang Arunachal Pradesh539 Mokhada Thane Maharashtra540 Chautham Khagaria Bihar541 Wazeed Khammam Andhra Pradesh542 Manohar Thana Jhalawar Rajasthan543 Khilchipur Rajgarh Madhya Pradesh544 Palera Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh545 Koronu Lower Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh546 Arsha Puruliya West Bengal547 Lateri Vidisha Madhya Pradesh548 Nirmali Supaul Bihar549 Ramsar Barmer Rajasthan550 Shamshabad Vidisha Madhya Pradesh551 Rayagada Gajapati Odisha552 Lawnu Tirap Arunachal Pradesh553 Mehsi Purba Champaran Bihar554 Sheo Barmer Rajasthan555 Raghopur Supaul Bihar556 Roh Nawada Bihar557 Bagicha Jashpur ChhattisgarhSPECIAL ARTICLE558 Sona Rai Tharhi Deoghar Jharkhand559 Devipur Deoghar Jharkhand560 Bind Sona Rai Tharhi Bihar561 Lingampet Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh562 Chhatapur Supaul Bihar563 Aurai Muzaffarpur Bihar564 Shahnagar Panna Madhya Pradesh565 Goroimari Kamrup Assam566 Tribeniganj Supaul Bihar567 Rairangpur Mayurbhanj Odisha568 Harischandrapur - Ii Maldah West Bengal569 Kakoi Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh570 Daitari Kendujhar Odisha571 Dahegaon Adilabad Andhra Pradesh572 Karai Parsurai Nalanda Bihar573 Dhaka Purba Champaran Bihar574 Sardarpur Dhar Madhya Pradesh575 Tikaetpali Sundargarh Odisha576 Tarhasi Palamu Jharkhand577 Bagidora Banswara Rajasthan578 Chingmei Tuensang Nagaland579 Kantamal Baudh Odisha580 Chapar (Pt) Kokrajhar Assam581 Phenhara Purba Champaran Bihar582 Shankargarh Surguja Chhattisgarh583 Tumudibandha Kandhamal Odisha584 Pipra Palamu Jharkhand585 Goradih Bhagalpur Bihar586 Mantralayam Kurnool Andhra Pradesh587 Damaragidda Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh588 Osian Jodhpur Rajasthan589 Purbi Tundi* Dhanbad Jharkhand590 Devanakonda Kurnool Andhra Pradesh591 Richukrong East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh592 Bagaha Pashchim Champaran Bihar593 Pullalacheruvu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh594 Maganoor Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh595 Katra Muzaffarpur Bihar596 Chamaria Kamrup Assam597 Songsak East Garo Hills Meghalaya598 Taliha Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh599 Narkatiaganj Pashchim Champaran Bihar600 Udaipur Raigarh Chhattisgarh(Dharamjaigarh)601 Albert Ekka(Jari) Gumla Jharkhand602 Bochaha Muzaffarpur Bihar603 Tripuranthakam Prakasam Andhra Pradesh604 Andhratharhi Madhubani Bihar605 Tiring Mayurbhanj Odisha606 Ramnagar Pashchim Champaran Bihar607 Balumath Latehar Jharkhand608 Ieej Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh609 Sibe West Siang Arunachal Pradesh610 Chachaura Guna Madhya Pradesh611 Piyong Lohit Arunachal Pradesh612 Thethaitangar Simdega Jharkhand613 Jhalod Dohad Gujarat614 Ferozepur Jhirka Mewat Haryana615 Piprarhi Sheohar Bihar616 Kersai Simdega Jharkhand617 Hasanpur Samastipur Bihar618 Kurdeg Simdega Jharkhand619 Sanchore Jalor Rajasthan(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 9

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking620 Doulathabad Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh621 Maddur Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh622 Nuzendla Guntur Andhra Pradesh623 Islamnagar Aliganj Jamui Bihar624 Sendhwa Barwani Madhya Pradesh625 Pandapara Kendujhar Odisha626 Lauriya Pashchim Champaran Bihar627 Kalyanpur Purba Champaran Bihar628 Hunta Mon Nagaland629 Tardih Darbhanga Bihar630 Koyyuru Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh631 Thembang West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh632 Panapur Saran Bihar633 Payum West Siang Arunachal Pradesh634 Pangchao Tirap Arunachal Pradesh635 Devadurga Raichur Karnataka636 Premnagar Surguja Chhattisgarh637 Khargapur Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh638 Riga Sitamarhi Bihar639 Nasvadi Vadodara Gujarat640 Kheenvsar Nagaur Rajasthan641 Atri Gaya Bihar642 Nampalle Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh643 Minapur Muzaffarpur Bihar644 Bishunpur Gumla Jharkhand645 Bhawnathpur Garhwa Jharkhand646 Akkalkuwa Nandurbar Maharashtra647 Gurundia Sundargarh Odisha648 Fatehgarh Jaisalmer Rajasthan649 Bhandra Lohardaga Jharkhand650 Limkheda Dohad Gujarat651 Kairo Lohardaga Jharkhand652 Garu Latehar Jharkhand653 Rolugunta Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh654 Belchhi Patna Bihar655 Jale Darbhanga Bihar656 Lapung Ranchi Jharkhand657 Gool-Gulabgarh Reasi Jammu & Kashmir658 Harichandanpur Kendujhar Odisha659 Jharbandha Bargarh Odisha660 Paikamal Bargarh Odisha661 Chandiposh Sundargarh Odisha662 Seethampeta Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh663 Petlawad Jhabua Madhya Pradesh664 Sonhaula Bhagalpur Bihar665 Sonbhadra Banshi Arwal BiharSuryapur666 Gurbandha Purbi Singhbhum Jharkhand667 Chanpatia Pashchim Champaran Bihar668 Kesaria Purba Champaran Bihar669 Dandari Begusarai Bihar670 Kiusam Kiphire Nagaland671 Garhpura Begusarai Bihar672 Itahar Uttar Dinajpur West Bengal673 Kanha Chatti Chatra Jharkhand674 Kouthala Adilabad Andhra Pradesh675 Sikandra Jamui Bihar676 Kunavaram Khammam Andhra Pradesh677 Kaprada Valsad Gujarat678 Gogunda Udaipur Rajasthan679 Phor Phek Nagaland680 Ramanujnagar Surguja Chhattisgarh681 Dhaurahara Kheri Uttar Pradesh10682 Kukshi Dhar Madhya Pradesh683 Sono Jamui Bihar684 Narwar Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh685 Thrizino West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh686 Keskal Bastar Chhattisgarh687 Gaisilet Bargarh Odisha688 Dumri Katsari Sheohar Bihar689 Barhat Jamui Bihar690 Pandu Palamu Jharkhand691 Rajpur Barwani Madhya Pradesh692 Chainpur Kaimur (Bhabua) Bihar693 Lakshmipur Jamui Bihar694 Mentada Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh695 Piprakothi Purba Champaran Bihar696 Bandra Muzaffarpur Bihar697 Santhakaviti Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh698 Kinjirkela Sundargarh Odisha699 Gaurihar Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh700 Halaharvi Kurnool Andhra Pradesh701 Barabazar Puruliya West Bengal702 Phiringia Kandhamal Odisha703 Itikyal Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh704 Gangavaram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh705 Kumbhraj Guna Madhya Pradesh706 Belhar Banka Bihar707 Gaighat Muzaffarpur Bihar708 Fatepura Dohad Gujarat709 Gangdhar Jhalawar Rajasthan710 Boram Purbi Singhbhum Jharkhand711 Akbarpur Nawada Bihar712 Rangra Chowk Bhagalpur Bihar713 Prithvipur Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh714 Patamda Purbi Singhbhum Jharkhand715 Thakurgangti Godda Jharkhand716 Rahe Ranchi Jharkhand717 Murhu Khunti Jharkhand718 Durgkondal Uttar Bastar Kanker Chhattisgarh719 Subansiri (Pt) Dhemaji Assam720 Pakar Tanr Simdega Jharkhand721 Bundwan Puruliya West Bengal722 Barachatti Gaya Bihar723 Birni Giridih Jharkhand724 Konakanamitla Prakasam Andhra Pradesh725 Jatara Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh726 Tamenglong West Tamenglong Manipur727 Forbesganj Araria Bihar728 Simalwara Dungarpur Rajasthan729 Kukunoor Khammam Andhra Pradesh730 Jiwati Chandrapur Maharashtra731 Ghuwara Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh732 Khedbrahma Sabar Kantha Gujarat733 Neem Chak Bathani Gaya Bihar734 Chanchal - II Maldah West Bengal735 Mohana Gajapati Odisha736 Deosar Singrauli Madhya Pradesh737 Bagribari (Pt) Kokrajhar Assam738 Kaluahi Madhubani Bihar739 Rowthulapudi East Godavari Andhra Pradesh740 Nathavaram Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh741 Jainagar Madhubani Bihar742 Manbazar - I Puruliya West Bengal743 Bangiriposi Mayurbhanj Odisha744 Purunakot Anugul Odisha(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking745 Vijoynagar Changlang Arunachal Pradesh746 Kamdara Gumla Jharkhand747 Pirpainti Bhagalpur Bihar748 Nighasan Kheri Uttar Pradesh749 Dhanarua Patna Bihar750 Dataganj Budaun Uttar Pradesh751 Lakhnaur Madhubani Bihar752 Madanpur Rampur Kalahandi Odisha753 Nateran Vidisha Madhya Pradesh754 Nagar Nausa Nalanda Bihar755 Gudha Malani Barmer Rajasthan756 Jhanjharpur Madhubani Bihar757 Saraiyahat Dumka Jharkhand758 Badagada Ganjam Odisha759 Araku Valley Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh760 Jamua Giridih Jharkhand761 Tulsipur Balrampur Uttar Pradesh762 Gorumahisani Mayurbhanj Odisha763 Gawan Giridih Jharkhand764 Kaiserganj Bahraich Uttar Pradesh765 Mohanpur Samastipur Bihar766 Nawa Bazar Palamu Jharkhand767 Pratapganj Supaul Bihar768 Bellamkonda Guntur Andhra Pradesh769 Untari Road Palamu Jharkhand770 Jayal Nagaur Rajasthan771 Kashinagara Gajapati Odisha772 Limeking Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh773 Farsabahar Jashpur Chhattisgarh774 Ramgarh Chowk Lakhisarai Bihar775 Imamganj Gaya Bihar776 Ghoghamba Panch Mahals Gujarat777 Itwa Siddharthnagar Uttar Pradesh778 Mundlamuru Prakasam Andhra Pradesh779 Papannapet Medak Andhra Pradesh780 Bilsi Budaun Uttar Pradesh781 Fatehpur Jamtara Jharkhand782 Desali Lower Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh783 Shankarampet (A) Medak Andhra Pradesh784 Wadrafnagar Surguja Chhattisgarh785 Kerameri Adilabad Andhra Pradesh786 Habibpur Maldah West Bengal787 Krishnagiri Kurnool Andhra Pradesh788 Ghughari Mandla Madhya Pradesh789 Chandla Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh790 Khandar Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan791 Simaria Chatra Jharkhand792 Ipur Guntur Andhra Pradesh793 Bommanahal Anantapur Andhra Pradesh794 Jagannathpur Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand795 Harischandrapur - I Maldah West Bengal796 Kusmi Sidhi Madhya Pradesh797 Regidi Amadalavalasa Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh798 Morwa Samastipur Bihar799 Namsing East Siang Arunachal Pradesh800 Dariapur Saran Bihar801 Mahidpur Ujjain Madhya Pradesh802 Balrampur Surguja Chhattisgarh803 Islampur Uttar Dinajpur West Bengal804 Kashi Chak Nawada Bihar805 Sakshi Longleng Nagaland806 Sihawal Sidhi Madhya Pradesh807 Moman Badodiya Shajapur Madhya PradeshSPECIAL ARTICLE808 Mengio Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh809 Pupri Sitamarhi Bihar810 Kalher Medak Andhra Pradesh811 Khatiguda Nabarangapur Odisha812 Tekulapalle Khammam Andhra Pradesh813 Bisoi Mayurbhanj Odisha814 Kushmundi Dakshin Dinajpur West Bengal815 Chandam Pet Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh816 Isagarh Ashoknagar Madhya Pradesh817 Reodar Sirohi Rajasthan818 Payeng Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh819 Kotri Bhilwara Rajasthan820 Manoor Medak Andhra Pradesh821 Narva Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh822 Narhat Nawada Bihar823 Sidhwalia Gopalganj Bihar824 Kalgachia Goalpara Assam825 Jaitpur Shahdol Madhya Pradesh826 Chandwa Latehar Jharkhand827 Raipura Panna Madhya Pradesh828 Nihokhu Dimapur Nagaland829 Pushparajgarh Anuppur Madhya Pradesh830 Rajgarh Rajgarh Madhya Pradesh831 Chakapada Kandhamal Odisha832 Kondurg Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh833 Vangara Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh834 Bibhutpur Samastipur Bihar835 Kisko Lohardaga Jharkhand836 Inderavelly Adilabad Andhra Pradesh837 Satbarwa Palamu Jharkhand838 Rajpur Surguja Chhattisgarh839 Banka Banka Bihar840 Lathao Lohit Arunachal Pradesh841 Khaknar Burhanpur Madhya Pradesh842 Lormi Bilaspur Chhattisgarh843 Aklera Jhalawar Rajasthan844 Kharik Bhagalpur Bihar845 Punahana Mewat Haryana846 Chhorahi Begusarai Bihar847 Ramabhadrapuram Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh848 Peeplu Tonk Rajasthan849 Dumri Gumla Jharkhand850 Manpur Gaya Bihar851 Chand Kaimur (Bhabua) Bihar852 Benipur Darbhanga Bihar853 Kodair Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh854 Barahat Banka Bihar855 Donakonda Prakasam Andhra Pradesh856 Peda Araveedu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh857 Dambo Rongjeng East Garo Hills Meghalaya858 Jashipur Mayurbhanj Odisha859 Dalgaon (Pt) Darrang Assam860 Maker Saran Bihar861 Venkatapuram Khammam Andhra Pradesh862 Berhampur Baleshwar Odisha863 Purnahiya Sheohar Bihar864 Khaira Jamui Bihar865 Susner Shajapur Madhya Pradesh866 Gummagatta Anantapur Andhra Pradesh867 Joura Morena Madhya Pradesh868 Banke Bazar Gaya Bihar869 Pathalgaon Jashpur Chhattisgarh870 Chessore Tuensang Nagaland(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 11

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking871 Gidhaur Chatra Jharkhand872 Uchchhal Tapi Gujarat873 Segaon West Nimar Madhya Pradesh874 Mutharam Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh(Mahadevpur)875 Nilambar-Pitambarpur Palamu Jharkhand(Lesliganj)876 Bordumsa Changlang Arunachal Pradesh877 Tal Ratlam Madhya Pradesh878 Mungaoli Ashoknagar Madhya Pradesh879 Golokganj (Pt) Kokrajhar Assam880 Narala Kalahandi Odisha881 Jawhar Thane Maharashtra882 Rahui Nalanda Bihar883 Ajaigarh Panna Madhya Pradesh884 Merakamudidam Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh885 Karon Deoghar Jharkhand886 Padmapur Rayagada Odisha887 Wazirganj Gaya Bihar888 Neradigonda Adilabad Andhra Pradesh889 Manoharpur Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand890 Peddakothapalle Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh891 Badoda Sheopur Madhya Pradesh892 Bhainsdehi Betul Madhya Pradesh893 Tharthari Nalanda Bihar894 Sitapur Surguja Chhattisgarh895 Bairgania Sitamarhi Bihar896 Markacho Kodarma Jharkhand897 Vidyapati Nagar Samastipur Bihar898 Phalodi Jodhpur Rajasthan899 Barhi Katni Madhya Pradesh900 Mahadevpur Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh901 Rajauli Nawada Bihar902 Chhatroo Kishtwar Jammu & Kashmir903 Marripudi Prakasam Andhra Pradesh904 Thimmajipet Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh905 Bilaigarh Raipur Chhattisgarh906 Machavaram Guntur Andhra Pradesh907 Nsong Peren Nagaland908 Dhanwar Giridih Jharkhand909 Majhiaon Garhwa Jharkhand910 Ben Nalanda Bihar911 Dattirajeru Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh912 Koilkonda Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh913 Wakching Mon Nagaland914 Jetpur Pavi Vadodara Gujarat915 Puncha Puruliya West Bengal916 Sarath Deoghar Jharkhand917 Badangi Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh918 Warisaliganj Nawada Bihar919 Modanganj Jehanabad Bihar920 Pinapaka Khammam Andhra Pradesh921 Devipatnam East Godavari Andhra Pradesh922 Manigachhi Darbhanga Bihar923 Kurichedu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh924 Karandighi Uttar Dinajpur West Bengal925 Tekmal Medak Andhra Pradesh926 Alladurg Medak Andhra Pradesh927 Shankarampet (R) Medak Andhra Pradesh928 Supaul Supaul Bihar929 Bolba Simdega Jharkhand930 Nennal Adilabad Andhra Pradesh931 Bhopalgarh Jodhpur Rajasthan12932 Bomraspet Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh933 Vav Banas Kantha Gujarat934 Patan Palamu Jharkhand935 Ikauna Shrawasti Uttar Pradesh936 Nalkheda Shajapur Madhya Pradesh937 Khizirsarai Gaya Bihar938 Tundi Dhanbad Jharkhand939 Saintala Balangir Odisha940 Noorsarai Nalanda Bihar941 Yadgir Yadgir Karnataka942 Kursela Katihar Bihar943 Shahpur Yadgir Karnataka944 Alot Ratlam Madhya Pradesh945 Rajaun Banka Bihar946 Waddepalle Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh947 Pitlam Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh948 Anelih Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh949 Raibania Baleshwar Odisha950 Rajavommangi East Godavari Andhra Pradesh951 Manvi Raichur Karnataka952 Komarada Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh953 Sarairanjan Samastipur Bihar954 Nawagarh Durg Chhattisgarh955 Senha Lohardaga Jharkhand956 Chhatargarh Bikaner Rajasthan957 Mohiuddinagar Samastipur Bihar958 Addateegala East Godavari Andhra Pradesh959 Ranibundh Bankura West Bengal960 Pidi West Siang Arunachal Pradesh961 Naokothi Begusarai Bihar962 Hanumanthuni Padu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh963 Shorapur Yadgir Karnataka964 South Salmara Dhubri Assam965 Nawabpet Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh966 Rashmi Chittaurgarh Rajasthan967 Manawar Dhar Madhya Pradesh968 Namsang Longleng Nagaland969 Gudur Kurnool Andhra Pradesh970 Baberu Banda Uttar Pradesh971 Pathalgora Chatra Jharkhand972 Doultabad Medak Andhra Pradesh973 Kurupam Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh974 Raidih Gumla Jharkhand975 Tendukheda Damoh Madhya Pradesh976 Uniara Tonk Rajasthan977 Pathariya Bilaspur Chhattisgarh978 Basia Gumla Jharkhand979 Dantewada Dakshin Bastar Dantewada Chhattisgarh980 Sangram Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh981 Parang Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh982 Manamunda Baudh Odisha983 Satwas Dewas Madhya Pradesh984 Tirbin West Siang Arunachal Pradesh985 Karpi Arwal Bihar986 Manjhanpur Kaushambi Uttar Pradesh987 Madhepura Madhepura Bihar988 Khariar Nuapada Odisha989 Singhwara Darbhanga Bihar990 Mankachar Dhubri Assam991 Hanumannagar Darbhanga Bihar992 Hanumana Rewa Madhya Pradesh993 Salumbar Udaipur Rajasthan994 Donka Karbi Anglong Assam(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking995 Rajnagar Madhubani Bihar996 Shergarh Jodhpur Rajasthan997 Krosuru Guntur Andhra Pradesh998 Burdenp.S. Bargarh Odisha999 Pedda Adiserla Palle Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1000 Paderu Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh1001 Nizar Tapi Gujarat1002 Parsa Saran Bihar1003 Baytoo Barmer Rajasthan1004 Nagareddipet Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh1005 Bodla Kabeerdham Chhattisgarh1006 Keotiranway Darbhanga Bihar1007 Raniwara Jalor Rajasthan1008 Nauhatta Rohtas Bihar1009 Goh Aurangabad Bihar1010 Bengabad Giridih Jharkhand1011 Bagli Dewas Madhya Pradesh1012 Maro Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh1013 Bhitarwar Gwalior Madhya Pradesh1014 Durgi Guntur Andhra Pradesh1015 Nayagram Paschim Medinipur West Bengal1016 Regode Medak Andhra Pradesh1017 Kotapalle Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1018 Bengtol Chirang Assam1019 Malharrao Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh1020 Jonai Lakhimpur Assam1021 Kothagudem Warangal Andhra Pradesh1022 Ravikamatham Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh1023 Cheedikada Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh1024 Rania Khunti Jharkhand1025 Dumaria Purbi Singhbhum Jharkhand1026 Benipatti Madhubani Bihar1027 Murarai - II Birbhum West Bengal1028 Hanwada Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1029 Makkuva Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh1030 Patepur Vaishali Bihar1031 Punpun Patna Bihar1032 Longding Tirap Arunachal Pradesh1033 Sangrampur Purba Champaran Bihar1034 Asthawan Nalanda Bihar1035 Thanlon Churachandpur Manipur1036 Devgadbaria Dohad Gujarat1037 Ramanujganj Surguja Chhattisgarh1038 Lingal Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1039 Jonk Nuapada Odisha1040 Khunta Mayurbhanj Odisha1041 Pokaran Jaisalmer Rajasthan1042 Siruguppa Bellary Karnataka1043 Barkatha Hazaribagh Jharkhand1044 Koloriang Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh1045 Mahroni Lalitpur Uttar Pradesh1046 Tarbha Subarnapur Odisha1047 Pratappur Surguja Chhattisgarh1048 Vangoor Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1049 Binpur - I Paschim Medinipur West Bengal1050 Kailaras Morena Madhya Pradesh1051 Talbehat Lalitpur Uttar Pradesh1052 Taksing Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh1053 Harrai Chhindwara Madhya Pradesh1054 Bhagwanpur Kaimur (Bhabua) Bihar1055 Biaora Rajgarh Madhya Pradesh1056 Mamda Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1057 Pawai Panna Madhya PradeshSPECIAL ARTICLE1058 Baliguda Kandhamal Odisha1059 Jalalabad Shahjahanpur Uttar Pradesh1060 Hirbandh Bankura West Bengal1061 Kandi Garhwa Jharkhand1062 Atchampet Guntur Andhra Pradesh1063 Shahpura Dindori Madhya Pradesh1064 Mohanpur Deoghar Jharkhand1065 Harnaut Nalanda Bihar1066 Hisua Nawada Bihar1067 Kalyanpur Samastipur Bihar1068 Dhubri (Pt) Kokrajhar Assam1069 Yongnyah Longleng Nagaland1070 Budhal Rajouri Jammu & Kashmir1071 Chanderi Ashoknagar Madhya Pradesh1072 Bhamragad Gadchiroli Maharashtra1073 Keredari Hazaribagh Jharkhand1074 Talasara Sundargarh Odisha1075 Doma Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh1076 Gurua Gaya Bihar1077 Lundra Surguja Chhattisgarh1078 Pansemal Barwani Madhya Pradesh1079 Sahawar Kanshiram Nagar Uttar Pradesh1080 Bhikangaon West Nimar Madhya Pradesh1081 Devarapalle Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh1082 Telkoi Kendujhar Odisha1083 Katrisarai Nalanda Bihar1084 Pandariya Kabeerdham Chhattisgarh1085 Sirpur (T) Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1086 Rompicherla Guntur Andhra Pradesh1087 Nala Jamtara Jharkhand1088 Bada Malhera Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh1089 Nyapin Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh1090 Tyonda Vidisha Madhya Pradesh1091 Dhekiajuli (Pt) Udalguri Assam1092 Jukkal Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh1093 Narnoor Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1094 Shadhora Ashoknagar Madhya Pradesh1095 Surgana Nashik Maharashtra1096 Veldanda Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1097 Baikunthpur Gopalganj Bihar1098 Baihar Balaghat Madhya Pradesh1099 Tanoor Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1100 Nambulipulikunta Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1101 Dindori Dindori Madhya Pradesh1102 Basantpur Supaul Bihar1103 Suwasara Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh1104 Rampur Kaimur (Bhabua) Bihar1105 Badwara Katni Madhya Pradesh1106 Uppununthala Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1107 Voletivaripalem Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1108 Katan Upper Siang Arunachal Pradesh1109 Raxaul Purba Champaran Bihar1110 Atholi (Paddar) Kishtwar Jammu & Kashmir1111 Pipariya Lakhisarai Bihar1112 Kartala Korba Chhattisgarh1113 Baruraj (Motipur) Muzaffarpur Bihar1114 Ichhawar Sehore Madhya Pradesh1115 Raipur Bhilwara Rajasthan1116 Rajmahal Sahibganj Jharkhand1117 Rapar Kachchh Gujarat1118 Vikramgad Thane Maharashtra1119 Pandhana East Nimar Madhya Pradesh1120 Mothey Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 13

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking1121 Thakurmunda Mayurbhanj Odisha1122 Butchayyapeta Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh1123 Paraiya Gaya Bihar1124 Binpur - Ii Paschim Medinipur West Bengal1125 Nagaruntari Garhwa Jharkhand1126 Tarlupadu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1127 Lokeswaram Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1128 Bhamini Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1129 Mulkalapalle Khammam Andhra Pradesh1130 Mahuadanr Latehar Jharkhand1131 Kankadahad Dhenkanal Odisha1132 Dediapada Narmada Gujarat1133 Niwari Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh1134 Sapotra Karauli Rajasthan1135 Amanganj Panna Madhya Pradesh1136 Gharghoda Raigarh Chhattisgarh1137 Chakia(Pipra) Purba Champaran Bihar1138 Gopalpeta Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1139 Patapur Ganjam Odisha1140 Chippagiri Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1141 Sahebganj Muzaffarpur Bihar1142 Wankdi Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1143 Soha Tirap Arunachal Pradesh1144 Shambhuganj Banka Bihar1145 Ghatiya Ujjain Madhya Pradesh1146 Gudur Warangal Andhra Pradesh1147 Lalganj Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh1148 Morwa (Hadaf) Panch Mahals Gujarat1149 Kansabel Jashpur Chhattisgarh1150 Chandi Nalanda Bihar1151 Rampur Naikin Sidhi Madhya Pradesh1152 Nandigam Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1153 Kulcharam Medak Andhra Pradesh1154 Balijipeta Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh1155 Yerragondapalem Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1156 Manasa Neemuch Madhya Pradesh1157 Gandhari Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh1158 Patori Samastipur Bihar1159 Sayla Surendranagar Gujarat1160 Kamepalle Khammam Andhra Pradesh1161 Peddemul Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh1162 Gopalpur Bhagalpur Bihar1163 Kowdipalle Medak Andhra Pradesh1164 Berasia Bhopal Madhya Pradesh1165 Lakshminarsupeta Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1166 Shamator Tuensang Nagaland1167 Pandarak Patna Bihar1168 Hindoli Bundi Rajasthan1169 Jiyyammavalasa Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh1170 Utraula Balrampur Uttar Pradesh1171 Beohari Shahdol Madhya Pradesh1172 Therlam Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh1173 Pangal Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1174 Bhabhar Banas Kantha Gujarat1175 Tarana Ujjain Madhya Pradesh1176 Canning - II South Twenty Four West BengalParganas1177 Jaijaipur Janjgir - Champa Chhattisgarh1178 Ghansaur Seoni Madhya Pradesh1179 Pach Deuri Gopalganj Bihar1180 Gite-Ripa Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh1181 Savalyapuram Guntur Andhra PradeshH/O Kanamarlapudi141182 Peint Nashik Maharashtra1183 Bodh Gaya Gaya Bihar1184 Bani Kathua Jammu & Kashmir1185 Sarwan Deoghar Jharkhand1186 Bakhri Begusarai Bihar1187 Chandia Umaria Madhya Pradesh1188 Nimdih Saraikela-Kharsawan Jharkhand1189 Peddamandadi Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1190 Barkot Debagarh Odisha1191 Jharpokharia Mayurbhanj Odisha1192 Bisauli Budaun Uttar Pradesh1193 Rajupalem Guntur Andhra Pradesh1194 Kako Jehanabad Bihar1195 Gogaon West Nimar Madhya Pradesh1196 Shahabad Rampur Uttar Pradesh1197 Vidapanakal Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1198 Harirampur Dakshin Dinajpur West Bengal1199 Jandaha Vaishali Bihar1200 Burmu Ranchi Jharkhand1201 Khargram Murshidabad West Bengal1202 Rudravaram Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1203 Ujiarpur Samastipur Bihar1204 Pali Korba Chhattisgarh1205 Regonda Warangal Andhra Pradesh1206 Seyochung Kiphire Nagaland1207 Nizamsagar Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh1208 Hura Puruliya West Bengal1209 Marriguda Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1210 Ratni Faridpur Jehanabad Bihar1211 Hariharganj Palamu Jharkhand1212 Gurandi Gajapati Odisha1213 Kuru Lohardaga Jharkhand1214 Machi Chandel Manipur1215 Bhinay Ajmer Rajasthan1216 Jhinkpani Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand1217 Utkoor Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1218 Jarada Ganjam Odisha1219 Kesli Sagar Madhya Pradesh1220 Amnour Saran Bihar1221 Daniawan Patna Bihar1222 Bonli Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan1223 Chhipabarod Baran Rajasthan1224 Torpa Khunti Jharkhand1225 Sitamau Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh1226 Batouli Surguja Chhattisgarh1227 Pebbair Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1228 Bhorey Gopalganj Bihar1229 Gussar Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh1230 Ichoda Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1231 Baririjo Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh1232 Tati Jhariya Hazaribagh Jharkhand1233 Dadam Tirap Arunachal Pradesh1234 Kundhit Jamtara Jharkhand1235 Chainpur Gumla Jharkhand1236 Garoth Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh1237 Padwa Palamu Jharkhand1238 Rajpur Buxar Bihar1239 Sarangpur Rajgarh Madhya Pradesh1240 Bankhedi Hoshangabad Madhya Pradesh1241 Tetiha Bambor Munger Bihar1242 Muniguda Rayagada Odisha1243 Gunnor Panna Madhya Pradesh1244 Aron Guna Madhya Pradesh(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking1245 Taraiya Saran Bihar1246 Tadwai Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh1247 Jirang Ribhoi Meghalaya1248 Narayanpur Bhagalpur Bihar1249 Chainpur Palamu Jharkhand1250 Nuagaon Kandhamal Odisha1251 Ron Bhind Madhya Pradesh1252 Bharatpur Koriya Chhattisgarh1253 Kolayat Bikaner Rajasthan1254 Shahpura Bhilwara Rajasthan1255 Sabalgarh Morena Madhya Pradesh1256 Amarpur Banka Bihar1257 Balmoor Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1258 Mangaldoi (Pt) Udalguri Assam1259 Mehgaon Bhind Madhya Pradesh1260 Padmanabham Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh1261 Jaisinghnagar Shahdol Madhya Pradesh1262 Shamgarh Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh1263 Mayur Hand Chatra Jharkhand1264 Dungla Chittaurgarh Rajasthan1265 Batiyagarh Damoh Madhya Pradesh1266 Talakondapalle Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1267 Shahbad Baran Rajasthan1268 Kendujhar Sadar Kendujhar Odisha1269 Duldula Jashpur Chhattisgarh1270 Sitai Koch Bihar West Bengal1271 Raruan Mayurbhanj Odisha1272 Melchhamunda Bargarh Odisha1273 Narmetta Warangal Andhra Pradesh1274 Malarna Doongar Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan1275 Kokernag Anantnag Jammu & Kashmir1276 Kurtha Arwal Bihar1277 Gazole Maldah West Bengal1278 Khaga Fatehpur Uttar Pradesh1279 Sahaspur Lohara Kabeerdham Chhattisgarh1280 Shohratgarh Siddharthnagar Uttar Pradesh1281 Jhalda - Ii Puruliya West Bengal1282 Rehatgaon Harda Madhya Pradesh1283 Laharpur Sitapur Uttar Pradesh1284 Gidhaur Jamui Bihar1285 Sirali Harda Madhya Pradesh1286 Nawanagar Buxar Bihar1287 Patana Kendujhar Odisha1288 Warisnagar Samastipur Bihar1289 Rentachintala Guntur Andhra Pradesh1290 Chandarlapadu Krishna Andhra Pradesh1291 Colonelganj Gonda Uttar Pradesh1292 Bijawar Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh1293 Tikrikilla West Garo Hills Meghalaya1294 Mahulpalli Sambalpur Odisha1295 Jhalda - I Puruliya West Bengal1296 Makavarapalem Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh1297 Tuggali Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1298 Rishabhdeo Udaipur Rajasthan1299 Lakhipur Kokrajhar Assam1300 Kultali South Twenty Four West BengalParganas1301 Balarampur Puruliya West Bengal1302 Turumunga Kendujhar Odisha1303 Balanagar Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1304 Ramsanehighat Bara Banki Uttar Pradesh1305 Balrampur Balrampur Uttar Pradesh1306 Dhanora Seoni Madhya PradeshSPECIAL ARTICLE1307 Giriak Nalanda Bihar1308 Sironj Vidisha Madhya Pradesh1309 Phokhungri Phek Nagaland1310 Bijaipur Gopalganj Bihar1311 Manopad Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1312 Chittamur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1313 Jawa Rewa Madhya Pradesh1314 Narsinghgarh Rajgarh Madhya Pradesh1315 Lungsen Lunglei Mizoram1316 Khudabandpur Begusarai Bihar1317 Dameracherla Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1318 Kumbhalgarh Rajsamand Rajasthan1319 Naraini Banda Uttar Pradesh1320 Cherla Khammam Andhra Pradesh1321 Rosera Samastipur Bihar1322 Thirumalayapalem Khammam Andhra Pradesh1323 Sarada Udaipur Rajasthan1324 Narayankhed Medak Andhra Pradesh1325 Nekarikallu Guntur Andhra Pradesh1326 Paroo Muzaffarpur Bihar1327 Bachhwara Begusarai Bihar1328 Bichhiya Mandla Madhya Pradesh1329 Talamadugu Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1330 Chintha Palle Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1331 Khanapur Warangal Andhra Pradesh1332 Murarai - I Birbhum West Bengal1333 Ghanpur Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1334 Sandila Hardoi Uttar Pradesh1335 West Bunghmun Lunglei Mizoram1336 Barauli Gopalganj Bihar1337 Chicholi Betul Madhya Pradesh1338 Karera Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh1339 Bazarhathnoor Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1340 Talode Nandurbar Maharashtra1341 Bhoothpur Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1342 Sheohar Sheohar Bihar1343 Kodakandla Warangal Andhra Pradesh1344 Degana Nagaur Rajasthan1345 Santalpur Patan Gujarat1346 Amrabad Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1347 Koraon Allahabad Uttar Pradesh1348 Laundi Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh1349 Chehra Kalan Vaishali Bihar1350 Lakri Nabiganj Siwan Bihar1351 Latehar Latehar Jharkhand1352 Masturi Bilaspur Chhattisgarh1353 Kannod Dewas Madhya Pradesh1354 Tamsi Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1355 Talasari Thane Maharashtra1356 Patera Damoh Madhya Pradesh1357 Kasdol Raipur Chhattisgarh1358 Raikia Kandhamal Odisha1359 Manpur Umaria Madhya Pradesh1360 Gurazala Guntur Andhra Pradesh1361 Bansi Siddharthnagar Uttar Pradesh1362 Laharighat Barpeta Assam1363 Kaliaganj Uttar Dinajpur West Bengal1364 Piploda Ratlam Madhya Pradesh1365 Gunupur Rayagada Odisha1366 Golugonda Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh1367 Rudauli Faizabad Uttar Pradesh1368 Gormi Bhind Madhya Pradesh1369 Kuakonda Dakshin Bastar Dantewada Chhattisgarh(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 15

