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9 789737 304698<br />

Dorian VLĂDEANU Felix STROE Ovidiu GHERASIM SIMULĂRI MANAGERIALE PRIN MODELARE MATEMATICĂ ŞI TEHNICI FUZZY<br />

Dorian VLĂDEANU Felix STROE<br />

Ovidiu GHERASIM<br />

SIMULĂRI MANAGERIALE<br />

PRIN MODELARE MATEMATICĂ<br />

ŞI TEHNICI FUZZY<br />

teorie <strong>şi</strong> aplicaţii


Dorian VLĂDEANU<br />

Felix STROE<br />

Ovidiu GHERASIM<br />

SIMULĂRI MANAGERIALE<br />

PRIN MODELARE MATEMATICĂ<br />

ŞI TEHNICI FUZZY<br />

Teorie <strong>şi</strong> aplicaţii<br />

PERFORMANTICA<br />

Ia<strong>şi</strong> – 2008


Editura PERFORMANTICA<br />

Institutul Naţional de Inventică, Ia<strong>şi</strong><br />

performantica@inventica.org.ro<br />

Ia<strong>şi</strong>, Bd. Carol I nr. 3-5<br />

tel/fax: 0232-214763<br />

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României<br />

VLĂDEANU, Dorian<br />

Simulări <strong>manageriale</strong> <strong>prin</strong> <strong>modelare</strong> <strong>matematică</strong><br />

<strong>şi</strong> <strong>tehnici</strong> <strong>fuzzy</strong> /<br />

Dorian VLĂDEANU, Felix STROE, Ovidiu GHERASIM<br />

– Ia<strong>şi</strong>: Performantica, 2008<br />

ISBN: 978-973-730-469-8<br />

1. Felix STROE,<br />

2. Ovidiu GHERASIM<br />

Referenţi ştiinţifici:<br />

Prof univ. dr. Emilian M. DOBRESCU<br />

Prof. univ. dr. Ioan RADU<br />

Consilier editorial:<br />

prof. dr. Traian Stănciulescu<br />

Secretar de redacţie:<br />

Octav Păuneţ<br />

Coperta:<br />

Carmen Anton<br />

EDITURĂ ACREDITATĂ DE CNCSIS BUCUREŞTI, 1142/30.06.2003<br />

Copyright © 2008<br />

Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediţii sunt rezervate autorilor


