disertacia disertacia
disertacia disertacia
disertacia disertacia
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SoTa SoTa rusTavelis rusTavelis saxelmwifo saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
universiteti<br />
socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da samarTalmcodneobis<br />
fakulteti<br />
ekonomikis mecnierebaTa departamenti<br />
goderZi goderZi SaniZe<br />
SaniZe<br />
mewarmeobisa mewarmeobisa da da agrobiznesis agrobiznesis ganviTarebis<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
prioritetebi prioritetebi Tanamedrove Tanamedrove etapze<br />
etapze<br />
(guriis guriis regionis mag magaliTze<br />
mag<br />
aliTze aliTze) aliTze<br />
biznesisa da marTvis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis<br />
mosapoveblad warmodgenili<br />
<strong>disertacia</strong><br />
<strong>disertacia</strong><br />
<strong>disertacia</strong><br />
<strong>disertacia</strong><br />
Sifri - 34. biznesisa da marTvis doqtoris akademiuri<br />
xarisxi makroekonomikaSi<br />
samecniero samecniero samecniero xelmZRvanelebi:<br />
xelmZRvanelebi:<br />
ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori j. maxaraZe<br />
baTumi baTumi 2008 2008 w.<br />
w.<br />
ekonomikis doqtori l. bigvava
Sesavali Sesavali<br />
Sesavali<br />
1. 1. Cais Cais produqtTa produqtTa qvekompleqsis qvekompleqsis formirebis formirebis kanonzomierebani kanonzomierebani guriis<br />
guriis<br />
regionSi.<br />
regionSi.<br />
1.1. radikaluri agraruli reformis mimdinareobis socialur-<br />
ekonomikuri Sedegebi guriis regionSi...................................................... gv. 6<br />
1.2. saqarTvelosa da sakvlevi regionis soflis meurneobis<br />
ganviTarebis mimarTulebebis ekonomikuri Sefaseba.......................... gv. 21<br />
1.3. Cais produqtTa qvekompleqsis formirebis mimarTulebebi,<br />
tendenciebi................................................................................................................. gv. 34<br />
2. 2. mewarmeobisa mewarmeobisa da da agrobiznesis agrobiznesis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi mimarTulebebi meCaieobaSi.<br />
meCaieobaSi.<br />
2.1. mewarmeoba da agrobiznesi reformamde da reformis mimdinareobis<br />
pirobebSi....................................................................................................................... gv. 44<br />
2.2. meCaieobis dargSi mewarmeobis ZiriTadi formebi da maTi<br />
funqcionirebis ekonomikuri Sefaseba.................................................... gv. 60<br />
2.3. soflis meurneobis sawarmoo potencialis gamoyenebis<br />
perspeqtivebi guriis regionSi..................................................................... gv. 71<br />
3. 3. Cais Cais produqtTa produqtTa qvekompleqsis qvekompleqsis qvekompleqsis ganviT ganviTarebis ganviT ganviTarebis<br />
arebis perspeqtivebi perspeqtivebi perspeqtivebi guriis<br />
regionSi.<br />
regionSi.<br />
3.1. saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebiT, meCaieoba guriis regionis<br />
ekonomikis samsaxurSi Cadgeba....................................................................... gv. 90<br />
3.2. Cais warmoebis ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba......gv. 102<br />
3.3. Cais xarisxis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebebi Cais produqtTa<br />
qvekompleqsSi............................................................................................................... gv. 110<br />
3.4. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi guriis<br />
regionSi...................................................................................................................... gv. 117<br />
3.5. dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobisadmi saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis<br />
zogierTi sakiTxi guriis regionSi........................................................ gv. 124<br />
daskvnebi daskvnebi daskvnebi da da winadadebebi<br />
winadadebebi..................................................................................... winadadebebi<br />
gv. 130<br />
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
literatura
Sesavali<br />
Sesavali<br />
Temis Temis aqtualuroba. aqtualuroba. sabazro ekonomikas meorenairad<br />
mewarmeTa ekonomikas uwodeben. mewarme sabazro ekonomikis<br />
mTavari moqmedi piria. swored man unda gadawyvitos Tu ra,<br />
rogor da visTvis awarmoos, an organizacia gaukeTos saqonlisa<br />
da momsaxurebis warmoebas. misi mTavari mizania maqsimalurad<br />
gamoiyenos arsebuli sawarmoo potenciali da miiRos mogeba.<br />
amasTan moqmedebs ra piradi sargeblobis interesebidan<br />
gamomdinare, sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT xels kidebs im<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebas, romelic sxvebs<br />
sWirdebaT. am mimarTulebiT mewarme mniSvnelovan ekonomikur<br />
funqcias asrulebs. samwuxarod agraruli reformis kursis<br />
arasworad gatarebis gamo qveyanaSi mewarmeoba – ver aRorZinda.<br />
es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis agrarul seqtorze, sadac radikaluri<br />
agraruli reforma TviTdinebiT, usistemod warimarTeboda.<br />
soflad ver naxav namdvil mewarmes, romelic funqcionirebdes<br />
Tavisufali saqonelmwarmoeblis sruli dacviT. amis gamo<br />
sustadaa gamoyenebuli: miwa, kapitali, Sroma, samewarmeo unari<br />
da saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis qmediTunarianoba.<br />
guriis mxareSi, sadac reformis kursi naCqarevad,<br />
aramizanmimarTulad gatarda, igi araefeqtiania. daiSala<br />
msxvili maRalrentabeluri meurneobebi, miwebis privatizacia<br />
aseve araswori kursiT gatarda, ganadgurda da daitaces qoneba,<br />
miwebi miiRes mesame da meoTxe kategoriis pirebma, glexi,<br />
rogorc ZiriTadi saqonelmwarmoebeli daucveli darCa. Cais<br />
warmoeba gaCerda da am mxaris ekonomikac daeca.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, guriis regionis<br />
meCaieobaSi mewarmeobis Seswavla da biznesis ganviTareba,<br />
agreTve, sawarmoo organizaciuli formebis srulyofilad<br />
gamoyeneba, maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebisadmi saTanado<br />
rekomendaciebisa da winadadebebis SemuSaveba udides Teoriul<br />
da praqtikul mniSvnelobas iZens, ramac ganapiroba<br />
sadisertacio Temis arCevani da kvlevis mimarTuleba.<br />
problemis problemis Seswavlis Seswavlis mdgomareoba<br />
mdgomareoba. mdgomareoba mewarmeobis<br />
ganviTarebisadmi ukanasknel wlebSi ucxoel da qarTvel<br />
mecnierTa mravali saintereso Sroma gamoqveynda. daiwera<br />
sadisertacio naSromebic. qveynis samecniero-kvleviT<br />
dawesebulebebSi Sesrulda ramdenime saintereso gamokvleva.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, sabazro ekonomikisadmi qveynis regionSi<br />
samewarmeo saqmianobis aRorZineba da meurneobis axal<br />
pirobebisaTvis, konkretulad meCaieobaSi mewarmeobisa da<br />
agrobiznesis ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi, Cveni azriT,<br />
kvlavac moiTxovs saTanado kompleqsur mecnierul Seswavlas,<br />
Sesabamisad daskvnebis gakeTebas da rekomendaciebis SemuSavebas.<br />
kvlevis kvlevis kvlevis mizani mizani da da amocanebi amocanebi. amocanebi kvlevis ZiriTadi mizania<br />
guriis mxaris meCaieoba da am dargSi mewarmeobis aRorZinebisa<br />
da ganviTarebis, agreTve Cais produqtTa qvekompleqsis<br />
formirebisa da ganviTarebis problemis Seswavla. regionis<br />
sawarmoo potencialis perspeqtiuli gamoyenebis mimarTulebebis<br />
mecnieruli rekomendaciebis damuSaveba.<br />
dasaxuli miznebis sarealizaciod sadirsetacio naSromis<br />
ZiriTadi amocanebia:<br />
- mewarmeobisa da agrobiznesis mimarTulebebis Seswavla<br />
meCaieobis produqtTa qvekompleqsSi;
- Cais produqtTa qvekompleqsis formirebisa da<br />
ganviTarebis problemebis Seswavla-ganzogadoeba;<br />
- guriis regionSi meCaieobis aRorZinebis problemuri<br />
sakiTxebis gamokvleva ;<br />
Seswavla;<br />
- mza konkurentunariani Cais gasaRebis bazrebis<br />
- mza Cais bazris gamokvleva da am sferoSi<br />
marketinguli marTvis organizaciis damkvidreba.<br />
kvlevis kvlevis obieqti obieqti da da sagani sagani. sagani kvlevis ZiriTadi obieqtia<br />
guriis mxare da masSi Semavali sami: ozurgeTis, lanCxuTisa<br />
da Coxatauris raionebSi Semavali sasoflo-sameurneo da kvebis<br />
mrewvelobis sawarmoebi, guriis regionis Cais produqtTa<br />
qvekompleqsi, misi meurne subieqtebi, glexuri, fermeruli<br />
meurneobebi, kooperativebi, agrofirmebi da sxva asociaciuri<br />
gaerTianebebi.<br />
kvlevis sagania sakvlevi regionisa da Cais produqtTa<br />
qvekompleqsSi mewarmeobisa da agrobiznesis ganviTarebis<br />
saproblemo sakiTxebi. amis safuZvelze guriis regionSi<br />
sawarmoo potencialis gamoyenebis donis Sefaseba da<br />
perspeqtiuli mimarTulebebis gansazRvra, Cais reabilitaciis<br />
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis gamokvleva da am mxaris ekonomikis<br />
aRmavloba-ganviTareba.<br />
kvlevis kvlevis meTodologia meTodologia da da meTodika meTodika. meTodika gamokvlevis Teoriuli<br />
da meTodologiuri safuZvelia Tanamedrove ekonomikuri<br />
Teoria, kvlavwarmoebis sabazro urTierTobebis ekonomikis<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis gardamavali periodis Sesaxeb.<br />
mewarmis ganviTarebis mimarTulebis kvlevisas farTod aris<br />
gamoyenebuli ucxoeli da qarTveli mecnier-ekonomistebis
naSromebi, Sesabamisi samecniero-kvleviTi institutebis<br />
SromaTa krebulebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis<br />
rekomendaciebi, saxelmwifo programebi, saerTaSoriso<br />
xelSekrulebebi, saqarTvelosa da sazRvargareTis normatiuli<br />
aqtebi, saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis, soflis<br />
meurneobis saministroebis, statistikis saxelmwifo<br />
depatamentisa da sxvadasxva saeqsperto samsaxurebisa da<br />
organizaciebis monacemebi.<br />
naSromis Sesrulebis dros gamoyenebulia iseTi meTodebi,<br />
rogoricaa logikuri analizi, sistemur-dialeqtikuri da<br />
problemur-miznobrivi midgoma, Sedarebebi, kompleqsuri<br />
analizi, kvlevis statistikuri, monografiuli, analitikuri,<br />
anketuri da sxva.<br />
naSromis naSromis mecnieruli mecnieruli siaxle siaxle. siaxle <strong>disertacia</strong> warmoadgens<br />
pirvel axlebur gamokvlevas, romelSic Sefasebulia sabazro<br />
urTierTobebze gadasvlisas regionis doneze mewarmeobisa da<br />
agrobiznesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi, gaanalizebulia<br />
arsebuli sawarmoo potencialis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi,<br />
igi ekonomikuradaa Sefasebuli da dasaxulia gzebi mewarmeobis<br />
aRorZinebisaTvis da agrobiznesis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
sadisertacio kvlevis mecnieruli siaxleebia:<br />
- naSromSi ganxilulia mewarmeobisa da agrobiznesis<br />
ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi, mTlianad guriis regionis soflis<br />
meurneobasa da kerZod, mis ZiriTad dargSi – meCaieobaSi;<br />
amasTan gaanalizebulia da dasabuTebulia saxelmwifo<br />
institutebis roli Cais ekonomikis aRorZinebis saqmianobaSi;<br />
- ganxilulia Cais produqtTa qvekompleqsis<br />
formirebisa da ganviTarebis problemebi, konkurentunariani
produqciis formirebisa da msoflio bazarze adgilis<br />
dakavebis, realizaciis sakiTxebi.<br />
- gansazRvrulia regionisa da Cais produqtTa<br />
qvekompleqsis sawarmoo potencialis gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi<br />
meurneobriobis axal pirobebisaTvis;<br />
- gansazRvrulia meCaieobaSi warmoebis aRorZinebis<br />
mimarTulebebi da SesaZleblobebi mxaris ekonomikis daCqarebul<br />
ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofaSi; aseve gansazRvrulia<br />
mecitruseobis, Txilis ganviTarebis roli da mimarTulebebi;<br />
- gansazRvrulia Cais bazari da misi marTvis<br />
mimarTulebebi;<br />
- mocemulia rekomendaciebi samewarmeo garemos<br />
gaumjobesebisaTvis romelTa praqtikuli realizacia gamoiwvevs<br />
agrobiznesis daCqarebas da regionSi sasursaTo usafrTxoebis<br />
ufro srulad uzrunvelyofas.<br />
naSromis naSromis Teoriuli Teoriuli da da praqtikuli praqtikuli praqtikuli Rirebuleba<br />
Rirebuleba.<br />
Rirebuleba<br />
<strong>disertacia</strong>Si SemoTavazebuli winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi<br />
gamoyenebiTi xasiaTisaa, rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT. rekomendaciebi SeiZleba perspeqtivaSi<br />
gamoyenebul iqnes regionis Cais produqtTa qvekompleqsis<br />
aRorZineba ganviTarebisaTvis. igi gamoadgebaT agreTve qveynis<br />
meCaieobis sxva raionebis mewarmeebs da am dargis specialistebs.<br />
publikacia publikacia publikacia da da aprobacia<br />
aprobacia. aprobacia sadisertacio gamokvlevebis<br />
ZiriTadi Sedegebi moxsenda Cais, subtropikuli kulturebisa da<br />
Cais mrewvelobis institutis ekonomikis ganyofilebas, SoTa<br />
rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur mecnierebaTa,<br />
biznesisa da samarTalmcodneobis fakultetis, ekonomikis<br />
mecnierebaTa departaments da igi rekomendirebulia sajaro
dacvaze warsadgenad. naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebi asaxulia<br />
samecniero-praqtikul konferenciebsa da gamoqveynebul<br />
naSromebSi. sul 12 naSromi.<br />
naSromis naSromis naSromis moculoba moculoba da da publikacia<br />
publikacia. publikacia sadisertacio naSromi<br />
Sedgeba Sesavlis, sami Tavisa da 11 paragrafisa da daskvnisagan.<br />
teqsts Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia 146<br />
dasaxelebis. igi moicavs 16 cxrils. disertaciis saerTo<br />
moculoba 139 gverdia (gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxis<br />
gareSe).
Tavi Tavi I. I. Cais Cais produqtTa produqtTa qvekompleqsis qvekompleqsis formirebis<br />
formirebis<br />
kanonzomierebani kanonzomierebani guriis guriis regionSi<br />
regionSi<br />
1.1. 1.1. radikaluri radikaluri agraruli agraruli reformis reformis mimdinareobis mimdinareobis socialur-<br />
socialur<br />
ekonimikuri ekonimikuri Sedegebi guriis regionSi<br />
agrarulma gardaqmnebma guriis regionis mosaxleobas<br />
mniSvnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi moutana. misi<br />
udidesi Sedegia is, rom man safuZveli daudo am mxareSi kerZo<br />
sakuTrebis Camoyalibebasa da ekonomikur urTierTobaTa<br />
gardaqmnebs. amJamad aq kerZo sakuTreba dominirebs. 2007 wlis<br />
monacemebiT, kerZo seqtorSi iwarmoeba guriis regionSi<br />
warmoebuli soflis meurneobis mTliani produqciis<br />
Rirebulebis 98,9%-ze meti, maSin roca Sesabamisi maCvenebeli 80-<br />
ian wlebSi, e. i. sabWoTa periodSi 45%-s ar aRemateboda. dRes<br />
soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoeba ZiriTadad saojaxo<br />
meurneobaSia Tavmoyrili. maT wilad modis marcvleulis<br />
warmoebis 95.0%, mzesumziris – 100, bostneulis - 99.5, xilis –<br />
100, yurZnis 99.9, xorcis – 98, rZis – 99, kvercxisa da matylis –<br />
100%.<br />
mxaris soflis meurneobis kerZo seqtorSi Tavmoyrilia<br />
dasamuSavebeli miwebis (saxnavi, mravalwliani nargavebis)<br />
udidesi farTobebi da yvela saxeobis pirutyvisa da frinvelis<br />
mTeli suladoba. igi TandaTanobiT wamyvani Zala xdeba<br />
regionis sursaTis warmoebaSi da momaragebaSi.<br />
amrigad, am mxaris ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove<br />
etapis umniSvnelovanesi Taviseburebaa is, rom agrarul<br />
seqtorSi damkvidrda kerZo sakuTreba da igi guriis regionis<br />
ekonomikis safuZvelia. es aris am mxaris agraruli reformis
pozitiuri socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegi (igive iTqmis qveynis<br />
masStabiTac), rac revoluciuri gadatrialebis tolfasia.<br />
amasTan, am mxaris agraruli reformis gatarebisas Tavi<br />
iCina negatiurma Sedegma. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs, uwinares yovlisa,<br />
is garemoeba, rom glexi miwasTan SiSveli xeliT davtoveT da<br />
mas uWirda misi damuSaveba, amitom Sedegebi<br />
aradamakmayofilebeli iyo. bolo wlebSi misasalmebelia<br />
xelisuflebis yuradReba glexebis mimarT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs<br />
axali traqtorebisa da teqnikis Semotana da satraqtoro<br />
parkebis Seqmna. Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom kidev bevri ram<br />
aris gasakeTebeli.<br />
guriis mxareSi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba<br />
ararentabeluri gziT viTardeboda. amis Sedegia, rom iqauri<br />
glexi ver inazRaurebs gaweul xarjebs. adre am mxareSi<br />
rentabeluri iyo mxolod Caisa da citrusebis warmoeba.<br />
reformis periodSi Cais warmoeba TiTqmis SeCerebulia,<br />
citrusebisa ki nawilobriv, mcired moqmedebs. es arasasurveli<br />
mdgomareoba ukanasknel wlebSi kidev ufro gauaresda<br />
politikuri situaciebidan gamomdinare. [3.22-24]<br />
guriis niadagur-klimaturi pirobebi gansakuTrebiT<br />
xelsayrelia Caisa da citrusovani kulturebis moyvanisaTvis.<br />
kargad modis agreTve simindi, bostneuli, Txili. guriis<br />
regionSi sabWoTa periodSi mohyavdaT qveyanaSi warmoebuli Cais<br />
25%-ze meti, didi raodenobiT citrusebi da xili, es regioni<br />
gamoirCeoda mravalwliani nargavebis produqciis didi<br />
xvedriTi wiliT (Cai, citrusebi), rac warmoadgenda am mxaris<br />
Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaros. axla ki es ase ar aris (ix. cxr. 1.1.).<br />
adre guriis regionis sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis
intensifikaciis done mniSvnelovnad aRemateboda qveynis<br />
saSualo maCveneblebs, axla ki bevrad CamorCeba mas. 80-ian<br />
wlebSi guriis mxareSi saSualod erT heqtarze iwarmoeboda<br />
memcenareobisa da mecxoveleobis saerTo produqcia 1214 maneTis<br />
odenobiT. maT Soris memcenareobis – 1150 maneTis, xolo<br />
mecxoveleobis produqcia - 64 maneTis. reformis wlebSi igi<br />
sawinaaRmdegod Seicvala, gaizarda mecxoveleobis produqciis<br />
warmoeba da Semcirda memcenareobis produqcia. igi Cais<br />
warmoebis Semcirebam ganapiroba. aseTi struqturuli cvlileba<br />
ganpirobebulia am mxaris mosaxleobis sasursaTo<br />
uzrunvelyofisaken miswrafebiT, rac am etapze gamarTlebulia.<br />
amave mizniT am regionSi Semovida axali kulturebi:<br />
kartofilisa, aqtinidiis (kivis) da Txilis warmoeba. es axali<br />
kulturebi efeqtiania da did rols TamaSoben mosaxleobis<br />
sasursaTo uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi.<br />
guriis guriis guriis regionis regionis soflis<br />
soflis<br />
meurneobis meurneobis specializacia specializacia 1988 1988 1988 da da 2007 2007 wlebSi wlebSi<br />
wlebSi<br />
(sasaqonlo (sasaqonlo produqciis produqciis struqtura, struqtura, %)<br />
%)<br />
cxrili cxrili 1.1.<br />
1.1.<br />
1988 w. 200 2007 200 w. w.<br />
1988 1988 welTan welTan SedarebiT SedarebiT 2007 2007 wels wels Semcir-<br />
Semcir<br />
da da an an gaizarda gaizarda procentuli procentuli punqtiT<br />
punqtiT<br />
memcenareoba memcenareoba<br />
maT maT Soris:<br />
Soris:<br />
92.0 54.0 -38.0<br />
marcvleulis meurneoba 2.5 14.5 +12.0<br />
mebostneoba 0.4 2.5 +2.5<br />
mekarTofileoba - 3.9 +3.9<br />
mexileoba da Txilis warmoeba 2.8 12.3 +9.5<br />
mecitruseoba 8.0 5.0 -3.0<br />
meCaieoba 78.0 7.8 -70.2<br />
sakvebmopoveba 0.3 8.0 +7.7<br />
mecxoveleoba mecxoveleoba<br />
maT maT Soris:<br />
Soris:<br />
8.0 46.0 +38<br />
msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi 3.6 29.6 +26.0<br />
meRoreoba 1.0 5.1 +4.1<br />
mefrinveleoba 1.1 5.0 +3.9<br />
mecxoveleobis sxva dargebi 2.3 6.3 +4.0<br />
sul sul soflis soflis soflis meurneoba<br />
meurneoba meurneoba<br />
100.0 100.0 100.0<br />
100.0
ogorc cxrilidan Cans, guriis regionis soflis<br />
meurneobis specializacia Secvlilia. kursi sasursaTo<br />
uzrunvelyofisaken aris mimarTuli.<br />
rogorc zeviT avRniSneT, guriis mxareSi agraruli<br />
reformis kursi Tavdapirvelad araswori mimarTulebiT<br />
ganviTarda, igi wavida TviTdinebiT, usistemod, arsebuli<br />
programis moTxovnebis gauTvaliswineblad. agrarulma reformam<br />
srulad ver uzrunvelyo kerZo sakuTrebis potencialur<br />
SesaZleblobaTa realizacia. agraruli reformis erT-erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri monapovaria is, rom man<br />
pirvel wlebSi SeaCera uaryofiTi migraciuli procesebi, magram<br />
Semdeg soflad sawarmoo infrastruqturis gauaresebam<br />
ukuprocesi gamoiwvia.<br />
regionSi agraruli reformis aseve TvalsaCino socialur-<br />
ekonomikuri monapovaria axali tipis sawarmoTa Camoyalibeba<br />
da ganviTareba. kerZod, Seiqmna da viTardeba mewarmeobis<br />
individualuri (glexuri, fermeruli, partnioruli,<br />
kooperaciuli gaerTianebebi, erToblivi sawarmoebi) da<br />
aqcioneruli formirebebi. meurneobis mravalferovneba am<br />
regionis cxovrebis mravalferovnebaa da mis srulyofilad<br />
ganviTarebas farTo gza unda mivceT. regionSi adre arsebuli<br />
137 soflis meurneobrivi sawarmodan likvidirebulia yvela da<br />
Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna 2946 glexuri meurneoba, 7 fermeruli<br />
meurneoba, 16 S.p.s., 14 kooperatiuli gaerTianeba, 12 saaqcio<br />
sazogadoeba. regionSi yvelaze masobrivad gavrcelebulia<br />
glexuri meurneobebi. isini naturalur da naxevradnaturalur<br />
meurneobebs warmoadgenen da Zalze dabali aqvT saqonlianobis<br />
done. maT ar SeuZliaT srulad gamokvebon ara marto qveyana,
aramed regioni. momavalSi kursi unda aviRoT msxvili,<br />
maRalsaqonluri fermeruli meurneobisaken. [3.79-92]<br />
dReis mdgomareobiT guriis regionSi arsebuli sasoflo-<br />
sameurneo sawarmos raodenoba 40 000 Seadgens.<br />
ganviTarebul qveynebSi, soflis meurneobis specifikidan<br />
gamomdinare, glexuri da fermeruli meurneobebi rigi<br />
SeRavaTebiT sargebloben. amitomacaa, rom xSirad sxva dargis<br />
sawarmoebi TavianTi kapitalis nawils soflis meurneobaSi<br />
swored garkveuli SeRavaTebis sargeblobis uflebis mopovebis<br />
mizniT abandeben. CvenTan es pirobebi ar arsebobs da igi ar<br />
gamoiyeneba. amdenad, glexuri da fermeruli meurneobis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado iuridiuli bazis Seqmnas da mis<br />
safuZvelze sagadasaxado sistemis daxvewas seriozuli mixedva<br />
da saxelmwifo doneze gadawyveta esaWiroeba. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi ama Tu im organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT<br />
funqcionirebadi bevri soflis meurneobis sawarmo momavalSi<br />
arsebobas wyvets, rac seriozul safrTxes Seuqmnis soflad<br />
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas. arada mewarmeobam unda<br />
aaRorZinos da ekonomikurad ganamtkicos regioni. “mewarmeobis<br />
Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 1994 wlis 28 oqtombris<br />
miRebul kanonSi sawarmoTa organizaciul-samarTlebriv<br />
formaTa CamonaTvalSi glexuri da fermeruli meurneobebi<br />
saerTod ar moixseneba, arc Semdgom am kanonis cvlilebebSia<br />
igi warmodgenili, rac udaoa, rom abrkolebs maTi potencialis<br />
srulad gamoyenebas. es saSuri saqmea da droulad mogvarebas<br />
saWiroebs. [3.35-213]<br />
aqve avRniSnavT, rom sawarmoTa saintereso tips ebrauli<br />
kibucebi warmoadgens, sadac ara marto soflis meurneobis
produqciis warmoebas aqvs koleqtiuri xasiaTi, aramed Seqmnili<br />
dovlaTis moxmarebasac. ukanasknel wlebSi gamoikveTa kibucebis<br />
moSavebad gardaqmnis tendencia. moSavi – esaa kooperatiuli<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo dasaxleba, anu sofeli (70-100 ojaxamde)<br />
TiToeuli ojaxi flobs da amuSavebs miwis nakveTs, aris<br />
absoluturad damoukidbeli meurne, magram gaerTianebulia<br />
moSavis koleqtiur gaerTianebaSi. [3.42-42]<br />
meCaeobaSi Seqmnilma mZime mdgomareobam metad uaryofiTi<br />
gavlena moaxdina regionSi ekonomikis ganviTarebaze. wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi subieqturi da obieqturi mizezebiT dargSi<br />
dagrovilma gadauWrelma problemebma Seasusta qarTuli Cais<br />
konkurentunarianoba sazRvargareTis qveynebis bazrebze,<br />
daikarga gasaRebis tradiciuli bazrebi da ekonomikac Cakvda.<br />
Cais warmoebis mkveTri Semcirebisa da mrewvelobaSi<br />
Seqmnili mZime finansuri mdgomareobis mizeziT didad<br />
gauaresda regionSi Cais fabrikebis sawarmoo simZlavreebis<br />
datvirTva. katastrofulad Semcirda Cais warmoebis moculoba<br />
mTlianad qveyanaSi da a. S.<br />
aqauri Cais gatanas ucxo qveynebis bazarze didad uSlis<br />
xels is, rom regionSi Cais mwarmoebeli firmebis did<br />
umravlesobas ar gaaCniaT bazrebis Seswavlis marketinguli<br />
kvlevis samsaxurebi. am saqmis mogvarebas garkveulad arTulebs<br />
is, rom msoflio bazari sakmarisad aris gajerebuli farTo<br />
asortimentis maRali xarisxis sakmarisi raodenobis CaiT.<br />
qarTuli Cais ucxoeTis bazarze gatanas aferxebs<br />
damzadebis dabali teqnologiis gamoyenebasTan erTad<br />
nedleulis xarisxobrivi krefis daucveloba. Cai ikrifeba
ZiriTadad uxarisxo. aseTi nedleulidan ki bunebrivia, dabali<br />
xarisxis mza Cai miiReba.<br />
ara da am mxares aqvs yvela SesaZlebloba (jiSuri<br />
Tvisebebi, teqnologiuri damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi da a. S.),<br />
rom Cai konkurentunariani gaxdes. mcire biznesi ekonomikis<br />
gajansaRebis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa saqarTveloSi, aseve<br />
regionSic. mimdinare reformac amis gamoyenebazea<br />
orientirebuli. samwuxarod, igi am regionSi cudad viTardeba<br />
da ara aqvs Sesabamisi efeqti. misi srulyofa da gaumjobeseba ki<br />
aucilebelia.<br />
mcire biznesma Tavisi aSkara upiratesobis gamo meCaieobis<br />
ganviTarebaSi lokomotivis funqcia unda Seasrulos. misi<br />
upiratesoba Cais warmoebaSi Semdegia:<br />
- mcire biznesi Zalze gavrcelebuli formaa da mas<br />
advilad SeuZlia fexi auwyos am dargSi yovelgvar gardaqmnebs;<br />
- msxvil sawarmoebTan SedarebiT igi gacilebiT<br />
mobiluria da advilad SeuZlia Zvelis Secvla Tanamedrove<br />
teqnologiebiT, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania. mcire biznesi<br />
gacilebiT nakleb kapitals moiTxovs warmoebis dasawyebad,<br />
vidre msxvili meurneobebi.<br />
magram rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, mcire biznesis<br />
ganviTareba meCaieobaSi saSualebas iZleva maqsimalurad<br />
dasaqmdes muSaxeli da Seiqmnas “mesame fena”, sazogadoebisa,<br />
romelic dRes umuSevaria. igi gaxdeba am mxaris politikuri<br />
stabilurobis garanti.<br />
swored amis gamoa, rom civilizebul qveynebSi, sadac<br />
didad ganviTarda sabazro ekonomika, mcire biznesi udides<br />
rols TamaSobs saxelmwifos Zlierebisa da moqalaqeTa
keTildReobis amaRlebaSi. isic saTqmelia, rom saqarTveloSi<br />
jerjerobiT srulad ver Seiqmna is aucilebeli pirobebi,<br />
romlebic xels Seuwyobda am saqmis mogvarebas. Tumca qveyanaSi<br />
amoqmedda mcire biznesis xelSewyobis RonisZiebebi da imedia es<br />
kompleqsur xasiaTs miiRebs. vfiqrobT, msoflios zogierTi<br />
qveynis gamocdileba am mxriv garkveulad xels Seuwyobs<br />
saqarTvelos ara marto meCaeobaSi, aramed mevenaxeobasa,<br />
mexileobaSi da sxva dargebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebas.<br />
agraruli reformis erT-erTi monapovaria agreTve regionSi<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis specializaciis Secvla sursaTis<br />
mwarmoebeli dargebis upiratesi ganviTarebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom guruli glexi eweva eqstensiur miwaTmoqmedebas, rom man<br />
miaRwios sakuTari Tavis TviTuzrunvelyofas. Tu adre sabWoTa<br />
periodSi mkveTrad gamokveTili samrewvelo meCaieoba da<br />
mecitruseoba axasiaTebda guriis regionis 3 administraciul<br />
raions, axla es mimarTuleba arc erTs ar axasiaTebs. igi<br />
mecxoveleoba-memarcvleobis mimarTulebiT viTardeba.<br />
agraruli reformis sawyis etapze mkveTrad gauaresda<br />
guriis regionSi Caisa da citrusebis produqtTa qvekompleqsis<br />
formirebis kanonzomierebis procesebi. moxda dargSi<br />
deindustrializacia, daeca meqanizaciis done. amis Sedegad<br />
Semcirda saqonlianobis done da warmoeba daeca, xolo<br />
mosaxleobis gadaxdisunarianoba daqveiTda. es procesebi rom<br />
srulvyoT, saWiroa msxvili da mZlavri meurneobebis formireba,<br />
rac Cais warmoebis specializaciis gaRrmavebis, konkurenciis<br />
donis gazrdisa da intensifikaciis gadidebis gziT unda<br />
warimarTos momavalSi. [3.23-27]
eformis kursis cudad gatarebiT moxda guriis regionis<br />
mewarmeTa diferenciacia da polarizacia. saerTod, Seqmnilma<br />
socialur-ekonomikurma viTarebam xeli Seuwyo am procesis<br />
daCqarebas. aq sazogadoeba daiyo mkveTrad urTierTgansxvavebul<br />
fenebad – Zalian Raribebad da mdidrebad. saerTo struqturaSi<br />
Raribebis xvedriTi wona 90-92%-s aRemateba. guriis mosaxleobis<br />
umravlesobis saarsebo minimumSi fuladi Semosavlebis<br />
xvedriTi wona ar aRemateba 10-12%-s. igi qveynis yvela regionTan<br />
SedarebiT mcirea. yovelive amis gamo Rrmavdeba qonebrivi da<br />
socialuri diferenciacia. reformamdel periodSi mosaxleobis<br />
mxolod 10%-is Semosavali sxva danarCenebis Semosavals 2-3-jer<br />
aWarbebda. dReisaTvis ki guriis mosaxleobis 2-3%-is Semosavali<br />
sxva danarCenebis Semosavlebs 20-30-jer da metad aRemateba.<br />
yvela zemoTCamoTvlili tendenciebisa da problemebis<br />
mogvareba qveyanaSi mxolod makroekonomikuri garemos<br />
gajansaRebis xarjze ver moxdeba. TviT regionis socialur<br />
sferoSi saWiroa seriozuli institucionaluri reformebis<br />
Catareba, rac udaod qveyanaSi mimdinare gardaqmnebis adekvaturi<br />
iqneba.<br />
marTalia agraruli refoma grZeldeba da igi guriaSi jer<br />
ar damTavrebula, magram misi dawyebidan didi dro gavida,<br />
(daiwyo 1992 wlidan da grZeldeba dResac) romlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
moxda zemoT CamoTvlili rigi socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
gardaqmnebi da cvlilebebi. axla Zalze aqtiurad da droulad<br />
migvaCnia qveynis agrarul seqtorSi sabazro meqanizmis<br />
formirebaSi gamoyenebuli rigi debulebebis Teoriuli<br />
dasabuTebulobis da praqtikuli mizanSewonilobis kritikuli<br />
analizi. regionSi privatizacia araswori kursiT Catarda. man
miiRo e.w. “prixvatizaciis” Sinaarsi. amdenad, araswori gziT<br />
miTvisebuli warmoebis saSaulebebi kanonis dacviT unda moxdes<br />
namdvili mewarmis xelSi. es SesaZlebelia ekonomikuri<br />
sanqciebiT. aseTi kursis gatareba mkveTrad gazrdis am regionSi<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoebasac. qonebis<br />
nacionalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeni ayeneben mosazrebas, rom igi<br />
(nacionalizacia) socialur daZabulobas kidev ufro<br />
gaaZlierebs. amis Tavidan asacileblad Cven SeiZleba<br />
gamoviyenoT sxva midgomac. am gzis mixedviT, realuri gaxlavT<br />
is, rom “privatizaciiT” SeZenili qoneba Sefasdes dReisaTvis<br />
moqmedi sabazro fasebiT da masze dawesdes qonebis gadasaxadi.<br />
es problema ekonomikuri xerxebiT unda gadawydes, aseTi<br />
qoneba maRali gadasaxadebiT unda daibegros da Tanxa ase<br />
moxvdes biujetSi. sxvagvarad xalxi am qonebas ver daibrunebs.<br />
CamorTmeuli qoneba kvlav ukanonod moxvdeba sxvebis xelSi,<br />
riTac sazogadoeba kidev erTxel darCeba gawbilebuli da<br />
qonebrivi diferenciacia kidev ufro gaRrmavdeba. [3.33-55]<br />
qveyanaSi ekonomikuri sivrcis zemoTxsenebulma<br />
transformaciam regionSi socialur usafrTxoebas Seuqmna<br />
mTeli rigi problemebi (cxovrebis donis daqveiTeba, mzardi<br />
uTanasworoba, umuSevroba, siRaribe, migracia da a.S), romelTa<br />
gadawyveta stabiluri makro da mikroekonomikuri garemos<br />
Seqmnis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba. ganviTarebuli qveynebis<br />
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom regionebis swrafi ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTareba ver moxerxdeba warmoebis zrdis faqtorebis (miwis,<br />
kapitalis, Sromis, samewarmeo unarisa da saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
marTvis qmedunarianobis) amaRlebis gareSe. saWiroa ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis am berketebis amoqmedeba da maTi racionaluri marTva.