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking1370 Sarwar Ajmer Rajasthan1371 Bahadurpur Darbhanga Bihar1372 Ganguvarisigadam Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1373 Sirathu Kaushambi Uttar Pradesh1374 Jaipur Puruliya West Bengal1375 Baria Kendujhar Odisha1376 Veligandla Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1377 Jevargi Gulbarga Karnataka1378 Sarangapur Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh1379 Basanti South Twenty Four West BengalParganas1380 Rajnagar Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh1381 Kubeer Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1382 Duggondi Warangal Andhra Pradesh1383 Kaman Bharatpur Rajasthan1384 Kataram Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh1385 Nagar Bharatpur Rajasthan1386 Nawapur Nandurbar Maharashtra1387 Mandalgarh Bhilwara Rajasthan1388 Rumgong West Siang Arunachal Pradesh1389 Bayyaram Khammam Andhra Pradesh1390 Wargal Medak Andhra Pradesh1391 Chhabra Baran Rajasthan1392 Miao Changlang Arunachal Pradesh1393 Manora Jashpur Chhattisgarh1394 Julurpad Khammam Andhra Pradesh1395 Ater Bhind Madhya Pradesh1396 Tharad Banas Kantha Gujarat1397 Ramgarh Alwar Rajasthan1398 Bahalda Mayurbhanj Odisha1399 Ukhrul North Ukhrul Manipur1400 Ratua - II Maldah West Bengal1401 Mehdawal Sant Kabir Nagar Uttar Pradesh1402 Bhinmal Jalor Rajasthan1403 Gurla Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh1404 Maripeda Warangal Andhra Pradesh1405 Veepangandla Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1406 Bamangola Maldah West Bengal1407 Itarhi Buxar Bihar1408 Gulana Shajapur Madhya Pradesh1409 Biswan Sitapur Uttar Pradesh1410 Bijinapalle Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1411 Bhagawangola - II Murshidabad West Bengal1412 Mandrail Karauli Rajasthan1413 Buxwaha Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh1414 Konch Gaya Bihar1415 Naigarhi Rewa Madhya Pradesh1416 Seethanagaram Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh1417 Chincholi Gulbarga Karnataka1418 Mawshynrut West Khasi Hills Meghalaya1419 Thanagazi Alwar Rajasthan1420 Jagdevpur Medak Andhra Pradesh1421 Malthon Sagar Madhya Pradesh1422 Santhamaguluru Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1423 Sarangagarh Kandhamal Odisha1424 Danta Banas Kantha Gujarat1425 Ishupur Saran Bihar1426 Hathin Palwal Haryana1427 Tapan Dakshin Dinajpur West Bengal1428 Pulkal Medak Andhra Pradesh1429 Chinthakani Khammam Andhra Pradesh1430 Tarabganj Gonda Uttar Pradesh1431 Laveru Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh161432 Muppalla Guntur Andhra Pradesh1433 Gangrar Chittaurgarh Rajasthan1434 Venkatapur Warangal Andhra Pradesh1435 Baunsuni Baudh Odisha1436 Raiboga Sundargarh Odisha1437 B.Kodur Y.S.R. Andhra Pradesh1438 Jambughoda Panch Mahals Gujarat1439 Sahar Bhojpur Bihar1440 Ghorawal Sonbhadra Uttar Pradesh1441 Kankrej Banas Kantha Gujarat1442 Hemtabad Uttar Dinajpur West Bengal1443 Haidergarh Bara Banki Uttar Pradesh1444 Mori Uttarkashi Uttarakhand1445 Chenga Goalpara Assam1446 Bhowraguri Kokrajhar Assam1447 Khacharod Ujjain Madhya Pradesh1448 Patnagarh Balangir Odisha1449 Veeraghattam Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1450 Mahmudabad Sitapur Uttar Pradesh1451 Aonla Bareilly Uttar Pradesh1452 Dharni Amravati Maharashtra1453 Makhdumpur Jehanabad Bihar1454 Godda Godda Jharkhand1455 Santhabommali Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1456 Pandaul Madhubani Bihar1457 Chokpot South Garo Hills Meghalaya1458 Dakkili Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1459 Shahpur Betul Madhya Pradesh1460 Thikri Barwani Madhya Pradesh1461 Saipung Jaintia Hills Meghalaya1462 Mihona Bhind Madhya Pradesh1463 Bamanwas Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan1464 Jiran Neemuch Madhya Pradesh1465 Aboi Mon Nagaland1466 Chennaraopet Warangal Andhra Pradesh1467 Laxmanchanda Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1468 Yeldurthy Medak Andhra Pradesh1469 Ngoungchung Tuensang Nagaland1470 K V B Puram Chittoor Andhra Pradesh1471 Polaki Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1472 Chauth Ka Barwara Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan1473 Gobindpur(Rajnagar) Saraikela-Kharsawan Jharkhand1474 Garkha Saran Bihar1475 Kaddam (Peddur) Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1476 Palari Raipur Chhattisgarh1477 Todaraisingh Tonk Rajasthan1478 Teonthar Rewa Madhya Pradesh1479 Singoli Neemuch Madhya Pradesh1480 Mauganj Rewa Madhya Pradesh1481 Dhanwada Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1482 Peapally Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1483 Silao Nalanda Bihar1484 Tandwa Chatra Jharkhand1485 Raiparthy Warangal Andhra Pradesh1486 Chakrayapet YSR Andhra Pradesh1487 Mau Chitrakoot Uttar Pradesh1488 Paliganj Patna Bihar1489 Sagbara Narmada Gujarat1490 Bhadesar Chittaurgarh Rajasthan1491 Kothuru Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1492 Munpalle Medak Andhra Pradesh1493 Thanakhamria Durg Chhattisgarh1494 Saravakota Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking1495 Vajrakarur Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1496 Nuh Mewat Haryana1497 Pirawa Jhalawar Rajasthan1498 Tamia Chhindwara Madhya Pradesh1499 Chinour Gwalior Madhya Pradesh1500 Birpur Begusarai Bihar1501 Rebo-Perging East Siang Arunachal Pradesh1502 Tato West Siang Arunachal Pradesh1503 Selsella West Garo Hills Meghalaya1504 Madanpur Aurangabad Bihar1505 Karempudi Guntur Andhra Pradesh1506 Dissing-Passo East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh1507 Sarubujjili Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1508 Pachore Rajgarh Madhya Pradesh1509 Hayaghat Darbhanga Bihar1510 Mashrakh Saran Bihar1511 Kotauratla Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh1512 Tushura Balangir Odisha1513 Hilsa Nalanda Bihar1514 Gopiballavpur - I Paschim Medinipur West Bengal1515 A.Konduru Krishna Andhra Pradesh1516 Barwani Barwani Madhya Pradesh1517 Jahazpur Bhilwara Rajasthan1518 Parvathagiri Warangal Andhra Pradesh1519 Komarolu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1520 Gasuapara South Garo Hills Meghalaya1521 Khusrupur Patna Bihar1522 Kapasan Chittaurgarh Rajasthan1523 Rampachodavaram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh1524 Pakhanjur Uttar Bastar Kanker Chhattisgarh1525 Nabarangapur PS Nabarangapur Odisha1526 Gogri Khagaria Bihar1527 Thallur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1528 Kundam Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh1529 Veldurthi Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1530 Chanho Ranchi Jharkhand1531 Atmakur (S) Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1532 Meliaputti Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1533 Churhat Sidhi Madhya Pradesh1534 Mattam Palle Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1535 Gyaraspur Vidisha Madhya Pradesh1536 Sangrampur Munger Bihar1537 Majhgawan Satna Madhya Pradesh1538 Kalakote Rajouri Jammu & Kashmir1539 Semaria Rewa Madhya Pradesh1540 Charpokhari Bhojpur Bihar1541 Nuthankal Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1542 Chandrugonda Khammam Andhra Pradesh1543 Pratapgarh Pratapgarh Rajasthan1544 Pamulapadu Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1545 Atarra Banda Uttar Pradesh1546 Dunguripali Subarnapur Odisha1547 Safipur Unnao Uttar Pradesh1548 Ratua - I Maldah West Bengal1549 Chaugain Buxar Bihar1550 Barsahi Mayurbhanj Odisha1551 Khagaria Khagaria Bihar1552 Gola Ramgarh Jharkhand1553 Konijerla Khammam Andhra Pradesh1554 Amas Gaya Bihar1555 Nagarbera Kamrup Assam1556 Bichkunda Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh1557 Madnoor Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh1558 Lingasamudram Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1559 Silwani Raisen Madhya Pradesh1560 Chikhaldara Amravati Maharashtra1561 Garla Khammam Andhra Pradesh1562 Kronli (Arzoo Circle) Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh1563 Marihan Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh1564 Kotananduru East Godavari Andhra Pradesh1565 Tomka Jajapur Odisha1566 Malkharoda Janjgir - Champa Chhattisgarh1567 Pahalgam Anantnag Jammu & Kashmir1568 Agar Shajapur Madhya Pradesh1569 Dumri Giridih Jharkhand1570 Bishungarh Hazaribagh Jharkhand1571 Jalumuru Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1572 Tonk Khurd Dewas Madhya Pradesh1573 Garhani Bhojpur Bihar1574 Indpur Bankura West Bengal1575 Trimbakeshwar Nashik Maharashtra1576 Ramakuppam Chittoor Andhra Pradesh1577 Mandar Ranchi Jharkhand1578 Palalahada Anugul Odisha1579 Saltora Bankura West Bengal1580 Shivampet Medak Andhra Pradesh1581 Parbatta Khagaria Bihar1582 Chandankiyari Bokaro Jharkhand1583 Tadvai Warangal Andhra Pradesh1584 Potka Purbi Singhbhum Jharkhand1585 Namtok Changlang Arunachal Pradesh1586 Kulkacharla Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh1587 Belaganj Gaya Bihar1588 Sariya Giridih Jharkhand1589 Baloda Bazar Raipur Chhattisgarh1590 Nainwa Bundi Rajasthan1591 Kadavur Karur Tamil Nadu1592 Chalkusa Hazaribagh Jharkhand1593 Hathnoora Medak Andhra Pradesh1594 Gossaigaon (Pt) Kokrajhar Assam1595 Lakkavarapukota Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh1596 Raninagar - II Murshidabad West Bengal1597 Chhoti Sadri Pratapgarh Rajasthan1598 Marwahi Bilaspur Chhattisgarh1599 Birkoor Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh1600 Loisinga Balangir Odisha1601 Udala Mayurbhanj Odisha1602 Ghatgaon Kendujhar Odisha1603 Palakurthi Warangal Andhra Pradesh1604 Mungeli Bilaspur Chhattisgarh1605 Marhaura Saran Bihar1606 Rithi Katni Madhya Pradesh1607 Athmalgola Patna Bihar1608 Deo Aurangabad Bihar1609 Dalsinghsarai Samastipur Bihar1610 Thakurgarh Anugul Odisha1611 Jhajha Jamui Bihar1612 Handiya Harda Madhya Pradesh1613 Saraiya Muzaffarpur Bihar1614 Gundala Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1615 Guraru Gaya Bihar1616 Gudluru Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1617 Jaithari Anuppur Madhya Pradesh1618 Tadoor Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1619 Peddamandyam Chittoor Andhra Pradesh1620 Puruna Katak Baudh Odisha(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 17

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking1621 Purulia - II Puruliya West Bengal1622 Titlagarh Balangir Odisha1623 Nuagaon Ganjam Odisha1624 Ranastalam Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1625 Hawai Anjaw Arunachal Pradesh1626 Purwa Unnao Uttar Pradesh1627 Gambegre West Garo Hills Meghalaya1628 Madugula Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh1629 Lahunipara Sundargarh Odisha1630 Bhaiyathan Surguja Chhattisgarh1631 Jami Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh1632 Hatpiplya Dewas Madhya Pradesh1633 Ballikurava Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1634 Midjil Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1635 Barharwa Sahibganj Jharkhand1636 Enkuru Khammam Andhra Pradesh1637 Biloli Nanded Maharashtra1638 Pedacherlo Palle Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1639 Tilhar Shahjahanpur Uttar Pradesh1640 Karwi Chitrakoot Uttar Pradesh1641 Manjha Gopalganj Bihar1642 Purulia - I Puruliya West Bengal1643 Bero Ranchi Jharkhand1644 Patrasayer Bankura West Bengal1645 Sakri Dhule Maharashtra1646 Bemetara Durg Chhattisgarh1647 Bhagwanpur Begusarai Bihar1648 Silonijan Karbi Anglong Assam1649 Ghoshi Jehanabad Bihar1650 Niwas Mandla Madhya Pradesh1651 Ralan Wokha Nagaland1652 Sarangarh Raigarh Chhattisgarh1653 Sidli (Pt) Chirang Assam1654 Bijepur Bargarh Odisha1655 Champua Kendujhar Odisha1656 Bundu Ranchi Jharkhand1657 Nichlaul Mahrajganj Uttar Pradesh1658 Kiakata Anugul Odisha1659 Vatsavai Krishna Andhra Pradesh1660 Ardhaveedu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1661 Tahrauli Jhansi Uttar Pradesh1662 Jaji Reddi Gudem Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1663 Golokganj (Pt) Dhubri Assam1664 Sirauli Gauspur Bara Banki Uttar Pradesh1665 Kandi Murshidabad West Bengal1666 Narsimhulapet Warangal Andhra Pradesh1667 Salon Rae Bareli Uttar Pradesh1668 Kanekal Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1669 Naugarh Siddharthnagar Uttar Pradesh1670 Dornipadu Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1671 Prathipadu East Godavari Andhra Pradesh1672 Siwana Barmer Rajasthan1673 Paterhi Belsar Vaishali Bihar1674 Bhanpura Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh1675 Shahkund Bhagalpur Bihar1676 Dharuadihi Sundargarh Odisha1677 Yelal Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh1678 Gohad Bhind Madhya Pradesh1679 Kosgi Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1680 Nungba Tamenglong Manipur1681 Deoli Tonk Rajasthan1682 Migging Upper Siang Arunachal Pradesh1683 Brahmasamudram Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1684 Orchha Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh1685 Chatrai Krishna Andhra Pradesh1686 Kotabommali Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1687 Sambepalle YSR Andhra Pradesh1688 Ponnaluru Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1689 Dharampur Valsad Gujarat1690 Devendranagar Panna Madhya Pradesh1691 Dandepalle Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1692 Etapalli Gadchiroli Maharashtra1693 Darsi Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1694 Colgong Bhagalpur Bihar1695 Mudhole Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1696 Baniapur Saran Bihar1697 Koliana Mayurbhanj Odisha1698 Kuravi Warangal Andhra Pradesh1699 Sagardighi Murshidabad West Bengal1700 Galiveedu YSR Andhra Pradesh1701 Kaler Arwal Bihar1702 Sarila Hamirpur Uttar Pradesh1703 Mogullapalle Warangal Andhra Pradesh1704 Thungathurthi Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1705 Makthal Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1706 Baloda Janjgir - Champa Chhattisgarh1707 Sawayajpur Hardoi Uttar Pradesh1708 Chegunta Medak Andhra Pradesh1709 Bantwaram Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh1710 Kharagpur Munger Bihar1711 Agiaon Bhojpur Bihar1712 M.Turkapalle Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1713 Nautanwa Mahrajganj Uttar Pradesh1714 Kambhamvaripalle Chittoor Andhra Pradesh1715 Amarwara Chhindwara Madhya Pradesh1716 Kaptipada Mayurbhanj Odisha1717 Raikode Medak Andhra Pradesh1718 Eturnagaram Warangal Andhra Pradesh1719 Madgul Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1720 Sekruzu Phek Nagaland1721 Burja Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh1722 Kesinga Kalahandi Odisha1723 Sotokur Tuensang Nagaland1724 Soegaon Aurangabad Maharashtra1725 Amadagur Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1726 Nokha Bikaner Rajasthan1727 Bandi Atmakur Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1728 K.Kotapadu Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh1729 Vaishali Vaishali Bihar1730 Gurrampode Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1731 Bagbahra Mahasamund Chhattisgarh1732 Bonakal Khammam Andhra Pradesh1733 Gajapathinagaram Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh1734 Mahua Vaishali Bihar1735 Zaffergadh Warangal Andhra Pradesh1736 Penpahad Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1737 Kolebira Simdega Jharkhand1738 Dambuk Lower Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh1739 Durgawati Kaimur (Bhabua) Bihar1740 Chenari Rohtas Bihar1741 Gundala Khammam Andhra Pradesh1742 Bari Sadri Chittaurgarh Rajasthan1743 Basheerabad Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh1744 Gandeed Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh1745 Addakal Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1746 Hasanganj Unnao Uttar Pradesh(Continued)18january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking1747 Kishanganj Baran Rajasthan1748 Gudibanda Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1749 Mansi Khagaria Bihar1750 Anjad Barwani Madhya Pradesh1751 Todabhim Karauli Rajasthan1752 Indergarh Datia Madhya Pradesh1753 Sarangapur Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1754 Badnawar Dhar Madhya Pradesh1755 Gossaigaon (Pt) Dhubri Assam1756 Chilkur Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1757 Lephripara Sundargarh Odisha1758 Nallabelly Warangal Andhra Pradesh1759 Velgatoor Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh1760 Begun Chittaurgarh Rajasthan1761 Surada Ganjam Odisha1762 Basna Mahasamund Chhattisgarh1763 Mekliganj Koch Bihar West Bengal1764 Nyalkal Medak Andhra Pradesh1765 Shehera Panch Mahals Gujarat1766 Jawar Sehore Madhya Pradesh1767 Banswara Banswara Rajasthan1768 Churachandpur North Churachandpur Manipur1769 Subansiri (Pt) Lakhimpur Assam1770 Maibong Dima Hasao Assam1771 Settur Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1772 Gudihathnoor Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1773 Charar-E-Shrief Badgam Jammu & Kashmir1774 Umarpada Surat Gujarat1775 Sridungargarh Bikaner Rajasthan1776 Sironcha Gadchiroli Maharashtra1777 Kotgiri Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh1778 Manikchak Maldah West Bengal1779 Saja Durg Chhattisgarh1780 D.Hirehal Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1781 Nuaon Kaimur (Bhabua) Bihar1782 Kutumba Aurangabad Bihar1783 Atlur YSR Andhra Pradesh1784 Punasa East Nimar Madhya Pradesh1785 Bichhua Chhindwara Madhya Pradesh1786 Daloda Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh1787 Chhuikhadan Rajnandgaon Chhattisgarh1788 Badi Raisen Madhya Pradesh1789 Nawagarh Janjgir - Champa Chhattisgarh1790 Doravarisatram Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1791 Marpalle Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh1792 Zikzak West Garo Hills Meghalaya1793 Riga East Siang Arunachal Pradesh1794 Sedam Gulbarga Karnataka1795 Maldah (Old) Maldah West Bengal1796 Jupadu Bungalow Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1797 Kalinganagar Jajapur Odisha1798 Islampur Nalanda Bihar1799 Dharur Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh1800 Balayapalle Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1801 Baisinga Mayurbhanj Odisha1802 Atrauli Aligarh Uttar Pradesh1803 Umreth Chhindwara Madhya Pradesh1804 Dulhin Bazar Patna Bihar1805 Devarkadra Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1806 Cheria Bariarpur Begusarai Bihar1807 Luni Jodhpur Rajasthan1808 Gospadu Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1809 Rupaichhari South Tripura TripuraSPECIAL ARTICLE1810 Nellikudur Warangal Andhra Pradesh1811 Asind Bhilwara Rajasthan1812 Dohad Dohad Gujarat1813 Pendlimarri YSR Andhra Pradesh1814 Kothapalle Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1815 Haldibari Koch Bihar West Bengal1816 Binika Subarnapur Odisha1817 Gandlapenta Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1818 Saidapur Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh1819 Atmakur Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1820 Khamar Anugul Odisha1821 Kodala Ganjam Odisha1822 Kesamudram Warangal Andhra Pradesh1823 Goraul Vaishali Bihar1824 Lekang (Mahadevpur) Lohit Arunachal Pradesh1825 Mandal Bhilwara Rajasthan1826 Kasrawad West Nimar Madhya Pradesh1827 Digapahandi Ganjam Odisha1828 Ramnagar Bara Banki Uttar Pradesh1829 Shekhopur Sarai Sheikhpura Bihar1830 Thoguta Medak Andhra Pradesh1831 Balia Begusarai Bihar1832 Malpura Tonk Rajasthan1833 Raghogarh Guna Madhya Pradesh1834 Sidhauli Sitapur Uttar Pradesh1835 Rasagobindapur Mayurbhanj Odisha1836 Amritpur Farrukhabad Uttar Pradesh1837 Bagodar Giridih Jharkhand1838 Meerganj Bareilly Uttar Pradesh1839 Talupula Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1840 Reddigudem Krishna Andhra Pradesh1841 Tamulpur Baksa Assam1842 Harbhanga Baudh Odisha1843 Dachepalle Guntur Andhra Pradesh1844 Malhargarh Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh1845 Gandarvakkottai Pudukkottai Tamil Nadu1846 Nidamanur Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1847 Reamal Debagarh Odisha1848 Duvvur YSR Andhra Pradesh1849 Jabera Damoh Madhya Pradesh1850 Patiyali Kanshiram Nagar Uttar Pradesh1851 Kondapuram Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1852 Jhumpura Kendujhar Odisha1853 Gopadbanas Sidhi Madhya Pradesh1854 Chityal Warangal Andhra Pradesh1855 Sunpura Lohit Arunachal Pradesh1856 Nagaur Nagaur Rajasthan1857 Kalapipal Shajapur Madhya Pradesh1858 Hulasganj Jehanabad Bihar1859 Sandeshkhali - II North Twenty Four West BengalParganas1860 Gundla Palle Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1861 Leporiang Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh1862 Chausa Buxar Bihar1863 Govindpur Sambalpur Odisha1864 Kodangal Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1865 Dumra Sitamarhi Bihar1866 Rajakhera Dhaulpur Rajasthan1867 Singareni Khammam Andhra Pradesh1868 Nallacheruvu Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1869 Burwan Murshidabad West Bengal1870 Pamgarh Janjgir - Champa Chhattisgarh1871 Bilari Moradabad Uttar Pradesh(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 19

