Butterfly Gardening - Kerala Forest Research Institute

Butterfly Gardening 

Butterfly gardening is a conservation cum educational programme. By establishing 

butterfly gardens, it is possible to gain insight into the life history, behaviour and role of 

butterflies in sustaining natural ecosystems. Butterfly gardens can be set up in any 

location by introducing butterfly host plants and by recreating suitable habitats. 

Generally, locations that are close to natural forests or natural vegetations will attract 

more number of species compared to urban areas. Similarly, larger gardens are likely to 

contain more the number of butterflies both of individuals and species. 

Information pertaining to the life history patterns, host range and habitat associations of 

various butterflies is essential prior to designing the garden. There are two major phases 

in the life cycle of butterflies- a juvenile or caterpillar stage which feeds on foliage of 

specific plants (Table 1) and an adult (butterfly) stage which feeds at flowers on nectar or 

sap of over-ripe fruits, sappy exudations from plants or the fluid content of excreta of 

animals and birds. 

Citrus, Albizia, Cassia, Cinnamom, Aristolochia, Milk weeds, Tylophora, Wattakakka 

and Mussaenda are the common larval host plants that can be introduced for attracting 

various butterflies found in Kerala. Ixora, Lantana, Mussaenda, Marigold, Cuphea, Zinnia 

and Clerodendron are some common nectar plants favoured by many species of 

butterflies. Common Mime, Common Rose, Crimson Rose, Lime Butterfly, Blue 

Mormon, Southern Birdwing, Glassy Blue Tiger, Blue Tiger, dark Blue Tiger, Emigrants 

and Grass Yellows are some butterflies that can be easily sustained in the butterfly 

garden. As the butterfly population increases, a variety of organisms including Preying 

mantis, spiders, lizards and birds also colonise the area leading to a stabilization of 

habitats and better functioning of ecosystems. 

Butterflies require specific eco-climatic conditions. Temperature ranging from 24-26° C 

and 85-95% relative humidity are suited for most butterflies. Habitats having bright 

sunshine, shade, bushes, streams and ponds, lianas and tall trees are preferred by specific 

groups of butterflies. For maintaining appropriate ecoclimatic conditions, it is essential to 

set up ponds, waterfalls, streams, bushes, openings etc., in the garden area. Information 

boards as well as models depicting butterfly life can be set up in the garden for providing 

information on the life of butterflies. 

Since most of the butterfly host plants are confined to natural patches of vegetation, it is 

important to conserve such types of vegetation which is usually found along roads, rivers 

and in open landscapes. As we conserve these habitats, we are indirectly conserving a 

variety of native plants as well as a number of organisms surviving on these plants. 

Butterfly Garden in KFRI 

KFRI is the pioneering institution to set up and popularize the concept of in situ 

conservation of butterflies through setting up butterfly gardens. In a pilot study carried 

out at KFRI in a 0.5 ha area where about 150 plant species belonging to different plant

families were introduced, 4509 sightings of 43 species of butterflies were recorded during 

the Ist half of the project (ie., after 18 months) and 5993 sightings of 56 species of 

butterflies during the second half (ie., after 36 months). The butterflies sighted from the 

garden included 8 species that are endemic to the Western Ghats and 10 species having 

protected status under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act. Along with the enhancement in 

the floral diversity and the resultant butterfly diversity, there was increase in the overall 

diversity of the area, particularly of insects, spiders, reptiles and birds. 

Benefits from Butterfly Gardening 

Enviornmental education of the public 

By establishing butterfly gardens, it is possible to gain insight into the life history, 

behaviour and role of butterflies in sustaining natural ecosystems. Since children and 

students are the major groups of visitors to butterfly gardens, we can effectively generate 

the conservation awareness among them. Butterfly garden set up in the KFRI, Peechi 

campus is a main attraction for school and college students from all over Kerala, 

particularly of the Districts Trichur, Palghat and Calicut. Participants attending various 

Training and Extension programmes offered by the Extension and training Division of 

KFRI which include Forest Officers of the State and Centre cadres, College Teachers, 

Agricultural and Horticulture Department staff as well as dignitaries visiting the Institute 

are enthusiastic visitors to thee garden. 

