hindi paper 1 prachin n madhyakalin kavya - Saurashtra University

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AFN p5,aW V5E|\X ;FlCtI D— IC ÝJ`l¿IF¡ VlWS pEZL Cq." lNBF." 5M+TL
C{ × VT ,J lCgNL ;FlCtI SF VFZ\lESSF, IF VFlNSF, !_JÄ ;NL ;[
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VgW[IqU S[ :i D— HFGGF U,T GCÄ CF[UF ÉIF—lS .; IqU D— CZ TZO
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ZFHGLlT G[ lJS`T :i WFZ6 SZ l,IF YF v ^^.; ;DI ZF9F{04 ;F[,\SL4
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CF[GF VFZ\E CF[ UIF YF × lJEFHS XlÉTIF— SF .TGF VlWS ÝFA

CF[M+ ,UL ZCTL YL ^A|Fï6 AF{â4 H{G TLGF— WDF"J,\AL 5Z:5Z ;\3Ø"ZT
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;FWGF S[ SFZ6 ÝEFJCLG ;F CF[ UIF YF × J{Q6J WD" EL prRvGLR4
K}VFvK}T SL DFgITFVF— S[ SFZ6 5FB\0F[ ;[ l3Z UIF YF × 5Z JC SCGF
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S[ lJRFZSF— SF[ GI[ -\U ;[ ;F[RG[ S[ l,, AFwI SZ lNIF × NlÙ6 EFZT
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lJXF, U|\Y SF[ KF5G[ SF ;J" ÝYD lJRFZ ^ZFI, ,lXIFl8S ;F[;FI8L* G[
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s2f DwID :iFgTZ o
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ÝlTIF¡ DwID :iF\TZ SL C{ × SCF HFTF C{ lS .GSL ÝFRLGTD ÝlT ;\P
!&*# SL l,BL Cq." C{ ×
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s#f ,3q :iF\TZ o
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GZF[TDNF; :JFDL VFlN lJäFGF[ G[ .;SL 5IF"%T RRF" SL C{ ×
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.G RFZF[ :iF\TF— D— 5`yJLZFH ZF;F[ SL HF[ SYF 5F." HFTL C{ .GSF
;FZF\X SqK .; ÝSFZ C{ ×
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,S 5q+ CqVF × lN

D— R,F VFIF × XFCAqNLG UF[ZL G[ RF{CFG SF[ IC WDSL NL lS IlN JC
p;[ UHGL GCÄ ,F{8FI[UF TF[ p;[ EI\SZ Iqâ SF ;FDGF SZGF 5M+[UF ×
5`yJLZFH G[ Iqâ SF[ :JLSFZ lSIF × uIFZCAFZ UF[ZL ;[ ,M+F." Cq." VF{Z CZ
AFZ UF[ZL 5ZFlHT CqVF × AFZCJL AFZ UF[ZL K, ;[ 5`yJLZFH SF[ S{N SZS[
UHGL ,[ UIF ,J\ pGSL VF¡B[ OqM+JF NL × RF{CF6 G[ XaN E[NL AF6 ;[
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G[ V5G[ U|\Y D— SFOL lJ:TFZ S[ ;FY Jl6"T lSIF C{ × lCgNL EFØF D— IC
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VFlN 5J"
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3 lN

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18 lN

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41 5ßH}G RF,qS Ý:TFJ
42 RgN äFlZSF UDG
43 S{DF; Iqâ
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46 lJGI D\U,
47 ;qS J6"G
48 JF,qSZFI Ý:TFJ
49 5\U7I lJwJ\X J6"G
50 ;\IF[lUTF GFD Ý:TFJ
51 CF¡;L5qZ ÝYD Iqâ
52 läTLI CF¡;L Iqâ
53 5ßH}G DCqJF Ý:TFJ
54 5ßH}G 5FlT;FC Iqâ Ý:TFJ
55 ;FD\T 5\U Iqâ Ý:TFJ
56 ;DZ5\U Iqâ GFD Ý:TFJ
57 S{DF; JW ;DI
58 N}UF" S[NFZ ;DI
59 lN

61 SGJH SYF
62 XqS RlZ+
63 VFB[8 XF5 Ý:TFJ
64 WLZ 5q\0LZ Ý:TFJ
65 lJJFC ;DI
66 AM+L ,0F." ;DI
67 AFGA[W ;DI
68 ZFHF Z{6;L GFD Ý:TFJ
69 DCF[AFB\0
5`yJLZFH ZF;F[ S[ .G &) ;DIF— SF[ ZF;F[ ;A\WL lGS,[ RFZF— :iF\TZF[
S[ ;FY Tq,GFtDS :i ;[ HF[M+SZ VwIIG lSIF HFI TF[ .G ;DIF— D— ;[
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1 VFlN 5J" 6 S{DF; JW
2 lN

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C{ VF{Z ICF¡ lN

N[BF HFI TF[ ZF;F[ XaN S[ lEgGvlEgG Ko :iF— SL RRF" lD,TL
C{ × ^^ZF;4 ZF;F4 ZF;F[4 ZF;F{ ZFI;F[ VF{Z ZFI;F × pGS[ jIqt5FNG D—
;DIv;DI 5Z ;\:S`T S[ Ko XaN IYF ZC:I4 Z;F5G4 ZFHN[X4 ZFHIX4
ZF; VF{Z ZF;S Ý:TqT lS, U, C{ ×** 24
UFTF"vNvTF;L S[ VGq;FZ ^ZFH;}* ^ZFH;}I* XaN ÝFRLG ÝlTl,l5IF—
5Z l,BF CqVF lD,TF C{ × VTo .;S[ VFWFZ 5Z ^ZF;F[* XaN AGF CF[UF ×
xIFD,NF; ,J\ SFXL Ý;FN G[ ^ZF;F[* XaN SF lJSF; ^ZC:I* ;[ DFGF C{ ×
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MkW- DFTFÝ;FN Uq%T G[ V5E| \X SL .; ZF; IF ZF;S 5Z\5ZF S[ NF[
:i DFG[ C{ × s!f ULT G`tI 5ZS4 s2f KgN J{lJwI 5ZS 26 lHGD— ,S SF
pNŸN[xI C{ ULTF[ S[ DFwID ;[ WD" SF ÝRFZ SZGF H{;[ p5N[X Z;FIG ZF;4
AqlâZF; VFlN TF[ N};ZL 5Z\5ZF SF pNŸN[xI JLZF— S[ RlZ+vJ6"G SZGF ZCF
C{ × .G;[ :5Q8 C{ lS 5C,[ ^ZF;F[* SFjIF[ SL ZRGF SF pNŸN[xI ÝWFG U[I
:i SF[ lJSl;T SZGF ZCF CF[UF × pGSF z[Q9 pNFCZ6 ^;\N[X ZF;S*
C{ × ^^lCgNL D— IC 5Z\5ZF V5E|\X SL WFlD"S ^ZF; 5Z\5ZF* ;[ :J:i D—
lEgG 5Z\Tq Ý[Z6F D— ;DFG ^,[lTCFl;S ZF;F[* SFjI 5Z\5ZF S[ :i D—
lJSl;T Cq." YL ×
27
^ZF;F[* 5Z\5ZF SL VUZ AFT SZ— TF[ .;D— ÝYD ÝFDFl6S ZRGF S[
:i D— ^;\N[X ZF;S* SF[ l,IF HF ;STF C{ × HF[ uIFZCJL XTFaNL D—
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DD":5XL" C{ × Dq

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lJEFlHT lSIF UIF C{ H{;[ v
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ZFHDTL ;[ lJJFC
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p0L;FvlJHI S[ l,, Ý:YFG ,J\ JCF p;SF :JFUT ×
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SF ,F{8GF ×
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VHD[Z D— VFTF C{ TYF VFGgNF[t;J DGFIF HFTF C{ ×
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UlZDF4 ;FltJS EFJv;\J[NGF ;\IF[UvlJIF[U l:YlT SF :5gNGXL, lR+6 S[
SFZ6 ZRGF HGlÝI AGTL C{ ×
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5`yJLZFH ZF;F[ CL C{ × Inl5 SYF SL ,[lTCFl;STF VF{Z EFØF SL N`lQ8 ;[
IC U|\Y 5IF"%T lJJFNF:5N CF[ UIF C{ × lSgTq IlN .G NF[GF[ TyIF[ SF[
KF[M+SZ Xqâ SFjItJ SL N`lQ8 ;[ IC U|\Y 5IF"%T lJJFNF:5N CF[ UIF C{ ×
lSgTq IlN .G NF[GF[ TyIF[ SF[ KF[M+SZ Xqâ SFjItJ SL N`lQ8 ;[ .; U| \Y SF
D}

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VR}S VlWSFZ C{ VF{Z V,\SFZ S[ Ù[+ D— ;CH VF{Z :JFEFlJS ÝIF[U
p;SL lGHL lJX[ØTF C{ ×** ##
5`yJLZFH ZF;F[S[ AFN .; 5Z\5ZF D— TLG VF{Z DCÀJ5}6" ZRGFVF— SF
p

lS SF,4 IX VF{Z ÝRFZ SL S;F{8L 5Z ^5`yJLZFH ZF;F[* SF[ HF[ DFG ÝF%T
CqVF C{ JC .G ZF;F[ SFjI U|\YF— D— ;[ lS; S[ EFuI D— GCÄ 5M+F ×
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;[ D}T" SZT[ Cq, RgNZAF." G[ .lTCF; VF{Z S

;A\W D— V5G[ ACqD}

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^RgNAZNF." ZlRT* ^5`yJLZFH ZF;F[* HIFGS S`T ^5`yJLZFH lJHI* CdDLZ
DCFSFjI TtSF,LG lX,F,[B VFlN ;[ Tq,GF SZG[ 5Z 7FT CF[TF C{ lS
p;D— lSTG[ CL :Y,F— 5Z ,[lTCFl;S TyI ;A\WL VXqlâIF¡ EZL 5M+L C{
×** 42
H{;[ v
5`yJLZFH ZF;F[ D— 5`yJLZFH SF[ VluGJ\X SF lNBFIF UIF C{4 HASL
lJHI D— IC ;}I"J\XL HFG 5M+T[ C{ ×
ZF;F— D— RF{CFGF— SL J\XFJ,L SF J6"G U,T C{4 ÉIF—lS 5`yJLZFH ZF;F[
D— lHG RJF,L; GFDF— SF p

l,, 5`yJLZFH G[ UqHZFT 5Z R

CdDLZ SFjI ,J\ ;qHFGvRlZ+ ;[ SqK V\X ÝF%T SZS[ IC ÝFDFl6S
lSIF HF ;STF C{ lS 5`yJLZFH ZF;F— SL VlWSF\X 38GF,¡ .; U|\Y
D— lD, HFTL C{ ×
lH; U|\Y S[ VFWFZ 5Z ^5`yJLZFH ZF;F[* SF[ ÝFDFl6S GCÄ DFGF HF
ZCF C{ JC HIFGS S`T ^5`yJLZFH lJHI* U|\Y CL VEL B\l0T :i D—
lD,TF C{ ×
ZF;F[ D— HF[ T`l8IF¡ CF[4 JC S