egionSi agraruli reformis erT-erTi dadebiTi<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegi unda yofiliyo am seqtoris<br />
racionaluri saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
sinamdvileSi aq miviReT sawinaaRmdego Sedegi: gaZlierebis<br />
nacvlad saxelmwifos maregulirebeli rolis Sesusteba moxda.<br />
unda gvaxsovdes, rom agrarul seqtorSi saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
regulireba unda efuZnebodes sam ZiriTad mimarTulebas:<br />
efeqtianobas, samarTlianobas da stabilurobas. guriis<br />
regionSi arc erTi saxiT es ar gamoiyeneba, rac arasworia da<br />
igi daZleul unda iqnes saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis<br />
gaZlierebis gziT. [3.38-92]<br />
agrarul seqtorSi saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis<br />
amocanebi unda gaxdes:<br />
- sursaTiT qveynis (regionis) uzrunvelyofa;<br />
- warmoebaSi mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis miRwevebis<br />
danergvisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna;<br />
- qveynis SigniT erTiani ekonomikuri sivrcis formireba;<br />
- axlo da Soreuli sazRvargareTis qveynebis bazrebze<br />
gasvla da a. S.<br />
aucilebelia uzrunvelvyoT saxelmwifos maregulirebadi<br />
rolis gaZliereba regionSi. es ki SesaZlebelia mxolod da<br />
mxolod indikatoruli dagegmvis kargi organizaciiT. dRemde<br />
indikaturi dagegmva ar xorcieldeba mikro da makro doneebze.<br />
arada igi haeriviTaa saWiro.<br />
indikaturma dagegmvam regionis soflis meurneobaSi<br />
ZiriTadad sami funqcia unda Seasrulos:<br />
dacva;<br />
- pirveli – ganviTarebis prognozireba da proporciebis
- meore – finansuri dagegmva – rogorc Semosavlebisa da<br />
xarjebis dabalansebis aucilebeli elementi;<br />
- mesame – saqonelmwarmoeblis informireba saqonlis<br />
gasaRebis bazrebis raodenobaze da momxmarebelTa informireba<br />
saqonlis miwodebis Taobaze, e.i. moaxdinos marketinguli<br />
marTvis organizacia. aq upiratesad dagegmvis sarekomendacio<br />
xasiaTi igulisxmeba da igi unda igegmebodes makro da mikro,<br />
agreTve regionebis doneebzec.<br />
daskvna aseTia: agraruli gardaqmnebiT guriis regionSi ar<br />
gvaqvs damakmayofilebeli socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi da<br />
amis ZiriTadi mizezia saxelmwifos maregulirebeli rolis<br />
Sesusteba. saWiroa am rolis amaRleba, rac unda ganxorcieldes<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT. igi gazrdis qveynis regionebis<br />
ekonomikas da Sedegad Camoyalibdeba Zlieri centri qveynis<br />
myari ekonomikis saxiT. gveqneba Zlieri regionebi da Zlieri<br />
centri - qveyana.<br />
eWvgarSea, rom regionuli ekonimikis reanimacia<br />
aucilebeli piroba gaxdeba saqarTvelos ekonomikis<br />
aRorZinebisaTvis. Tanac regionuli done saSualbas iZleva<br />
ufro konkretulad, umtkivneulod, naklebi danaxarjebiT<br />
gadaiWras qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri problemebi. aseTi<br />
midgomiT unda gamoviyenoT yvela regionis specifika,<br />
SesaZleblobebi, veZioT maTSi ekonomikuri zrdis<br />
mimarTulebebi, Tu qveyanas aqvs saSualeba da adgilebze<br />
midgomebic amas iTxovs. am pirobebSi regionis mimarT<br />
saxelmwifo politika unda iyos proteqcionistuli,<br />
xelSemwyobi.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi regionis mravalferovneba<br />
aris is bazisi, riTac SesaZlebeli xdeba sameurneo da<br />
samewarmeo erTeulebis aRdgena. amisaTvis, pirvel rigSi,<br />
saWiroa Seiqmnas iseTi sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic xels<br />
Seuwyobs regionSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebas (SeRavaTiani<br />
gadasaxadebi, diferencialuri sagadasaxado politika,<br />
subsidiebi da a. S.), kerZo interesebis rolis zrdas da sxva.<br />
saqarTvelosa da mis regionebSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba, is<br />
roli, amocanebi, rac am etapze regionul marTvasa da erovnuli<br />
ekonomikis aRorZineba-ganviTarebas ekisreba, moiTxovs qveyanas<br />
hqondes sakuTari politika, ZiriTadi strategiuli mimarTuleba<br />
am sferoebSi saxelmwifos maregulirebeli rolis da<br />
funqciebis ganviTarebisaken, kerZod, regionSi arsebuli<br />
warmoebis zrdis rezervebis srulad amoqmedebis, misi<br />
efeqtianobis amaRlebisaken. axla adgilebze mosaxleobis<br />
moTxovnebis srulad dakmayofileba da qveynis sawarmoo<br />
potencialis efeqtianad gamoyeneba dRis wesrigSi ayenebs ara<br />
zevidan, aramed qvevidan gardaqmnebis gatarebas. es aucilebelia<br />
imitom, rom gardaqmnebi unda daviwyoT iq, sadac uSualod<br />
iqmneba produqcia. am pirobebSi ganmsazRvreli roli adgilebs<br />
eniWebaT TavianTi damoukidebeli interesebis srulad<br />
gamoxatvis, marTvisa da dagegmvis principebis sworad<br />
SexamebisaTvis.<br />
ekonomikuri reformebis pirveli etapis ZiriTadma<br />
mimarTulebebma, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis<br />
(sawarmoTa) privatizaciam, kerZo seqtoris formirebam,<br />
finansurma stabilizaciam, bazrisa da fasebis liberalizaciam
moamzades pirobebi da Seqmnes safuZveli guriis regionSi<br />
ekonomikuri reformebis meore etapze gadasvlisaTvis.<br />
amasTan, saqarTvelos TiToeul regions gaaCnia<br />
erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli teritoria,<br />
bunebriv-geografiuli, demografiuli pirobebi, sxvadasxva<br />
resursebi da nedleuli, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxva<br />
done, dargobrivi specializacia, agreTve kulturul-istoriuli<br />
tradiciebi. aseTi mravalferovneba aris is simdidre, romelsac<br />
axla aTviseba da gamoyeneba sWirdeba. [3.79-99]
1.2. 1.2. saqarTvelosa saqarTvelosa da da sakvlevi sakvlevi regionis regionis soflis soflis meurneobis<br />
meurneobis<br />
ganviTarebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebis mimarTulebebis ekonomikuri ekonomikuri Sefaseba<br />
Sefaseba<br />
soflis meurneoba saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneobis erT-<br />
erTi ZiriTadi dargia. igi amaragebs mosaxleobas sursaTiT da<br />
mrewvelobas - soflis meurneobis nedleuliT. 2007 wlis<br />
monacemebiT mas saqarTvelos mTlian Sida produqtSi 9.4% ekava.<br />
saqarTvelo istoriulad Camoyalibebuli, Tanazomierad<br />
maRalganviTarebuli mravaldargovani soflis meurneobis<br />
qveyana iyo Tavisi regionebiT, sasurvelma bunebrivma pirobebma<br />
da saukeTeso gonivrulma SromiTma Cvevebma qarTvel xalxs imis<br />
saSualeba misca, rom saukuneebis manZilze gamoeyvana xorblisa<br />
da sxva marcvlovani da parkosani, vazis, xexilis Tu sxva<br />
kulturebis, Zroxis, cxvris, Txis, Roris, kameCis, cxenis,<br />
futkris da frinvelis mravali unikaluri jiSi da mis<br />
safuZvelze ganeviTarebina mravaldargovani soflis meurneoba.<br />
qarTuli erovnul-tradiciuli mravaldargovani soflis<br />
meurneobis arsebobis periodSi qarTvel xalxs yvelaferi<br />
hqonda TavisTvis samyofi da nameti sursaT-sanovage. qarTuli<br />
erovnuli mravaldargovani soflis meurneobis uaryofam<br />
saukuneebis manZilze soflis meurneobis dargTaSoris<br />
Camoyalibebuli specializaciis da SeTanawyobis sistemis<br />
darRvevam saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi uaRresad mZime<br />
mdgomareoba Seqmna. Zalze neli tempiT izrdeba sasofli-<br />
sameurneo produqciis warmoebis done da mosaxleobis sursaTiT<br />
uzrunvelyofa, ris gamoc gvixdeba sxva qveynebidan sasursaTo<br />
da safuraJe marcvleulis, kartofilis, bostneulis, xorcis,<br />
karaqis, mcenareuli zeTis didi raodenobiT Semotana. [3.37-95]
amitom damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirobebSi qveynis<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ganviTareba da specializacia<br />
yovelmxriv gaazrebul, gonivrul da axlebur midgomas<br />
moiTxovs, raTa aRdges da ganviTardes saqarTvelosaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli mravaldargovani soflis meurneoba, rac myari<br />
safuZveli gaxdeba damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mosaxleobis<br />
sakuTari resursebis xarjze sasursaTo produqciiT<br />
uzrunvelyofis problemis gadasaWrelad.<br />
saqarTvelos da sakvlevi regionis bunebrivi pirobebisa da<br />
resursebis Sefasebisas, pirvel rigSi mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas<br />
miRebuli misi Zalze rTuli mTiani reliefi. reliefi ki qveynis<br />
regionis bunebrivi garemos is elementia, romelic mas<br />
specifikur xasiaTs aniWebs. swored aqedan gamomdinareobs is<br />
dadebiTad da uaryofiTad moqmedi faqtorebi, romlebic zrdian<br />
Tu amcireben maT ekonomikur SesaZleblobas. [3.27-50]<br />
saqarTvelos da guriis regionis erovnul meurneobaze<br />
mTiani reliefis zegavlenas mravali gamoxatuleba aqvs.<br />
reliefTan aris dakavSirebuli qveynis sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
miwebis raodenobrivi SezRuduloba, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis erT sulze saSualod modis 0.16 ha<br />
saxnavi da 0.62 ha sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli. amasTan qveynis<br />
teritoriis umetesi nawilis mTianoba aseve zRudavs sasoflo-<br />
sameurneo procesebis meqanizacias.<br />
qveynis mTian reliefTan garkveulwilad dakavSirebulia<br />
saqarTveloSi mecxoveleobis ganviTarebac. pirutyvis erT pirobiT<br />
sulze modis daaxloebiT 2 ha-mde sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli,<br />
rac normaze daaxloebiT 2-3-jer naklebia. guriis regionSi es<br />
maCveneblebi kidev ufro mcirea da SezRuduli. [3.30-48]
yovelive zemoTTqmuli ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos<br />
saqarTvelos da guriis mxares ar moepovebodes sasoflo-<br />
sameurneo savarguli miwebis zrdis, bevrad ufro srulyofilad<br />
da racionalurad gamoyenebis rezervebi, an pirutyvis<br />
suladobisa da produqtiulobis zrdis SesaZleblobebi.<br />
Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, saTanado<br />
kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis gonivruli ganxorcielebis gziT<br />
Sesalebelia im odenobis soflis meurneobis produqtebis<br />
warmoeba, romelic qveynis mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebs<br />
mTlianad daakmayofilebs, da agraruli ekonimikis mdgrad da<br />
usafrTxo ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
bunebis silamaziT saqarTvelo da misi erT-erTi mxare<br />
guria ganumeorebeli qveyana da regionia, rasac esteTikurTan<br />
erTad socialur-ekonomikuri mniSvnelobac eniWeba.<br />
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis, rogorc Tanamedrove ise<br />
samomavlo ganviTarebis safuZvelia miwis resursebi da maTi<br />
racionaluri gamoyeneba. CvenSi damkvidrebulia azri, rom<br />
saqarTvelo “mcire miwiani qveyanaa”, rac daamkvidra sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris respublikebSi erT sul mosaxleze saxnavi da<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis raodenobam. magram am<br />
mimarTulebiT saqarTvelo mcire miwian qveynebs ar miekuTvneba.<br />
erT sul mosaxleze sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis mixedviT<br />
igi iseTi saxelmwifoebis gverdiT dgas, rogoricaa: safrangeTi-<br />
0.16 ha; inglisi-0.14 ha; belgia-0.12 ha; holandia-0.11 ha;<br />
saqarTvelo-0.16 ha. guriis regionSi igi 0.10 ha-s udris.<br />
sabWoTa periodis ganmavlobaSi dominirebda azri, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi ar iyo da amJamadac ar aris axali miwebis<br />
aTvisebis xarjze damuSavebuli miwis farTobebis gazrdis
SesaZlebloba. es mosazreba mcdaria. saqarTveloSi<br />
miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis gamoyenebulia miwis mTliani farTobis 1/6,<br />
rac ZiriTadad saqarTvelos mTagoriani reliefiT aixsneba.<br />
magram ar aris marTebuli imis Tqma, rom am pirobebSi<br />
damuSavebuli miwis farTobis gadideba ar SeiZleba. Tu<br />
gavixsenebT Cveni winaprebis mier saqarTvelos sxvadasxva<br />
regionSi mkveTrad daqanebul ferdobebze mowyobil terasebs,<br />
sadac macvleuls Tesavdnen da baR-venaxebs aSenebdnen,<br />
davrwmundebiT, rom dRevandel pirobebSi ufro meti<br />
SesaZlebloba iqmneba saqarTvelos mTagoriani teritoriis<br />
aTviseba-gamoyenebisaTvis da aucilebelia kvlavac soflis<br />
meurneobis ganviTarebis intensiuri meTodebis gamoyeneba. guriis<br />
mxareSi es SesaZleblobebi Zalze didia, magram dRes igi<br />
gamouyenebelia.<br />
bunebrivia, yoveli ekonomikuri reforma qveynis<br />
aRmSeneblobasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. igi unda<br />
xorcieldebodes sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo interesebis<br />
mixedviT, magram saqarTveloSi agraruli reforma daiwyo<br />
misTvis winaswar saWiro da aucilebeli winapirobebis<br />
gauTvaliswineblad, aRniSnuli reformis mizani wminda<br />
piraduli interesebidan gamomdinareobda da rogorc amboben –<br />
mRvrie wyalSi Tevzs iWerdnen, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom<br />
mosaxleobis mcire nawilma xelT igdo xalxis uzarmazari<br />
qoneba, gaiCexa da ganadgurda venaxebi, xexilis baRebi, Cais,<br />
citrusebis, TuTis da sxva mravalwliani nargavebi; didad<br />
Semcirda pirutyvi da frinveli. swored esaa imis ZiriTadi<br />
mizezi, rom saqarTvelosa da sakvlevi regionis soflis
meurneoba qaosur mdgomareobaSi moeqca da axla misi<br />
ganviTareba TviTdinebiT stiqiurad ar unda warvmarTod.<br />
saqarTvelosa da guriis soflis meurneoba gardamaval<br />
periodSi imyofeba. am etapze unda gamoikveTos is ZiriTadi<br />
mimarTulebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec unda aRdges da<br />
ganviTardes qarTuli erovnul-tradiciuli maRalganviTarebuli<br />
soflis meurneoba, am mxriv dRes saqarTvelo iseT burusSia<br />
gaxveuli, rom raime sikeTeze laparaki Znelia. amitom pirdapir<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRevandeli sofeli da misi meurneoba ar<br />
unda davtovoT upatronod da veZeboT krizisidan gamosvlis<br />
gzebi, risi tendenciebic sagrZnoblad SesamCnevia dRes-dReobiT.<br />
amJamad sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebi da kerZo<br />
meurneobebi gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi arian, ar ician ra gziT,<br />
ra mimarTulebiT warmarTon TavianTi sameurneo saqmianoba. ver<br />
gadawyvites, romel sasoflo-sameurneo kulturas an dargs<br />
mianiWon upiratesoba, an sad waiRon nameti produqtebi. amitom<br />
nadgurdeba Cais plantaciebi, venaxebi, xilis baRebi da TuTis<br />
nargavebi. maT adgils ki sazamTro, kitri, marwyvi da sxva<br />
kulturebi ikaveben.<br />
amis ZiriTadi mizezi is aris, rom ar arsebobs, rogorc<br />
mTlianad saqarTvelos, ise misi raionebis, mxareebis da<br />
regionebisaTvis Camoyalibebuli dargobrivi specializaciisa da<br />
Sesabamisi materialur-teqnikuri bazis Seqmnis mecnierulad<br />
dasabuTebuli koncefciebi. kerZo meurneebs TavianTi meurneobis<br />
mowyobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis minimaluri SesaZleblobebic ar<br />
gaaCndaT, exla ki gaCnda SesaZlebloba saxelmwifosagan iafi<br />
kreditebis aRebisa, rac udaoT misasalmebelia. Tumca yvela<br />
meurnes amis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCnia da isini iZulebulni
arian miwa ijariT gadascen da minimaluri SemosavlebiT<br />
dakmayofildnen, xolo bevr raionSi kerZo meurneobebi TavianTi<br />
meurneobebidan imden Semosavalsac ki ver iReben, rom<br />
daxarjuli fuladi saxsrebi aanazRauron. es gansakuTrebiT<br />
iTqmis guriis mxareze, amitom miwis damuSaveba mosaxleobas<br />
aRar ainteresebs, ris gamoc kerZo miwebis didi nawili<br />
daumuSavebeli rCeba. [3.17-194]<br />
mecxoveleobis CamorCena ki gamowveulia<br />
aradamakmayofilebeli sakvebi baziT, mouwyobeli da<br />
gaukulturebeli saZovrebiT, zamTris saZovrebis simciris<br />
miuxedavad wesrigSi ar aris moyvanili, rogorc sazamTro, ise<br />
sazafxulo saZovrebi. es aucileblad unda mogvardes. sakvebi<br />
bazis ganmtkicebisaTvis farTod unda gamoviyenoT sanawveralo<br />
da Sualeduri kulturebis gafarToebis SesaZlebloba, sadac<br />
savegetacio periodi xangrZlivia da tenis maragic amis<br />
saSualebas iZleva. guriis mxareSi soflis meurneobam SeiZleba<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi 2 da meti mosavalic ki mogvces.<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove<br />
manqana-iaraRebis gamoyenebis gareSe. saqarTvelo da guriis<br />
mxarec jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi, Sromis teqnikuri<br />
aRWurvilobis doniT Zlier CamorCeboda evropis ganviTarebul<br />
qveynebs. miTumetes dRes sawarmoo ZiriTadi fondebis<br />
struqturaSi dabalia manqana-iaraRebis da satransporto<br />
saSualebaTa xvedriTi wili. teqnikis uqonlobis gamo<br />
SeuZlebeli Seiqmna sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis damuSaveba<br />
da Sesabamisad, produqciis miRebac. amitom gadaudebel amocanas<br />
warmoadgens sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis meqanizacia, romelic<br />
dawyebulia da imedia srulyofilad Camoyalibdeba. amave dros,
arsebuli manqanebis srulyofasTan erTad yuradReba unda<br />
mieqces axali manqana-iaraRebis konstruqciebis damuSavebas,<br />
romlebic Seesabamebian qveynis bunebrivi pirobebidan<br />
gamomdinare soflis meurnebis specifikas. soflis meurnoebis<br />
kompeleqsur meqanizaciaSi didi roli unda Seasrulos<br />
eleqtroenergiam, romlis mniSvnelovani resursebi gaaCnia<br />
saqarTvelos.<br />
saqarTvelosa da sakvlevi regionis soflis meurneobaSi<br />
Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobis droulad gamosworebisa da misi<br />
Semdgomi ganviTarebis mizniT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda<br />
mieqces soflis meurneobis specializacias. axlandel<br />
dargobriv struqturaSi unda amaRldes im kulturebis da<br />
dargebis xvedriTi wili, romelTac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
aqvT qveynis sursaTiT uzrunvelsayofad. amis realuri<br />
SesaZlebloba arsebobs Tu ki samomavlod dasamuSavebeli 1865.7<br />
aTasi ha miwis farTobidan mravalwliani nargavebi daikavebs<br />
600.0 aTasi ha-s; bostneul-baRCeuli, teqnikuri da sakvebi<br />
kulturebi 266.0 aTasi ha-s, xolo marcvleuls milioni ha<br />
daeTmoba. maSin iolad gadavwyvetT marcvlelis problebas,<br />
magram es SesaZleblobebi exla SezRudulia.<br />
sawyis etapze marcvleul kulturebs dominirebuli adgili<br />
unda mivaniWoT. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis guriis mxareze.<br />
Semdgom, droTa ganmavlobaSi specialistebis azriT,<br />
mosaxleobis marcvleuliT uzrunvelyofis koeficienti 65%-mde<br />
aiwevs, rac saqarTvelosaTvis optimalurad migvaCnia. guriis<br />
mxarisaTvis es maCvenebeli aseve misaRebad unda miviCnioT.<br />
saqarTvelosa da sakvlevi regionis ekonomikis gardamaval<br />
etapze soflis meurneobaSi arsebuli realiebis da
Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT aucilebelia saxelmwifos<br />
mxridan soflis meurneobis dargebisadmi diferencirebuli<br />
midgoma, rac gamoixateba prioritebebis dadgenaSi da maTze<br />
saxelmwifos xelSemwyobi RonisZiebebis koncentrirebaSi.<br />
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi garemos<br />
Camoyalibebis mizniT aucilebelia:<br />
- soflis meurneobaSi samewarmeo saqmianobis (glexuri,<br />
fermeruli meurneobis) mareglamentirebeli sakanonmdeblo<br />
bazis srulyofa, gaumjobeseba;<br />
- sagadasaxado ganakveTebis, tarifebis da misi amoRebis<br />
meqanizmebis srulyofa-gamartiveba;<br />
- soflis meurneobis produqciis qveynis Sida bazarze<br />
samarTliani konkurenciuli garemos uzrunvelyofa<br />
(aralegaluri importis aRkveTa, samamulo warmoebisaTvis<br />
sakompensacio da dacviTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba da sxva);<br />
- soflis meurneobaSi krizisis gamomwvevi saerTo<br />
faqtorebis kvleva da legaluri biznesis saqmianobis<br />
xelSemwyobi garemos srulyofis da gaaqtiurebis RonisZiebaTa<br />
ganxorcieleba;<br />
- soflis meurneobis warmoebisaTvis (glexuri, fermeruli<br />
meurneobisaTvis) sabanko-sakredito sistemiT sargeblobis<br />
xelsayreli pirobebis Camoyalibeba;<br />
- soflis meurneobaSi prioritetebis kriteriumebis<br />
SemuSaveba da maTi saxelmwifos mxridan mxardaWera qveynis<br />
ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da SesaZleblobebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT;<br />
- prioritetuli dargebis da mimarTulebebis saxelmwifo<br />
mxardaWera (vadagadacilebul davalianebis restuqturizacia,
droebiT umoqmedo ZiriTadi fondebis konservacia, saxelmwifo-<br />
miznobrivi programebis xaziT prioritetuli proeqtebis<br />
realizacia da sxva);<br />
- prioritetuli dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis programebis<br />
SemuSavebis ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
saqarTvelosa da sakvlevi regionis soflis meurneobis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis xelSemwyobi faqtorebis, miznebis da<br />
amocanebis gaTvaliswinebiT prioritetul mimarTulebebs<br />
miekuTvneba:<br />
- soflis meurneobis samamulo produqciis warmoebis zrda;<br />
- saeqsporto produqciis warmoeba;<br />
- qveynis erovnuli meurneobis dargebisaTvis da maT Soris<br />
kvebis mrewvelobis produqciis (Rvinis da Rvinis produqtebis,<br />
Cais, sasmelis, xilis da bostneulis konservebis, eTerzeTebis)<br />
warmoebisaTvis sanedleulo resursebis warmoebis gadideba;<br />
- sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis RonisZiebebis<br />
xelSewyoba ucxoel partniorebTan erTad erTobliv sawarmoTa<br />
SeqmnisaTvis da mecnierebatevadi produqciis warmoebisaTvis<br />
sazRvargareT informaciisa da reklamis gavrcelebiT samamulo<br />
inovaciebis Sesaxeb.<br />
qveynisa da guriis mxaris soflis meurneobis aRmavlobis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba swori sainvesticio<br />
politikis ganxorcielebas. soflis meurneobaSi sainvesticio<br />
procesebis daCqarebisa da misi masStabebis gafarTovebis mizniT<br />
aucilebelia:<br />
- soflis meurneobis sawarmoTa sainvesticio<br />
mimzidvelobis amaRleba;
- soflad samewarmeo saqmianobis xelSemwyobi garemos<br />
srulyofa da investiciebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
- sainvesticio saqmianobis stimulireba;<br />
- soflis meurneobis prioritetuli mimarTulebis<br />
proeqtebis investirebaSi saxelmwifos monawileoba.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili amocanebis warmatebiT gadawyvetisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia saTanado samarTlebrivi, organizaciuli da<br />
ekonomikuri meqanizmebis Seqmna. am mxriv SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
yvelaferi rigze ar aris, pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia miRebuli<br />
kanonebis cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebis siZneleebi. gadaudebeli<br />
amocanaa xelisuflebam Seqmnas mis mier miRebuli kanonebis<br />
cxovrebaSi gatarebisaTvis aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi,<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigi da Tu es ganxorcieldeba, maSin<br />
qveyanas da sakvlev regions aqvs SesaZlebloba gavides im<br />
mijnebze, romelic agraruli ekonomikis mdgrad da usafrTxo<br />
ganviTarebasa da sasursaTo usafrTxoebas iTvaliswinebs.<br />
saerTod qveynis agrarul seqtorSi yalibdeba sxvadasxva<br />
midgomebi, im amocanebidan gamomdinare, rasac moiTxovs erovnuli<br />
sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis problemis realizacia.<br />
qveynisa da sakvlevi regionis agrarul-ekonomikur<br />
ganzomilebaTa donis gansazRvrisaTvis pirveli rigis amocanaa<br />
qveynisaTvis saarsebod aucilebel saxeobaTa warmoebis da<br />
Tavdacvis unarianobis uzrunvelyofa (ix. cxrili 1.2.)<br />
I done aseTi mimarTulebiT unda Camoyalibdes. am<br />
produqtis sabazro warmoeba am doneze dabla arasodes ar unda<br />
Semcirdes. amas gvkarnaxobs qveyanaSi sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
warmoebis miRweuli done (minimaluri done, ixileT warmoebis<br />
pirveli done).
II doneze qveyanaSi stabilurobis safuZvelze<br />
Camoyalibdeba da igi ZiriTadad akmayofilebs adamianis<br />
moTxovnilebis saSualo dones da sagareo-ekonomikuri<br />
kavSirebis gafarTovebis erTgvar SesaZleblobebs iZleva. igi<br />
amave dros iZleva qveynis ekonomikis ganmtkicebis, agreTve<br />
Tavdacvis unarianobis amaRlebis saSualebas (ix. meore done).<br />
III doneze qveyanaSi wydeba axali umniSvnelovanesi<br />
amocanebi, roca saSinao da sagareo pirobebi SedarebiT<br />
saukeTeso iqneba da saxelmwifoSic da regionebSic moxerxdeba<br />
ekonomikis regulirebis optimalur socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
winamZRvrebis Seqmna (ix. cxrilis mesame done).<br />
IV done Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikuri procesis<br />
miRwevebis maqsimalur gamoyenebas efuZneba.<br />
saqarTveloSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis saxeobaTa<br />
warmoebis miRweuli moculobaTa doneebi mxolod 1950-1990 wwiTaa<br />
gansazRvruli (aRniSnuli monacemebi gaangariSebulia<br />
produqciis warmoebis mxolod qveda zRvrisaTvis, normaluri<br />
da xelsayreli pirobebisaTvis, aTasi tona).<br />
qveynis qveynis miRweuli miRweuli da da perspeqtiuli<br />
perspeqtiuli<br />
perspeqtiuli<br />
doneebi doneebi (aTasi (aTasi tona)<br />
tona)<br />
cxrili cxrili 1.2.<br />
1.2.<br />
produqciis<br />
produqciis<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
warmoebis<br />
warmoebis<br />
I I done<br />
done<br />
(qveda (qveda zRvari)<br />
zRvari)<br />
II II done<br />
done<br />
(normaluri<br />
(normaluri<br />
pirobebi)<br />
pirobebi)<br />
III III done<br />
done<br />
(xelsayreli<br />
(xelsayreli<br />
(xelsayreli<br />
pirobebi) pirobebi)<br />
pirobebi)<br />
normativiT normativiT SeiZleba<br />
SeiZleba<br />
miRebili miRebili iqnas<br />
iqnas<br />
Tanamedrove Tanamedrove mecnierul-<br />
mecnierul<br />
teqni teqni-kuri teqni kuri progresis<br />
progresis<br />
pirobebSi pirobebSi IV IV done<br />
done<br />
yurZeni 250-300 350-450 550-600 800-900<br />
marcvleuli 600-700 800-1000 1200-1500 1500-2000<br />
Cais foToli 100-150 200-250 350-360 360-400<br />
citrusebi 70-80 90-100 170-180 230-250<br />
karTofili 250-300 350-400 500-600 700-800<br />
Saqris Warxali 120-140 160-180 200-250 300-350<br />
xili 400-500 600-700 800-900 1000-1200<br />
bostneuli 350-400 550-700 750-800 900-1100<br />
xorci 120-130 150-180 200-250 300-400<br />
rZe 650-700 850-1000 1100-1200 1200-1400<br />
Tevzi 15-20 35-55 65-95 100-120<br />
kvercxi (mln. cali) 600-800 920-960 1000-1200 1400-1600
ogorc zeviT avRniSneT, Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikuri<br />
progresis pirobebSi saqarTveloSi SesaZlebelia miRebuli<br />
iqnas meoTxe done, es ki eqspertuli gaangariSebiT aris<br />
dadasturebuli. amas apirobebs dRes arsebuli warmoebis zrdis<br />
kargi SesaZleblobebi, romlebic dRemde ar aris gamoyenebuli.<br />
soflis meurneobas gaaCnia saeqsporto produqciis upiratesi<br />
warmoebis yvela piroba: unikaluri bunebriv-ekonomikuri<br />
pirobebi, saeqsportod vargisi mravali saxis produqciis<br />
warmoebis SesaZlebloba, produqciis warmoebis naklebi<br />
energotevadoba, sawarmoo simZlavreebi, muSakTa maRali<br />
kvalifikacia, produqciis eqsportis gamocdileba, saeqsporto<br />
produqciis warmoebiT qveynis meurneobis didi nawilis<br />
dakavebis kargi SesaZlebloba da a. S..<br />
qarTvel agrarikos mecnierTa da ucxoel eqspertTa<br />
varaudiT meCaieobasa da mevenaxeobaSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis<br />
gamosasworeblad 3-4, mebaReobaSi 6-7 weli iqneba saWiro.<br />
mecitruseobaSi Seqmnil mdgomareobas kidev ufro Rrma analizi<br />
sWirdeba, rac gamowveulia yofil sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
teritoriaze bazrebis dakargviT.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom qveynis soflis meurneobas saeqsporto<br />
produqciis warmoebis didi potenciali gaaCnia. saamisod<br />
gadamwyveti faqtori sanedleulo bazis da gadamamuSavebeli<br />
sawarmoebis mizanmimarTuli integraciis organizaciuli<br />
formebis Ziebaa saWiro. aqve gvinda movitanoT Tanamedrove dsT-<br />
s qveynebis institutis direqtoris konstantine zatulinis<br />
mosazrebebi, romelic man gamoaqveyna “sobesednikis”<br />
furclebze 21 dekembers 2005 wels. igi exeba metad aqtualur<br />
sakiTxebs, Tu rogor SeuZlia ruseTs ekonomikuri blokadiT,
yofili respublikebis (maT Soris saqarTvelosi) mogudva-<br />
amoxrCoba. kerZod, saqarTvelos mimarT igi Semdegs wers:<br />
“qveynis mogudva saerTod Znelia, magram SesaZlebeliao!<br />
Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifo arafers ar warmoadgens – iq<br />
ar aris resursebi, mrewveloba, iseTi soflis meurneoba,<br />
romelic Tanamegobrobis qveynebis garda vinmeze iyos<br />
orientirebuli. erTi sityviT, mas ara aqvs Tavis gatanis<br />
pirobebi garda erTisa – qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba,<br />
romelic kavkasiis karibWea”. Cven am qveTavis warmodgeniT<br />
SevecadeT gveCvenebina, Tu ra resursebi gaaCnia saqarTvelosa<br />
da guriis mxares. rom maT uzrunvelyon - soflis meurneobis<br />
dargis mimarT wayenebuli mTavari moTxovnis – sasursaTo<br />
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad da resursebis srulad<br />
gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. migvaCnia, rom mTlianad<br />
saqarTvelosa da kerZod guriis mxaresac gaaCnia sakmarisi<br />
resursebi sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.<br />
aseTia, Cveni saboloo daskvna.