SIMULĂRI MANAGERIALE PRIN<br />

MODELARE MATEMATICĂ ŞI TEHNICI FUZZY


CUPRINS<br />

Cap. I. BAZELE TEORETICE ALE SIMULĂRILOR<br />

MANAGERIALE 13<br />

1.1. NoŃiuni introductive 13<br />

1.2. Concepte, definiŃii, noŃiuni de bază 15<br />

1.3. Clasificarea <strong>tehnici</strong>lor de simulare 24<br />

1.4. Bazele teoretice ale <strong>simulări</strong>lor <strong>fuzzy</strong> 29<br />

1.4.1. Introducere 29<br />

1.4.2. MulŃimea numerelor <strong>fuzzy</strong> 31<br />

1.4.3. MulŃimea numerelor <strong>fuzzy</strong> elementare Fe<br />

1.4.4. Aritmetica numerelor <strong>fuzzy</strong> elementare 43<br />

1.4.5. RelaŃia de ordine între numerele <strong>fuzzy</strong> 45<br />

1.4.6. FuncŃii elementare de variabilă număr <strong>fuzzy</strong> 48<br />

1.4.7. NoŃiuni de topologie pe spaŃiului numerelor <strong>fuzzy</strong> 52<br />

1.4.8. Derivate <strong>şi</strong> primitive ale funcŃiilor <strong>fuzzy</strong> 55<br />

1.5. Etapele procedurilor de simulare 63<br />

1.6. Problematica limbajelor de simulare 74<br />

1.7. Alte aspecte ale procedurilor de simulare 97<br />

Cap. II. PROBLEME ECONOMICE DE BAZĂ COMPATIBILE CU<br />

PROCEDURILE DE SIMULARE 111<br />

2.1. Problema gradului de detaliere a procesului decizional 111<br />

2.2. Simularea proceselor de servire 113<br />

2.2.1. Simularea proceselor de servire monocanal 115<br />

3.2.2. Simularea proceselor de servire în cascadă (paralel) 122<br />

2.3. Simularea probabilităŃilor de producere a unor evenimente în<br />

interacŃiune cu alte evenimente 125<br />

2.4. Simularea strategiilor de conducere <strong>şi</strong> organizare în funcŃie de stările<br />

previzibile ale sistemului 128<br />

2.5. Simularea sistemelor de producŃie 132<br />

2.5.1. Simularea sistemelor de producŃie simple <strong>şi</strong> ireductibile 132<br />

2.5.2. Simularea sistemelor de producŃie complexe 147<br />

2.5.3. Simularea sistemelor socio-productive cu entropie 152<br />

39


4<br />

Dorian VLĂDEANU, Felix STROE, Ovidiu GHERASIM<br />

Cap. III. APLICAłII ALE SIMULĂRILOR MANAGERIALE 165<br />

3.1. Determinarea <strong>şi</strong> simularea influenŃei nivelului <strong>şi</strong> structurii producŃiei<br />

asupra costurilor totale 165<br />

3.1.1. GeneralităŃi 165<br />

3.1.2. Determinarea tipului de funcŃie pentru<br />

<strong>modelare</strong>a dependenŃei cost-structură a producŃiei 166<br />

3.1.3. Determinarea dependenŃelor cost total-structură a producŃiei 168<br />

3.1.4. Concluzii 172<br />

3.2. Identificarea scenariilor de evoluŃie compatibile cu stare economică<br />

dată pentru o zonă geografică 173<br />

3.2.1. Caracterizarea stării economico-sociale 173<br />

3.2.2. Identificarea, analiza <strong>şi</strong> corectarea modelului 178<br />

3.3. Simularea proceselor de producŃie <strong>şi</strong> comerciale 186<br />

3.3.1. Desfăşurarea <strong>simulări</strong>i <strong>manageriale</strong> 186<br />

3.3.2. SpecificităŃi ale pieŃei de distribuŃie 186<br />

3.3.3. Mecanismul decizional 188<br />

3.3.4. Rolul managerului general 192<br />

3.3.5. Rolul concis al managerului financiar 193<br />

3.3.6. Rolul managerului comercial 194<br />

3.3.7. Rolul managerului de producŃie 195<br />

3.4. Simularea proceselor de aprovizionare 197<br />

3.4.1. Modelul decizional 197<br />

3.4.2. RelaŃii în cadrul lanŃului de furnizare 198<br />

3.4.3. Definirea factorilor de concurenŃă 201<br />

3.4.4. PiaŃa externă 202<br />

3.4.5. Derularea procesului decizional 202<br />

3.4.6. Analiza indicatorilor de performanŃă 205<br />

3.5. Simularea comportamentului firmei 211<br />

3.5.1. Prezentare succintă a <strong>simulări</strong>i decizionale 211<br />

3.5.2. Principalele decizii strategice adoptate 212<br />

3.5.3. Evaluarea rezultatelor economice 217<br />

3.5.4. Dezbaterea unor probleme referitoare la activitatea curentă a societăŃii 221<br />

3.6. Simularea proceselor <strong>şi</strong> fenomenelor economice cu lanŃuri Markov cu<br />