.; ;\NE" D— .TGF TF[ :5Q8 C{ lS 5`yJLZFH ZF;F[ SL ÝDFl6T ÝlT
p5,aW GCÄ CF[G[ S[ SFZ6 ;A V5G[vV5G[ TSF[" S[ VFWFZ 5Z JFIJL
lJRFZF[ SF VFNFGvÝNFG SZ ZC[ C{ × SCL U\ELZTF4 TyI 5ZSTF4 J
TFZTdITF GCÄ lD,TL × J:TqTo lJäFGF— G[ AF, SL BF, BLR G[ SL R[Q8F
D— ,[;[v,[;[ TS" Ý:TqT lSI[ HF[ VlTXIF[lÉT5}6" C{ × H{;F lS;L EL ÝFRLG
ZRGF S[ ;FY lSIF HFI TF[ JC EL ;\N[C S[ 3[Z[ D— VF ;STL C{ ×
^5`yJLZFH ZF;F[* ;FlCltIS ZRGF S[ :i D— p¿DF[TD ZRGF C{ × EFJvEFØF
,J\ X{,L SL N`lQ8 ;[ ZRGFSFZ SF SF{X

DCFSFjI S[ AFZ[ D— ;J"ÝYD ;\:S`T S[ VFRFI" ^EFDC* G[ .GSL
lJ:T`T jIFbIF SL ^^VFlNSF, ;[ p;S[ TÀJF— SF lJJ[RG ,J\ lJx,[Ø6 CF[
ZCF C{ lH; ,S JFÉI D— .; ÝSFZ SCF HF ;STF C{ v DCFSFjI ,S
A`CNFSFZ4 ;DFbIFGS SFjI C{ × lH;D— prRTZ RlZ+F— SF J6"G ZCTF C{
VF{Z lH;S[ ÝJFC D— WGtJ ,J\ UlZDF CF[TL C{ v IlN .; JFÉI SF
lJx,[Ø6 lSIF HFI TF[ DCFSFjI S[ l,, VFJxIS TÀJ EL :JID[J :5Q8
CF[ HFT[ C{ × I[ TÀJ C{ ×
s!f SYFJ:Tq
s2f RlZ+vlR+6
s#f SFjI 5NFJ,L
s$f pNŸN[xI
$*
VFH S[ VFWqlGS IqU D— EL DCFSFjI S[ D}

s!f DCFSFjI S[ ÝFZ\E D— D\U,FRZ6 ZRGF RFlC, ×
s2f DCFSFjI D— 5}6" HLJG SL SYF ZCTL C{ ×
s#f DCFSFjI SL SYFJ:Tq bIFT Ýl;â ,J\ .lTCF; ;dDT CF[GL RFlC, ×
s$f DCFSFjI SL SYF SF U9G ;q;dAâ CF[GF RFlC, ×
s5f DCFSFjI D— 5F+F— SL ;\bIF ßIFNF ZCTL C{ ×
s&f DCFSFjI SF GFIS prRSq, SF WLZF[NF¿ CF[TF C{ ×
s*f DCFSFjI D— ,S ;[ VlWS J\XLI ZFHFVF— SL AFT ZCTL C{ ×
s(f DCFSFjI ;U"Aâ ZCGF RFlC, ×
s)f DCFSFjI D— VF9 IF VF9 ;[ VlWS ;U" ZCT[ C{ ×
s!_f DCFSFjI S[ CZ ;U" D— ,S K\N ZCTF C{ ,J\ ;U" S[ VgT D— K\N
AN,TF C{ ×
s!!f DCFSFjI D— lJlEgG X{l,IF— SF ÝIF[U CF[GF RFlC, ×
s!2f DCFSFjI D— lJlEgG ZF;F[ SF ÝIF[U CF[GF RFlC, ×
s!#f DCFSFjI D— 38GFVF— ,J\ J6"GF[ SF lJ:TFZ ZCTF C{ ×
s!$f DCFSFjI D— KgN J{lJwI ,J\ V,\SFZ J{lJwI ZCGF RFlC, ×
s!5f DCFSFjI SL EFØF D— J{lXQ8I ZCGF RFlC, ×
s!&f DCFSFjI SF XLØ"S VF{lRtI5}6" ZCGF RFlC, ×
s!*f DCFSFjI SF pNŸN[xI WD"4 VY"4 SFD ,J\ DF[Ù D— SF[." ,S ZCGF
RFlC, ×
.G ,Ù6F— SF[ VFWFZ :i D— U|C6 SZ— TF[ ^5`yJLZFH ZF;F[* D— .GSF
lG:i6 ;CL :i D— CF[TF CqVF lNBF." 5M+TF C{ × .; U|\Y SF VGqXL,G
,J\ lJx,[Ø6 ;[ CD IC VJxI SC ;ST[ C{ lS RgN HL G[ V5GL .;
ZRGF SF[ plRT :i D— ;HFIF ;JF¡ZF C{ ×
28

Ý:TqT ZRGF SF ÝFZ\E D\U,FRZ6 ;[ CL CF[TF C{ × ICF¡ ^›* SL
:TqlT S[ äFZF CL SFjI SF zL U6[X lSIF UIF C{ × H{;[ v
› VFlN N[J ÝGdI GdI UqZI\4 JFGLI J\N[ 5Y\ ×
l;Q8\ WFZG WFZI\ J;qDTL ,rKL; RZGFzI\ ××
T\ Uq\ lTQ8lT ."; N`Q8 NCG\4 ;qZGFY l;lâzI\ ×
lYZ RZ H\UD HLJ R\N GDI\4 ;J["; JNF"DI\ ×× $(
;Z:JTL J\NGF4 UHFGG :TJG4 X\SZ SL :TqlT4 SZT[ Cq, .GS[
V,FJF WD"vSD" VF{Z DqlÉT SL :TqlT 5}J" SlJIF— SF :DZ64 NqH"G
lG\NFv;ßHG Ý;\XF VFlN ;[ ZRGF SF ÝFZ\E CF[TF C{ ×
IC ;CH CL :5Q8 C{ lS 5`yJLZFH ZF;F[ D— 5`yJLZFH S[ ;\5}6" HLJG
SF[ VlEjIlÉT lD,L C{ × .GSL SYF bIFT J Ýl;â C{ × AFZCJL XTFaNL
S[ lN

;U" D— KgNF[ SF SFOL RTqZF." ;[ ÝIF[U lSIF C{ × ^^KgN EFØF SL HFlT
TYF E\lUDF C{4 .;l,, EFØF 5Z VR}S VlWSFZ ZBG[JF,[ RgN H{;[ SlJ
SL KgNvE\UL :JFEFlJS C{ × 51 ^^SlJ RgN G[ *2 ÝSFZ S[ KgNF— SF ÝIF[U
V5G[ ZF;F[ DCFSFjI D— lSIF C{ lHGD— K%5I S[ VlTlZÉT 5âlZ4 VlZ

5`yJLZFH ZF;F— XLØ"S EL 5}6" :i[6 plRT DFGF HF ;STF C{ ÉIF—lS
;DU| ZRGF SF VFWFZ CL JCL C{ × pGS[ ;\5}6" HLJG SL UFYF SF[ .;D—
jIÉT lSIF UIF C{ × .;l,, .GS[ V,FJF VF{Z SF[." XLØ"S plRT GCÄ
AGTF ×
Ý:TqT DCFSFjI SF pNŸN[xI CL DCFG C{ × ICL SFZ6 C{ lS SFjI
IqU ÝJT"S AG ;SF C{ × ^^J:TqTo :JFT\+I SL Al,J[NL 5Z C¡;T[vC¡;T[
A,L CF[ HFG[ VF{Z N[X4 HFlT TYF V5G[ jIlÉTtJ S[ UF{ZJ VF{Z ÝlTQ9F S[
l,, ÝlTÙ6 DZvlD8G[ S[ l,, T{IFZ ZCG[ SF VDZ ;\N[X N[GF CL .;
DCFSFjI SF DCT pNŸN[xI C{ ×** 55
S{IDF;vJW SL VF,F[RGFtDS ;DLÙF o
31
.G;[ :5Q8 C{ lS RgN HL G[ 5`yJLZFH
ZF;F— SF[ ,S z[Q9TD DCFSFjI S[ :i D— lGlD"T SZG[ D— ;TÝlTXT
;O,TF CF¡l;, Cq." C{ × DCFSFjIFtDS ZRGF S[ :i D— lH; ÝSFZ SF
VF\TlZS ,J\ AFCI :J:i H~ZL AG 5M+TF C{ × JF[ 5}6"To DCFSFjI D— 5FIF
HFTF C{ × ;FlCtIF,F[RSF[ S[ äFZF lGWF"lZT SLI[ Cq, DCSFjI S[ ;FZ[ ,Ù6
.;D— 5FI[ HFT[ C{ × .;SF DCFSFjIFtDS ZRGF S[ :i D— VGqXL,G ,J\
5lZXL,G SZG[ 5Z IC :5Q8 CF[ HFTF C{ lS IC ,S ;O, DCFSFjIFtDS
ZRGF C{ ×
5`yJLZFH ZF;F[ ,S DCFSFjIFtDS ZRGF C{4 lSgTq .; DCFSFjI S[
;\NE" D— lHTGL RRF" pGSL ÝFDFl6STF SF[ ,[SZ Cq." C{4 pTGL pGS[ SFjI
;F{Q9J SF[ ,[SZ GCÄ Cq."4 .;l,, VFH H~ZL C{ lS pGS[ ;FlCltIS
5C,}VF— SL ;DLÙF SZ pGS[ DCÀJ SF[ Ý:YFl5T lSIF HFI ×

lS;L EL ZRGF SF D}

UFM+T[ ,J\ lGSF,T[ ;DI lAEt;Z;4 RgN S[ :J%G S[ DFwID ;[ VNE}T
SIDF; SL 5tGL S[ Ê\NG D— S~6Z; lD,TF C{ TF[ ;U" S[ ÝFZ\E J V\T
D— XF\TZ; SF lG:i6 lD,TF C{ ×
ZRGF S[ EFJvAF[W SF[ Z;IqÉT AGFG[ C[Tq ;DIFGq;FZ ÝFS`lTS J6"G
EL lSI[ UI[ C{4 lHG;[ ZRGF SF EFJv;F®NI" A

,J\ 5+FGqS}, CF[G[ ;[ pGD— ;CHTF AGL ZCL C{ × ;FYv;FY VF[H4 Ý;FN4
DFWqI" VFlN Uq6 EL pGSL EFØF S[ X`\UFZ C{ .G;[ :5Q8 C{ lS ,S
DCFSFjIFtDS ZRGF S[ l,, lH; ÝSFZ SF EFØF SF{X

,;F VFEF; VJxI CF[TF C{ lS SIDF;vJW ,S 5J" CF[G[ S[ AFJHqN EL
p;D— JC ÝlTEF C{ HF[ ,S ;d5gG ÝA\W ZRGF D— CqVF SZTL C{ × ;DU|To
SCF HF ;STF C{ lS RgNAZNF." S`T 5`yJLZFH ZF;F[ S[ SIDF;vJW SF
DCÀJ lS;L VgI 5J" IF ;DI ;[ SD GCÄ C{ ×
35