1.3. 1.3. Cais Cais produqtTa produqtTa qvekompleqsis qvekompleqsis formirebis<br />
formirebis<br />
formirebis<br />
mimarTulebebi, mimarTulebebi, te tendenciebi<br />
te ndenciebi<br />
dRes Cveni qveynis winaSe dgas rTuli amocana, rogorc<br />
politikuri, ise ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifos<br />
damoukideblobis SenarCuneba msoflios globalur procesebSi<br />
monawileobis gaTvaliswinebiT. es ki ekonomikis ganviTarebazea<br />
damokidebuli. es axali procesi agreTve moiTxovs<br />
inteleqtualuri sazogadoebidan iseTi mecnieruli koncefciis,<br />
strategiis da taqtikis damuSavebas, rom SevinarCunoT eris<br />
TviTmyofadoba, ara erovnul naWuWSi, aramed qveynis ekonomikis<br />
progresul ganviTarebaSi. amis miRwevis potencialuri<br />
SesaZleblobebi saqarTvelos gaaCnia, misi geografiuli<br />
mdebareoba, ekonomikis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobani,<br />
kvalifikaciuri kadrebi da mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis<br />
miRwevebis gamoyenebis xelsayreli pirobebi da SesaZleblobebi.<br />
am midgomebidan gamomdinare dRes yvelaze efeqturia<br />
stabilizaciis pirobebis Seqmna da Tanasworuflebianobis<br />
miRweva. CvenSi umdidresi bunebrivi pirobebi, erovnuli<br />
kulturul-sayofacxovrebo tradiciebi, xalxis<br />
Sromismoyvareoba aris is fundamenti, romelic saqarTvelos<br />
gadaaqcevs msoflios ekologiurad sufTa sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
produqciis mwarmoebel, msoflios xalxTa dasvenebis da<br />
janmrTelobis kerad. swored bunebrivma pirobebma unda<br />
ganapirobos investiciebis mozidva ucxo qveynebidan, romelic<br />
uzrunvelyofs da aucilebels gaxdis sawarmoo-socialuri<br />
infrastruqturis qselis farTod gaSlas da Cveni mewarmeebis<br />
mier warmoebuli ekologiurad sufTa produqciis realizaciis
Seuferxebel zrdas, rogorc Sida, ise msoflios bazarze.<br />
swored moziduli investiciebi saqarTvelos yvela regionis da<br />
maT Soris guriis mxaresac saSualebas miscems daCqarebuli<br />
mimarTulebiT ganaviTaros soflis meurneoba da misi<br />
infrastruqtura.<br />
erT-erT ZiriTad problemad Cven migvaCnia qveynis<br />
regionebis xaziT sistemuri marTvis Camoyalibeba, romlis<br />
calkeuli rgolebi erTmaneTTan SemoqmedebiTad iqneba<br />
dakavSirebuli da ara ise, rogorc sabWoTa wyobilebis dros<br />
(myar centralizebul marTvas damorCilebul rgolebs saerTod<br />
ar hqondaT damoukidebeli ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi<br />
funqciebi). erTiani sistemis gaZRolis es struqtura saSualebas<br />
mogvcems maqsimalurad gamoviyenoT Tanamedrove mecnierul-<br />
teqnikuri progresis miRwevebi, aRmovfxvraT adrindeli<br />
administraciul-direqtiuli marTvis uaryofiTi Sedegebi,<br />
maqsimalurad davasaqmoT maRalkvalificiuri specialistebi da<br />
rac mTavaria, ara marto movizidoT ucxouri investiciebi,<br />
aramed zogierTi warmoebis sferoc avamoqmedoT damatebiTi<br />
kapitaldabandebebis gareSe. aRniSnuli problema metad<br />
aqtualuria guriis regionis pirobebisaTvis, sadac udidesi<br />
potencialuri SesaZleblobebia Cais produqtTa qvekompleqsis<br />
formireba-ganviTarebisaTvis. aq naCqarevad da arasworad<br />
Catarebuli agraruli reformis kursis gatarebis Sedegad<br />
ganadgurda arsebuli materialur-teqnikuri baza, privatizacia<br />
araswori mimarTulebiT Catarda, maRalrentabeluri sasoflo-<br />
sameurneo sawarmoebi daiSala da mis adgilze axali ar Seiqmna,<br />
moxda samrewvelo sawarmoebis arasworad reorganizacia da<br />
restruqturizacia, daiSala da ganadgurda Cais fabrikebi da
a.S. ar mieca gaqaneba mewarmeobis aRorZinebas, biznesi Cakvda.<br />
aman guriis ekonomika iseTnairad dasca, rom odesRac<br />
ganviTarebuli mxare, yvelaze CamorCenil mxared aqcia. [3.25-222]<br />
adre guriis regionis ekonomikas gansazRvravda meCaieoba<br />
da mecitruseoba. igi iZleoda mTliani Semosavlis 90%-s; da am<br />
dargebis Semosavlebi qmnida guriis mxaris ekonomikis<br />
siZlieres. exla, aRniSnuli dargebi umoqmedoa da bunebrivia,<br />
rom ekonomikac Rataki da ususuria.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom dargis krizisidan gamoyvanis garkveuli<br />
imedebi dakavSirebuli iyo sabazro urTierTobaTa etapobrivad<br />
damkvidrebisa da saxelmwifo qonebis gansaxelmwifoebis<br />
(privatizebis) pirobebSi Cais mrewvelobis funqcionirebis<br />
efeqtianobis amaRlebasTan, magram es procesebi<br />
funqcionalurad ar warimarTa da Sedegebic ufro metad<br />
savalalo gaxda.<br />
saqarTveloSi da maT Soris guriis regionSic ki<br />
gardamaval periodSi mxolod sabazro urTierTobebze<br />
orientacia (rom igi TavisTavad uzrunvelyobda ekonomikur<br />
zrdas) sakmarisi piroba ar aRmoCnda efeqtiani erovnuli<br />
ekonomikuri sistemis CamoyalibebisaTvis. praqtikam meramdened<br />
daadastura dRevandel pirobebSi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri<br />
rolis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rom ekonomikis<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba kvlav warmoebiTi procesis<br />
organuli nawilia da amis gareSe aRmavloba warmoudgenelia.<br />
ukanaskneli 15-17 wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi Seqmnilma rTulma<br />
politikurma, socialurma da ekonomikurma viTarebam, meCaieobis<br />
regionebSi saTbob-energetikuli da materialur-teqnikuri<br />
resursebis umwvavesma deficitma, SinaaSlilobam da sxvam, metad
negatiuri zegavlena iqonia mTlianobaSi rogorc meCaieobis<br />
dargze, aseve Cais mrewvelobaze. bolo wlebSi faqtiurad<br />
mouvleli darCa Cais plantaciebis didi nawili, romelTagan<br />
bevri Zalze mcire odenobis mosavlianobiT xasiaTdeba.<br />
aranakleb mZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna Cais gadamamuSavebeli<br />
mrewvelobis sawarmoebSi. Bbazrebis dakargvam kidev ufro<br />
gaamwvava krizisuli mdgomareoba. Yyvelaferma aman qveyanaSi Cais<br />
warmoeba da gadamuSaveba gaaCera da asiaTasobiT SromiTi Zala<br />
umuSevari da ulukmapurod datova.<br />
meCaieobis aRdgena_ganviTareba damokidebulia misi<br />
produqtTa qvekompleqsis ganviTarebaze. es imitom, rom, Cai aris<br />
materialuri warmoebis sxvadasxva sferoSi dasaqmebul muSakTa<br />
urTierTdamokidebuli, urTierTganpirobebuli Sromis<br />
produqti. aseTi sferoebia: Cais nedleulis warmoebis, Cais<br />
foTlis damzadebisa da pirveladi gadamuSavebis, Cais<br />
naxevarfabrikatebis dafasoebis, Senaxvis da mza produqciis<br />
realizaciis sfero. aseT pirobebSi saWiro da aucilebelia Cais<br />
praduqtTa qvekompleqsis formireba da ganviTareba. am pirobebSi<br />
miRweuli iqneba dargis racionaluri marTva, warmoebis<br />
rentabelurad ganviTareba.<br />
Cais, subtropikuli kulturebisa da Cais mrewvelobis<br />
institutis specialistebis azriT, swored aq am rgolebSi unda<br />
veZioT Cais xarisxis amaRlebisa da am dargis rentabelurad<br />
ganviTarebis gzebi da saSualebebi. Cvenc viziarebT am midgomebs<br />
da rCevebs. mas aRniSnul naSromebSi viyenebT.<br />
Teoriulad, Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba apirobebs<br />
warmoebis specializascias da amaRlebs manqanebis gamoyenebis<br />
dones, Tavis mxriv manqanebis masobrivi warmoeba da gamoyeneba
xels uwyobs Sromis nayofierebis zrdas da misi efeqtianobis<br />
amaRlebas. Sromis sawarmoo Zala ki uwinares yovlisa<br />
gaizrdeba Sromis meti danawilebiT, manqanebis yovelmxriv<br />
gamoyenebiT da sistematiuri gaumjobesebiT. ramdenadac ufro<br />
mravalricxovania muSaTa armia, romlis wevrebs Soris Sroma<br />
danawilebulia, ramdenadac ufro farTod aris gamoyenebuli<br />
srulad manqanebi, miT ufro klebulobs SedarebiT warmoebis<br />
xarjebi, miT ufro nayofieri xdeba Sroma.<br />
regionSi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis specializacia<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs miviRoT saWiro raodenobis<br />
maRalxarisxovani sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebi minimaluri<br />
danaxarjebiT.<br />
soflis meurneobis specializacias Tan sdevs didi<br />
cvlilebebi TviT sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis organizaciaSi.<br />
sul ufro swrafad mimdinareobs sameurneobaTaSoriso,<br />
Sidasameurneo, teqnologiuri da organizaciul-sameurneo<br />
kavSirebis ganviTarebis procesebi calkeul sawarmoebs Soris,<br />
agreTve maT qvedanayofebsa da gaerTianebebs Soris. amis<br />
safuZvelze viTardeba meurneobaTa diferenciaciis, maTi<br />
integraciisa da kombinirebis procesebi.<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo specializacia, iseve rogorc sxva saxis<br />
yovelgvari specializacia, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi ar<br />
aris stabiluri, erT mdgomareobaSi gayinuli, aramed mudmivad<br />
viTardeba, icvleba, igi ZiriTadad fasebzea damokidebuli da<br />
Tavisi SinaarsiT usazRvroa, swored iseve, rogorc teqnikis<br />
ganviTarebac.<br />
Tanamedrove etapze kooperacia soflis meurneobaSi<br />
sxvadasxva aspeqtSi gamoixateba. igi vlindeba meurneobebs Soris
Sromis danawilebaSi calkeuli produqtebis warmoebaze, an<br />
produqciis warmoebis saerTo teqnologiaSi calkeuli<br />
stadiebis specializaciis gaRrmavebaSi. amasTan, viwrovdeba<br />
yoveli meurneobis sawarmoo funqciebis are, xolo ganuxrelad<br />
izrdeba erTgvarovani produqciis masobrivi warmoebis<br />
masStabebi. sawarmoo kooperacia gamoixateba gaerTianebuli<br />
meurneobebis (sawarmoebis) da sididiT optimaluri, teqnikurad<br />
kargad aRWurvili gaerTianebuli specializirebul sawarmoTa<br />
myari finansebis, materialuri da SromiTi resursebis<br />
centralizaciaSi. [3.21-19]<br />
Kkooperaciis qveS unda gavigoT gaerTianebuli<br />
meurneobebis iseTi urTierTobebi, romlebic gvexmarebian<br />
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze avagoT erToblivi sawarmoo<br />
saqmianoba meurneobis gaZRolisa da iuridiuli<br />
damoukideblobis SenarCunebiT. kooperireba praqtikaSi ufro<br />
farTod gamoiyeneba warmoebis saSulebebis gaerTianebiT.<br />
integraciis dros ki meurneobaTa jgufi Tavis saqmianobas<br />
eweva erTiani saorganizacio-sameurneo xelmZRvanelobis qveS,<br />
upiratesad Sigadargobrivi specializaciis safuZvelze.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi dagegmvisa da finansuri resursebis nawilze<br />
miTiTebebis gacemis funqciebi, gaerTianebis Tavmjdomaris<br />
saxeliT gadadis meurneoba - integratorze (an specialurad<br />
Seqmnil marTvis aparatze). danarCeni meurneobebi ki nawilobriv<br />
inarCuneben damoukideblobas. Aarsebobs agreTve gaerTianebebi,<br />
romlebic savsebiT Sesaferisi arian integraciisaTvis. es Cais<br />
produqtTa qvekompleqsSi kargad ifunqcionirebs.Aam pirobebSi<br />
inarCunebs integraciul procesebsac, damoukideblobasac da<br />
sabazro garemopirobebs kargad exameba.
horizontalur kooperirebas, anu horizontalur<br />
integracias ganekuTnebian iseTi kavSirebi,romlebic<br />
xorcieldebian erTi dargis sawamoebs Soris Sromis<br />
Sigadargobrivi ganawilebis da specializaciis safuZvelze<br />
gaerTianebuli Cais specializebuli da damxmare sawarmoebis<br />
Seqmnis gziT.<br />
Aaq, vertikaluri kavSirebi myardeba ekonomikis or an<br />
ramdenime dargs Soris Sromis dargTaSorisi ganawilebisa da<br />
kooperaciis safuZvelze. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi,<br />
gaerTianeba awarmoebs saboloo produqts Cais (mza produqciis<br />
saxiT), romelic mzadaa mosaxmareblad (Cais nedleulis<br />
warmoebis, misi gadamuSavebis, vaWrobisa da damxmare warmoebebis<br />
CaTvliT) da sarealizaciod.<br />
Cais warmoebisas horizontaluri da vertikaluri<br />
kooperireba da integracia daskvnis saxiT, mokled SeiZleba ase<br />
ganisazRvros:<br />
Cais warmoebisas - horizontaluri kooperacia es aris am<br />
tipis sawarmoTa (meurneobaTa) organizebuli TanamSromlobis<br />
forma, romlebic specializdebian mza Cais warmoebaze,<br />
arsebuli saSualebebis (resursebis) efeqturi gamoyenebis<br />
mizniT, amasTan, rogorc wesi, inarCuneben damoukideblobas, ar<br />
exebian sawarmoos iuridiuli da ekonomikuri damoukideblobis<br />
statuss. Sesabamis mogebas inawileben Senatanebis, an wilobrivi<br />
monawileobis mixedviT.<br />
vertikaluri kooperacia (agrosamrewvelo) – es aris Cais<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo da misi gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis<br />
organizebuli TanamSromloba, romelic xorcieldeba Sromis<br />
danawilebis, sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulis warmoebis, Senaxvis,
gadamuSavebis, damuSavebisa da mza produqciis (Cais) vaWrobis<br />
safuZvelze. aseTi tipis produqtTa qvekompleqsi unda<br />
Camoyalibdes guriis raionSi. Amis perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb<br />
dawvrilebiT saubari gveqneba naSromis mesame TavSi. aqac<br />
kooperirebuli meurneobebi inarCuneben sabazro iuridiul da<br />
ekonomikur damoukideblobas. Aaq, horizontaluri integracia<br />
aris koncentraciisa da specializaciis maRali xarisxis mqone<br />
erTgvarovani saqmianobis (Cvens SemTxvevaSi Cais warmoebis)<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmooTa gaerTianebis forma. Aaq<br />
integracia iwvevs axali specializirebuli (Cais) sawarmoo<br />
erTeulebis gaerTianebebis Seqmnas da warmoebis<br />
centralizacias.integrirebuli sawarmoebi (kooperirebulisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT) mTlianad, an nawilobriv kargaven iuridiul da<br />
ekonomikur damoukideblobas.<br />
vertikaluri integracia _ aris sasoflo-sameurneo da<br />
samrewvelo sawarmoebis, agreTve damxmare saqmianobis sferoSi<br />
arsebuli organizaciebis gaerTianebis forma, romelic<br />
uzrunvelyofs teqnologiuri procesebis, mTlianad<br />
aRwarmoebis gaerTianebas da uwyvetobas. vertikaluri<br />
integracia iwvevs axali viwrospecializirebuli sawarmoebis<br />
(erTeulebis) Seqmnas, sameurneo resursebis gamoyenebis<br />
gaumjobesebas, sameurneo marTvis axal safuZvelze asvlas.<br />
amasTan, sawarmoebi mTlianad an nawilobriv kargaven iuridiul<br />
da ekonomikur damoukideblobas.<br />
vertikaluri integraciis konkretuli formaa<br />
agrosamrewvelo sawarmoebi, kombinatebi, gaerTianebebi.<br />
Kkooperaciisa da integraciis, rogorc horizontaluris,<br />
ise vertikaluris (umTavresad horizontaluri kooperaciisa),
yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli formaa sameurneobaTaSorisi<br />
sawarmoebi da gaerTianebebi. aseTi tipis sawarmoebi farTod<br />
vrceldeboda saqarTveloSi jer kidev sabWoTa xelisuflebis<br />
bolo wlebidan (80-iani wlebidan). amaSi Sediodnen:<br />
agrosamrewvelo gaerTianebebi, agrosamrewvelo kombinatebi,<br />
agrosamrewvelo sawarmoebi, samecniero-sawarmoo gaerTianebebi<br />
da a.S.<br />
sabolood daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom Sromisa da<br />
warmoebis organizaciis sazogadoebrivi da kerZo formebis<br />
gamoyeneba meurneobriobis axal pirobebSi da am pirobebSi<br />
warmoebis specializacia, koncentracia, integracia obieqturad<br />
ganapirobebs warmoebis kooperirebas, ufro zustad, isini arian<br />
organulad urTierTdakavSirebuli da urTierTganpirobebuli<br />
ekonomikuri movlenebi, romlebmac efeqtianad unda<br />
ifunqcioniron warmoebis yvela dargSi, magram es yvelaze metad<br />
mosaxerxebeli iqneba meCaiobaSi da igi Cven migvaCnia qveyanaSi am<br />
dargis aRorZinebis erT-erT saukeTeso gzad. am dargSi<br />
integrirebul sawarmoTa dafuZneba SeiZleba moxdes:<br />
_ axali sawarmoebis dafuZneba investorisa da gadaxdis<br />
uunaro meurneobebis interesebiT, sabazro meurneobis<br />
principebis SenarCunebiT;<br />
_ mierTeba gadaxdis uunaro sawarmoebis (fabrikebis,<br />
meurneobebis) efeqturad funqcionirebad komerciul<br />
organizaciebTan iuridiuli uflebebis dakargviT an<br />
SenarCunebiT;<br />
_ integrirebuli struqturebis formireba sawesdebo<br />
kapitaliT, romelic iqmneba investor_integratoris da gadaxdis<br />
uunaro meurneobebis (sawarmoebis) mier wilobriv sawyisebze,
omlis drosac sakontrolo paketi investoris xelSi<br />
TandaTanobiT gadava.<br />
_ guriis regionSi erTi Cais produqtTa qvekompleqsis<br />
Seqmna, romelic ZiriTadad formirdeba da Camoyalibdeba<br />
Tavisi oTxi sferoebiT (I; II; III; da IV), romlis perspeqtiul<br />
mimarTulebebze gveqneba saubari naSromis mesame TavSi. guriis<br />
regionis Cais produqtTa qvekompleqsi ZiriTadad imuSavebs:<br />
ozurgeTis, lanCxuTisa da Coxatauris raionebis<br />
meCaie_mewarmeebis mier warmoebul nedleulze. kvlavac<br />
xazgasmiT gvinda aqve avRniSnoT, rom Cai aris materialuri<br />
warmoebis sxvadasxva sferoSi dakavebul muSakTa<br />
urTierTdamokidebuli, urTierTganpirobebuli warmoebis<br />
produqti. aseTi sferoebia: Cais nedleulis warmoebis, Cais<br />
foTlis damzadebis, gadamuSavebis, mza produqciis Senaxvisa da<br />
realizaciis sfero. swored aq, am sferoebSia saZebari Cais<br />
xarisxis amaRlebisa da misi msoflio bazrebze gatanis<br />
SesaZleblobebi.
Tavi Tavi Tavi II. II. mewarmeoba mewarmeoba da da da agrobiznesis agrobiznesis ganviTarebis<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
mimarTulebebi mimarTulebebi meCaieobaSi<br />
meCaieobaSi<br />
2.1. 2.1. mewarmeoba mewarmeoba da da agrobiznesi agrobiznesi reformamde reformamde da da reformis<br />
reformis<br />
mimdinareobis mimdinareobis mimdinareobis pirobebSi<br />
pirobebSi<br />
me-19 saukunis bolomde guruli glexis saojaxo meurneoba<br />
Zalian mcire da dabaSemosavliani iyo. ojaxis mcire Semosavali<br />
miiReboda miwaTmoqmedebidan - simindis warmoebidan da<br />
mecxoveleobidan. igi ver akmayofilebda ojaxis moTxovnebs da<br />
glexi ZiriTadad saSovarze midioda. saqarTvelos regionebs<br />
Soris guruli ojaxis Semosavali Zalian mcire iyo da dabali<br />
doniT xasiaTdeboda. me-20 saukunidan daiwyo guriis mxaris<br />
aRorZineba da mis aRorZinebas safuZveli misca sruliad axalma,<br />
ekonomikurad efeqtiani kulturebis masobrivad gavrcelebam.<br />
aseTebi iyo Cai da citrusebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom guruli<br />
glexis ojaxis aRorZineba da ganviTareba uSualod ukavSirdeba<br />
meCaieobisa da mecitruseobis ganviTarebas, masobrivad daiwyo am<br />
mxareSi Caisa da citrusebis gaSeneba.<br />
Seiqmna specializirebuli msxvili maRalrentabeluri<br />
kolmeurneobebi da saxelmwifo meurneobebi. maTi Semosavlebi<br />
ara marto akmayofilebda am mxaris ojaxebis moTxovnilebebs,<br />
aramed didi raodenobiT gahqondaT saeqsportod. xazgasmiT unda<br />
aRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa periodSi guruli glexis Semosavali<br />
regionebs Soris erT-erTi maRali iyo da cxovrebis done iyo<br />
wamyvani ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed sabWoTa kavSirSic. Cai<br />
da citrusebi inaxavda am mxareSi dabalrentabelur da<br />
zaralian dargebs, rogoricaa marcvleulisa da mecxoveleobis<br />
produqtebis warmoeba.
guruli ojaxis Semosavlebis dacema da gaRatakeba kvlavac<br />
ukavSirdeba meCaieobisa da mecitruseobis dargebis ganviTarebas.<br />
radikaluri agraruli reformis kursis arasworad warmarTvis<br />
Sedegad arasworad daiSala msxvili maRalganviTarebuli,<br />
organizebuli meurneobebi. aseve arasworad gatarda miwis<br />
privatizacia. daitaces saxelmwifo da sakolmeurneo qoneba.<br />
gaiZarcva da ganadgurda ZiriTadi sawarmoo fondebi, gaCerda<br />
Cais fabrikebi. xalxi umuSevari darCa da glexma saSovarze<br />
daiwyo wasvla. axla guruli ojaxis Semosavali Zalze mcirea<br />
saqarTvelos regionebs Soris. igi mTlianad gaRatakebuli da<br />
dabeCavebulia. [3.34-14]<br />
guriis mxaris aRorZineba mniSvnelovnad ukavSirdeba<br />
meCaieobisa da mecitruseobis aRdgena ganviTarebas, romelic<br />
yvelaze maRalrentabeluri kulturebia da maTi sxva dargebiT<br />
Secvla ar SeiZleba. igi Sromatevadia da iZleva am mxaris<br />
mosaxleobis srulad dasaqmebis SesaZleblobas. amitom<br />
aucilebelia am mxareSi srulad aRorZindes mewarmeoba,<br />
ganviTardes agrobiznesi da Camoyalibdes Cais produqtTa<br />
qvekompleqsi.<br />
sabWoTa periodSi ar iyo ganviTarebuli Tavisufali<br />
mewarmeoba. mxolod iyo sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaze<br />
damyarebuli da administraciul-direqtiul mmarTvelobaze<br />
agebuli saxelmwifo mewarmeoba. soflad glexi SezRuduli iyo<br />
yovelmxriv. mas zevidan eZleoda gegmebi, aseve uwesdeboda<br />
fasebi, ramdeni produqcia da ra xarisxis produqcia ewarmoebia<br />
da ramdeni mieyida saxelmwifosaTvis da ra fasebiT. xSirad<br />
fasebi ver faravda produqciis warmoebaze gaweul aucilebel<br />
xarjebs da glexi zaraldeboda. aseve zaraliani iyo warmoeba:
xorcze, kvercxze, Taflze, xilze, marcvleulze, bostneulze<br />
da a. S.. am produqtebis warmoebaze gaweuli xarjebi ifareboda<br />
Caisa da citrusebidan miRebuli maRali mogebiT.<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi mewarmeoba viTardeboda administraciuli<br />
da direqtiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, dakisrebuli gegmebi<br />
sruldeboda. gegmis Seusrulebloba kanonis winaaRmdeg<br />
moqmedebad iyo miCneuli. aseve unda Sesrulebuliyo Sromis<br />
savaldebulo minimumiT dawesebuli normebi. Tu es ar<br />
Sesruldeboda, xdeboda aseTi piris soflidan gasaxlebac ki.<br />
Sromis savaldebulo minimumad mamakacebisaTvis weliwadSi<br />
dawesebuli iyo 120, xolo qalebisaTvis – 100 kacdRe anu<br />
SromaRde. aseTi administrirebis pirobebSi warmatebiT<br />
sruldeboda sagegmo davalebebi, izrdeboda produqciis<br />
warmoeba da saSemsruleblo disciplina. Tumca Tavisufali<br />
mewarmeoba, romelic civilizirebuli bazrisaTvis rom aris<br />
gansazRvruli, ar viTardeboda. am pirobebs erTgvarad<br />
amkvidrebda piraddamxmare meurneoba, sadac miwa pirad<br />
sakuTrebaSi iyo gadacemuli da masze warmodgenili produqcia<br />
glexs SeeZlo sagegmo davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg<br />
Tavisuflad gaeyida. am pirobebSi glexis daintereseba maRali<br />
iyo da Sedegebic warmatebuli. amas naTlad adasturebda is,<br />
rom glexis pirad sakuTrebaSi iyo sakmaod mcire raodenobis<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli miwa da igi awarmoebda qveyanaSi<br />
Seqmnili soflis meurneobis mTliani produqciis Rirebulebis<br />
sakmaod mniSvnelovan nawils, maSin rodesac sazogadoebriv<br />
meurneobebs gaaCndaT sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli miwebis<br />
didi raodenoba da masze awarmoebdnen imaze naklebs, rac
SeiZleboda migveRo efeqturad gaZRolis SemTxvevaSi. amitom<br />
aucilebeli iyo kerZo mewarmeobis aRdgena da ganviTareba.<br />
kerZo sakuTrebaze agebuli mewarmeoba iZleva Tavisufali<br />
mewarmeobis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs da Zlier zrdis<br />
muSakTa materialur dainteresebas, rac warmatebis safuZvelia.<br />
miwasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi sruliad axleburad<br />
dadga sabazro urTierTobaze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
romelsac saerTo araferi aqvs sabWouri periodis<br />
urTierTobasTan, roca qveyanaSi arsebobda miwis saxelmwifo<br />
sakuTreba da igi iyo misi erTaderTi ganmkargavi. im<br />
problemebis naTelsayofad, romelic axal pirobebSi warmoiSva<br />
upriani iqneba ganvixiloT miwasTan urTierTobis ZiriTadi<br />
aspeqtebi, romelic socialisturi sistemis dros arsebobda.<br />
rogorc iTqva, miwa sabWour periodSi warmoadgenda<br />
saxelmwifo sakuTrebas, romelic gamoyenebis uflebiT uvado<br />
sargeblobaSi gadacemuli hqondaT sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
sawarmoebs, kolmeurneobebs da saxelmwifo meurneobebs – igive<br />
sazogadoebriv meurneobebs.<br />
miwasTan urTierTobis erTaderTi maxasiaTebeli iyo misi<br />
daniSnulebiT gamoyeneba, romelsac cenralizebuli dagegmvis<br />
pirobebSi TviTon saxelmwifo marTavda. kolmeurneobebsa da<br />
saxelmwifo meurneobebs zemodan ugegmavdnen gadacemuli miwis<br />
farTobze gasaTavsebel kulturebs, mosavlianobas, miRebuli<br />
mosavlis ganawilebas, saxelmwifoze misasyid fasebsa da sxvas.<br />
sazogadoebrivi meurneobebisagan ramdenadme gansxvavdeboda<br />
mosaxleobis im miwebTan urTierToba, romelic maT gadacemuli<br />
hqondaT piradi damxmare meurneobebis mosawyobad. sakarmidamo<br />
meurneobis miwebi, romelic saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi rCeboda,
warmoadgenda sazogadoebrivi meurneobisaTvis gadacemuli<br />
miwebis nawils. igi soflis mosaxleobas gadaecemoda<br />
gamoyenebis uflebiT sazogadoebrivi meurneobis<br />
gadawyvetilebiT komlis da misi wevrebis socialuri<br />
mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, saxelmwifos mier dadgenili<br />
zRvruli normis farglebSi.<br />
zRvruli norma saqarTveloSi drodadro icvleboda<br />
Semcirebis mimarTulebiT sazogadoebrivi meurneobis<br />
damkvidreba-ganmtkicebis kvalobaze misi norma erTi heqtaridan,<br />
romelic ormociani wlebis dasawyisSi iyo dawesebuli, 0.25 - 0.5<br />
heqtaramde Semcirda samociani wlebisaTvis.<br />
sakarmidamo miwebis ZiriTad daniSnulebas warmoadgenda<br />
komlis im moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, romelsac<br />
sazogadoebrivi meurneobebi ver uzrunvelyofden, Tumca<br />
soflis meurneobis krizisuli mdgomareobis gaRrmavebis<br />
kvalobaze, romelic socialisturi sistemisaTvis iyo<br />
damaxasiaTebeli, icvleboda sakarmidamo meurneobasTan<br />
urTierToba.<br />
marTalia sakarmidamo meurneobis mflobeli ar ixdida<br />
miwis gadasaxads, magram ixdida gadasaxadebs naturiT da<br />
fulad. magaliTad, samociani wlebis dasawyisSi naturiT<br />
gadasaxadi soflad mcxovreb TiToeul komlze dawesebuli iyo:<br />
xorci - 40 kg, kvercxi – 50 cali, rZe – 30 litri, matyli,<br />
yurZeni venaxis farTobis mixedviT da sxva, romlis<br />
SeusruleblobisaTvis dawesebuli iyo mkacri materialuri<br />
pasuxismgebloba.<br />
fuladi gadasaxadi isazRvreboda sakarmidamo meurneobaSi<br />
pirutyvis, frinvelis, futkris raodenobiTa da saxeebiT,
agreTve xilis xeebis Zirebisa da asortimentis mixedviT,<br />
romelTa gafasebebi saxelmwifos hqonda dadgenili.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom sakarmidamo meurneobebs<br />
mniSvnelovani wvlili SehqondaT sursaTis saxelmwifo<br />
resursebis formirebis saqmeSi, xelisufleba nacvlad xelis<br />
Sewyobisa, yovelmxriv aviwroebda moqalaqeTa pirad damxmare<br />
meurneobebs, magram Tanmimdevrulad Rrmavdeboda misi<br />
intensifikacia da izrdeboda mosavlianoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
sabWouri periodis saqarTveloSi yurZnis, xilis, citrusebis,<br />
bostneulis da rigi sxva kulturebis mosavlianoba orjer da<br />
ufro metad maRali iyo mosaxleobis pirad damxmare<br />
meurneobebSi, vidre sazogadoebriv meurneobebSi. [3.36-115]<br />
centralizebulma dagegmvam da sazogadoebrivi<br />
meurneobebis xelaRebiT gasaxelmwifoebriobam sapirispiro<br />
midgoma Camoayaliba kolmeurneobisa da saxelmwifo<br />
meurneobebSi, sadac yvelaferi yvelasi iyo da konkretulad<br />
aravisi araferi.<br />
kolmeurneoba da saxelmwifo meurneoba maTi SromiTi<br />
koleqtivebi aRmoCndnen ufleba dakarguli mewarmeebi, romlebic<br />
muSaobdnen, magram miRebul mosavals saxelmwifo gankargavda.<br />
swored aman gamoiwvia miwisgan mSromelis CamoSoreba da Sromis<br />
Sedegebisadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba.<br />
gasaxelmwifoebriobisa da administrirebis gamkacrebam ver<br />
uzrunvelyo soflis meurneobis aRmavloba da igi sabWouri<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi mudmiv krizisul mdgomareobaSi rCeboda.<br />
ra Tqma unda, socialisturi sistemisaTvis ucxo iyo<br />
miwasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi urTierTobebi, rogoricaa kerZo<br />
sakuTreba, yidva-gayidva, miwis fasi, miwis bazari, memkvidreobiT
gadacema da sxva, romelic sabazro urTierTobisaTvis aris<br />
damaxasiaTebeli. magram axla, roca qveyanam Tavisi ganviTarebis<br />
mimarTulebad sabazro urTierToba airCia da sabazro<br />
urTierTobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli procesebi Cveni cxovrebis<br />
sinamdviled iqca, dRis wesrigSi dadga misi daregulirebis<br />
meqanizmis SemuSaveba da danergva.<br />
saqarTvelom damoukideblobis aRdgenisTanave dagmo<br />
socialisturi sistema da kursi socialurad orientirebuli<br />
sabazro urTierTobebisaken aiRo. qyeyana 15 welze metia<br />
gardamaval periodSi imyofeba: mimdinareobs Zveli sistemis<br />
demontaJi da mis bazaze axali sistemis formireba. gardamavali<br />
periodi mniSvnelovnad ufro xangrZlivi da rTuli aRmoCnda<br />
vidre sazogadoeba moeloda, igi yvela dargSi Taviseburi<br />
siZneleebiT mimdinareobs, magram ufro mtkivneuli aRmoCnda<br />
agrarul seqtorSi, romlis reformebis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi<br />
SeiZleba Camoyalibebuli iqnas Semdegnairad:<br />
1. socialisturi soflis meurneobis reorganizacia,<br />
romelic gulisxmobs kolmeurneobebisa da saxelmwifo<br />
meurneobebis restruqturizacias da maT bazaze sabazro tipis<br />
mewarme subieqtebis Camoyalibebas;<br />
2. soflad sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis nacvlad kerZo<br />
sakuTrebis damkvidreba, e. i. soflis meurneobis sruli<br />
gansaxelmwifoebrioba kerZo sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli<br />
damoukidebuli da Tavisufali mewarme fenis Seqmna, sadac<br />
mewarme iqneba Tavisi saqmisa da qonebis sruluflebiani baton-<br />
patroni;<br />
3. sawarmoTa farTomasStabiani privatizacia;
4. socialisturi sawarmoo urTierTobebis Secvla sabazro<br />
urTierTobebiT;<br />
5. soflad samewarmeo pirobebis Seqmna.<br />
reformis dawyebidan ganvlil periodSi ukve<br />
damTavrebulia socialisturi sistemis mewarme subieqtebis<br />
kolmeurneobebisa da saxelmwifo meurneobebis<br />
restruqturizacia. maT bazaze formirebulia aTasze meti<br />
saaqcio sazogadoeba, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sazogadoeba, sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativi da sxva formis<br />
iuridiuli pirebi, Tumca maTi rogorc mewarme subieqtebis<br />
Camoyalibebis procesi dRemde Wianurdeba, radganac maT<br />
memkvidreobiT miiRes ganadgurebuli sawarmo baza da<br />
dezorganizebuli SromiTi koleqtivi.<br />
TavianTi winamorbedebisagan gansxvavebiT axali tipis<br />
mewarmeebi damoukidebelni da Tavisufalni arian. saxelmwifo<br />
maT saqmianobaSi ar ereva da TviTon uZRvebian mewarmeobas,<br />
magram gardamavali periodis siZneleebis gavleniT isini<br />
jerjerobiT sasursaTo bazarze ar Canan. imasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
rom reformebi dawyebuli iqna sakanonmdeblo bazis da<br />
erovnuli programis gareSe, socialisturi tipis mewarme<br />
subieqtebis-kolmeurneobebisa da saxelmwifo meurneobebis<br />
restruqturizacia araorganizebulad warimarTa da Tavidanve<br />
stiqiuri ngrevis xasiaTi miiRo. bevrgan restruqturizacia<br />
saxelis SecvliT gamoixata, bevrma sawarmoo pirobebis<br />
Sesabamisad ver SearCia meurneobebis organizaciul<br />
samarTlebrivi forma da uperspeqtivo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda,<br />
zogierTi axali tipis mewarme iuridiul pirs ar gaaCnia miwa da
sxva sawarmoo saSualebani, magram koleqtiuri forma<br />
SenarCunebulia viRacis karnaxiTa da xaTriT.<br />
reformebis problemebidan SedarebiT intensiurad<br />
warimarTa miwebis privatizacia, Tumca didi xarvezebiT da<br />
naklovanebebiT, magram dReis mdgomareobiT guriaSi 81.0 aTasi<br />
heqtari miwa sakuTrebaSi miiRo 97.8 aTasma komlma (ojaxma), rac<br />
saSualod erT komlze 0.83 heqtars Seadgens. kerZo sakuTrebaSi<br />
gadacemuli miwebidan: saxnav-saTesia – 17.9 aTasi heqtari,<br />
mravalwliani nargavebi – 19.7 aTasi heqtari. amave periodSi<br />
saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi darCenili miwebidan ijariT gacemulia<br />
10.5 aTasi heqtari sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli.<br />
amgvarad, soflad Camoyalibda miwis kerZo sakuTrebaze<br />
dafuZnebuli mewarmeTa mravaricxovani fena komluri (ojaxuri)<br />
meurneobis saxiT, romelTa sakuTrebaSia intensiuri sasoflo-<br />
sameurneo savargulebis udidesi nawili da isini awarmoeben<br />
qveyanaSi warmoebuli soflis meurneobis produqciis 95<br />
procentze mets.<br />
Camoyalibda situacia, roca kerZo mewarmeTa fena, igive<br />
komluri (ojaxuri) meurneobebi, romelTa mflobelobaSia<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis 64,6%, awarmoeben qveyanaSi<br />
warmoebuli produqciis TiTqmis mTel raodenobas, xolo<br />
danarCeni nawili, romelic ZiriTadad koleqtiuri mewarme<br />
iuridiuli pirebis formiT arian warmodgenili da ijariT<br />
gadacemuli aqvT sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis meore<br />
naxevari, produqciis umniSvnelo raodenobas awarmoeben. es<br />
faqti pirvel rigSi kerZo sakuTrebis cxovelmyofelobasa da<br />
unarianobaze miuTiTebs, romlis gavleniT maT SeZles<br />
meurneobis mokle droSi gaSla da produqciis warmoebis
gadideba, Tumca saerTo warmoebis done didad CamorCeba<br />
reformandel dones.<br />
soflis meurneobis warmateba damokidebulia miwis, Sromisa<br />
da kapitalis, rogorc mewarmeobis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebis<br />
urTierTobaze. samwuxarod, Cveneuli reformis Sedegad es<br />
urTierToba gaxleCili aRmoCnda. miwis farTobi, romelic kerZo<br />
sakuTrebaSi gadaecaT mosaxleobas, imdenad mcirea, rom<br />
sanaxevrodac ver asaqmebs komluri (ojaxuri) meurneobis<br />
wevrebs da mxolod momxmareblur xasiaTs atarebs. maT ar<br />
gaaCniaT kapitali mewarmeobis gaZRolisaTvis, magram kidec rom<br />
hqondeT, sad da raSi daabandon igi. 0.8 heqtari miwa ver<br />
uzrunvelyofs ukugebis saWiro dones igi bazarze rom gavides.<br />
saerTod sabazro ekonomika dafuZnebulia sam veSapze<br />
(formaze), es aris erTpirovnuli mflobeloba, amxanagoba<br />
(partnioroba) da saaqcio sazogadoeba. Tanamedrove sabazro<br />
ekonomikaSi mewarmeobis sami formidan TiToeuls ukavia Tavisi<br />
ekonomikuri adgili, gaaCnia garkveuli Rirsebebi da susti<br />
mxareebic. axla, CvenTan meCaieobaSi arsebobs kerZo mewarmeobis<br />
ramdenime samarTlebrivi forma, romlebic meurneobis axali<br />
pirobebidan gamomdinare dRes gamoyenebas poulobs fizikur da<br />
iuridiul pirTa saxiT. guriis mxaris raionebis meCaieobaSi<br />
axla formirebs ZiriTadad erTpirovnuli mflobeloba. es aris<br />
kerZo mewarmeobis yvelaze martivi da yvelaze Zveli tipis<br />
forma, Tumca igi meCaieobaSi sruliad ar viTardeba. aq<br />
sawarmos yvela saSualebebs flobs erTi ojaxi, romelic<br />
damoukideblad wyvets sakiTxs, Tu ra, rogor da visTvis<br />
awarmoos. igi erTpirovnulad ganagebs miRebul Semosavlebs,<br />
akisria SeuzRudavi materialuri pasuxismgebloba sxva
sawarmoTa (organizaciebis) mimarT da pasuxs agebs<br />
valdebulebebze mTeli Tavisi qonebiT. es imas niSnavs, rom<br />
gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi mewarme kargavs ara marto biznes<br />
saqmianobaSi Cadebul qonebas, aramed (Tu es sakmarisi ar<br />
aRmoCnda) pirad sakuTrebasac ki – saxls, manqanas da sxvas, asea<br />
igi warmodgenili ucxoeTis ganviTarebul qveynebSi. [3.35-220]<br />
statistikuri informaciis Tanxmad, erTpirovnuli<br />
sawarmoebi yovelwliurad ufro meti kotrdeba, vidre axali<br />
iqmneba, magram miuxedavad amisa, erTpirovnuli meurneoba jer<br />
kidev rCeba biznesis metad gavrcelebul formad ganviTarebuli<br />
sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi da es SemTxveviTi araa, mas udaod<br />
mTeli rigi dadebiTi Rirsebebi gaaCnia.<br />
amxanagoba, rogorc wesi, biznesis naklebad gavrcelebuli<br />
formaa. aSS-Si masze modis sawarmoTa saerTo raodenobis 10%,<br />
da saqonelTa saerTo brunvis daaxloebiT 4%. amxanagobis<br />
umravlesoba Tavmoyrilia safinanso sferoSi, sadazRvevo<br />
saqmianobaSi, uZravi qonebis vaWrobaSi.<br />
dabolos, sawarmoTa 20% aSS-Si korporaciad wodebuli<br />
aqcioneruli sazogadoebebia, maT mesakuTred iTvlebian isini,<br />
romelTa mocemuli sawarmos aqciebi (sakuTrebis wili) gaaCniaT.<br />
korporaciaze modis mTeli saqonelbrunvis daaxloebiT 90% da<br />
mogebis sami meoTxedi. aSS-is msxvili samrewvelo savaWro<br />
sawarmoebis umravlesoba korporacias warmoadgens, maT Sorisaa<br />
msoflioSi cnobili iseTi kompania, rogoricaa, “jeneral<br />
motorsi” da sxva. [3.78-59]<br />
Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikaSi mewarmeobis zemoT<br />
daxasiaTebuli am sami ZiriTadi formidan TiToeuls ukavia<br />
Tavisi ekonomikuri adgili, gaaCnia garkveuli Rirsebebi da
susti mxareebi, naklovanebebic, magram, Cven maTze ar<br />
SevCerdebiT, mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom mewarmeobis erTpirovnuli<br />
formis mimzidveloba aixsneba upirveles yovlisa erTi metad<br />
tevadi sityviT “mepatrone”. afuZnebs ra Tavis sawarmos, misi<br />
mflobeli ganagebs mTel warmoebas da Sesabamisad miRebul<br />
ukugebasac. sxva formebis SemTxvevaSi ki mogeba unda gaiyos<br />
TanamesakuTreTa Soris, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />
erTpirovnuli formisaTvis materialuri daintereseba da<br />
erTmarTveloba moqmedebs metad mkafiod da qmnis stimuls<br />
efeqturi SromisaTvis, amasTan martivia da damfuZneblisaTvis<br />
metad mosaxerxebeli, Tumca aq, am tipis sawarmoSi maRalia<br />
warmoebis riski, SeuzRudavi pasuxismgeblobis principidan<br />
gamomdinare, individualuri kerZo sawarmos mepatronem<br />
SesaZlebelia dakargos ara marto saqmeSi Cadebuli qoneba,<br />
aramed mTeli Tavisi piradi sakuTrebac. dabolos,<br />
erTpirovnuli meurneoba ekonomikurad sustia, nakleb<br />
xangrZlivmoqmedia, vidre biznesis sxva formebi da iuridiulad<br />
igi TiTqmis Tavis arsebobas wyvets mflobelis<br />
gardacvalebasTan erTad. saqmes zogjer TviT memkvidris<br />
Canacvlebac ver Svelis, radgan amas SeuZlia garTulebebi<br />
warmoSvas Zvel klientebTan, Tumca aqac bevri rame<br />
damokidebulia mewarmis pirovnebaze, moqnilobaze, mis saqmian<br />
Tvisebebzec. swored amitom, sabazro konkurenciis pirobebSi<br />
cxovreba da biznesmenoba gamosdis ara yvela adamians, aramed<br />
saqmian, unarian pirebs. vfiqrobT, rom erTpirovnuli meurneobis<br />
guriis mxaris meCaieobaSi ase farTod ganviTareba ZiriTadad<br />
am Tvisebebma ganapiroba.