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking1872 Dhimarkheda Katni Madhya Pradesh1873 Raja Pakar Vaishali Bihar1874 Viratnagar Jaipur Rajasthan1875 Racherla Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1876 Seondha Datia Madhya Pradesh1877 Hatibari Sundargarh Odisha1878 Subalaya Subarnapur Odisha1879 Nekkonda Warangal Andhra Pradesh1880 Kangal Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1881 Baripada Sadar Mayurbhanj Odisha1882 Machareddy Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh1883 Nadoti Karauli Rajasthan1884 Alur Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1885 Chakki Buxar Bihar1886 Jannaram Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1887 Sissibargaon Lakhimpur Assam1888 Hasanpur Jyotiba Phule Nagar Uttar Pradesh1889 Kodumur Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1890 Tanakal Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1891 Domariyaganj Siddharthnagar Uttar Pradesh1892 Areraj Purba Champaran Bihar1893 Peddamudium YSR Andhra Pradesh1894 Tiloi Rae Bareli Uttar Pradesh1895 Tarari Bhojpur Bihar1896 Dornala Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1897 Chandua Mayurbhanj Odisha1898 Shahgarh Sagar Madhya Pradesh1899 Bharatpur - I Murshidabad West Bengal1900 Jainoor Adilabad Andhra Pradesh1901 Karauli Karauli Rajasthan1902 Sami Patan Gujarat1903 Sahebpur Kamal Begusarai Bihar1904 Rampurhat - II Birbhum West Bengal1905 Kaimganj Farrukhabad Uttar Pradesh1906 Rohat Pali Rajasthan1907 Mankapur Gonda Uttar Pradesh1908 Bestawaripeta Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1909 Gurh Rewa Madhya Pradesh1910 Devaruppula Warangal Andhra Pradesh1911 Shabad Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh1912 Vemulapalle Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1913 Banihal Ramban Jammu & Kashmir1914 Rajgir Nalanda Bihar1915 Sadasivanagar Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh1916 Lahladpur Saran Bihar1917 Shahade Nandurbar Maharashtra1918 Srirampur Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh1919 Jamboni Paschim Medinipur West Bengal1920 Katiya Gopalganj Bihar1921 Sandesh Bhojpur Bihar1922 Pharenda Mahrajganj Uttar Pradesh1923 Matihani Begusarai Bihar1924 Maddikera (East) Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1925 Ghanpur (Mulug) Warangal Andhra Pradesh1926 Mohkhed Chhindwara Madhya Pradesh1927 Lachhmangarh Alwar Rajasthan1928 Baseri Dhaulpur Rajasthan1929 Athner Betul Madhya Pradesh1930 Parbalpur Nalanda Bihar1931 Dharmaram Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh1932 Chandra SekharaPuram Prakasam Andhra Pradesh1933 Peddapappur Anantapur Andhra Pradesh1934 Mulug Medak Andhra Pradesh1935 Dornakal Warangal Andhra Pradesh1936 Banera Bhilwara Rajasthan1937 Yellareddy Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh1938 Sambhal Moradabad Uttar Pradesh1939 Budaun Budaun Uttar Pradesh1940 Kasmar Bokaro Jharkhand1941 Narharpur Uttar Bastar Kanker Chhattisgarh1942 Kota Bilaspur Chhattisgarh1943 Bisra Sundargarh Odisha1944 Sheopur Sheopur Madhya Pradesh1945 Nafra West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh1946 Dalgaon (Pt) Udalguri Assam1947 Nathnagar Bhagalpur Bihar1948 Chenani Udhampur Jammu & Kashmir1949 Masaurhi Patna Bihar1950 Kulpahar Mahoba Uttar Pradesh1951 Afzalpur Gulbarga Karnataka1952 Khategaon Dewas Madhya Pradesh1953 Geku Upper Siang Arunachal Pradesh1954 Mella Cheruvu Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1955 Bamebari Kendujhar Odisha1956 Bhanpur Basti Uttar Pradesh1957 Rafiganj Aurangabad Bihar1958 Suar Rampur Uttar Pradesh1959 Chaurai Chhindwara Madhya Pradesh1960 Mominpet Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh1961 Maharajpur Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh1962 Tarasingi Ganjam Odisha1963 Zanskar Kargil Jammu & Kashmir1964 Veerullapadu Krishna Andhra Pradesh1965 Sonkatch Dewas Madhya Pradesh1966 Bondapalle Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh1967 Vepada Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh1968 Takhatpur Bilaspur Chhattisgarh1969 Tikabali Kandhamal Odisha1970 Karlapalem Guntur Andhra Pradesh1971 Padma Hazaribagh Jharkhand1972 Nabinagar Aurangabad Bihar1973 Chail Kaushambi Uttar Pradesh1974 Thripuraram Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh1975 Sendurai Ariyalur Tamil Nadu1976 Raiganj Uttar Dinajpur West Bengal1977 Sonamukhi Bankura West Bengal1978 Puranpur Pilibhit Uttar Pradesh1979 Kusumanchi Khammam Andhra Pradesh1980 Ramasamudram Chittoor Andhra Pradesh1981 Pegadapalle Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh1982 Chowdepalle Chittoor Andhra Pradesh1983 Rampur Subarnapur Odisha1984 Gundlupet Chamarajanagar Karnataka1985 Basantpur Siwan Bihar1986 Palam Parbhani Maharashtra1987 Gadivemula Kurnool Andhra Pradesh1988 Keshampet Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh1989 Vedurukuppam Chittoor Andhra Pradesh1990 Hussainabad Palamu Jharkhand1991 Amarpatan Satna Madhya Pradesh1992 Mudigonda Khammam Andhra Pradesh1993 Bansur Alwar Rajasthan1994 Merta Nagaur Rajasthan1995 Udwant Nagar Bhojpur Bihar1996 Mangawan Rewa Madhya Pradesh(Continued)20january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking1997 Nautan Siwan Bihar1998 Anandapuram Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh1999 Julapalle Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2000 Himayatnagar Nanded Maharashtra2001 Barun Aurangabad Bihar2002 Kundheigola Debagarh Odisha2003 Itkhori Chatra Jharkhand2004 Sri Avadhutha YSR Andhra PradeshKasinayana2005 Arwal Arwal Bihar2006 Thondangi East Godavari Andhra Pradesh2007 Shahabad Hardoi Uttar Pradesh2008 Munagala Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2009 Yemmiganur Kurnool Andhra Pradesh2010 Sohela Bargarh Odisha2011 Kuchaikote Gopalganj Bihar2012 Kundurpi Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2013 Sali Gouraram Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2014 Pedakurapadu Guntur Andhra Pradesh2015 Uyyalawada Kurnool Andhra Pradesh2016 Sindgi Bijapur Karnataka2017 Kadana Panch Mahals Gujarat2018 Pagidyala Kurnool Andhra Pradesh2019 Goriakothi Siwan Bihar2020 Kantabanji Balangir Odisha2021 Mayureswar - II Birbhum West Bengal2022 Ulunda Subarnapur Odisha2023 Obra Aurangabad Bihar2024 Peterwar Bokaro Jharkhand2025 Dawath Rohtas Bihar2026 Sankrail Paschim Medinipur West Bengal2027 Bakhtiarpur Patna Bihar2028 Mazbat Udalguri Assam2029 Patharia Damoh Madhya Pradesh2030 Chakulia Purbi Singhbhum Jharkhand2031 Gollapalle Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2032 Singngat Churachandpur Manipur2033 Dhing Morigaon Assam2034 Mohammdi Kheri Uttar Pradesh2035 Kotar Satna Madhya Pradesh2036 Telkapalle Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh2037 Rupahi Morigaon Assam2038 Mahanandi Kurnool Andhra Pradesh2039 Jainad Adilabad Andhra Pradesh2040 Musafirkhana Sultanpur Uttar Pradesh2041 Utnoor Adilabad Andhra Pradesh2042 Veeraballe YSR Andhra Pradesh2043 Kondapur Medak Andhra Pradesh2044 Penuganchiprolu Krishna Andhra Pradesh2045 Sheikhpura Sheikhpura Bihar2046 Rongara South Garo Hills Meghalaya2047 Sankarapuram Viluppuram Tamil Nadu2048 Phuloni Karbi Anglong Assam2049 Rajupalem YSR Andhra Pradesh2050 Gandepalle East Godavari Andhra Pradesh2051 Marwan Muzaffarpur Bihar2052 Kawardha Kabeerdham Chhattisgarh2053 Maheshwar West Nimar Madhya Pradesh2054 Seragad Ganjam Odisha2055 Jasrana Firozabad Uttar Pradesh2056 Agamoni Dhubri Assam2057 Kalasapadu YSR Andhra Pradesh2058 Parbatsar Nagaur RajasthanSPECIAL ARTICLE2059 Brahmamgarimattam YSR Andhra Pradesh2060 Sherghati Gaya Bihar2061 Mechuka West Siang Arunachal Pradesh2062 Robertsganj Sonbhadra Uttar Pradesh2063 Kuntala Adilabad Andhra Pradesh2064 Khunti Khunti Jharkhand2065 Santrampur Panch Mahals Gujarat2066 Ghasipura Kendujhar Odisha2067 Phagi Jaipur Rajasthan2068 Phulabani Kandhamal Odisha2069 Chinnachintakunta Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh2070 Berla Durg Chhattisgarh2071 Pithora Mahasamund Chhattisgarh2072 Harsud East Nimar Madhya Pradesh2073 Simlapal Bankura West Bengal2074 Khansahib Badgam Jammu & Kashmir2075 Kutra Sundargarh Odisha2076 Barkhetri Nalbari Assam2077 Kadam Sonitpur Assam2078 Maharajganj Mahrajganj Uttar Pradesh2079 Mutharam (Manthani) Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2080 Baharagora Purbi Singhbhum Jharkhand2081 Tendukheda Narsimhapur Madhya Pradesh2082 Khairlanji Balaghat Madhya Pradesh2083 Wakro Lohit Arunachal Pradesh2084 Chhapara Seoni Madhya Pradesh2085 Onda Bankura West Bengal2086 Denkanikottai Krishnagiri Tamil Nadu2087 Kollapur Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh2088 Kisinda Sambalpur Odisha2089 Bari Dhaulpur Rajasthan2090 Bhogapuram Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh2091 Bhagwanpur Hat Siwan Bihar2092 Lakkireddipalle YSR Andhra Pradesh2093 Peddavadugur Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2094 Mohammad Bazar Birbhum West Bengal2095 Bihpur Bhagalpur Bihar2096 Khajuripada Kandhamal Odisha2097 Jaitaran Pali Rajasthan2098 Jaggampeta East Godavari Andhra Pradesh2099 Ranikor West Khasi Hills Meghalaya2100 Sonhat Koriya Chhattisgarh2101 Muli Surendranagar Gujarat2102 Vallabhnagar Udaipur Rajasthan2103 Ramapuram YSR Andhra Pradesh2104 Baudh Sadar Baudh Odisha2105 Babai Hoshangabad Madhya Pradesh2106 Tsurungto Tuensang Nagaland2107 Gopiballavpur - II Paschim Medinipur West Bengal2108 Barkagaon Hazaribagh Jharkhand2109 Mawkyrwat West Khasi Hills Meghalaya2110 Jaynagar - II South Twenty FourParganasWest Bengal2111 Pakaur Pakur Jharkhand2112 Tamenglong North Tamenglong Manipur2113 Narayanganj Mandla Madhya Pradesh2114 Dubrajpur Birbhum West Bengal2115 Gantyada Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh2116 Bhagwanpur Vaishali Bihar2117 Bansihari Dakshin Dinajpur West Bengal2118 Tikari Gaya Bihar2119 Dulmi Ramgarh Jharkhand2120 Rolla Anantapur Andhra Pradesh(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 21

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking2121 Sirkonda Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh2122 Umri Nanded Maharashtra2123 Gudupalle Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2124 Bhuragaon Barpeta Assam2125 Fatehpur Bara Banki Uttar Pradesh2126 Ramban Ramban Jammu & Kashmir2127 The Dangs The Dangs Gujarat2128 Santhipuram Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2129 Sundargarh Sundargarh Odisha2130 Kirlampudi East Godavari Andhra Pradesh2131 Chandwara Kodarma Jharkhand2132 Bariarpur Munger Bihar2133 Boath Adilabad Andhra Pradesh2134 Marwar Junction Pali Rajasthan2135 Bela Adilabad Andhra Pradesh2136 Sitalkuchi Koch Bihar West Bengal2137 Naugachhia Bhagalpur Bihar2138 Kaliachak - III Maldah West Bengal2139 Silli Ranchi Jharkhand2140 Bahoriband Katni Madhya Pradesh2141 Raipur - Karchuliyan Rewa Madhya Pradesh2142 Putlur Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2143 Chandausi Moradabad Uttar Pradesh2144 Sheosagar Rohtas Bihar2145 Jomlo Mobuk West Siang Arunachal Pradesh2146 Faridpur Bareilly Uttar Pradesh2147 Chivvemla Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2148 Jhargram Paschim Medinipur West Bengal2149 Dahanu Thane Maharashtra2150 Shirpur Dhule Maharashtra2151 Shahpura Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh2152 Jainagar Kodarma Jharkhand2153 Pattikonda Kurnool Andhra Pradesh2154 Lepakshi Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2155 Chanchal - I Maldah West Bengal2156 Simga Raipur Chhattisgarh2157 Ramagiri Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2158 Mathabhanga - I Koch Bihar West Bengal2159 Pungro Kiphire Nagaland2160 Indi Bijapur Karnataka2161 Dagadarthi Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2162 Mudigubba Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2163 Palia Kheri Uttar Pradesh2164 Chejerla Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2165 Ramnagar Udhampur Jammu & Kashmir2166 Domchanch Kodarma Jharkhand2167 Dhanera Banas Kantha Gujarat2168 Madhubani Madhubani Bihar2169 Akaltara Janjgir - Champa Chhattisgarh2170 Rajnagar Birbhum West Bengal2171 Penagalur YSR Andhra Pradesh2172 Peddavoora Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2173 Baragaon Sundargarh Odisha2174 Dinara Rohtas Bihar2175 Oupada Baleshwar Odisha2176 Tamkuhi Raj Kushinagar Uttar Pradesh2177 Mahnar Vaishali Bihar2178 Aliganj Etah Uttar Pradesh2179 Haspura Aurangabad Bihar2180 Etcherla Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh2181 Sikrai Dausa Rajasthan2182 S.Rayavaram Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh2183 Misrikh Sitapur Uttar Pradesh2184 Biramaharajpur Subarnapur Odisha2185 Tajpur Samastipur Bihar2186 Khalikote Ganjam Odisha2187 Laskein Jaintia Hills Meghalaya2188 Atmakur Warangal Andhra Pradesh2189 Soso Kendujhar Odisha2190 Dholi (Moraul) Muzaffarpur Bihar2191 Rudhauli Basti Uttar Pradesh2192 Raipur Bankura West Bengal2193 Marripadu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2194 Betasing West Garo Hills Meghalaya2195 Lingsugur Raichur Karnataka2196 Bhander Datia Madhya Pradesh2197 Pachpadra Barmer Rajasthan2198 Nallamada Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2199 Kurhani Muzaffarpur Bihar2200 Kanchili Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh2201 Nagra Saran Bihar2202 Fatehabad Agra Uttar Pradesh2203 Garide Palle Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2204 Udaipura Raisen Madhya Pradesh2205 Wardhannapet Warangal Andhra Pradesh2206 Jagdishpur Bhojpur Bihar2207 Ekangarsarai Nalanda Bihar2208 Purusottampur Ganjam Odisha2209 Elgaid Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2210 Yerrupalem Khammam Andhra Pradesh2211 Sindhnur Raichur Karnataka2212 Roddam Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2213 Ulundurpettai Viluppuram Tamil Nadu2214 Dharampuri Dhar Madhya Pradesh2215 Naikanidihi Bhadrak Odisha2216 Brahmani Tarang Sundargarh Odisha2217 Para Puruliya West Bengal2218 Hiramandalam Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh2219 Zemithang Tawang Arunachal Pradesh2220 Lahar Bhind Madhya Pradesh2221 Chongkham Lohit Arunachal Pradesh2222 Midthur Kurnool Andhra Pradesh2223 Nasrullaganj Sehore Madhya Pradesh2224 Gangajalghati Bankura West Bengal2225 Taldangra Bankura West Bengal2226 Mahoor Nanded Maharashtra2227 Meghraj Sabar Kantha Gujarat2228 Salur Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh2229 Santuri Puruliya West Bengal2230 Bilha Bilaspur Chhattisgarh2231 Tadimarri Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2232 Raghunathpalle Warangal Andhra Pradesh2233 Bhabua Kaimur (Bhabua) Bihar2234 Meluri Phek Nagaland2235 Powayan Shahjahanpur Uttar Pradesh2236 Mauzamabad Jaipur Rajasthan2237 Dantiwada Banas Kantha Gujarat2238 Dharmapuri Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2239 Padrauna Kushinagar Uttar Pradesh2240 Karimpur - Ii Nadia West Bengal2241 Longkhim Tuensang Nagaland2242 Nakkapalle Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh2243 Bukkapatnam Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2244 Barharia Siwan Bihar2245 Gampalagudem Krishna Andhra Pradesh2246 Railmagra Rajsamand Rajasthan(Continued)22january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking2247 Obuladevaracheruvu Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2248 Lanji Balaghat Madhya Pradesh2249 Pathapatnam Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh2250 Tipaimukh Churachandpur Manipur2251 Chakpikarong Chandel Manipur2252 Rambha Ganjam Odisha2253 Singanamala Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2254 Khanpur Jhalawar Rajasthan2255 T Narasapuram West Godavari Andhra Pradesh2256 Thirumalgiri Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2257 Dungarpur Dungarpur Rajasthan2258 Cheepurupalle Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh2259 Kamalapur Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2260 Neredcherla Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2261 Kherwara Udaipur Rajasthan2262 Dharpalle Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh2263 Ramgarh Kaimur (Bhabua) Bihar2264 Campierganj Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh2265 Jamwa Ramgarh Jaipur Rajasthan2266 Aland Gulbarga Karnataka2267 Nawadih Bokaro Jharkhand2268 Kinwat Nanded Maharashtra2269 Yeddana Pudi Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2270 Lakhnadon Seoni Madhya Pradesh2271 PeddaThippasamudram Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2272 Nadigudem Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2273 Sirmour Rewa Madhya Pradesh2274 Dhakuakhana (Pt) Dhemaji Assam2275 Mantha Jalna Maharashtra2276 Chauparan Hazaribagh Jharkhand2277 Varni Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh2278 Piro Bhojpur Bihar2279 Milak Rampur Uttar Pradesh2280 Baramkela Raigarh Chhattisgarh2281 Singrauli Singrauli Madhya Pradesh2282 Maner Patna Bihar2283 Jarapada Anugul Odisha2284 Hatta Damoh Madhya Pradesh2285 Kekri Ajmer Rajasthan2286 Siswan Siwan Bihar2287 Jharasangam Medak Andhra Pradesh2288 Ambabhona Bargarh Odisha2289 Razieba Phek Nagaland2290 Amangal Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh2291 Rajgarh Alwar Rajasthan2292 Chatra Chatra Jharkhand2293 Bindranavagarh(Gariyaband) Raipur Chhattisgarh2294 Ananthasagaram Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2295 Narayanapur Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2296 Chakradharpur Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand2297 Kunkuri Jashpur Chhattisgarh2298 Mawthadraishan West Khasi Hills Meghalaya2299 Martur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2300 Sangam Warangal Andhra Pradesh2301 Pellakur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2302 Birsinghpur Satna Madhya Pradesh2303 Sonpeth Parbhani Maharashtra2304 Bilgram Hardoi Uttar Pradesh2305 Bargarh Sadar Bargarh Odisha2306 Mallapur Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2307 Sakti Janjgir - Champa ChhattisgarhSPECIAL ARTICLE2308 Owk Kurnool Andhra Pradesh2309 Barhampur Buxar Bihar2310 Denkada Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh2311 Rapur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2312 Nalhati - II Birbhum West Bengal2313 Kasimkota Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh2314 Shankarapatnam Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2315 Hathua Gopalganj Bihar2316 Mudukulathur Ramanathapuram Tamil Nadu2317 Rupbas Bharatpur Rajasthan2318 Thamballapalle Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2319 Weir Bharatpur Rajasthan2320 Mahagaon Yavatmal Maharashtra2321 Manpur Rajnandgaon Chhattisgarh2322 Barnagar (Pt) Baksa Assam2323 Farasgaon Bastar Chhattisgarh2324 Heggadadevankote Mysore Karnataka2325 Charamal Sambalpur Odisha2326 Narpala Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2327 Sahara Bhilwara Rajasthan2328 Kebang East Siang Arunachal Pradesh2329 Jaladanki Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2330 Dollungmukh Lower Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh2331 West Phaileng Mamit Mizoram2332 Pachpahar Jhalawar Rajasthan2333 Naigaon (Khairgaon) Nanded Maharashtra2334 Fatwah Patna Bihar2335 Lalsot Dausa Rajasthan2336 Mulug Warangal Andhra Pradesh2337 Naktideul Sambalpur Odisha2338 Aswaraopeta Khammam Andhra Pradesh2339 Raipur Pali Rajasthan2340 Changpang Wokha Nagaland2341 Chandurthi Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2342 Khag Badgam Jammu & Kashmir2343 Mukhed Nanded Maharashtra2344 Jamui Jamui Bihar2345 Chapad YSR Andhra Pradesh2346 Bahraich Bahraich Uttar Pradesh2347 Dammapeta Khammam Andhra Pradesh2348 Yellanur Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2349 Anumula Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2350 Salbani Paschim Medinipur West Bengal2351 Dharmasagar Warangal Andhra Pradesh2352 Janakavarampanguluru Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2353 Keshiary Paschim Medinipur West Bengal2354 Angara Ranchi Jharkhand2355 Orvakal Kurnool Andhra Pradesh2356 Jakhania Ghazipur Uttar Pradesh2357 Jamankira Sambalpur Odisha2358 Balijan Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh2359 Kaliapani Jajapur Odisha2360 Kaligiri Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2361 Karambakudi Pudukkottai Tamil Nadu2362 Dalu West Garo Hills Meghalaya2363 Tikamgarh Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh2364 Muruda Mayurbhanj Odisha2365 Ulavapadu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2366 Chhura Raipur Chhattisgarh2367 Paraswada Balaghat Madhya Pradesh2368 Dilawarpur Adilabad Andhra Pradesh2369 Ramnagar Satna Madhya Pradesh2370 Bheemadevarpalle Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 23

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking2371 Thipparthi Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2372 Jawad Neemuch Madhya Pradesh2373 Bilgi Bagalkot Karnataka2374 Kattangoor Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2375 Kasganj Kanshiram Nagar Uttar Pradesh2376 Buttayagudem West Godavari Andhra Pradesh2377 Munugode Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2378 Chapar (Pt) Dhubri Assam2379 Alampur Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh2380 Baireddipalle Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2381 Atmakur (M) Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2382 Baganpara (Pt) Baksa Assam2383 Kumarganj Dakshin Dinajpur West Bengal2384 Banda Sagar Madhya Pradesh2385 Kishanganj Kishanganj Bihar2386 Sawali Chandrapur Maharashtra2387 Garladinne Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2388 Daudnagar Aurangabad Bihar2389 Garugubilli Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh2390 Vijayraghavgarh Katni Madhya Pradesh2391 Beejoliya Bhilwara Rajasthan2392 Kanubari Tirap Arunachal Pradesh2393 Kethe Palle Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2394 Phulwaria Gopalganj Bihar2395 Kaluvoya Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2396 Shayampet Warangal Andhra Pradesh2397 Kathumar Alwar Rajasthan2398 Tanda Rampur Uttar Pradesh2399 Chitvel YSR Andhra Pradesh2400 Milkipur Faizabad Uttar Pradesh2401 Jafrabad Amreli Gujarat2402 Ekma Saran Bihar2403 Badnagar Ujjain Madhya Pradesh2404 Naobaicha Sonitpur Assam2405 Kothakota Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh2406 Govindaraopet Warangal Andhra Pradesh2407 Mothkur Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2408 Ponduru Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh2409 Gonda Gonda Uttar Pradesh2410 Mandasa Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh2411 Bhokardan Jalna Maharashtra2412 Porumamilla YSR Andhra Pradesh2413 Kochas Rohtas Bihar2414 Deodar Banas Kantha Gujarat2415 Malihabad Lucknow Uttar Pradesh2416 Kaviti Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh2417 Sarupeta (Pt) Baksa Assam2418 Kondapak Medak Andhra Pradesh2419 Sydapuram Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2420 Kalwan Nashik Maharashtra2421 Veerapunayunipalle YSR Andhra Pradesh2422 Chengam Tiruvannamalai Tamil Nadu2423 Kurai Seoni Madhya Pradesh2424 Gadarwara Narsimhapur Madhya Pradesh2425 Domkal Murshidabad West Bengal2426 Aspur Dungarpur Rajasthan2427 Bhokar Nanded Maharashtra2428 Peesangan Ajmer Rajasthan2429 Surajgarha Lakhisarai Bihar2430 Sadar Hills West Senapati Manipur2431 Palin Kurung Kumey Arunachal Pradesh2432 Nawabpet Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh2433 Loha Nanded Maharashtra242434 Nimmanapalle Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2435 Charkhari Mahoba Uttar Pradesh2436 Dharhara Munger Bihar2437 Naubatpur Patna Bihar2438 Athmallik Anugul Odisha2439 Maharajganj Rae Bareli Uttar Pradesh2440 Vijayapuram Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2441 Bisalpur Pilibhit Uttar Pradesh2442 Gangarampur Dakshin Dinajpur West Bengal2443 Mohania Kaimur (Bhabua) Bihar2444 Jalalpur Saran Bihar2445 Bayana Bharatpur Rajasthan2446 Dhalbhumgarh Purbi Singhbhum Jharkhand2447 Debai Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh2448 Gara Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh2449 Rampur Baghelan Satna Madhya Pradesh2450 Jalesar Etah Uttar Pradesh2451 Sanjamala Kurnool Andhra Pradesh2452 Kunda Pratapgarh Uttar Pradesh2453 Simri Buxar Bihar2454 Deogarh Rajsamand Rajasthan2455 Rebbana Adilabad Andhra Pradesh2456 Thandrampet Tiruvannamalai Tamil Nadu2457 Pombhurna Chandrapur Maharashtra2458 Mavli Udaipur Rajasthan2459 Lunkaransar Bikaner Rajasthan2460 Venkatachalam Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2461 Rangampeta East Godavari Andhra Pradesh2462 Sille-Oyan East Siang Arunachal Pradesh2463 Barbigha Sheikhpura Bihar2464 Asifabad Adilabad Andhra Pradesh2465 Bheden Bargarh Odisha2466 Bilasipara (Pt) Dhubri Assam2467 Aurad Bidar Karnataka2468 Chigurumamidi Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2469 Depalpur Indore Madhya Pradesh2470 Barhara Bhojpur Bihar2471 Yerpedu Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2472 Deori Sagar Madhya Pradesh2473 Lingala YSR Andhra Pradesh2474 Polasara Ganjam Odisha2475 Kurwai Vidisha Madhya Pradesh2476 Sarenga Bankura West Bengal2477 Lalitpur Lalitpur Uttar Pradesh2478 Tallada Khammam Andhra Pradesh2479 Pindwara Sirohi Rajasthan2480 Bagepalli Chikkballapura Karnataka2481 Raga Lower Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh2482 Radhanpur Patan Gujarat2483 Ashoknagar Ashoknagar Madhya Pradesh2484 Kushtagi Koppal Karnataka2485 Chakarnagar Etawah Uttar Pradesh2486 Sirvel Kurnool Andhra Pradesh2487 Kalpi Jalaun Uttar Pradesh2488 Sahdai Buzurg Vaishali Bihar2489 Gauriganj Sultanpur Uttar Pradesh2490 Chaksu Jaipur Rajasthan2491 Mebo East Siang Arunachal Pradesh2492 Bilara Jodhpur Rajasthan2493 Dhanora Gadchiroli Maharashtra2494 Garhi Banswara Rajasthan2495 Vakadu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2496 Raybag Belgaum Karnataka(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking2497 Anandapur Kendujhar Odisha2498 Lalganj Pratapgarh Uttar Pradesh2499 Laikera Jharsuguda Odisha2500 Kesath Buxar Bihar2501 Sukinda Jajapur Odisha2502 Mauranipur Jhansi Uttar Pradesh2503 Ellanthakunta Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2504 Bijni (Pt) Chirang Assam2505 Debagarh Debagarh Odisha2506 Kochinda Sambalpur Odisha2507 Ghanpur (Station) Warangal Andhra Pradesh2508 S Mydukur YSR Andhra Pradesh2509 Padmapur Bargarh Odisha2510 Kandhar Nanded Maharashtra2511 Gulabganj Vidisha Madhya Pradesh2512 Dodra Kwar Shimla Himachal Pradesh2513 Kirnapur Balaghat Madhya Pradesh2514 Bhatli Bargarh Odisha2515 Chotila Surendranagar Gujarat2516 Nalhati - I Birbhum West Bengal2517 Ghanghata Sant Kabir Nagar Uttar Pradesh2518 Pendra Road Gorella Bilaspur Chhattisgarh2519 Bhanoli Almora Uttarakhand2520 Haidernagar Palamu Jharkhand2521 Rehti Sehore Madhya Pradesh2522 Surajpur Surguja Chhattisgarh2523 Chhatna Bankura West Bengal2524 Bommalaramaram Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2525 Sadar Kalahandi Odisha2526 Suryapura Rohtas Bihar2527 Khairagarh Rajnandgaon Chhattisgarh2528 Ghansawangi Jalna Maharashtra2529 Seetharamapuram Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2530 Longmatra Kiphire Nagaland2531 Parajang Dhenkanal Odisha2532 Kudair Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2533 Mariahu Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh2534 Basavana Bagevadi Bijapur Karnataka2535 Bishrampur Palamu Jharkhand2536 Surankote Punch Jammu & Kashmir2537 Atmakur Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2538 Rasulabad Kanpur Dehat Uttar Pradesh2539 Harij Patan Gujarat2540 Dabhra Janjgir - Champa Chhattisgarh2541 Gokavaram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh2542 Raninagar - I Murshidabad West Bengal2543 Nabagram Murshidabad West Bengal2544 Ibrahimpatnam Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2545 Mahwa Dausa Rajasthan2546 Labpur Birbhum West Bengal2547 Amarapuram Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2548 Phirangipuram Guntur Andhra Pradesh2549 Nawda Murshidabad West Bengal2550 Porsa Morena Madhya Pradesh2551 Buchinaidu Kandriga Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2552 Chakia Chandauli Uttar Pradesh2553 Niwai Tonk Rajasthan2554 Tsogin Kohima Nagaland2555 Gumla Gumla Jharkhand2556 Hardoi Hardoi Uttar Pradesh2557 Peddapanjani Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2558 Magarlod Dhamtari Chhattisgarh2559 Kharsawan Saraikela-Kharsawan JharkhandSPECIAL ARTICLE2560 Dumburnagar Dhalai Tripura2561 Mukto Circle Tawang Arunachal Pradesh2562 Darauli Siwan Bihar2563 Khatra Bankura West Bengal2564 Achampet Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh2565 Cherial Warangal Andhra Pradesh2566 Kallur Khammam Andhra Pradesh2567 Elkathurthi Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2568 Andar Siwan Bihar2569 Hatod Indore Madhya Pradesh2570 Mylavaram Krishna Andhra Pradesh2571 Jaipur Adilabad Andhra Pradesh2572 Hemgir Sundargarh Odisha2573 Pavagada Tumkur Karnataka2574 Phungyar-Phaisat Ukhrul Manipur2575 Parkal Warangal Andhra Pradesh2576 Taranagar Churu Rajasthan2577 Shankarpalle Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh2578 Bara Allahabad Uttar Pradesh2579 Pusour Raigarh Chhattisgarh2580 Desri Vaishali Bihar2581 Panyam Kurnool Andhra Pradesh2582 Khajuwala Bikaner Rajasthan2583 Bhanupratappur Uttar Bastar Kanker Chhattisgarh2584 Vishnupur Bankura West Bengal2585 Korukonda East Godavari Andhra Pradesh2586 Banei Sundargarh Odisha2587 Kharkutta East Garo Hills Meghalaya2588 Mehnagar Azamgarh Uttar Pradesh2589 Narsapur Medak Andhra Pradesh2590 Harraiya Basti Uttar Pradesh2591 Raptadu Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2592 Arang Raipur Chhattisgarh2593 Nagri Dhamtari Chhattisgarh2594 Fatehpur Fatehpur Uttar Pradesh2595 Sillod Aurangabad Maharashtra2596 Yerravaripalem Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2597 Chopra Uttar Dinajpur West Bengal2598 Rayagada Rayagada Odisha2599 Penuballi Khammam Andhra Pradesh2600 Phulambri Aurangabad Maharashtra2601 Yelbarga Koppal Karnataka2602 Chhendipada Anugul Odisha2603 Harapanahalli Davanagere Karnataka2604 Chevella Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh2605 Chillakur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2606 Baheri Bareilly Uttar Pradesh2607 Tamnar Raigarh Chhattisgarh2608 Bukkaraya Samudram Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2609 Indus Bankura West Bengal2610 Pennagaram Dharmapuri Tamil Nadu2611 Karanjia Mayurbhanj Odisha2612 Hadgaon Nanded Maharashtra2613 Garividi Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh2614 Kathlapur Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2615 Shyampur Sehore Madhya Pradesh2616 Garautha Jhansi Uttar Pradesh2617 Barwaha West Nimar Madhya Pradesh2618 Chinaganjam Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2619 Asarganj Munger Bihar2620 Mangolkote Barddhaman West Bengal2621 Bidupur Vaishali Bihar2622 Sitimi Kiphire Nagaland(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 25