;\NE" ;}RL o
1 ;FlCltIS lGA\W v U65TRgã Uq%T4 5`P 235
2 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF ;Z, .lTCF;4 MkW- Z6WLZ zLJF:TJ4 5`P $&
3 ;FlCltIS lGA\W4 MkW- l+EqJGl;\C4 5`P $&
4 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF ;Z, .lTCF;4 MkW- Z6WLZ zLJF:TJ4 5`P *!
5 VFlN5J" v ;\P EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[D ÝSFX4 5`P !$
6 VFlN5J" v ;\P EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[D ÝSFX4 5`P !$
7 ;FlCltIS lGA\W v MkW- l+EqJGl;\C4 5`P $(
8 ;FlCltIS lGA\W v MkW- l+EqJGl;\C4 5`P &
9 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF ;Z, .lTCF;4 MkW- Z6WLZ zLJF:TJ4 5`P *2
10 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF .lTCF; v VFRFI" XqS,4 5`P #_
11 RgNAZNF." s,[B4 AFAq xIFD;q\NZNF; v VlWJ[XG ÝIFU !)!!f
12 VFlN5J" v ;\P EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[D ÝSFX4 5`P )
13 lCgNL S[ ÝlTlGlW SlJ v MkW- lJHI ÝSFX lDz4 5`P !2
14 lCgNL S[ ÝFRLG ÝlTlGlW SlJ v MkW- VlxJGL 5FZFXZ4 5`P )
15 lCgNL S[ ÝlTlGlW SlJ v MkW- lJHIÝSFX lDz4 5`P !!
16 VFlN5J" v ;\P EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[D ÝSFX4 5`P )v!_
17 lCgNL S[ ÝlTlGlW SlJ v MkW- lJHIÝSFX lDz4 5`P !#
18 lCgNL S[ ÝFRLG ÝlTlGlW SlJ v MkW- VlxJGL 5FZFXZ4 5`P )
19 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF ;Z, .lTCF; v MkW- Z6WLZ zLJF:TJ4 5`P *5
20 VFlN5J" v ;\P EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[D ÝSFX4 5`P ##v#$
21 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF ;Z, .lTCF; v MkW- ZFDUF[5F, XDF"4 5`P 22
36

22 ;dD[,G 5l+SF o VlWJ[XG V\S ;GŸ !)*!4 5`P !*2v!*) ;[
pNŸW`T
23 VFlN5J" v ;\P EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[D ÝSFX4 5`P #5
24 VFlN5J" v ;\P EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[D ÝSFX4 5`P !5
25 lCgNL S[ ÝFRLG ÝlTlGlW SlJ v MkW- äFlZSFÝ;FN ;S;[GF4 5`P & ;[
pNŸW`T
26 ;FlCltIS lGA\W o ZFHGFY XDF"4 5`P !!
27 ;FlCltIS lGA\W o ZFHGFY XDF"4 5`P !!
28 VFlN5J" v ;\P EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[D ÝSFX4 5`P !&
29 VFlN5J" v ;\P EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[D ÝSFX4 5`P !*
30 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF .lTCF; o MkW- GU[gã4 5`P &)
31 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF .lTCF; o MkW- GU[gã4 5`P *_
32 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF VFNX" .lTCF; o MkW- ZFDUF[5F, XDF"4 5`P 2_v2!
33 VFlN5J"4 5`P !)
34 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF ;Z, .lTCF;4 MkW- Z6WLZ zLJF:TJ4 5`P *!
35 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF .lTCF; v MkW- GU[gã4 5`P *!
36 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF ;Z, .lTCF;4 MkW- Z6WLZ zLJF:TJ4 5`P (2
37 VFlN5J"4 5`P !)
38 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF VFNX" .lTCF; o MkW- ZFDUF[5F, XDF"4 5`P 25
39 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF ;Z, .lTCF;4 MkW- Z6WLZ zLJF:TJ4 5`P **
40 lCgNL ;FlCtI SF .lTCF; v MkW- GU[gã4 5`P *#
41 lCgNL S[ ÝFRLG ÝlTlGlW SlJ o äFlZSFÝ;FN ;S;[GF4 5`P )
37

42 lCgNL S[ ÝFRLG ÝlTlGlW SlJ o äFlZSFÝ;FN ;S;[GF4 5`P !_
43 lCgNq:TFG +{DFl;S XF[Wv5l+SF4 .,FCFAFN JØ"v&*4 V\Sv!
44 lCgNL S[ ÝFRLG ÝlTlGlW SlJ o äFlZSFÝ;FN ;S;[GF4 5`P !&
45 lCgNL S[ ÝFRLG ÝlTlGlW SlJ o äFlZSFÝ;FN ;S;[GF4 5`P !5
46 ;dD[,G 5l+SF o lJE}lT lDz4 5`P !&(4 .,FCFAFN
47 VFlN5J" o ;\P EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[DÝSFX4 5`P 2#
48 VFlN5J" o ;\P EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[DÝSFX4 5`P 25
49 VFlN5J" o ;\P EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[DÝSFX4 5`P 2$
50 lCgNL S[ ÝFRLG ÝlTlGlW SlJ o MkW- äFlZSFÝ;FN ;S;[GF4 5`P !&
51 VFlN5J" o EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[DÝSFX4 5`P 2*
52 lCgNL S[ ÝFRLG ÝlTlGlW SlJ o MkW- äFlZSFÝ;FN ;S;[GF4 5`P 2&
53 VFlN5J" o EFZT E}Ø664 MkW- VF[DÝSFX4 5`P &* ;[ pNŸW`T4 5`P 2(
54 lCgNL S[ ÝFRLG ÝlTlGlW SlJ o äFlZSFÝ;FN ;S;[GF4 5`P 2&
55 VFlN5J" o EFZT E}Ø64 MkW- VF[DÝSFX4 5`P 2&
38

!P ElÉTSF,LG 5`Q9E}lD ×
—ZFDRlZT DFG;c VIF[wIFSF^0
lJQFIFG÷ÊD
2P T÷,;LNF; ,J\ pGSF ;FlCtI ×
3P ZFDvSFjIWFZF D— T÷,;LNF; SF :YFG ×
$P T÷,;LNF; SL ;DgJI ;FWGF ×
5P T÷,;LNF; SL ElÉTvEFJGF ×
&P UF[:JFDL T÷,;LNF; SF ;FDFlHS N`lQ8SF[6 ×
*P ZFDRlZT DFG; SF SYF ;\S,G ,J\ VIF[wIFSF^0 ×
39

ÝF:TFlJS o
lCgNL ;FlCtI D— DwISF,LG lCgNL ;FlCtI VFH S[ ;\NEZ D— VFNXZ
:i DFGF HFTF C{4 lH;D— ElÉTSF, SF[ lCgNL ;FlCtI SF ;÷J6ZI÷U DFGF
HFTF C{ × ElÉTSF, D— EL ZFDElÉT XFBF S[ ÝJTZS T÷,;LNF; SF lJX[QF
DCÀJ C{ × T÷,;LNF; S[ ;FlCtI D— —ZFDRlZT DFG;c EFZTLI ;\:S`lT SF
UF{ZJFlgJT U\|Y C{ × —ZFDRlZT DFG;c D— —VIF[wIFSF^0c SF[ p;SF ìNI
DFGF HFTF C{ × Ý:T÷T U|gY E,[ CL ;F,F[ 5C,[ l,BF UIF CF[4 5Z VFH
S[ ;gNEZ D— EL JC .TGF CL p5I÷ÉT C{ × HF[ CD— HLJG S[ lJlJW 50FJF[
5Z lNXF lGN[ ZX N[TF C{ × —ZFDRlZT DFG;c l;OZ EFZTLI EFQFFVF[ \ D— CL
GCÄ 5Z lJxJ SL VlWSF\X EFQFFVF— D— VGqlNT C÷VF C{ × ICL pGSL DCTF
SF[ pHFUZ SZTF C{ × KF+F— SF[ .; VFNXZ ZRGF ;[ ~A~ SZJFG[ S[ l,,
lJxJ lJnF,I S[ äFZF VeIF;ÊD D— l,IF UIF C{ × ;FY D— IC EL
pNŸN[xI ZCF C{ lS ElTSF, S[ .; ;\T ;FlCtISFZ SF SFjI4 ;F\;FlZS
VFNXZ SL N`lQ8 ;[ DFGJ ;DFH SL DIFZNFVF— SF[ pHFUZ SZG[ D— ;JFZlWS
DCÀJ5}6Z DFGF HFTF C{ × —ZFDRlZT DFG;c D— VIF[wIFSF\0 .; DCFSFjI SF
,S DCÀJ5}6Z lC:;F C{ HF[ CD— 5÷Z[ DCFSFjI SF VFEF; lN,FTF C{4 .GSL
;DL1FF SZT[ ;DI D[ZF IC ÝIF; ZCF C{ lS KF+F— SF[ .;S[ hlZI[
T÷,;LNF; ,J\ pGS[ ;FlCtISF 5}6Z 5lZRI lD,[ × ;FY CL —ZFDRlZT DFG;c
,J\ pGS[ VIF[wIFSF^0 SL 5}6ZTo HFGSFZL ÝF%T CF[ HF[ VFH S[ KF+F— SF[
V5G[ HLJG D— ZFD S[ VFNXF[Z SF[ HFGS[ N[BS[ 5}ZL ;DHNFZL S[ ;FY
VFW÷lGS I÷U AF[W S[ ;gNEZ D— HF[0 S[ p;[ VFtD;FT SZT[ C÷, HLJG SF[
;DZ; AGFG[ SF DF{SF lD,[ ×
MkW- S[P ,DP l+J[NL
40

ElÉTSF,LG 5`Q9E}lD ,J\ T÷,;LNF; o
lS;L EL ZRGF ,J\ ZRGFSFZ S[ lGDFZ6 D— I÷ULG l:YlTIF— SL lJX[QF
E}lDSF ZCTL C{ × ZRGFSFZ S[ l,, EL pGSF NFlItJ AGTF C{ lS JC
lH; 5lZJ[X D— HL ZCF C{4 5,FvA-F C{4 ;\:SFZ U|C6 lSIF C{4 pGS[ ;FY
plRT gIFI SZT[ C÷, p;[ JFRF N[4 lHGS[ HlZI[ JC HGDFG; SF[ ;CL
lNXF lNBFG[ SF ÝIF; SZ— ÉIF—lS ZRGFSFZ I÷U SF ÝlTlGlW DFGF HFTF C{4
.;l,, ZRGFSFZ S[ 5lZRI S[ ;FY I÷U SL 5`Q9E}lD ;[ EL ~A~ CF[GF
H~ZL AG 50TF C{ ×
EÉT ÝJZ ,J\ DCFSlJ T÷,;LNF; SF pNI lH; SF,B^0 D— C÷VF4
,lTCFl;S N`lQ8SF[6 ;[ p;[ pgGT IF :J:Y 5Zd5ZFVF— VF{Z 5lZl:YlTIF[¡JF,F
SF, GCÄ DFGF HF ;STF C{ ×
ZFHG{lTS N`lQ8SF[6 ;[ N[B[ TF[ p; I÷U D— XF;Gv;¿F S[ l,,
VF5;L ,0F.IFZ¡ C÷VF SZTL YL ;EL ZFHFvDCFZFHF V5GL ;LDFZ[BF SF[
A-FG[ SL CF[0 D— ,U[ C÷, Y[4 lH;S[ 5lZ6FD :J:i I÷â lK0 HFGF
:JFEFlJS YF × 59FGF[ S[ VFUDG S[ AFN J[ EL V5G[ N,vA, S[ ;FY
I÷â SZ ZC[ Y[ × p; ;DI RFZF— VF[Z Vl:YZTF S[ SF,[ AFN, D¡0ZF ZC[
Y[4 ZFHFÝHF ;EL V;÷Z1FF SF VG÷EJ SZ ZC[ Y[ × T÷,;LNF; S[ ;DI D—
—VSAZc SF XF;G ßIFNF ZCF × VSAZ pNFZ4 S÷X, ÝXF;S S[ :i D—
ÝbIFT Y[ × lHgCF—G[ UF{CtIF AgW SZJF.Z 5Z ;¿F SL E}B pGD— EL lJX[QF
YL4 lHGS[ SFZ6 ZFHGLlT D— pT5FT DRTF ZCF × .; IqU SL ZFHGLlT D—
VlWSFZ l,%;F S[ l,, lGID4 DIF"NF VFNXZ4 l;âF\TF[ S[ SF[.Z DFIG[ GCÄ
ZC[ Y[ × .; IqU SL ZFHG{lTS p9Fv58,S ;[ T÷,;L +:T C{F R÷S[ Y[4
RFZF— VF—Z I÷â SF JFTFJZ6 VF5;L DFZ5L84 ,}8v5F84 SFG}GL ,J\
41