extrem variabil <strong>şi</strong> metoda sistemelor cu entropie 229<br />

3.6.1. ConsideraŃii introductive 229<br />

3.6.2. Simularea <strong>şi</strong> prognoza sistemelor socio-productive cu entropie 230<br />

3.6.3. Prognoza <strong>şi</strong> simularea cu ajutorul lanŃurilor MARKOV <strong>şi</strong> maxim<br />

logistic 237<br />

3.6.4. Prognoza veniturilor sectoarelor economice <strong>prin</strong>cipale din raza<br />

municipiului “NE” 241<br />

3.6.5. Prognoza veniturilor la bugetul primăriei 246<br />

3.7. Simularea <strong>prin</strong> utilizarea <strong>tehnici</strong>lor <strong>fuzzy</strong> 257<br />

3.7.1. MulŃimea numerelor <strong>fuzzy</strong> dreptunghiulare F 258<br />

3.7.2. Algoritmul <strong>fuzzy</strong> de simulare cu lanŃuri MARKOV 260<br />

3.7.3. Exemple de aplicare a algoritmului <strong>fuzzy</strong> de simulare 264


Simulări <strong>manageriale</strong> <strong>prin</strong> <strong>modelare</strong> <strong>matematică</strong> <strong>şi</strong> <strong>tehnici</strong> <strong>fuzzy</strong> 5<br />

Cap. IV. ANALIZA, PROIECTAREA ŞI SIMULAREA<br />

STRATEGIILOR DE DEZVOLTARE pentru un operator de<br />

servicii de alimentare cu apă <strong>şi</strong> de canalizare nou înfiinŃat 279<br />

4.1. Analiza nucleului iniŃial integral (NII) 279<br />

4.1.1. PiaŃa N.I.I. 279<br />

4.1.2. Starea financiară a N.I.I. 286<br />

4.1.3. Starea economică a N.I.I. 297<br />

4.1.4. Starea tehnică 301<br />

4.1.5. Ierarhizarea globală 303<br />

4.2. Definirea obiectivelor investiŃionale <strong>şi</strong> proiectarea fluxurilor financiare 307<br />

4.2.1. Principalele acŃiuni ale unui program investiŃional 307<br />

4.2.2. Fundamentarea prognozelor pentru serviciul de alimentare cu apă<br />

<strong>şi</strong> de canalizare 309<br />

4.2.3. Proiectarea fluxurilor financiare (CASH–FLOW) 339<br />

4.2.4. Prognoza fluxurilor financiare (CASH–FLOW) 346<br />

Cap. V. CONCLUZII 351<br />

Anexe 355<br />

Bibliografie 380


CONTENTS<br />

Chap. I. THE THEORETICAL BASES OF MANAGERIAL<br />

SIMULATIONS 13<br />

1.1. Introductory notions 13<br />

1.2. Concepts, definitions, basic elements 15<br />

1.3. Classification of simulation techniques 24<br />

1.4. Theoretical bases of <strong>fuzzy</strong> simulations 29<br />

1.4.1. Introduction 29<br />

1.4.2. The set of <strong>fuzzy</strong> numbers 31<br />

1.4.3. The Fe set of elementary <strong>fuzzy</strong> numbers 39<br />

1.4.4. Arithmetic with elementary <strong>fuzzy</strong> numbers 43<br />

1.4.5. Order relation between <strong>fuzzy</strong> numbers 45<br />

1.4.6. Elementary functions of <strong>fuzzy</strong> number variable 48<br />

1.4.7. Notions of topology on the space of <strong>fuzzy</strong> numbers 52<br />

1.4.8. Derivates and primitives of <strong>fuzzy</strong> functions 55<br />

1.5. Steps of simulations procedures 63<br />

1.6. The problems of simulation languages 74<br />

1.7. Other aspects of simulation procedures 97<br />

Chap. II. BASIC ECONOMIC PROBLEMS COMPATIBLE WITH<br />

SIMULATION PROCEDURES 111<br />

2.1. The problem of detailing degree of decision-making process 111<br />

2.2. Simulation of serving processes 113<br />

2.2.1. Simulation of mono-channel serving processes 115<br />

3.2.2. Simulation of cascade-type (parallel) serving processes 122<br />

2.3. Simulation of the probabilities of some events to occur in interaction<br />

with others 125<br />

2.4. Simulation of organizing and leadership strategies depending on the<br />

anticipated states of the system 128<br />

2.5. Simulation of production systems 132<br />

2.5.1. Simulation of simple and irreducible production systems 132<br />

2.5.2. Simulation of complex production systems 147<br />

2.5.3. Simulation of socio-productive systems with entropy 152


Simulări <strong>manageriale</strong> <strong>prin</strong> <strong>modelare</strong> <strong>matematică</strong> <strong>şi</strong> <strong>tehnici</strong> <strong>fuzzy</strong> 7<br />