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking2623 Gosaba South Twenty Four West BengalParganas2624 Nakashipara Nadia West Bengal2625 Agali Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2626 Mulakalacheruvu Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2627 Pudur Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh2628 Nihalprasad Dhenkanal Odisha2629 Sangsangnyu Tuensang Nagaland2630 Champa Janjgir - Champa Chhattisgarh2631 Rajpur Rohtas Bihar2632 Sakra Muzaffarpur Bihar2633 Beluguppa Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2634 Mangapet Warangal Andhra Pradesh2635 Vallur YSR Andhra Pradesh2636 Kairana Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh2637 Barghat Seoni Madhya Pradesh2638 Chaurah Chamba Himachal Pradesh2639 Mohanlalganj Lucknow Uttar Pradesh2640 Begamganj Raisen Madhya Pradesh2641 Mohammadabad Ghazipur Uttar Pradesh2642 Amaravathi Guntur Andhra Pradesh2643 Nari East Siang Arunachal Pradesh2644 Koheda Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2645 Bhiti Ambedkar Nagar Uttar Pradesh2646 Barhi Hazaribagh Jharkhand2647 Daraundha Siwan Bihar2648 Thondur YSR Andhra Pradesh2649 Gohpur Sonitpur Assam2650 Konaraopeta Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2651 Somala Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2652 Madakasira Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2653 Chennur Adilabad Andhra Pradesh2654 Midnapore Paschim Medinipur West Bengal2655 Kampur Nagaon Assam2656 Wadwani Bid Maharashtra2657 Tyuni Dehradun Uttarakhand2658 Jaora Ratlam Madhya Pradesh2659 Khoyrasol Birbhum West Bengal2660 Tirukkoyilur Viluppuram Tamil Nadu2661 Jintur Parbhani Maharashtra2662 Lotsu Wokha Nagaland2663 Kanaganapalle Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2664 Chagalamarri Kurnool Andhra Pradesh2665 Tirwa Kannauj Uttar Pradesh2666 Liromoba West Siang Arunachal Pradesh2667 Bikapur Faizabad Uttar Pradesh2668 Tadikonda Guntur Andhra Pradesh2669 Badnapur Jalna Maharashtra2670 Burhanpur Azamgarh Uttar Pradesh2671 Kudligi Bellary Karnataka2672 Ojili Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2673 Sikandra Rao Mahamaya Nagar Uttar Pradesh2674 Kohir Medak Andhra Pradesh2675 Bandhogarh Umaria Madhya Pradesh2676 Rajim Raipur Chhattisgarh2677 Sankhavaram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh2678 Bhatapara Raipur Chhattisgarh2679 Maharajganj Siwan Bihar2680 Sojat Pali Rajasthan2681 Kunnam Perambalur Tamil Nadu2682 Yacharam Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh2683 Gogamukh Tinsukia Assam2684 Chandur Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2685 Raghunathpur Siwan Bihar2686 Chitapur Gulbarga Karnataka2687 Madhogarh Jalaun Uttar Pradesh2688 Mandi Punch Jammu & Kashmir2689 Barahiya Lakhisarai Bihar2690 Korchi Gadchiroli Maharashtra2691 Kakching Thoubal Manipur2692 Kalyanpur Jamnagar Gujarat2693 Deeg Bharatpur Rajasthan2694 Kabisuryanagar Ganjam Odisha2695 Satoi Zunheboto Nagaland2696 Kollegal Chamarajanagar Karnataka2697 Simdega Simdega Jharkhand2698 Tening Peren Nagaland2699 Vemula YSR Andhra Pradesh2700 Makloor Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh2701 Bijni (Pt) Bongaigaon Assam2702 Chamarajanagar Chamarajanagar Karnataka2703 Machhlishahr Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh2704 Saidpur Ghazipur Uttar Pradesh2705 Guthani Siwan Bihar2706 Obulavaripalle YSR Andhra Pradesh2707 Shahganj Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh2708 Kashipur Puruliya West Bengal2709 Kammarpalle Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh2710 Karhal Mainpuri Uttar Pradesh2711 Mudhol Bagalkot Karnataka2712 G Konduru Krishna Andhra Pradesh2713 Gollaprolu East Godavari Andhra Pradesh2714 Saifai Etawah Uttar Pradesh2715 Gandoh Doda Jammu & Kashmir2716 Kamjong-Chassad Ukhrul Manipur2717 Veenavanka Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2718 Lingalaghanpur Warangal Andhra Pradesh2719 Rehli Sagar Madhya Pradesh2720 Edlapadu Guntur Andhra Pradesh2721 Sadar Hills East Senapati Manipur2722 Thottambedu Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2723 Varikuntapadu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2724 Hasanpura Siwan Bihar2725 Andole Medak Andhra Pradesh2726 Atru Baran Rajasthan2727 Pargi Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh2728 Bansdih Ballia Uttar Pradesh2729 Keshoraipatan Bundi Rajasthan2730 Hindaun Karauli Rajasthan2731 Motihari Purba Champaran Bihar2732 Mansurchak Begusarai Bihar2733 Kaliganj Nadia West Bengal2734 Puchi Geko Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh2735 Kambadur Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2736 Dondi Luhara Durg Chhattisgarh2737 Pendra Bilaspur Chhattisgarh2738 Unchahar Rae Bareli Uttar Pradesh2739 Songadh Tapi Gujarat2740 Sandeshkhali - I North Twenty Four Parganas West Bengal2741 Kharsang Changlang Arunachal Pradesh2742 Maudaha Hamirpur Uttar Pradesh2743 Sainthia Birbhum West Bengal2744 Nainpur Mandla Madhya Pradesh2745 Shirur (Kasar) Bid Maharashtra2746 Akkalkot Solapur Maharashtra2747 Sult Almora Uttarakhand(Continued)26january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking2748 Datia Datia Madhya Pradesh2749 Jafferabad Jalna Maharashtra2750 Lakhtar Surendranagar Gujarat2751 Venkatagirikota Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2752 Nokha Rohtas Bihar2753 Illambazar Birbhum West Bengal2754 Kishangarh Bas Alwar Rajasthan2755 Narayanpet Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh2756 Orathanadu Thanjavur Tamil Nadu2757 Dhekiajuli (Pt) Nagaon Assam2758 Gangavalli Salem Tamil Nadu2759 Sikandra Kanpur Dehat Uttar Pradesh2760 Maddur Warangal Andhra Pradesh2761 Patoda Bid Maharashtra2762 Podili Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2763 Uchkagaon Gopalganj Bihar2764 Saraipali Mahasamund Chhattisgarh2765 Hagaribommanahalli Bellary Karnataka2766 Hata Kushinagar Uttar Pradesh2767 Chennekothapalle Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2768 Hadagalli Bellary Karnataka2769 Kanti Muzaffarpur Bihar2770 Kondapi Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2771 Prathipadu Guntur Andhra Pradesh2772 Yellareddipet Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2773 Mairang West Khasi Hills Meghalaya2774 Manakondur Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2775 Odela Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2776 Pipalda Kota Rajasthan2777 Ukhrul South Ukhrul Manipur2778 Chennur YSR Andhra Pradesh2779 Dhama Sambalpur Odisha2780 Thingbu Tawang Arunachal Pradesh2781 Sardarshahar Churu Rajasthan2782 Badlapur Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh2783 Parasgad Belgaum Karnataka2784 Rengali Jharsuguda Odisha2785 Garhwa Garhwa Jharkhand2786 Bighapur Unnao Uttar Pradesh2787 Madhugiri Tumkur Karnataka2788 Jaisinghpur Sultanpur Uttar Pradesh2789 Sattenapalle Guntur Andhra Pradesh2790 Iluppur Pudukkottai Tamil Nadu2791 Nasriganj Rohtas Bihar2792 Valia Bharuch Gujarat2793 Sujangarh Churu Rajasthan2794 Dumraon Buxar Bihar2795 Bidhuna Auraiya Uttar Pradesh2796 Medikonduru Guntur Andhra Pradesh2797 Devarakonda Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2798 Gairatganj Raisen Madhya Pradesh2799 Jainti Almora Uttarakhand2800 Chinnamandem YSR Andhra Pradesh2801 Rajapet Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh2802 Khuza Phek Nagaland2803 Kajuluru East Godavari Andhra Pradesh2804 Sonawari Bandipore Jammu & Kashmir2805 Hezamara West Tripura Tripura2806 Amla Betul Madhya Pradesh2807 Kothapalle East Godavari Andhra Pradesh2808 Tirumakudal - Narsipur Mysore Karnataka2809 Kharsia Raigarh Chhattisgarh2810 Kandukur Rangareddy Andhra PradeshSPECIAL ARTICLE2811 Parchur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2812 Ambah Morena Madhya Pradesh2813 Rudrapur Deoria Uttar Pradesh2814 Gola Gokaran Nath Kheri Uttar Pradesh2815 Helem Nagaon Assam2816 Shopian Shupiyan Jammu & Kashmir2817 Manubolu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2818 Kudra Kaimur (Bhabua) Bihar2819 Akuhaito Zunheboto Nagaland2820 Bejjanki Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2821 Abu Road Sirohi Rajasthan2822 Dinhata - II Koch Bihar West Bengal2823 Handia Allahabad Uttar Pradesh2824 Thawe Gopalganj Bihar2825 Sepau Dhaulpur Rajasthan2826 Sawer Indore Madhya Pradesh2827 Bankura - I Bankura West Bengal2828 Chilamathur Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2829 Barapali Bargarh Odisha2830 Dotoma Kokrajhar Assam2831 Nelakondapalle Khammam Andhra Pradesh2832 Ahore Jalor Rajasthan2833 Udalguri Udalguri Assam2834 Nadbai Bharatpur Rajasthan2835 Vatticherukuru Guntur Andhra Pradesh2836 Keolari Seoni Madhya Pradesh2837 Kanakapura Ramanagara Karnataka2838 Nadendla Guntur Andhra Pradesh2839 Yelandur Chamarajanagar Karnataka2840 Molakalmuru Chitradurga Karnataka2841 Macherla Guntur Andhra Pradesh2842 Thalisain Garhwal Uttarakhand2843 Bhim Rajsamand Rajasthan2844 Phulpur Azamgarh Uttar Pradesh2845 Manjhi Saran Bihar2846 Bah Agra Uttar Pradesh2847 Lalganj Vaishali Bihar2848 Nanjangud Mysore Karnataka2849 T Sundupalle YSR Andhra Pradesh2850 Mejhia Bankura West Bengal2851 Duttalur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2852 Deglur Nanded Maharashtra2853 Toru Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh2854 Dharakote Ganjam Odisha2855 Unchahara Satna Madhya Pradesh2856 Edappadi Salem Tamil Nadu2857 Jamner Jalgaon Maharashtra2858 Thorrur Warangal Andhra Pradesh2859 Gondpipri Chandrapur Maharashtra2860 Husnabad Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2861 Pamarru East Godavari Andhra Pradesh2862 Chhuriya Rajnandgaon Chhattisgarh2863 Hingalganj North Twenty Four Parganas West Bengal2864 Ladnu Nagaur Rajasthan2865 Longleng Longleng Nagaland2866 Katangi Balaghat Madhya Pradesh2867 Kota Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2868 Mohammad Ganj Palamu Jharkhand2869 Ramdurg Belgaum Karnataka2870 Ketugram - II Barddhaman West Bengal2871 Allur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2872 Zari-Jamani Yavatmal Maharashtra2873 Chimakurthi Prakasam Andhra Pradesh(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 27

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking2874 Raisen Raisen Madhya Pradesh2875 Hariharpara Murshidabad West Bengal2876 Dighwara Saran Bihar2877 Rupsa Baleshwar Odisha2878 Medak Medak Andhra Pradesh2879 Ompi South Tripura Tripura2880 Ramkrishna Nagar Karimganj Assam2881 Kharagpur - II Paschim Medinipur West Bengal2882 Mahoba Mahoba Uttar Pradesh2883 Gopalapuram West Godavari Andhra Pradesh2884 Chauri Chaura Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh2885 Behea Bhojpur Bihar2886 Ziradei Siwan Bihar2887 Mayureswar - I Birbhum West Bengal2888 Chuda Surendranagar Gujarat2889 Mohla Rajnandgaon Chhattisgarh2890 Vontimitta YSR Andhra Pradesh2891 Shujalpur Shajapur Madhya Pradesh2892 Gangavaram Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2893 Piduguralla Guntur Andhra Pradesh2894 Chandrakona - II Paschim Medinipur West Bengal2895 Mathurapur - II South Twenty Four West BengalParganas2896 Harur Dharmapuri Tamil Nadu2897 Jeelugu Milli West Godavari Andhra Pradesh2898 Sankheda Vadodara Gujarat2899 Bhiknoor Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh2900 Akorhi Gola Rohtas Bihar2901 Ambad Jalna Maharashtra2902 Sonepur Saran Bihar2903 Ramayampet Medak Andhra Pradesh2904 Bilaspur Rampur Uttar Pradesh2905 Rajgarh Churu Rajasthan2906 Pichatur Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2907 Kalakada Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2908 Mawphlang East Khasi Hills Meghalaya2909 Sohagpur Hoshangabad Madhya Pradesh2910 Thotapalligudur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2911 Karakat Rohtas Bihar2912 Bansada Bhadrak Odisha2913 Kasipet Adilabad Andhra Pradesh2914 Jalkot Latur Maharashtra2915 Bairia Ballia Uttar Pradesh2916 Kargahar Rohtas Bihar2917 Singla Baleshwar Odisha2918 Lumla Tawang Arunachal Pradesh2919 Bhogaon Mainpuri Uttar Pradesh2920 Dalmau Rae Bareli Uttar Pradesh2921 Kannauj Kannauj Uttar Pradesh2922 Partur Jalna Maharashtra2923 Pusapatirega Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh2924 Barmer Barmer Rajasthan2925 Rampurhat - I Birbhum West Bengal2926 Jalah (Pt) Baksa Assam2927 Nagod Satna Madhya Pradesh2928 Rath Hamirpur Uttar Pradesh2929 Mirdoddi Medak Andhra Pradesh2930 Didwana Nagaur Rajasthan2931 Majuli Sivasagar Assam2932 Mat Mathura Uttar Pradesh2933 Krishnarayapuram Karur Tamil Nadu2934 Palakkodu Dharmapuri Tamil Nadu2935 Tirodi Balaghat Madhya Pradesh282936 Lalbarra Balaghat Madhya Pradesh2937 Kulgam Kulgam Jammu & Kashmir2938 Tittakudi Cuddalore Tamil Nadu2939 Baraily Raisen Madhya Pradesh2940 Khammam (Rural) Khammam Andhra Pradesh2941 G.Udayagiri Kandhamal Odisha2942 Gokak Belgaum Karnataka2943 Polur Tiruvannamalai Tamil Nadu2944 Sengaon Hingoli Maharashtra2945 Bassi Jaipur Rajasthan2946 Bathalapalle Anantapur Andhra Pradesh2947 Tehatta - Ii Nadia West Bengal2948 Sangam Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2949 Peraiyur Madurai Tamil Nadu2950 Aundha (Nagnath) Hingoli Maharashtra2951 Derapur Kanpur Dehat Uttar Pradesh2952 Lalganj Azamgarh Uttar Pradesh2953 Kotputli Jaipur Rajasthan2954 Jagalur Davanagere Karnataka2955 Kadipur Sultanpur Uttar Pradesh2956 Doboka Nagaon Assam2957 Tizit Mon Nagaland2958 Maihar Satna Madhya Pradesh2959 Ghatampur Kanpur Nagar Uttar Pradesh2960 Nagaram Guntur Andhra Pradesh2961 Kotha Patnam Prakasam Andhra Pradesh2962 Natham Dindigul Tamil Nadu2963 Jamai Chhindwara Madhya Pradesh2964 Gingee Viluppuram Tamil Nadu2965 Khambha Amreli Gujarat2966 Ghograpar (Pt) Baksa Assam2967 Yomcha West Siang Arunachal Pradesh2968 Masuda Ajmer Rajasthan2969 Umsning Ribhoi Meghalaya2970 Thanamandi Rajouri Jammu & Kashmir2971 Nowrozabad Umaria Madhya Pradesh2972 Soraon Allahabad Uttar Pradesh2973 Srijangram Bongaigaon Assam2974 Malavalli Hassan Karnataka2975 Taraso Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh2976 Raikal Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh2977 Koilwar Bhojpur Bihar2978 Tupran Medak Andhra Pradesh2979 Ausgram - II Barddhaman West Bengal2980 Patti Pratapgarh Uttar Pradesh2981 Khajipet YSR Andhra Pradesh2982 Nindra Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2983 Noamundi Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand2984 Muktainagar Jalgaon Maharashtra2985 Raghunathpur - II Puruliya West Bengal2986 Khadganva Koriya Chhattisgarh2987 Deesa Banas Kantha Gujarat2988 Chapra Nadia West Bengal2989 Pachrukhi Siwan Bihar2990 Jaswantnagar Etawah Uttar Pradesh2991 Rawatsar Hanumangarh Rajasthan2992 Jujomura Sambalpur Odisha2993 Pathri Parbhani Maharashtra2994 Ghansali Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand2995 Challakere Chitradurga Karnataka2996 Ketugram - I Barddhaman West Bengal2997 B.Kothakota Chittoor Andhra Pradesh2998 Shalai Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking2999 Khliehriat Jaintia Hills Meghalaya3000 Biswanath Nagaon Assam3001 Gotegaon Narsimhapur Madhya Pradesh3002 Gudibanda Chikkballapura Karnataka3003 Mangalvedhe Solapur Maharashtra3004 Thullur Guntur Andhra Pradesh3005 Nizampatnam Guntur Andhra Pradesh3006 Katkamsandi Hazaribagh Jharkhand3007 Chandrakona - I Paschim Medinipur West Bengal3008 Kheragarh Agra Uttar Pradesh3009 Udayarpalayam Ariyalur Tamil Nadu3010 Sarthebari Goalpara Assam3011 Sailu Parbhani Maharashtra3012 Tarapur Munger Bihar3013 Gangakhed Parbhani Maharashtra3014 Sultanganj Bhagalpur Bihar3015 Digod Kota Rajasthan3016 Chopda Jalgaon Maharashtra3017 Khirkiya Harda Madhya Pradesh3018 Multai Betul Madhya Pradesh3019 Nawada Nawada Bihar3020 Bindki Fatehpur Uttar Pradesh3021 Mariyang Upper Siang Arunachal Pradesh3022 Lingapalem West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3023 Nongstoin West Khasi Hills Meghalaya3024 Sadiya Tinsukia Assam3025 Sangod Kota Rajasthan3026 Uthukkottai Thiruvallur Tamil Nadu3027 Shahpur Bhojpur Bihar3028 Karjat Ahmadnagar Maharashtra3029 Chintalapudi West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3030 Mawkynrew East Khasi Hills Meghalaya3031 Rahatgarh Sagar Madhya Pradesh3032 Lakhisarai Lakhisarai Bihar3033 Khanpur Panch Mahals Gujarat3034 Bhatpar Rani Deoria Uttar Pradesh3035 Sagri Azamgarh Uttar Pradesh3036 Lambhua Sultanpur Uttar Pradesh3037 Talaja Bhavnagar Gujarat3038 Mahuva Bhavnagar Gujarat3039 Churchu Hazaribagh Jharkhand3040 Golanthara Ganjam Odisha3041 Suti - I Murshidabad West Bengal3042 Podalakur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3043 Khanapur Adilabad Andhra Pradesh3044 Rawatbhata Chittaurgarh Rajasthan3045 Lakhpat Kachchh Gujarat3046 Manora Washim Maharashtra3047 Gurramkonda Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3048 Kishorenagar Anugul Odisha3049 Ichak Hazaribagh Jharkhand3050 Garhakota Sagar Madhya Pradesh3051 Korisapadu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3052 Kannad Aurangabad Maharashtra3053 Bhasma Sundargarh Odisha3054 Vidavalur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3055 Mudkhed Nanded Maharashtra3056 Jashpur Jashpur Chhattisgarh3057 Pusa Samastipur Bihar3058 Kasya Kushinagar Uttar Pradesh3059 Behat Saharanpur Uttar Pradesh3060 Sampatchak Patna Bihar3061 Samaguri Morigaon AssamSPECIAL ARTICLE3062 Musunuru Krishna Andhra Pradesh3063 Velgode Kurnool Andhra Pradesh3064 Tiruchuli Virudhunagar Tamil Nadu3065 Kuppam Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3066 Attabira Bargarh Odisha3067 Malpur Sabar Kantha Gujarat3068 Mathurapur - I South Twenty Four West BengalParganas3069 Tsundur Guntur Andhra Pradesh3070 Garbeta - II Paschim Medinipur West Bengal3071 Sanjhauli Rohtas Bihar3072 Jalor Jalor Rajasthan3073 Manthani Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh3074 Dirang West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh3075 Jakranpalle Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh3076 Patharpratima South Twenty Four West BengalParganas3077 Koida Sundargarh Odisha3078 Dindori Nashik Maharashtra3079 Manwath Parbhani Maharashtra3080 Kerakat Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh3081 Ronhat Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh3082 Mahakalapada Kendrapara Odisha3083 Basavakalyan Bidar Karnataka3084 Karapa East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3085 Kumher Bharatpur Rajasthan3086 Vinukonda Guntur Andhra Pradesh3087 Kora East Siang Arunachal Pradesh3088 Minakhan North Twenty Four Parganas West Bengal3089 Thathri Doda Jammu & Kashmir3090 Timmapur Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh(Lmd Colony)3091 Badami Bagalkot Karnataka3092 Maynaguri Jalpaiguri West Bengal3093 Ariyalur Ariyalur Tamil Nadu3094 Indragarh Bundi Rajasthan3095 Allapur Ambedkar Nagar Uttar Pradesh3096 Khair Aligarh Uttar Pradesh3097 Khoirabari (Pt) Darrang Assam3098 Bhatar Barddhaman West Bengal3099 Etah Etah Uttar Pradesh3100 Pullampeta YSR Andhra Pradesh3101 Ausgram - I Barddhaman West Bengal3102 Beldanga - II Murshidabad West Bengal3103 Georai Bid Maharashtra3104 Pandhurna Chhindwara Madhya Pradesh3105 Pathorighat (Pt) Baksa Assam3106 Manchal Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh3107 Jaisalmer Jaisalmer Rajasthan3108 Koratagere Tumkur Karnataka3109 Nandipet Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh3110 Noklak Tuensang Nagaland3111 Arni Yavatmal Maharashtra3112 Medipalle Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh3113 Ashti Bid Maharashtra3114 Gangapur Ganjam Odisha3115 Gangawati Koppal Karnataka3116 Harisinga Udalguri Assam3117 Gangadhara Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh3118 Sodam Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3119 Veppanthattai Perambalur Tamil Nadu3120 Chhata Mathura Uttar Pradesh3121 Jat Sangli Maharashtra(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 29

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking3122 Bali Pali Rajasthan3123 Savli Vadodara Gujarat3124 Andipatti Theni Tamil Nadu3125 Jhalrapatan Jhalawar Rajasthan3126 Jalangi Murshidabad West Bengal3127 Polavaram West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3128 Nellimarla Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh3129 Patan Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh3130 Garbeta - I Paschim Medinipur West Bengal3131 Athni Belgaum Karnataka3132 Erandol Jalgaon Maharashtra3133 Bikram Patna Bihar3134 Khezhakeno Phek Nagaland3135 Mahasamund Mahasamund Chhattisgarh3136 Kamalapuram YSR Andhra Pradesh3137 Tumusingha Dhenkanal Odisha3138 Gabhana Aligarh Uttar Pradesh3139 Nawabganj Bareilly Uttar Pradesh3140 Vaijapur Aurangabad Maharashtra3141 Gorantla Anantapur Andhra Pradesh3142 Dharur Bid Maharashtra3143 Saitu-Gamphazol Senapati Manipur3144 Purna Parbhani Maharashtra3145 Kakumanu Guntur Andhra Pradesh3146 Kishtwar Kishtwar Jammu & Kashmir3147 Mairwa Siwan Bihar3148 Zarugumilli Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3149 Dudhi Sonbhadra Uttar Pradesh3150 Muddebihal Bijapur Karnataka3151 Kamavarapukota West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3152 Saraikela Saraikela-Kharsawan Jharkhand3153 Suliapada Mayurbhanj Odisha3154 Nimbahera Chittaurgarh Rajasthan3155 Bachannapet Warangal Andhra Pradesh3156 Nanoor Birbhum West Bengal3157 Mendhar Punch Jammu & Kashmir3158 Dichpalle Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh3159 Paithan Aurangabad Maharashtra3160 Pathardi Ahmadnagar Maharashtra3161 Yeleswaram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3162 Kamarda Baleshwar Odisha3163 Anumasamudrampeta Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3164 Pamidi Anantapur Andhra Pradesh3165 Galsi - II Barddhaman West Bengal3166 Bansda Navsari Gujarat3167 Rompicherla Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3168 Kanchikacherla Krishna Andhra Pradesh3169 Mahur Dima Hasao Assam3170 Bundi Bundi Rajasthan3171 Tingkhong Dibrugarh Assam3172 Sagalee Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh3173 Kunigal Tumkur Karnataka3174 Mylavaram YSR Andhra Pradesh3175 Industrial Anugul Odisha3176 Mawsynram East Khasi Hills Meghalaya3177 Chinnagottigallu Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3178 Nayagarh Sadar Nayagarh Odisha3179 Addanki Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3180 Hinjili Ganjam Odisha3181 Ranpur Ahmadabad Gujarat3182 Thirukkuvalai Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu3183 Nagalapuram Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3184 Parigi Anantapur Andhra Pradesh303185 Manapparai Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu3186 Mangrol Baran Rajasthan3187 Darak West Siang Arunachal Pradesh3188 Sawai Madhopur Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan3189 Allagadda Kurnool Andhra Pradesh3190 Valigonda Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh3191 Tuipang Saiha Mizoram3192 Balemu West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh3193 Pathorighat (Pt) Udalguri Assam3194 Khoirabari (Pt) Udalguri Assam3195 Parola Jalgaon Maharashtra3196 Dhamdha Durg Chhattisgarh3197 Kapkot Bageshwar Uttarakhand3198 Sindewahi Chandrapur Maharashtra3199 Dharmabad Nanded Maharashtra3200 Ashta Sehore Madhya Pradesh3201 Mayong Barpeta Assam3202 Srungavarapukota Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh3203 Chariduar Nagaon Assam3204 Lakhimpur Kheri Uttar Pradesh3205 Amethi Sultanpur Uttar Pradesh3206 Yadiki Anantapur Andhra Pradesh3207 I. Polavaram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3208 Barh Patna Bihar3209 Narnaund Hisar Haryana3210 Palasamudram Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3211 Nagda Ujjain Madhya Pradesh3212 Kangan Ganderbal Jammu & Kashmir3213 Pandavapura Mandya Karnataka3214 Janjgir Janjgir - Champa Chhattisgarh3215 Raniganj Pratapgarh Uttar Pradesh3216 Pittalavanipalem Guntur Andhra Pradesh3217 Betanati Mayurbhanj Odisha3218 Naguluppala Padu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3219 Koyyalagudem West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3220 Maddipadu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3221 Khajni Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh3222 Chhibramau Kannauj Uttar Pradesh3223 Atreyapuram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3224 Katrenikona East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3225 Odagaon Nayagarh Odisha3226 Bharatpur - II Murshidabad West Bengal3227 Solapur South Solapur Maharashtra3228 Asuto Zunheboto Nagaland3229 Shikarpur Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh3230 Nangnoor Medak Andhra Pradesh3231 Kondapuram YSR Andhra Pradesh3232 Alamuru East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3233 Konch Jalaun Uttar Pradesh3234 Tekkali Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh3235 Tamenglong Tamenglong Manipur3236 Kulathur Pudukkottai Tamil Nadu3237 Daring West Siang Arunachal Pradesh3238 Bajali (Pt) Baksa Assam3239 Thadlaskein Jaintia Hills Meghalaya3240 Atchutapuram Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh3241 Kalaigaon (Pt) Udalguri Assam3242 Dantan - I Paschim Medinipur West Bengal3243 Biccavolu East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3244 Dubbak Medak Andhra Pradesh3245 Garbeta - III Paschim Medinipur West Bengal3246 Lilong Thoubal Manipur3247 Lalpur Jamnagar Gujarat(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking3248 Karbuk South Tripura Tripura3249 Khatarshnong Laitkroh East Khasi Hills Meghalaya3250 Homnabad Bidar Karnataka3251 Sultanabad Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh3252 Attur Salem Tamil Nadu3253 Sagar South Twenty Four West BengalParganas3254 Nilagiri Baleshwar Odisha3255 Raghunathpur - I Puruliya West Bengal3256 Bantala Anugul Odisha3257 Guna Guna Madhya Pradesh3258 Nawabganj Bara Banki Uttar Pradesh3259 Kamuthi Ramanathapuram Tamil Nadu3260 Umrangso Dima Hasao Assam3261 Akbarpur Ambedkar Nagar Uttar Pradesh3262 Bhalki Bidar Karnataka3263 Hunsur Mysore Karnataka3264 Handapa Anugul Odisha3265 Sakraba Phek Nagaland3266 Vissannapet Krishna Andhra Pradesh3267 Pappireddipatti Dharmapuri Tamil Nadu3268 Sabbavaram Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh3269 Mul Chandrapur Maharashtra3270 Dooru Anantnag Jammu & Kashmir3271 Pamur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3272 Rambilli Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh3273 Ramadugu Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh3274 Narasinghpur Jagatsinghapur Odisha3275 Karimpur - I Nadia West Bengal3276 Sainkul Kendujhar Odisha3277 Pedanandipadu Guntur Andhra Pradesh3278 Goreswar (Pt) Baksa Assam3279 Koduru Krishna Andhra Pradesh3280 Chakrata Dehradun Uttarakhand3281 Nowgong Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh3282 Kallakkurichi Viluppuram Tamil Nadu3283 Meja Allahabad Uttar Pradesh3284 Kalidindi Krishna Andhra Pradesh3285 Suri - II Birbhum West Bengal3286 Rasol Dhenkanal Odisha3287 Jhagadia Bharuch Gujarat3288 Tihidi Bhadrak Odisha3289 Banswada Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh3290 Baska Baksa Assam3291 Shangus Anantnag Jammu & Kashmir3292 Jehanabad Jehanabad Bihar3293 Piriyapatna Mysore Karnataka3294 Nagarkurnool Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh3295 Satyavedu Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3296 Srirangarajapuram Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3297 Makrana Nagaur Rajasthan3298 Jagannath Prasad Ganjam Odisha3299 Saluni Chamba Himachal Pradesh3300 Giddalur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3301 Navipet Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh3302 Jalalpur Ambedkar Nagar Uttar Pradesh3303 Devsar Kulgam Jammu & Kashmir3304 Thallarevu East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3305 Thoubal Thoubal Manipur3306 Indukurpet Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3307 Buguda Ganjam Odisha3308 Uthangarai Krishnagiri Tamil Nadu3309 Kothacheruvu Anantapur Andhra PradeshSPECIAL ARTICLE3310 Deoni Latur Maharashtra3311 Doda Doda Jammu & Kashmir3312 Zamania Ghazipur Uttar Pradesh3313 Chebrolu Guntur Andhra Pradesh3314 Kaij Bid Maharashtra3315 Dasapalla Nayagarh Odisha3316 Chandil Saraikela-Kharsawan Jharkhand3317 Baswa Dausa Rajasthan3318 Kalwakurthy Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh3319 Nagbhir Chandrapur Maharashtra3320 Pilibhit Pilibhit Uttar Pradesh3321 Kalol Panch Mahals Gujarat3322 Sudhagad Raigarh Maharashtra3323 Tangutur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3324 Na-Duar Nagaon Assam3325 Nuagaon Nayagarh Odisha3326 Udaipurwati Jhunjhunun Rajasthan3327 Cheta Shimla Himachal Pradesh3328 Rajnagar Kendrapara Odisha3329 Nidamarru West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3330 Thasra Kheda Gujarat3331 Gadwal Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh3332 Vemsoor Khammam Andhra Pradesh3333 Kulpi South Twenty Four West BengalParganas3334 Hurda Bhilwara Rajasthan3335 Raha Morigaon Assam3336 Vijaynagar Sabar Kantha Gujarat3337 Banaganapalle Kurnool Andhra Pradesh3338 Nandurbar Nandurbar Maharashtra3339 Bhagawangola - I Murshidabad West Bengal3340 Kurud Dhamtari Chhattisgarh3341 Siwani Bhiwani Haryana3342 Manjlegaon Bid Maharashtra3343 Gandia Dhenkanal Odisha3344 Velpur Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh3345 Mandawar Alwar Rajasthan3346 Luxettipet Adilabad Andhra Pradesh3347 Loharu Bhiwani Haryana3348 Arkalgud Hassan Karnataka3349 Sardulgarh Mansa Punjab3350 Sasni Mahamaya Nagar Uttar Pradesh3351 Nilanga Latur Maharashtra3352 Sipajhar Darrang Assam3353 Bolpur Sriniketan Birbhum West Bengal3354 Khalilabad Sant Kabir Nagar Uttar Pradesh3355 Somandepalle Anantapur Andhra Pradesh3356 Seoni-Malwa Hoshangabad Madhya Pradesh3357 Lonar Buldana Maharashtra3358 Aheri Gadchiroli Maharashtra3359 Iglas Aligarh Uttar Pradesh3360 Abhanpur Raipur Chhattisgarh3361 Nizamabad Azamgarh Uttar Pradesh3362 Kolimigundla Kurnool Andhra Pradesh3363 Pusad Yavatmal Maharashtra3364 Bethamcherla Kurnool Andhra Pradesh3365 Gadisagada Puri Odisha3366 Bhadra Hanumangarh Rajasthan3367 Ichchapuram Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh3368 Matia Kokrajhar Assam3369 Gambhiraopet Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh3370 Balimi Dhenkanal Odisha3371 Mandvi Surat Gujarat(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 31