After visiting the KFRI garden, several persons and institutions have started setting up 

butterfly gardens in their premises. The garden established by the veterinary students in 

the Veterinary College campus, Mannuthy is worth commending. Several individuals 

have also started setting up small butterfly gardens in their homesteads which is welcome 

trend towards biodiversity conservation. The concept is now so much popularized that 

even Hospitals, Hotels and Resorts have also started setting up butterfly gardens. The 

Regional Cancer Centre at Trivandrum has set up a butterfly garden a few years back. 

The garden set up by the Indian Oil Corporation sales outlet at Koratty is a well 

maintained one attracting a lot of visitors. Similarly, in the KFRI sub centre at Nilambur, 

the butterfly garden forms one of the important themes in the Bioresources Nature Park. 

Economic benefits 

The Butterfly Safari spread over 3 ha of forest land in the Thenmala Ecotourism Area is 

the largest garden in the country and also the first venture in the tourism sector. The park 

was set up by KFRI. It has an Interpretation centre, Curio shop, sculptures and 

information boards to provide information and insights on butterfly conservation. It is a 

tourism destination for researchers, students and amateur butterfly enthusiasts. 

In many countries such as Papua New Guinea, Britain, Australia, Singapore and 

Malaysia, butterfly exhibitory has proven to be a sound, economic venture. In a survey 

carried out in about 60 butterfly houses in Britain, it has been found that approximately 

50 lakhs of people visit the facility and the revenue from gate collections alone exceeded

5 million pounds. Kerala, with its lush vegetation and picturesque landscapes has 

tremendous potential in generating revenue through butterfly gardening. 

Table 1. List of some common butterflies and their host plants 

Sl 

No. 

Butterfly 

(Common Name) 

Host Plants 

Common Name Scientific Name 

1 Southern Birdwing Eshwaramulla Aristolochia indica 

Karandavalli Aristolochia tagala 

Alpam Thottea siliquosa 

2 Common Rose Eshwaramulla Aristolochia indica 

Aaduthodaapaala Aristolochia bracteolata 

3 Crimson Rose Eshwaramulla Aristolochia indica 

Alpam Thottea siliquosa 

4 Common Blue Bottle Aranamaram Polyalthia longifolia 

Kulamaavu Persea macrantha 

Mulakunaari Alseodaphne semicarpifolia 

Karpooramaram Cinnamomum camphora 

Kaattuvazhana Cinnamomum malabathrum 

Karuva Cinnamomum macrocarpum 

Ellukootti Litsea chinensis 

Kaanakaitha Miliusa tomentosa 

5 Common Jay Aranamaram Polyalthia longifolia 


Karuva Cinnamomum macrocarpum 

Kaattuvazhana Cinnamomum malabathrum 

Chembaka Michelia chempaca 

6 Tailed Jay Aranamaram Polyalthia longifolia 

Narum paanal Uvaria narum 

Chembaka Michelia chempaca 

Manoranjini Artabotris hexapetalus 

Cherunedunaar Polyalthia cerasoides 

Aathachakka Annona reticulata 

Seethappazham Annona squamosa 

Vazhana Cinnamomum sp. 

7 Fivebar Swordtail Annona elegans 

Annona lawii 

Annona zeylanica 

Miliusa sp. 

Uvaria sp. 

8 Common mime Karappa Cinnamomum zeylanicum 

Karpooramaram Cinnamomum camphora 

Karuva Cinnamomum macrocarpum

Ellukootti Litsea chinensis 

Kulamaavu Persea macrantha 

Mulakunaari Alseodaphne semicarpifolia 

9 Lime Butterfly Koovalam Aegle marmelos 

Paanal Glycosmis arborea 

Kariveppu Murraya koenigii 

Arootha Ruta graveolens 

Varimaram Chloroxylon swietenia 

Naarakam Citrus sp. 