Chap. III. APPLICATIONS OF MANAGERIAL<br />

SIMULATIONS 165<br />

3.1. Determination and simulation of the influence of the production level<br />

and structure on total costs 165<br />

3.1.1. General ideas 165<br />

3.1.2. Determination of the type of function for the modelling of production<br />

cost-structure dependence 166<br />

3.1.3. Determination of production total cost-structure dependences 168<br />

3.1.4. Conclusions 172<br />

3.2. Identification of evolution scenarios compatible with the economic<br />

state of a given geographical area 173<br />

3.2.1. Characterzation of socio-economic state 173<br />

3.2.2. Identification analysis and correction of the model 178<br />

3.3. Simulation of production and commercial processes 186<br />

3.3.1. Development of managerial simulation 186<br />

3.3.2. Specificities of distribution market 186<br />

3.3.3. Decision-making mechanism 188<br />

3.3.4. Role of general manager 192<br />

3.3.5. Concise role of financial manager 193<br />

3.3.6. Role of commercial manager 194<br />

3.3.7. Role of production manager 195<br />

3.4. Simulation of supply processes 197<br />

3.4.1. Decision-making process 197<br />

3.4.2. Relations within the chain of supply 198<br />

3.4.3. Defining the competition factors 201<br />

3.4.4. External market 202<br />

3.4.5. Decisional process 202<br />

3.4.6. Analysis of performance indicators 205<br />

3.5. Simulation of company behaviour 211<br />

3.5.1. Brief presentation of decisional simulations 211<br />

3.5.2. Main strategic decisions made 212<br />

3.5.3. Evaluation of the economic results 217<br />

3.5.4. Debate upon some problems regarding the usual activity of the company 221<br />

3.6. Simulation of economic processes and phenomena with MARKOV<br />

strings with variable extrem and the method of entropy systems 229<br />

3.6.1. Introductory considerations 229<br />

3.6.2. Simulation and forecast of socio-productive systems with entropy 230<br />

3.6.3. Forecast and simulation by means of Markov strings and logistic maximum 237<br />

3.6.4. Forecast of the revenues of main economic sectors within “NE” County 241<br />

3.6.5. Forecast of thereturns to the municipal budget 246<br />

3.7. Simulation by use of <strong>fuzzy</strong> techniques 257<br />

3.7.1. The F set of rectangular <strong>fuzzy</strong> numbers 258<br />

3.7.2. Simulation <strong>fuzzy</strong> algorithm with MARKOV strings 260<br />

3.7.3. Examples of applications of simulation <strong>fuzzy</strong> algorithm 264


8<br />

Dorian VLĂDEANU, Felix STROE, Ovidiu GHERASIM<br />

Chap. IV. ANALYSIS, PROJECTION AND SIMULATION OF<br />

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES for a new service operator for<br />

water supply and sewerage 279<br />

4.1. Analysis of the (NII) total initial nucleus 279<br />

4.1.1. N.I.I. market 279<br />

4.1.2. Financial state of N.I.I. 286<br />

4.1.3. Economic state of N.I.I. 297<br />

4.1.4. Technical state 301<br />

4.1.5. Overall hierarchy 303<br />

4.2. Definition of the investment objectives and the projection of the cashflows<br />

307<br />

4.2.1. Main steps of an investment programme 307<br />

4.2.2. The grounds of the forcasts for water supply and sewerage service 309<br />

4.2.3. Projection of the cash-flows 339<br />

4.2.4. Forecast of the cash-flows 346<br />

Chap. V. CONCLUSIONS 351<br />

Annexes 355<br />

Bibliography 380

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