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking3372 Baglan Nashik Maharashtra3373 Vyara Tapi Gujarat3374 Kalamnuri Hingoli Maharashtra3375 Nagamangala Mandya Karnataka3376 Sangrampur Buldana Maharashtra3377 Halol Panch Mahals Gujarat3378 Murshidabad Jiaganj Murshidabad West Bengal3379 Detroj-Rampura Ahmadabad Gujarat3380 Palakonda Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh3381 Sikanderpur Ballia Uttar Pradesh3382 Pati Champawat Uttarakhand3383 Jamkhed Ahmadnagar Maharashtra3384 Vedasandur Dindigul Tamil Nadu3385 Revelganj Saran Bihar3386 Renapur Latur Maharashtra3387 Varadaiahpalem Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3388 Amet Rajsamand Rajasthan3389 Abdasa Kachchh Gujarat3390 Sarupathar Golaghat Assam3391 Banda Banda Uttar Pradesh3392 Wozhuro Wokha Nagaland3393 Bantumilli Krishna Andhra Pradesh3394 Korai Jajapur Odisha3395 Burgampahad Khammam Andhra Pradesh3396 Multhan Kangra Himachal Pradesh3397 Englan Wokha Nagaland3398 Dhar Dhar Madhya Pradesh3399 Gumia Bokaro Jharkhand3400 Sidhout YSR Andhra Pradesh3401 Krishnarajpet Mandya Karnataka3402 Ramachandrapuram Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3403 Rajam Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh3404 Khandwa East Nimar Madhya Pradesh3405 Tilda Raipur Chhattisgarh3406 Sangole Solapur Maharashtra3407 Gajwel Medak Andhra Pradesh3408 Cheyyur Kancheepuram Tamil Nadu3409 Paranda Osmanabad Maharashtra3410 Peravurani Thanjavur Tamil Nadu3411 Mohanpur Paschim Medinipur West Bengal3412 Pachora Jalgaon Maharashtra3413 Badvel YSR Andhra Pradesh3414 Majholi Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh3415 Baliapal Baleshwar Odisha3416 Magadi Ramanagara Karnataka3417 Seethanagaram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3418 Karamchedu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3419 Muthukur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3420 Cherukupalle Guntur Andhra PradeshH/O Arumbaka3421 Puraula Uttarkashi Uttarakhand3422 Gubbi Tumkur Karnataka3423 Bhikiyasain Almora Uttarakhand3424 Phulpur Allahabad Uttar Pradesh3425 Dhubri (Pt) Dhubri Assam3426 Aitepyong Wokha Nagaland3427 Resubelpara East Garo Hills Meghalaya3428 Jamkhandi Bagalkot Karnataka3429 Vajrapukothuru Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh3430 Moth Jhansi Uttar Pradesh3431 Bhadgaon Jalgaon Maharashtra3432 Ponnamaravathi Pudukkottai Tamil Nadu3433 Nawa Nagaur Rajasthan3434 Shajapur Shajapur Madhya Pradesh3435 Itki Ranchi Jharkhand3436 Bheemgal Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh3437 Bilhaur Kanpur Nagar Uttar Pradesh3438 Mudinepalle Krishna Andhra Pradesh3439 Daru Hazaribagh Jharkhand3440 Bhognipur Kanpur Dehat Uttar Pradesh3441 Chakur Latur Maharashtra3442 Hindol Dhenkanal Odisha3443 Jamboo Marine Kendrapara Odisha3444 Moinabad Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh3445 Tilouthu Rohtas Bihar3446 Kruthivennu Krishna Andhra Pradesh3447 Kanigiri Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3448 Morena Morena Madhya Pradesh3449 Igatpuri Nashik Maharashtra3450 Basti Basti Uttar Pradesh3451 Kupwara Kupwara Jammu & Kashmir3452 Dabra (Pichhore) Gwalior Madhya Pradesh3453 Bogole Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3454 Jakholi* Rudraprayag Uttarakhand3455 Vandavasi Tiruvannamalai Tamil Nadu3456 Sasan Sambalpur Odisha3457 Domakonda Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh3458 Mulchera Gadchiroli Maharashtra3459 Pedavegi West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3460 Aswapuram Khammam Andhra Pradesh3461 Bodvad Jalgaon Maharashtra3462 Chamorshi Gadchiroli Maharashtra3463 Jaypur Bankura West Bengal3464 Siana Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh3465 Ormanjhi Ranchi Jharkhand3466 Malegaon Washim Maharashtra3467 Karvetinagar Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3468 Mustabad Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh3469 Oddanchatram Dindigul Tamil Nadu3470 Krishnarajanagara Mysore Karnataka3471 Karnah Kupwara Jammu & Kashmir3472 Shevgaon Ahmadnagar Maharashtra3473 Keshpur Paschim Medinipur West Bengal3474 Gyanpur Sant Ravidas Nagar Uttar Pradesh(Bhadohi)3475 Mulbagal Kolar Karnataka3476 Hukeri Belgaum Karnataka3477 Khurai Sagar Madhya Pradesh3478 Sadabad Mahamaya Nagar Uttar Pradesh3479 Tilakwada Narmada Gujarat3480 Mipi Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh3481 Sarankul Nayagarh Odisha3482 Dhakuakhana (Pt) Sonitpur Assam3483 Muddanur YSR Andhra Pradesh3484 Gurudijhatia Cuttack Odisha3485 Nagrakata Jalpaiguri West Bengal3486 Pratapnagar Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand3487 Charama Uttar Bastar Kanker Chhattisgarh3488 Nohar Hanumangarh Rajasthan3489 Zawlnuam Mamit Mizoram3490 Dausa Dausa Rajasthan3491 Koilkuntla Kurnool Andhra Pradesh3492 Avudayarkoil Pudukkottai Tamil Nadu3493 Rohtas Rohtas Bihar3494 Nilambazar Karimganj Assam3495 Vempalle YSR Andhra Pradesh(Continued)32january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking3496 Kalghatgi Dharwad Karnataka3497 Tufanganj - II Koch Bihar West Bengal3498 Barhaj Deoria Uttar Pradesh3499 Gauribidanur Chikkballapura Karnataka3500 Bakshi Ka Talab Lucknow Uttar Pradesh3501 Lakhandur Bhandara Maharashtra3502 Mandal Ahmadabad Gujarat3503 Jalgaon (Jamod) Buldana Maharashtra3504 Umarkhed Yavatmal Maharashtra3505 Kamba West Siang Arunachal Pradesh3506 Darhal Rajouri Jammu & Kashmir3507 Madhira Khammam Andhra Pradesh3508 Mokameh Patna Bihar3509 Channagiri Davanagere Karnataka3510 Sompeta Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh3511 Kurabalakota Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3512 Bijbehara Anantnag Jammu & Kashmir3513 Santhanuthala Padu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3514 Tosham Bhiwani Haryana3515 Buhana Jhunjhunun Rajasthan3516 Lalgola Murshidabad West Bengal3517 Karchhana Allahabad Uttar Pradesh3518 Una Junagadh Gujarat3519 Desuri Pali Rajasthan3520 Khetri Jhunjhunun Rajasthan3521 Ilayangudi Sivaganga Tamil Nadu3522 Kanker Uttar Bastar Kanker Chhattisgarh3523 Chunar Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh3524 Mortad Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh3525 Samserganj Murshidabad West Bengal3526 Chodavaram Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh3527 Taoru Mewat Haryana3528 Amruthalur Guntur Andhra Pradesh3529 Mathabhanga - II Koch Bihar West Bengal3530 Sakaldiha Chandauli Uttar Pradesh3531 Kalla West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3532 Falakata Jalpaiguri West Bengal3533 Neturia Puruliya West Bengal3534 Ausa Latur Maharashtra3535 Balichandrapur Jajapur Odisha3536 Bhanvad Jamnagar Gujarat3537 Payakaraopeta Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh3538 Baikunthpur Koriya Chhattisgarh3539 Yadamarri Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3540 Devarapalle West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3541 Alair Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh3542 Banapur Khordha Odisha3543 Ardhapur Nanded Maharashtra3544 Bihta Patna Bihar3545 Chiniyalisaur Uttarkashi Uttarakhand3546 Denduluru West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3547 Khuldabad Aurangabad Maharashtra3548 Hamirpur Hamirpur Uttar Pradesh3549 Choppadandi Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh3550 Vazhapadi Salem Tamil Nadu3551 Basta Baleshwar Odisha3552 Virpur Kheda Gujarat3553 Srinivaspur Kolar Karnataka3554 Galsi - I Barddhaman West Bengal3555 Saptiqa Zunheboto Nagaland3556 Anupshahr Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh3557 Sathyamangalam Erode Tamil Nadu3558 Ratangarh Churu RajasthanSPECIAL ARTICLE3559 Mallial Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh3560 Ramannapeta Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh3561 Katarbaga Sambalpur Odisha3562 Tufanganj - I Koch Bihar West Bengal3563 Rajanagaram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3564 Kulithalai Karur Tamil Nadu3565 Kodimial Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh3566 Munagapaka Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh3567 Digras Yavatmal Maharashtra3568 Maheswaram Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh3569 Narasannapeta Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh3570 Purnia East Purnia Bihar3571 Karmala Solapur Maharashtra3572 Manmao Changlang Arunachal Pradesh3573 Pali Umaria Madhya Pradesh3574 Narwana Jind Haryana3575 Kothur Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh3576 Boitamari Bongaigaon Assam3577 Inkollu Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3578 Nagina Bijnor Uttar Pradesh3579 Uravakonda Anantapur Andhra Pradesh3580 Kolabira Jharsuguda Odisha3581 Bansgaon Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh3582 Bharthana Etawah Uttar Pradesh3583 Tehatta - I Nadia West Bengal3584 Budhana Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh3585 Kalamb Yavatmal Maharashtra3586 Raver Jalgaon Maharashtra3587 Undi West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3588 Kreeri Baramula Jammu & Kashmir3589 Barshitakli Akola Maharashtra3590 Gopalganj Gopalganj Bihar3591 Kotkasim Alwar Rajasthan3592 Jamalpur Barddhaman West Bengal3593 Yedpalle Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh3594 Shivpuri Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh3595 Ghatanji Yavatmal Maharashtra3596 Pithapuram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3597 Koyu East Siang Arunachal Pradesh3598 Khaira Baleshwar Odisha3599 Jammikunta Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh3600 Billawar Kathua Jammu & Kashmir3601 Akola Ahmadnagar Maharashtra3602 Keirao Bitra Imphal East Manipur3603 Mahavan Mathura Uttar Pradesh3604 Adoni Kurnool Andhra Pradesh3605 Jamtara Jamtara Jharkhand3606 Atmakur Kurnool Andhra Pradesh3607 Balurghat Dakshin Dinajpur West Bengal3608 Pistana Lower Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh3609 Tengnoupal Chandel Manipur3610 Jeypore Koraput Odisha3611 Mal Jalpaiguri West Bengal3612 Jasdan Rajkot Gujarat3613 Mohol Solapur Maharashtra3614 Kitpi Circle Tawang Arunachal Pradesh3615 Gunderdehi Durg Chhattisgarh3616 Dhansiripar Dimapur Nagaland3617 Chimur Chandrapur Maharashtra3618 Kharibari Darjiling West Bengal3619 Sindkhede Dhule Maharashtra3620 Reasi Reasi Jammu & Kashmir3621 Balangir Balangir Odisha(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 33

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking3622 Mahudha Kheda Gujarat3623 Akbarpur Kanpur Dehat Uttar Pradesh3624 Rajula Amreli Gujarat3625 Katwa - II Barddhaman West Bengal3626 Ambagarh Rajnandgaon Chhattisgarh3627 Narayangarh Paschim Medinipur West Bengal3628 Kodavalur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3629 Kalyandurg Anantapur Andhra Pradesh3630 Wyra Khammam Andhra Pradesh3631 Dhusuri Bhadrak Odisha3632 Omalur Salem Tamil Nadu3633 Kahara Saharsa Bihar3634 Maddur Mandya Karnataka3635 Katlichara Hailakandi Assam3636 Purbasthali - II Barddhaman West Bengal3637 Mahabubabad Warangal Andhra Pradesh3638 Rasra Ballia Uttar Pradesh3639 Bhum Osmanabad Maharashtra3640 Ranjal Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh3641 Kapileswarapuram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3642 Chhamanu Dhalai Tripura3643 Shrigonda Ahmadnagar Maharashtra3644 Bhalai Chamba Himachal Pradesh3645 Patur Akola Maharashtra3646 Hole Narsipur Hassan Karnataka3647 Shirhatti Gadag Karnataka3648 Sheoganj Sirohi Rajasthan3649 Memari - I Barddhaman West Bengal3650 Kareli Narsimhapur Madhya Pradesh3651 Chandabali Bhadrak Odisha3652 Jewar Gautam Buddha Nagar Uttar Pradesh3653 Thakurdwara Moradabad Uttar Pradesh3654 Shirur-Anantpal Latur Maharashtra3655 Amber Jaipur Rajasthan3656 Egra - I Purba Medinipur West Bengal3657 Pynursla East Khasi Hills Meghalaya3658 Yawal Jalgaon Maharashtra3659 Bhavani Erode Tamil Nadu3660 Samal Barrage Anugul Odisha3661 Bhind Bhind Madhya Pradesh3662 Tonk Tonk Rajasthan3663 Shahpura Jaipur Rajasthan3664 Brahmapuri Chandrapur Maharashtra3665 Motala Buldana Maharashtra3666 Pedakakani Guntur Andhra Pradesh3667 Halvad Surendranagar Gujarat3668 Rajgarhi Uttarkashi Uttarakhand3669 Chhatarpur Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh3670 Usilampatti Madurai Tamil Nadu3671 Renuka Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh3672 Nandikotkur Kurnool Andhra Pradesh3673 Ron Gadag Karnataka3674 Boinpalle Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh3675 Pindra Varanasi Uttar Pradesh3676 Dhaulpur Dhaulpur Rajasthan3677 Peddapalle Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh3678 Dongargarh Rajnandgaon Chhattisgarh3679 Suti - Ii Murshidabad West Bengal3680 Dwarakatirumala West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3681 Bhangar - I South Twenty Four West BengalParganas3682 Gurur Durg Chhattisgarh3683 Tibi Hanumangarh Rajasthan3684 Raichur Raichur Karnataka3685 Agarpada Bhadrak Odisha3686 Mundargi Gadag Karnataka3687 Gangolihat Pithoragarh Uttarakhand3688 Nandivada Krishna Andhra Pradesh3689 Kokrajhar (Pt) Kokrajhar Assam3690 Thottiyam Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu3691 Ghazipur Ghazipur Uttar Pradesh3692 Pulwama Pulwama Jammu & Kashmir3693 Dhanaura Jyotiba Phule Nagar Uttar Pradesh3694 Tallapudi West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3695 Arjyapalli Marine Ganjam Odisha3696 Alipurduar - II Jalpaiguri West Bengal3697 Vadamalapeta Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3698 Tada Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3699 Fategarh Nayagarh Odisha3700 Panna Panna Madhya Pradesh3701 Malia Junagadh Gujarat3702 Bhograi Baleshwar Odisha3703 Melur Madurai Tamil Nadu3704 Kaliachak - II Maldah West Bengal3705 Sitapur Sitapur Uttar Pradesh3706 Waraseoni Balaghat Madhya Pradesh3707 Sadar Sambalpur Odisha3708 Similia Baleshwar Odisha3709 Hosdurga Chitradurga Karnataka3710 Tala Raigarh Maharashtra3711 Bhainsa Adilabad Andhra Pradesh3712 Kalikiri Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3713 Kalaktang West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh3714 Kelapur Yavatmal Maharashtra3715 Pulicherla Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3716 Sira Tumkur Karnataka3717 Bobbili Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh3718 Chandvad Nashik Maharashtra3719 Nakur Saharanpur Uttar Pradesh3720 Kaying West Siang Arunachal Pradesh3721 Nargund Gadag Karnataka3722 Umarga Osmanabad Maharashtra3723 Holalkere Chitradurga Karnataka3724 Kamrau Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh3725 Polba - Dadpur Hugli West Bengal3726 Sabour Bhagalpur Bihar3727 Man Satara Maharashtra3728 Mungiakumi West Tripura Tripura3729 Kollur Guntur Andhra Pradesh3730 Goghat - Ii Hugli West Bengal3731 Kaniha Anugul Odisha3732 Swarupnagar North Twenty Four West BengalParganas3733 Damchhara North Tripura Tripura3734 Huzurnagar Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh3735 Athibung Peren Nagaland3736 Matar Kheda Gujarat3737 Dharangaon Jalgaon Maharashtra3738 Boko Kamrup Assam3739 Nallajerla West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3740 Dinhata - I Koch Bihar West Bengal3741 Botsa Kohima Nagaland3742 Maregaon Yavatmal Maharashtra3743 Etmadpur Agra Uttar Pradesh3744 Begusarai Begusarai Bihar3745 Lachhmangarh Sikar Rajasthan(Continued)34january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking3746 Dunda Uttarkashi Uttarakhand3747 Bhachau Kachchh Gujarat3748 Rayadurg Anantapur Andhra Pradesh3749 Nandigama Krishna Andhra Pradesh3750 Parner Ahmadnagar Maharashtra3751 Patharkandi Karimganj Assam3752 Nihri Mandi Himachal Pradesh3753 Rae Bareli Rae Bareli Uttar Pradesh3754 Hussainganj Siwan Bihar3755 Godhra Panch Mahals Gujarat3756 Bandipora Bandipore Jammu & Kashmir3757 Gobindpur Dhanbad Jharkhand3758 Gangapur Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan3759 Gola Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh3760 Madhupur Deoghar Jharkhand3761 Vada Thane Maharashtra3762 Beldanga - I Murshidabad West Bengal3763 Tijara Alwar Rajasthan3764 Washi Osmanabad Maharashtra3765 Kollipara Guntur Andhra Pradesh3766 Amlarem Jaintia Hills Meghalaya3767 Sandur Bellary Karnataka3768 Risod Washim Maharashtra3769 Dhaniakhali Hugli West Bengal3770 Ralegaon Yavatmal Maharashtra3771 Handwara Kupwara Jammu & Kashmir3772 Lakhipur Cachar Assam3773 Unguturu Krishna Andhra Pradesh3774 Chirgaon Shimla Himachal Pradesh3775 Narketpalle Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh3776 Shikohabad Firozabad Uttar Pradesh3777 Aghunato Zunheboto Nagaland3778 Koppal Koppal Karnataka3779 Pedapudi East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3780 Bangarupalem Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3781 Majalta Udhampur Jammu & Kashmir3782 Savanur Haveri Karnataka3783 Bapulapadu Krishna Andhra Pradesh3784 Dhanaulti Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand3785 Mainpuri Mainpuri Uttar Pradesh3786 Bawani Khera Bhiwani Haryana3787 Shahjahanpur Shahjahanpur Uttar Pradesh3788 Jalaun Jalaun Uttar Pradesh3789 Merangmen Mokokchung Nagaland3790 Tindivanam Viluppuram Tamil Nadu3791 Sutrapada Junagadh Gujarat3792 Murbad Thane Maharashtra3793 Penukonda Anantapur Andhra Pradesh3794 Basoda Vidisha Madhya Pradesh3795 Muhammadabad Mau Uttar PradeshGohna3796 Mikirbheta Barpeta Assam3797 Navalgund Dharwad Karnataka3798 Chandanpur Puri Odisha3799 Sindkhed Raja Buldana Maharashtra3800 Lohara Osmanabad Maharashtra3801 Mehkar Buldana Maharashtra3802 Tiruvuru Krishna Andhra Pradesh3803 Basmath Hingoli Maharashtra3804 Sonai Cachar Assam3805 Anklav Anand Gujarat3806 Sarupeta (Pt) Barpeta Assam3807 Nerua Shimla Himachal PradeshSPECIAL ARTICLE3808 Dongargaon Rajnandgaon Chhattisgarh3809 Tuni East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3810 Kakdwip South Twenty Four West BengalParganas3811 Badachana Jajapur Odisha3812 Uthiramerur Kancheepuram Tamil Nadu3813 Lohaghat Champawat Uttarakhand3814 Nandod Narmada Gujarat3815 Barwala Ahmadabad Gujarat3816 Kathlal Kheda Gujarat3817 Moirang Bishnupur Manipur3818 Danta Ramgarh Sikar Rajasthan3819 Antah Baran Rajasthan3820 Uppalaguptam East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3821 Dhemaji Lakhimpur Assam3822 Allavaram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3823 Peravali West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3824 Bali Chowki Mandi Himachal Pradesh3825 Canning - I South Twenty Four West BengalParganas3826 Brahmagiri Puri Odisha3827 Vinjamur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3828 Hiriyur Chitradurga Karnataka3829 Balkonda Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh3830 Moonak Sangrur Punjab3831 Limbdi Surendranagar Gujarat3832 Dasada Surendranagar Gujarat3833 Bikramganj Rohtas Bihar3834 Jansath Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh3835 Kanda Bageshwar Uttarakhand3836 Gairsain Chamoli Uttarakhand3837 Kiraoli Agra Uttar Pradesh3838 Kalaigaon (Pt) Darrang Assam3839 Jaleswar Baleshwar Odisha3840 Baleshwar Sadar Baleshwar Odisha3841 Narayanavanam Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3842 Neem-Ka-Thana Sikar Rajasthan3843 Ahmadpur Latur Maharashtra3844 Gangapur Aurangabad Maharashtra3845 Simhadripuram YSR Andhra Pradesh3846 Vemuru Guntur Andhra Pradesh3847 Hunli Lower Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh3848 Valangaiman Thiruvarur Tamil Nadu3849 Darwha Yavatmal Maharashtra3850 Sangdupota Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh(Besar Nello)3851 Krishnagar - II Nadia West Bengal3852 Kothavalasa Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh3853 Jampuijala West Tripura Tripura3854 Pochampalli Krishnagiri Tamil Nadu3855 Kanth Moradabad Uttar Pradesh3856 Mopidevi Krishna Andhra Pradesh3857 Sungro Wokha Nagaland3858 Yelamanchili Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh3859 Thavanampalle Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3860 Velhe Pune Maharashtra3861 Kundgol Dharwad Karnataka3862 Chukitong Wokha Nagaland3863 Phansidewa Darjiling West Bengal3864 Barjora Bankura West Bengal3865 Lakhanpur Jharsuguda Odisha3866 Deoria Deoria Uttar Pradesh3867 Sagwara Dungarpur Rajasthan(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 35