10 Common Mormon Kaatunaarakam Atlantia racemosa 

Koovalam Aegle marmelos 

Paanal Glycosmis arborea 

Kariveppu Murraya koenigii 

Mullilam Zanthoxylum rhetsa 


11 Blue Mormon Paanal Glycosmis arborea 

Kaatunaarakam Atlantia racemosa 

Kaatunaarakam Atlantia wightii 


12 Red Helen Mullilam Zanthoxylum rhetsa 

Kakkathudali Thoddalia asiatica 

Kaattu rubber / Kanala Evodia roxburghiana 

Cherunaarakam Citrus limon 

13 Malabar Banded 

Swallowtail 

Kaattu rubber / Kanala Evodia roxburghiana 

Vidukanali Acronychia pedunculata 

14 Malabar Raven Paanal Glycosmis arborea 

15 Paris Peacock Kaattu rubber / Kanala Evodia roxburghiana 

Kakkathudali Thoddalia asiatica 


16 Lemon / Common 

Emigrant 

Kovidaaram Bauhinia racemosa 

Plash / Chamatha Butea monosperma 

Kanikonna Cassia fistula 

Chakrathakara Cassia tora 

Manjathakara Cassia siamea 

Aanathakara Cassia alata 

17 Mottled Emigrant Kanikonna Cassia fistula 



Ponnaveeram Cassia occidentalis 

Aavarthaki Cassia auriculata 

Manjakonna Cassia siamea 

Nanjinaar Gnidia glauca 

Akathi Sesbania grandiflora 

Mullakathi Sebania bispinosa

18 Common Grass Yellow Kanikonna Cassia fistula 



Vaaka Albizzia sp. 

Kaattukazhanji Moulluva spicata 

Ponnaamthakara Cassia sophera 

Cherani Cassia mimosoides 

19 Common Jezebel Ithilkanni Dendrophthoe falcata 

Helianthes elestica 

Scurrula parasitica 

Viscum sp. 

20 Psyche Aaryavela Cleome rutidosperma 

Manjavela Cleome viscosa 

Kareeram Capparis spinosa 

Karthotti Capparis zeylanica 

Neermathalam Crateva adansonii 

21 Painted Sawtooth Kaarthotti Capparis zeylanica 

22 Common Gull Kareeram Capparis spinosa 

Karthotti Capparis zeylanica 

Kaakkathondi Capparis sepiaria 

Kaattakathi Cadaba fruticosa 

23 Lesser Gull Thottuvila Caparis moonii 

Capparis cleghornii 

24 Pioneer Kaattakathi Cadaba fruticosa 



Kaarthotti Capparis zeylanica 

25 Plain Puffin Malambayin Drypetes oblongifolia 

Poothilanji Drypetes roxburghii 

26 Chocolate Albatross Neermathalam Crateva adansonii 

27 Common Albatross Malambayin Drypetes oblongifolia 

Poothilanji Drypetes roxburghii 

Vellakkashavu Drypetes venusta 

28 Plain Orange Tip Kaattakathi Cadaba fruticosa 

29 Yellow Orange Tip Kaakkathondi Capparis sepiaria 


30 Common Wanderer Kaarthotti Capparis zeylanica 

31 Great / Giant Orange 

Tip 

Thottuvila Caparis moonii 




Neermathalam Crateva adansonii 

32 Southern Duffer Mula Bamboos 

33 Common Evening 

Brown 

Grasses

34 Common Palmfly Thengu Cocos nucifera 

Kavungu Areca catechu 

Kaattuthengu Arenga wightii 

Chooral Calamus rotang 

Eenthappana 

Ornamental palms 

Phoenix sp. 

35 Bamboo Tree Brown Bamboos 

36 Common Bush Brown Grasses 

37 Glad Eye Bush Brown Grasses 

38 Tamil Catseye Eeta Ochlandra sp. 

39 Nigger Grasses 

40 Common Four - Ring Grasses 

41 White / Ceylon Four- Grasses 

Ring 

42 Common Five- Ring Grasses 

43 Common Nawab Manjaadi Adenanthera pavonina 

Chappangam Caesalpinia sappan 

Kazhanji Caesalpinia bonducella 

Karingaali Acacia catechu 

Nenmeni vaaka Albizia lebbeck 

Vaaka Albizia julibrissin 

Inja Acacia pennata 

44 Tawny Rajah Puli Tamarindus indicus 


45 Black Rajah Puli Tamarindus indicus 

Kaattukazhanji Moullava spicata 

46 Tawny Coster Passion fruit Passiflora edulis 

Muthukku Adenia hondala 

Kaattupoovarash Hibiscus cannabinus 

Poodappazham Passiflora foetida 

47 Tamil Lacewing Passion fruit Passiflora edulis 


48 Cruiser Passion fruit Passiflora edulis 


49 Southern Rustic Vayankatha Flacourtia montana 

Karimulli Flacourtia indica 

Loovika Flacourtia sp. 