ÝXF;lGS VjIJ:YF S[ SFZG ,F[UF[ D— EI4 lGZFXF SF HFU`T CF[GF
:JFEFlJS YF ,[;[ ;DI D— T÷,;LNF; G[ —ZFDc S[ HLJG SF VFNXZ ;FDG[
ZBT[ C÷, ,S VFNXZ ZFHGLlT SL :YF5GF S[ ÝIF; lSI[ ×
;FDFlHS :i ;[ EL .; IU SF DFCF[, SFOL lR\TFHGS 5FIF HFTF
C{ × p; ;DI J6Z jIJ:YF SF 5F,G CF[ ZCF YF HF[ J6ZjIJ:YF J{lNS I÷U
;[ R,L VF ZCL YL × lHgCF[G[ .; I÷U D— H8L, :i WFZ6 lSIF YF ×
p; ;DI 5FlZJFlZS AgWG EL Y[4 EI YF4 D}ÉTTF TYF VlWSFZ AC÷T SD
YF × XF;SF[ SL lJ,Fl;TF S[ SFZG HGv;FDFgI D— EL EF[UvlJ,F; ,J\
N÷ZFRFZL ÝJ`l¿ YL × ;FDFlHS J ;F\:S`lTS pgGTL ZFQ8=Ý[D S[ AN,[ .QFFZ4
ä[X4 J{DG:I4 ,F[E VFlN J`lTIF¡ A- ZCL YL × lOZ EL —VSAZc S[ XF;G
D— l:YlT VrKL ZCL 5Z p; ;DI VSF, 50G[ ;[ HGTFG[ HF[ lNG N[B[
JF[ VS

lJ:TFZ S[l,, lS;L EL CN TS HF ;ST[ Y[ .;Ll,, T÷,;LG[ l,BF C{
lS v
—Sl,D, U|;[ WDZ ;A4 ,÷%T E, ;NU|\Y ×
N\lEgC lGH DlT Sl

JHC ZCL C{ lS T÷,;LNF; S[ HLJG SF[ ,[SZ ;lNIF[¡ ;[ BF[H R, ZCL C{
×
T÷,;LNF; S[ HLJG SF[ ,[SZ HF[ EL ZFI AGL C{ IF AGF.Z HF ZCL
C{ pG D— S÷K V{;[ VFWFZF— SF[ U|C6 SZG[ S[ l,, pGS[ ;FlCtI S[ VFWFZ
5Z ;[4 AFCI;F1F S[ hlZI[4 HGJ`TL S[ DC[GHZ IF TF[ lJlEgG ;\XF[WGF[ S[
VG÷DFGF— 5Z UF{Z SZT[ C÷, ;FZ[ lGQSQFZ lGSF,[ HFT[ C{ ×
VFHTS BF;SZ HF[ VG÷DFG lSI[ UI[ C{ pGD— GFEFNF; S`T
EÉTDF,4 lÝINF; S`T EÉTDF, 8LSF4 J[6LDFWJ S`T D},vUF[;F.Z RlZ+4
UF[;F.Z UF[S,GFY S`T NF[;F[ AFJG J{Q6JG SL JFTFZ4 AFAF Z3÷JZNF; S`T
T÷,;LvRlZ+4 VFtDRlZT4 38ZFDFI6 SFXL4 VIF[wIF4 ZFH5÷Z ;FZF— SL ;FDU|L
VFNL S[ DFwID ;[ pGS[ HLJG 5Z ZF[XGL 0F,L HF ;STL C{ × 5Z pG
D— HGz`lT VF{Z AFæ;F1I CL ÝDFl6T 9CZT[ C{ × I[ ;FZ[ ;F1I ,SDT CF[
HFI VF{Z S÷K lGQSQFZ lGS,[ IC V;\EJ C{ ×
T÷,;LNF; SF HgD 5gãCJÄ XTFaNL S[ V\T VF{Z ;F[,CJÄ XTFaNL S[
ÝFZ\dE D— C÷VF DFGF HFTF C{ × T÷,;LNF; SL DFTF SF GFD —C÷,;Lc VF{Z
l5TF SF GFD —VFtDFZFD N÷A[c ,J\ A0[ EF.Z GgNNF; DFG[ HFT[ C{ × 5Z JC
SA HgD[ pGS[ AFZ[ D— lGlxRT ;DI GCÄ lD,TF ×
UF[;F.Z RlZT D— J T÷,;LvRlZT D— ;\P !554 pGSL HgDlTlY lD,TL
C{ × lXJl;\C ;ZF[HG[ 1583 DFGT[ C{4 MkW- lU|I;ZG 1586 D— TF[ MkW-
DFTFÝ;FN ZFDGZ[X l+5F9L4 VF[Z 5\l0T N÷A[ SF EL ICL DT ZCF C{ ×
5Z UF[;F.Z RlZ+ S[ VG÷;FZ N[B[ TF[ ;\P 1554 CL pGSL HgDlTlY DFGL
U.Z C{ ×
44

T÷,;LNF; SL HgDlTlY S[ ;DFG HgD:YFG SF[ ,[SZ EL lJJFN
lD,TF C{ × lH;SF ,[SZ V,U V,U DFgTIF, ÝJTZDFG C{ × S÷K ,F[U
pGSF HgD ZFHF5÷Z VYJF ;F[ZF— D— DFGT[ C{ × 5ZgT÷ MkW- EFULZYG[ V5[G
—T÷,;L Z;FIGc U|gY D— —;}SZB[Tc GFDS :YFG S[ 5F; SL E}lDSF p

J —SFXLc D— ZCT[ Y[4 A÷-F5[ D— p;[ AFC} v 5L0F SF SQ8 ;CGF 50F
lSgT÷ !&(_ zFJ6 X÷S,F ;%TDLSF[ pGSL HLJG,L,F SFOL XF\lTDI :i D—
;DF%T C÷.Z HLJG S[ VlgTD lNG pgCF[G[ SFOL R[G ;[ U÷HFZ[ ×
T÷,;LNF;HL SF ;FlCtI o
T÷,;LNF; S[ ;FlCtI S[ ,[SZ .lTCF;F— D— lJlJW ;\XF[WGF[ D— SFOL
RRFZ, CF[ R÷SL C{ × pGS[ U|gY lGDFZ6 SL ÝlÊIF SF[ ÊDAâ :i ;[
jIÉT lSIF UIF C{ × 5Z pGD— ;[ ÝFDFl6S4 VÝFDFl6S U|gYF— SL EL lJXN
RRFZ,¡ C÷.Z4 5Z lJlEgG RRFZVF— S[ VFWFZ 5Z .TGF TF[ SCF HF ;STF C{
lS T÷,;LNF; S[ KaAL; U| \Y C{ × lHG SL RRFZ lJlEgG VF,F[RSF[ S[ DwI
CF[TL ZCL C{4 5l^0T lJGFISZFJ G[ pGSF lJEFHG S÷K .; :i D— lSIF C{
v IYF v
sSf A`CT U|gY s!f ZFDRlZT DFG; s2f lJGI 5l+SF s#f ULTFJ,L
s$f SlJ¿ZFDFI6 s5f NF[CFJ,L s&f ZFDF7F
s*f S÷\0l,IF ZFDFI6 s(f ZFD;T;.Z
sBf DhF[,[ U\|Y s!f HFGSL D\U, s2f 5FJZTL D\U, s#f AZJ{ ZFDFI6
s$f J{ZFuI ;gNL5GL s5f S`Q6FJ,L s&f ZFD,L,F GCK}
s*f ZFDGFD S,FDl6 SF[QF D\H÷QF ×
sUf KF[8[ U\gY s!f Sl, WDFZWDZ lG:i6 s2f K%5I ZFDFI6
s#f CG÷DFG AFC÷S s$f CG÷DFG RF,L;F s5f ;\S8 DF[RG
s3f J[ J|\Y HF[ AC÷WF N[BG[ D— GCÄ VFT[
s!f ZFD ;,FSF s2f KgNFJ,L s#f S\BF ZFDFI6
s$f ZF[,F ZFDFDI6 s5f h},TF ZFDFI6 s&f 5nFJ,L
46

.; ÝSFZ T÷,;LNF;HL SF ;FlCltIS IF[UNFG EL pGSL lJZF8TF SF
5lZRI N[TF C{ ×
ZFDFvSFjIFWFZF D— T÷,;LNF; SF :YFG o
ÝFU{lTCFl;S I÷U ;[ VFW÷lGS I÷U TS DIFZNF 5÷~QFF[¿D ZFDRgã S[
XL,4 XlÉT ,J\ ;F®gNIZ ;[ Dl^0T V,F{lSS jIlÉTtJ S[ lJlJW:iF— G[
HGvDFG; SF[ VFS`Q8 lSIF C{ × ZFDvSFjI 5Zd5ZF S[ pNŸEJ VF{Z lJSF;
SF VG÷XL,G SZG[JF, lJäFGF[ S[ DTFG÷;FZ ZFD p¿ZvJ{lNSSF, S[ lNjI
DCF5÷~QF C® ×
ZFDvSFjIvWFZF SF D÷, p¡UE :Y, —JF

S÷K 5F[ZFl6S -\U S[ ZFDFI6 U|gY lD,T[ C{4 lHGD— ZFDSFjI S[ ;÷gNZ ,J\
;HLJ :i SF NXZG CF[TF C{ ×
;\:S`T ,J\ ÝFS`TvV5E|\X S[ pÉT ÝFRLG U|gYF[ S[ VlTlZÉT ;\:S`T
S[ SlT5I DCFSFjIF— ,J\ GF8SF— D— EL ZFDvSFjI S[ NXZG CF[T[ C{ × .GD—
;[ SFl,NF; S`T —Z3÷J\Xc ZFDvSFjI SL N`lQ8 ;[ ;JF[ZtS`Q8 U|gY C{ × .;S[
VlTlZÉT VlEGgNG S`T —ZFDRlZTc4 SlZEl88 S`T —ZFJ6JWc4 EF[lDS E88
S`T —ZFJ6FH÷ZGLIc4 S÷DFZNF; S`Tc HFGSLCZ6c4 1F[D[gã S`T —ZFDFI6 D\HZLc4
Dl

lD,TF C{4 5ZgT÷ p;SL SF[.Z ÝlTl,l5 p5,aW GCÄ C{ × lCgNL D— T÷,;L CL
ZFDvSFjI S[ ÝD÷B SlJ C{ × T÷,;L S[ ;DSF,LG SlJIF— D— ;[ R÷lG,F,
S`T —ZFDÝSFXc SFjI lD,TF C{ × HF[ ZLlTXF:+ S[ VFWFZ 5Z l,BF UIF
C{ × .;S[ VlTlZÉT .;L SF, D— GFEFNF; G[ ZFDvElÉT ;dAgWL S÷K
;÷gNZ 5N l,B[ C{ × DCFSlJ S[XJG[ —ZFDRlgN|SFc GFDS DCFSFjI SL ZRGF
SL C{ × lH; D— SFjI SF{X, SF TF[ ÝFWFgI C{4 lSgT÷ RlZ+vlR+6 ,J\
ÝAgWFtDS SL p5[1FF SL U.Z C{ × ;[GF5lTG[ EL V5G[ —SlJT ZtGFSZc D—
RF{YL ,J\ 5F¡RJL TZ\UF[ S[ VgTUZT ZFDFI6 ,J\ ZFDZ;FIG SF J6ZG lSIF
C{ × T÷

