Jabal El-Arab - Flora Syria On Line

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Flora & Vegetation 512 species 234 genera 51 families are dominated. The largest families are Fabaceae (113 species), Poaceae (74 species) and Asteracea (44 species). 41 species have been listed as new records for the study area which are belonging to 14 families and 33 genera. The leading two families are Poaceae and Fabaceae with 11 and 10 species respectively. The vegetation of Jabal El-Arab could be sub-divided into four main types: 1. North-western zone: The vegetation is an Irano-Mediterranean type. The most dominant trees species are Pistacia atlantica and Amygdalus korschinskii, which form a rich association with very numerous herbaceous and shrub species (Ononis spp., Vicia sp., Astragalus sp., Capparis spinosa ...) 2. Central zone: The main vegetation of this massif is a Quercus calliprinos- Crataegus azarolus forest-like stands (Eu-Mediterranean) with a lot of tree species on the low altitudinal belt (Pyrus syriaca, Amygdalus spp., Pistacia atlantica ..). The higher area of this zone forms a sub-alpine tragacanthic plant formation with Astragalus bethlehemiticus. 3. South-eastern and southern zone: The vegetation of this zone is an Irano- Turanian type and the main three vegetation types are Artemisia herbaalba-Poa sinaica, Artemisia herba-alba Achillea fragrantissima and Salsola vermiculata-Haloxylon articulatum associations. 4. Hygrophitic vegetation comprises of Typha australis-Butomus umbellatus association fragments, with Mentha aquatica, Vitex anagus-castus, Ranunculus spp. and others. Genetic Resources No more than 12 tree species are growing in Jabal El-Arab and the most dominate species being: Pistacia atlantica, Crataegus sinaica, Pyrus syriaca and Quercus
calliprinos. The first three species are valued as native parents that could be used as rootstock in agriculture. Pistacia atlantica is one of the most important tree species which characterizes the arid or semi-arid climatic conditions, occupying areas transitional between the Mediterranean and the Saharo-Sindian territories. Crataegus is represented in Syria by three species. Those are C. monogyna Jacqu, C. azarolus L. and C. sinaica Boiss., where the first two species are widely distributed in the old world, and the last grows only in two countries, Syria and Egypt. Pyrus syriaca is occurring in the maquis of the Mediterranean Mountains, in the steppe- forest of the Mediterranean-Irano-Turanian borderlands and also in the Kurdo-Zagrosian ranges. The geographical distribution of the species is limited to the E. Mediterranean area in Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Jordan and Palestine. Fabaceae forms the largest family of Jabal El-Arab’s flora with 18 genera and 113 species distributed over the area. Thirty percent of the species are Mediterranean, 15% are Irano-Turanian, 18% are biregional ( Med.-Ir.-Tu.). 24 species of Astragalus, 14 species of Vicia , 28 annual species of Trifolium, 11 annual species of Lathyrus, 8 annual species of Medicago and 6 species of each Ononis and Trigonella. Allium (6 species), Aegilops (7 species), Triticum dicoccoides other genetic resources should focus on. Human’s impacts Total cultivated area in fruit trees is increasing up to 25% in the past 5 years. Average grazing intensity is moderate and the forage supply varies greatly from year to year, since rainfall is extremely unreliable. Woody vegetation is threatened by the demand for firewood within the dry and forest- like area of Jabal El Arab. Due to the growth rate of the population in Syria (3.3% per year), the housing, infrastructure needs and human demands are increasing in high rate annually.
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