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking3868 Valod Tapi Gujarat3869 Tandur Adilabad Andhra Pradesh3870 Teghra Begusarai Bihar3871 Chalisgaon Jalgaon Maharashtra3872 Lanka Nagaon Assam3873 Bhadohi Sant Ravidas Nagar Uttar Pradesh(Bhadohi)3874 Kezocha Kohima Nagaland3875 Honnali Davanagere Karnataka3876 Dumka Dumka Jharkhand3877 Memari - II Barddhaman West Bengal3878 Belthara Road Ballia Uttar Pradesh3879 Turuvekere Tumkur Karnataka3880 Madha Solapur Maharashtra3881 Ghatal Paschim Medinipur West Bengal3882 Kalsi Dehradun Uttarakhand3883 Samalkota East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3884 Khumtai Golaghat Assam3885 Hungund Bagalkot Karnataka3886 Dhoomakot Garhwal Uttarakhand3887 Bayad Sabar Kantha Gujarat3888 Hasanparthy Warangal Andhra Pradesh3889 Katwa - I Barddhaman West Bengal3890 Ganapavaram West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3891 Bavla Ahmadabad Gujarat3892 Sampgaon Belgaum Karnataka3893 Adampur Hisar Haryana3894 Nevasa Ahmadnagar Maharashtra3895 Tseminyu Kohima Nagaland3896 Someshwar Almora Uttarakhand3897 Nagri Ranchi Jharkhand3898 Narsimhapur Narsimhapur Madhya Pradesh3899 Sankari Salem Tamil Nadu3900 Dhone Kurnool Andhra Pradesh3901 Cumbum Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3902 Suruhuto Zunheboto Nagaland3903 Rayavaram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3904 Hodal Palwal Haryana3905 Farakka Murshidabad West Bengal3906 Jaynagar - I South Twenty Four West BengalParganas3907 Bihpuria Sonitpur Assam3908 Geesugonda Warangal Andhra Pradesh3909 Ersama Jagatsinghapur Odisha3910 Jiribam Imphal East Manipur3911 Armori Gadchiroli Maharashtra3912 Rairakhol Sambalpur Odisha3913 Dhupguri Jalpaiguri West Bengal3914 Yadagirigutta Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh3915 Barpeta Goalpara Assam3916 Sahjanwa Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh3917 Mandirbazar South Twenty Four West BengalParganas3918 Valmikipuram Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3919 Agiripalle Krishna Andhra Pradesh3920 Bhiloda Sabar Kantha Gujarat3921 Rengali Damsite Anugul Odisha3922 Farrukhabad Farrukhabad Uttar Pradesh3923 Ghosi Mau Uttar Pradesh3924 Nandipada Kendujhar Odisha3925 Dharapuram Tiruppur Tamil Nadu3926 Balijana Kokrajhar Assam3927 Goghat - I Hugli West Bengal363928 Khuntuni Cuttack Odisha3929 Chiknayakanhalli Tumkur Karnataka3930 Deola Nashik Maharashtra3931 Moyna Purba Medinipur West Bengal3932 Salekasa Gondiya Maharashtra3933 Jaridih Bokaro Jharkhand3934 Bankura - II Bankura West Bengal3935 Dhari Nainital Uttarakhand3936 Ganjam Ganjam Odisha3937 Zahirabad Medak Andhra Pradesh3938 Jaunpur Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh3939 Viramgam Ahmadabad Gujarat3940 Sohawal Faizabad Uttar Pradesh3941 Ghogha Bhavnagar Gujarat3942 Nathdwara Rajsamand Rajasthan3943 Sirohi Sirohi Rajasthan3944 Gummidipoondi Thiruvallur Tamil Nadu3945 Madhuban Mau Uttar Pradesh3946 Dharwad Dharwad Karnataka3947 Manteswar Barddhaman West Bengal3948 Duggirala Guntur Andhra Pradesh3949 Buchireddipalem Prakasam Andhra Pradesh3950 Bhiwapur Nagpur Maharashtra3951 Budni Sehore Madhya Pradesh3952 Maduranthakam Kancheepuram Tamil Nadu3953 Nandalur YSR Andhra Pradesh3954 Kattumannarkoil Cuddalore Tamil Nadu3955 Bhattiprolu Guntur Andhra Pradesh3956 Pandua Hugli West Bengal3957 Chaukhutiya Almora Uttarakhand3958 Nagayalanka Krishna Andhra Pradesh3959 Cheyyar Tiruvannamalai Tamil Nadu3960 Hubli Dharwad Karnataka3961 Mangalpur Jajapur Odisha3962 Alangudi Pudukkottai Tamil Nadu3963 Potashpur - II Purba Medinipur West Bengal3964 Achanta West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3965 Ratu Ranchi Jharkhand3966 Rajapur Ratnagiri Maharashtra3967 Betalghat Nainital Uttarakhand3968 Kodur YSR Andhra Pradesh3969 Tuljapur Osmanabad Maharashtra3970 Hilli Dakshin Dinajpur West Bengal3971 Kuhi Nagpur Maharashtra3972 Ghathashi Zunheboto Nagaland3973 Puttaparthi Anantapur Andhra Pradesh3974 Debra Paschim Medinipur West Bengal3975 Bhimadole West Godavari Andhra Pradesh3976 Jadcherla Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh3977 Tiruttani Thiruvallur Tamil Nadu3978 Nilakkottai Dindigul Tamil Nadu3979 Madathukulam Tiruppur Tamil Nadu3980 Sidlaghatta Chikkballapura Karnataka3981 Egra - II Purba Medinipur West Bengal3982 Bajpur Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand3983 Anupgarh Ganganagar Rajasthan3984 Kumargram Jalpaiguri West Bengal3985 Kadur Chikmagalur Karnataka3986 Khandaghosh Barddhaman West Bengal3987 Jamjodhpur Jamnagar Gujarat3988 Penumuru Chittoor Andhra Pradesh3989 Sadar Puri Odisha3990 Sri Madhopur Sikar Rajasthan(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking3991 Morangi Golaghat Assam3992 Lathikata Sundargarh Odisha3993 Yercaud Salem Tamil Nadu3994 P.Gannavaram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh3995 Sangau Lawngtlai Mizoram3996 Aurai Sant Ravidas Nagar Uttar Pradesh(Bhadohi)3997 Shahuwadi Kolhapur Maharashtra3998 Virudhachalam Cuddalore Tamil Nadu3999 Bolagad Khordha Odisha4000 VK Zunheboto Nagaland4001 Diphu Karbi Anglong Assam4002 Vaibhavvadi Sindhudurg Maharashtra4003 Kariapatti Virudhunagar Tamil Nadu4004 Thiruthuraipoondi Thiruvarur Tamil Nadu4005 Bhuban Dhenkanal Odisha4006 Lanja Ratnagiri Maharashtra4007 Julana Jind Haryana4008 Sankarankoil Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu4009 Jajpur Sadar Jajapur Odisha4010 Boniyar Baramula Jammu & Kashmir4011 Deori Gondiya Maharashtra4012 Channapatna Ramanagara Karnataka4013 Ambikapur Surguja Chhattisgarh4014 Peddapuram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4015 Malshiras Solapur Maharashtra4016 Jenapur Jajapur Odisha4017 Kurkheda Gadchiroli Maharashtra4018 Bavda Kolhapur Maharashtra4019 Budhlada Mansa Punjab4020 Kalna - Ii Barddhaman West Bengal4021 Thotlavalluru Krishna Andhra Pradesh4022 Lohardaga Lohardaga Jharkhand4023 English Bazar Maldah West Bengal4024 Baidyeswar Cuttack Odisha4025 Champawat Champawat Uttarakhand4026 Akividu West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4027 Aranthangi Pudukkottai Tamil Nadu4028 Haroa North Twenty Four West BengalParganas4029 Sorab Shimoga Karnataka4030 Rafiabad Baramula Jammu & Kashmir4031 Lunawada Panch Mahals Gujarat4032 Poladpur Raigarh Maharashtra4033 Becharaji Mahesana Gujarat4034 Wankaner Rajkot Gujarat4035 Bibinagar Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh4036 Movva Krishna Andhra Pradesh4037 Tanda Ambedkar Nagar Uttar Pradesh4038 Atpadi Sangli Maharashtra4039 Gangadhara Nellore Chittoor Andhra Pradesh4040 Fazilka Firozpur Punjab4041 Samastipur Samastipur Bihar4042 Basudebpur Bhadrak Odisha4043 Gania Nayagarh Odisha4044 Satyabadi Puri Odisha4045 Chinthakommadinne YSR Andhra Pradesh4046 Lalganj Rae Bareli Uttar Pradesh4047 Pedi (Ngwalwa) Peren Nagaland4048 Kalna - I Barddhaman West Bengal4049 Panruti Cuddalore Tamil Nadu4050 Bilat East Siang Arunachal Pradesh4051 Ramachandi Puri OdishaSPECIAL ARTICLE4052 Babra Amreli Gujarat4053 Mangaldoi (Pt) Darrang Assam4054 Sohagpur Shahdol Madhya Pradesh4055 Khurja Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh4056 Chandel Chandel Manipur4057 Kapadvanj Kheda Gujarat4058 Pentapadu West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4059 Pingla Paschim Medinipur West Bengal4060 Barauni Begusarai Bihar4061 Cooch Behar - I Koch Bihar West Bengal4062 Kaikalur Krishna Andhra Pradesh4063 Doom Dooma Tinsukia Assam4064 Thirumayam Pudukkottai Tamil Nadu4065 Dondi Durg Chhattisgarh4066 Irala Chittoor Andhra Pradesh4067 Kishangarh Ajmer Rajasthan4068 Chetheba Phek Nagaland4069 Katamdag Hazaribagh Jharkhand4070 Satlasana Mahesana Gujarat4071 Narayanpur Sonitpur Assam4072 Asika Ganjam Odisha4073 Byadgi Haveri Karnataka4074 Atmakur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh4075 Vijainagar Ganganagar Rajasthan4076 Badhra Bhiwani Haryana4077 Pakala Chittoor Andhra Pradesh4078 Lehra Sangrur Punjab4079 Remuna Baleshwar Odisha4080 Salempur Deoria Uttar Pradesh4081 Baghmara South Garo Hills Meghalaya4082 Chintamani Chikkballapura Karnataka4083 Chamakhandi Ganjam Odisha4084 Namsai Lohit Arunachal Pradesh4085 Huzurabad Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh4086 Yachuli Lower Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh4087 Khambhalia Jamnagar Gujarat4088 Pedana Krishna Andhra Pradesh4089 Khanakul - I Hugli West Bengal4090 Begunia Khordha Odisha4091 Aquqhnaqua Dimapur Nagaland4092 Narsampet Warangal Andhra Pradesh4093 Dhandhuka Ahmadabad Gujarat4094 Rasipuram Namakkal Tamil Nadu4095 Rugudi Kendujhar Odisha4096 Unguturu West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4097 Binjharpur Jajapur Odisha4098 Nasirabad Ajmer Rajasthan4099 Yellandu Khammam Andhra Pradesh4100 Alipurduar - I Jalpaiguri West Bengal4101 Kutiyana Porbandar Gujarat4102 Mangrol Junagadh Gujarat4103 Bhanjanagar Ganjam Odisha4104 Banki Cuttack Odisha4105 Telhara Akola Maharashtra4106 Pilibanga Hanumangarh Rajasthan4107 Umreth Anand Gujarat4108 Gudlavalleru Krishna Andhra Pradesh4109 Kadaladi Ramanathapuram Tamil Nadu4110 Sehore Sehore Madhya Pradesh4111 Ranapur Nayagarh Odisha4112 Ukhurl Central Ukhrul Manipur4113 Krishnaganj Nadia West Bengal4114 Longchem Mokokchung Nagaland(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 37

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking4115 Hangal Haveri Karnataka4116 Nakrekal Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh4117 Bagda North Twenty Four West BengalParganas4118 Chhatrapur Ganjam Odisha4119 Kamakshyanagar Dhenkanal Odisha4120 Potashpur - I Purba Medinipur West Bengal4121 Chikhli Buldana Maharashtra4122 Parvathipuram Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh4123 Bhupalpalle Warangal Andhra Pradesh4124 Pedaparupudi Krishna Andhra Pradesh4125 Mandsaur Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh4126 Mandangad Ratnagiri Maharashtra4127 Chityala Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh4128 Samanda East Garo Hills Meghalaya4129 Aurangabad Aurangabad Bihar4130 Jamuria Barddhaman West Bengal4131 Bant Bhadrak Odisha4132 Mandla Mandla Madhya Pradesh4133 Kotma Anuppur Madhya Pradesh4134 Mahuva Surat Gujarat4135 Churu Churu Rajasthan4136 Vilathikulam Thoothukkudi Tamil Nadu4137 Tral Pulwama Jammu & Kashmir4138 Ettayapuram Thoothukkudi Tamil Nadu4139 Anuppur Anuppur Madhya Pradesh4140 Rangia (Pt) Baksa Assam4141 Sadasivpet Medak Andhra Pradesh4142 Penugonda West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4143 Chagallu West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4144 Chomu Jaipur Rajasthan4145 Hasnabad North Twenty Four West BengalParganas4146 Dantan - II Paschim Medinipur West Bengal4147 Markapur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh4148 Lala Hailakandi Assam4149 Badamba Cuttack Odisha4150 Tirupathur Sivaganga Tamil Nadu4151 Shiggaon Haveri Karnataka4152 Yevla Nashik Maharashtra4153 Gadhada Bhavnagar Gujarat4154 Unnao Unnao Uttar Pradesh4155 Kheralu Mahesana Gujarat4156 Fatehabad Fatehabad Haryana4157 Budgam Badgam Jammu & Kashmir4158 Jalpaiguri Jalpaiguri West Bengal4159 Pauni Bhandara Maharashtra4160 Farooqnagar Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh4161 Amadalavalasa Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh4162 Patan Durg Chhattisgarh4163 Chittaurgarh Chittaurgarh Rajasthan4164 Pochampalle Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh4165 Kaliabor Barpeta Assam4166 Dasda North Tripura Tripura4167 Gudipala Chittoor Andhra Pradesh4168 Ramganj Mandi Kota Rajasthan4169 Musiri Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu4170 Kalamb Osmanabad Maharashtra4171 Umling Ribhoi Meghalaya4172 Mehmedabad Kheda Gujarat4173 Shergaon West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh4174 Bhandari Pokhari Bhadrak Odisha4175 Tiruvadanai Ramanathapuram Tamil Nadu384176 Nandgaon- Amravati MaharashtraKhandeshwar4177 Garhmukteshwar Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh4178 Manu Dhalai Tripura4179 Rangjuli Dhubri Assam4180 Chandauli Chandauli Uttar Pradesh4181 Gharsana Ganganagar Rajasthan4182 Dharchula Pithoragarh Uttarakhand4183 Kotulpur Bankura West Bengal4184 Nandigram - I Purba Medinipur West Bengal4185 Veeravasaram West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4186 Sausar Chhindwara Madhya Pradesh4187 Astaranga Puri Odisha4188 Nambol Bishnupur Manipur4189 Ramshahr Solan Himachal Pradesh4190 Jalukie Peren Nagaland4191 Tundla Firozabad Uttar Pradesh4192 Arjuni Morgaon Gondiya Maharashtra4193 Khejuri - II Purba Medinipur West Bengal4194 Goharganj Raisen Madhya Pradesh4195 Dhansura Sabar Kantha Gujarat4196 Pattan Baramula Jammu & Kashmir4197 Mettur Salem Tamil Nadu4198 Rampur Maniharan Saharanpur Uttar Pradesh4199 Abhyachandpur Jagatsinghapur Odisha4200 Channarayapatna Hassan Karnataka4201 Gop Puri Odisha4202 Hajipur Vaishali Bihar4203 Bihar Nalanda Bihar4204 Gobichettipalayam Erode Tamil Nadu4205 Hingoli Hingoli Maharashtra4206 Pathorighat (Pt) Darrang Assam4207 Bina Sagar Madhya Pradesh4208 Sinor Vadodara Gujarat4209 New Seren East Siang Arunachal Pradesh4210 Khanapur Belgaum Karnataka4211 Malur Kolar Karnataka4212 Auraiya Auraiya Uttar Pradesh4213 Tharali Chamoli Uttarakhand4214 Manendragarh Koriya Chhattisgarh4215 Ghatshila Purbi Singhbhum Jharkhand4216 Niuland Dimapur Nagaland4217 Chaubattakhal Garhwal Uttarakhand4218 Seppa East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh4219 Haliyal Uttara Kannada Karnataka4220 Sultanpur Sultanpur Uttar Pradesh4221 Kamengbari-Doimara West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh4222 Chozuba Phek Nagaland4223 Amalner Jalgaon Maharashtra4224 Krishnagar - I Nadia West Bengal4225 Panikoili Jajapur Odisha4226 Kadiam East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4227 Suri - I Birbhum West Bengal4228 Sanand Ahmadabad Gujarat4229 Soro Baleshwar Odisha4230 Shahapur Thane Maharashtra4231 Chirawa Jhunjhunun Rajasthan4232 Zuketsa Phek Nagaland4233 Walong Anjaw Arunachal Pradesh4234 Rajauri Rajouri Jammu & Kashmir4235 Kilvelur Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu4236 Gorubathan Darjiling West Bengal4237 Pamidimukkala Krishna Andhra Pradesh(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking4238 Berhampore Murshidabad West Bengal4239 Kodad Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh4240 Shikarpur Shimoga Karnataka4241 Nakhatrana Kachchh Gujarat4242 Chhaygaon Kamrup Assam4243 Chikkaballapura Chikkballapura Karnataka4244 Paramathi-Velur Namakkal Tamil Nadu4245 Mirzapur Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh4246 Dhamanagar Bhadrak Odisha4247 Bari - Ramachandrapur Jajapur Odisha4248 Namkhana South Twenty Four West BengalParganas4249 Garud Bageshwar Uttarakhand4250 Bhangar - II South Twenty Four West BengalParganas4251 Vaghodia Vadodara Gujarat4252 Damoh Damoh Madhya Pradesh4253 Darbhanga Darbhanga Bihar4254 Munsiari Pithoragarh Uttarakhand4255 Kandukur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh4256 Jaggayyapeta Krishna Andhra Pradesh4257 Tulashikhar West Tripura Tripura4258 Chaupal Shimla Himachal Pradesh4259 Ner Yavatmal Maharashtra4260 Hirekerur Haveri Karnataka4261 Chandgad Kolhapur Maharashtra4262 Udayagiri Prakasam Andhra Pradesh4263 Bellary Bellary Karnataka4264 Sakoli Bhandara Maharashtra4265 Suratgarh Ganganagar Rajasthan4266 Ainavilli East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4267 Tikar Shimla Himachal Pradesh4268 Namkum Ranchi Jharkhand4269 Viluppuram Viluppuram Tamil Nadu4270 Sangameshwar Ratnagiri Maharashtra4271 Tamlu Longleng Nagaland4272 Amod Bharuch Gujarat4273 Hansi Hisar Haryana4274 Israna Panipat Haryana4275 Bapatla Guntur Andhra Pradesh4276 Seoni Seoni Madhya Pradesh4277 Babulgaon Yavatmal Maharashtra4278 Chare Tuensang Nagaland4279 Thuraiyur Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu4280 Guhagar Ratnagiri Maharashtra4281 Nikirai Kendrapara Odisha4282 Itamati Nayagarh Odisha4283 Vadali Sabar Kantha Gujarat4284 Aravakurichi Karur Tamil Nadu4285 Pangi Chamba Himachal Pradesh4286 Bhadrachalam Khammam Andhra Pradesh4287 Vadipatti Madurai Tamil Nadu4288 Guduru Krishna Andhra Pradesh4289 Puthalapattu Chittoor Andhra Pradesh4290 Beerwah Badgam Jammu & Kashmir4291 Sumerpur Pali Rajasthan4292 Balagarh Hugli West Bengal4293 Nuzvid Krishna Andhra Pradesh4294 Vedaranyam Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu4295 Pratapgarh Pratapgarh Uttar Pradesh4296 Amroha Jyotiba Phule Nagar Uttar Pradesh4297 Bhatkuli Amravati Maharashtra4298 Maliya Rajkot GujaratSPECIAL ARTICLE4299 Basirhat - I North Twenty Four West BengalParganas4300 Rania Sirsa Haryana4301 Arambag Hugli West Bengal4302 Barabani Barddhaman West Bengal4303 Chikodi Belgaum Karnataka4304 Naginimora Mon Nagaland4305 Nandura Buldana Maharashtra4306 Dabwali Sirsa Haryana4307 Nawalgarh Jhunjhunun Rajasthan4308 Dadi Hazaribagh Jharkhand4309 Balod Durg Chhattisgarh4310 Balapur Akola Maharashtra4311 Mandavalli Krishna Andhra Pradesh4312 Pandharpur Solapur Maharashtra4313 Bishnupur Bishnupur Manipur4314 Brahmapur Sadar Ganjam Odisha4315 Yelamanchili West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4316 Wanaparthy Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh4317 Chandipur Baleshwar Odisha4318 Sabang Paschim Medinipur West Bengal4319 Gidderbaha Muktsar Punjab4320 Fatehpur Pundri Kaithal Haryana4321 Krishnagiri Krishnagiri Tamil Nadu4322 Assandh Karnal Haryana4323 Manamadurai Sivaganga Tamil Nadu4324 Pedapadu West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4325 Jakhnidhar Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand4326 Gadarpur Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand4327 Ajnala Amritsar Punjab4328 Khonsa Tirap Arunachal Pradesh4329 Mogalthur West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4330 Bhagawanpur - I Purba Medinipur West Bengal4331 Rampur Rampur Uttar Pradesh4332 Sidli (Pt) Bongaigaon Assam4333 Mon Sadar Mon Nagaland4334 Tangi Khordha Odisha4335 Khandapada Nayagarh Odisha4336 Sahibganj Sahibganj Jharkhand4337 Ghograpar (Pt) Nalbari Assam4338 Ratia Fatehabad Haryana4339 Balasinor Kheda Gujarat4340 Washim Washim Maharashtra4341 Singarayakonda Prakasam Andhra Pradesh4342 Lakhani Bhandara Maharashtra4343 Gooty Anantapur Andhra Pradesh4344 Pallipattu Thiruvallur Tamil Nadu4345 Jengging Upper Siang Arunachal Pradesh4346 Padhar Mandi Himachal Pradesh4347 Sardhana Meerut Uttar Pradesh4348 Magrahat - I South Twenty Four West BengalParganas4349 Phullen Aizawl Mizoram4350 Kalavad Jamnagar Gujarat4351 Hayuliang Anjaw Arunachal Pradesh4352 Lamshang Imphal West Manipur4353 Baliapur Dhanbad Jharkhand4354 Banjar Kullu Himachal Pradesh4355 Chandaka Khordha Odisha4356 Gensi West Siang Arunachal Pradesh4357 Mangrulpir Washim Maharashtra4358 Panskura Purba Medinipur West Bengal4359 Uthamapalayam Theni Tamil Nadu(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 39

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking4360 Nandgaon Nashik Maharashtra4361 Kopargaon Ahmadnagar Maharashtra4362 Devprayag Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand4363 Hospet Bellary Karnataka4364 Jalalabad Firozpur Punjab4365 Malout Muktsar Punjab4366 Sivagiri Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu4367 Talala Junagadh Gujarat4368 Ratlam Ratlam Madhya Pradesh4369 Chadoora Badgam Jammu & Kashmir4370 Haveri Haveri Karnataka4371 Mawryngkneng East Khasi Hills Meghalaya4372 Vanur Viluppuram Tamil Nadu4373 Mummidivaram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4374 Balikuda Jagatsinghapur Odisha4375 Tihu (Pt) Baksa Assam4376 Ellenabad Sirsa Haryana4377 Tiruvannamalai Tiruvannamalai Tamil Nadu4378 Brahmaur Chamba Himachal Pradesh4379 Krushna Prasad Puri Odisha4380 Jodiya Jamnagar Gujarat4381 Arsikere Hassan Karnataka4382 Sitarganj Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand4383 Burdwan - II Barddhaman West Bengal4384 Samudrapur Wardha Maharashtra4385 Shamli Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh4386 Safidon Jind Haryana4387 Mauda Nagpur Maharashtra4388 Rajkanika Kendrapara Odisha4389 Bodhan Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh4390 Patran Patiala Punjab4391 Deoband Saharanpur Uttar Pradesh4392 Musabani Purbi Singhbhum Jharkhand4393 Nagari Chittoor Andhra Pradesh4394 Chilakaluripet Guntur Andhra Pradesh4395 Gariadhar Bhavnagar Gujarat4396 Dimow Sivasagar Assam4397 Patan Satara Maharashtra4398 Patti Tarn Taran Punjab4399 Nandigram - II Purba Medinipur West Bengal4400 Dehgam Gandhinagar Gujarat4401 Talwandi Sabo Bathinda Punjab4402 Vemulawada Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh4403 Chandpur Bijnor Uttar Pradesh4404 Burhanpur Burhanpur Madhya Pradesh4405 Sihora Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh4406 Umrala Bhavnagar Gujarat4407 Fatehpur Sikar Rajasthan4408 Shyampur - II Haora West Bengal4409 Repalle Guntur Andhra Pradesh4410 Jambusar Bharuch Gujarat4411 Kakatpur Puri Odisha4412 Jhunjhunun Jhunjhunun Rajasthan4413 Padmabil West Tripura Tripura4414 Talod Sabar Kantha Gujarat4415 Sullurpeta Prakasam Andhra Pradesh4416 Iragavaram West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4417 Pfutsero Phek Nagaland4418 Savar Kundla Amreli Gujarat4419 Gopavaram Y.S.R. Andhra Pradesh4420 Nampong Changlang Arunachal Pradesh4421 Hangrang Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh4422 Laksar Hardwar Uttarakhand404423 Punganur Chittoor Andhra Pradesh4424 Pipariya Hoshangabad Madhya Pradesh4425 Bhesan Junagadh Gujarat4426 Sinnar Nashik Maharashtra4427 Indapur Pune Maharashtra4428 Barama (Pt) Baksa Assam4429 Bodinayakanur Theni Tamil Nadu4430 Pattamundai Kendrapara Odisha4431 Kavathemahankal Sangli Maharashtra4432 Dhamtari Dhamtari Chhattisgarh4433 Visavadar Junagadh Gujarat4434 Mawana Meerut Uttar Pradesh4435 Guhla Kaithal Haryana4436 Dharmapuri Dharmapuri Tamil Nadu4437 Jankia Khordha Odisha4438 Kalimpong - Ii Darjiling West Bengal4439 Tarapur Anand Gujarat4440 Ponnur Guntur Andhra Pradesh4441 Sikandrabad Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh4442 Needamangalam Thiruvarur Tamil Nadu4443 Papanasam Thanjavur Tamil Nadu4444 Bongaon North Twenty Four West BengalParganas4445 Chizami Phek Nagaland4446 Najibabad Bijnor Uttar Pradesh4447 Phulera (Hq Sambhar) Jaipur Rajasthan4448 Bhandari Wokha Nagaland4449 Ghoda Dongri Betul Madhya Pradesh4450 Sonapur Subarnapur Odisha4451 Kodinar Junagadh Gujarat4452 Palitana Bhavnagar Gujarat4453 Deolgaon Raja Buldana Maharashtra4454 Kovur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh4455 Matiali Jalpaiguri West Bengal4456 Ani Kullu Himachal Pradesh4457 Dwarahat Almora Uttarakhand4458 Kishannagar Cuttack Odisha4459 Sikar Sikar Rajasthan4460 Udgir Latur Maharashtra4461 Baganpara (Pt) Nalbari Assam4462 Bashohli Kathua Jammu & Kashmir4463 Kanpur Cuttack Odisha4464 Thunag Mandi Himachal Pradesh4465 Baraut Baghpat Uttar Pradesh4466 Khargone West Nimar Madhya Pradesh4467 Ottapidaram Thoothukkudi Tamil Nadu4468 Jangareddigudem West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4469 Palacoderu West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4470 Mhow Indore Madhya Pradesh4471 Timarni Harda Madhya Pradesh4472 Etalin Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh4473 Ukhimath Rudraprayag Uttarakhand4474 Dolariya Hoshangabad Madhya Pradesh4475 Vadnagar Mahesana Gujarat4476 Bijapur Bijapur Karnataka4477 Ajra Kolhapur Maharashtra4478 Mannargudi Thiruvarur Tamil Nadu4479 Chikhli Navsari Gujarat4480 Sivaganga Sivaganga Tamil Nadu4481 Baghpat Baghpat Uttar Pradesh4482 Shyampur - I Haora West Bengal4483 Nohra Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh4484 Pattukkottai Thanjavur Tamil Nadu(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking4485 Peren Peren Nagaland4486 Kaliachak - I Maldah West Bengal4487 Tangmarg Baramula Jammu & Kashmir4488 Lilia Amreli Gujarat4489 Dhampur Bijnor Uttar Pradesh4490 Dhrangadhra Surendranagar Gujarat4491 Mahanga Cuttack Odisha4492 Udarbond Cachar Assam4493 Sadak-Arjuni Gondiya Maharashtra4494 Raina - I Barddhaman West Bengal4495 Tuting Upper Siang Arunachal Pradesh4496 Bokakhat Golaghat Assam4497 Pamarru Krishna Andhra Pradesh4498 Joda Kendujhar Odisha4499 Khejuri - I Purba Medinipur West Bengal4500 Rahuri Ahmadnagar Maharashtra4501 Kothapeta East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4502 Magrahat - II South Twenty Four West BengalParganas4503 Belur Hassan Karnataka4504 Katigora Dima Hasao Assam4505 Ghantasala Krishna Andhra Pradesh4506 Nirsa-Cum-Chirkunda Dhanbad Jharkhand4507 Palasa Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh4508 Tirupathur Vellore Tamil Nadu4509 Siwan Siwan Bihar4510 Periyakulam Theni Tamil Nadu4511 Shrirangapattana Mandya Karnataka4512 Parli Bid Maharashtra4513 Desaiganj (Vadasa) Gadchiroli Maharashtra4514 Pughoboto Zunheboto Nagaland4515 Chabua Dibrugarh Assam4516 Sadulshahar Ganganagar Rajasthan4517 Khalsi Leh(Ladakh) Jammu & Kashmir4518 Ruksin East Siang Arunachal Pradesh4519 Mundgod Uttara Kannada Karnataka4520 Poduru West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4521 Diamond Harbour - I South Twenty Four West BengalParganas4522 Kaithal Kaithal Haryana4523 Bhagawanpur - II Purba Medinipur West Bengal4524 Holi Chamba Himachal Pradesh4525 Konark Puri Odisha4526 Nermand Kullu Himachal Pradesh4527 Delanga Puri Odisha4528 Biramitrapur Sundargarh Odisha4529 Raisinghnagar Ganganagar Rajasthan4530 Raghunathganj - I Murshidabad West Bengal4531 Thiruvaiyaru Thanjavur Tamil Nadu4532 Gumto Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh4533 Azamgarh Azamgarh Uttar Pradesh4534 Sainj Kullu Himachal Pradesh4535 Shamshabad Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh4536 Udaipur Lahul & Spiti Himachal Pradesh4537 Barnagar (Pt) Dhubri Assam4538 Karanja Wardha Maharashtra4539 Chamba Chamba Himachal Pradesh4540 Behror Alwar Rajasthan4541 Narkhed Nagpur Maharashtra4542 Palani Dindigul Tamil Nadu4543 Ngopa Champhai Mizoram4544 Raghunathganj - II Murshidabad West Bengal4545 Nimapada Puri OdishaSPECIAL ARTICLE4546 Betul Betul Madhya Pradesh4547 Sangamner Ahmadnagar Maharashtra4548 Ramtek Nagpur Maharashtra4549 Sirkali Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu4550 Awantipora Pulwama Jammu & Kashmir4551 Buldana Buldana Maharashtra4552 Malikipuram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4553 Gurez Bandipore Jammu & Kashmir4554 Balipatna Khordha Odisha4555 Darlawn Aizawl Mizoram4556 Supa Uttara Kannada Karnataka4557 Lansdowne Garhwal Uttarakhand4558 Chhachhrauli Yamunanagar Haryana4559 Balaghat Balaghat Madhya Pradesh4560 Nischintakoili Cuttack Odisha4561 Zira Firozpur Punjab4562 Sojitra Anand Gujarat4563 Sakhinetipalle East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4564 Jammalamadugu YSR Andhra Pradesh4565 Nidadavole West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4566 Mohadi Bhandara Maharashtra4567 Abohar Firozpur Punjab4568 Parlakhemundi Gajapati Odisha4569 Chandurbazar Amravati Maharashtra4570 Tangi Cuttack Odisha4571 Arakonam Vellore Tamil Nadu4572 Sathupalle Khammam Andhra Pradesh4573 Mhasla Raigarh Maharashtra4574 Bagalkot Bagalkot Karnataka4575 Rajagangapur Sundargarh Odisha4576 Korpana Chandrapur Maharashtra4577 Kodaikanal Dindigul Tamil Nadu4578 Falta South Twenty Four West BengalParganas4579 Tigiria Cuttack Odisha4580 Attili West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4581 Kamanpur Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh4582 Vallabhipur Bhavnagar Gujarat4583 Deganga North Twenty Four West BengalParganas4584 Alur Hassan Karnataka4585 Madarihat Jalpaiguri West Bengal4586 Dhamara Marine Bhadrak Odisha4587 Tankara Rajkot Gujarat4588 Dadahu Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh4589 Chapra Saran Bihar4590 Mahmora Sivasagar Assam4591 Niphad Nashik Maharashtra4592 Burdwan - I Barddhaman West Bengal4593 Guntakal Anantapur Andhra Pradesh4594 Mansa Mansa Punjab4595 Uluberia - I Haora West Bengal4596 Nanda Kumar Purba Medinipur West Bengal4597 Moran Dibrugarh Assam4598 Neemuch Neemuch Madhya Pradesh4599 Gadhinglaj Kolhapur Maharashtra4600 Marigaon Barpeta Assam4601 Manamelkudi Pudukkottai Tamil Nadu4602 Haveli Punch Jammu & Kashmir4603 Vicarabad Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh4604 Ibrahimpatnam Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh4605 Naugaon Jagatsinghapur Odisha4606 Baripada Town Mayurbhanj Odisha(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 41

