a preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore - Raffles ...

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dubious taxa were treated as species inquirendae (species of doubtful identity and that require further investigation) and omitted from this checklist. Known distributional records were employed as additional evidence during the vetting of the early versions of the checklist. Personal communications with local amateur malacologists with immense field experience also provided valuable information―some of which were included as unpublished data. We have endeavoured to be conscientious during the vetting of the initial list that was compiled, but were often hampered by our scant knowledge of many groups and the lack of references. Thus judgement calls were inevitable and the inclusion of each species, and taxonomic decisions, were unavoidably, and ultimately, based on our own opinions. Unlike most parts of the world where empty shells found on the beach are an explicit indication of a species’ presence, shells found on Singapore beaches may not be unequivocal evidence of occurrence. Shells of many species are evidently extrinsic, such as those of Turbinella pyrum (Linnaeus, 1758), and Busycon sinistrum Hollister, 1958, both of which have been found at Changi. These are definitely not from this region and are known to be used in religious rites by the Hindus. Micro-shells of many species are often present in the shell grit and amongst debris along the tide line of beaches, and the vast majority of these have not been found alive too. Hence with few exceptions, benefit of the doubt is usually assigned and discoveries of empty shells were regarded as sufficient proof of occurrence if the species is known from Southeast Asia based on the literature. In the process of collating data for this checklist, we realised that many local species well-known to the local shell collectors and malacologists are not found in the literature. Hence for an updated list to be viable, and to provide a more comprehensive examinaton of the local malacofauna, we deemed it necessary to include unpublished data. An example is the shells mixed in the sand imported for Singapore’s extensive reclamation works. Empty shells of some species rarely or never found alive in Singapore, are relatively plentiful in newly-reclaimed areas. However, live animals have since been recorded for some species whose shells are quite common in reclaimed areas but were initially thought unlikely to occur locally. Some examples are Phalium decussatum (Linnaeus, 1758), Polinices powisianus (Récluz, 1844), and Xenophora solarioides (Reeve, 1845). The inclusion of some species may also seem debatable. An example is Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus, 1758, which is included even though there are no known populations in the waters of Singapore. Empty shells have however, been sporadically discovered on the eastern and southern shores of Singapore Island, and we felt that these observations were sufficient evidence to warrant inclusion. To date there is still no universal consensus on the classification of molluscs, and disagreements remain unresolved over the placements of many species and/or families. The advancement of molecular techniques in recent years has also caused some major upheavals to the traditional Linnean system of classification. While being aware of alternative classification systems advocated by other authors (e.g., Ponder & Lindberg, 1997), the higher classification schemes employed in this checklist largely follow the recent work of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) for Gastropoda, and a combination of Vaught (1989), and Brands (1989–2005) for the other classes. Although far from perfect, we felt that this combination represents a viable compromise. Generic placements adopted in this checklist largely follow popular usage, and the use of subgenera was not adopted. In this list, one may find instances of “species” following a valid genus (e.g., Parmarion species). These are species that are identifiable only to the generic level, but recognised as distinct from the other congeners listed. The abbreviation “cf.” (Latin confer, compare) is used where identification of the species is uncertain. Some trinomial names of well-known or widely-accepted subspecies were also included in this list. However, no names of forms or geographical races were knowingly included. 2
CHECKLIST OF SINGAPORE MOLLUSCA CLASS POLYPLACOPHORA ORDER NEOLORICATA FAMILY ISCHNOCHITONIDAE Callochiton schilfi Schwabe & Ruthensteiner, 2001 {Schwabe & Ruthensteiner, 2001; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Lepidozona luzonica (Sowerby, 1842) {Kaas & van Belle, 1990} FAMILY CHITONIDAE Acanthopleura gemmata (Blainville, 1825) {Tan & Chou, 2000 [Acanthopleura sp.]; Chou & Tan, 2008} CLASS BIVALVIA ORDER NUCULOIDA SUPERFAMILY NUCULOIDEA FAMILY NUCULIDAE Nucula layardi A. Adams, 1856 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} SUPERFAMILY NUCULANOIDEA FAMILY NUCULANIDAE Nuculana confusa (Hanley, 1860) {Chuang, 1973 [Saccella confusa]; Chou et al., 1994b} FAMILY YOLDIIDAE Yoldia serotina Hinds, 1843 {Hanley, 1860 [Lena serotina]} Yoldia tenella Hinds, 1843 {Hanley, 1860 [Lena tenella]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} 3
Page 1: A PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF THE MOLL
Page 4 and 5: A Preliminary Checklist of the Moll
Page 8 and 9: ORDER ARCOIDA SUPERFAMILY ARCOIDEA
Page 10 and 11: Modiolus philippinarum (Hanley, 184
Page 12 and 13: Lima sowerbyi (Deshayes, 1863) {Chu
Page 14 and 15: Spondylus echinatus Schreibers, 179
Page 16 and 17: SUPERFAMILY CRASSATELLOIDEA FAMILY
Page 18 and 19: Micromactra angulifera (Deshayes, 1
Page 20 and 21: Gari elongatus (Lamarck, 1818) {Wil
Page 22 and 23: Marcia flammea (Gmelin, 1791) {The
Page 24 and 25: SUPERFAMILY GASTROCHAENOIDEA FAMILY
Page 26 and 27: CLASS SCAPHOPODA ORDER DENTALIIDA F
Page 28 and 29: SUPERFAMILY TROCHOIDEA FAMILY TROCH
Page 30 and 31: Cyclostrema reeveana A. Adams, 1850
Page 32 and 33: FAMILY DIPLOMMATINIDAE Diplommatina
Page 34 and 35: Cerithidea microptera (Kiener, 1842
Page 36 and 37: Cypraea felina Gmelin, 1791 {Chou e
Page 38 and 39: Volva volva (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chou
Page 40 and 41: Polinices melanostomoides (Quoy & G
Page 42 and 43: Strombus epidromis Linnaeus, 1758 {
Page 44 and 45: Trivia pellucidula (Gaskoin, 1846)
Page 46 and 47: CLADE NEOGASTROPODA SUPERFAMILY BUC
Page 48 and 49: Nassarius hepaticus Pulteney, 1799
Page 50 and 51: Morula spinosa (H. Adams & A. Adams
Page 52 and 53: Mitra scutulata (Gmelin, 1791) {Way
Page 54 and 55: Brachytoma tuberosa (Smith, 1875) {
Page 56 and 57:
Tropaeas subulata (A. Adams, 1855)
Page 58 and 59:
Aplysia cornigera Sowerby, 1869 {Wa
Page 60 and 61:
Jorunna funebris Kelaart, 1858 {Tan
Page 62 and 63:
Dendrodoris singaporensis Lim & Cho
Page 64 and 65:
FAMILY TETHYDIDAE Melibe pilosa Pea
Page 66 and 67:
Physastra sumatrana (von Martens, 1
Page 68 and 69:
Paraonchidium species 3 {Liow, 1996
Page 70 and 71:
FAMILY TROCHOMORPHIDAE Geotrochus l
Page 72 and 73:
Idiosepius species † FAMILY IDIOS
Page 74 and 75:
Chuang, S. H., 1973. Sea shells. In
Page 76 and 77:
Tan, S. K. & R. Clements, 2008. Tax
Page 78 and 79:
Costasiella .......................
Page 80 and 81:
Mitridae ..........................
Page 82:
Tellinoidea........................
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