mcired, magram mainc mokled unda SevexoT partniorul<br />
amxanagobas, igi iTvleba individualuri kerZo formis sawarmos<br />
bunebriv gagrZelebad, aRmocenda mniSvnelovanwilad am<br />
ukanasknelis zogierTi naklovanebebis dasaZlevad, amitom<br />
gaaCnia rigi saerTo, aseve zogierTi sxva Taviseburebani. am<br />
formam dRemde naklebi gaqaneba miiRo guriis mxareSi.<br />
saaqcio sazogadoeba, sawarmos gaZRolis ufro rTuli<br />
koleqtiuri formaa amxanagobasTan SedarebiT. flobs ra<br />
TiToeuli maTgani saerTo kapitalis nawils aqciebis saxiT,<br />
isini iwodebian aqcionerebad da sawarmos mogebis nawils iReben<br />
aqciebze dividendis saxiT. aseTi formis sawamoebi guriis<br />
mxareSi Zalze mciredaa dRes gavrcelebuli. Tumca<br />
ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saaqcio<br />
sazogadoebebi TamaSobs wamyvan rols, amas igi imsaxurebs rigi<br />
RirsebebiT. umTavresi aq isaa, rom aqcionerebs akisriaT<br />
SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba, aqcionerebi pasuxs ar ageben<br />
sawarmos valebze mTeli TavianTi qonebiT, gakotrebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi isini kargaven mxolod im Tanxas, rac maT aqciebis<br />
SeZenaze daexarjaT. es niSnavs, rom aqcionerebs SezRuduli<br />
pasuxismgebloba gaaCniaT, amis gamo man meCaieobaSi farTo<br />
gavrceleba unda hpovos. amasTan aqcioneruli forma<br />
warmoadgens damatebiTi kapitalis mozidvis metad efeqtur<br />
formas. yidis ra aqciebs Tavisuflad da aqcionerebs aniWebs<br />
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis uflebas, saaqcio sazogadoebas<br />
amiT SeuZlia moizidos uamravi mewarme, Tumca saaqcio<br />
sazogadoebac araa dazRveuli naklovanebebisagan, bevris azriT,<br />
amiT maTi Rirsebebi gadawonvasac ki axdens, es aris albaT erT-<br />
erTi mizezi imisa, rom arc erT qveyanaSi sawarmoTa
umravlesobas saaqcio sazogadoebebi ar Seadgenen, magram, rac<br />
ki aris ekonomikurad Zlieri sawarmoebia da myarad viTardebian.<br />
kvlevam gviCvena, rom guriis mxaris agrarul seqtorSi<br />
dRes moqmedi sawarmoebi ZiriTadad ararentabeluria. igi<br />
ganpirobebulia obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebiT. aqedan<br />
mTavaria, maT organizaciul-sameurneo marTvasa da gaZRolaSi<br />
arsebuli naklovanebebi.<br />
agrarul seqtorSi gatarebulma arasworma fasebis,<br />
sagadasaxado, safinanso, sakredito, sadazRvevo, sabaJo<br />
meqanizmebma da indikaturuli dagegmvisa da marTvis sistemebis<br />
gamouyenebulobam kalapotidan amoagdo guriis mxaris iseTi<br />
didi tradiciebis mqone dargebi, rogoricaa meCaieoba da<br />
mecitruseoba; subtropikuli mexileoba da sakonservo warmoeba;<br />
eTerzeTebis kulturebis warmoeba; abreSumis parkis warmoeba;<br />
sakvebkulturebisa da mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoeba da<br />
meTevzeoba. aman Seamcira warmoebis masStabebi da saqonlianobis<br />
donec dasca, Caidan da citrusebidan savaluto Semosavlebi<br />
SeizRuda. arada, adre misgan Semosavlebi gansazRvravda am<br />
mxaris agraruli ekonomikis ganviTarebas. reformirebisas<br />
zemoTaRniSnulTan erTad soflad moxda naturalizacia,<br />
saqonlianobis done daeca da glexi, rogorc<br />
saqonelmwarmoebeli naklebefeqtiani Seiqmna. magaliTad, 80-ian<br />
wlebSi guriis mxareSi saqonelwarmoebis done Tu 80%-s<br />
aWarbebda, axla igi 10%-ze dabalia. guriis glexi<br />
TviTdakmayofilebaze, sakuTari warmoebis produqtebiT<br />
TviTuzrunvelyofaze wavida da naturalur da naxevrad-<br />
naturalur meurneobas mihyo xeli. daeca am mxaris ekonomika.
guriis mxaris wili produqciis (saqonlisa da<br />
momsaxurebis) gamoSvebis mixedviT ZiriTadad da araZiriTadad<br />
saqmianobaSi Semdegi maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba: janmrTelobis<br />
dacva da socialuri momsaxureba - 1,5%; sastumroebi da<br />
restornebi - 1,9; sxva dargebi - 3,0; vaWroba, avtomobilebis,<br />
sayofacxovrebo saqonlisa da piradi sargeblobis nivTebis<br />
remonti - 5,0; mSenebloba - 7,6; transporti, sasawyobo meurneoba,<br />
kavSirgabmuloba - 39,8; mrewveloba - 15,5 da soflis meurneoba<br />
mxolod - 16,3%. aseTi mimarTulebiT ekonomika ver aRorZindeba.<br />
2004 wels samewarmeo saqmianobiT dakavebuli sawarmoebis<br />
(individualur sawarmoTa CaTvliT) deklarirebuli<br />
statistikuri monacemebiT, gamoSvebuli produqciis (saqonlisa<br />
da momsaxurebis) mTelma moculobam faqtobriv fasebSi guriis<br />
regionSi Seadgina 25.2 mln lari, 2005 wels – 36.4 mln lari,<br />
2006 wels – 62.1 mln lari. naTelia, rom mzardi tendencia<br />
SeimCneva, magram sasurvel Sedegebamde bevri ram aris<br />
gasakeTebeli. guriis regionSi gamoSvebuli produqciis<br />
moculoba da procentuli raodenoba aseTia (ix. cxrili 2.1.):<br />
2004 2004 w.<br />
w.<br />
2005 2005 w.<br />
w.<br />
2006 2006 w.<br />
w.<br />
guriis guriis regionSi regionSi gamoSvebuli gamoSvebuli produqciis produqciis mo moculoba<br />
mo culoba<br />
wlebi wlebi<br />
wlebi<br />
2004 2004-2006 2004 2006 wlebSi wlebSi ( (mln ( mln lari) lari)<br />
warmoebuli warmoebuli produqcia<br />
produqcia<br />
moqmed moqmed moqmed fasebSi fasebSi<br />
fasebSi<br />
25.2<br />
36.4<br />
62.1<br />
cxrili cxrili 2.1.<br />
2.1.<br />
procentobiT procentobiT jamTan jamTan<br />
jamTan<br />
(qveynis (qveynis (qveynis maCvenebelTan)<br />
maCvenebelTan)<br />
guriis mxareSi jer-jerobiT saTanadod ver viTardeba<br />
soflis meurneoba, agreTve misi wamyvani dargebi meCaieoba da<br />
mecitruseoba. es ukanaskneli dargebi gansazRvraven guriis<br />
0.6<br />
0.6<br />
0.8
mxaris aramarto agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebas, aramed<br />
ekonomikis sxva dargebis, kerZod ki mrewvelobis (kvebis<br />
mrewvelobis) ganviTarebasac, amitomac saWiroa pirvel rigSi<br />
avaRorZinoT da aRvadginoT meCaieoba da mecitruseoba.<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki es Seexeba meCaieobas. aRniSnuli dargi qmnida<br />
guriis mxaris ekonomikis Semosavlis TiTqmis naxevars, asaqmebda<br />
warmoebaSi mTeli regionis SromiTi resursebis naxevarze mets,<br />
iyenebda guriis mxareSi arsebuli sawarmoo fondebis mTeli<br />
moculobis 60%-ze mets da igi biujetis Semosavlebis ZiriTadi<br />
wyaro iyo. exla es ar arsebobs, xalxi umuSevaria da cxovrebis<br />
done Zalze dabalia, rac yovlad gaumarTlebelia. amdenad,<br />
meCaieobis aRdgena da sabazro ekonomikis CarCoebSi Cayeneba<br />
aris guriis mxaris ekonomikis aRorZinebis gasaRebi.<br />
meCaieobis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa arsebuli Cais<br />
plantaciebis (romelTa ganaxlebac SeiZleba) gamoyvana da<br />
eqsploataciaSi Cayeneba, konkurentunariani produqciis warmoeba<br />
da sabazro urTierTobebis CarCoebSi moqceva. Cven aq,<br />
detalurad ar SevudgebiT am mwvave problemis gadaWris gzebis<br />
axsnas-dasabuTebas, (igi Semdgom iqneba warmodgenili), magram<br />
avRniSnavT, rom guriis mxaris soflis meurneobis<br />
deindustrializaciam, sasaqonlo fuladi urTierTobebis<br />
Sekvecam, mosaxleobis gadaxdisunarianobis dacemam, soflis<br />
socialuri pirobebis gauaresebam, umuSevrobam, warmoebis<br />
saboloo SedegebiT muSakTa dainteresebis principebis<br />
gamouyeneblobam da sxva faqtorebma ganapiroba erTi suli<br />
mosaxlis mier ZiriTadi produqtebis moxmarebis mniSvnelovnad<br />
Semcireba, ris gamoc am mxaris mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili
siRaribis zRvarzea. gamosavali aqedan ki mewarmeobis aRdgenasa<br />
da Cais warmoebaSi agrobiznesis ganviTarebaSia. [3.78-64]<br />
saqarTvelos Cais meurneoba swraf aRmavlobas moiTxovs.<br />
qarTulma Caim dakarguli prestiJi unda aRidginos da ara<br />
mxolod Sida bazris moTxovna daakmayofilos, aramed msoflios<br />
eqsportSic mniSvnelovani wvlili unda Seitanos.<br />
2.2. 2.2. meCaieobis meCaieobis dargSi dargSi mewarmeobis mewarmeobis ZiriTadi ZiriTadi formebi formebi da da maTi<br />
maTi<br />
funqcionire<br />
funqcionirebis funqcionire bis ekonomikuri ekonomikuri Sefaseba Sefaseba<br />
Sefaseba<br />
agrarul seqtorSi mimdinare reformiT guriaSi<br />
mimdinareobs Zveli struqturebis ngreva da axalis Seqmnis<br />
procesebi. nedleulis, materialuri da energoresursebis<br />
simciris gamo guriis mxaris sawarmoTa didi nawili<br />
gaCerebulia, xalxi dausaqmebelia, soflidan qalaqisaken<br />
migraciuli procesebi daCqarebulia.<br />
guriis mxareSi agraruli seqtoris gajansaRebis<br />
mniSvnelovan RonisZiebad Cais warmoebis realizacia –<br />
gafarToeba migvaCnia. am dargSi mewarmeobis aRorZineba aris<br />
guriis ekonomikis aRmavlobis safuZveli. guriaSi dawyebuli<br />
reforma sawyis etapze saxelmwifo sakuTrebis transformaciis<br />
xasiaTs atarebda. igi daiwyo miwisa da sawarmoTa masobrivi<br />
privatizeba-reorganizaciis gziT.<br />
radikaluri agraruli reformis gatarebiT guriis mxareSi<br />
Camoyalibda kerZo mesakuTreTa fena. dReisaTvis kerZo seqtoris<br />
xvedriTi wili regionis mTlian Sida produqtSi – 90%-ze metia.<br />
reformebi regionSi fermeruli meurneobis Seqmna-ganviTarebis
safuZveli gaxda. aman SemdgomSi soflis meurneobis<br />
aRorZinebaSi umTavresi roli unda Seasrulos, daiwyo soflad<br />
axali sawarmoebis formireba, Seiqmna sakredito kavSirebi,<br />
saojaxo meurneobebs farTo gasaqani mieca.<br />
dawyebuli reformis Sedegia, rom dRes guriis mxareSi<br />
gaCnda sabazro ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli axali mewarme –<br />
subieqtebi, soflad Camoyalibda kerZo mewarmeTa da<br />
saqonelmwarmoebelTa axali fena – fermerebi, sxvadasxva<br />
organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT yalibdeba kooperacia,<br />
iqmneba axali fermeruli struqturebi da sxvadasxva<br />
asociaciuri gaerTianebebi.<br />
regionSi miwis reforma daiwyo samarTlianobis aRdgeniT,<br />
rodesac ojaxebs sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros CamorTmeuli 0.7<br />
aTas heqtarze meti, e.w. CamonaWeri nakveTebi daubrundaT.<br />
guriis mxareSi mcxovrebma kerZo sakuTrebaSi miiRo<br />
saSualod 0.83 heqtari sasoflo-sameruneo savarguli. kerZo<br />
sakuTrebaSi gacemuli sasoflo-sameruneo savargulebis 94.6%-s<br />
floben soflad mcxovrebi ojaxebi, xolo 5.4%-s qalaqad<br />
macxovrebeli ojaxebi.<br />
udaoa, rom sasoflo-sameuneo savargulebis gankerZoeba<br />
progresuli movlenaa, magram man mainc garkveuli uaryofiTi<br />
tendencia Camoayaliba. umTavresi mainc miwebis parcelaciaa.<br />
kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacemuli sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli<br />
daqucmacebulia mcire nakveTebad, nakveTis saSualo sidide 0,15<br />
heqtars ar aRemateba. aseTi mravalnakveTianoba da<br />
Sorsmiwianoba xelSemSlelia, radgan rTuldeba niadagebis<br />
meqanizebuli damuSaveba, izrdeba xarjebi, mcirdeba Sromis
nayofiereba da Zvirdeba warmoebuli produqciis<br />
TviTRirebuleba.<br />
ojaxebis (komlebis) kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-<br />
sameuneo savargulTa dajgufebaSi farTobis mixedviT Semdegi<br />
suraTia guriis regionSi: 0.25 heqtaramde sididis sasoflo-<br />
sameurneo farTobis floba mesakuTre ojaxTa (komlTa) 25.2%,<br />
0.25-dan, 0.5 heqtaramde – 25.8%, 0.5-dan 1 heqtaramde – 20%, 1-dan<br />
1.5 heqtaramde – 15.0%, 1.5-dan 2 heqtarze met – 14.% ojaxi (komli).<br />
guriis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacemul farTobSi Zalze<br />
didia mcirekonturiani nakveTebis xvedriTi wili, Tumca<br />
qveyanaSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad nebadarTulia, rom<br />
komls sakuTrebaSi gadaeces 1.25 heqtaramde sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
savarguli, mTis pirobebSi ki 5 ha-mde saZovari, magram guriis<br />
regionSi miwiT uzrunvelyofis dabali donis gamo mesakuTre<br />
komlTa – 25.9%-is uzrunvelyofa gaxda SesaZlebeli, xolo<br />
mTian mxareSi aseTi miwiT uzrunvelyofis maCvenebeli ufro<br />
didia da Seadgens – 75.8%-s.<br />
meijareTa mier aRebuli sasoflo-sameuneo savargulTa<br />
dajgufeba ijariT aRebuli miwebisa, Semdeg suraTs aCvenebs:<br />
regionis meijareTa 94.5%-s aqvs 5-10 heqtaramde; xolo - 5.5%-s<br />
aqvs 10 heqtarze meti. aqedan gamodis, rom meijareebi ar floben<br />
guriis regionSi miwis didi moculobiT farTobs.<br />
guriis regionSi adre, miwis privatizaciis sawyis etapze<br />
farTod damkvidrda saijaro urTierTobaTa axali formebi<br />
meCaieobaSi, magram Semdgom wlebSi misi gacemis tempebis<br />
sagrZnoblad Semcireba SeimCneva, rac ZiriTadad Cais<br />
damuSavebisa da misi movla-moyvanis pirobebis ararsebobiTa da<br />
materialur-teqnikuri saSualebebis uqonlobiT aris
gamowveuli. amis gamo xSirad ijariT aRebuli Cais plantaciis<br />
nawili (umravlesoba) daumuSavebeli rCeba, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ojaxidan (komlidan) daSorebuli Cais plantaciebi.<br />
samwuxarod, reformis kursis arasworad gatarebiT, Cais<br />
meurneoba guriis regionSi, ise, rogorc mTlianad qveyanaSic,<br />
gaCanagebis piras mivida. guriis ekonomikisaTvis Cais warmoebis<br />
rolisa da misi ganviTarebis mimarTulebis gansazRvras,<br />
dRevandel pirobebSi, uaRresad aqtualuri mniSvneloba eniWeba.<br />
guriis mxares gaaCnia Cais produqtTa qvekompleqsis formirebis<br />
saukeTeso potencialuri SesaZleblobebi – msxvili<br />
sanedleulo da samrewvelo baza, Cais meurneobebis saukunovani<br />
gamocdileba, maRalkvalificiuri specialistebi da mecnieruli<br />
kadrebi. magram, amasTan erTad, aq saWiroa saxelmwifos mxridan<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da mxardaWera, guriis mxareSi Cais<br />
warmoebis aRorZineba da gamarTva saxelmwifos ganuwyveteli<br />
zrunvis sagani unda gaxdes.<br />
dRes Cais warmoebis msoflio dinamika aRmasvlis<br />
tendenciiT xasiaTdeba da Cais msxvili mwarmoebeli qveynebi<br />
warmoebis gafarToebis eqstensiur gzas adganan, CvenTan<br />
eqstensiuri ganviTarebis pirobebSi marTalia, amowurulia,<br />
magram intensiuri ganviTarebisaTvis arsebobs didi, kargi<br />
SesaZleblobani da is Cven kargad, moxerxebulad unda<br />
gamoviyenoT. dRes, is qveynebic ki, romelTac sakuTari<br />
nedleuli ar gaaCniaT, Cais msxvil bizness ewevian. magaliTad,<br />
cnobilia, rom gemaniaSi Cais biznesiT dakavebulia or aTeulze<br />
meti kompania, romelTa mier jer kidev 10 wlis win<br />
ganxorcielebuli savaWro operaciebis Sedegad Cais produqciis<br />
wliurma brunvam 1 miliard germanul markas miaRwia, amis
erTerT wyarod saxeldeba agreTve Cvens qveyanaSi martin<br />
baueris moRvaweoba Cais biznesis xaziTac. Cven ki roca<br />
SegviZlia nedleuli adgilze vawarmooT, miT umetes meti<br />
saSualeba gveZleva gavafarTovoT biznes saqmianoba am dargSi<br />
da mivaRwioT ukeTes warmatebebs. samwuxarod, es kargi<br />
SesaZlebloba dRemde ar gamoiyeneba.<br />
guriis mxaresa da mTlianad saqarTveloSi Cais mrewveloba<br />
sxva aRmavlobas moiTxovs, qarTulma Caim dakarguli prestiJi<br />
unda aRidginos da ara mxolod Sida bazris moTxovna<br />
daakmayofilos, aramed, msoflio eqsportSic mniSvnelovani<br />
wvlili Seitanos. miwis reformebma am saqmianobas xeli unda<br />
Seuwyos, samwuxarod, es ase ar warimarTeba guriis mxareSi, rac<br />
erTgvarad amcirebs dargis perspeqtivebsac.<br />
guriis mxareSi sasoflo-sameuneo sawarmoTa privatizacia,<br />
restruqturizacia Catarda naCqarevad, usistemod, araerTferovnad<br />
daiSala da reorganizebuli iqna 97 kolmeurneoba da 13<br />
saxelmwifo meurneoba. 38 Cais fabrikidan 8 - reorganizebulia da<br />
mesamedi simZlavriT muSaoben, 29 likvidirebulia, privatizacia ar<br />
Sexebia 1 Cais fabrikas (ix. cxrili 2.2.).<br />
sasoflo sasoflo-sameurneo sasoflo sameurneo sawarmoTa privatizebis Sedegebi<br />
raodenoba<br />
raodenoba<br />
guriis guriis regionSi regionSi regionSi 200 2008 200 200 wels.<br />
maT maT Soris<br />
Soris<br />
cxrili cxrili 2.2<br />
2.2<br />
reorganizebulia<br />
reorganizebulia reorganizebulia likvidirebulia<br />
likvidirebulia likvidirebulia darCenilia<br />
darCenilia<br />
raodenoba raodenoba<br />
raodenoba<br />
raodenoba raodenoba raodenoba<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo s/s<br />
s/s<br />
sawarmoebi<br />
sawarmoebi<br />
sawarmoebi<br />
13 10 3. -<br />
koleqtiuri koleqtiuri s/s<br />
s/s<br />
sawarmoebi<br />
sawarmoebi<br />
97 97 - -<br />
meurneobaTSorisi<br />
meurneobaTSorisi<br />
meurneobaTSorisi<br />
sawarmoebi<br />
sawarmoebi<br />
3 3 - -<br />
Cais Cais fabrikebi fabrikebi<br />
38 8 29 1
guriis mxaris soflis meurneobaSi glexuri meurneobis<br />
saSualo sidide (suladoba) dReisaTvis 3.0 kacs Seadgens. es<br />
maCvenebeli saSualod saqarTveloSi 3.45-s Seadgens, aq<br />
meurneobaTa individualuri, erTpirovnuli formaa ZiriTadad<br />
warmodgenili, romelic eweva naturalur meuneobas, xolo<br />
meCaieobis dargSi aseTi ojaxuri meurneobebi umTavresad<br />
naturalur da naxevradnaturalur saqmianobas eweva. (ix.<br />
cxrili 2.3.)<br />
mewarmeobis mewarmeobis formebi formebi guriis guriis mxaris<br />
mxaris<br />
meCaieobaSi<br />
meCaieobaSi<br />
meCaieobaSi<br />
cxrili cxrili 2.3 2.3. 2.3<br />
maCveneblebis<br />
maCveneblebis<br />
maCveneblebis<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
individualuri<br />
individualuri<br />
individualuri<br />
SezRuduli<br />
SezRuduli<br />
pasuxismgeblobis<br />
pasuxismgeblobis<br />
pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sazogadoeba<br />
sazogadoeba<br />
saaqcio saaqcio<br />
saaqcio<br />
sazogadoeba<br />
sazogadoeba<br />
1. 1. jgufSi jgufSi meurneobis<br />
meurneobis<br />
saSualo saSualo saSualo sidide sidide, sidide sidide,<br />
, (heqtari) (heqtari)<br />
(heqtari)<br />
2 2 meurneoba meurneoba meurneoba sakuTrebis<br />
sakuTrebis<br />
sakuTrebis<br />
0.1-0.2 0.3-1.0 1-da meti<br />
mixedviT mixedviT (Cais (Cais farTobze<br />
farTobze<br />
sakuTreba)<br />
sakuTreba)<br />
kerZo sakuTreba Sereuli saijaro forma<br />
3. 3. 3. meurneobis meurneobis meurneobis forma, forma, xasiaTi xasiaTi ZiriTadad<br />
naturaluri,<br />
naxevradnaturaluri<br />
sasaqonlo<br />
naxevrad<br />
naturaluri,<br />
sasaqonlo<br />
ZiriTadad<br />
sasaqonlo<br />
xasiaTisaa<br />
4. 4. sawarmoo sawarmoo Zalebis<br />
Zalebis<br />
warmoebiTi warmoebiTi urTierTobebis<br />
urTierTobebis<br />
ganviTarebis ganviTarebis done<br />
done<br />
susti<br />
susti da<br />
saSualoze<br />
dabali<br />
saSualoze<br />
dabali<br />
5. 5. iuridiuli, iuridiuli, Tu Tu fizikuri<br />
fizikuri<br />
piris piris uflebiT<br />
uflebiT<br />
fizikuri piris<br />
fizikuri da<br />
iuridiuli piris<br />
iuridiuli<br />
piris<br />
6. 6. meurneobis meurneobis intens intensiuroba<br />
intens iuroba<br />
7. 7. 7. awarmoeben awarmoeben Cais Cais mTliani<br />
mTliani<br />
intensiuri meurneobaa,<br />
xeliT Sromezea<br />
dafuZnebuli<br />
intensiuri<br />
meurneobis<br />
formaa, ZiriTadad<br />
xeliT Sromas<br />
eweva<br />
xeliT da<br />
manqanur<br />
Sromas<br />
eyrdnoba<br />
produqciis produqciis Rirebulebis<br />
Rirebulebis<br />
xvedriT xvedriT wils wils % %-biT % biT<br />
40 16 44<br />
8. 8. 8. Sromis Sromis nayofiereba<br />
nayofiereba<br />
(la (larebSi) (la rebSi)<br />
4510 5077 8905<br />
9. 9. warmoebis warmoebis rentabeloba<br />
rentabeloba<br />
(% (%-Si) (%<br />
Si)<br />
-0.82 -0.95 -0.99<br />
10. 10. momavalSi momavalSi ganviTarebis<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
ra ra perspeqtivebi perspeqtivebi gaaCnia gaaCnia<br />
gaaCnia<br />
naxevrad perspeqtiulia perspeqtiulia<br />
yvelaze metad<br />
perspeqtiulia
ogorc cxrilidan Cans, guriis mxaris meCaieobaSi<br />
mewarmeoba ZiriTadad sami mimarTulebiT viTardeba:<br />
individualuri, S.p.s. da saaqcio sazogadoebis saxiT, aqedan<br />
yvelaze masobrivia – individualuri, anu saojaxo meurneoba.<br />
meurneobaTa yvela forma ararentabeluria, radgan ZiriTadad<br />
xeliT Sromazea damyarebuli da TiTqmis manqanuri Sroma ar<br />
gamoiyeneba. mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis maCveneblebi, Zalze<br />
dabalia. magram perspeqtiuli arian, imitom, rom farTo<br />
SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikuri<br />
progresis miRwevebis gamoyenebis. SeuZliaT sawarmoo Zalebisa<br />
da warmoebiTi urTierTobebis gaerTianeba da msxvil<br />
sawarmoebad gardaiqmnan da intensiur meurneobebad<br />
ganviTardnen. [3.43-177]<br />
dReis mdgomareobiT yvelaze perspeqtiulia saaqcio<br />
sazogadoebebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba, isini msxvili sawarmoebia<br />
da manqanuri Sromis gamoyenebazea orientirebuli. cxrilidan<br />
Cans, rom yvelaze rentabeluri am sami formidan aris saaqcio<br />
sazogadoebebi. aq erTpirovnuli ojaxuri meurneobebidan<br />
saSualod dakavebuli aqvT – 0.86 heqtari farTobi. am<br />
meurneobaTa mier gamoyenebul sasoflo-sameuneo savargulebSi<br />
sWarbobs marcvleulis, sakveb-kulturebisa da Cais nakveTebi,<br />
radgan maTi movla-moyvana yvelaze did danaxarjebs saWiroebs,<br />
magram iZlevian (Cai gansakuTrebiT) did ekonomikur efeqts. am<br />
regionis erTi ojaxuri meurneoba 2007 wlis monacemebiT<br />
awarmoebda 59.5 l rZes, 36.5 cal kvercxs, saqonlis xorcs – 8.5<br />
kg da Caidan Semosavali – 85 lars udris (Cais krefis<br />
periodSi). es maCveneblebi Sesabamisad saSualod qveyanaSi
udrida rZes 111.9 l, xorcisa – 17.4 kg-s, kvercxis – 45.7 cals da<br />
Caisa – 15 lars.<br />
guriis regionis ojaxuri meurneobis Semosavali ZiriTadad<br />
mxolod Caidan aris da igi am tipis meurneobas aniWebs<br />
naturaluri meuneobidan naxevradnaturaluri meurneobis saxes.<br />
am meurneobaTa saqonlianobis done – 16%-mdea da mcirea<br />
fuladi Semosavali, produqtiulobis maCveneblebic Zalze<br />
dabalia, vinaidan meurneobebi warmoebaSi TiTqmis ar iyeneben<br />
Tanamedrove intensiur agroteqnikas, Tavis droze ver SeaqvT<br />
sasuqebi da Sxam-qimikatebi, aseve Tavis droze Cais plantaciebSi<br />
ar tardeba gasxvla-formireba da bunebrivia mosavlianoba<br />
mcirea. aq yovel as meurneze modis – 0.2 satvirTo avtomobili,<br />
0.5 traqtori, 1.2 minitraqtori, maSin rodesac aRniSnuli<br />
maCveneblebi saSualod qveyanaSi Sesabamisad udris: 1.4; 1.2; 3.5<br />
cali. ukanasknel periodSi aRiniSneba mTavrobis mier qveynis<br />
masStabiT satraqtoro parkis Seqmna, rac udaod misasalmebelia.<br />
guriis regionis fermerTa umravlesoba kargad ar icnobs<br />
marketinguli marTvis saqmianobas; maT ar gaaCniaT Sesabamisi<br />
informacia fasebis Sesaxeb, moSlilia ojaxuri (komlTa)<br />
meurneobaTa momsaxureba da sainformacio-sakonsultacio<br />
sistema.<br />
guriis mxareSi Cais e (fermeruli) meurneobebis<br />
ZiriTadi masa daqsaqsuli da araorganizebulia. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, am fonze karg wamowyebas Caeyara safuZveli msoflio<br />
bankisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso<br />
fondis proeqtis mier soflad glexTa sakredito kavSirebis<br />
CamoyalibebiT. isini Tavidanve kargad muSaobdnen, magram
Semdgom maTi saqmianoba TiTqmis CaSlilia da esaWiroeba axali<br />
organizacia, aRdgenisa da srulyofis mimarTulebiT.<br />
aseve axlad Camosayalibebelia safinanso, sakredito<br />
sferoebSi momsaxurebis sistema. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs<br />
iafi kreditis saxelmwifo programa glexur meurneobaTa<br />
umravelsobisaTvis dRes miuwvdomelia kreditebze xeli, Zviria<br />
gamoyenebuli kreditebi, sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobidan maTi<br />
danazogebi Zalze dabalia, anu TiTqmis ar arsebobs, amis<br />
Sesabamisad, dabalia gaweuli xarjebi, sakuTari saxsrebidan.<br />
yovelive zemoTaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba<br />
gakeTdes Semdegi daskvnebi:<br />
- guriis regionSi sawyis etapze agraruli reforma<br />
meCaieobaSi garkveuli xarvezebiT warimarTa, Camoyalibda miwis<br />
marTvis erTgvari uaryofiTi tendencia da mravali negatiuri<br />
Sedegi, rac mciremiwiani mxarisaTvis, rogoric es mxarea –<br />
yovlad dauSvebelia;<br />
- miwis bazari, romelic Camoyalibebis etapzea, mxolod<br />
saxelmwifo regulirebis, civiluri gziT unda ganviTardes da<br />
uzrunvelyos meCaieobis msxvili sasaqonlo warmoebis upiratesi<br />
ganviTarebis, Cais farTobebis danawevrebis uaryofiT Sedegebis<br />
daZlevis, miwis, rogorc ZiriTadi da Seucvleli saSualebis<br />
gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRlebisa da misi bunebrivi da<br />
ekonomikuri nayofierebis ara marto SenarCuneba, aramed –<br />
gazrdis pirobebi;<br />
- glexur (ojaxur) meurneobebSi arsebuli Cais<br />
plantaciebSi ver xerxdeba intensiuri meurneobis formireba.<br />
dargSi arsebuli teqnika amoritzirebuli da gamouyenebelia,<br />
manqana-traqtorTa parkis aRsadgenad ki 10 milioni aSS dolaria
saWiro, agrosainJinro servisis centrebis sistema regionSi jer<br />
kidev Camouyalibebelia.<br />
- fermerTa umravlesoba ganicdis sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
produqciis gansaTavsebeli sawyobebisa da sacavebis<br />
ukmarisobas.<br />
- TACIS-is proeqtis ekonomikuri politikisa da<br />
samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio<br />
centrma Seiswavla saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis<br />
dafinanasebis arsebuli mdgomareoba da samomavlo prognozi,<br />
romlis mixedviT soflis meurneobas yovelwliurad esaWiroeba<br />
61 milioni laris moklevadiani, 153 milioni laris<br />
saSualovadiani da 120 milioni laris grZelvadiani krediti.<br />
es is minimumia, romlis gareSe dargis aRmavlobaze saubari<br />
warmoudgenelia, amitom udidesi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos<br />
saerTaSoriso-safinanso organizaciebTan da donor qveynebTan<br />
urTierTobebs.<br />
- didi samuSaoebia Casatarebeli Cais xarisxis<br />
gasaumjobeseblad. es sakiTxi meCaieobaSi dRes<br />
pirvelxarisxovan mniSvnelobas iZens. Cveni azriT amis<br />
gadawyvetis mTavari gza unda veZioT nedleulis xarisxis<br />
amaRlebaSi.<br />
amasTan, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, Cai aris materialuri<br />
warmoebis sxvadasxva sferoSi dakavebul muSakTa<br />
urTierTdamokidebuli, urTierTganpirobebuli Sromis<br />
produqti, aseTi sferoebia: Cais nedleulis warmoebis, Cais<br />
damzadebis da pirveladi gadamuSavebis, Cais naxevarfabrikatis<br />
dafasoebis, Senaxvis da mza produqciis realizciis sfero.
aseT pirobebSi yvelaze ukeTesad SeiZleba formirebuli<br />
iqnas guriis mxareSi Cais produqtTa qvekompleqsi da misi aseTi<br />
gziT ganviTareba aucileblad moiTxovs agrosamrewvelo<br />
sawarmoTa gaerTienebasa da koncentracias. es ki saWiroa<br />
daemyaros Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis<br />
miRwevebis gamoyenebas, sxva gziT agrosamrewvelo kompleqsi ar<br />
Camoyalibdeba. Cais, subtropikuli kulturebisa da Cais<br />
mrewvelobis institutis specialistebis azriT, swored aq am<br />
sferoSi unda veZioT Cais xarisxis amaRlebis gzebi da<br />
saSualebebi.<br />
sawarmoTa mravalsakuTrebiT urTierTobebze damyarebul<br />
meurneobaTa formirebis gamoyenebam unda moaxdinos meCaieobaSi<br />
gardatexa. meCiaeobaSi unda gamoviyenoT, rogorc erTpirovnuli,<br />
ise S.p.s. da saaqcio sazogadoebebi.<br />
kvlevam gviCvena, rom guriis mxaris mosaxleobis<br />
adgilobrivi warmoebis sursaTiT momaragebis saqmeSi Seqmnili<br />
krizisuli mdgomareobidan Tavis daRwevis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
pirobaa warmoebiT urTierTobaTa Zireuli gardaqmna, romlis<br />
procesSic agrarul sferoSi sakuTrebis mravalferovnebaze<br />
dayrdnobiT gasaqani miecema meurneobriobis mraval saxeobas.<br />
soflad warmoebiT urTierTobaTa srulyofis procesSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos glexur meurneobaTa<br />
ganviTarebas. meurneobriobis aRniSnul formas, rogorc amas<br />
sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdilebac mowmobs, mas ZaluZs<br />
ufro moklevadian periodSi uzrunvelyos sasursaTo deficitis<br />
Sevseba, vidre danarCen formirebebs.<br />
rogorc davinaxeT, agrarul seqtorSi dRes arsebuli<br />
sawarmoebi ZiriTadad ararentabeluria. igi ganpirobebulia
igi obieqturi mizezebiT. aqedan mTavaria, maT organizaciul-<br />
sameurneo marTvasa da gaZRolaSi arsebuli seriozuli<br />
naklovanebebi.<br />
Teoriulad miRebulia, rom miwaze mowyobili warmoeba<br />
metad efeqturia Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi. am dros<br />
Sromis nayofiereba maRalia da resursebis gamoyenebac metad<br />
efeqturad warimarTeba, miuxedavad amisa, msxvili warmoeba TviT<br />
monopolisturi bazris pirobebSi moqmed sawarmoebSi Sromis<br />
nayofiereba praqtikulad yovelTvis ufro maRalia.<br />
2.3. 2.3. soflis soflis meurneobis meurneobis meurneobis sawarmoo sawarmoo potencialis<br />
gamoyenebis gamoyenebis gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi perspeqtivebi guriis guriis mxareSi mxareSi<br />
mxareSi<br />
soflis meurneobis sawarmoo potencialis gansazRvris,<br />
misi gamoyenebis efeqtianobis dadgenisa da Semdgomi amaRlebis<br />
problema erT-erTi rTuli da mravalmxrivia, rogorc Teoriuli<br />
da meTodologiuri, ise praqtikuli mniSvnelobiTac. es<br />
sirTule sxva mraval faqtorTan erTad ganapiroba imanac, rom<br />
saerTo potencialisa da gansakuTrebiT soflis meurneobis<br />
sawarmoo potencialis gansazRvra da masze samecniero-kvleviTi<br />
muSaoba saqarTveloSi gvian 1980-iani wlebidan daiwyo. maSin<br />
dagegmva arsebul rezervebsa da SesaZleblobebs ki ar<br />
emyareboda, aramed yvelaze metad wina wlebSi miRweuli donis<br />
meqanikuri gadidebis xasiaTs atarebda, yvela saxis gegmis<br />
dayvana calkeul raionsa da meurneobaze erTi midgomiT<br />
xdeboda.