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking4607 Karjan Vadodara Gujarat4608 Kuthalam Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu4609 Sonapur Kamrup Metropolitan Assam4610 Uri Baramula Jammu & Kashmir4611 Pencharthal North Tripura Tripura4612 Akot Akola Maharashtra4613 Damonjodi Koraput Odisha4614 Tandur Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh4615 Osmanabad Osmanabad Maharashtra4616 Ballia Ballia Uttar Pradesh4617 Seloo Wardha Maharashtra4618 Niali Cuttack Odisha4619 Kodavasal Thiruvarur Tamil Nadu4620 Khamgaon Buldana Maharashtra4621 Tohana Fatehabad Haryana4622 Patan Patan Gujarat4623 Jakhapura Jajapur Odisha4624 Kunkavav Vadia Amreli Gujarat4625 Bageshwar Bageshwar Uttarakhand4626 Rajganj Jalpaiguri West Bengal4627 Kankipadu Krishna Andhra Pradesh4628 Kadiri Anantapur Andhra Pradesh4629 Chiephobozou Kohima Nagaland4630 Choutuppal Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh4631 Sonari Sivasagar Assam4632 Balaramgadi Marine Baleshwar Odisha4633 Tarikere Chikmagalur Karnataka4634 Khanakul - II Hugli West Bengal4635 Chandipur Purba Medinipur West Bengal4636 Mahendragarh Mahendragarh Haryana4637 Matenhail Jhajjar Haryana4638 Arcot Vellore Tamil Nadu4639 Tangarapali Sundargarh Odisha4640 Borsad Anand Gujarat4641 Hathras Mahamaya Nagar Uttar Pradesh4642 Cooch Behar - II Koch Bihar West Bengal4643 Undrajavaram West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4644 Ramnagar - II Purba Medinipur West Bengal4645 Rudraprayag Rudraprayag Uttarakhand4646 Warud Amravati Maharashtra4647 Jinnaram Medak Andhra Pradesh4648 Rampura Phul Bathinda Punjab4649 Kagaznagar Adilabad Andhra Pradesh4650 Padra Vadodara Gujarat4651 Vaniyambadi Vellore Tamil Nadu4652 Vanthali Junagadh Gujarat4653 Thelkoloi Sambalpur Odisha4654 Korba Korba Chhattisgarh4655 Giridih Giridih Jharkhand4656 Ambegaon Pune Maharashtra4657 Golaghat Golaghat Assam4658 Maunath Bhanjan Mau Uttar Pradesh4659 Dharmasala Jajapur Odisha4660 Shegaon Buldana Maharashtra4661 Mandya Mandya Karnataka4662 Sawombung Imphal East Manipur4663 Sihunta Chamba Himachal Pradesh4664 Anaparthy East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4665 Karanja Washim Maharashtra4666 Faridpur Durgapur Barddhaman West Bengal4667 Kibithoo Anjaw Arunachal Pradesh4668 Thirumangalam Madurai Tamil Nadu4669 Dhari Amreli Gujarat424670 Tapa Barnala Punjab4671 Attur Dindigul Tamil Nadu4672 Gohana Sonipat Haryana4673 Barshi Solapur Maharashtra4674 Bijnor Bijnor Uttar Pradesh4675 Kalimpong -I Darjiling West Bengal4676 Paramakudi Ramanathapuram Tamil Nadu4677 Nabadwip Nadia West Bengal4678 Karanpur Ganganagar Rajasthan4679 Narsipatnam Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh4680 Topchanchi Dhanbad Jharkhand4681 Dabhoi Vadodara Gujarat4682 Pangin East Siang Arunachal Pradesh4683 Baran Baran Rajasthan4684 Wangoi Imphal West Manipur4685 Mandai West Tripura Tripura4686 Deshopran Purba Medinipur West Bengal4687 Mandapeta East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4688 Teosa Amravati Maharashtra4689 Pokhari Chamoli Uttarakhand4690 Sasaram Rohtas Bihar4691 Lhou Tawang Arunachal Pradesh4692 Vidisha Vidisha Madhya Pradesh4693 Mamidikuduru East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4694 Soreng West District Sikkim4695 Paddhari Rajkot Gujarat4696 Chandur Railway Amravati Maharashtra4697 Jamkandorna Rajkot Gujarat4698 Yerraguntla YSR Andhra Pradesh4699 Aali Kendrapara Odisha4700 Buxar Buxar Bihar4701 Theog Shimla Himachal Pradesh4702 Jaitu Faridkot Punjab4703 Jagdalpur Bastar Chhattisgarh4704 Srivilliputhur Virudhunagar Tamil Nadu4705 Penumantra West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4706 Kadegaon Sangli Maharashtra4707 Nannilam Thiruvarur Tamil Nadu4708 Nemalo Cuttack Odisha4709 Narnaul Mahendragarh Haryana4710 Gadchiroli Gadchiroli Maharashtra4711 Ranavav Porbandar Gujarat4712 Roing Lower Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh4713 Armur Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh4714 Harihar Davanagere Karnataka4715 Venkatagiri Prakasam Andhra Pradesh4716 Tadpatri Anantapur Andhra Pradesh4717 Muktsar Muktsar Punjab4718 Nankhari Shimla Himachal Pradesh4719 Goregaon Gondiya Maharashtra4720 Marsaghai Kendrapara Odisha4721 Mangrol Surat Gujarat4722 Alongkima Mokokchung Nagaland4723 Chandrapur Kamrup Metropolitan Assam4724 Daund Pune Maharashtra4725 Ranibennur Haveri Karnataka4726 Banarpal Anugul Odisha4727 Sahadevkhunta Baleshwar Odisha4728 Rajsamand Rajsamand Rajasthan4729 Pursura Hugli West Bengal4730 Bheemunipatnam Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh4731 Kangeyam Tiruppur Tamil Nadu4732 Algapur Hailakandi Assam(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking4733 Dewas Dewas Madhya Pradesh4734 Sirsa Sirsa Haryana4735 Bhongir Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh4736 Ravulapalem East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4737 Rajura Chandrapur Maharashtra4738 Anantnag Anantnag Jammu & Kashmir4739 Brajarajnagar Jharsuguda Odisha4740 Athagad Cuttack Odisha4741 Ramachandrapuram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4742 Derabish Kendrapara Odisha4743 Alwar Alwar Rajasthan4744 Bid Bid Maharashtra4745 Kotkhai Shimla Himachal Pradesh4746 Khatav Satara Maharashtra4747 Hojai Nagaon Assam4748 Indri Karnal Haryana4749 Palwancha Khammam Andhra Pradesh4750 Berinag Pithoragarh Uttarakhand4751 Bhattiyat Chamba Himachal Pradesh4752 Shella Bholaganj East Khasi Hills Meghalaya4753 Lar Ganderbal Jammu & Kashmir4754 Sunam Sangrur Punjab4755 Tumsar Bhandara Maharashtra4756 Arani Tiruvannamalai Tamil Nadu4757 Naidupet Prakasam Andhra Pradesh4758 Ambajipeta East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4759 Sihor Bhavnagar Gujarat4760 Rayachoti Y.S.R. Andhra Pradesh4761 Junnar Pune Maharashtra4762 Ambejogai Bid Maharashtra4763 Vadgam Banas Kantha Gujarat4764 Dadri Bhiwani Haryana4765 Ashti Wardha Maharashtra4766 Mangaon Raigarh Maharashtra4767 Kheda Kheda Gujarat4768 Samalkha Panipat Haryana4769 Sutahata Purba Medinipur West Bengal4770 Namakkal Namakkal Tamil Nadu4771 Chitradurga Chitradurga Karnataka4772 Boleng East Siang Arunachal Pradesh4773 Morshi Amravati Maharashtra4774 Manuguru Khammam Andhra Pradesh4775 Amarpur South Tripura Tripura4776 Rajgarh Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh4777 Atoizu Zunheboto Nagaland4778 Lathi Amreli Gujarat4779 Bhudargad Kolhapur Maharashtra4780 Jalna Jalna Maharashtra4781 Hansot Bharuch Gujarat4782 Rajampet YSR Andhra Pradesh4783 Tharangambadi Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu4784 Teok Jorhat Assam4785 Goreswar (Pt) Kamrup Assam4786 Narasaraopet Guntur Andhra Pradesh4787 Haripal Hugli West Bengal4788 Bondamunda Sundargarh Odisha4789 Tarakeswar Hugli West Bengal4790 Perambalur Perambalur Tamil Nadu4791 Amta - II Haora West Bengal4792 Motunga Dhenkanal Odisha4793 Nirakarpur Khordha Odisha4794 Khed Ratnagiri Maharashtra4795 Kathalia West Tripura TripuraSPECIAL ARTICLE4796 Killa South Tripura Tripura4797 Dhamangaon Railway Amravati Maharashtra4798 Srikalahasti Chittoor Andhra Pradesh4799 Radhanagari Kolhapur Maharashtra4800 Gannavaram Krishna Andhra Pradesh4801 Devakottai Sivaganga Tamil Nadu4802 Haldia Purba Medinipur West Bengal4803 Gharaunda Karnal Haryana4804 Parbhani Parbhani Maharashtra4805 Gyalshing West District Sikkim4806 Daspur - I Paschim Medinipur West Bengal4807 Chaibasa Pashchimi Singhbhum Jharkhand4808 Bidar Bidar Karnataka4809 Padampur Ganganagar Rajasthan4810 Firozabad Firozabad Uttar Pradesh4811 Nihal Singhwala Moga Punjab4812 Mendarda Junagadh Gujarat4813 Hanumangarh Hanumangarh Rajasthan4814 Modasa Sabar Kantha Gujarat4815 Shirala Sangli Maharashtra4816 Tamluk Purba Medinipur West Bengal4817 Bagha Purana Moga Punjab4818 Boxanagar West Tripura Tripura4819 Lalgudi Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu4820 Thiruvidaimarudur Thanjavur Tamil Nadu4821 Murtijapur Akola Maharashtra4822 Ramanagara Ramanagara Karnataka4823 Devanahalli Bangalore Rural Karnataka4824 Basirhat - II North Twenty Four West BengalParganas4825 Biridi Jagatsinghapur Odisha4826 Karsog Mandi Himachal Pradesh4827 Beri Jhajjar Haryana4828 Titabor Jorhat Assam4829 Maham Rohtak Haryana4830 Khatauli Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh4831 Naina Devi Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh4832 Metpalle Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh4833 Daryapur Amravati Maharashtra4834 Bulandshahr Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh4835 Ganderbal Ganderbal Jammu & Kashmir4836 Etawah Etawah Uttar Pradesh4837 Katihar Katihar Bihar4838 Sanku Kargil Jammu & Kashmir4839 Pen Raigarh Maharashtra4840 Purbasthali - I Barddhaman West Bengal4841 Kosya Kutauli Nainital Uttarakhand4842 North Lakhimpur Sonitpur Assam4843 Jangipara Hugli West Bengal4844 Khundian Kangra Himachal Pradesh4845 Malegaon Nashik Maharashtra4846 Anjangaon Surji Amravati Maharashtra4847 Yamkeshwar Garhwal Uttarakhand4848 Khadur Sahib Tarn Taran Punjab4849 Rairangpur Town Mayurbhanj Odisha4850 Diamond Harbour - II South Twenty Four West BengalParganas4851 Kendrapara Sadar Kendrapara Odisha4852 Bhaderwah Doda Jammu & Kashmir4853 Rupa West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh4854 Chachyot Mandi Himachal Pradesh4855 Sunderbani Rajouri Jammu & Kashmir4856 Dholka Ahmadabad Gujarat(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 43

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking4857 Rohru Shimla Himachal Pradesh4858 Khordha Sadar Khordha Odisha4859 Amgaon Gondiya Maharashtra4860 Arvi Wardha Maharashtra4861 Sangaria Hanumangarh Rajasthan4862 Kagal Kolhapur Maharashtra4863 Malkapur Buldana Maharashtra4864 Kuakhia Jajapur Odisha4865 Shirur Pune Maharashtra4866 Hosanagara Shimoga Karnataka4867 Khatima Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand4868 Dehri Rohtas Bihar4869 Salepur Cuttack Odisha4870 Sanis Wokha Nagaland4871 Perundurai Erode Tamil Nadu4872 Kharagpur - I Paschim Medinipur West Bengal4873 Kovvur West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4874 Hnahthial Lunglei Mizoram4875 Bhadrak Rural Bhadrak Odisha4876 Avanigadda Krishna Andhra Pradesh4877 Margherita Tinsukia Assam4878 Pauri Garhwal Uttarakhand4879 Chanasma Patan Gujarat4880 Morang Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh4881 Srirangam Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu4882 Jakhama Kohima Nagaland4883 Phek Sadar Phek Nagaland4884 Bilaspur Yamunanagar Haryana4885 Raina - II Barddhaman West Bengal4886 Jampuii Hills North Tripura Tripura4887 Sopore Baramula Jammu & Kashmir4888 Namhol Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh4889 Miryalaguda Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh4890 Katol Nagpur Maharashtra4891 Kolar Kolar Karnataka4892 Amdanga North Twenty Four West BengalParganas4893 Jaoli Satara Maharashtra4894 Parseoni Nagpur Maharashtra4895 Ganaur Sonipat Haryana4896 Didihat Pithoragarh Uttarakhand4897 Jangaon Warangal Andhra Pradesh4898 Challapalle Krishna Andhra Pradesh4899 Palamaner Chittoor Andhra Pradesh4900 Chamoli Chamoli Uttarakhand4901 Jind Jind Haryana4902 Kullu Kullu Himachal Pradesh4903 Bhusan Steel Limited Dhenkanal Odisha4904 Ranaghat - II Nadia West Bengal4905 Dod Ballapur Bangalore Rural Karnataka4906 Pali Pali Rajasthan4907 Phulwari Patna Bihar4908 Lawngtlai Lawngtlai Mizoram4909 Orai Jalaun Uttar Pradesh4910 Pulivendla Y.S.R. Andhra Pradesh4911 Bolani Kendujhar Odisha4912 Shrirampur Ahmadnagar Maharashtra4913 Junga Shimla Himachal Pradesh4914 Manavadar Junagadh Gujarat4915 Contai - III Purba Medinipur West Bengal4916 Dhrol Jamnagar Gujarat4917 Nirmal Adilabad Andhra Pradesh4918 Moradabad Moradabad Uttar Pradesh4919 Kavali Prakasam Andhra Pradesh4920 Nilokheri Karnal Haryana4921 Dumporijo Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh4922 Baruipur South Twenty Four West BengalParganas4923 Chandragiri Chittoor Andhra Pradesh4924 Rajnandgaon Rajnandgaon Chhattisgarh4925 Baghty Wokha Nagaland4926 Puttur Chittoor Andhra Pradesh4927 Barasat - II North Twenty Four West BengalParganas4928 Khawzawl Champhai Mizoram4929 Bangarapet Kolar Karnataka4930 Bampada Baleshwar Odisha4931 Khekada Baghpat Uttar Pradesh4932 Santipur Nadia West Bengal4933 Pehowa Kurukshetra Haryana4934 Arrah Bhojpur Bihar4935 Bishnupur - I South Twenty Four West BengalParganas4936 Dhule Dhule Maharashtra4937 Beawar Ajmer Rajasthan4938 Dharmavaram Anantapur Andhra Pradesh4939 Dapoli Ratnagiri Maharashtra4940 Razole East Godavari Andhra Pradesh4941 Vagra Bharuch Gujarat4942 Mariani Jorhat Assam4943 Ambassa Dhalai Tripura4944 Baduria North Twenty Four West BengalParganas4945 Ainthapali Sambalpur Odisha4946 Ravong South District Sikkim4947 Kamrej Surat Gujarat4948 Ballabgarh Faridabad Haryana4949 Patkura Kendrapara Odisha4950 Gopalpur Ganjam Odisha4951 Koya Kamrup Assam4952 Kiphire Sadar Kiphire Nagaland4953 Tiptur Tumkur Karnataka4954 Gadag Gadag Karnataka4955 Pipili Puri Odisha4956 Hanskhali Nadia West Bengal4957 Chinnakodur Medak Andhra Pradesh4958 Chidambaram Cuddalore Tamil Nadu4959 Tasgaon Sangli Maharashtra4960 Gudur Prakasam Andhra Pradesh4961 Tirora Gondiya Maharashtra4962 Balugaon Khordha Odisha4963 Palwal Palwal Haryana4964 Phaltan Satara Maharashtra4965 Pileru Chittoor Andhra Pradesh4966 Adilabad Adilabad Andhra Pradesh4967 Kotda Sangani Rajkot Gujarat4968 Chitarpur Ramgarh Jharkhand4969 Narasapuram West Godavari Andhra Pradesh4970 Hisar Hisar Haryana4971 Koil Aligarh Uttar Pradesh4972 Krishangarh Solan Himachal Pradesh4973 Darjeeling Pulbazar Darjiling West Bengal4974 Tarn Taran Tarn Taran Punjab4975 Veerakeralamputhur Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu4976 Parasia Chhindwara Madhya Pradesh4977 Chuchuyimlang Mokokchung Nagaland(Continued)44january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking4978 Jajapur Jajapur Odisha4979 Lodhika Rajkot Gujarat4980 Bawal Rewari Haryana4981 Khanapur (Vita) Sangli Maharashtra4982 Ramnagar - I Purba Medinipur West Bengal4983 Aut Mandi Himachal Pradesh4984 Mandu Ramgarh Jharkhand4985 Okhamandal Jamnagar Gujarat4986 Botad Bhavnagar Gujarat4987 Gobindpur Cuttack Odisha4988 Mahisadal Purba Medinipur West Bengal4989 Reiek Mamit Mizoram4990 Patan-Veraval Junagadh Gujarat4991 Dhanupali Sambalpur Odisha4992 Bardoli Surat Gujarat4993 Nubra Leh(Ladakh) Jammu & Kashmir4994 Yazali Lower Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh4995 Pollachi Coimbatore Tamil Nadu4996 Warora Chandrapur Maharashtra4997 Dhenkanal Sadar Dhenkanal Odisha4998 Bhor Pune Maharashtra4999 Haringhata Nadia West Bengal5000 Bahour Taluk Puducherry Puducherry5001 Jubbal Shimla Himachal Pradesh5002 Kaladhungi Nainital Uttarakhand5003 Muzaffarnagar Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh5004 Rahta Ahmadnagar Maharashtra5005 Karjat Raigarh Maharashtra5006 Kandarpur Cuttack Odisha5007 Anakapalle Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh5008 Jaspur Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand5009 Avanashi Tiruppur Tamil Nadu5010 Basar West Siang Arunachal Pradesh5011 Bettiah Pashchim Champaran Bihar5012 Kanksa Barddhaman West Bengal5013 Chakdah Nadia West Bengal5014 Udaynarayanpur Haora West Bengal5015 Kalchini Jalpaiguri West Bengal5016 Naharkatiya Dibrugarh Assam5017 Shamirpet Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh5018 Prantij Sabar Kantha Gujarat5019 Upleta Rajkot Gujarat5020 Renigunta Chittoor Andhra Pradesh5021 Devgad Sindhudurg Maharashtra5022 Sattur Virudhunagar Tamil Nadu5023 Bagasara Amreli Gujarat5024 Kubolong Mokokchung Nagaland5025 Achalpur Amravati Maharashtra5026 Uttara PS Khordha Odisha5027 Contai - I Purba Medinipur West Bengal5028 Udhampur Udhampur Jammu & Kashmir5029 Satchand South Tripura Tripura5030 Satpuli Garhwal Uttarakhand5031 Deoghar Deoghar Jharkhand5032 Sagar Sagar Madhya Pradesh5033 Mathura Mathura Uttar Pradesh5034 Keshod Junagadh Gujarat5035 Rengali Sambalpur Odisha5036 Mangalagiri Guntur Andhra Pradesh5037 Pachhad Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh5038 Hosur Krishnagiri Tamil Nadu5039 Tadepalligudem West Godavari Andhra Pradesh5040 Jagtial Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh5041 Sechu-Zubza Kohima Nagaland5042 Khed Pune Maharashtra5043 Kharkhoda Sonipat Haryana5044 Ranikhet Almora Uttarakhand5045 Hosakote Bangalore Rural Karnataka5046 Dindigul Dindigul Tamil Nadu5047 Koratla Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh5048 Kujang Jagatsinghapur Odisha5049 Balianta Khordha Odisha5050 Harda Harda Madhya Pradesh5051 Kallur Kurnool Andhra Pradesh5052 Bharatpur Bharatpur Rajasthan5053 Purandhar Pune Maharashtra5054 Petlad Anand Gujarat5055 Katghora Korba Chhattisgarh5056 Firozpur Firozpur Punjab5057 Aibawk Aizawl Mizoram5058 Changlang Changlang Arunachal Pradesh5059 Deoli Wardha Maharashtra5060 Dudhnai Kokrajhar Assam5061 Umred Nagpur Maharashtra5062 Barama (Pt) Nalbari Assam5063 Lahul Lahul & Spiti Himachal Pradesh5064 Bhiwani Bhiwani Haryana5065 Likabali West Siang Arunachal Pradesh5066 Mangan North District Sikkim5067 Kosli Rewari Haryana5068 Tirukalukundram Kancheepuram Tamil Nadu5069 Habra - II North Twenty Four West BengalParganas5070 Kotli Mandi Himachal Pradesh5071 Kothagudem Khammam Andhra Pradesh5072 Badmal Jharsuguda Odisha5073 Dibrugarh West Dibrugarh Assam5074 'N' Thingdawl Kolasib Mizoram5075 Sultanpur Lodhi Kapurthala Punjab5076 Medchal Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh5077 Huzur Rewa Madhya Pradesh5078 Amta - I Haora West Bengal5079 Mandvi Kachchh Gujarat5080 Narendranagar Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand5081 Jagatsinghapur Jagatsinghapur Odisha5082 Hailakandi Hailakandi Assam5083 Idar Sabar Kantha Gujarat5084 Kodarma Kodarma Jharkhand5085 Gudiyatham Vellore Tamil Nadu5086 Vetapalem Prakasam Andhra Pradesh5087 Chirala Prakasam Andhra Pradesh5088 Jhanduta Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh5089 Gorakhpur Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh5090 Udhagamandalam The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu5091 Dera Baba Nanak Gurdaspur Punjab5092 Khambhat Anand Gujarat5093 Mancheswar Khordha Odisha5094 Kalameshwar Nagpur Maharashtra5095 Dergaon Golaghat Assam5096 Hindupur Anantapur Andhra Pradesh5097 Panagar Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh5098 Faizabad Faizabad Uttar Pradesh5099 Itarsi Hoshangabad Madhya Pradesh5100 Roorkee Hardwar Uttarakhand5101 Dodamarg Sindhudurg Maharashtra5102 Uluberia - II Haora West Bengal(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 45

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking5103 Karnaprayag Chamoli Uttarakhand5104 Thiruvallur Thiruvallur Tamil Nadu5105 Ibrahimpatnam Krishna Andhra Pradesh5106 Pakyong East District Sikkim5107 Sircilla Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh5108 Tadepalle Guntur Andhra Pradesh5109 Dharmpur Mandi Himachal Pradesh5110 Panhala Kolhapur Maharashtra5111 Jagatpur Cuttack Odisha5112 Bhadrota Mandi Himachal Pradesh5113 Hapur Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh5114 Udumalaipettai Tiruppur Tamil Nadu5115 Burla Sambalpur Odisha5116 Tezu Lohit Arunachal Pradesh5117 Baramati Pune Maharashtra5118 Gulbarga Gulbarga Karnataka5119 Raigarh Raigarh Chhattisgarh5120 Jhajjar Jhajjar Haryana5121 Srivaikuntam Thoothukkudi Tamil Nadu5122 Tiruchengode Namakkal Tamil Nadu5123 Raghurajnagar Satna Madhya Pradesh5124 Gaighata North Twenty Four West BengalParganas5125 Kuhoboto Dimapur Nagaland5126 Naraingarh Ambala Haryana5127 Munger Munger Bihar5128 Banaharapali Jharsuguda Odisha5129 Thingsulthliah (Part) Serchhip Mizoram5130 Suryapet Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh5131 Nanguneri Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu5132 Barbil Kendujhar Odisha5133 Tuensang Sadar Tuensang Nagaland5134 Faridkot Faridkot Punjab5135 Tirtol Jagatsinghapur Odisha5136 Bareilly Bareilly Uttar Pradesh5137 Lad Bharol Mandi Himachal Pradesh5138 Sidhpur Patan Gujarat5139 Mulshi Pune Maharashtra5140 Seijosa East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh5141 Manachanallur Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu5142 Kurinjipadi Cuddalore Tamil Nadu5143 Chhindwara Chhindwara Madhya Pradesh5144 Bilkhawthlir Kolasib Mizoram5145 Khawbung Champhai Mizoram5146 Budge Budge - II South Twenty Four West BengalParganas5147 Kamareddy Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh5148 Hajo Kamrup Assam5149 Roha Raigarh Maharashtra5150 Vuyyuru Krishna Andhra Pradesh5151 Chiplun Ratnagiri Maharashtra5152 Nazira Sivasagar Assam5153 Nelamangala Bangalore Rural Karnataka5154 Bokafa South Tripura Tripura5155 Nowshehra Rajouri Jammu & Kashmir5156 Kimin Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh5157 Sahid Matangini Purba Medinipur West Bengal5158 Kundah The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu5159 Palladam Tiruppur Tamil Nadu5160 Shenkottai Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu5161 Dadra & Nagar Haveli Dadra & Nagar Haveli Dadra & Nagar Haveli5162 Wani Yavatmal Maharashtra5163 Dinapur-Cum-Khagaul Patna Bihar465164 Cuttack Sadar Cuttack Odisha5165 Mahad Raigarh Maharashtra5166 Kankavli Sindhudurg Maharashtra5167 Nichar Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh5168 Sangareddy Medak Andhra Pradesh5169 Bhadravati Shimoga Karnataka5170 Kadi Mahesana Gujarat5171 Bhimavaram West Godavari Andhra Pradesh5172 Mangkolemba Mokokchung Nagaland5173 Shrivardhan Raigarh Maharashtra5174 Palasbari Kamrup Assam5175 Jamiri West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh5176 Mansa Gandhinagar Gujarat5177 Jalah (Pt) Barpeta Assam5178 Amritsar -I Amritsar Punjab5179 Daspur - II Paschim Medinipur West Bengal5180 Nagapattinam Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu5181 Shahkot Jalandhar Punjab5182 East Lungdar (Part) Champhai Mizoram5183 Siddipet Medak Andhra Pradesh5184 Ponneri Thiruvallur Tamil Nadu5185 Daskroi Ahmadabad Gujarat5186 Kolaghat Purba Medinipur West Bengal5187 Samana Patiala Punjab5188 Koregaon Satara Maharashtra5189 Kumharsain Shimla Himachal Pradesh5190 Anugul Anugul Odisha5191 Tirthahalli Shimoga Karnataka5192 Tlangnuam (Part) Kolasib Mizoram5193 Airfield (Kapila Prasad) Khordha Odisha5194 Paravada Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh5195 Bargarh Bargarh Odisha5196 Bhilwara Bhilwara Rajasthan5197 Badarpur Karimganj Assam5198 Ramnagar Nainital Uttarakhand5199 Sagar Shimoga Karnataka5200 Nalagarh Solan Himachal Pradesh5201 Spiti Lahul & Spiti Himachal Pradesh5202 Sohna Gurgaon Haryana5203 Amguri Sivasagar Assam5204 Nayagarh Nayagarh Odisha5205 Olpad Surat Gujarat5206 Tehri Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand5207 Patratu Ramgarh Jharkhand5208 Chandrapura Bokaro Jharkhand5209 Akhnoor Jammu Jammu & Kashmir5210 Kudal Sindhudurg Maharashtra5211 Bagnan - II Haora West Bengal5212 Almora Almora Uttarakhand5213 Bhusan Steel Limited Anugul Odisha5214 Nandyal Kurnool Andhra Pradesh5215 Murud Raigarh Maharashtra5216 Joshimath Chamoli Uttarakhand5217 Patsoi Imphal West Manipur5218 Satakha Zunheboto Nagaland5219 Anini Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh5220 Baroh Kangra Himachal Pradesh5221 Zunheboto Sadar Zunheboto Nagaland5222 Daporijo Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh5223 Pampore Pulwama Jammu & Kashmir5224 Bathinda Bathinda Punjab5225 Yingkiong Upper Siang Arunachal Pradesh5226 Harchakian Kangra Himachal Pradesh(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking5227 Cuddalore Cuddalore Tamil Nadu5228 Hinganghat Wardha Maharashtra5229 Kovilpatti Thoothukkudi Tamil Nadu5230 Medininagar Palamu Jharkhand(Daltonganj)5231 Palacole West Godavari Andhra Pradesh5232 Shirol Kolhapur Maharashtra5233 Alangulam Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu5234 Bhuj Kachchh Gujarat5235 Ambur Vellore Tamil Nadu5236 Medziphema Dimapur Nagaland5237 Karimganj Karimganj Assam5238 Barnala Barnala Punjab5239 Mayiladuthurai Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu5240 Mettupalayam Coimbatore Tamil Nadu5241 Tengakhat Dibrugarh Assam5242 Khandala Satara Maharashtra5243 Banderdawa Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh5244 Wai Satara Maharashtra5245 Naxalbari Darjiling West Bengal5246 Gournagar North Tripura Tripura5247 Sampla Rohtak Haryana5248 Barara Ambala Haryana5249 Jairampur Changlang Arunachal Pradesh5250 Arki Solan Himachal Pradesh5251 Katpadi Vellore Tamil Nadu5252 Theni Theni Tamil Nadu5253 Anjar Kachchh Gujarat5254 Aruppukkottai Virudhunagar Tamil Nadu5255 Old Ziro Lower Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh5256 Galore Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh5257 Dhoraji Rajkot Gujarat5258 Gautam Buddha Nagar Gautam Buddha Nagar Uttar Pradesh5259 Palanpur Banas Kantha Gujarat5260 Porbandar Porbandar Gujarat5261 Darlaghat Solan Himachal Pradesh5262 Vijapur Mahesana Gujarat5263 Baghmara-Cum-Katras Dhanbad Jharkhand5264 Savner Nagpur Maharashtra5265 Palsana Surat Gujarat5266 Ranaghat - I Nadia West Bengal5267 Bhatwari Uttarkashi Uttarakhand5268 Latur Latur Maharashtra5269 Kalyanpur West Tripura Tripura5270 Tinsukia Tinsukia Assam5271 Sangla Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh5272 Singchung West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh5273 Baba Bakala Amritsar Punjab5274 Jagatballavpur Haora West Bengal5275 Farrukhnagar Gurgaon Haryana5276 Paonta Sahib Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh5277 Gudivada Krishna Andhra Pradesh5278 Walwa Sangli Maharashtra5279 Rajapalayam Virudhunagar Tamil Nadu5280 Rampur Shimla Himachal Pradesh5281 Moga Moga Punjab5282 Jhansi Jhansi Uttar Pradesh5283 Srikakulam Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh5284 Khordha Khordha Odisha5285 Villianur Taluk Puducherry Puducherry5286 Proddatur YSR Andhra Pradesh5287 Olatapur Cuttack Odisha5288 Tanuku West Godavari Andhra PradeshSPECIAL ARTICLE5289 Bellampalle Adilabad Andhra Pradesh5290 Seoni Shimla Himachal Pradesh5291 Saharanpur Saharanpur Uttar Pradesh5292 Gondiya Gondiya Maharashtra5293 Habra - I North Twenty Four West BengalParganas5294 Narasimharajapura Chikmagalur Karnataka5295 Bishalgarh West Tripura Tripura5296 Varanasi Varanasi Uttar Pradesh5297 Khelari Ranchi Jharkhand5298 Hassan Hassan Karnataka5299 Girwa Udaipur Rajasthan5300 Diglipur North & Middle Andaman Andaman &Nicobar Islands5301 Dhuri Sangrur Punjab5302 Bhadravati Chandrapur Maharashtra5303 Banekuchi Nalbari Assam5304 Bangalore South Bangalore Karnataka5305 Jetpur Rajkot Gujarat5306 Rongram West Garo Hills Meghalaya5307 Tirupati (Rural) Chittoor Andhra Pradesh5308 Davanagere Davanagere Karnataka5309 Jamalpur Munger Bihar5310 Rongli East District Sikkim5311 Paradeep Lock Jagatsinghapur Odisha5312 Hrishyamukh South Tripura Tripura5313 Baldwara Mandi Himachal Pradesh5314 Sakleshpur Hassan Karnataka5315 Gondal Rajkot Gujarat5316 Jagdishpur Bhagalpur Bihar5317 Choudwar Cuttack Odisha5318 Bangana Una Himachal Pradesh5319 Lalkuan Nainital Uttarakhand5320 Kendujhar Town Kendujhar Odisha5321 Kalpa Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh5322 Churachandpur Churachandpur Manipur5323 Kichha Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand5324 Palayamkottai Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu5325 Patancheru Medak Andhra Pradesh5326 Shahbad Kurukshetra Haryana5327 Jajapur Road Jajapur Odisha5328 Murwara Katni Madhya Pradesh5329 Srisailam Kurnool Andhra Pradesh5330 Rangia (Pt) Kamrup Assam5331 Nizamabad Nizamabad Andhra Pradesh5332 Champhai Champhai Mizoram5333 Tenkasi Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu5334 Tumkur Tumkur Karnataka5335 Musahri Muzaffarpur Bihar5336 Poo Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh5337 Sangrur Sangrur Punjab5338 Nadiad Kheda Gujarat5339 Jagraon Ludhiana Punjab5340 Karad Satara Maharashtra5341 Pataudi Gurgaon Haryana5342 Jang Tawang Arunachal Pradesh5343 Thanesar Kurukshetra Haryana5344 Dhatwal Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh5345 Palghar Thane Maharashtra5346 Namchi South District Sikkim5347 Bikaner Bikaner Rajasthan5348 Gaya Town CD Block Gaya Bihar5349 Ramgarh Ramgarh Jharkhand(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 47