50 Common Leopard Karimulli Flacourtia indica 

Vayankatha Flacourtia montana 

Kariyilanji Smilax sp. 

51 Small Leopard Rinorea bengalensis 

52 Tamil Yeoman Marotti Hydnocarpus pentandra 

53 Chestnut- Streaked 

Sailer 

Kaattumarotti Hydnocarpus alpina 

Kaattukazhanji Moullava spicata 

Irul Xylia xylocarpa

Poovarash Thespesia populnea 

Ungu Pongamia pinnata 

Ilavu Bombax ceiba 

54 Common Sailer Irul Xylia xylocarpa 

Ilavu Bombax ceiba 

Idampiri valampiri Helicteres isora 

Naaykurana Mucuna pruriens 

Peenaari Nothapodytes nimmomiana 

Vanpayar Vigna cylindrical 

Kaattumathivaal Canavalia gladiata 

Kizhangupayar Vigna ungulata 

55 Common Lascar Inja Acacia instia 

Vaaka Albizia odoratissima 

56 Blackvein sergeant Malayilangi Chionanthes mala-elengi 

Edana Olea dioica 

57 Commander Kaattakathi Cadaba fruticosa 

Neerkadambu Mitragyna parvifolia 

Vellila Mussaenda frondosa 

Kadambu / Aatuthekku Neolamarckia cadamba 

Aatuvanji Ochreinauclea missionis 

Vellathaalachedi Wendlandia thyrsoidea 

58 Clipper Muthukku Adenia hondala 

Chitamruthu Tinospora cordifolia 

59 Grey Count Pezhu Careya arborea 

Athiraani Melastoma malabathricum 

60 Common Baron Maavu Mangifera indica 

Kashumaavu Anacardium occidentale 

61 Joker Vallichoriyanam Tragia plukentii 

62 Common Castor Aavanakku Ricinus communis 

Kodithoova Tragia involucrate 

Vallichoriyanam Tragia plukenetii 

63 Angled Castor Aavanakku Ricinus communis 

Kodithoova Tragia involucrate 

Vallichoriyanam Tragia plukenetii 

64 Yellow Pansy Vayalchulli Hygrophila auriculata 

Parvathichedi Barleria sp. 

65 Blue Pansy Vayalchulli Hygrophila auriculata 

Paaramullu Lepidagathis prostrata 

Lepidagathis keralensis 

66 Lemon Pansy Chanam Corchorus capsularis 

Vayalchulli Hygrophila auriculata 

Kurunthotti Sida rhombifolia 

Kanjavu Cannavis sativa 


67 Peacock Pansy Vayalchulli Hygrophila auriculata 

Nirthippali Phyla nodiflora


68 Grey Pansy Vayalchulli Hygrophila auriculata 


69 Chocolate Pansy Vayalchulli Hygrophila auriculata 

Karingurinji Carvia callosa 

70 Indian Red Admiral Aanaviratti / Angara Girardinia diversifolia 

Kattanplavu Urtica sp. 

71 Blue Admiral Kariyilanji Smilax sp. 

Kaachil Dioscorea sp. 

72 Painted Lady Artemissia sp. 

Blumea sp. 

73 Great Eggfly Kodithoova Laportea interrupta 

Uppucheera Portulaca oleracea 

Kurunthotti Sida rhombifolia 

74 Danaid Eggfly Uppucheera Portulaca oleracea 

Ooram Abutilon sp. 

Kaattuvenda Abelmoschus sp. 