GZ[X DCFZFH lJxJGFY l;\C S`T ZFDSFjI ;dAgWL lSTG[ CL U|gY lD,T[ C{4
lHGD— ;[ —VFGgN Z3÷GgNGc GF8S4 —;\ULT Z3÷GgNGc4 —VFGgN ZFDFI6c4
ZFDRgã SL ;JFZLc4 —ULTF Z3÷GgNG —ZFDFI6c VFlN Ýl;â C{ × .;S[
VlTlZST lCgNL D— Ý[D;BL4 S÷X, lDz4 ZFDRZ6NF;4 DW÷;÷NGNF;4 U\UFÝ;FN
jIF;4 ;JZ ;÷BXZ64 EUJFGNF; B+L4 U\UFZFD4 ZFDUF[5F,4 5ZD[xJZLNF;4
U6[X4 ZFD U÷,FD läJ[NL HGS,Fl0,LXZ64 lUlZWZNF; ÝE}lT lSTG[ CL lCgNL
S[ ,[;[ KF[8[ KF[8[ SlJ lD,T[ C{4 lHgCF[G[ ZFDvSYF ;dAGWL SFjI l,B[ C{
VF[Z lHGD[ ZFDFI6 S[ SlT5I V\XF[ SF ;÷gNZ J6ZG lD,TF C{ × .GD— ;[
DW÷;÷NGNF; S`T —ZFDFxJD[3c U|gY T÷,;L S`T —ZFDRlZT DFG;c S[ VFNXZ
5Z CL l,BF UIF C{4 HF[ VgI ;EL U|gYF[ SL p5[1FF z[Q9 C{ ×
VFW÷lGS I÷U D— EL ZFDvSYF ;dAgWL lSTG[ CL SFjIF— SF ÝI6G
C÷VF C{4 lHGD— ZFDRlZT p5FwIFI S`T —ZFDRlZT lRgTFUl6c D{lY,LXZ6 U÷%T
S`T —;FS[Tc4 ZFDGFY ßIF[lTQFLS`T —zLZFDRgãF[NI4 VIF[wIFl;\C p5FwIFI S`T
J{N[CLvJGJF;c4 0FP A,N[J Ý;FN lDzS`T —;FS[T;gTc4 CZNIF,÷ l;\C S`T —
ZFJ6 DCFSFjIc4 AF,S`Q6 XDFZ —GJLGc S`T —plDZ,Fc SFjI Ýl;â C{ ×
.; ÝSFZ ZFDvSFjI ;dAgWL ;d5}6Z JF¢DI SF VwIIG SZG[ 5Z
7FT CF[TF C{ lS T÷,;LG[ lH; ZFDvSFjIF— SL V5[1FF V5GL SlT5I
lJlXQ8TFVF— ;[ 5lZ5}6Z C{ × .;D— T÷,;LG[ ,S VFNXZ ;DFH ,J\ VFNXZ WDZ
SL ÝlTQ9F SL C{ × VF{Z 5F+F[ S[ VFNXZ lR+6 äFZF ,F[SlCT ,J\ ,F[SD\U,
SL lX1FF N[T[ C÷, ;d5}6Z lJxJ S[ DFGJF— S[ ;dD÷B VFNXZ HLJG SL
:iZ[BF Ý:T÷T SL C{ × T÷,;L SF ;d5}6Z ZFDvSFjI V5GL UdELZTF4
ÝEFJF[t5FNSTF4 ;Z;TF4 ;÷gNZTF ,J\ EFJvÝ[QF6LITF D— ;JF[Z5lZ C{ × pTZL
EFZT D— TF[ ;FWFZ6 hF—50L ;[ ,[SZ UUGR}dAL ÝF;FNF— TS T÷,;L S[
50

ZFDvSFjI SF[ zâF ,J\ VFNZ ÝF%T C{ TYF p;; ;d5}6Z HGvHLJG Ý[Z6F
U|C6 SZTF C{ × T÷,;L G[ ZFD S[ lH; VFNXZvRlZ+ SL :YF5GF SL C{4
p;SF :J:i 5}JZJTLZ ,J\ 5ZJTLZ lS;L EL ZFDvSFjI D— N`lQ8UF[RZ GCÄ
CF[TF × ;FY CL T÷,;LG[ SFjI SL N`lQ8 ;[ V5G[ SFjI D— HF[ U÷~TF4
UdELZTF ,J\ DFW÷IZ SL ;`lQ8 SL C{4 JC EL VG÷5D ,J\ VNE÷T C{4 p;SL
;DTL SZGF EL VgI+ N÷,ZE C{ × .;S[ ;FY CL —GFGFv5÷ZF6 v
lGUDFUDv;dDTc ,J\ —KCF— XF:+ ;A U|gY G SF[ Z;c CF[SZ EL T÷,;L SF
SFjI DF{l,STF D— VgI ;EL SFjIF— SL V5[1FF z[Q9DFGF HFTF C{4 ÉIF—lS
p;D— T÷,;L G[ V5GL VNE}T ZRGFvRFT÷ZL4 GJGJF[gD[QF XFl,GL ÝlTEF4
lJ,[1F6 pNŸEFJGF ElÉT pJZ S

CL lJRFZ jIÉT C÷, C{ × 5Z .G ;[ lJ5lZT S.Z ,F[U ;`lQ8 S[ lJSF; S[
D, D— —;DgJIc SF[CL ÝD÷B DFGT[ C{ × JF:TlJSTF EL ICL C{ lS ;\3QFZ
lD8F N[TF C{ × ;DgJI lD,F N[TF C{ ×
lJSF; SL ;EL ÝlÊIF S[ D}, D— ;DgJISFZL :i CL N[BG[ SF[
lD,TF C{ × EFZTLI NXZG S[ VG÷;FZ 5ZDTÀJ S[ ;T S[ ;FY DFIF S[
ZHF[U÷6 S[ lD,G[ ;[ CL ;\;FZ AGTF C{ × H{;[ ;D÷ã J ;}IZ SL lSZ6F— ;[
D[3 AGTF C{ × AFN, J JFIq ;[ A÷\N[ p;L ÝSFZ WZTL J D[3 S[ ;DgJI
;[ 5F{WF AGTF C{ × p;L ÝSFZ ;[ ;FlCtI4 S,F4 ;DFHvHLJG4 ZFHGLlT4
lRlSt;F4 WDZ4 lX1FF VFlN ;EL 1F[+F[ D— ;DgJIFtDS VlEUD ;[ CL lJSF;
CF[ ;STF C{ × ICL SFZG C{ lS ;`lQ8 D— lJlEgG ;DI D— lEgGvlEgG
,F[SGFISF— S[ äFZF ;DgJI :YFl5T SZG[ SF ÝIF; lSIF UIF × ZFD4
S`Q64 UF{TD4 T÷,;LNF;4 5ZDC\;4 UF\WL VFlN JC GFIS C{ lHgCF[G[ ;DgJI
SF[ CL V5GFIF C{ ×
lH; ;DI T÷,;LNF; SF VFlJEFZJ C÷VF p; ;DI WDZ4 ;DFH4
ZFHGLlT4 ;FlCtI 5lZJFZ VFlN D— J{DG:I ,J\ J{QFdI SF AF[,AF,F YF4 H{;[
prRvGLR4 VDLZvUZLA4 lCgN÷vD÷;,DFG4 lCgN÷VF[ D— EL VF5; D— SF[.Z
lXJEÉT4 SF[.Z lJQ6÷EÉT4 TF[ SF[.Z ZFDEÉT YF4 HF[ V5GL V5GL H0TF S[
;FY HL ZC[ Y[4 V{;[ 5FZ:5lZS E[NvEFJ S[ SFZG ;DFH BF[B,F AGTF
HF ZCF YF V{;[ ;DI D— ;\T DCFtDFVF[G[ V5G[ EULZY ÝIF; S[ DFwID
;[ ;\;FZ SF[ VD`TDIL ;\N[X lNIF lHG ;[ 0F,TL C÷.Z ;F\;FlZS G{IF SF[
lNXF lD, U.Z × EUJFG zLS`Q6G[4 A÷âG[ lH; ÝSFZ ;DZ;TF SF ;\N[X
lNIF p;L S[ VG÷:i T÷,;LNF; G[ ;DFH4 WDZ4 ZFHGLlT4 ;FlCtI4 ;\:S`lT4
VFlN ;EL 1F[+F— SL ;DL1FF SZT[ C÷, pGS[ ALR lJZF8 ;DgJI SZ ;\3QFZ
52

SF[ ;DF%T SZG[ SF ÝIF; lSIF C{ × T÷,;LNF; G[ lH; 1F[+ D— ;DgJI
:YFl5T lSIF C{ IC S÷K .; ÝSFZ C{ PP H{;[PPP
·PPPPPPP · SFjI s;FlCtIf S[ 1F[+ D— ;DgJI
· WFlDZS 1F[+ D— ;DgJI
· VwIFtD S[ 1F[+ D— ;DgJI
· ;FWGF S[ 1F[+ D— ;DgJI
· ;F\:S`lTS 1F[+ D— ;DgJI
· ZFHGLlT S[ 1F[+ D— ;DgJI
· ;FDFlHS 1F[+ D— ;DgJI
T÷,;LNF; G[ SFjI S[ 1F[+ D— ;DgJISZ ;FlCtI S[ 1F[+ D— V5GL
DC¿F SF 5lZRI lNIF C{ × T÷,;LNF;G[ V5G[ ;DI D— ÝRl,T NF[GF—
;FlCltIS EFQFFVF— A|H VF{Z VJWL S[ ;DFG :i D— V5GFIF × TYF V5G[
;DI D— ÝRl,T ;D:T SFjI X{l,IF¡ ,J\ SFjI :iF[ D— SFjI ZRGF Ý:T÷T
SL × .GS[ V,FJF pgCF[G[ D\U,vSFjI SL 5Zd5ZF SF[ V5GFSZ V5G[
;DgJIFtDS N`lQ8SF[6 SF[ lJXF,TF ÝNFG SL ×
WDZ S[ 1F[+ D— T÷,;LNF;G[ lJxJF; VF{Z VFRZ6 SF[ GHZ D— ZBT[
C÷, WFlDZS ,STF SF[ AGFI[ ZBG[ SF ÝIF; lSIF C{ × lS;L EL WDZ J
;\ÝNFI ;[ H÷0[ C÷, ,F[U ã- lJ`JF; ,J\ ;D}lRT VFRZ6 ;[ V5G[ VF5
SF[ ;CL :i D— pGS[ ;FY HF[0 ;STF C{ × lHG;[ V;\TF[QF IF lJ38G SL
l:YlT SF lGDFZ6 GCL CF[UF ,J\ V5GL VF:YF lJSl;T CF[TL ZC—UL ×
T÷,;LNF; G[ lGU÷Z6 VF{Z ;U÷6 A|ï S[ :J:i S[ ,S CL 5ZDTÀJ SL
ÝlTS`lT DFG ;DgJI :YFl5T lSIF H{;[ v
VU÷GlC\ ;U÷GlC GlC\ S÷K E[NF ×
53