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking5350 Tuli Mokokchung Nagaland5351 Jaswan Kangra Himachal Pradesh5352 Namsang Tirap Arunachal Pradesh5353 Sonarpur South Twenty Four West BengalParganas5354 Pithoragarh Pithoragarh Uttarakhand5355 Changtongya Mokokchung Nagaland5356 Baramulla Baramula Jammu & Kashmir5357 Fatehpur Kangra Himachal Pradesh5358 Poornagiri Champawat Uttarakhand5359 Raniganj Barddhaman West Bengal5360 Rangli Rangliot Darjiling West Bengal5361 Kancheepuram Kancheepuram Tamil Nadu5362 Barang Cuttack Odisha5363 Aalo West Siang Arunachal Pradesh5364 Yellapur Uttara Kannada Karnataka5365 Kakinada (Rural) East Godavari Andhra Pradesh5366 Bishnupur - II South Twenty Four West BengalParganas5367 Bongaigaon (Pt) Chirang Assam5368 Umbergaon Valsad Gujarat5369 Sivakasi Virudhunagar Tamil Nadu5370 Amalapuram East Godavari Andhra Pradesh5371 Rajahmundry Rural East Godavari Andhra Pradesh5372 Pandabeswar Barddhaman West Bengal5373 Bagnan - I Haora West Bengal5374 Thingsulthliah (Part) Aizawl Mizoram5375 Bilaspur Bilaspur Chhattisgarh5376 Ganganagar Ganganagar Rajasthan5377 Madanapalle Chittoor Andhra Pradesh5378 Jawalamukhi Kangra Himachal Pradesh5379 Manali Kullu Himachal Pradesh5380 Thirunallar Taluk Karaikal Puducherry5381 Silchar Cachar Assam5382 Jogindarnagar Mandi Himachal Pradesh5383 Palus Sangli Maharashtra5384 Nandankanan Khordha Odisha5385 Haroli Una Himachal Pradesh5386 Bangalore East Bangalore Karnataka5387 Adityapur(Gamharia) Saraikela-Kharsawan Jharkhand5388 Budge Budge - I South Twenty Four West BengalParganas5389 Sawantwadi Sindhudurg Maharashtra5390 Machilipatnam Krishna Andhra Pradesh5391 Kumarghat North Tripura Tripura5392 Alibag Raigarh Maharashtra5393 Chas Bokaro Jharkhand5394 Thiruvarur Thiruvarur Tamil Nadu5395 Kurnool Kurnool Andhra Pradesh5396 Nagrota Bagwan Kangra Himachal Pradesh5397 Hiranagar Kathua Jammu & Kashmir5398 Mancherial Adilabad Andhra Pradesh5399 Sulur Coimbatore Tamil Nadu5400 Rakkar Kangra Himachal Pradesh5401 Balachaur Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar Punjab5402 Wallajah Vellore Tamil Nadu5403 Karur Karur Tamil Nadu5404 Hingna Nagpur Maharashtra5405 Ramanathapuram Ramanathapuram Tamil Nadu5406 Bhandara Bhandara Maharashtra5407 Malerkotla Sangrur Punjab5408 Kokrajhar (Pt) Chirang Assam5409 Yavatmal Yavatmal Maharashtra485410 Bharari Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh5411 Bangalore North Bangalore Karnataka5412 Jorhat West Jorhat Assam5413 CRRI Cuttack Odisha5414 Shahpur Kangra Himachal Pradesh5415 Anandpur Sahib Rupnagar Punjab5416 Panchla Haora West Bengal5417 Melaghar West Tripura Tripura5418 Hirakud Sambalpur Odisha5419 Akuluto Zunheboto Nagaland5420 Siddapur Uttara Kannada Karnataka5421 Kakraban South Tripura Tripura5422 Mahabaleshwar Satara Maharashtra5423 Kandaghat Solan Himachal Pradesh5424 Rewari Rewari Haryana5425 Udumbanchola Idukki Kerala5426 Vikasnagar Dehradun Uttarakhand5427 Batala Gurdaspur Punjab5428 Karnal Karnal Haryana5429 Indora Kangra Himachal Pradesh5430 Jaisinghpur Kangra Himachal Pradesh5431 Barsar Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh5432 East Lungdar (Part) Serchhip Mizoram5433 Koraput Town Koraput Odisha5434 Vellore Vellore Tamil Nadu5435 Mandi Mandi Himachal Pradesh5436 Chittur Palakkad Kerala5437 Kalol Gandhinagar Gujarat5438 Sarkaghat Mandi Himachal Pradesh5439 Raghunathapali Sundargarh Odisha5440 Mahbubnagar Mahbubnagar Andhra Pradesh5441 Mundra Kachchh Gujarat5442 Himatnagar Sabar Kantha Gujarat5443 Sunabeda Koraput Odisha5444 Dhar Kalan Gurdaspur Punjab5445 Gwalior (Gird) Gwalior Madhya Pradesh5446 Pudukkottai Pudukkottai Tamil Nadu5447 Dera Gopipur Kangra Himachal Pradesh5448 Erode Erode Tamil Nadu5449 Talcher Sadar Anugul Odisha5450 Haflong Dima Hasao Assam5451 Ankola Uttara Kannada Karnataka5452 Nakodar Jalandhar Punjab5453 Visnagar Mahesana Gujarat5454 Ghumarwin Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh5455 Modinagar Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh5456 Ujjain Ujjain Madhya Pradesh5457 Wadhwan Surendranagar Gujarat5458 Mawal Pune Maharashtra5459 Mananthavady Wayanad Kerala5460 Tira Sujanpur Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh5461 Dalhousie Chamba Himachal Pradesh5462 Mandamarri Adilabad Andhra Pradesh5463 Nadaun Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh5464 Khammam (Urban) Khammam Andhra Pradesh5465 Khowai West Tripura Tripura5466 Kumbakonam Thanjavur Tamil Nadu5467 Panipat Panipat Haryana5468 Vijayawada (Rural) Krishna Andhra Pradesh5469 Kotagiri The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu5470 Nabha Patiala Punjab5471 Teliamura West Tripura Tripura5472 Malwan Sindhudurg Maharashtra(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking5473 Nalgonda Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh5474 Jalgaon Jalgaon Maharashtra5475 Mahesana Mahesana Gujarat5476 Sringeri Chikmagalur Karnataka5477 Agra Agra Uttar Pradesh5478 Sundarnagar Mandi Himachal Pradesh5479 Amreli Amreli Gujarat5480 Matigara Darjiling West Bengal5481 Ramagundam Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh5482 Mirik Darjiling West Bengal5483 Jodhpur Jodhpur Rajasthan5484 Chanditala - I Hugli West Bengal5485 Virudhunagar Virudhunagar Tamil Nadu5486 Yanam Taluk Yanam Puducherry5487 Vizianagaram Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh5488 Kurseong Darjiling West Bengal5489 Sandhol Mandi Himachal Pradesh5490 Gurdaspur Gurdaspur Punjab5491 Bhoranj Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh5492 Rajnagar South Tripura Tripura5493 Salem Salem Tamil Nadu5494 Chikmagalur Chikmagalur Karnataka5495 Raikot Ludhiana Punjab5496 Kathua Kathua Jammu & Kashmir5497 Barasat - I North Twenty Four West BengalParganas5498 Hardwar Hardwar Uttarakhand5499 Meerut Meerut Uttar Pradesh5500 Ratnagiri Ratnagiri Maharashtra5501 Rajpura Patiala Punjab5502 Tenali Guntur Andhra Pradesh5503 Kamalpur Kamrup Assam5504 Sonipat Sonipat Haryana5505 Kashipur Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand5506 Singur Hugli West Bengal5507 Shimoga Shimoga Karnataka5508 Bhulath Kapurthala Punjab5509 Bhiwandi Thane Maharashtra5510 Sathankulam Thoothukkudi Tamil Nadu5511 Vengurla Sindhudurg Maharashtra5512 Sulthanbathery Wayanad Kerala5513 Mudigere Chikmagalur Karnataka5514 Matarbari South Tripura Tripura5515 Eluru West Godavari Andhra Pradesh5516 Gudalur The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu5517 Nurpur Kangra Himachal Pradesh5518 Bhusawal Jalgaon Maharashtra5519 Hoshangabad Hoshangabad Madhya Pradesh5520 Sriperumbudur Kancheepuram Tamil Nadu5521 Anand Anand Gujarat5522 Devikulam Idukki Kerala5523 Bishnah Jammu Jammu & Kashmir5524 Anekal Bangalore Karnataka5525 Koppa Chikmagalur Karnataka5526 Jawali Kangra Himachal Pradesh5527 Thural Kangra Himachal Pradesh5528 Baijnath Kangra Himachal Pradesh5529 Kamptee Nagpur Maharashtra5530 Samrala Ludhiana Punjab5531 Kargil Kargil Jammu & Kashmir5532 Unjha Mahesana Gujarat5533 Nahan Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh5534 Nagaon Morigaon AssamSPECIAL ARTICLE5535 Jatani Khordha Odisha5536 Barbhag Nalbari Assam5537 Morvi Rajkot Gujarat5538 Chittoor Chittoor Andhra Pradesh5539 Ambasamudram Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu5540 Karaikkudi Sivaganga Tamil Nadu5541 Akola Akola Maharashtra5542 Khamanon Fatehgarh Sahib Punjab5543 Belpahar Jharsuguda Odisha5544 Hatkanangle Kolhapur Maharashtra5545 Nanded Nanded Maharashtra5546 Chinsurah - Magra Hugli West Bengal5547 Anantapur Anantapur Andhra Pradesh5548 Shimla (Rural ) Shimla Himachal Pradesh5549 Radhapuram Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu5550 Kapurthala Kapurthala Punjab5551 Gandevi Navsari Gujarat5552 Miraj Sangli Maharashtra5553 Sanganer Jaipur Rajasthan5554 Raipur Raipur Chhattisgarh5555 Thanjavur Thanjavur Tamil Nadu5556 Somvarpet Kodagu Karnataka5557 Ongpangkong Mokokchung Nagaland5558 Khalapur Raigarh Maharashtra5559 Manesar Gurgaon Haryana5560 Nagar Ahmadnagar Maharashtra5561 Tezpur Nagaon Assam5562 Rohtak Rohtak Haryana5563 Jharsuguda Jharsuguda Odisha5564 Jorebunglow Darjiling West BengalSukiapokhri5565 Mayabunder North & Andaman &Middle Andaman Nicobar Islands5566 Hamirpur Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh5567 Bahadurgarh Jhajjar Haryana5568 Fatehgarh Sahib Fatehgarh Sahib Punjab5569 Kadamtala North Tripura Tripura5570 Belgaum Belgaum Karnataka5571 Panthalur The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu5572 Samba Samba Jammu & Kashmir5573 Garhshankar Hoshiarpur Punjab5574 Madurai North Madurai Tamil Nadu5575 Salanpur Birbhum West Bengal5576 Ondal Barddhaman West Bengal5577 Pasighat East Siang Arunachal Pradesh5578 Guntur Guntur Andhra Pradesh5579 Saiha Saiha Mizoram5580 Wokha Sadar Wokha Nagaland5581 Ballarpur Chandrapur Maharashtra5582 Leh Leh(Ladakh) Jammu & Kashmir5583 Srinagar (North) Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir5584 Kundapura Udupi Karnataka5585 Chengalpattu Kancheepuram Tamil Nadu5586 Salema Dhalai Tripura5587 Dhira Kangra Himachal Pradesh5588 Ongole Prakasam Andhra Pradesh5589 Ramachandrapuram Medak Andhra Pradesh5590 North Guwahati (Pt) Kamrup Assam5591 Jalandhar - Ii Jalandhar Punjab5592 Kangra Kangra Himachal Pradesh5593 Una Una Himachal Pradesh5594 Rajendranagar Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh5595 Navsari Navsari Gujarat(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 49

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking5596 Pachim Nalbari Nalbari Assam5597 Dibrugarh East Dibrugarh Assam5598 Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Gujarat5599 Amb Una Himachal Pradesh5600 Durg Durg Chhattisgarh5601 Nalco Anugul Odisha5602 Alathur Palakkad Kerala5603 Bassi Pathana Fatehgarh Sahib Punjab5604 Bongaigaon (Pt) Bongaigaon Assam5605 Wardha Wardha Maharashtra5606 Khandagiri Khordha Odisha5607 Ajmer Ajmer Rajasthan5608 Nainital Nainital Uttarakhand5609 Payal Ludhiana Punjab5610 Jagadhri Yamunanagar Haryana5611 N.T.P.C. Anugul Odisha5612 Solapur North Solapur Maharashtra5613 Sanguem South Goa Goa5614 Bilaspur Sadar Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh5615 Nellore Prakasam Andhra Pradesh5616 Warangal Warangal Andhra Pradesh5617 Satari North Goa Goa5618 Panisagar North Tripura Tripura5619 Jamnagar Jamnagar Gujarat5620 Pedagantyada Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh5621 Aurangabad Aurangabad Maharashtra5622 Canacona South Goa Goa5623 Bikrampur Anugul Odisha5624 Ladpura Kota Rajasthan5625 Serchhip Serchhip Mizoram5626 Anklesvar Bharuch Gujarat5627 Jirania West Tripura Tripura5628 Allahabad Allahabad Uttar Pradesh5629 Hazaribag Hazaribagh Jharkhand5630 Doimukh Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh5631 Domjur Haora West Bengal5632 Karimnagar Karimnagar Andhra Pradesh5633 Mannarkad Palakkad Kerala5634 Sirsi Uttara Kannada Karnataka5635 Nagpur (Rural) Nagpur Maharashtra5636 Vythiri Wayanad Kerala5637 Porompat Imphal East Manipur5638 Dasua Hoshiarpur Punjab5639 Rameswaram Ramanathapuram Tamil Nadu5640 Ziro (Sadar) Lower Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh5641 Uran Raigarh Maharashtra5642 Chamkaur Sahib Rupnagar Punjab5643 Barrackpur - I North Twenty Four West BengalParganas5644 Baddi Solan Himachal Pradesh5645 Virajpet Kodagu Karnataka5646 Thakurpukur South Twenty Four West BengalMahestolaParganas5647 Ranbir Singh Pora Jammu Jammu & Kashmir5648 Srinagar (South) Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir5649 Ludhiana (West) Ludhiana Punjab5650 Valsad Valsad Gujarat5651 Patiala Patiala Punjab5652 Panchkula Panchkula Haryana5653 Bharuch Bharuch Gujarat5654 Dera Bassi Sahibzada PunjabAjit Singh Nagar5655 Coimbatore North Coimbatore Tamil Nadu505656 Jalalpore Navsari Gujarat5657 Quepem South Goa Goa5658 Satara Satara Maharashtra5659 Penamaluru Krishna Andhra Pradesh5660 Thovala Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu5661 Bajali (Pt) Barpeta Assam5662 Sankrail Haora West Bengal5663 Ghatkesar Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh5664 Junagadh Junagadh Gujarat5665 Bermo Bokaro Jharkhand5666 Tihu (Pt) Nalbari Assam5667 Pardi Valsad Gujarat5668 Huzur Bhopal Madhya Pradesh5669 Kadapa Y.S.R. Andhra Pradesh5670 Hayathnagar Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh5671 Bhavnagar Bhavnagar Gujarat5672 Bomdila West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh5673 Dhanbad-Cum- Dhanbad JharkhandKenduadih-Cum-Jagata5674 Nawanshahr Shahid Bhagat PunjabSingh Nagar5675 Kotdwara Garhwal Uttarakhand5676 Chumukedima Dimapur Nagaland5677 Hanamkonda Warangal Andhra Pradesh5678 Kanpur Kanpur Nagar Uttar Pradesh5679 Tiruppur Tiruppur Tamil Nadu5680 Valparai Coimbatore Tamil Nadu5681 Rajarhat North Twenty Four West BengalParganas5682 Gandhidham Kachchh Gujarat5683 Jabalpur Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh5684 Orient Jharsuguda Odisha5685 Mukerian Hoshiarpur Punjab5686 Bandlaguda Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5687 Chorasi Surat Gujarat5688 Kumta Uttara Kannada Karnataka5689 Peerumade Idukki Kerala5690 Sibsagar Sivasagar Assam5691 Tiruchendur Thoothukkudi Tamil Nadu5692 Bhatkal Uttara Kannada Karnataka5693 Kalka Panchkula Haryana5694 Honavar Uttara Kannada Karnataka5695 Pendurthi Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh5696 Amloh Fatehgarh Sahib Punjab5697 Lunglei Lunglei Mizoram5698 Colliery Anugul Odisha5699 Coonoor The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu5700 Gangtok East District Sikkim5701 Kharar Sahibzada PunjabAjit Singh Nagar5702 Qutubullapur Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh5703 Pathankot Gurdaspur Punjab5704 Phillaur Jalandhar Punjab5705 Indore Indore Madhya Pradesh5706 Kanke Ranchi Jharkhand5707 Mysore Mysore Karnataka5708 Tirunelveli Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu5709 Ghaziabad Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh5710 Dadri Gautam Buddha Nagar Uttar Pradesh5711 Hoshiarpur Hoshiarpur Punjab5712 Narela North West Nct of Delhi5713 Nangal Rupnagar Punjab(Continued)january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly

Annexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking5714 Lucknow Lucknow Uttar Pradesh5715 Bahadurpura Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5716 Ambala Ambala Haryana5717 Nalbari Nalbari Assam5718 Amravati Amravati Maharashtra5719 Karvir Kolhapur Maharashtra5720 Solan Solan Himachal Pradesh5721 Haldwani Nainital Uttarakhand5722 Chanditala - Ii Hugli West Bengal5723 Naharlagun Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh5724 Srinagar Garhwal Uttarakhand5725 Rangat North & Andaman &Middle Andaman Nicobar Islands5726 Kakinada (Urban) East Godavari Andhra Pradesh5727 Kasauli Solan Himachal Pradesh5728 Paradip Jagatsinghapur Odisha5729 Mohanpur West Tripura Tripura5730 Tawang Circle Tawang Arunachal Pradesh5731 Chungthang North District Sikkim5732 Palampur Kangra Himachal Pradesh5733 Rishikesh Dehradun Uttarakhand5734 Rup Nagar Rupnagar Punjab5735 Visakhapatnam (Rural) Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh5736 Dharmsala Kangra Himachal Pradesh5737 Faridabad Faridabad Haryana5738 Tamando Khordha Odisha5739 Phulabani Town Kandhamal Odisha5740 Karaikal Taluk Karaikal Puducherry5741 Chandrapur Chandrapur Maharashtra5742 Azara Kamrup Metropolitan Assam5743 Khanna Ludhiana Punjab5744 Beltangadi Dakshina Kannada Karnataka5745 Kuttanad Alappuzha Kerala5746 Charminar Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5747 Vijayawada (Urban) Krishna Andhra Pradesh5748 Amritsar- Ii Amritsar Punjab5749 Diu Diu Daman & Diu5750 Seelam Pur North East Nct Of Delhi5751 Keesara Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh5752 Thiruverumbur Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu5753 Bharwain Una Himachal Pradesh5754 Delhi Cantonment South West Nct Of Delhi5755 Patna Rural Patna Bihar5756 Kalkaji South Nct Of Delhi5757 Karkal Udupi Karnataka5758 Nilambur Malappuram Kerala5759 Nancowry Nicobars Andaman &Nicobar Islands5760 Poonamallee Thiruvallur Tamil Nadu5761 North Guwahati (Pt) Kamrup Metropolitan Assam5762 Nashik Nashik Maharashtra5763 Bally Jagachha Haora West Bengal5764 Ernad Malappuram Kerala5765 Asifnagar Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5766 Raurkela (Its)P.S. Sundargarh Odisha5767 Itanagar Papum Pare Arunachal Pradesh5768 Serampur Uttarpara Hugli West Bengal5769 Barrackpur - Ii North Twenty Four West BengalParganas5770 Tirumalagiri Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5771 Jammu Jammu Jammu & Kashmir5772 Kendrapara Kendrapara Odisha5773 Gajuwaka Visakhapatnam Andhra PradeshSPECIAL ARTICLE5774 Ambarnath Thane Maharashtra5775 Golmuri-Cum-Jugsalai Purbi Singhbhum Jharkhand5776 Palakkad Palakkad Kerala5777 Panvel Raigarh Maharashtra5778 Phagwara Kapurthala Punjab5779 Great Nicobar Nicobars Andaman &Nicobar Islands5780 Golconda Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5781 Little Andaman South Andaman Andaman &Nicobar Islands5782 Seema Puri North East Nct Of Delhi5783 Sundargarh Town Sundargarh Odisha5784 Rajahmundry East Godavari Andhra Pradesh(Urban)5785 Sambalpur (M) Sambalpur Odisha5786 Madikeri Kodagu Karnataka5787 Ferrargunj South Andaman Andaman &Nicobar Islands5788 Mathavaram Thiruvallur Tamil Nadu5789 Bhalukpong West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh5790 Sholinganallur Kancheepuram Tamil Nadu5791 Sadar Bazar North Nct Of Delhi5792 Perinthalmanna Malappuram Kerala5793 Jaipur Jaipur Rajasthan5794 Vilavancode Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu5795 Thoothukkudi Thoothukkudi Tamil Nadu5796 Madurai South Madurai Tamil Nadu5797 Dukli West Tripura Tripura5798 Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh(Urban)5799 Rajkot Rajkot Gujarat5800 Tirupati (Urban) Chittoor Andhra Pradesh5801 Shaikpet Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5802 Thodupuzha Idukki Kerala5803 Kasaragod Kasaragod Kerala5804 Baripada (M) Mayurbhanj Odisha5805 Coimbatore South Coimbatore Tamil Nadu5806 Mylliem East Khasi Hills Meghalaya5807 Karwar Uttara Kannada Karnataka5808 Pernem North Goa Goa5809 Bantval Dakshina Kannada Karnataka5810 Kalkulam Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu5811 Saroornagar Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh5812 Vasai Thane Maharashtra5813 Haveli Pune Maharashtra5814 Kothamangalam Ernakulam Kerala5815 Pathanapuram Kollam Kerala5816 Bicholim North Goa Goa5817 Serilingampally Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh5818 Nampally Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5819 Raurkela (M) Sundargarh Odisha5820 Puducherry Taluk Puducherry Puducherry5821 Darya Ganj Central Nct Of Delhi5822 Kohima Sadar Kohima Nagaland5823 Nedumangad Thiruvananthapuram Kerala5824 Puttur Dakshina Kannada Karnataka5825 Punjabi Bagh West Nct Of Delhi5826 Kottarakkara Kollam Kerala5827 Hosdurg Kasaragod Kerala5828 Chanakya Puri New Delhi Nct Of Delhi5829 Kunnathur Kollam Kerala5830 Dimapur Sadar Dimapur Nagaland5831 Ottappalam Palakkad Kerala(Continued)Economic & Political Weekly EPW january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 51

SPECIAL ARTICLEAnnexure B: List of Sub-districts in Descending Order of Backwardness based on the Index (Continued)Backwardness Sub-District District State Backwardness Sub-District District StateRankingRanking5832 Model Town North West Nct of Delhi5833 Ludhiana (East) Ludhiana Punjab5834 Saidabad Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5835 Tirur Malappuram Kerala5836 Sulya Dakshina Kannada Karnataka5837 Jorhat East Jorhat Assam5838 Surat City Surat Gujarat5839 Baleshwar (M) Baleshwar Odisha5840 Brahmapur Ganjam Odisha(M Corp)5841 Lamphelpat Imphal West Manipur5842 Balanagar Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh5843 Talappilly Thrissur Kerala5844 Saraswati Vihar North West Nct of Delhi5845 Tirurangadi Malappuram Kerala5846 Sas Nagar (Mohali) Sahibzada PunjabAjit Singh Nagar5847 Chirayinkeezhu Thiruvananthapuram Kerala5848 Ponnani Malappuram Kerala5849 Puri (M) Ganjam Odisha5850 Secunderabad Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5851 Neyyattinkara Thiruvananthapuram Kerala5852 Uppal Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh5853 Mormugao South Goa Goa5854 Udupi Udupi Karnataka5855 Ponda North Goa Goa5856 Ranni Pathanamthitta Kerala5857 Adoor Pathanamthitta Kerala5858 Hauz Khas South Nct Of Delhi5859 Amini Lakshadweep Lakshadweep5860 Daman Daman Daman & Diu5861 Gurgaon Gurgaon Haryana5862 Dehradun Dehradun Uttarakhand5863 Jalandhar - I Jalandhar Punjab5864 Ozhukarai Taluk Puducherry Puducherry5865 Vadakara Kozhikode Kerala5866 Car Nicobar Nicobars Andaman &Nicobar Islands5867 Pahar Ganj Central Nct of Delhi5868 Agastheeswaram Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu5869 Ulhasnagar Thane Maharashtra5870 Vasant Vihar South West Nct of Delhi5871 Quilandy Kozhikode Kerala5872 Taliparamba Kannur Kerala5873 Amberpet Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5874 Civil Lines North Nct of Delhi5875 Ambattur Thiruvallur Tamil Nadu5876 Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh5877 Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu5878 Najafgarh South West Nct of Delhi5879 Malkajgiri Rangareddy Andhra Pradesh5880 Bhubaneswar (M Corp) Khordha Odisha5881 Shahdara North East Nct of Delhi5882 Ahmadabad City Ahmadabad Gujarat5883 Kozhenchery Pathanamthitta Kerala5884 Kunnathunad Ernakulam Kerala5885 Vadodara Vadodara Gujarat5886 Muvattupuzha Ernakulam Kerala5887 Musheerabad Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5888 Khairatabad Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5889 Karthikappally Alappuzha Kerala5890 Port Blair South Andaman Andaman &Nicobar Islands5891 Bitra Lakshadweep Lakshadweep5892 Maredpalle Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5893 Mavelikkara Alappuzha Kerala5894 Thalassery Kannur Kerala5895 Cuttack (M Corp) PS Cuttack Odisha5896 Tambaram Kancheepuram Tamil Nadu5897 Karunagappally Kollam Kerala5898 Patel Nagar West Nct of Delhi5899 Bardez North Goa Goa5900 Salcete South Goa Goa5901 Kanjirappally Kottayam Kerala5902 Vaikom Kottayam Kerala5903 Thane Thane Maharashtra5904 Tiswadi North Goa Goa5905 Minicoy Lakshadweep Lakshadweep5906 Rajouri Garden West Nct of Delhi5907 Kalyan Thane Maharashtra5908 Agatti Lakshadweep Lakshadweep5909 Kiltan Lakshadweep Lakshadweep5910 Ambalappuzha Alappuzha Kerala5911 Kotwali North Nct of Delhi5912 Chetlat Lakshadweep Lakshadweep5913 Kollam Kollam Kerala5914 Tlangnuam (Part) Aizawl Mizoram5915 Nagpur (Urban) Nagpur Maharashtra5916 Mukundapuram Thrissur Kerala5917 Connaught Place New Delhi Nct of Delhi5918 Preet Vihar East Nct of Delhi5919 Kozhikode Kozhikode Kerala5920 Kavaratti Lakshadweep Lakshadweep5921 Cherthala Alappuzha Kerala5922 Chengannur Alappuzha Kerala5923 Meenachil Kottayam Kerala5924 Andrott Lakshadweep Lakshadweep5925 Aluva Ernakulam Kerala5926 Mallappally Pathanamthitta Kerala5927 Defence Colony South Nct of Delhi5928 Chavakkad Thrissur Kerala5929 Pune City Pune Maharashtra5930 Mangalore Dakshina Kannada Karnataka5931 Vivek Vihar East Nct of Delhi5932 Alandur Kancheepuram Tamil Nadu5933 Himayathnagar Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5934 Parliament Street New Delhi Nct of Delhi5935 Changanassery Kottayam Kerala5936 Guwahati Kamrup Metropolitan Assam5937 Shimla (Urban) Shimla Himachal Pradesh5938 Gandhi Nagar East Nct of Delhi5939 Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kerala5940 Ameerpet Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh5941 Thiruvalla Pathanamthitta Kerala5942 Kalpeni Lakshadweep Lakshadweep5943 Dispur Kamrup Metropolitan Assam5944 Kodungallur Thrissur Kerala5945 Thrissur Thrissur Kerala5946 Paravur Ernakulam Kerala5947 Kochi Ernakulam Kerala5948 Kadmat Lakshadweep Lakshadweep5949 Karol Bagh Central Nct of Delhi5950 Kannur Kannur Kerala5951 Kottayam Kottayam Kerala5952 Kanayannur Ernakulam Kerala5953 Mahe Taluk Mahe Puducherry5954 Lingaraj Khordha Odisha5955 Baghbor Goalpara Assam52january 3, 2015 vol L no 1 EPW Economic & Political Weekly