75 Blue Oakleaf Karimkurinji Carvia callosa 

Kurinji Strobilanthes callosus 

76 Common Map Aal Ficus sp. 

77 Glassy Blue Tiger Erikku Calotropis gigantea 

Paalvalli Cryptolepis buchananii 

Vallippaala Tylophora indica 

Naagathumbi Ceropegia bulbosa 

78 Blue Tiger Ponnarali Asclepias curassavica 

Erikku Calotropis gigantea 


Vattakkakkakodi Wattakaka volubilis 

79 Dark Blue Tiger Vattakkakkakodi Wattakaka volubilis 

80 Plain Tiger Erikku Calotropis gigantea 

Ponnarali Asclepias curassavica 


81 Striped Tiger Ponnarali Asclepias curassavica 

82 Common Indian Crow Aal Ficus sp. 

Nannaari / Naruneendi Hemidesmus indicus 



Ilanji Mimusops elengi 

Ponnarali Asclepias curassavica 

Arali Nerium odorum 

Paarakam Streblus asper 

Cheri Carissa carandas 

83 Malabar Tree Nymph Maalatheelatha Aganosma cymosa 

84 Common Pierrot Ilantha Ziziphus mauritiana 

Vanthudali Ziziphus rugosa 

Kottamullu Ziziphus xylopyrus

85 Angled Pierrot Vanthudali Ziziphus rugosa 

86 Blue Banded Pierrot Cheruthudali Ziziphus oenoplia 

Kottamullu Ziziphus xylopyrus 

Ilantha Ziziphus mauritiana 

87 Dark Pierrot Ithikkanni Dendrophthoe fulcata 

Kottamullu Ziziphus xylopyrus 

88 Zebra Blue Nenmeni vaaka Albizia lebbeck 

Thumbakoduveli Plumbago zeylanica 

Amarichedi Indigofera sp. 

89 Bright Babul Blue Karivelam Acacia nilotica 

Chengaringali Acacia leucocephala 

90 Common Hedge Blue Irul Xylia xylocarpa 

Poovam Schleichera oleosa 

91 Quaker Paanal Glycosmis arborea 

92 Malayan Poovam Schleichera oleosa 

Kulappunna Hemigyrosa deficiens 

Mukkannan pezhu Allophylus cobbe 

93 Pale Grass Blue Puliyaarila Oxalis corniculata 

Kozhinjil Tephrosia pauciflora 

Kurinji Strobilanthes sp. 

94 Dark Grass Blue Cherucheera Amaranthes viridis 

Kaalakomban Zornia gibbosa 

95 Lesser Grass Blue Ooshappayar Alysicarpus vaginalis 

Mullakathi Sesbania bispinosa 

96 Tiny Grass Blue Vayalchulli Hygrophila auriculata 

Konginipoo Lantana camera 

97 Southern Grass Jewel Puliyaarila Oxalis corniculata 

Pattanippayar Pisum sativam 

Thaamara Lotus corniculatus 

98 Gram Blue Chamatha Butea monosperma 

Naayvenga / Thermaram Ougeinia oojeinensis 


Vanpayar Vigna cylindrical 

Mugampayar Vigna trilobata 

99 Pea Blue Chamatha Butea monosperma 


Chinapayar Vigna sinensis 

Kilukki Crotalaria sp. 

100 Common Cerulean Kunni Abrus precatorius 

Chamatha Butea monosperma 


Ashokam Saraca asoca 

Kuruvilingam Trichilia connaroides 

Irul Xylia xylocarpa 

Elam Elettaria cardamomum 

101 Dark Cerulean Chamatha Butea monosperma


Kilukki Crotalaria sp. 

102 Red Pierrot Ilamulachi Kalanchoe pinnata 

Paaramashi Kalanchoe laciniata 

103 Manytailed Oakblue Pambarakumbil Trewia nudiflora 

104 Common Acacia Blue Venkaringali Acacia polycantha 

105 Common Silverline Mukkannan pezhu Allophylus cobbe 

Kaaramullu Canthium coromandelicum 

Ilantha Ziziphus mauritiana 

Puzhamulla Clerodendrome inerme 

Kaattakathi Cadaba fruticosa 

106 Yamfly Kaachil Dioscorea pentaphylla 

Kariyilaanji Smilax sp. 

107 Plane Cherukurandi Salacia sp. 

108 Monkey puzzle Chethi Ixora coccinia 

109 Red Spot Poomaruthu Terminalia paniculata 

Kashumaavu Anacardium occidentale 

Pera Psidium guava 

Venga Pterocarpus marsupium 

110 Slate Flash Aasharippuli Antidesma acidum 

Theyila Camelia sinensis 

Nakshathramulla Quisqualis indica 

Thudali Ziziphus sp. 