winaT sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi mTavar saSualebad<br />
iTvleboda miwa, SromiTi resursebi da cocxali Zala. dRes ki<br />
maTTan erTad sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis SeqmnaSi<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvnelobiT monawileobs industriuli dargebis<br />
iseTi produqcia, nawarmi da saSualebebi, rogoricaa<br />
traqtorebi, manqana-iaraRebi da Zravebi, satransporto<br />
saSualebebi da gadamcemi mowyobilobebi, maTi saTadarigo<br />
nawilebi da sawvav-sacxebi masalebi, mineraluri sasuqebi,<br />
Sxamqimiqatebi, biopreparatebi, kombinirebuli sakvebi,<br />
samrewvelo-samSeneblo masalebi da nedleuli, samelioracio<br />
saSualebebi. aseve warmoebis produqtebSi monawileobs<br />
miwasTan erTad tye, tyis resursebi, wyali, haeri da sxva; yvela<br />
amaTi monawileoba sxvadasxva xasiaTs atarebs da gamoyenebac<br />
araerTnairia, magram saWiro da aucilebelia. amitomac soflis<br />
meurneobaSi Cven jgufobrivad saqme gvaqvs: tyesTan, wyalTan,<br />
SromiT resursebTan, soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebul ZiriTad<br />
sawarmoo saSualebebTan da agreTve sabrunav saSualebebTan. es<br />
sawarmoo potenciali qveynis erovnuli simdidrea da<br />
Seucvleli sawarmoo saSualeba. dRes didi mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
am saSualebebis gonivrul gamoyenebas meurneobriobis axal<br />
pirobebidan gamomdinare, raTa yoveli resursis erT erTeulze<br />
miviRoT rac SeiZleba meti amonagebi, meti efeqti. [3.20-5]<br />
saqarTvelos reliefis Taviseburebebi da miwis<br />
savargulebis struqtura, tyisa da wylis mdidari resursebi,<br />
saTbob-energetikuli resursebi, niadaguri, reliefur-klimaturi<br />
pirobebi qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebaze mravalmxriv axdenen<br />
gavlenas. bunebrivi da xelovnuri garemos calkeul am<br />
elementebs sameurneo TvalsazrisiT aqvT rogorc xelSemwyobi,
ise xelSemSleli mniSvneloba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, qveynis<br />
sazogadoebrivi warmoebis ganviTarebis da misi efeqtianobis<br />
zrdis mTavari amocanaa: bunebis dadebiTi mxareebis ufro<br />
srulad, racionalurad gamoyeneba, xolo uaryofiTi mxareebis<br />
ramdenadac SesaZloa Sesusteba-Seneleba.<br />
amitomac gadaudebel amocanad iqca yvela saSualebis<br />
gamoyenebis mkveTri gaumjobesebis problemis gadaWra, soflis<br />
meurneobisaTvis gankuTvnili yvela SesaZleblobebis, yvela<br />
resursebis, anu sawarmoo produqciis sworad ganawilebisa da<br />
gamoyenebis donis amaRlebis sakiTxis gadawyveta.<br />
saerTod soflis meurneobaSi sawarmoo potenciali<br />
ZiriTadad miwis fondis, tyis, wylis da sxva ZiriTadi sawarmoo<br />
saSualebebisa da SromiTi resursebis erTobliobas emyareba,<br />
magram Cven naSromSi mTavari yuradReba ufro metad gadagvaqs<br />
sawarmoo potencialis, rogorc rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
kategoriaze, romelic moicavs ekonomikur da resursul<br />
potencialTa im nawilebs, romlebic saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
warmoebaSi iRebs aqtiur monawileobas da aerTianebs im<br />
saboloo materialur Sedegebsac, romelic Sualeduri<br />
produqtis saxiT isev ubrundeba warmoebas. e.i. sawarmoo<br />
potenciali aris teqnologiurad dabalansebuli resursebis<br />
erToblioba, romelsac Seswevs unari drois garkveul<br />
monakveTSi awarmoos gansazRvruli odenobisa da xarisxis<br />
standartuli produqcia-saqoneli da momsaxureba.<br />
Cveni qveynisa da sazRvargareTis mcire raodenobis<br />
specialistebi sawarmoo potencialis gansazRvris safuZvlebs<br />
sxvadasxva meTodologiuri midgomebiT xsnian, yvelaze metad<br />
misaRebad migvaCnia latviis sasoflo-sameurneo akademiis profesoris
. a. rivJas naSromSi, [3.106-24] gaanalizebuli sawarmoo<br />
potencialis ganszRvris sami ZiriTadi meTodi – mimarTuleba:<br />
am sakiTxebze arsebobs mecnier-ekonomistTa gansxvavebuli<br />
mosazrebani da Sexedulebani. kerZod, azrTa principuli<br />
sxvadasxvaobaa sawarmoo potencialis gansazRvris sakiTxSi.<br />
mecnierTa erTi jgufis warmomadgenlebi miuTiTeben, rom<br />
ekonomikuri saqmianobis romelime sferos analizis dros<br />
aucilebelia “resursuli potenciali” gaimijnos “sawarmoo<br />
potencialisagan”, meore jgufi e.i. sawarmo potencials<br />
“ekonomikuri potencialis” Semadgenel nawilad ganixilavs.<br />
Cvenc am ukanasknel vemxrobiT da migvaCnia sawarmoo<br />
potencialSi, anu ekonomikur potencialSi Sedis: miwa, kapitali,<br />
Sroma, samewarmeo unari da saxelmwifo marTvis unari. aqedan<br />
soflis meurneobis sawarmoo potencialis erT-erTi ZiriTadi<br />
maCvenebelia: miwa, kapitali, Sroma, samewarmeo unari da<br />
saxelmwifo marTvis unari. miwis cnebaSi igulisxmeba yvela<br />
bunebrivi resursi “bunebis naboZebi simdidre”, [3.49-95] romelic<br />
gamoiyeneba warmoebis procesSi. miwa amouwuravi simdidrea da<br />
mis racionalurad gamoyenebas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
yvela qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT iseT mciremiwian qveyanaSi,<br />
rogorc saqarTveloa.<br />
saqarTvelos da guriis mxaris bunebrivi pirobebis da<br />
sawarmoo potencialis Sefasebisas pirvel rigSi mxedvelobaSi<br />
misaRebia misi mTiani, Zalian rTuli reliefi. meurneobaze<br />
saqarTvelos mTiani reliefis zegavlenas mravali gamoxatuleba<br />
aqvs. reliefis xasiaTTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani momentia<br />
is, rom igi amcirebs sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis fonds,<br />
asustebs teqnologiur procesebSi meqanizaciis gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobebs, zrdis produqciis warmoebisas Sromatevadobas<br />
da masalatevadobas. amas emateba isic, rom CvenTan<br />
warmodgenilia iseTi specifikuri kulturebi (Cai, venaxi,<br />
citrusebi, xexili, Tambaqo, eTerzeTebi da sxva teqnikuri<br />
kulturebi), romlebic xasiaTdebian didi SromatevadobiT,<br />
mkveTrad lokalizebulia da gansakuTrebul bunebriv -<br />
ekonomikur pirobebs moiTxoven miwis aseTi gansazRvruloba da<br />
qveynis soflis meurneobis kidev sxva damaxasiaTebeli<br />
uaryofiTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa mciremiwianoba,<br />
mravalkonturianoba, konturebis didi daqaneba mTagorianobis<br />
gamo da sxva mravali, dRis wesrigSi ayenebs CvenTan am sawarmoo<br />
saSualebebis ufro racionalurad gamoyenebis gzebis Ziebis<br />
aucileblobas. es sakiTxi dRes adrindelze ufro mwvaved dgas<br />
da momavalSic ufro mwvaved dadgeba.<br />
miuxedavad azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa, sawarmoo potencialis<br />
gamoyenebis gansazRvra SesaZlebelia misi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli<br />
nawilebis kompleqsuri analiziT, anu raodenobrivi<br />
maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvriT. aseTad Cven yvelaze metad<br />
migvaCnia sawarmoo potencialis (miwis, kapitalis, Sromis)<br />
fulad RirebulebaSi Sefaseba da warmoebuli produqciis<br />
mTlian RirebulebasTan Sefardeba: igi formuliT ase<br />
gamoixateba:<br />
1. sawarmoo potencialis gamoyeneba tolia warmoebuli<br />
produqciis mTliani Rirebuleba, Sefardebuli sawarmoo<br />
potencialis RirebulebasTan.<br />
an kidev SeiZleba cal-calke ganvsazRvroT miwis<br />
gamoyeneba:
miwis gamoyeneba tolia mTliani produqciis Rirebuleba,<br />
Sefardebuli miwis farTobTan.<br />
2. ZiriTadi sawarmoo fondebis gamoyeneba – fondukugebisa<br />
da fondtevadobis maCveneblebiT, xolo SromiTi resursebis<br />
gamoyeneba ki Sromis nayofierebis maCvenebliT. Tumca es<br />
maCveneblebi calkeulad kargad axasiaTeben TiToeuli am<br />
sawarmoo saSualebis gamoyenebas, magram ara mTlianad da<br />
amdenadac pirveli maCvenebeli romelic mTlianad aris<br />
Sefasebuli yvela sawarmoo potenciali (miwa, kapitali, Sroma<br />
da a.S.) ufro misaRebad da gamosayeneblad miviCnieT.<br />
amdenad Cven erTsac viyenebT da meoresac, rac<br />
meTodologiurad gamarTlebulad migvaCnia.<br />
bunebrivi faqtorebi soflis meurneobaSi gansazRvravs<br />
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs da<br />
mwarmoebels uwevs, am SesaZleblobebis farglebSi airCios<br />
resursuli potencialis efeqturi gamovlinebis esa Tu is<br />
mimarTuleba. amasTan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom soflis<br />
meurneobis gaZRolis praqtikaSi, gansakuTrebiT dargobriv<br />
WrilSi, warmoiSveba mravali saxis sawarmoo situaciebi, saWiro<br />
xdeba arsebuli resursuli potencialis maqsimalurad<br />
efeqturi gamoyenebis safuZvelze yvelaze Semosavliani da<br />
momgebiani mimarTulebis arCeva. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
resursuli potencialis gansazRvra da maTi gamoyenebis<br />
efeqtianobis gzebis Zieba metad mniSvnelovania, rogorc<br />
mecnieruli, ise praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT. es<br />
problema gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas regionalur<br />
doneze, gansakuTrebiT guriis mxaris mimarT, romelic<br />
xasiaTdeba yvelaze dabali donis ganviTarebiT.
privatizaciis Sedegad Cais mravalheqtriani masivebi<br />
danawevrebulia calkeul mesakuTreTa Soris ZiriTad komlur<br />
(ojaxur) meurneobaTa Soris da TiToeuli farTobi, romelic<br />
komlis sakuTrebaSia 0.1 - 0.2 heqtars ar aRemateba.<br />
reformis wlebSi, roca sursaTis mwvave deficiti<br />
aRiniSna, farTo xasiaTi miiRo Cais, umetesad<br />
yofili sazogadoebrivi meurneobebis plantaciebis gaCexvam<br />
da Cais nacvlad marcvleulis moyvanam. am xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
Cais saerTo farTobi qveyanaSi 67 aTasi heqtaridan<br />
52 aTas heqtaramde Semcirda, maT Soris guriis regionSi<br />
6.6 aTasi heqtariT, Cais gaCexva gamoiwvia ara privatizaciam,<br />
rogorc es zogierT specialists miaCnia, aramed mza<br />
Cais fasebis imdenad dacemam, rom misi warmoeba mimzidveli ar<br />
gaxda.<br />
am mxriv Cven movaxdineT gamokvleva kargad movlil<br />
erT heqtar Cais farTobze, nedleulis warmoebis<br />
ekonomikuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb ozurgeTis raionis magaliTze<br />
(cxrili 2.4).
1 1 heqtar heqtar heqtar farTobze farTobze 5 5 tona tona CCais<br />
C ais mwvane mwvane foTlis<br />
foTlis<br />
# operaciis operaciis dasaxeleba<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
movla movla-moyvanis movla movla moyvanis danaxarjebi<br />
danaxarjebi<br />
zomis zomis erTeuli<br />
erTeuli<br />
raodenoba<br />
raodenoba<br />
gamomuSavebis<br />
gamomuSavebis<br />
norma<br />
norma<br />
saWiro saWiro kacdRe<br />
kacdRe<br />
erTeulis erTeulis fasi<br />
fasi<br />
larebSi<br />
larebSi<br />
masalis masalis mTliani mTliani<br />
fasi fasi larebSi<br />
larebSi<br />
cxrili cxrili 2.4.<br />
2.4.<br />
Sesrulebuli<br />
Sesrulebuli<br />
Sromis Sromis xelfasi<br />
xelfasi<br />
larebSi<br />
larebSi<br />
sul sul xarji<br />
xarji<br />
larebSi<br />
larebSi<br />
1.<br />
azotieni sasuqebis (33%)<br />
Setana xeliT<br />
kg 300 600 0.5 6 150 3 153<br />
2.<br />
fosforiani sasuqebis (21%)<br />
Setana xeliT<br />
kg 600 600 1 5 300 5 305<br />
3.<br />
kaliumiani sasuqebis (43%)<br />
Setana xeliT<br />
kg 200 600 0.5 7 140 3 143<br />
4. gadabarva ha 0.8 0.04 20 8 _ 140 160<br />
5. 4-jer gaToxna ha 3.2 0.08 40 6 _ 240 240<br />
6.<br />
Cais buCqis sarevelebisagan<br />
gawmenda<br />
g/m 8000 1400 5.7 6 _ 34 34<br />
7. Cais Spaleruli gasxvla g/m 8000 350 23 8.50 _ 195 195<br />
8. Cais foTlis krefa kg 5000 40 125 8 _ 1000 1000<br />
9. Cais foTlis awonva kg 5000 500 10 6 _ 60 60<br />
10.<br />
yuTebis datvirTvagadmotvirTva<br />
kg 5000 500 10 6 _ 60 60<br />
sul sul xarjebi xarjebi<br />
lari lari 2350<br />
2350<br />
rogorc cxrilidan Cans 1 heqtarze miRebulia 5 tona mwvane<br />
Cais foToli. bazarze ki dafiqsirebulia, rom 1 tona Cais fasi<br />
600 laria. e.i. Semosavlebi am farTobidan Seadgens 3000 lars,<br />
xarji ki, rogorc cnobilia, 2350 lars. saboloo Sedegi _<br />
mogeba – 650 laria (3000 - 2350). bunebrivia am pirobebSi arc<br />
erTi mewarme ar imuSavebs. biznesis am formiT meCaieoba ver<br />
aRorZindeba.<br />
prognozebi imas gviCvenebs, rom Cais farTobis Semcirebis<br />
procesi gagrZeldeba, Tu ar mowesrigda bazari. am pirobebSi<br />
guriis regionSi mosalodnelia Cais farTobis kidev ufro<br />
Semcireba. guriis soflis erTma mosaxlem saSualod Cais<br />
farTobidan miiRo 1990 wels mogeba 2505 lari, 2004 wels<br />
ganicada zarali 200 lari, magram ojaxis moTxovnilebis
gavleniT Cais foTols mainc awarmoebda da romelzedac sxva<br />
SemTxvevaSi ar wava.<br />
srulyofili sabazro urTierToba, romliskenac<br />
saqarTvelom kursi aiRo, ekonomikis sxva dargebTan erTad<br />
daaregulirebs Caisa da mza Cais gadamuSavebis produqciis<br />
warmoebas. amis garantias warmoadgens unikaluri bunebrivi<br />
pirobebi, romelic saqarTvelos gaaCnia da maRalxarisxovani,<br />
konkurentunariani produqciis warmoebis SesaZlebloba, romlic<br />
qveynis samsaxurSi unda iqnas Cayenebuli. yvelaferi es ki<br />
gvaiZulebs movnaxoT misi amoqmedebis gzebi. aseTia<br />
arsebobisaTvis brZolis ulmobeli kanonebi da igi yvelas<br />
imorCilebs.<br />
Cveni kvlevis amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mewarmeTa<br />
organizaciul-sameurneo saqmianoba mivusadagoT am<br />
kanonzomierebas, raTa maqsimalurad gamoviyenoT xelsayreli<br />
bunebrivi pirobebi da bazarze gavitanoT produqcia, romlis<br />
mocemac mas SeuZlia.<br />
rogorc ukve iTqva, privatizaciis Sedegad Cais sawarmoo<br />
baza mTel qveyanaSi maT Soris guriis regionSi komlur<br />
(ojaxur) meurneobebSi gadainacvla da uaxloesi 10-15 wlis<br />
ganvamlobaSi isini iqnebian am produqciis ZiriTadi<br />
mwarmoeblebi da mimwodeblebi.<br />
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom komluri (ojaxuri) meurneoba<br />
ZiriTadad momxmarebluri xasiaTisaa, kerZo sakuTrebaSi<br />
gadacemul miwis farTobSi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa<br />
ganlageba sakuTari moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas<br />
daemorCileba, romelic 5 sulisagan Semdgari komlisaTvis<br />
(ojaxisTvis) daaxloebiT aseTi iqneba.
komlis komlis Semosavali Semosavali guriis guriis regionSi<br />
regionSi<br />
cxrili cxrili cxrili 2. 2.5. 2. .<br />
erTi<br />
erTi<br />
miwis miwis farTobi,<br />
farTobi,<br />
sulisaTvis<br />
sulisaTvis saWiro saWiro iqneba<br />
iqneba romelic romelic romelic saWiro<br />
saWiro<br />
# dasaxeleba<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
saWiro<br />
saWiro 5 5 sulisaTvis,<br />
sulisaTvis, iqneba iqneba am am produqciis<br />
produqciis<br />
produqciis<br />
wliuri<br />
wliuri<br />
kg<br />
warmoebisaTvis,<br />
warmoebisaTvis,<br />
norma, norma, kg<br />
kg<br />
(heqtari)<br />
(heqtari)<br />
1. sasursaTo marcvali 190 950 0.5<br />
2. 2. safuraJe marcvali - 400 0.2<br />
3. bostneuli da baRCeuli 130 650 0.05<br />
4. 4. karTofili 61 305 0.05<br />
5. xili 90 450 0.05<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom samosaxlo da sameurneo ezos<br />
saSualod 8000 m 2 farTobi uWiravs, gamodis, rom guriis<br />
regionSi kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacemuli miwis farTobidan Cais<br />
SeiZleba daeTmos mcire nawili, romlis dRevandeli mosavali<br />
ZiriTadad ojaxis Siga moTxovnebs akmayofilebs.<br />
amdenad komlur (ojaxur) meurneobaSi sasaqonlo Cais<br />
warmoebis da miwodebis erTaderT saSualebas warmoadgens<br />
mocemul farTobze mosavlianobis gadideba da dargis<br />
intensiurad warmarTva: naSromSi mocemulia cxrili (2.6),<br />
romelSic mocemulia zogierTi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturis<br />
mosavlianoba erT heqtar miwis farTobze guriis regionSi da<br />
misi ekonomikuri maCveneblebi 2005-2007 ww. faqtobrivad saSualo<br />
SefasebebiT.<br />
cxrili cxrili 2.6.<br />
2.6.<br />
sasoflo sasoflo-sameurneo sasoflo sameurneo kulturis mosavlianoba mosavlianoba da ekonomikuri<br />
maCveneblebi maCveneblebi guriis guriis guriis regionSi regionSi 2005 2005-2007 2005 2007 ww.<br />
#<br />
produqciis<br />
produqciis<br />
produqciis<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
mosavali<br />
mosavali<br />
erT<br />
erT<br />
heqtarze<br />
heqtarze<br />
(t) (t)<br />
(t)<br />
erTi erTi erTi tonis<br />
tonis<br />
TviTRirebu-<br />
TviTRirebu<br />
leba leba (lari)<br />
(lari)<br />
erTi erTi tonis<br />
tonis<br />
sabazro<br />
sabazro<br />
fasi fasi (lari) (lari)<br />
(lari)<br />
mogeba mogeba +<br />
+<br />
zarali zarali – erT<br />
tonaze tonaze tonaze (lari)<br />
(lari)<br />
mogeba mogeba + +<br />
+<br />
zarali zarali –<br />
erT<br />
erT<br />
heqtarze<br />
heqtarze<br />
(lari)<br />
(lari)<br />
1. yurZeni 4 450 500 +50 +200<br />
2. 2. Cai 5 480 600 +120 +600<br />
3. xili 10 160 500 +340 +3400<br />
4. 4. Txili 1.2 300 2500 +2200 +2640<br />
5. 5. citrusi 12 300 400 +100 +1200
cxrili gviCvenebs, rom sadReisod Camoyalibebul<br />
situaciaSi ozurgeTis raionSi Cais warmoeba ekonomikurad<br />
mimzidveli araa. ra Tqma unda komluri (ojaxuri) meurneoba<br />
privatizebul miwis farTobze kulturaTa ganlagebis Taobaze<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros upiratesobas CaisTan SedarebiT<br />
rentabeluri produqciis warmoebas mianiWebs. Tumca guruli<br />
glexi Cais xelaRebiT mainc ar miatovebs da SeinarCunebs mas,<br />
rogorc axla akeTebs. igi mas SeinarCunebs im odenobiT<br />
ramdenic misi ojaxisa da naturaluri meurneobis<br />
moTxovnilebebs daakmayofilebs.<br />
am metad saxifaTo prognozidan gamosavali is aris, rom<br />
qveyanam uzrunvelyos dakarguli bazrebis aRdgena da mza<br />
produqciis realizaciis pirobebis Seqmna, rac imas moaswavebs,<br />
rom arCevanis gakeTebis dros gurulma glexma upiratesoba<br />
kvlav Cais warmoebas mianiWos. amaze guruli glexi maSin<br />
dagTanxmdeba, roca misTvis Cais warmoeba momgebiani iqneba. Cai<br />
aq warmoebuli unda iqnes sul mcire 50%-iani rentabelobis<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
Cvenis azriT, es aris mewarmeobis krizisidan gamoyvanis da<br />
aRmavlobis gzaze dayenebis realuri gza, romelic gamoiwvevs<br />
Cais warmoebiT mewarmeTa dainteresebas, Cais warmoebis<br />
gafarToebas. amJamad kerZo seqtorSi sasaqonlo Cais warmoebis<br />
zrdis perspeqtiul organizaciul-samarTlebriv formad<br />
miCneulia fermeruli meurneoba, romelic komluri (ojaxuri)<br />
meurneobisagan gamoirCeva Tavisi masStabebiT da dargis<br />
intensiurad gaZRolis SesaZleblobiT. samwuxarod saqarTvelos<br />
kanonSi “mewarmeTa Sesaxeb” meurneobriobis aseTi forma
gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris da Tu is sadme funqcionirebs,<br />
Seqmnilia xelisuflebis organoebis kerZo dadgenilebiT.[2.5]<br />
meurneobriobis am formis farTod gavrcelebis mizniT<br />
saWiroa misi Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis wesi gansazRvruli<br />
iqnas sawarmoo kanonmdeblobiT.<br />
Cveni azriT, meCaieobis ganviTarebis momavali mimarTuleba<br />
guriis regionSi SeiZleba pirobiTad gavyoT or etapad.<br />
pirveli – roca uzrunvelyofili unda iqnas dargis<br />
dacemis SeCereba, aRmavlobisaken Semobruneba da Cais warmoebis<br />
reformamdeli donis warmoeba; es etapi gadawyvetili unda iqnas<br />
komluri (ojaxuri) meurneobebis mier, ramdenadac axlo<br />
periodSi isini iqnebian Cais mewarmeebi.<br />
rac Seexeba meore etaps, igi xangrZlivi periodis<br />
programas warmoadgens da gamomdinareobs qveynis<br />
agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis ganviTarebis koncefciidan,<br />
romelic prezidentis brZanebulebiT aris damtkicebuli.<br />
meore etapis ganxorcielebaSi romelsac mohyveba meCaieobis<br />
maRalrentabeluri da sasaqonlo produqciis mimwodebel<br />
dargad Camoyalibeba komlur (ojaxur) meurneobebTan erTad,<br />
mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitanen kolmeurneobisa da saxelmwifo<br />
meurneobebis bazaze formirebuli saaqcio sazogadoebebi,<br />
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebi, sasoflo-<br />
sameurneo kooperativebi da sxva mewarme iuridiuli pirebi,<br />
romelTac privatizaciis Semdeg Cais farTobebi aRar darCaT,<br />
magram ekonomikuri perspeqtiulobis gamo pirvel<br />
SesaZleblobasTanve mas aRadgenen da axalsac gaaSeneben. Cais<br />
plantaciis gafarToebis saqmeSi perspeqtiulad gvesaxeba<br />
agreTve fermeruli meurneobebi, romlebic Seiqmnebian, rogorc
ijariT aRebul miwebze, aseve komluri (ojaxuri) meurneobebis<br />
gamsxvilebis gziT.<br />
Cveni gaangariSebiT Cais saSualo saheqtaro mosavlianoba<br />
guriis regionSi unda gaizardos 35-40 centneramde, romlis<br />
misaRwevad sakmarisi aRar iqneba dainteresebiT gamowveuli<br />
enTuziazmi. aq ukve wina planze iwevs dargis gaZRolis<br />
kulturis amaRleba, mecnierebisa da teqnikis miRwevebis<br />
danergva, intensifikaciis yvela berketis amoqmedeba. Cveni<br />
azriT, am mimarTulebiT mdgomareobas erTgvarad arTulebs<br />
privatizacia, ris Sedegadac saSualod erTi komlis<br />
mflobelobasa da sakuTrebaSia 0,1_0,2 heqtari Cais farTobi,<br />
romelic mouxerxebelia intensiuri warmoebisaTvis im<br />
formebiTa da meTodebiT, romelic xelmisawvdomia msxvil<br />
meurneobaSi.<br />
sabWouri periodisagan gansxvavebiT axal pirobebSi Cais<br />
intensifikaciis mTavar mastimulirebel saSualebad iqca TviT<br />
sabazro ekonomika da privatizacia, romliTac komlur (ojaxur)<br />
meurneobebs kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadaecaT miwebi da warmoebuli<br />
produqciis mesakuTreni gaxdnen.<br />
kerZo sakuTreba ki adamians aZlevs muSaobis stimuls, raTa<br />
ukeT gamoiyenos is, rac misia da miiRos ukeTesi Sedegi.<br />
konkurencia, gakotrebisa da saarsebo saSualebebis gareSe<br />
darCenis SiSi, romelic sabazro urTierTobisaTvis aris<br />
damaxasiaTebeli, miwis mflobels da ra Tqma unda meCaies<br />
ubiZgebs konkurentunariani da maRalxarisxovani produqciis<br />
warmoebisaken. yvelaferi es Tanabrad vrceldeba komlur<br />
(ojaxur) meurneobaze, romlis cxovrebis pirobebi pirdapir<br />
aris dakavSirebuli sakuTrebaSi gadacemul miwaze
meurneobriobis SedegebTan, produqciis raodenobasTan, misi<br />
realizaciis amonagebTan. sadao ar aris, rom komluri<br />
(ojaxuri) meurneoba dainteresebulia Tavisi meurneobis<br />
intensifikaciiT da amisaTvis is energias da saSualebebs ar<br />
daiSurebs. magram am gzaze mas win eRobeba wvrili<br />
meurneobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli siZneleebi, romelTa daZleva<br />
met SromiT da fulad danaxarjebs moiTxovs. amitomac Cais<br />
intensifikaciis gzaze gverds ver avuvliT msxvil<br />
specializirebul mewarmeebis formirebis, TviT komluri<br />
(ojaxuri) meurneobebis damsxvilebis, kooperirebisa da<br />
integraciis procesebs.<br />
dargis intensifikaciis da produqciis xarisxis<br />
Tanmimdevrulad amaRlebis RonisZiebebSi gansakuTrebul<br />
mniSvnelobas iZens Caisa da Cais gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis<br />
integracia, roca samrewvelo sawarmos xelmZRvaneli meCaie<br />
mewarmesTan erTad dainteresebuli iqneba Cais plantaciis<br />
mdgomareobiT da piriqiT meCaie mza Cais gamoSvebis xarisxiTa<br />
da realizaciiT. maT Soris integraciis meqanizmi unda iyos<br />
ekonomikuri xasiaTis, romelic gansazRvruli iqneba mxareTa<br />
Soris gaformebuli xelSekrulebiT da rogorc wesi<br />
gaformdeba sameurneo wlis dasawyisSi. xelSekrulebaSi<br />
naCvenebi unda iqnas mrewvelobaSi misuli Cais nedleulis<br />
raodenoba, xarisxi, fasi, waxaliseba xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis<br />
gaumjobesebisaTvis, dividendebis gacema mza produqciis<br />
realizaciidan miRebuli mogebis xarjze, ise rogorc sanqciebi<br />
mxareTa mier SeTanxmebuli pirobebis darRvevisaTvis.<br />
Caisa da Cais gadamamuSavebeli qarxnebis integraciis<br />
ukeTes formas warmoadgens gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis mier
miwis ijariT aReba da Cais aRdgena, e.w. meurneoba_fabrikis<br />
organizacia,romliTac erTmarTvelobaSi gaerTiandeba<br />
nedleulisa da mza produqciis warmoeba. aseTi integracia qmnis<br />
maRalxarisxovani mza produqciis warmoebis organizaciul,<br />
teqnologiur da ekonomikur bazas, gamoricxavs yovelgvari<br />
pretenziebisa da gaugebrobis SesaZleblobas, romelic<br />
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis dros aris SesaZlebeli.<br />
intensifikaciis mimarTulebiT msxvili meurneobis didi<br />
upiratesobis miuxedavad guriis mxare da aseve sxva regionebic<br />
dadga im faqtobrivi mdgomareobis winaSe, rom uaxlesi 10-15<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi Cais nedleulis ZiriTad mewarmeebad<br />
komluri (ojaxuri) meurneobebi iqnebian da maT unda<br />
mivusadagoT mza Cais warmoebis intensifikaciis berketebi.<br />
komluri (ojaxuri) meurneoba ZiriTadad<br />
TviTmomsaxurebazea dafuZnebuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom aq<br />
ojaxis wevrebis SromiT sruldeba Cais plantaciis movlis<br />
yvela samuSao. 0,15 heqtari Cais plantaciis movlisaTvis,<br />
romelic saSualod TiTeuli komlis sakuTrebaa, igi<br />
yovelwliurad xarjavs 90-100 kacdRes, iyenebs mama-papur<br />
inventarsa da mowyobilobas, eweva SedarebiT dabalnayofier<br />
mZime fizikur Sromas.<br />
Cveni kvlevis mizani swored is aris, rom meurneobis aseTi<br />
pirobebisaTvis monaxuli iqnas Cais nedleulis warmoebis<br />
teqnologiis maqsimaluri meqanizaciis, fizikuri Sromis<br />
Semcirebis da misi nayofierebis amaRlebis, mecnierebisa da<br />
teqnikis miRwevebis danergvis, dargis intensifikaciis sxva<br />
saSualebebis maqsimalurad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi.
axal pirobebSi mewarmeobis TaviseburebaTa farTo<br />
arsenalSi gansakuTrebuli adgili unda mivakuTnoT<br />
momsaxurebis sferos, romelic jerjerobiT Sors aris im<br />
moTxovnilebisagan, romelsac mas sabazro urTierToba da kerZo<br />
mewarmeoba uyenebs.<br />
reformirebuli yofili saqsofteqnikis struqturebi,<br />
romelic jerjerobiT ver ganTavisufldnen Zveli<br />
tradiciebisagan, ver daeuflen axal pirobebSi momsaxurebis<br />
partniorul formas, roca mxareebma pativi unda sces<br />
erTmaneTis interesebs.<br />
maRalproduqtiuli soflis meurneobis Seqmna uSualod<br />
ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove momsaxurebis bazris Seqmnas da rac<br />
daCqardeba misi formireba da amoqmedeba, imdenad daCqardeba<br />
agraruli seqtoris krizisidan gamoyvanis da aRmavlobis gzaze<br />
dayenebis procesi. momsaxurebis bazari Tanabrad gulisxmobs<br />
soflis yvela mewarmis, maT Soris meCaie komluri (ojaxuri)<br />
meurneobis sainJinro_teqnikur, teqnologiur, agroqimiur,<br />
marketingul, samarTebliv, sainformacio da sxva momsaxurebas,<br />
romlis gareSe mewarmeoba sabazro urTierTobis pirobebSi ver<br />
iqneba efeqturi.<br />
naSromSi Cven viZleviT momsaxurebis calkeul saxeobaTa<br />
organizacias,romelTac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs Cais<br />
warmoebis intensifikaciisTvis.<br />
komluri (ojaxuri) meurneobis sainJinro_teqnikuri<br />
momsaxurebis nawilSi xazgasmulia mcire meqanizaciis<br />
mniSvneloba, romliTac wvril meurneobebSi SesaZlebeli iqneba<br />
niadagis damuSavebis, mavneblebisa da daavadebis sawinaaRmdego
RonisZiebebis, mosavlis aRebis, transportirebisa da sxva<br />
samuSaoebis Sesruleba.<br />
Cvenis azriT soflad unda Seiqmnas savaWro_Semomzidavi<br />
centrebi,sadac mewarme SeiZens misTvis saWiro yvela sawarmoo<br />
saSualebebs, maT Soris teqnikas. centrs unda hqondes<br />
sademonstracio moedani, sadac myidveli gaecnoba SeZenili<br />
teqnikisa da mowyobilobis gamoyenebis xerxebsa da meTodebs,<br />
miiRebs saWiro konsultaciebs kvalificiuri specialistebisgan.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom komluri (ojaxuri) meurneobebi<br />
ZiriTadad TviTmomsaxurebas mimarTaven, soflad unda Seiqmnas<br />
mewarmeTa sainJinro_teqnikuri momsaxurebis formirebebi,<br />
romlebic xelSekrulebis safuZvelze Seasruleben aseT<br />
samuSaoebs.<br />
komluri (ojaxuri) meurneobebis sawarmoo momsaxureba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT dRevandel gardamaval etapze, sanam Seqmnili ar<br />
aris momsaxurebis bazari, unda ikisron kolmeurneobebisa da<br />
saxelmwifo meurneobebis bazaze Seqmnilma samarTalmemkvidre<br />
mewarmeebma. rac Seexeba momsaxurebis formebs<br />
damfuZneblisaTvis igi SeiZleba Sesruldes ufasod da gaweuli<br />
xarjebi miekuTvnos Semsruleblis saerTo danaxarjebs, ara<br />
damfuZneblisaTvis ki aRniSnuli momsaxureba ganxorcieldes<br />
TviTRirebulebis fasiT.<br />
sakvlevi raionebis resursuli potencialis struqturaSi<br />
gansakuTrebiT damafiqrebelia is garemoeba, rom yvelaze maRali<br />
xvedriTi woniT aris warmodgenili fonduzrunvelyofisa da<br />
SromiTi resursebis uzrunvelyofis maCveneblebi. pirveli<br />
gamowveulia ZiriTad sawarmoo fondebis struqturaSi<br />
mravalwliani nargavebis maRali xvedriTi wiliTa da
fondSeiaraRebis maRali doniT, xolo meore _ SromiTi<br />
resursebis maRali uzrunvelyofa mosaxleobis simWidroviT.aq<br />
gamonaklisia mxolod regionis mTis soflebi, sadac SromiTi<br />
resursebis naklebobaa. samagierod am zonebSi didia eqstensiuri<br />
savargulebis xvedriTi wili da miwis ekonomikuri nayofierebac<br />
dabalia, Tumca mas samTo miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
udidesi roli eqneba.<br />
guriis regionSi sawarmoo potencialis gamoyeneba Cais<br />
warmoebis, gadamuSavebis da realizaciis am rTul gzaze aseT<br />
saxes iRebs: (ix. cxrili 2.7.).<br />
cxrili cxrili 2.7. 2.7.<br />
2.7.<br />
soflis soflis soflis meurneobis meurneobis resursuli resursuli potencialis potencialis gamoyenebis<br />
gamoyenebis<br />
faqtiuri faqtiuri da da perspeqtiuli perspeqtiuli Sefaseba Sefaseba (resursuli (resursuli potencialis<br />
potencialis<br />
raionebis<br />
raionebis<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
erTeulze erTeulze miRebulia, miRebulia, an an an miiReba miiReba Semosavali, Semosavali, lari)<br />
lari)<br />
mTlianad mTlianad soflis soflis<br />
meurneobaSi<br />
meurneobaSi<br />
1988 1988 w 1995 w 2000 w 2004 2004 w 2010 2010 w<br />
meCaiobaSi<br />
meCaiobaSi<br />
mTlianad mTlianad soflis soflis<br />
meurneobaSi<br />
meurneobaSi<br />
meCaiobaSi<br />
meCaiobaSi<br />
mTlianad mTlianad soflis soflis<br />
meurneobaSi<br />
meurneobaSi<br />
meCaiobaSi<br />
meCaiobaSi<br />
mTlianad mTlianad soflis soflis<br />
meurneobaSi<br />
meurneobaSi<br />
meCaiobaSi<br />
meCaiobaSi<br />
mTlianad mTlianad soflis soflis<br />
meurneobaSi<br />
meurneobaSi<br />
ozurgeTis 0,82 0,96 0,39 0,42 0,33 0,35 0,38 0,40 0,79 0,82<br />
lanCxuTis 0,85 0,90 0,40 0,40 0,35 0,36 0,40 0,36 0,80 0,85<br />
Coxatauris 0,79 0,88 0,35 0,30 0,34 0,32 0,34 0,32 0,75 0,80<br />
sul guriis<br />
regioni<br />
0,88 0,89 0,34 0,36 0,33 0,34 0,34 0,35 0,79 0,83<br />
meCaiobaSi<br />
meCaiobaSi
cxrilidan Cans, rom sakvlevi regionis soflis meurneobis<br />
resursuli potencialis gamoyeneba wlebis mixedviT ecema da<br />
es xdeba ara martod mTlianad soflis meurneobaSi, aramed<br />
meCaiobaSi da mza Cais produqtTa qvekompleqsSic. magram am<br />
ukanasknelSi dacemis tendecia ufro naklebad aris<br />
gamoxatuli, rac am sferos met efeqturobaze miuTiTebs.<br />
miuxedavad amisa Cais kompleqsi mainc ver amoqmedda.<br />
cxrilidan Cans, rom 2000_2004 wlebSi sawarmoo<br />
potencialis gamoyenebis done erTgvarad izrdeba, rogorc<br />
mTlianad soflis meurneobaSi, aseve meCaieobis produqtTa<br />
qvekompleqsSic, rac sasurveli tendenciaa da mas esaWiroba<br />
xelis Sewyoba da ganviTareba. amaSi ki saxelmwifoebrivma<br />
regulirebam gadamwyveti sityva unda Tqvas. Cais produqtTa<br />
qvekompleqsis CamoyalibebiT perspeqtivaSi sawarmoo<br />
potenciali ukeT iqneba gamoyenebuli. kerZod, ozurgeTis<br />
raionis mTlianad soflis meurneobaSi igi 2010 wlisaTis 0,79<br />
lari _ iqneba, xolo meCaiobaSi _ 0,82 lari. Sesabamisad igive<br />
maCveneblebi lanCxuTis raionSi iqneba: 0,80 lari da 0,85 lari<br />
da Coxatauris raionSi _ 0,75 lari da 0,80 lari, xolo<br />
mTlianad guriis raionSi _ 0,79 lari da 0,83 lari. am<br />
pirobebSi aRdgenili unda iqnas mewarmeoba da agrobiznesi<br />
daCqarebuli tempiT unda ganviTardes.