SClC\ ;\T 5÷ZFG A÷W A[NF ××
p;L ;DI NF[ WFZF,¡ ÝRl,T YL × ,S J{lNS WFZF VF{Z N÷;ZL
AF{âWFZF × T÷,;LNF; G[ AF{â lJRFZWFZF S[ VG[S DCÀJ5}6Z l;âF\TF[ SF[
J{lNSLSZ6 SZS[ V5GL ;DgJIXL,TF SF 5lZRI lNIF C{ × .GS[ V,FJF
T÷,;LNF;G[ lGUD VF{Z VFUDSF[ 7FG VF[Z ,F[SFRFZ SF[ ,S ;FY Ý:T÷T
SZS[ VFl:TSTF S[ D÷,v:+F[TF[ S[ ALR ;DgJI :YFl5T lSIF C{ × p;L
ÝSFZ ;[ lJlJW NFXZlGS l;âF\TF[ S[ ALR EL ;DgJI :YFl5T lSIF C{ ×
;FWGF S[ 1F[+ SL AFT SZ[ TF[ p; ;DI 7FG VF{Z ElÉT V5G[
ptSQFZ 5Z YL × ;FY CL ;FY pGD— 5Z:5Z lJZFWFEF; EL YF × T÷,;LNF;
G[ NF[GF[ S[ ,S N÷;Z[ S[ 5÷ZS DFGT[ C÷, SCF lS v
—uIFGlC\ ElÉTlC\ GlC\ S÷K E[NF ×
VEI CZlC\ EJ ;\EJ B[NF ××c
ÉIF—lS NF[GF[ 5Z:5Z ;FWG VF{Z ;FwI C{ × .;l,, NF[GF[ S[ DwI
,S:iTF H~ZL C{ ×
T÷,;LNF;G[ ;F\:S`lTS 1F[+ D— EL SFOL lJ:TFZ S[ ;FY pGS[ lJlEgG
5C,÷VF— 5Z AFT SZT[ C÷, ;DgJI :YFl5T lSIF C{ × T÷,;LNF;G[ ÝJ`lT
VF{Z lGJ`lT DwI4 DF[N ,J\ D\U, S[ DwI VF{Z ,F[S ,J\ J[N S[ lAR plRT
;DgJIFtDS lJRFZ jIÉT SZT[ C÷, ;F\:S`lTS ;F[CFNZ SF[ A-FG[ SF ÝIF;
lSIF C{4 lHG;[ CL DG÷QI S[ HLJG D— XF\lT4 :J:YTF4 EF.ZRFZF4 VFGgN4
,STF4 DFGJLITF4 ;eITF SF lJSF; CF[ ;STF C{ ×
ZFHG{lTS 1F[+ D— EL T÷,;LNF;G[ ;DgJI SF CL :J:i Ý:T÷T lSIF
C{ × lHG;[ ZFHF J ÝHF S[ ALR ,S:iTF4 :YFl5T CF[ ;STL C{ v TA
;EL SF[ ;\TF[QF lD,[4 ; A ;÷BvR[G J XF\lT ;[ HLI[4 .;l,, T÷,;LNF;G[
54

ZFDvZFßI SL S

DFGJLITF4 EFJGF VFlN SL :YF5GF SZ :J:Y ;FDFlHSTF SF[ :YFl5T lSIF
C{ × SCF HF ;STF C{ lS T÷,;LNF;G[ V5GL ;DgJI ;FWGF S[ äFZF
V5G[ I÷U S[ VG[S lJZF[WF[ SF[ ;DgJI S[ WZFT, 5Z ,FSZ ã-TF5}J"S
pGS[ VF\TlZS J AFCI ;\3QFZ SF[ lD8FT[ C÷, ;DZ;TF SF[ :YFl5T lSIF
C{ ×
T÷,;LNF; SL ElÉTEFJGF o
T,;LNF; S[ I÷U D— ;FDFgI HGTF D÷U,F[ S[ XF;G D— pGS[ VFT\S
;[ EIELT YL × lCgN÷ WDFZRFIZ V5G[ U|gYF[ SF[ ARFG[ S[ l,, ICF¡vJCF¡
E8S ZC[ Y[ × p; ;DI .xJZ SL XZ6FUTL S[ V,FJF VF{Z SF[.Z ZF:TF
EL GCÄ YF × p¿Z EFZT D— ElÉT VF\NF[,G SL ÝYD ,CZ RF®NCJL
XTFaNL S[ VF;v5F; VF.Z × .;S[ 5}JZ Nl1F6 EFZT4 ZFH:YFG4 U÷HZFT4
DCFZFQ8= VFlN D— ElÉT 5

GCÄ ;SF × pgCF—G[ IC VG÷EJ lSIF lS ,[;L l:YlT D— ;[ ÝE÷ CL ,S
VJ,\AG C{4 HF[ ZF:TF lNBF ;ST[ C{ × .;L l:YlT G[ T÷,;LNF; D— p;
EFJ÷S EÉT SF[ HFU`T lSIF VF{Z DIF"NF 5÷~QFF[TD ZFD SL ElÉTWFZF D— JC
ÝJFlCT CF[ UI[ ×
UF[:JFDLHL S[ ;DI D— ElÉT S[ lJlEgG ;dÝNFIF— VF{Z p5v;\ÝNFIF[
D— 5Z:5Z SFOL J{DG:I ZCTF YF × ;EL VG÷IFIL V5G[ CL 5\Y SF[
;JZz[Q9 ;DHT[ Y[ VF{Z VgI ESTF[ SF[ lGS`Q8 × ,[;L EFJGFG[ ;FDFlHS
DFCF[, EL ALUF0 lNIF YF × ,[;L DGF[J`lT SF[ lD8FG[ SF z[I T÷,;LNF; SF[
C{ × lHgCF[G[ ElÉT S[ ;gNEZ D— V5G[ N`lQ8SF[6 SF[ :5Q8 SZ ;F[CFNZ ,J\
;NEFJGF 5}6Z ElÉT EFJGF SL :YF5GF SL ×
T÷,;LNF; ZFD S[ VGgI EÉT Y[ × pgCF[G[ v ——,S ZFD 3GxIFD
lCT RFTS T÷,;LNF;c SC SZ RFTS SF[ V5GL ElÉT SF 5ZD VFNXZ
DFGF C{ × VF{Z V5G[ VFZFwI S[ ÝlT VGgI Ý[D4 zâF4 5ZD lJxJF; ,J\
Ý[D ÝU8 lSIF C{ × T÷,;LNF;G[ V5G[ VF5SF[ ,3÷ VF{Z ZFD SF[ A0F
AGFSZ V5G[ CLG EFJSF[ ÝS8 lSIF C{ × H{;[ v
ZFD ;F[ A0F— C{ SF{G4 DF{;F[ SF{G KF—8F[ ×
ZFD ;F[ BZF— SF{G4 DF{;F[ SF{G BF[8F[ ××
J{;[ T÷,;LNF; ;[JS EFJ ;[ VF[TvÝF[T CF[SZ NF:IvElÉT S[ VG÷ZFUL
C{ × V5G[ .; GFT[ SF[ T÷,;LNF; G[ lEgG lEgG :i D— jIÉT lSIF C{ ×
pgCF—G[ EUJFG zLZFD SF[ VG[S GFDF[ ;[ 5÷SFZF C{ H{;[ A|ï4 ClZ4 lJQ6÷4
UF[lJ\N4 Z3÷JLZ4 ;lRNFGgN4 ZDFZD64 Z3÷J\XXLZF[Dl64 Z3÷S÷, TL,S4 5ZDFtDF4
zLZD64 .gãF5lT4 VFlN × .;L;[ pGSL ZFD S[ ÝlT UCG VF:YF J Ý[D SF
ÝS8LSZ6 CF[TF C{ ×
57

EÉT T÷,;LNF; SL VF:YF C{ lS D[Z[ ZFD V:i4 VGFD4 ;rRLNFG\N4
lJxJ:i4 VFlN C{4 5Z ;A;[ A0L AFT IC C{ lS JC EÉTF[ S[ TFZ6CFZ4
SQ8lGJFZS C{ HF[ V;CFIF— SL ;CFITF SZG[ T÷Z\T VF HFT[ C{ ×
T÷,;LNF;G[ p¿D ElÉT SL ÝFl%T S[ l,, X÷â VFRZ6 ,J\ VGgI
lJxJF; SF[ lJX[QF DFGF C{ lHGS[ AU{Z[ ElÉT VFWL VW÷ZL ;L lNBTL C{ ×
lHGS[ AU{Z .xJZLI Ý[D SF ;d5FNG ;\EJ GCÄ × .G;[ :5Q8 C{ lS
T÷,;LNF; SL ElÉT D— lJGI SL EFJGF ;JF[ZtS`Q8 GHZ VFTL C{ × lJGI
pGSL ElÉT SF D}, VFWFZ C{ × ICL SFZG C{ lS pgCF—G[ lNGTF4 VlEDFG
X÷gITF4 DFG DCQFZTF EINXZTF4 Et;ZGF4 VFxJF;G4 DGF[ZFßI4 lJRFZ6F4 VFlN
lJGI SL E}lDSF,\ pGS[ 5NF[ D— :5Q8 N[BG[ SF[ lD,TL C{ × T÷,;LNF;G[
XZ6FUlT S[ Ko ÝSFZ AGFI[ C{ ×
s!f .xJZ SL VG÷S},TF SL lH7F;F ×
s2f .ZxJZ SL ÝlTS},TF SF tIFU ×
s#f EÉT SF EUFJG 5Z lJxJF; ×
s$f VFtD lGJ[NG IF VFtD ;D5Z6 ×
s5f EUJFG SF JZ6 SZGF ×
s&f CLGTF SF EFJ ×
T÷,;LNF;G[ I÷UFG÷:i ElÉT SL 5lZEFQFF SL C{ × lH;[ pgCF[G[ —
ZFDRlZT DFG;c D— ;CHTF S[ ;FY :5Q8 lSIF C{ × lH; D— GJWFElÉT
S[ :i SF[ pEFZF UIF C{ × ÝYD ElÉT ;T;\U SF[ DFGF C{ × H{;[vA0[
EFU5F.V ;T;\UF × ZFD SF GFD ;÷GGF ,J\ ;÷GFGF N÷;ZL ElÉT C{ H{;[ v
N};lZ ZlT DD SYF Ý;\UFcc × T÷,;LNF; G[ TL;ZF ,1F6 U÷~ 5N SL ;[JF
ATFIF C{ × lHGS[ ALGF 7FG ;dEJ GCL × U÷~ CL JC ;dA, C{4 HF[
58