Inja Acacia pennata 

Cheevaka Acacia tora 

Karinelli Antidesma ghaesembilla 

111 Indian Sun Beam Kunni Abrus precatorius 


Ponnamvalli Derris scandens 

112 Orange Tail Awl Vellakurandi Combretum latifolium 

Vaasanthi Hiptage madablota 

113 White-Banded Awl Ponnamvalli Derris scandens 


114 Brown Awl Thaanni Terminalia bellerica 

Vellakkurandi Combretum latifolium 

115 Common Spotted Flat Karimkurinji Carvia callosa 

Odiyamadantha Ecbolium ligustrinum 

Neelakanakaambaram Eranthemum roseum 

116 Immaculated / Suffused Kaachil Dioscorea oppositifolia 

Snow Flat 

117 Water Snow Flat Kaattukaachil Dioscorea oppositifolia 

Kaachil Dioscorea sp. 

118 Fulvous Pied Flat Kadalaadi Achyranthes aspera 

119 Tricolour Pied Flat Irul Xylia xylocarpa 

Kurangu manjal Mallotus philippensis 

Kottakka Grewia nervosa

120 Common Small Flat Murikoottippacha Asystasia sp. 

Odivodukki Blepharis asperima 

121 Spotted Small Flat Murikoottippacha Asystasia sp. 

122 Indian Grizzled Skipper Kurunthotti Sida rhombifolia 

Hibiscus sp. 

123 African Marbled or Ooram / Vattoorakam Abutilon indicum 

Mallow Skipper 

124 Bush Hopper Nellu Oryza sativa 

125 Chestnut Bob Grasses 

126 Coon Kookkila Stachyphrynium spicatum 

Inji Zingiber officinalis 

127 Common Banded 

Demon 

Curcuma sp. 

Zingiber sp. 

128 Restricted Demon Channakkoova Costus speciosa 

Suganthi Hedychium coronarium 

Chengazhaneerkizhangu Kaempferia rotunda 

Kaatinji Zingiber montana 

Kaattumanjal Curcuma decipiens 

129 Grass Demon Kasthoorimanjal Curcuma aromatica 

Malamanjal C. Pseudomontana 

Kaattumanjal Curcuma decipiens 

Suganthi Hedychium coronarium 

Inji Zingiber officinalis 

130 Indian Palm Bob Chooral Calamus sp. 

Aanappana Caryota urens 

Thengu Cocos nucifera 

Eenthu Phoenix acaulis 

131 Common Red Eye Mula Bambusa arundinacea 

132 Giant Red Eye Chooral Calamus sp. 

Aanappana Caryota urens 

Thengu Cocos nucifera 

Eenthu 

Ornamental palms 

Phoenix acaulis 

133 Rice Swift Thina Setaria glauca 

Aanapullu Cymbopogon sp. 

Nambeesan pullu Pennisetum sp. 

Nellu Oryza sativa

Table 2. List of butterflies sighted in the butterfly garden at Peechi 

PAPILIONIDAE 

Troides minos Cramer* (Plate I, Figs. 1a-e) 

Pachliopta hector Linnaeus *+ (Plate I, Figs. 2a-d) 

Pachliopta pandiyana Moore (Plate I, Figs. 3a-c) 

Pachliopta aristolochiae Fabricius (Plate I, Figs. 4a-d) 

Papilio paris Linnaeus (Plate I, Fig. 5) 

Papilio buddha Westwood*+ (Plate I, Fig. 6) 

Papilio crino Fabricius (Plate I, Fig. 7) 

Papilio demoleus Linnaeus (Plate I, Figs. 8a-c) 

Papilio helenus Linnaeus (Plate I, Figs. 9a,b) 

Papilio polytes Linnaeus (Plate II, Figs. 10a-f) 

Papilio polymnestor Cramer* (Plate II, Figs. 11a-c) 

Papilio liomedon Moore*+ (Plate II, Fig. 12) 

Chilasa clytia Linnaeus + (Plate II, Figs. 13a-d) 

Graphium sarpedon Linnaeus (Plate II, Fig. 14) 

Graphium agamemnon Linnaeus (Plate II, Figs. 15a-c) 

Graphium antiphates Cramer (Plate II, Fig. 16) 

Graphium doson C&R Felder (Plate II, Fig. 17) 

PIERIDAE 

Leptosia nina Fabricius (Plate II, Fig. 18) 