Tavi Tavi III. III. Cais Cais produqtTa produqtTa qvekompleqsis<br />
qvekompleqsis<br />
ganviTareb<br />
ganviTarebis ganviTareb is perspeqtivebi perspeqtivebi perspeqtivebi guriis guriis regionSi<br />
regionSi<br />
3.1. 3.1. saxelmwifoebrivi saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebiT<br />
regulirebiT, regulirebiT , mmeCaieoba<br />
m<br />
eCaieoba<br />
guriis guriis guriis regionis regionis regionis ekonomikis<br />
ekonomikis<br />
samsaxurSi samsaxurSi Cadgeba<br />
Cadgeba<br />
guriis regioni adre saukunovani ekonomikuri<br />
CamorCenilobidan aaRorZina mxolod da mxolod Caisa da<br />
citrusebis ganviTarebam. es midgoma dResac ZalaSi rCeba,<br />
radgan guriis mxare dRemde inarCunebs saqarTveloSi Cais<br />
warmoebaSi umsxvilesi regionis statuss. dReis mdgomareobiT<br />
guriis regionSi 3 msxvili da 5 mcire Cais gadamamuSavebeli<br />
sawarmo funqcionirebs, maTi warmoebis simZlavre 12 000 tonas<br />
Seadgens. Tumca SesaZlebelia regionSi arsebuli simZlavreebis<br />
gazrda. arsebuli sawarmoo simZlavreebiT sruladaa<br />
SesaZlebeli mxolod guriis regionSi warmoebuli CaiT<br />
davakmayofilod mTlianad qveynis moTxovnileba. rogorc<br />
cnobilia, saqarTveloSi sul 3 000 tona Cais moixmars<br />
momxmareblebi.<br />
guriis mxares socialur_ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
problemebi kvlav ZalaSi tovebs Caisa da sxva subtropikuli<br />
kulturebis produqtiulobis prioritetulobas. aRniSnulis<br />
realizacia saSualebas iZleva Cais vaWrobis adrindeli, kargi<br />
Camoyalibebuli tradiciebi da Cais, rogorc konkurentunariani<br />
produqciis formirebisa da vaWrobis msoflio bazrebSi misi<br />
realurad niSis dakavebis axali SesaZleblobebi. [4.4-54]
amisaTvis saWiroa, rom guriis mxareSi Cais warmoebis<br />
mizani unda daeqvemdebaros mxolod erovnuli meurneobis<br />
interesebs. es niSnavs: ganxorcieldes konkurentunariani<br />
qarTuli Cais warmoeba imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom igi<br />
organulad da Tvisobrivad miesadagos saqarTvelos<br />
agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis sxva dargebis optimaluri<br />
ganviTarebis proporciebs, sabazro urTierTobaTa meqanizmebis<br />
moTxovnebs da msoflio bazrebze realurad gasvlis amocanebs.<br />
guriis regionSi Cais warmoebis aRorZinebisa da<br />
ganviTarebis mizanSewonilobas gansazRvravs Semdegi<br />
socialur_ekonomikuri mimarTulebebi:<br />
_ am mxaris ekonomikis aucilebeli CarTva warmoebisa da<br />
ganawilebis qveynis erovnuli meurneobis racionaluri<br />
integraciis procesSi;<br />
_ samrewvelo daniSnulebis Cais plantaciebis arseboba da<br />
maTi maRalproduqtiuli jiSebiT ganaxlebis kargi<br />
perspeqtivebi;<br />
_ ekologiuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT Cais<br />
kulturis maRali efeqturoba;<br />
_ Cais movla-moyvanis da gadamuSavebis mecnierulad<br />
dasabuTebuli sruli teqnologiuri ciklis Camoyalibebuli<br />
sistema;<br />
_ maRal meqanizebuli da nawilobriv avtomatizirebuli,<br />
progresuli teqnologiisa da mowinave teqnikis bazaze<br />
organizebuli Cais foTlis pirveladi da meoradi gadamuSavebis<br />
sawarmoo simZlavreebisa da sakmaod ganviTarebuli<br />
infrastruqturis arseboba;
_ Cais warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis dargSi samecniero-<br />
teqnikuri da inteleqtualuri potencialis mZlavri<br />
SesaZleblobebi.<br />
Cais plantaciebi guriis regionSi farTod gavrcelda jer<br />
kidev adre, magram misi industriuli warmoebis xasiaTi miiRo<br />
mxolod e.w. sabWoTa periodSi. Aam droidan iwyeba am mxaris<br />
ekonomikuri aRmavloba, igi gaxda qveynis regionebs Soris<br />
erT_erTi wamyvani, ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli regioni. am<br />
mxareSi xalxis cxovrebis done TiTqmis yvelaze maRali iyo.<br />
Amas ZiriTadad, ganapirobebda Caisa da citrusebis meurneobaTa<br />
farTo masStabiT ganviTareba. [3.76-70]<br />
Cais plantaciebis farTobma guriis mxareSi 13 aTas heqtars<br />
gadaaWarba. aqedan ozurgeTis raionSi 9 aTas heqtarze meti iyo.<br />
lanCxuTis raionSi 2,3 aTasi heqtari, xolo Coxatauris raionSi<br />
2 aTasi heqtari. Cais foTols awarmoebdnen da amuSavebdnen<br />
regionis yvela kolmeurneoba da saxelmwifo meurneoba. TiTqmis<br />
regionis yvela aqtiuri SromiTi resursi dasaqmebuli iyo am<br />
kulturis movla_moyvaniT da didZal Semosavlebsac iRebdnen.<br />
Cais plantacia am regionSi (yvela sxva dargebTan SedarebiT)<br />
iZleoda yvelaze met Semosavals. Ees naTlad Cans qvemoT<br />
motanili cxrilidan.
cxrili cxrili 3.1.<br />
3.1.<br />
meCaieobis meCaieobis meurneobebSi meurneobebSi warmoebis warmoebis efeqtianobisa efeqtianobisa da<br />
da<br />
mecnierul_teqnikuri mecnierul_teqnikuri progresis progresis danergv danergvis danergv is maCveneblebi<br />
kolmeurneobebsa kolmeurneobebsa da da saxelmwifo saxelmwifo meurneobebSi meurneobebSi meurneobebSi (1981 (1981-1985 (1981 1985 w.<br />
1. warmoebis efeqtianobis maCveneblebi<br />
maCveneblebi:<br />
maCveneblebi<br />
saSualo saSualo wliuri wliuri monacemebiT)<br />
monacemebiT)<br />
saqarTveloSi saqarTveloSi guriaSi guriaSi samegreloSi<br />
samegreloSi samegreloSi imereTSi<br />
imereTSi<br />
kolmeurne<br />
kolmeurne<br />
oobebi bebi<br />
saxelmwif<br />
saxelmwif<br />
o<br />
o<br />
meurneobeb<br />
meurneobeb<br />
i<br />
kolmeurne<br />
kolmeurne<br />
-obebi obebi<br />
saxelmwif<br />
saxelmwif<br />
o<br />
o<br />
meurneobeb<br />
meurneobeb<br />
i<br />
kolmeurne<br />
kolmeurne<br />
-obebi obebi<br />
saxelmwif<br />
saxelmwif<br />
o<br />
o<br />
meurneobeb<br />
meurneobeb<br />
i<br />
kolmeurne<br />
kolmeurne<br />
-obebi obebi<br />
saxelmwif<br />
saxelmwif<br />
o<br />
o<br />
meurneobeb<br />
meurneobeb<br />
i<br />
a) Sromis nayofiereba (maneTebSi) 9580 10250 12111 11995 9692 11414 4590 5507<br />
b) Cais produqciis TviTRirebuleba<br />
(centneri, maneTebSi)<br />
55,0 52,4 52,6 50,4 54,9 58,8 60,4 60,1<br />
g) warmoebis rentabeloba % 75,5 78,9 95,5 98,8 78,1 82,2 35,5 30,4<br />
d) fondukugeba (maneTebSi) 0,45 0,35 0,60 0,62 0,46 0,39 0,38 0,30<br />
2. 2. mecnierul<br />
mecnierul-teqnikuri mecnierul teqnikuri progresis progresis progresis danergvis<br />
danergvis<br />
danergvis<br />
maCveneblebi:<br />
maCveneblebi:<br />
a) Sromis energoSeiaraReba (cx. ZalebSi) 7,6 14,4 9,5 15,5 7,7 14,4 5,5 6,8<br />
b) Sromis fondSeiaraReba (maneTebSi) 12510 15757 15055 20140 12555 15810 6778 7797<br />
g) Sromis eleqtroSeiaraReba kvs-bSi.<br />
d) Setanili mineraluri sasuqebi 100%-ze<br />
gadayvaniT erTi heqtar Cais farTobze<br />
554 849 677 936 635 897 405 610<br />
gaangariSebiT (kg-Si)<br />
445 559 495 590 451 565 305 375<br />
3. 3. Cais Cais saheqtaro saheqtaro saheqtaro mosavlianoba<br />
mosavlianoba<br />
(centnerebSi)<br />
(centnerebSi)<br />
93,5 102,5 101,7 120,4 93,6 101,4 70,5 65,0<br />
4. 4. sawarmoo sawarmoo potencialis potencialis gamoyenebis gamoyenebis done<br />
done<br />
procentobiT.<br />
procentobiT.<br />
59 65 68 76 60 67 39,5 41,4<br />
rogorc cxrilis monacemebidan Cans mecnierul-teqnikuri<br />
progresis yvela maCvenebliT (Sromis energoSeiarareba; Sromis<br />
fondSeiaraReba; Sromis eleqtro SeiaraReba; Setanili sasuqebis<br />
raodenoba da a.S.). yvelaze ukeTesi Sedegebi aqvs guriis<br />
regionis meCaieebs, aseve yvelaze ukeTesi qondaT amave regionis<br />
sawarmoebs warmoebis efeqtianobis maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa:<br />
Sromis nayofiereba; produqciis TviTRirebuleba; warmoebis<br />
rentabeloba; fondukugeba. Bbunebrivia, rom guriis regionis<br />
meurneobebSi maRali iyo Cais foTlis saheqtaro mosavlianoba.<br />
igi am mxaris kolmeurneobebSi saSualod 101.7 centneri iyo,
xolo saxelmwifo meurneobebSi 120.4 centneri, maSin roca<br />
saSualod qveynis kolmeurneobebSi igi 93.5 centners da<br />
saxelmwifo meurneobebSi 102.5 centners udrida. samegrelosa da<br />
imereTis regionebis meurneobebic ki CamorCebodnen guriis<br />
mxaris meurneobebs, igive maCveneblis mixedviTac (ix. cxrili 3.1),<br />
roca samegrelos regionSic xelsayreli pirobebi iyo Cais<br />
warmoebisa, Caisagan guriis meurneobebs hqondaT maRali<br />
Semosavlebi. Aaq erT daxarjul kacdReze Semosavali<br />
meCaiobidan 14 maneTs aRemateboda, maSin rodesac saSualod<br />
qveyanaSi igi 8.01 maneTi iyo. xolo samegrelos regionSi 12<br />
maneTi. Aadre guriis mxaris kolmeurneobebi TiTqmis yvela<br />
milioneri kolmeurneobebi iyo, maSin roca qveynis mixedviT<br />
aseT kolmeurneobaTa ricxvi erTeulebiT ganisazRvreboda. Aamas<br />
ganapirobebda swored am regionSi meCaioebis dargis<br />
maRalrentabeloba da Sromis maRalnayofiereba.<br />
axla am regionis meCaieobis meurneobebi TiTqmis ar<br />
funqcionieben, dargSi warmoeba Cakvda, Cais plantaciebi<br />
gatyevda, aRniSnuli dargi arasicocxlisunariania, TiTqmis ar<br />
funqcionirebs, Cai ar ikrifeba da Semosavlebic ar aris. Amas<br />
daemata, agreTve am regionisaTvis meore ZiriTadi dargis,<br />
mecitruseobis Tavisi Zveli funqciidan amovardna. Yyovelive<br />
amis gamo, axla yvelaze Rarib regionad miCneulia guriis mxare,<br />
roca adre, sabWoTa periodSi yvelaze maRalSemosavliani kuTxe<br />
iyo.<br />
gurul glexs dRes, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebidan<br />
TiTqmis araferi ar Semoudis. aq simindis mosavali Zalze<br />
dabalia radgan, igi wiTel miwaze da ewer niadagebze Zlier<br />
mcire Semosavals iZleva.
marcvleul-parkosani kulturebis saSualo saheqtaro<br />
mosavlianoba 2007 wels saqarTveloSi 20 centners udrida,<br />
guriis mxareSi ki 9 centneri iyo, aWaris a.r-Si 17 centneri,<br />
samegrelosa da svaneTis regionSi 19, imereTis regionSi 17<br />
centneri. amave wels parkosani kulturebis saSualo saheqtaro<br />
mosavlianoba guriis regionSi 4 centners udrida. saSualod<br />
qveyanaSi 5 centneria, imereTSi 4.2 centneri, samegrelo zemo<br />
savaneTis regionSi 6 centneri iyo. soios kulturis<br />
mosavlianoba 2007 wels guriis regionSi 5 centneria, saSualod<br />
respublikaSi 6, imereTis regionSi 5.5, samegrelosa da zemo<br />
svaneTis regionSi 5.6 centneria. aseve dabalia guriis regionSi<br />
mecxoveleobis dargis produqtiulobis maCveneblebi, furis<br />
wveladoba erT safuraJeze 2007 wels guriis regionSi udrida<br />
935 litrs, saSualod qveyanaSi es maCvenebeli 1033 litria,<br />
samegrelosa da zemo svaneTis regionSi 1045 litrs, xolo<br />
imereTSi 1075 litrs. namatis miRebis maCvenebelic aseve<br />
gansxvavebulia. igi yvelaze mcirea guriis regionSi.<br />
amis Sedegad, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis<br />
realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wili ojaxur<br />
meurneobaTa fulad SemosavlebSi (procentobiT) yvelaze<br />
dabalia guriis regionSi (ixileT cxrili 3.2.).
cxrili cxrili 3.2.<br />
3.2.<br />
sasoflo sasoflo-sameurneo sasoflo sasoflo sameurneo produqtebis produqtebis realizaciidan miRebuli<br />
Semosavlebis Semosavlebis wili wili ojaxuri ojaxuri meurneobebis meurneobebis fulad fulad SemosavlebSi<br />
SemosavlebSi<br />
(procentobiT)<br />
(procentobiT)<br />
1985 1985 w. w. 1990 1990 w w 1995 w 2000 2000 ww<br />
w 2001 w 200 2003 200<br />
w 200 2005 200<br />
w w 200 2007 200<br />
w<br />
w<br />
saqarTveloSi saqarTveloSi 25,5 9,5 27,1 15,5 14,4 14,7 14,4 14,7<br />
guriis guriis regionSi samegrelosa samegrelosa da<br />
da<br />
35,7 12,5 10,2 11,1 12 12,6 12,4 11,9<br />
zemo zemo svaneTis<br />
svaneTis<br />
regionSi<br />
regionSi<br />
30,3 10,5 10 11,5 14,4 14,8 14,9 14,9<br />
imereTis<br />
imereTis<br />
regionSi<br />
regionSi<br />
26,4 14,5 12,6 12,9 15,5 16,8 15,4 15,9<br />
aWaris aWaris aWaris a.r. a.r.<br />
31,5 24,5 18 17,5 15,9 14,9 14 14,2<br />
saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis<br />
saministros, agreTve saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo<br />
departamentis monacemebze dayrdnobiT irkveva, rom guriis<br />
regionis mosaxleobis dReRamuri kvebis racionis energetikuli<br />
faseulobis gaangariSebuli sakmarisobis koeficientis sidide<br />
(k = 0.92) naturalur gamosaxulebaSi, imaze miuTiTebs, rom<br />
mosaxleobis kvebis racionis faqtiuri energetikuli faseuloba<br />
8%-iT naklebia moxmarebis racionaluri normebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebul donesTan SedarebiT. amasTan erTad,<br />
mosaxleobis saerTo Semosavlebis dabali donis gamokvebis<br />
faqtiuri (Tviuri) racionis Rirebuleba (86.4 lari)<br />
sagrZnoblad CamorCeba kvebis produqtebis moxmarebis<br />
racionaluri normiT gaTvaliswinebuls (125 lars), ris gamoc<br />
sursaTis sakmarisobis koeficienti RirebulebiT<br />
gamosaxulebaSi (0.92-ia). es Tanafardoba naTlad metyvelebs<br />
imaze, rom dReisaTvis guriis mosaxleoba ver axerxebs sakmarisi<br />
odenobiT miiRos yvela aucilebeli kvebis produqtebi<br />
(vitaminebi, cilebi, cximebi da a.S.), radgan rogorc wesi, es
produqtebi (xorci, xorcis produqtebi, rZe da rZis<br />
produqtebi, Tevzeuli, kvercxi) Zvirad Rirebuli kvebis<br />
produqtTa katagorias ganekuTvneba. marTalia, daaxloebiT<br />
aseTive mdgomareobaa mTlianad qveyanaSi, magram guriis<br />
regionSi es procesebi ufro mwvavea, vidre sxva regionebSi.<br />
sursaTze xelmisawvdomobis koeficienti guriis regionSi 0.82-is<br />
tolia, xolo sursaTis sakmarisoba mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani<br />
nawilisaTvis ar aRemateba 1350 k. kalorias, rac normaze Zalze<br />
dabalia da sicocxlisunarianobis kritikul zRvars<br />
uaxlovdeba. aqedan Cven gamogvaqvs daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
guriis regionis dabali Cavardnili ekonomikis amomwevia<br />
(rogorc adre iyo) mxolod da mxolod meCaieobis dargi da<br />
saWiroa es dargi gamocxaddes saxelmwifos mier prioritetul<br />
dargad da man xeli unda Seuwyos mis daCqarebul ganviTarebas,<br />
ara sityviT, aramed realurad da Tvisobrivadac.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom meCaieobaSic ganxorcielda agraluri<br />
reformebi, daiSala arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebi,<br />
TiTqmis yvela Cais fabrikis aqciebis didi nawili gaiyida,<br />
xolo SemdgomSi, saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi darCenili qoneba,<br />
ekonomikuri motivaciis uqonlobis gamo, ZiriTadad, nulovan<br />
auqcionze iqna gatanili. amave mizeziT, ar arsebobs Cais<br />
plantaciebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis, an ijaris aRebis motivacia.<br />
dReis mdgomareobiT guriaSi privatizebulia plantaciebis 90%,<br />
magram isinic umoqmedoa da TiTqmis ar warmoebs maTi krefa, ar<br />
tardeba movliTi RonisZiebani produqciis gasaRebis bazrebis<br />
uqonlobis gamo. [3.22-30]<br />
aseTi stagnaciis gamo, dargSi ver ganviTarda warmoebis<br />
xelSemwyobi iseTi formebi, rogoricaa, kooperacia, asociaciebi,
amxanagobebi da sxva. ver aRorZinda dargSi mewarmeoba da<br />
agrobiznesze laparaki xom zedmetia.<br />
mizezebia:<br />
meCaieobaSi sabazro garemos gauaresebis ZiriTadi<br />
_ Cais fabrikebis mZime finansuri mdgomareoba;<br />
_ investorebisadmi SeRavaTiani pirobebis ararseboba;<br />
_ CamorCenil teqnologiur garemoSi warmoebuli<br />
produqciis maRali TviTRirebuleba, misi ara-<br />
konkurentunarianoba, qarTuli Cais mimarT dabal xarisxiani<br />
produqciis imijis damkvidreba;<br />
saWiroa:<br />
_ gasaRebis bazrebis ararseboba;<br />
_ falsificirebuli produqciis mozRvaveba da a.S.<br />
guriis mxareSi meCaieobis dargis aRdgena-ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
_ pirvel rigSi unda SevqmnaT safuZvlebi, wanamZRvrebi, rom<br />
avaRorZinoT mewarmeoba da agrobiznesi; es ki moiTxovs:<br />
_ mravalsakuTrebiT urTierTobebze damyarebuli sawarmooA<br />
formebis gamoyenebas;<br />
_ Tavisufali bazris fasebis amoqmedebas, roca fasi<br />
yalibdeba bazarze saqonlis miwodebisa da moTxovnis<br />
Sesabamisad, bazris koniuqturis safuZvelze xdeba fasebis<br />
formireba;<br />
_ sawarmoebs Soris CamovayaliboT konkurencia da<br />
warmoebuli produqcia gavxadoT konkurentunariani;<br />
_ SevimuSavoT da davnergoT warmoebaSi swori<br />
sagadasaxado, safinanso, sakredito, sadazRvevo da sabaJo<br />
politika; e.i. SevqmnaT sabazro garemo pirobebi;
_ socialurad daucveli fenebisadmi SevqmnaT da<br />
davnergoT warmoebaSi specialuri damcavi meqanizmi. am saqmeSi<br />
prerogativa saxelmwifos unda ganekuTvnos;<br />
_ warmoebaSi davnergoT Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikuri<br />
progresis miRwevebi;<br />
_ aucilebelia, Cais plantaciisa da Cais fabrikebis erT<br />
sawarmo erTeulad Camoyalibeba da saboloo produqciis<br />
mixedviT unda xdebodes warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli muSaTa<br />
materialuri daintereseba; [3.76-75]<br />
mza Cais konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis mizniT saWiroa:<br />
_ pirvel rigSi unda movawesrigoT Cais krefis<br />
organizacia, unda movkrifoT nazi duyebi da foTlebi. aseTi<br />
nedleulis miRebisaTvis unda davicvaT Cais buCqis movla-<br />
moyvanis maRali agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi;<br />
_ Cais bazarze arsebuli maRali konkurencia gvaiZulebs<br />
SevcvaloT, warmoebuli produqciis struqtura. Tu adre guriis<br />
regioni amzadebda ZiriTadad Sav baixaos Cais, axla mwvane<br />
baixao Cais xvedriTi wili unda gavzardoT; am mizniT<br />
mokrefili Cais nedleulSi pirveli xarisxis duyebi xvedriTi<br />
wili 75%-ze naklebi ar unda iyos, xolo meore xarisxisa - 25%.<br />
_ meCaieobis reabilitaciisaTvis aucilebelia pirvel<br />
rigSi aRvadginoT keTilmezobluri urTierToba da<br />
movawesrigoT savizo kavSiri ruseTTan da Sua aziis qveynebTan,<br />
veZeboT axali bazrebi msoflios Soreul qveynebTanac;<br />
_ unda movaxdinoT Cais dafasoeba, Sesabamisi dizainuri<br />
gaformeba da maTi realizacia; warmoebis pirvel etapze<br />
meCaieobis aRdgena-ganviTarebaze momuSave saqonelmwarmoeblebi,<br />
organizaciebi, dawesebulebebi unda ganvaTavisufloT
gadasaxadebisagan da aqedan Semosuli Tanxebi mivmarToT dargis<br />
Semdgomi gafarToebuli kvlavwarmoebisaTvis.<br />
saxelmwifos maregulirebeli roli meCaieobis dargis<br />
aRdgena-ganviTarebaze unda gaZlierdes, es iqneba pirdapiri Tu<br />
arapirdapiri daxmarebiT, Tu sufsidirebiT da a.S.<br />
Cais kulturas guriis regionisaTvis (aramarto guriis<br />
aramed mTlianad saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis) aqvs ara marto<br />
ekonomikuri, socialuri, ekologiuri, aramed politikuri<br />
datvirTvac, rogorc socialurad dacvis garantiisa da<br />
stabilizaciisaTvis guriis mxaris mosaxleobisaTvis. amdenad,<br />
misadmi saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWera da dargis regulireba<br />
sasicocxlod aucilebelia. sxva ukeTesi gza ar arsebobs.<br />
CvenSi soflis meurneobis axali formebis dafuZnebas, maTi<br />
Seqmnis marTebulobasa da klasifikaciis aucileblobas, bevr<br />
sxva organizaciuli sakiTxebsac, Tavidanve (axlave) unda<br />
Seeqmnas swori sakanonmdeblo safuZveli, rac dRemde ar aris<br />
gakeTebuli, ara da igi gasakeTebelia. dRemde ar aris miRebuli<br />
kanonebi:<br />
- ”fermeruli meurneobis Sesaxeb”;<br />
- ”kooperaciis Sesaxeb”;<br />
- ”soflad warmoebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb” da sxva.<br />
qveynis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis miRweva praqtikulad<br />
SeuZlebelia agraruli seqtoris ZiriTadi meurne subieqtis<br />
fermeruli meurneobebis sabazro pirobebisadmi adaptirebis,<br />
maTi intensiuri ganviTarebisa da maRalefeqtiani saqmianobis<br />
miRwevis gareSe, vinaidan fermeruli meurneobebi da fermerebi<br />
im ZiriTad saqonelmwarmoebel Zalad gvevlineba, romelmac<br />
praqtikulad momavalSi unda ganaxorcielos qveynis
mosaxleobis sursaTiT, xolo gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis<br />
uzrunvelyofa sasoflo-sameurneo nedleuliT.<br />
zemoT Sevexe, mxolod im problemebs, romelTa gadawyveta<br />
saWiroa Cais warmoebaSi mewarmeobisa da agrobiznesis<br />
ganviTarebis mimarTulebebiT. mxolod am problemebTan kavSirSi<br />
iyo naTqvami sawarmoTa formebis gamoyenebis Rirebulebebze,<br />
magram RirsebulebebTan erTad am sawarmoebs mravali sxva<br />
naklovanebebic gaaCnia. maTze saubari calke Temaa, rac iTqva,<br />
isic sakmarisia im daskvnis gasakeTeblad, rom mewarmeobisa da<br />
agrobiznesis farTo gamoyeneba, arCeuli (gatarebuli) gzis<br />
sanacvlod, ukve karga xnis win gagviyvanda sabazro ekonomikis<br />
gzaze da sasursaTo usafrTxoebasac srulad uzrunvelvyofdiT.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, erovnuli sasursaTo uSiSroebis<br />
mTavari kriteriumi qveyanaSi warmoebuli da moxmarebuli<br />
sasursaTo produqciis Tanafardobaa. Tu Sefardebis<br />
koeficienti erTis toli an metia, sasursaTo uzrunvelyofis<br />
sasurveli da kargi donea, Tu 0.7-0.8 – damakmayofilebeli, xolo<br />
0.4-0.5 – aradamakmayofilebeli. [3.42-70]<br />
cnoblilia, rom saqarTveloSi moixmareba 3 000 tona mza<br />
produqciis Cai. aRniSnuli produqciis warmoeba SeuZlia<br />
mxolod guriis regionSi dRes arsebul sawarmoo simZlavreebs,<br />
Tumca guriaSi sruli datvirTviT ar muSaobs Cais mwarmoebeli<br />
sawarmoebebi Cveni qveynis bazris arasrulfasovnad aTvisebis<br />
gamo. adgilobriv Cais did konkurencias uwevs ucxouri<br />
warmoebis naklebad xarisxiani Cai. regionSi aris is<br />
potenciali, rom gavzardoT Cais warmoeba da davakmayofilod<br />
ara marto Cveni qveynis moTxovna bazarze, aramed saeqsportod<br />
gavitanoT da qveyanam amiT ekonomikuri efeqti naxos.
3.2. 3.2. Cais Cais warmoebis warmoebis ekonomikis ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
regulireba<br />
regulireba<br />
ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis aucilebloba, zogadad<br />
Tu vityviT warmodgeba sabazro ekonomikis naklovanebebidan.<br />
saxeldobr, sabazro ekonomikis ra naklovanebebi warmoSobs<br />
amis saWiroebas?<br />
pirveli, - sabazro ekonomika ver uzrunvelyofs<br />
egreTwodebuli sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoebas, anu iseTi<br />
saerTo-sameurneo funqciebis Sesrulebas, romlebic mTeli<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis aris saWiro.<br />
meore, - sabazro ekonomika gardauals xdis<br />
makroekonomikuri wonasworobis darRvevas, ganviTarebis<br />
zigzagebs, uTanabro ganviTarebis ekonomikur cikls.<br />
mesame, - sabazro ekonomika ver amaradisebs sakuTar Tavs,<br />
sakuTar meqanizmebs: konkurencia kerZo sakuTrebis dros<br />
TviTonve warmoSobs monopolias, romelic masve zRudavs,<br />
ekonomikuri zrdis mniSvnelovani rezervi gamouyenebeli rCeba.<br />
meoTxe, specializacia da gacvla, sadac igi warmoebis<br />
efeqtianobas zrdis, iqve unayofo xarjsac warmoSobs. es xarji<br />
ZiriTadad erTi mesakuTris xelidan meores xelSi saqonlis<br />
gadasvlasTan aris dakavSirebuli da mas transaqciuri<br />
danaxarji ewodeba. mas miekuTvneba kontraqtis momzadebisa da<br />
gaformebis, misi ganxorcielebis Semowmebis, saqonlis uSualo<br />
yidva-gayidvis, marketinguli samsaxurebisa da sxva msgavsi<br />
danaxarjebi, romlebic warmoebul produqts arafers mateben<br />
da, ra Tqma unda ar mateben mas arc Rirebulebas. mas
miekuTvneba xelidan gaSvebuli SesaZleblobebic romelTac<br />
kerZo mesakuTreTa SeuTanxmebeli moqmedeba iwvevs.<br />
mexuTe, - sabazro sistema warmoSobs Rrma socialur<br />
uTanasworobasa da socialur usamarTlobas.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, sabazro ekonomika moiTxovs aucileblad<br />
saxelmwifoebriv regulirebis aucileblobas, is TavisTavad<br />
gansazRvravs (zemoT CamoTvlili naklovanebebi) Carevis miznebsa<br />
da amocanebs, formebsa da mimarTulebebsac.<br />
ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis miznebis mokle<br />
formulireba aseTia: pirveli stabilurobis miRweva; meore -<br />
efeqtianobis uzrunvelyofa; da mesame, - samarTlianobis miRweva.<br />
Cais warmoebis ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis<br />
midgomebi am miznebs da mimarTulebebs unda daefuZnos.<br />
Aagrarul ekonomikis dargebSi saxelmwifo regulirebis<br />
amocanebia:<br />
- kvebis produqtebiT qveynis uzrunvelyofa:<br />
- agrarul sferoSi efeqtianad momuSave<br />
saqonelmwarmoeblisaTvis mxardaWera:<br />
- warmoebaSi mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis miRwevebis<br />
dasanergavad xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna;<br />
- qveynis SigniT erTiani ekonomikuri sivrcis formireba<br />
axlo da Soreuli sazRvargareTis qveynebis bazrebze gasvla;<br />
agraruli reformis warmateba garkveulwilad<br />
damokidebulia qveyanaSi mimdinare politikur situaciaze.<br />
samwuxarod igi saqarTveloSi ar iyo xelsayreli da aman<br />
bunebrivia xeli SeuSala reformis msvlelobas. ekonomikaSi<br />
regulirebisas saxelmwifos ZiriTadi funqciebia:
1. ekonomikis funqcionirebis samarTlebrivi bazis Seqmna<br />
da misi ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
2. konkurenciis dacva;<br />
3. Semosavlebis gadanawileba;<br />
4. sawarmoo resursebis ganawilebis koreqtireba;<br />
5. stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa da ekonomikis zrdis<br />
waxaliseba.<br />
aqedan SegviZlia davaskvnaT: Tu gvinda warmoebis<br />
gafarToeba, Tu gvinda Sinauri da ucxoeli investorebi<br />
xalisiT abandebdnen kapitals, saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos<br />
qveynis stabiluroba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove<br />
pirobebSi ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulireba kvlavwarmoebis<br />
procesis Semadgeneli nawilia. Mmisi daxmarebiT xdeba<br />
ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba, dasaqmebis organizeba,<br />
progresuli struqturuli cvlilebebis xelSewyoba da a. S.<br />
guriis regionis produqtTa qvekompleqsis regulirebisas<br />
gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas saqarTvelos agro samrewvelo<br />
kompleqsisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSanTvisebebi. Ppirveli es<br />
aris, ekonomikuri kavSirebis garkveulad Caketili sistema, rac<br />
dargobrivi specializaciis CarCoebs ar scildeba;<br />
- reformis mimdinareobis periodSi ver amuSavda<br />
dargTaSorisi da Sigadargobrivi ekonomikuri kavSirebi. Aamis<br />
gamo qveyanaSi gaCerda regionul produqtTa qvekompleqsis<br />
muSaoba;<br />
- aRdgenil unda iqnes ekonomikuri kavSirebi<br />
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa da Tanamegobrobis qveynebs Soris;<br />
- agro samrewvelo kompleqsSi efeqtiani kvlavwarmoebis<br />
pirobebis Seqmna aucileblad moiTxovs mecnierul-teqnikuri
progresis miRwevebis droulad danergvas da soflis<br />
infrastruqturis ganmtkicebas.<br />
dRes savsebiT naTelia, rom sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
sawarmoebSi sakuTrebiTi urTierTobis gardaqmnis gareSe,<br />
meurneobriobis sxvadasxva formis funqcionirebis<br />
uzrunvelmyofeli ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri<br />
infrastruqturis Seqmnis gareSe, sasoflo<br />
saqonelmwarmoeblisaTvis saxelmwifos mxridan daxmarebis<br />
aRmoCenis gareSe, situacia agrarul seqtorSi ki ar<br />
gaumjobesdeba, aramed, piriqiT katastrofuli aRmoCndeba axlad<br />
Casaxuli glexuri da fermeruli meurmeobebisa da sxvadasxva<br />
asociaciebisaTvis, gaerTianebebisaTvis meCaiobaSi.<br />
saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas garkveuli meqanizmi, raTa<br />
sazogadoebam gaaTviTcnobieros, rom Tavisufali mewarmeoba ara<br />
marto samarTlebrivad gamarTlebuli, aramed sasurveli da<br />
obieqturad aucilebelia TviT sazogadoebisaTvis. Ddasamali ar<br />
aris, rom Cveni mosaxleobis didi nawili jer kidev eWvis<br />
TvaliT uyurebs kerZo seqtors, radgan man reformirebis<br />
pirobebSi srulad ver gamoavlina is SesaZleblobebi, romelic<br />
faqtiurad mas gaaCnia. [3.15-19]<br />
mainc ra pirobebi unda Seeqmnas glexobas regulirebul<br />
bazarze gasasvlelad?<br />
jer erTi, saWiroa sasoflo – sameurneo warmoebas<br />
SevuqmnaT Tavisufali saqonelmwarmoeblis realuri pirobebi,<br />
aq, pirvel rigSi, kerZo sakuTrebiT urTierTobaze damyarebuli<br />
warmoeba da produqciis Tavisufali vaWroba igulisxmeba. igi<br />
unda daemyaros swor sagadasaxado, sakredito, safinanso da<br />
sadazRvevo politikis gatarebas. Mmeore, saWiroa Tavisufali
faswarmoqmnis principebis srulad gamoyeneba, sawarmoebis<br />
konkurencia da produqciis konkurentunarianoba.<br />
ra Tqma unda, Znelia Camoyalibdes meurneobriobis forma,<br />
romelic Tanabrad gamosadegi iqneboda nebismier sawarmoo<br />
pirobebSi, magram gansaxelmwifoebrivebuli meurneobriobisaTvis<br />
Cvens qveyanaSi gamoyenebuli mkacri sakredito, safinanso da<br />
sadazRvevo politika yovelmxriv mankieri da uvargisi gamodga.<br />
swored cudi sakredito, safinanso da sadazRvevo politika<br />
gaxda saqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganuviTareblobis erT-erTi<br />
ZiriTadi mizezi. qveyanaSi dRes Znelad naxavT soflad gvyavdes<br />
namdvili mewarme, romelic muSaobdes Tanamedrove agrobiznesis<br />
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. Tu momavalSi ase gagrZelda, ver<br />
Seiqmneba produqtebis warmoebis gadidebisaTvis xelsayreli<br />
garemo pirobebi.<br />
xazgasmiT unda avRniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSi<br />
ganxorcielebuli ekonomikuri reformebis pirvel etapze aSkara<br />
iyo procesebis stiqiurad ganviTarebis tendencia, rasac<br />
TandaTanobiT cvlida saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri struqturebis<br />
mxridan karnaxis politika.<br />
aseT viTarebaSi aucilebeli iyo srulad<br />
gagveTvaliswinebina qveynis istoriuli, eTnikuri,<br />
demografiuli, geopolitikuri, social-fsiqologiuri,<br />
bunebriv–klimaturi Taviseburebebi da saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />
CvenTan damkvidrebuli sawarmoo urTierTobis tradiciebi.<br />
cxadia, aRniSnulis gauTvaliswinebloba gansakuTrebiT mwvaved<br />
aisaxeba ekonomikis iseT tradiciul sferoSi, rogoricaa<br />
agraruli seqtori.
mTavrobam xeli unda Seuwyos glexuri da fermeruli<br />
meurneobebis ganviTarebisas iseTi ekonomikuri berketebiT,<br />
rogoricaa: gadasaxadebi, fasebi, miznobrivi saxelmwifo<br />
subsidiebi materialur-teqnikuri bazis Sesaqmnelad da sxva.<br />
yovelmxriv mxari unda dauWiros soflad yvela<br />
saqonelmwarmoebels. Mmanve unda areguliros sursaTis warmoeba<br />
da produqtebis xarisxi, umuSevroba da xeli Seuwyos<br />
marketingis ganviTarebas.<br />
mTavrobis mxridan sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis<br />
warmoebis mxardamWeri mimarTulebebi unda iyos:<br />
a. sxvadasxva saqonlis fasebis meryeobis stabiluroba;<br />
b. damatebiTi Semosavlebi zogierTi mwarmoeblisaTvis;<br />
g. zogierTi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturis deficitsa da<br />
Warbwarmoebaze kontroli;<br />
d. eqspotis ganviTareba;<br />
e. qveynis mosaxleobis sruli uzrunvelyofa sursaTiT.<br />
Cveni azriT meCaieobis aRdgenisaTvis zemoT CamoTvlili<br />
mxardamWeri RonisZiebebi da midgomebi aucilebelia da<br />
gamosayenebelia.<br />
ra unda areguliros saxelmwifom meCaieobis ekonomikis<br />
aRmavloba-ganviTarebisaTvis?<br />
Ppirvel rigSi aRniSnuli dargi unda gamocxaddes<br />
prioritetul dargad da mas unda gaewios saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
daxmareba fuladi saxsrebiT, materialuri saSualebebiT da<br />
subsidirebiTac ki.<br />
Uunda Sedges dargis ganviTarebis programa da mis<br />
ganviTarebis Sesrulebaze saxelmwifom kontrolis sistema unda<br />
daawesos.
Eekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis umaRlesi formaa<br />
ekonomiuri programireba. masSi igulisxmeba mTavrobis mier<br />
ekonomikis ganviTarebis prioritetuli mimarTulebebis SerCeva,<br />
moklevadiani, saSualo da grZelvadiani amocanebis gansazRvra,<br />
maTi gadawyvetis wesisa da pasuxismgebelTa dadgena da yovelive<br />
amisaTvis saWiroa resursebis gamonaxva. Cven aseTi resursebi<br />
Cais ganviTarebisaTvis dadgenili gvaqvs (ix. sadisertacio<br />
naSromis me-3 Tavis, me-2 da me-3 qveTavi).<br />
miznobrivi programa “Cai” axlebulad unda damuSavdes da<br />
igi unda Sevides agraruli ekonomikis indikatur gegmis<br />
proeqtSi, romelic dRes gauqmebulia, magram saWiro da<br />
aucilebelia misi SemoReba. saWirod vTvliT, aq movitanoT is<br />
Sexedulebebi da midgomebi, romelic maT mimarT aqvT Cveni<br />
qveynis xelmZRvanelebs.<br />
saerTod, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifosa da mTavrobis rolis<br />
Sesaxeb didi xania dava warmoebs. TiTqmis gasul saukunemde<br />
gabatonebuli iyo azri, rom rac ufro naklebad “marTavs”<br />
mTavroba miT ukeTesia misTvis da ekonomikisTvisac. aq<br />
igulisxmeboda e. w. bazris “uxilavi xelis” arseboba, romelic<br />
marTavs bazars da qveyana sasurvel sabazro Sedegamde mihyavso.<br />
magram cxovrebam daamtkica, rom ekonomika sabazro<br />
urTierTobaSic ki saxelmwifom unda marTos da aq saxelmwifom<br />
aucileblad maregulirebeli roli unda Seasrulos.<br />
Aaxla, ekonomistebs Soris ar arsebobs erTiani azri imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu ra zomiT da formiT unda moxdes saxelmwifos<br />
“Careva”. erTni amtkiceben, rom man nawilobriv bazris gareT<br />
unda gadawyvitos resursebis efeqturi ganawilebis problema.<br />
meoreni, piriqiT, frTxiloben da miaCniaT, rom araferi
sasargeblo amgvari pirdapiri CareviT ar miiReba da<br />
saxelmwifos funqcias unda Seadgendes mxolod “bazris<br />
TamaSis” wesebis SenarCuneba. magaliTad, bazarze “diqtatorebis”<br />
Zalauflebis SezRudva. Aamgvaria, yovelSemTxvevaSi, Teoriuli<br />
mosazrebani.<br />
yovel saxelmwifoSi mTavroba asrulebs arsebiT rols<br />
ekonomikis aRorZinebis saqmianobaSi. Cveni azriTac, saxelmwifos<br />
unda eZleodes garkveuli roli – “sazogadoebrivi interesebis<br />
damcvelisa”. saxelmwifos es roli unda xdebodes e.w. pirdapiri<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebiTa da arapirdapiri (iribi) gziT.<br />
aq saxelmwifo regulirebas indikatoruli gegmis gamoyenebiT<br />
unda axdendes.<br />
Cveni azriT, saxelmwifom soflad indikaturi gegmiT unda,<br />
areguliros produqtebis Sesyidva; sagarantio fasebis<br />
Camoyalibeba; prioritetuli dargebis ganviTareba;<br />
prioritetuli kreditebis racionalurad gamoyeneba; soflis<br />
teqnikuri da sazogadoebrivi infrastruqturis ganviTareba;<br />
agraruli seqtoris mecnieruli uzrunvelyofa;<br />
gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani warmoebis saSualebebis<br />
SesaZenad dotaciis gacemis regulireba; sagadasaxado<br />
politikis regulireba; subsidireba da sxva.<br />
saboloo daskvna aseTia: meCaieobis ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
gardamaval periodSi mxolod sabazro meqanizmebis gamoyeneba<br />
sakmarisi ar aris, axali ufro efeqtiani erovnuli ekonomikuri<br />
sistemis CamoyalibebisaTvis. Cveni cxovrebis ganvlilma<br />
praqtikam daadastura, rom am miznis ganxorcielebas<br />
mniSvnelovnad aCqarebs saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis<br />
gaZliereba.
3.3. 3.3. Cais Cais xarisxis xarisxis gaumjobesebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebebi mimarTulebebi mimarTulebebi Cais Cais<br />
Cais<br />
produqtTa produqtTa qvekompleqsSi<br />
qvekompleqsSi<br />
Cais, subtropikuli kulturebisa da Cais mrewvelobis<br />
institutis wamyvani mecnier-specialistebis mier dadgenilia,<br />
rom Cais xarisxis gaumjobeseba unda veZioT misi movla-moyvanis,<br />
realizaciisa da momxmareblamde mitanis mTel am rTul gzaze.<br />
es samarTliani midgoma iZleva swored Cais produqtTa<br />
qvekompleqsis formirebisa da ganviTarebis mimarTulebebs yvela<br />
doneze, misi warmoebis mikro Tu makro doneebze. amdenad Cais<br />
produqtTa qvekompleqsSi unda veZioT xarisxis gaumjobesebis<br />
gza.<br />
saerTod qveynis masStabiT yalibdeba agrosamrewvelo<br />
kompleqsi, xolo mis qveda doneebze iqmneba yvela sasoflo-<br />
sameurneo produqtTa qvekompleqsebi. saqarTveloSi jer kidev<br />
sabWoTa periodSi adre mkveTrad gamoxatul produqtTa<br />
qvekompleqsebi formirdeboda. es iyo pirvel rigSi mevenaxeoba-<br />
meRvineobaSi da Semdgom meCaieobaSi, danarCen produqtebze<br />
(xili, citrusi, xorci, rZe, kvercxi, bostneuli, baRCeuli,<br />
kartofili, marcvali da a. S.) Zalze sustad iyo igi<br />
gamoxatuli. Caisa da yurZnis warmoebaze yalibdeboda<br />
produqtTa qvekompleqsebi, magram es kanonzomieri ganviTareba<br />
Sewyda da igi CaSala qveyanaSi ekonomikuri reformebis kursis<br />
araswori mimarTulebiT ganviTarebam. es, axlo momavalSi<br />
TandaTanobiT unda davZlioT da mivceT swori mimarTuleba.<br />
aseTi gziT unda Camoyalibdes pirvel rigSi kaxeTSi mevenaxeoba<br />
da meRvineobis produqtTa qvekompleqsi da Cais produqtTa
qvekompleqsebi: guriis, samegrelos, aWaris, afxazeTis da<br />
imereTis regionebSi.<br />
Teoriulad agrosamrewvelo kompleqsi (ask-is) aris<br />
ekonomikurad-organizaciulad erTiani organizmi, romelsac<br />
SeuZlia produqcia mindvridan - miitanos udanakargod da<br />
umciresi danaxarjebis pirobebiT – momxmareblamde. aseTive<br />
ganmarteba aqvs qvekompleqsebsac. Cais produqtTa qvekompleqsis<br />
formirebis mizania Seiqmnas organizaciulad da ekonimikurad<br />
iseTi organizmi, rom man moaxdinos mindvridan (Cais foTlis<br />
warmoebidan) – mis saboloo momxmareblamde iseTi mza<br />
(xarisxiani), Cais mitana, rom momxmarebeli kmayofili da<br />
uzrunvelyofili iyos am saqmianobiT. amitom, aqve saWiroa<br />
ganvixiloT, Zalian mokled, ask-is Seqmnis Teoriuli<br />
safuZvlebi.<br />
agro samrewvelo kompleqsi Sedgeba oTxi sferosagan:<br />
pirveli sferoa – soflis meurneobis (Cais)<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis Semqmneli materialur-teqnikuri bazis<br />
warmomqmneli dargebi (satraqtoro, samanqano, masalebis,<br />
Sxamqimikatebis, sasuqebis, sawvav-sacxebi masalebis da a. S.);<br />
meore sferoa – Tavad soflis meurneoba, romelsac<br />
esaWiroeba momsaxureba (aseve, am sferoSi erTiandeba meCaieoba);<br />
mesame sferoa – soflis meurneobis (meCaieobis),<br />
produqtebis gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba. aq Sedis kvebis<br />
mrewvelobis samrewvelo sawarmoebi da maT Soris Cais<br />
fabrikebic;<br />
meoTxe sferoa – infrastruqturis dargebi, kerZod,<br />
sasawyobo meurneoba, gzebi, sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis<br />
sawarmoebi, mecniereba, ganaTleba da a. S.
am oTxi sferos srulad formirebiT miiReba ask-si da misi<br />
produqtTa qvekompleqsebi – makro (qveynis doneze), regionebisa<br />
da sawarmoebis doneze.<br />
yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom agrosamrewvelo kompleqsi<br />
aris iseTi sameurneo organizmi, dargTaSorisi sistema,<br />
romelSic kvlavwarmoebis yvela ZiriTadi stadia mWidrod da<br />
Tanmimdevruladaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, sadac TiToeuli<br />
stadia yovel mocemul momentSi gagrZelebaa wina stadiisa da<br />
amosavalia momdevnosi. amitom agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis<br />
saboloo produqtebis moculobis gadideba da xarisxis<br />
gaumjobeseba uSualod dakavSirebulia erTiani kvlavwarmoebiTi<br />
ciklis TiToeuli stadiis optimalur funqcionirebasTan.<br />
agrosamrewvelo warmoebis yovel stadiaze erTi saxis<br />
materialuri resursebi gadaiqceva sxva saxis resursebad,<br />
romlebic gankuTvnilia kvlavwarmoebis momdevno an<br />
damamTavrebel stadiaze sawarmoo moxmarebisaTvis.<br />
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare icvleba meTodologiuri midgoma<br />
soflis meurneobisa da masTan dakavSirebuli dargebis<br />
dagegmvisa da marTvisadmi. aseT pirobebSi maTi ganviTareba<br />
ganixileba, rogorc dargTaSorisi amocanebis gadawyveta. aseTma<br />
meTodologiurma midgomam unda uzrunvelyos agrosamrewvelo<br />
kompleqsis yvela dargisa da sferos orientacia, maRali<br />
saboloo Sedegebis misaRebad. es imas niSnavs, rom yvela dargis<br />
sameurneo saqmianoba, romlebic warmoebis saSualebebs<br />
awarmoeben agrosamrewvelo kompleqsisaTvis, unda daemorCilos<br />
mTavar mizans – agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis saboloo<br />
produqtebis gadidebasa da maTi warmoebis efeqtianobis<br />
amaRlebas, xolo dargebma, romlebic ewevian sasoflo-sameurneo
produqtebis damzadebas, gadamuSavebas, Senaxvasa da<br />
realizacias, unda uzrunvelyon Sesabamisi produqtebis<br />
Seuferxebeli moZraoba kvlavwarmoebis yvela stadiaze da maTi<br />
momxmareblamde droulad da xarisxianad dayvana. [3.29-70]<br />
rogorc Cais mrewvelobis dargis muSaobis ukanaskneli<br />
wlebis analizma gviCvena, samwuxarod, Cais raodenobriv zrdas<br />
ar mohyolia misi xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gaumjobeseba.<br />
momxmareblebis samarTlian sayvedurs iwvevs is, rom sasaqonlo<br />
CaiSi Semcirda taninis, kofeinis, eqstraqtuli nivTierebebis<br />
raodenoba.<br />
Cais xarisxis gaumjobesebis problema axali ar aris,<br />
magram ase mwvaved, rogorc dResaa, igi jer ar dasmula.<br />
saqarTveloSi warmoebuli Cais xarisxis gaumjobesebis erT-<br />
erTi mTavari faqtoria Cais nedleulis xarisxis gaumjobeseba.<br />
praqtika gviCvenebs, rom ukanasknel wlebSi nedleulis xarisxi<br />
ramdenadme gaumjobesda. nedleulis xarisxi ki mza produqciis<br />
xarisxis amaRlebis yvelaze mTavari faqtoria.<br />
xarisxis saqmeSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs Cais<br />
foTlis krefa. xarisxiani nedleulis miRebisaTvis yvelaze<br />
didi mniSvneloba aqvs “meqanizaciis donis” faqtors. Cais<br />
foToli uxarisxo xdeba mxolod imitom, rom samuSao Zalis<br />
ukmarisobis an sxva obieqturi da subieqturi pirobebis gamo<br />
dagvianebiT mokrefil masaSi Cndeba uxeSi fraqcia. am<br />
arasasurveli faqtis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia mxolod<br />
meqanizaciis donis amaRlebiT. viTvaliswinebT ra Cveni qveynis<br />
Cais plantaciebis geografias, didi yuradReba unda mieqces<br />
“mcire meqanizacias”. amasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia<br />
mecnierTa monawileobiT gafarTovdes TanamSromloba
sazRvargareTis qveynebTan da saqarTveloSi Seiqmnas “mcire<br />
meqanizaciis” saSualebaTa sawarmoebeli qarxana.<br />
im droisaTvis, rodesac plantacia Sedis misi biologiuri<br />
produqtiulobis Semcirebis periodSi, aucilebelia misi axali<br />
plantaciebiT Secvla. Cais, subtropikuli kulturebisa da Cais<br />
mrewvelobis institutis mier ukve damuSavebulia da gadaeca<br />
warmoebas Zveli plantaciebis axliT Secvlis RonisZiebaTa<br />
gegma im angariSiT, rom ar Semcirdes Cais foTlis mTliani<br />
warmoeba. saWiroa misi zustad dacva.<br />
aucilebelia Cais fabrikebSi dakanondes I da II xarisxis<br />
nedleulis cal-calke gadamuSaveba. specialistebs miaCniaT, rom<br />
aRniSnulis dacvisaTvis saWiroa indoeTis magaliTisamebr Cais<br />
fabrikebis daaxloeba nedleulis bazebTan. uari vTqvaT msxvili<br />
fabrikebis mSeneblobaze da gadavideT ufro mcire zomis Cais<br />
fabrikebis mSeneblobaze. aucilebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas<br />
mikrofabrikebi.<br />
guriis regionSi meCaieobis aRdgena ZiriTadad mainc<br />
finansuri resursebs ukavSirdeba. Cveni gaangariSebiT dargis<br />
aRorZinebisaTvis saWiro kapitaluri danaxarji 32 mln. lars<br />
Seadgens. ZiriTadad igi mimarTuli unda iyos sawarmoo<br />
simZlavreebis gadaiaraRebaze, axali teqnologiuri bazebis<br />
danergvaze, sanedleulo bazis ganviTarebaze da sxva im<br />
RonisZiebebze, romelTa ganxorcieleba aucilebelia msoflio<br />
bazarze konkurentunariani Cais produqciis gasatanad. Cveni<br />
gaangariSebiT ganxorcielebuli kapitaluri danaxarjebis<br />
amoRebis dro saSualod 4.2 wels Seadgens.<br />
finansuri resursebis miRebis wyaroebi aseTi iqneba (ix.<br />
cxrili 3.3.): [3.77-88]
cxrili cxrili 3.3.<br />
3.3.<br />
guriis guriis regionSi regionSi Cais Cais dargis dargis reabilitaciisaTvis reabilitaciisaTvis saWiro saWiro<br />
finansuri finansuri resursebis resursebis miRebis miRebis wyaroebi wyaroebi (mln. (mln. lari)<br />
lari)<br />
dafinansebis<br />
dafinansebis<br />
wlebi<br />
wlebi<br />
wyaroebi wyaroebi wyaroebi<br />
2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 20 2011 20<br />
11 2012 2012 jami<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo biujeti biujeti 0,5 0,5 1,2 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,6 1,6<br />
6,3<br />
6,3<br />
ucxouri ucxouri iinvesticiebi<br />
i nvesticiebi 2,4 2,9 2,9 4,8 4,8 5,3 5,3<br />
4,2 19,6<br />
bankis bankis kreditebi kreditebi<br />
- 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,4 0,4<br />
0,4 0,4 0,4<br />
1,2<br />
sakuTari sakuTari resursebi resursebi 0,4 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,9 0,9 1,5 1,6 4,9<br />
4,9<br />
jami jami<br />
3,3 4,8 7,3 7,3 8,8 8,8<br />
7,8 7,8<br />
32<br />
32<br />
cxrilidan Cans, rom finansuri resursebis absolituri<br />
umetesoba ucxour investiciebze modis. es gasagebicaa,<br />
ramdenadac saxelmwifo biujetis da sakuTari resursebis<br />
wyaroebi mkacrad SezRudulia, xolo bankis kreditebi ki,<br />
sawarmosaTvis miuRebelia maRali saprocento ganakveTis gamo.<br />
dargSi integracia da kooperireba moiTxovs miwis<br />
farTobebis gamsxvilebisa da sameqanizacio sivrcis gazrdas. am<br />
mizniT aucilebelia miwis bazris formireba da amis safuZvelze<br />
msxvili sawarmoebis (kooperativebis, asociaciuri<br />
gaerTaianebebis da sxva) Seqmna-Camoyalibeba, romlebic unda<br />
iyos uzrunvelyofili dabalprocentiani krditebiT da sxva<br />
SeRavaTebiT. amasTan saWiroa:<br />
- aRniSnulis adgilobrivi struqturebis gaZliereba da<br />
gaRrmaveba, raionisa da soflis doneebze;<br />
- institucionaluri sistemis Seqmna dinamikuri,<br />
samarTliani da sicocxlisunariani sakuTrebis Sesaqmnelad,<br />
uZravi qonebis registraciis erTiani sistemis SemoReba.<br />
- warmoebis konkurenciis gazrdis mizniT unda moxdes<br />
wyalmommaragebelTa kooperativebis integrireba asociaciebad.<br />
aseve, unda Camoyalibdes sairigacio da sadrenaJe sistemebis<br />
monitoringis sistemebi:
- unda gaumjobesdes niadagebis monitoringis da<br />
laboratoriuli Semowmebis saqmianoba. unda aRdges niadagis<br />
laboratoriuli SemowmebiT sasuqebis micemis kartogramiuli<br />
sqemebis gamoyeneba;<br />
- unda moewyos Cais sanerge meurneobebi. isini unda moewyos<br />
sxvadasxva sakuTrebiT urTierTobaze formirebul warmoebaSi,<br />
konkurenciis safuZvelze.<br />
aqve gvinda davayenoT mosazreba manqana-traqtorTa parkis<br />
Seqmnisa da teqnikuri momsaxurebis formirebebis gafarToebis<br />
Sesaxebac.<br />
da bolos, mewarmeobisa da agrobiznesis ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
xelSemwyob RonisZiebaTa sistemebi ase gamoiyureba:<br />
- normatiuli, samarTlebrivi saqmianobis mogvareba;<br />
- safinanso-sakredito politikis srulyofa-ganviTareba;<br />
- sagadasaxado-sakredito saqmis axali organizacia;<br />
- mcire da saSualo agrobiznesis ganviTareba;<br />
- sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis gaaqtiureba da eqsporze<br />
orientirebuli dargebis ganviTarebisadmi xelSemwyobi<br />
politikis gatareba;<br />
- perspeqtivaSi saerTaSoriso marketinguli garemos<br />
Seswavla da gamoyeneba.<br />
marTvis srulyofisaTvis amaT fonze mocemulia regionSi<br />
sawarmoo potencialis gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi. Cais produqtTa<br />
qvekompleqsSi mecnierul-teqnukuri progresi da meurneobriobis<br />
axali pirobebis gamoyeneba gaxdeba ara marto guriis, aramed<br />
mTeli saqarTvelos regionebis mdgradi saeqsporto<br />
potencialis aRdgena-ganviTarebisa da am mxareebis savaluto<br />
fondis umTavresi mimarTuleba.
3-4 4 soflis soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi<br />
guriis guriis regionSi<br />
regionSi<br />
Tanamedrove pirobebSi guriis regionis soflis meurneoba<br />
“viTardeba” materialur_teqnikuri bazis zrdisa da srulyofis<br />
gareSe. ar inergeba Tanamedrove mecnierul_ teqnikuri<br />
progresis miRwevebi; bunebrivia, rom am pirobebSi agraruli<br />
ekonomika ar viTardeba. produqciis mateba xdeba eqstensiuri<br />
gziT, intensifikacia ki Sorsaa da aseTi gziT ganviTareba<br />
agraruli ekonomikisaTvis warmoudgenelia. ara da saWiro da<br />
aucilebelia sasoflo_sameurneo warmoebis intensifikacia.<br />
intensifikaciis pirobebSi am mxaris soflis meurneoba<br />
ganviTardeba materialur_teqnikuri bazis zrdisa da<br />
srulyofis mravalmxrivi procesis zemoqmedebiT, rac unda<br />
ganxorcieldes soflis meurneobis teqnikuri saSualebebiT:<br />
aRWurvilobis donis amaRlebis, mecnierebis miRwevebisa da<br />
mowinave gamocdilebis danergvasTan erTad jer kidev<br />
gamoyenebuli rezervebis amoqmedebis gziT, Semdgom srulyofas<br />
unda ganicdides Sromis danawilebis procesi _<br />
sasoflo_sameurneo warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis erT-erTi<br />
gadamwyveti faqtori. samwuxarod, rogorc zeviT avRniSneT,<br />
guriis soflis meurneoba intensiurad ar viTardeba da<br />
Sedegebic arasaxarbieloa. adre, ki sabWoTa periodSi am mxaris<br />
soflis meurneoba erT-erTi mowinave iyo qveyanaSi.<br />
guriis mxare xasiaTdeba saxnav-saTesi farTobebis<br />
simciriT,SedarebiT guriis regionidan, am mxriv gamoirCeva _<br />
lanCxuTis raioni, mas saxnav_saTesi farTobebi yvelaze meti
gaaCnia, Semdeg modis ozurgeTis raioni da bolo adgilzea _<br />
Coxatauris raioni.<br />
rodesac vmsjelobT guriis mxaris soflis meurneobis<br />
ganviTarebis sakiTxebze, yovelmxriv unda gaviTvaliswinoT am<br />
mxaris bunebriv_sameurneo pirobebi da misi gamoyenebis<br />
SesaZleblobebi. amasTan Cveni mizani unda iyos<br />
sasoflo_sameurneo warmoebis xelSemwyobi mravali, jer kidev<br />
naklebad gamoyenebuli rezervebisa da saSualebebis<br />
gamovlineba_amoqmedeba. am mimarTebiT, yvelaze xelsayreli<br />
ekonomikuri pirobebi da SesaZleblobebi iSleba guriis<br />
mxarisaTvis Caisa da citrusebis, agreTve Txilis da sakvebi<br />
kulturebis ganviTarebisTvis. am ukanasknelis bazaze<br />
mecxoveleobis dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
adre am mxaris soflis meurneoba SedarebiT maRal doneze<br />
iyo ganviTarebuli, reformis pirobebSi daeca da krizisul<br />
situaciaSi aRmoCnda. naTlad Cans qvemod motanili cxrilis<br />
monacemebiT (ix. cxr 3-4).<br />
cxrili cxrili 3.4.<br />
3.4.<br />
guriis guriis mmxaris<br />
m xaris soflis soflis meurneobis meurneobis ZiriTadi ZiriTadi produqciis produqciis warmoebis<br />
warmoebis<br />
maCveneblebi maCveneblebi (aTasi (aTasi (aTasi to to-biT to biT saSualo saSualo wliuri monacemebiT)<br />
1981_1990 1981_1990 1981_1990 ww ww ww 1991_2000 ww ww 2001_200 2001_2007 2001_200 ww ww<br />
ww<br />
2008_2010 2008_2010 ww ww<br />
ww<br />
perspeqtivaSi perspeqtivaSi perspeqtivaSi SesaZ-<br />
SesaZ<br />
lebelia lebelia lebelia vawarmooT<br />
vawarmooT<br />
marcvali, marcvali, simindi simindi<br />
45,5 45,5<br />
22,5 22,5<br />
23,9 23,9 23,9<br />
44,5<br />
44,5<br />
kartofili kartofili<br />
___ 5,5 ,5 ,5 8,5 8,5<br />
6,5 6,5<br />
6,5<br />
bostneuli bostneuli<br />
9,4 9,4<br />
4,2 4,2 4,2<br />
4,7 4,7 4,7<br />
10,5<br />
xili xili<br />
46,7 46,7<br />
23,1 15,5 15,5<br />
39,4 39,4<br />
39,4<br />
yurZeni yurZeni<br />
31,1 31,1<br />
6,8 6,8<br />
4,9 4,9<br />
15,5 15,5<br />
xarisxovani xarisxovani Cai Cai foToli foToli 88,6 11,4 11,4<br />
10,4 40,0 40,0<br />
40,0<br />
citrusebi citrusebi<br />
55,8 55,8<br />
10,7 10,7<br />
10,9 10,9 10,9<br />
25,0<br />
25,0<br />
Txili Txili<br />
___ ___ ___<br />
4,6 5,1 5,1<br />
8,5<br />
8,5<br />
xorci xorci (dakluli (dakluli woniT) woniT) woniT) 10,7 10,7<br />
5,6 5,6 5,8 5,8<br />
7,5<br />
7,5<br />
rZe rZe<br />
95,6 30,4 30,4<br />
33,5 33,5<br />
48,0 48,0<br />
48,0<br />
kvercxi kvercxi (aTasi (aTasi cali) cali) cali)<br />
35,7 35,7<br />
24,4 24,4<br />
25,7 25,7<br />
35,0<br />
35,0
guriis regionis soflis meurneobis intensifikaciis<br />
Sedegad uaxloes perspeqtivaSi SesaZlebelia xarisxovani Cais<br />
foToli vawarmooT 30-40 aTasi tona, citrusebi _ 25 aTasi tona,<br />
Txili _ 8.5 aTasi tona, kivi _5.0 aTasi tona. xorciis warmoeba<br />
(dakluli woniT) warmoebuli iqnas sul mcire _7.5 aTasi tona,<br />
rZe _ 48.0 aTasi tona, kvercxi _ 35.0 aTasi cali.<br />
guriis mxaris soflis meurneobis generalur mimarTulebad<br />
miCneuli unda iqnes sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis yovelmxrivi<br />
intensifikacia. igi unda daefuZnos meqanizaciisa da<br />
eleqtrofikaciis gamoyenebas; qimizaciisa da melioraciis<br />
yovelmxriv amaRlebasa da gamoyenebas. [3.72-181] am regionisaTvis<br />
niadagur_klimaturi pirobebi gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia Caisa<br />
da citrusovani kulturebis moyvanisaTvis (samxreTis nawilSi)<br />
kargad modis Txili, kivi, simindi, bostneuli da sakvebi<br />
kulturebi. aq sakvebi kulturebis bazaze, kargad ganviTardeba<br />
mecxoveleobidan msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis moSeneba, ganviTareba.<br />
am regionis soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis amocanebia:<br />
Cais (xarisxovani Cais) meurneobis gafarToeba da Semdgomi<br />
gaumjobeseba Zvelis amorZikva, axalis gaSeneba, daRupuli<br />
plantaciebis aRdgena. meCxerianobis likvidacia. Cais<br />
mosavlianobis dayvana optimalur donemde, igi SeiZleba am<br />
zonisaTvis rekomendebuli iqnas 1 ha-ze 4-5 tonamde. am pirobebSi<br />
anaseulis Cais, subtropikuli kulturebisa da Cais mrewvelobis<br />
institutis mier, rekomendirebuli moculoba, iZleva<br />
xarisxovani nedleulis warmoebis saSualebas. perspeqtivaSi<br />
SeiZleba guriis regionSi vawarmooT 30-40 aTasi tona<br />
nedleuli, rac Cven optimalur doned migvaCnia. am pirobebSi
guriis soflis meurneobis intensifikaciis ekonomikuri<br />
efeqtianoba aseTi iqneba (ix. cxrili 3.5.).<br />
cxrili cxrili 3. 3.5 3.<br />
guriis guriis mxaris mxaris soflis soflis meurneobis meurneobis intensifikaciis intensifikaciis intensifikaciis ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
maCveneblebis maCveneblebis dasaxeleba<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
efeqtianoba efeqtianoba genera generalur genera lur perspeqtivaSi<br />
perspeqtivaSi<br />
zomis<br />
zomis<br />
erTeuli<br />
erTeuli<br />
arsebul arsebul<br />
arsebul<br />
pirobebSi<br />
pirobebSi<br />
uaxloes<br />
uaxloes<br />
perspeqtivaSi<br />
perspeqtivaSi<br />
generalur<br />
generalur<br />
perspeqtivaSi<br />
perspeqtivaSi<br />
1. 1. soflis soflis meurneobis<br />
meurneobis<br />
mTliani mTliani produqciis<br />
produqciis<br />
Rirebuleba<br />
Rirebuleba<br />
mln. lari 12,750 15,995 28,584<br />
2. 2. SromiTi SromiTi resursebis<br />
resursebis<br />
ricxovnoba ricxovnoba da da dasaqmeba<br />
dasaqmeba<br />
aTasi kaci 60,4 64,5 88,5<br />
3. 3. ZiriTadi ZiriTadi sawarmoo<br />
sawarmoo<br />
fondebis fondebis Rirebuleba<br />
Rirebuleba<br />
4. 4. warmoebis warmoebis efeqtianobis<br />
efeqtianobis<br />
maCveneblebi:<br />
maCveneblebi:<br />
mln. lari 29,174 35,145 38,107<br />
a)Sromis nayofiereba larebSi 2110 2479 3229<br />
b)fondukugeba<br />
5. 5. mecnieruli mecnieruli teqnikuri<br />
teqnikuri<br />
progre progresis progre sis maCveneblebi:<br />
maCveneblebi:<br />
“___” 0,43 0,46 0,75<br />
a)Sromis<br />
energoSeiaraReba<br />
cx. ZalebSi 2,5 4,9 15,7<br />
b)Sromis<br />
fondSeiaraReba<br />
larebSi 3340 6790 12795<br />
g)Sromis<br />
eleqtroSeiaraReba<br />
d) Setanili sasuqebis<br />
k/v sT-Si 210 640 1157<br />
raodenoba 1 ha pirobiTi<br />
farTobebze<br />
kg-bSi 50 155 240<br />
rogorc vxedavT, warmoebis intensifikaciis ekonomikuri<br />
efeqtianoba generalur perspeqtivaSi TvalsaCinoa. mkveTrad<br />
izrdeba Sromis nayofiereba, aseve izrdeba fondukugeba.<br />
yvelaferi es xdeba Tanamedrove mecnierul_teqnikuri progresis<br />
miRwevebis danergvis Sedegad.<br />
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis strategia da taqtika unda<br />
aigos Cais saeqsporto produqciis warmoebaze da miRebuli<br />
savaluto Semosavlebi pirvel rigSi unda gamoiyenos mowinave<br />
teqnologiebis SesaZenad.
saerTod Zalze efeqtianad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli<br />
savaluto Semosavlebi. am mizniT saWiroa rigi<br />
organizaciul_ekonomikuri xasiaTis RonisZiebebis gamoyeneba.<br />
kerZod;<br />
_ ise rogorc mTlianad qveyanaSi, aseve sakvlev<br />
regionSiac agraruli seqtori aRiarebuli unda iqnes<br />
prioritetul mimarTulebad;<br />
_ sakuTari da ucxouri investiciebi mimarTuli unda iqnas<br />
Cais, Txilis, citrusebis (saeqsporto mniSvnelobis dargebis)<br />
ganviTarebis daCqarebisaTvis;<br />
_ guriis raionis bunebriv-sameurneo pirobebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT unda Seiqmnas Sereuli tipis servisuli<br />
kooperativebi,romelTa funqcionirebis organizaciul-<br />
ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri formebi unda damuSavdes<br />
mecnierTa da specialistTa mier;<br />
_ unda Camoyalibdes agraruli seqtoris mier warmoebuli<br />
produqciis giravnobis saxelmwifo, kerZo an Sereuli tipis<br />
sistema da misi regulirebis ekonomikuri meqanizmi, romlis<br />
drosac saqonelmwarmoebels, mewarmes SesaZlebloba eqneba<br />
daagiravos, rogorc mis mier warmoebuli, ise samomavlod<br />
misaRebi produqcia;<br />
_ ijariTa da arendiT gacemuli miwebis kanonierebis<br />
gadamowmebis Sedegad am sferoSi arsebuli darRvevebis<br />
uswrafesad aRmofxvriis mizniT, mecnierebisa da specialistebis<br />
rekomendaciebis da adgilobriv mewarmeTa interesebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT unda SemuSavdes miwebis efeqtianad gamoyenebis<br />
organizaciul-ekonomikuri winadadebebi.