EJ;FUZ 5FZ ,UF ;ST[ C{ × RF{YL ElÉT X÷â DG J S58 ZCLT VFRZ6
SF[ DFGF C{ × H{;[vRF{lY EUlT DD U÷G UG SC.Z S58 TlH UFGG{ ×
5F¡RJL ElÉT S[ :i D— D\+HF5 SF DCÀJ jIÉT lSIF UIF C{ × .;L;
T÷,;LNF; l,BT[ C{ lS —DCFD\+ HF[. H5T DC[;} × SF;Ä D÷S÷lT C[T÷
p5N[;}c ElÉT S[ K9[ ÝSFZ S[ :i D— V5GL ;ßHGTF SF[ AGFI[ ZBG[ SL
AFT SCL C{ × H{;[ lGZT lGZ\TZ ;ßHG 3ZDF\ ;FZ[ HUT SF[ ÝE÷ :i ;[
CL N[BGF IC ;F\TJL ElÉT C{ × HF[ lD,[ p;D— ;\TF[QF CF[ ,J\ 5Z NF[QFF[ ;[
N}Z ZCGF IC VF9JÄ ElÉT C® × GJD ElÉT S[ :i D— T÷,;LNF; K,4
S584 ;[ ZlCT CF[SZ EUJFG SL ElÉT SZG[ SL AFT ATFT[ C{ × .G ;[
:5Q8 C{ lS T÷,;LNF; G[ ZFDRlZT DFG; D— ElÉT S[ ;gNEZ D— p;[ lJlJW
VFIFDF[ S[ ;FY 5}6ZTFN[G[ SF ÝIF; lSIF C{ ×
T÷,;LNF; SL ElÉTv5âlT D— lJGI4 Ý[D4 VF;lÉT4 ,J\ XZ6FUTL SL
EFJGF lJX[QF :i D— lD,TL C{ × 5Z p;D— NLGTF SF EFJ ÝD÷B C{ ×
T÷,;LNF; CZ ;DI p;L EFJS[ ;FY p5l:YT C÷, C{ × JC V5GF ;\5}6
NFlItJ .xJZ 5Z CL 0F, N[T[ C{ × .;l,, ÝE÷ S`5F SF[ pgCF[G[ ;JF[Z5ZL
DFGF C{ × pGSL VGgI ElÉT D— zâF4 lJxJF; ÝD÷BTo N[B[ HFT[ C{ ×
T÷,;LNF; SL ElÉT D— X÷âTF ,J\ ;FltJSTF lD,TL C{ × JC ;[JSv;[jI
EFJ D— 5÷HGvVRZG SZGF CL V5GF 5FJG STZjI DFGT[ C{ × p;[ SF[.Z
IX4 5N SL SFDGF GCÄ C{ × JC TF[ ZFD SL XZ6 D— ZCT[ C÷, D÷lÉT
5FGF RFCT[ C® ×
.TG[ lJJZ6 S[ AFN lGQSQFZTo ;\1F[5 D— CD T÷,;LNF;HL SL ElÉT
EFJGF S[ TÀJ SF[ S÷K .; :i D— jIÉT SZ ;ST[ C{ ×
v ElÉT SL ;EL 5âlTIF[¡ D— NF:IvElÉT pTD C{ ×
59

v A|ï V5G[ CZ :i D— EST S[ pâFZ S[ l,, VJTFZ WFZ6 SZT[
C{ ×
v HLJ A|ï SF CL ,S V\X C{ ×
v ;`lQ8 SF lGDFZ6 A|ï SL XlÉT ;[ CL C÷VF C{ ×
v 7FGDFUZ SL V5[1FF ElÉTDFUZ pTD C{ ×
v DF[CvDFIF4 ElÉTvDFUZ D— AFWS AGTL C{ × .;L;[ ARG[ C[T÷ ElÉT
CL ÝD÷B ;FwI C{ ×
v ElÉT :JI\ V5G[ D— 5÷6Z C{ × JC ;FwI C{ ;FWG GCÄ4 ;rRF EST
DF[1F SL SFDGF GCÄ SZTF ×
.; ÝSFZ IC SCF¡ HF ;STF C{ lS T÷,;LNF; G[ 5}6Z ElÉT 5âlT
SF[ V5GFIF C{4 pGCF[G[ CZ ÝSFZ SL ElÉT SF[ V5GFT[ C÷, pGS[ VG}S÷,
J plRT :i SF[ pEFZF C{ × T÷,;LNF;G[ ElÉT SF[ VF\TlZS J AFCI
N`lQ8SF[6 ;[ 5ZBT[ C÷, pGS[ DCÀJ SF[ ;DHFIF C{ × .;l,, CL JC
NF:IElÉT SL z[Q9TF SF[ jIÉT SZ X÷â VFRZ6 ,J\ lJxJF; 5Z HF[Z
N[T[ C{ ×
UF[:JFDL T÷,;LNF; SF ;FDFlHS N`lQ8SF[6 o
jIlÉT :JEFJUT ;FDFlHS ÝF6L C{ × ;DFH jIlÉTIF— SF ;D}C DF+
GCÄ JZG VG[S jIlÉTIF— SF ,S A0F ;D÷NFI C{ × IC A`CN DFGJ ;D}NFI
;lÊI VF{Z 5lZJTZGXL, CF[TF C{ × lH;D— jIlÉT SL DCÀJ5}6" E}lDSF CF[TL
C{ × V5G[ ;\T÷l,T lJSF; S[ l,, jIlÉT ;DFH 5Z CL lGEZ SZTF C{ ×
jIlÉT SF ;\5}6Z jIlÉTtJ ;FDFlHS U÷6F[ J ÝEFJF—;[ lJSl;T CF[TF C{ ×
.;l,, lJlEgG ;FDFlHS .SF.IF— SF jIlÉT S[ lJSF; D— DCÀJ5}6Z IF[UNFG
60

ZCTF C{ × jIlÉT4 5lZJFZ4 HFlT ;D}NFI4 ;dÝNFI UF¡J4 ZFßI VFlN ;DFH
SL lJlEgG .SF.IF¡ C{ × VUZ IC .SF.ZIF¡ lABZ HFTL C{4 TF[ ;DFH 8}8
HFTF C{ ×
T÷,;LNF; S[ ;DI D— ICL ;D;IF ;EL S[ l,, lR\TF SF lJQFI
AGL C÷.Z YL × ;FZ[ ;FDFlHS A\W 8}8 UI[ Y[4 lHG;[ jIlÉT 5Z ;[
;FDFlHS lGI\+6 C8 UIF YF VF{Z ;A V5GLvV5GL ;F[R S[ V÷G;FZ
V5GF p

s#f CZ jIlÉT SF[ V5G[ SFI S[ VG÷;FZ RLH— ÝF%T CF[GL RFlC,×
s$f DG÷QI SF CZ SFD ;DFHlCT D— CF[GF RFlC, ×
s5f DG÷QI SF[ jIlÉT lCT SL AHFI ;DFHlCT N[BGF RFlC, ×
s&f jIlÉT SF[ ;AS[ lCT SL AFT ;F[RGL RFlC, ×
s*f 5lZJFZ D— ,SvN};Z[ SF[ ;gDFG N[T[ C÷, V5GL E}lDSF SF[
5ZB jIJCFZ SZGF RFlC, ×
T÷,;LNF;G[ ;DFH SL DFgITFVF— SF[ 5÷Go ;\:SFlZT lSIF C{ ×
lJGFXFtDS ;\:S`lT SF[ lOZ;[ GJlGlDZT SZG[ SF SFIZ T÷,;LNF; G[ lSIF
C{ × lCgN÷ ;DFH V5GL ;\:S`lT J HLJGvNXZG E},v;F UIF YF × p;[
lNXF N[G[ SF SFIZ lSIF C{ × HF[ lGZFXF S[ UTZ D— R,F UIF YF × p;[
VFXFJFG AGFIF C{ × ;FDFlHS lJ;\UlTIF—4 S÷ZLlTIF— SF[ N}Z SZ ;FDFlHS
R[TGF SF[ HFU`T lSIF C{ ×
T÷,;LNF; G[ ;FDFlHS ;DZ;TF S[ l,, ;A;[ 5C,[ jIlÉTWDZ S[
;FDG[ ;DFHWDZ SF[ lJX[QF DFGF × jIlÉTvjIlÉT S[ ALR SL N÷ZL SF[ lD8FG[
S[ l,, ;DFGTF SF GFZF lNIF × T÷,;LNF;G[ V5GL ;EL ZRGFVF— D— .;L
AFT 5Z HF[Z lNIF C{ ×
cX÷lG R{JxJ5FS[ R 5\l0TF ;DNlXZGoc
ICL SFZG C{ lS T÷,;LNF; G[ pRvGLR4 HFlTv5F¡lT4 K÷VFvK}T VFlN
SF lJZF[W lSIF C{ × JC RFCT[ Y[ SL ,F[U V5GL DIFZNFVF—4 D}

;[ Ý[Z6F U|C6SZ E|FT`;[JF SF J|T l,IF C{ × 5÷+ SF[ l5TF SL VF7F SF
5F,G lS; CN TS SZGF RFlC, IC CD ZFD S[ RlZ+ ;[ U|C6 SZ
;ST[ C{ × l5TF SF 5÷+ S[ ÝlT HF[ DDtJ CF[TF C{ p;SF ÝDF6 NXZY SL
D`tI÷ C{ × p;L TZC ;[ 5lTv5tGL4 EF.ZvACG4 ;F;÷vAC÷ VFlN ;EL SL
E}lDSF,¡ ,J\ DIFZNFVF— SL AFT T÷,;LNF;G[ SCL C{ ×
.; ÝSFZ ;DFG l:YlT4 ;DFG IF[uITF VG÷;FZ SFIZ VF{Z ;\d5lT
lJEFHG VFlNvVFlN ;DFHJFNL WFZ6F SL ÝD÷B AF\T[ CD— Tq,;L S[
;FDFlHS VFNXZ D— N[BG[ SF— lD, HFTL C{ × IC :5Q8 C{ lS T÷,;LNF;
SL ;DFHJFNL WFZ6F,¡ A0L UCZL GÄJ 5Z R÷GL U.Z C{ × .GS[ AFZ[ D— ;F—R[
TF[ VC[;F; CF[UF lS T÷,;LNF; DFGJvHLJG SL ;FDFlHS jIJ:YF 5Z
VF:YF ZBG[JF,[ jIlÉT C{ × lHTGF lJxJF; p;[ ;DFH jIJ:YF 5Z YF4
pTGF ZFHG{lTS jIJ:YF 5Z GCL YF ×
T÷,;LNF; SF ;DFHJFNL VFNXZ ICL C{ lS CZ jIlÉT B÷N S[ l,,
SFIZXL,G ZC[ DUZ V5GL ;FDFlHS E}lDSFVF— DIFZNFVF— SF 5F,G SZT[ C÷,
5lZ6FD TS 5C÷¡R[4 lHG;[ J{IlÉTS :JFYZ 5ZTF BTD CF[UL ,J\ ;FDFlHS
pyYFG ÝFZdE CF[UF 5Z .TGF TF[ :5Q8 C{ lS EFZTLI ;DFH SL ZRGF
;DFG4 ;FDFlHS4 VFlYZS ,J\ ZFHG{lTS VlWSFZF— S[ ;FYv;FY VFwIFltDS
,STF S[ VFWFZ 5Z CF[GL RFlC,4 TEL ;FDFlHS pyYFG4 ;FDFlHS
VFNXZ8LSFµ ZC ;STF C{ × GCÄ TF[ lSTG[ CL ÝIF; SZ,[ 5Z lJlJWTF ;[
EZ[ C÷, .; N[X SL CF,T TA TS VrKL ZC ;S[UL4 HA TS RlZ+JFG
jIlÉT SF ;CFZF ZC[UF4 H{;[ CL pGSF ;CJF; K}8[UF A; ;A J{;F SF
J{;F CL AGSZ ZC HFI[UF × ZFD4 S`Q64 A÷â4 T÷,;L4 SALZ4 UF\WL VFlN
,F[SGFISF[ SF ICL VG÷EJ C{ × T÷,;LNF; S[ ;DFHJFNL lR\TG SF[
63