Delias eucharis Drury* (Plate II, Fig. 19) 

Appias lyncida Cramer+ (Plate II, Fig. 20) 

Appias libythea Fabricius+ (Plate II, Fig. 21) 

Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus (Plate III, Figs. 22a-c) 

Catopsilia pomona Fabricius (Plate III, Figs. 23a,b) 

Eurema hecabe Linnaeus (Plate III, Figs. 24a,b) 

Eurema blanda Boisduval (Plate III, Figs. 25a,b) 

ACRAEIDAE 

Acraea violae Fabricius (Plate III, Figs. 26a-c) 

SATYRIDAE 

Melanitis leda Linnaeus (Plate III, Fig. 27) 

Orsotrioena medus Fabricius (Plate III, Fig. 28) 

Ypthima huebneri Kirby (Plate III, Fig. 29) 

Mycalesis anaxias Hewitson + (Plate III, Fig. 30) 

Elyminas caudata Butler (Plate III, Figs. 31a-d) 

NYMPHALIDAE

Cupha erymanthis Drury (Plate III, Figs. 32a-c) 

Phalanta phalantha Drury (Plate III, Fig. 33) 

Vindula erota Fabricius (Plate IV, Fig. 34) 

Cirrochroa thais Fabricius* (Plate IV, Fig. 35) 

Junonia lemonias Linnaeus (Plate IV, Fig. 36) 

Junonia orithya Linnaeus (Plate IV, Fig. 37) 

Junonia hierta Fabricius (Plate IV, Fig. 38) 

Junonia atlites Linnaeus (Plate IV, Fig. 39) 

Junonia iphita Cramer (Plate IV, Fig. 40) 

Junonia almana Linnaeus (Plate IV, Fig. 41) 

Neptis hylas Moore (Plate IV, Fig. 42) 

Hypolimnas bolina Linnaeus (Plate IV, Fig. 43) 

Hypolimnas misippus Linnaeus + (Plate IV, Fig. 44) 

Moduza procris Cramer (Plate IV, Figs. 45a,b) 

Euthalia aconthea Cramer (Plate IV, Fig. 46) 

Ariadne merione Cramer (Plate IV, Fig. 47) 

LYCAENIDAE 

Jamides celeno Cramer (Plate IV, Fig. 48) 

Jamides alecto Felder (Plate IV, Fig. 49) 

Castalius rosimon Fabricius+ (Plate IV, Fig. 50) 

Talicada nyseus Guerin-Meneville (Plate IV, Figs. 51a-d) 

Loxura atymnus Cramer (Plate IV, Fig. 52) 

Rathinda amor Fabricius (Plate IV, Fig. 53a; Plate V, Figs 53b,c ) 

Arhopala pseudocentaurus Doubleday (Plate V, Fig. 54) 

Cheritra freja Fabricius (Plate V, Fig. 55) 

Udara akasa Horsfield* (Plate V, Fig. 56) 

Spalgis epius Westwood (Plate V, Fig. 57) 

HESPERIDAE 

Tagiades litigiosa Moschler (Plate V, Fig. 58) 

Celaenorrhinus leucocera Kollar (Plate V, Fig. 59) 

Pelopidas mathias Fabricius 

Badamia exclamationis Fabricius (Plate V, Fig. 60) 

Potanthus sp. (Plate V, Fig. 61) 

Taractrocera sp. (Plate V, Fig. 62) 

Telicota ancilla Mabille (Plate V, Fig. 63) 

Borbo cinnara Wallace 

Gangara thyrsis Fabricius (Plate V, Fig. 64) 

Udaspes folus Cramer (Plate V, Fig. 65) 

DANAIDAE

Danaus genutia Cramer (Plate V, Figs. 66a-d) 

Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus (Plate V, Figs. 67a, b) 

Tirumala limniace Cramer (Plate V, Figs. 68a-d) 

Tirumala septentrionis Butler (Plate VI, Figs. 69a-d) 

Parantica aglea Stoll (Plate VI, Figs. 70a-d) 

Euploea core Cramer+ (Plate VI, Figs. 71a-d) 

------------------------------------------------------ 

* Species endemic to Western Ghats 

+ Species included in Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Butterfly Gardening - Kerala Forest Research Institute

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