VFtD;FT SZG[ ;[ ;DFH SL ;FZL ;D:IF,¡4 ;FZ[ Ý`GF[ 5Z 5}6ZlJZFD ,F
;STF C{ × EFZTLITF S[ :JEFJFG÷;FZ CDFZ[ l,, T÷,;LNF; S[ ;DFHJFNL
VFNXZ ;\HLJGL S[ ;DFG C{ ×
ZFDRlZT DFG; SF SYF;\S,G ,J\ VIF[wIFSF\0 o
IC ZRGF SlJJZ UF{:JFlD T÷,;LNF; SL SlJtJ ÝlTEF4 NFl1F^I VF{Z
5Fl^0tI VFlN ;EL N`lQ8IF— ;[ pGSL SLlTZ SF VFWFZ :TdE C{ × IC
T÷,;L SF lJQFN DFGJJFNL SFjI C{ × .; D— DFGJ S[ :i D— .ZxJZ SF
VJTFZ Ý:T÷T SZG[ S[ SFZ6 DFGJTFJFNL SL ;JF[ZrRTF SF pNŸUFZ C{ × HF[
SCL EL ;\SL6ZTFJFNL :YF5GFVF— ;[ AFwI GCÄ × .;D— SlJG[ 5÷ZF6 VF[Z
RlZT SFjIF— SL X{l,IF— SF ;÷gNZ ;DgJI SZS[ N[XSF,S[ ;gNEZ D— EUJFG
zLZFD S[ HgD ;[ ,[SZ ZFßIFZF[C6 TS SL ;D}RL 38GFVF— SF DFlDZS ,J\
ÝEFJL lR+6 lSIF C{ ×
—ZFDRlZT DFG;c SL ZRGF SF ;DI ;\P !)#! R{+L X÷É,F sGJDLf
D\U,JFZ SF[ DFGF HFTF C{ × lHGSL SYF ;FTSF^0F— D— AF8L C÷.Z C{ × IYF
AF,SF^04 VIF[wIFSF^04 VZ^ISF^04 lS;lS\WFSF^04 ;÷gNZSF^04 ,\SFSF^0
VF{Z pTZSF^0 ×
AF,SF^0 SF ÝFZdE D\U,FRZ6 ;[ CF[TF C{ × AF,SF^0 SF[ —ZFDRlZT
DFG;c SF D÷B DFGF HFTF C{ × VIF[wIFSF^0 —ZFDRlZT DFG; SF ìNI
SF^0 C{ × DIFZNF SF^0 C{ IC SFjI SF N`xI C{ TF[ pTZ SF^0 SF[ NXZG
SCF HFTF C{ × ;÷gNZSF^0 J:T÷To CG÷DFGSF^0 C{ × CG÷DFG EÉT .;SF
lGIlDT 5F9 SZT[ C{ × ,\SF SF^0 SF z[Q9 ZY :iS4 AF,SF^0 S[
DCFGZ; :iS4 pTZSF^0 S[ U\ELZ 7FGNL5 :iS S[ :i D— T÷,;LNF; G[
64

;JZTo ;÷BF\T SFjI SL ZRGF SL C{ × —GFGF 5÷ZF6 lGUDFlGUD ;dDTc
ZFDRlZT DFG; lCgN÷ ;\:S`lT SF ;FZE}T U|gY C{ × DFG; SL ZRGF D—
Inl5 E|DZ J`lT ;[ UF[:JFDLHL G[ ;D:T p5,aW U|gYF— S[ EFJ ZB[ C{4 5Z
ÝD÷B VFWFZU|gY ZFDFI64 VwIFtD ZFDFI64 Ý;gG ZF3J GF8S4 CG÷DgGF8S4
EFUJT VF{Z ULTF C{ × ZFDRlZT DFG; D— ZFD SF ptS`Q8 RlZT Jl6ZT
C{ × .TGF CL GCÄ .; U|gY S[ EZT4 ,1D64 ;LTF4 ZFJ64 CG÷DFG VFlN
V,U V,U DCFSFjIF— S[ GFIS CF[ ;ST[ C® ×
DFG; SF ÝD÷B Z; XF\T C{4 5Z\T÷ z`\UFZ4 JLZ4 S~64 CF:I4
EIFGS4 ALEt;4 ZF{ã VlN Z;F— SF ;CH lG:i6 N[BG[ SF[ lD,TF C{ ×
DFG; D— GF8S4 5÷ZF64 DCFSFjI4 TLGF— SL lJX[QFTF,¡ ;DgJLT C{ × —
ZFDRlZT DFG;c DFGJ HLJG SF DCFSFjI C{ × .;S[ äFZF UF[:JFDLHL G[
VFwIFltDS VF{Z EF{lTS ;D:IFVF[ SF[ ;÷,HFG[ SF ÝItG lSIF C{ × EFZT
S[ CZ ÝN[X D— .;SF ÝRFZ C{ × .;S[ äFZF EFZTLI ;DFH S[ VFNXF[Z SL
Z1FF C÷.Z C{ ×
—ZFDRlZT DFG;c lJxJv;FlCtI SF z[Q9 ZtG C{ × ÝFIo IC N[BF
HFTF C{ lS lS;L DCFSFjI S[ S[J, S÷K CL Ý;\U ptS`Q8 CF[T[ C{4 X[QF
;FDFgI SF[8L S[ × ICL ;\EJ C{ lS SlJ SF EFJ51F TF[ ;Z; VF{Z
SFjIF[5IF[UL CF[4 lSgT÷ pGSF S,FtDS 51F lGTFgT ;FDFgI SF[l8SF CF[ × —
DFG;c D— G TF[ lXlY, SYFJ:T÷ C{ VF[Z G lXlY, J6ZG × EFJ51F S[
;FYv;FY S,F51F EL VtIgT ptS`Q8 C{ × .; DCFG U|gY SL HF[ DCTF
C{4 p;[ CD S÷K .; :i D— N[B ;ST[ C{ ×
s!f —ZFDRlZT DFG;c EFZTLI ,F[SHLJG SF ;rRF lR+ C{4 HF[ CD— VFU[
A-G[ S[l,, Ý[lZT SZTF C{ ×
65

s2f cDFG;c SF ;\N[X AC÷T jIF5S C{ × UF[:JFDLHL DFGJvDF+ SF S

p;L ÝSFZ IlN —DFG;c ;[ VIF[wIFSF^0 SF[ V,U SZ lNFI HFI4 TF[ —
DFG;c SF ;FlCltIS DCÀJ AC÷T SD ZC HFI[UF ×
S÷K lJRFZSF— SF DT C{ lS VIF[wIFSF^0 SL ZRGF UF[:JFDLHL G[
;A;[ 5C,[ SL YL4 AF,SF\0 TYF AFN S[ VgI 5F¡R SF\0F[ SL ZRGF ×
.;S[ 5xRFT C÷.Z C{ × .; SYF SF VFWFZ VIF[wIFSF\0 S[ ÝFZdE SL
:T÷lTIF¡ C{ slJX[QF :i D— U÷~ SLf E,[ CL .; SF\0 SL ZRGF AFN D— C÷.Z
CF[4 lSgT÷ .TGF lGlxRT C{ lS IC SF^0 :JI\ V5G[ D— 5}6Z C{ × IC
:JT\+ :i D— V5GL SYF VFlN S[ l,, lS;L SF^0 5Z VFWFlZT GCÄ
C{ ×
VIF[wIFSF\0 D— VgI SF\0F[ SL V5[1FF SFIZ SL VlWSTF C{ × ;T
VF{Z V;T 51FF[ SF ;\3QFZ EL .;D— 5lZ,l1FT C{ × ÝFZdE S[ N; NF[CF[ D—
5lZRIvDF+ C{4 uIFZCJ— ;[ CL ;\3QFZ SL H,S lD,TL C{ VF[Z JC ;\3QFZ
V5GL RZD;LDF 5Z TA 5C÷¡RTF C{ HA S{SIL ZFHF NXZY ;[ ZFD SF
JGJF; VF{Z EZT S[ ZFHlT,SSF JZNFGDF\UTL C{ × ZFDJGUDG S[ VJ;Z
TS ;\3QFZ A-TF CL HFTF C{ × ICÄ 5Z .; SF\0 S[ SFIZ jIF5FZ SL
RZDv;LDF C{ × WLZ[vWLZ[ lGITFl%T CF[TL C{ × EZT HFT[ C{ VF{Z J[ V5G[
EF.Z SF[ JF5; ,[G[ S[ l,, R,T[ C{ × .;D— S,FUD SF ÝxG CL GCÄ
CF[TF4 lGUlT CF[TL C{4 EZT S[ lGZFX ,F{8G[ 5Z4 S÷T}C, IF lH7F;F SF
VgT GCÄ CF[TF C{ × ICL SlJ SL S÷X,TF C® ×
VGFJxIS Ý;\UF[ VF{Z jIYZ S[ lJ:TFZ S[ ÝlT UF[:JFDLHL SL lJX[QF
~RL GCÄ C{ × J[ S[XJNF;HL SL EF¡lT lJlEgG 5÷QIF— VF{Z J`1FF— S[ GFD
lUGF SZ S[J, GFGF IF lJlJW XaNF— äFZF V5G[ lJRFZ jIÉT SZ N[T[
C® × N;J— NF{C[ TS GUZ SL ;HFJ8 VFlN SF J6ZG C{ VF{Z uIFZCJ[ ;[ J[
67

N[JTFVF— SL ÝFYZGF VFlN SF p

.; ÝSFZ VIF[wIFSF\0 D— —ZFDRlZT DFG;c SL DCÀJ5}6Z 38GFVF— ,J\
DDZ:5XLZ :Y,F[ SF lG:i6 C÷VF C{ × lH; D— ÝD÷B :i ;[ lJJFC S[ AFN
ZFD SF VIF[wIF D— ,F[8GF4 ZFßIFlEQF[S SL T{IFZLIF¡4 S{S[IL SF JRG
DF\UGF4 ;LTFv,1D6 ;lCT ZFD SF JGvUDG4 X`\UJ[Z5}Z D— lGXFNZFH S[
ICF¡ U\UF :GFG4 lGXFNZFH ,J\ ,1D6 S[ ALR 7FGvJ{ZFuI SL AF\T[4
lGXFNZFH S[ ;FY EFZäFH S[ VFzD D— 5C÷¡RGF4 lOZ JCF¡ ;[ JF

s!2f Ý:T÷T ZRGF D— SFjI ;FlCtI S[ ;EL ,1F6 5FI[ HFT[ C{ ×
s!#f Ý:T÷T ZRGF D— EFJ5}6Z ÝFS`lTS ;F®NIZ SF lG:i6 C÷VF C{ ×
s!$f .; ZRGF D— SCL SF[.Z lXlY,TF GCÄ C{ ×
s!5f VFlN ;[ V\T TS IC ,S ÝF{- ZRGF C{ ×
.; ÝSFZ SC ;ST[ C® lS VIF[wIFSF\0 ;CL D— —ZFDRlZT DFG;c SF
ìNISF\0 C® × IC —DFG;c SF ;JZz[Q9 ,J\ DCÀJ5}6Z ;F—5FG C{4 SIF—lS SYF
SF lJSF; EL plRT :i ;[ .;L SF\0 D— CF[TF C{ VF{Z p;D— XL,v
lG:i6 TYF SFjIv;F®NIZ EL plRT DF+F D— 5FIF HFTF C{ ×
70

VFWFZU|\Y
!P VlEJG ;FlCltIS lGAgW v MkW- ZFH[gãÝ;FN RT÷J[ZNL4 lJGF[N 5÷:TS
D\lNZ v VFUZF v ;\JT v 2_## lJP
2P SlJTFJ,L v lJxJGFY Ý;FN lDz v .,FCFAFN v ;\P 2002
#P SALZ ,J\ T÷,;L SL ;FDFlHS N`lQ8 SF T÷,GFtDS VwIIG ;lZTF
ZFI JF6L ÝSFXG lN

!#P ;FlCltIS lGAgW o ZFHGFY XDFZ v VFUZF v !)*$
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