_ meurneobriobis axali formebis Camoyalibebisa da<br />
mewarmeTa damkvidrebis procesi, romelic meCaieobaSi axlad<br />
warimarTeba, igi unda gaxdes mimdinare reformis kvakuTxedi da<br />
igi unda ganxorcieldes “mewarmeTa kanonis” Sesabamisad. Tumca<br />
am kanoniT fermeri Tavis adgils dResac ver poulobs. saWiroa<br />
igi gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas am kanoniT, an SemuSavebuli iqnas<br />
soflis mewarmeTa Sesaxeb axali kanoni. sofeli Rirsia, rom<br />
hqondes aseTi kanonmdebloba.<br />
agraruli seqtoris teqnikuri uzrunvelyofisa da rac<br />
mTavaria arsebuli saawarmoo potencialis efeqtianobis<br />
amaRlebis mizniT saWiroa gamoyenebuli iqnas lizingi da sxva<br />
bunebriv_sameurneo pirobebis Sesatyvisi sabazro ekonomikaze<br />
gadasvlis yvela progresuli forma da meTodi;<br />
_ miwebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacema udaod progresul<br />
movlenad unda miviCnioT, magram man garkveuli uaryofiTi<br />
gavlena moaxdina guriis mxareSi _ warmoebis koncentraciis<br />
doneze, man Seamcira sameqanizacio farTobebi da xeliT Sroma<br />
metad daamkvidra. amdenad, civilizebuli qveynebis<br />
gamocdilebiT, msxvili meurneobis upiratesoba mravalmxriv<br />
aris dadasturebuli da igi eWvs ar iwvevs.amitomac unda<br />
daCqardes miwis bazris procesi, rac uzrunvelyofs, erT mxriv<br />
kreditunarianobis amaRlebas,xolo meore mxriv, xels Seuwyobs<br />
fermeruli meurneobebis gamsxvilebas da farTo maStabis<br />
sasaqonlo produqciis mwarmoebelTa, mewarmeTa fenis<br />
Camoyalibebas.<br />
_ guriis mxarisaTvis, rogorc gamonaklisi, unda<br />
SemuSavdes stimulirebasa da sabazro infrastruqturis<br />
ganviTarebaze dafuZnebuli mosaxleobisTvis (guriis regionis
mosaxleoba saqarTvelos yvela sxva regionebs Soris<br />
dabalSemosavliania) sakmarisi sasursaTo resursebis<br />
formirebis ekonomikuri meqanizmi.<br />
_ saWiroa meti daxmareba meCaiobaSi axlad formirebuli<br />
fermeruli meurneobebisadmi,maT mier warmoebuli produqciis<br />
sargeblian fasebSi realizaciis organizaciulad<br />
ganxorcielebisaTvis, adgilze materialur_teqnikuri<br />
saSualebebiT momaragebasa da momsaxurebis maRal doneze<br />
warmarTvisaTvis;<br />
_ unda mivaRwioT TviTregulirebad bazarze saxelmwifos<br />
rolis gaZlierebas ekonomikuri berketebis zemoqmedebiT;<br />
_ unda amaRldes mmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebis<br />
roli saerTod, agraruli seqtorisa da kerZod, ki meCaieobis<br />
dargis ganviTarebis saqmianobaSi.<br />
_ SromiTi resursebis dasaqmeba meCaiobaSi<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebiT unda ganxorcieldes. am mizniT<br />
guriis mxareSi mewarmeoba sami mimarTulebiT unda ganviTardes:<br />
pirveli _ erTpirovnuli meurneobiT; meore _ partnioruli<br />
sawarmoebis SeqmniT; da mesame _ aqcieneruli sazogadoebis<br />
SeqmniT. es mniSvnelovnad gazrdis SromiTi resursebis<br />
dasaqmebis dones.<br />
_ guriis raionebis yofili Cais fabrikebTan unda moewyos<br />
asociaciuri gaerTianebebi;<br />
samewarmeo saqmianobis ZiriTad formad meCaieobaSi iqneba<br />
glexuri (ojaxuri) da fermeruli meurneobebi, perspeqtivaSi<br />
aseve ZiriTad formad ifunqcionirebs:kooperativebi da<br />
sxvadasxva asociacuri gaerTianebebi. es adgilobrivi<br />
mosaxleobis survilisamebr unda iqnes gadawyvetili.
Cais xarisxis gaumjobeseba da konkurentunarianobis<br />
amaRleba da mza Caize moTxovnilebis zrda stimuls micems<br />
meCaieTa mcire kooperaciuli sazogadoebis Seqmnas nedleulis<br />
sakuTari, mcire saamqroebSi gadamuSavebis pirobiT, romelTa<br />
warmoeba sakvlev regionSi ukve dawyebulia. es procesi<br />
gaaRrmavebs am dargSi ekonomikuri reformebis Sedegad<br />
dawyebul restruqturizaciis process, rac garkveuli wlebis<br />
Semdeg TavisTavad gamoiwvevs nebayoflobiTi dargobrivi<br />
kooperaciuli gaerTianebebis Camoyalibebis aucileblobas.<br />
3.5 3.5 dasaqme dasaqmebisa dasaqme bisa da da da umuSevrobisadmi umuSevrobisadmi saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
regulirebis regulirebis zogierTi zogierTi sakiTxi sakiTxi guriis guriis regionSi<br />
regionSi<br />
saqarTvelo im qveyanaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, sadac<br />
dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis problema mwvaved dgas. imis gamo,<br />
rom saqarTvelosa da dsT-s qveynebis Soris Zveli,<br />
sabWoTadroindeli sameurneo-ekonomikuri kavSirebi erTbaSad<br />
dairRva, rac araswori kursi iyo, sabazro ekonomikisaTvis<br />
Sesaferisi kavSirebis damyareba ki erTob gaWianurda.<br />
saqarTveloSi ver moxerxda dasaqmebis winandeli, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas sakmaod maRali donis SenarCuneba da qveyanaSi aRniSnuli<br />
maCveneblis SemcirebasTan erTad dasaqmebulTa ricxvis<br />
absoluturi klebac dafiqsirda. guriaSi ki es procesebi kidev<br />
ufro mwvavea. Tu 2002 wels dasaqmebulTa ricxvi sagrZnoblad<br />
miuaxlovda 2000 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels (romelic, Tavis<br />
mxriv, wina wlebis maCveneblebs mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba), Semdeg<br />
man isev daiwyo kleba da 2007 wlisaTvis 1783.3 aTasi kaci
Seadgina. aqedan gamomdinare saxezea arasruli dasaqmeba da<br />
umuSevroba (Tumca, statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT es ar<br />
dasturdeba, umuSevrobis donis gaangariSebis SeiZleba iTqvas<br />
arazusti meTodikis gamoyenebis gamo, romelzec qvemoT<br />
SevCerdebiT).<br />
dasaqmebulTa dasaqmebulTa raodenoba raodenoba saqarTvelos saqarTvelos regionebis<br />
regionebis<br />
mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT (aTasi (aTasi kaci)<br />
kaci)<br />
cxrili cxrili 3.6<br />
3.6<br />
(SeniSvna: (SeniSvna: (SeniSvna: (SeniSvna: 1. imereTis monacemebi raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis monacemebsac moicavs;<br />
2. 2000-2002 wlisaTvis Sida qarTlis monacemebi warmodgenilia mcxeTa-mTianeTis<br />
monacemebis CTvliT.))))<br />
2000 2000 w. w. 2001 2001 w. w. 2002 2002 w. 2003 w. 200 2007 200 7 w.<br />
saqarTvelo saqarTvelo sul sul<br />
maT maT Soris:<br />
Soris:<br />
1839.3 1839.3 1877.7 1877.7 1839.2 1839.2 1814.5 1814.5 1783.3<br />
q. Tbilisi 349.2 349.2 32 324.2 32 4.2 319.5 319.5 317.1 315.8<br />
afxazeTis a/r . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
. . . . . . .<br />
. . . . .<br />
.<br />
aWaris a/r 131.9 131.9 153.9 153.9 138.4 166.3 142.5<br />
guria 69.3 69.3<br />
85.6 85.6<br />
81.6 80.9 80.9 80.9<br />
82.2<br />
imereTi 378.3 378.3 378.3 380.1 380.1<br />
372.4 372.4 367.2 367.2 356.4 356.4<br />
356.4<br />
kaxeTi 188.2 188.2 192.8 192.8<br />
214.0 214.0 196.6 196.6 206.3 206.3<br />
206.3<br />
mcxeTa-mTianeTi . . . . . . .<br />
. . . . . . . . .<br />
47. 47.1 47.<br />
49.1<br />
raWa-leCxumi da<br />
qvemo svaneTi<br />
. . . . . .<br />
. . . . . . . . .<br />
. . . . . .<br />
. . . . .<br />
.<br />
samegrelo zemo<br />
svaneTi<br />
225.4 225.4 216.4 216.4 199.8 199.8 199.8 195.2 195.2 189.0<br />
samcxe javaxeTi 80.7 80.7<br />
89.8 109.2 109.2 109.2 105.6 105.6 108.9<br />
qvemo qarTli 223.5 223.5 200.8 200.8 202.5 209.7 209.7 209.7 209.1<br />
Sida qarTli 192.8 192.8 234.1 234.1<br />
201.8 201.8 128.7 128.7 124.0<br />
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, 2000-2007 wlebSi dasaqmebulTa<br />
ricxvis sagrZnobi mateba (TiTqmis 13 aTasi kaciT) dafiqsirda<br />
guriaSi, rac maTi araswori aRricxvis Sedegia. kerZod,<br />
dasaqmebis Sesaxeb amJamad moqmedi kanonis mixedviT, romelic<br />
2001 wels iqna miRebuli, sasoflo-sameurneo miwis 1 an meti<br />
heqtaris mflobeli da misi ojaxis wevrebi, yvela vinc<br />
miiRo miwa dasaqmebulad iTvlebian, rac avtomaturad<br />
gamoricxavs maT umuSevrobas da seriozulad amaxinjebs
dasaqmebis realur suraTs. kerZod, rogorc pirveli cxrilidan<br />
Cans, guriaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxvi sagrZnoblad (16.3 aTasi kacis<br />
erT weliwadSi), swored 2000 - 2001 wlebSi gaizarda da<br />
Sesabamisad mniSvnelivnad 9,2-dan 3,7 procentamde Semcirda<br />
umuSevrobis maCvenebeli (cxrili 3.7), rac swored aRricxvaSi<br />
arsebuli zemoaRniSnuli sakanomdeblo lafsusis Sedegia.<br />
pirdapir SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi amgvari<br />
sakanondeblo normis dawesebiT SeiniRba dasaqmebis realuri<br />
suraTi. sinamdvileSi, qveyanaSi mTlianad, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
guriaSi dasaqmebis dargSi arsebuli mdgomareoba bevrad ufro<br />
mZimea, vidre es statistikuri monacemidan Cans. amas,<br />
Sinameurneobis gamokvlevis masalebic adasturebs, romlis<br />
mixedviT mTlianad saqarTveloSi 2007 wels umuSevrobis done<br />
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier SemoTavazebuli e.w.<br />
“Serbilebuli” kriteriumis mixedviT ara Tu 13.6 procents<br />
Seadgens (cxrili 3.7), aramed ekonomikuri politikisa da<br />
samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio<br />
centris gaTvlebiT 15 procentsac ki aWarbebs [3.26-78] Tu imasac<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom guriaSi yoveli mesame saerTod<br />
dausaqmebelia, aseTi dabali donis dasaqmeba qveynis arc erT<br />
regions ar gaaCnia. amasTan adgili aqvs sezonur da<br />
farTomaStabian arasrul dasaqmebas, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom<br />
umuSevrobis maCvenebeli realurad maRalia, xolo regionSi<br />
viTomda dafiqsirebuli 3-4 procentiani umuSevrobis maCvenebeli<br />
realobisagan Zalian Sors dgas (igi maRalganviTarebul<br />
qveynebSic ki ar aris miRweuli). aseTi araswori informacia<br />
umuSevrobas gaaRrmavebs, dausaqmebelTa ricxvs gazrdis!
umuSevarTa umuSevarTa raodenoba raodenoba saqarTvelos regionebis<br />
mixedviT mixedviT (procentobiT)<br />
(procentobiT)<br />
(procentobiT)<br />
cxrili cxrili 3.7<br />
3.7<br />
(SeniSvna (SeniSvna: (SeniSvna 1. imereTis monacemebi raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis monacemebsac moicavs;<br />
2. 2000-2002 wlisaTvis Sida qarTlis monacemebi warmodgenilia mcxeTa – mTianeTis<br />
monacemebis CTvliT.<br />
2000 2000 w. w. 2001 w. 2002 002 w. w. 2003 w. 2007 2007 w.<br />
saqarTvelo saqarTvelo sul sul<br />
maT maT Soris:<br />
Soris:<br />
10.3 11.1 12.6 11.5 13.6<br />
q. Tbilisi 19.3 25.5 28.8 26.1 27.0<br />
afxazeTis a/r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
aWaris a/r 14.9 14.6 14.7 12.1 17.6<br />
guria 9.2 3.7 5.0 3.8 3.4<br />
imereTi 9.8 8.9 7.9 7.8 10.5<br />
kaxeTi 6.7 4.1 3.9 5.8 5.2<br />
mcxeTa-mTianeTi . . . . . . . . . 14.8 11.4<br />
raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
samegrelo zemo svaneTi 4.4 7.5 8.6 6.2 7.6<br />
samcxe javaxeTi 5.5 2.2 4.5 4.2 4.0<br />
qvemo qarTli 7.6 5.4 7.7 6.9 8.1<br />
Sida qarTli 5.7 7.4 11.4 9.3 10.9<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi mTlianad dasaqmebulTa<br />
Soris sakmaod maRalia TviTdasaqmebulTa wili (daaxloebiT 70<br />
procenti), guriaSi ki igi 90 procentze metia, mosaxleobis<br />
ZiriTadi nawili sakarmidamo nakveTebSi saqmianobs da Tavisi<br />
Tavisa da ojaxis wevrebis arsebobis SenarCunebaze zrunavs.<br />
mTavrobam miwa, visac misca, isini yvela dasaqmebulad<br />
arasworad CaTvala.<br />
guriaSi dasaqmebis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba da<br />
Sesabamisad umuSevrobis Semcirebis gadaudeblad gadasaWreli<br />
amocanebia:<br />
1. dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis realuri suraTis dadgenis<br />
mizniT specialuri gamokvlevis Catareba;
2. dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis gafarToeba da samuSaos<br />
maZiebelTa SromaSi Cabma. am mxriv mniSvnelovan mimarTulebad<br />
gvesaxeba soflad Cais mrewvelobis ganviTareba. gamokvlevebi<br />
cxadyofen, rom guriaSi kvlav aris SesaZlebeli xarisxovani<br />
Cais foTlis damzadebisa da Savi da mwvane baixis (agreTve sxva<br />
saxis) Cais produqciis warmoebis tradiciebis aRdgena.<br />
miTumetes, rom aRniSnul produqciaze qveyanaSi didi<br />
moTxovnilebaa. regions am mxriv didi saeqsporto potencialic<br />
gaaCnia, romlis amoqmedeba centraluri xelisuflebis<br />
daxmarebas (bazrebis Seswavla, sainvesticio garemos Seqmna da<br />
a.S.) moiTxovs. rogorc cnobilia, Cais moyvana-gadamuSavebis<br />
procesSi 1 ha-ze dasaqmebulia 3 kaci. guriis regionSi<br />
SesaZlebelia am kuTxiT daaxloebiT 20 000 kacis dasaqmeba, rac<br />
udaod mniSvnelovania regionis dasaqmebisaTvis;<br />
3. dasaqmebis donis amaRlebis realur mimarTulebas<br />
warmoadgens agreTve Txilis warmoebis gafarToebac, romelzec<br />
moTxovnileba msoflioSi Zalze didia. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
investiciebis nakleboba aqac mwvaved igrZnoba;<br />
4. kvlav arasaTanadod gamoiyeneba dasaqmebis<br />
SesaZleblobebi mecitruseobaSi, aq ZiriTadad produqciis<br />
gasaRebis problema dgas;<br />
5. seriozul midgomas moiTxovs regionSi sakonservo<br />
warmoebis ganviTarebis sakiTxi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sanedleulo<br />
bazis mxriv regions didi SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia, Tumca maTi<br />
realizeba sakmaod rTuli iqneba, radgan amisaTvis saWiroa<br />
adgilobrivi hidroenergo resursebis gamoyeneba (iafi<br />
eleqtroenergiis misaRebad), bazrebis moZieba da investiciebis<br />
mozidva;
6. miuxedavad imisa, rom guriis regioni mravalma<br />
maRalkvalificiurma specialistma datova mainc SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom misi SromiTi potenciali sakmaod maRalia. amasTan,<br />
isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmnis<br />
SemTxvevaSi adgilobrivi kadrebis dabruneba problema ar<br />
gaxdeba.<br />
guruli glexis survilia dasaqmdes adgilze warmoebaSi da<br />
gaxdes namdvili mewarme, magram amas xels uSlis mravali<br />
faqtori, romelzedac zeviT gvqonda saubari. saerTod,<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia, is rom am mxareSi saxelmwifo daxmarebis<br />
gareSe SromiTi resursebis dasaqmeba TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iqneba.<br />
amitomac igi momavalSi saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebiT unda<br />
gadawydes. es rom aucilebelia igi naTlad Cans Cvens mier<br />
Catarebuli gamokvlevidan.
daskvnebi daskvnebi da da winadadebebi<br />
winadadebebi<br />
1. agraruli reforma guriis mxaris regionSi araefeqtiania.<br />
soflad ver aRorZinda mewarmeoba da biznesi ver ganviTarda,<br />
ris Sedegad sawarmoo potenciali srulad ar gamoiyeneba.<br />
naturalur_karCaketili meurneoba Camoyalibda, Semcirda miwis,<br />
kapitalis, Sromis gamoyenebis efeqtianoba, migraciuli<br />
procesebi soflidan qalaqisaken daCqarda.<br />
guria, adre sabWoTa periodSi odesRac erT-erTi<br />
ekonomikurad mowinave mxare CamorCenil_araperspeqtiul<br />
regionad gadaiqca, cxovrebis donis maCveneblebiT sakvlevi<br />
mxare erT-erTi dabalia qveynis regionebs Soris. sasursaTo<br />
uzrunvelyofis done TiTqmis yvela regions CamorCeba.<br />
2. cudad, araefeqtianad Catarda sawarmoTa privatizacia da<br />
restruqturizacia. daiSala maRalrentabeluri, organizebuli<br />
Cais meurneobebi, misi qoneba datacebuli iqna; sanedleulo<br />
wyaroebisa da sarealizacio bazebis uqonlobiT Cais fabrikebis<br />
muSaoba gaCerda, misi qoneba daitaces – ganadgurda. amis<br />
Sedegad Cais produqtTa qvekompleqsi faqtiurad ar<br />
funqcionirebs. spontanurad dawyebuli miwis privatizaciis<br />
procesis Sedegad stiqiurad Seiqmna sxvadsxva saxelwodebis da<br />
sakuTrebis formis integraciuli sawarmoebi, magram moxda am<br />
sawarmoTa mxolod meqanikuri SeerTeba da ara maTi sawarmoo-<br />
ekonomikuri saqmianobis organizaciuli sinTezi. sawarmoTa<br />
gardaqmna TviTdinebiT, stiqiurad, araefeqtianad warimarTa.<br />
amasTan, ugulvebelyofiliyo saxelmwifos maregulirebeli<br />
roli, ekonomikis saimedoba bazris ”uxilavi xels” miandves.<br />
sabazro urTierTobaze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT, roca
ekonomikis prioritetul dargSi, kerZod meurneobaSi (romelic<br />
ganmsazRvrelia regionis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis), roca<br />
am dargSi kerZo sakuTreba da kerZo seqtori xdeba mewarmeobis<br />
ZiriTadi forma da uaxles TvalsawierSiac mas alternativa ar<br />
gaaCnia, wina planze iwevs misi saxelmwifo regulirebis<br />
problema.<br />
3. dRes guriis regionis miwis mflobelTa absoluturi<br />
umravlesoba, mxolod naturalur meurneobas eweva, roca<br />
postsabWour periodSi gamodevnili naturaluri glexuri<br />
meurneobis reabilitaciis mcdelobas ar scildeba,<br />
sakuTrebaSi gadacemuli miwis nakveTze gaweuli saqmianobis<br />
saboloo ekonomikuri SedegiT glexi ver akmayofilebs<br />
saarsebod aucilebeli moTxovnilebis minimumsac ki. amitom am<br />
meurneobis gafarToebul kvlavwarmoebaze, an mis ganviTarebaze<br />
fiqric SeuZlebelia. miwis sakuTreba aq jer kidev mxolod<br />
uflebriv kategoriad rCeba. Cai iyo da iqneba guriis mxaris<br />
Cavardnili ekonomikis amomwev ZiriTad dargad. gamokvlevebi<br />
cxadyofen, rom guriaSi kvlav aris SesaZlebeli xarisxovani<br />
Cais foTlis damzadeba da Savi da mwvane baixis (agreTve sxva<br />
saxis) Cais produqciis warmoebis tradiciebis aRdgena,<br />
miTumetes, rom aRniSnul produqciaze qveyanaSi didi<br />
moTxovnilebaa. regions am mxriv did saeqsporto potencialic<br />
gaaCnia, romlis amoqmedeba centraluri xelisuflebis<br />
daxmarebas moiTxovs. Tu ra mimarTulebiT unda warimarTos<br />
muSaoba Cais aRdgena da ganviTareba sakvlev regionSi, igi<br />
naSromSi sruladaa mocemuli.<br />
4. gardamaval periodSi mza Cais mewarmis<br />
dainteresebisaTvis unda gamoviyenoT Semdegi principi: mewarmem
ara marto unda srulad ainazRauros mza Caize gaweuli<br />
sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli xarjebi, aramed mewarmes unda<br />
darCes mis zeviT mogebis 50%-ti, anu sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, Cais<br />
warmoebaSi mewarme imuSavebs sul mcire – 50%-iani<br />
rentabelobis pirobebSi.<br />
aseT pirobebSi mewarmeoba meCaieobaSi swrafad aRdgeba,<br />
Cais warmoeba aseve umokles droSi aRorZindeba da<br />
ganviTardeba. materialuri dainteresebis es principi imoqmedebs<br />
mxolod reformis gardamaval periodSi, xolo Semdgom<br />
uSualod Tavisufali bazris fasebi amoqmeddeba. mza Cais<br />
miwodebisa da masze moTxovnis – sabazro kanonis –<br />
koniuqturis, e. i. Tavisufali bazris fasebis Camoyalibebis<br />
principebis amoqmedebis safuZvelze.<br />
5. meCaieobaSi – mewarmeobis ganviTareba sami mimarTulebiT<br />
unda warimarTos: pirveli – erTpirovnuli meurneobis saxiT;<br />
meore – partnioruli; da, mesame – saaqcio sazogadoebis Seqmnis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
6. amJamad, guriis regionSi sawarmoTa ZiriTad formas<br />
warmoadgens glexuri da fermeruli meurneobebi. Tumca maTi<br />
arseboba arc ”mewarmeTa Sesaxeb” kanoniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
da arc raime sxva saxis saxelmwifo dokumentiT.<br />
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia soflis meurneobis dargisaTvis<br />
damuSavdes specialuri kanonmdebloba – ”mewarmeobis Sesaxeb”,<br />
da ganisazRvros glexuri da fermeruli meurneobaTa formebis<br />
arseboba da mizanmimarTuleba Cvens sazogadoebaSi. amas iTxovs<br />
Cveni erovnuli tradiciebi da perspeqtivaSi dargebis<br />
gaZRolis sistemebis obieqturi realuri ganviTarebis<br />
moTxovnebi.
7. meCaieoba aRiarebul unda iqnes (ara sityviT, aramed<br />
saqmiT) prioritetul dargad. misi aRdgena-ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
farTod unda iqnes gamoyenebuli sakuTari da ucxouri<br />
investiciebi. unda damuSavdes meCaieobisa da masTan<br />
dakavSirebuli gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis sawarmoo<br />
potencialis efeqtianad gamoyenebis programebi, dayvanil iqnes<br />
igi calkeul raionamde, sawarmomde. am ukanasknelis safuZvelze<br />
unda damuSavdes meCaieobaSi mewarmeobis gamoyenebis formebi da<br />
biznes-gegmebi, saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebiT unda<br />
sruldebodes biznes-gegmebi. aseve guriis calkeuli raionebis<br />
bunebriv-sameurneo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda Seiqmnas<br />
Sereuli tipis servisuli kooperativebi, romelTa<br />
funqcionirebis organizaciul-ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri<br />
formebi unda damuSavdes mecnierTa da adgilebze specialistTa<br />
mier, masze monitoringi saxelmwifom unda ganaxorcielos;<br />
- unda Camoyalibdes agraruli seqtoris mier warmoebuli<br />
produqciis giravnobiT saxelmwifo, kerZo an Sereuli tipis<br />
sistema da misi regulirebis ekonomikuri meqanizmi, romlis<br />
drosac mewarmeebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT daagiraos rogorc mis<br />
mier warmoebuli, ise samomavlod misaRebi perspeqtiuli<br />
produqcia;<br />
- kanoni ”saxelmwifo Sesyidvis Sesaxeb”, sruliad<br />
Seesabameba saerTaSoriso normebs da principebs, romlis<br />
moqmedeba vrceldeba rogorc saxelmwifo, ise adgilobrivi<br />
biujetebis xarjze ganxorcielebuli nebismieri saxis saqonlis<br />
da momsaxurebis Sesyidvaze. amasTan, am Sesyidvebis<br />
ganxorcieleba dasaSvebia mxolod tenderisa da erT pirTan<br />
molaparakebis meSveobiT. ase mkacrad reglamentirebuli da
saTanado samarTlebrivi normebiT daculi kanonis amoqmedeba<br />
udaod xels Seuwyobs agrarul seqtorSi arsebuli xarvezebis<br />
aRmofxvras. agraruli seqtoris mier warmoebuli produqciis<br />
Tavisufal realizaciasTan erTad, mizanSewonilia<br />
prioritetuli saxis produqciaze, wamoebisa da moxmarebis<br />
Soris balansis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo iyos maTi<br />
realizaciis garanti, risTvisac saWiro iqneba damuSavdes<br />
Sesabamisi ekonomikuri meqanizmi saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtors<br />
Soris urTierTobebis srulyofa-ganviTarebisaTvis, aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia guriis calkeul<br />
raionebis mixedviT Seiqmnas sasoflo-sameurneo da sxva<br />
produqtebis Semsyidveli kooperativebi, romlebic muSaobas<br />
ZiriTadad sakontraqto safuZvelze (xelSekrulebiT)<br />
ganaxorcieleben.<br />
8. guriis regionSi, iseve, rogorc mTlianad saqarTveloSi<br />
90-iani wlebis periodidan gatarebuli ekonomikuri reformebi<br />
aqcentirebuli iyo makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis miRwevebisa<br />
da krizisis daZlevaze. jer kidev 1994 wlis dawyebulma<br />
antikrizisulma politikam, xolo Semdgom ganxorcielebulma<br />
finansuri stabilizaciis programam garkveulad ganapirobes<br />
sabazro ekonomikis sivrcis Camoyalibeba. aRniSnuli tendenciis<br />
logikuri gagrZeleba unda yofiliyo ekonomikuri zrdis<br />
procesis dawyeba, rasac moyveboda sagareo wyaroebidan<br />
miRebuli daxmarebis etapobrivi Canacvleba sakuTari<br />
ekonomikuri resursebiT. bolo wlebSi aRsaniSnavi iyo<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomikis zrdis tempebis mateba, magram 2008 wlis<br />
politikurma movlenebma garkveuli gavlena moaxdines qveynis<br />
ekonomikaze.
dReisaTvis guriis sazogadoebas iseve, rogorc sxva<br />
CamorCenili ekonomikis mqone regionebis umetesobas awuxebs<br />
finansuri siZneleebi. kerZod, ar gaaCniaT sawyisi kapitali<br />
biznesis dawyebisaTvis. amis daZlevis erT-erTi gza<br />
saxelwifoebrivi regulirebis gziT unda gadaiWras.<br />
saxelmwifom pirvel rigSi unda Seqmnas sabazro garemo<br />
pirobebi: SeimuSavos da danergos swori sagadasaxado,<br />
sakredito, safinanso, sadazRvevo, sabaJo politikis optimaluri<br />
parametrebi.<br />
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saWiroa iseTi saxis<br />
institucionaluri da ekonomikuri gardaqmnebi, roca<br />
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis yvela sfero gamoimuSavebs<br />
iseT imunitets, romelic xels Seuwyobs da daaCqarebs<br />
mewarmeobis aRorZinebasa da ganviTarebas.<br />
makroekonomikur doneze struqturuli politikis<br />
realizaciisas saxelmwifom maqsimalurad unda Seuwyos xeli<br />
regionSi erToblivi moTxovnis amaRlebas, dagrovebis normis<br />
momatebas da saerTod, sainvesticio klimatis gajansaRebas. sxva<br />
mxriv guriis mxare ekonomikurad ver aRorZindeba.<br />
9. Cais fabrikebis ganviTarebaze uaryofiTi zegavlenis<br />
momxdeni ekonomikuri faqtorebi SeiZleba daiyos Sida da gare<br />
faqtorebad. gare faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia ekonomikuri<br />
kavSirebis moSla, ramac gamoiwvia sanedleulo bazis deficiti.<br />
Cais mrewvelobaSi, iseve, rogorc mTlianad kvebis mrewvelobaSi,<br />
krizisidan gamosvlis mTavar RonisZiebas sabazro urTierTobis<br />
Sesabamisi struqturebis damkvidreba-ganviTareba warmoadgens.<br />
saerTod, sabazro urTierTobebis Sesabamisi struqturebis<br />
damkvidrebisaTvis saWiroa:
- mravalsakuTrebiT urTierTobebze damyarebuli sawarmoTa<br />
yvela formis gamoyeneba;<br />
- sawarmoTa konkurencia da produqciis<br />
konkurentunarianoba;<br />
- Tavisufali bazris fasebis amoqmedeba;<br />
- sawarmoebis reorganizacia-restruqturizacia;<br />
- swori sagadasaxado, safinanso, sakredito, sadazRvevo,<br />
sabaJo politikis gamoyeneba-danergva;<br />
- socialurad daucveli fenebisadmi swori damcavi<br />
meqanizmis SemuSaveba-danergva;<br />
danergva.<br />
- Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis miRwevebis<br />
analizi aCvenebs, rom guriis regionSi arc erTi sabazro<br />
moTxovna srulad ar aris gatarebuli mxaris ekonomikaSi,<br />
amitomac reforma araefeqtiania.<br />
axla mwarmoebel sawarmoebebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />
unda mieqces mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebas. igi<br />
iZleva am dargSi funqcionirebis swrafad dawyebis saSualebas,<br />
bazarze myisieri orientaciis moxdenas, mesakuTreTa samewarmeo<br />
unaris optimaluri gamoyenebis did da karg SesaZleblobas da<br />
a. S.<br />
10. guriis regionSi siRaribe pirdapir ukavSirdeba<br />
ekonomikur ganviTarebas. aq siRaribis daZlevis strategia<br />
axlad unda Sedges. siRaribis daZlevisaTvis pirdapiri<br />
pasuxismgebloba unda daekisros saxelmwifos. siRaribis<br />
daZlevis kompleqsur RonisZiebebSi mTavaria gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
iqnes srulyofili Sromis bazris Camoyalibeba; moqalaqeTa<br />
droebiTi SromiTi mowyobis organizacia; adamianuri kapitalis
olis amaRleba; sasursaTo usafrTxoebis strategiis<br />
ganxorcieleba; turizmis (gansakuTrebiT agroturizmis)<br />
ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebis mizanmimarTuli gamoyeneba da<br />
sxva. amave dros:<br />
_ unda mivaRwioT regionis TviTregulirebad bazarze<br />
saxelmwifos rolis gaZlierebas ekonomikuri berketebis<br />
zemoqmedebiT;<br />
_ aucilebelia damuSavdes da dainergos regionebis<br />
efeqtiani proteqcionistuli politika, romelic waaxalisebs<br />
mewarmeebs saxelmwifos mier mxardamWeri RonisZiebebis<br />
gatarebiT.<br />
_ guriis mxaris agraruli seqtoris krizisidan gamoyvana<br />
da gadarCena SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod meCaieobis<br />
aRdgeniT. masTan erTad, aucilebelia _ mecitruseobis, Txilis<br />
da kivis warmoebis gafarToeba. pirvel yovlisa, saWiroa am<br />
dargebSi avaRorZinoT mewarmeoba. sabazro ekonomika _ xom<br />
mewarmeTa ekonomikaa. mewarmeoba aaRorZinebs da ganaviTarebs<br />
sakvlevi mxaris ekonomikas, igi mdgradad, myarad ganviTardeba<br />
da xalxis cxovrebis donec amaRldeba.<br />
regionis ekonomikis daCqarebis amZlavrea<br />
mravalsakuTrebiT urTierTobebze damyarebuli sawarmoTa<br />
formebis gamoyeneba da maTSi ki ganmsazRvreli iqneba kerZo<br />
sakuTreba da Tavisufali konkurencia.<br />
11. sabazro ekonomikaSi, romelic emyareba Tavisufal<br />
mewarmeobasa da konkurencias, aucilebelia efeqtiani saqmianoba,<br />
vinaidan mkacri da obieqturia sabazro urTierTobebis kanonebi.<br />
sabazro ekonomika ver itans iseT menejerebs, romlebic umiznod<br />
xarjaven sawarmoo resursebs da akotreben mas. amitom sabazro
urTierTobaTa pirobebSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mTlianad<br />
sawarmos saqmianobis konkurentunarianobas.<br />
konkurentunarianobas gansazRvraven rogorc obieqtis<br />
Tvisebas, romelic axasiaTebs konkretuli moTxovnilebis<br />
dakmayofilebis xarisxs mocemuli bazarze warmodgenil<br />
analogiur obieqtTan SedarebiT. konkurentunarianobis cnebaSi<br />
igulisxmeba ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi, socialuri<br />
urTierTobebis erToblioba mwarmoeblebsa da momxmareblebs<br />
Soris an marTvis (menejmentis) subieqtebs Soris, romlebic<br />
xorcieldeba konkurenciisa da sakuTrebis pruralizmis<br />
pirobebSi. jer kidev vxdebiT mtkicebas imis Taobaze, rom<br />
gegmiani ekonomika uTmobs adgils sabazro ekonomikas. aseTi<br />
mtkiceba, Cveni azriT, arakoreqtulia, vinaidan dagegmvis roli<br />
sabazro urTierTobis pirobebSi kidev ufro maRldeba. Tu<br />
centralizebul_gegmiani ekonomikis dros yvela sagegmo<br />
maCvenebeli qvemdgomi donisaTvis ganisazRvreboda piramidis<br />
sistemis mixedviT saerTo maCveneblebis safuZvelze, romelSic<br />
ignorirebuli iyo momxmarebelTa interesebi, sabazro<br />
urTierTobaTa pirobebSi marTvis yvela subieqti yvela doneze<br />
damoukideblad gegmavs Tavis momaval saqmianobas. kerZod<br />
sawarmoo (firma) gegmavs sameurneo saqmianobis yvela<br />
maCvenebels, maT Soris saqonlis konkurentunarianobas. amdenad,<br />
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia meCaieobis mewarmeTa<br />
dainteresebisaTvis SemoviRod sagegmo maCveneblad<br />
konkurentunarianoba.<br />
saerTod, meCaiobaSi Cais xarisxis amaRleba da<br />
konkurentunariani produqciis miReba iwyeba misi moyvanis _<br />
mindvridan da Tavdeba misi saboloo momxmarebelTan mitanamde.
ai, am procesebis dacva da regulireba mogvcems saSualebas<br />
guriis regionSi vawarmooT konkurentunariani mza _ Cai. aseTi<br />
xarisxis produqcias Tavisuflad SeuZlia daikavos msoflios<br />
nebismieri bazari da Cai maRalrentabeluri, momgebiani gaxdes.<br />
12. me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi qorwinebis SemcirebasTan<br />
erTad mokvdaobis donem da gare migraciam, guriis regionSi da<br />
mTlianad qveyanaSic gadaaWarba mosaxleobis bunebriv matebas.<br />
amdenad, guria 21-e saukuneSi Sevida, rogorc depopulaciis<br />
tipiuri regioni.<br />
amasTan, saqarTvelos calkeul regionebis mixedviT<br />
mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis saerTo demografiul fonze<br />
mravalmxriv gamoirCeva guria. sadac erT-erTi yvelaze dabalia<br />
Sobadobis done da mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis koeficienti.<br />
xolo mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnoba mcirdeba, rogorc<br />
bunebrivi klebis aseve Siga da gare migraciis Sedegad, rac<br />
perspeqtivaSi kidev ufro gaamwvavebs guriis regionis<br />
demografiis da SromiT potencials.<br />
am regionSi Cais warmoebis realizaciam da amis safuZvelze<br />
ekonomikis aRmavlobam unda Secvalos am mxareSi demografiuli<br />
situacia dadebiTad. amdenad, ekonomikis aRmavloba am mxaris<br />
demografiuli fonis gajansaRebis ZiriTad pirobad unda iqnes<br />
miCneuli. es ki warmoudgenelia Caisa da subtropikuli<br />
kulturebis warmoebis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis gareSe.
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
literatura<br />
1. 1. saqarTvelos saqarTvelos respublikis respublikis meTauris meTauris brZanebulebebi brZanebulebebi da<br />
da<br />
gankargulebebi<br />
gankargulebebi<br />
1.1 ekonomikuri krizisis daZlevisa da stabilizaciis<br />
programis Sesaxeb. 1993 weli 18.12 #262.<br />
1.2 saqarTvelos respublikis antikrizisuli programisa da<br />
1994-1995 wlebisaTvis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis<br />
ZiriTadi principebis Sesaxeb 1994 weli 7.02 #34.<br />
1.3 privatizaciis procesis mowesrigebisa da daCqarebis<br />
zogierTi RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb. 1994 weli 29.05 #178.<br />
1.4 saqarTvelos respublikis sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis<br />
sargeblobisaTvis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb 1994 weli 18.12 #338.<br />
1.5 radikaluri ekonomikuri reformis kursis<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb 1995<br />
weli 8.02 #38.<br />
1.6 ekonomikuri stabilizaciis damatebiTi RonisZiebaTa<br />
Sesaxeb 1995 weli 24.04 #134.<br />
1.1 1.1 saqarTvelos saqarTvelos prezidentis prezidentis gankargulebebi<br />
gankargulebebi<br />
1.1.1 27 marti. 2003 w. prezidentis gankarguleba #336<br />
meCaiobaSi sabazro garemos formirebis xelSemwyobi<br />
pirobebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb<br />
1.1.2 2 seqtemberi 2005w. prezidentis gankarguleba #693<br />
(soflis meurneobis saerTaSoriso fondsa (IFAD) da<br />
saqarTvelos Soris grantis Sesaxeb.
2. 2. saqarTvelos saqarTvelos respublikis respublikis ministrTa ministrTa kabinetis<br />
kabinetis<br />
dadgenileba<br />
dadgenileba<br />
dadgenileba<br />
2.1 saqarTvelos respublikaSi sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
daniSnulebis miwis reformis Sesaxeb 1992 weli 18.01 #48.<br />
2.2 saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo sawarmoTa<br />
privatizaciis saxelmwifo programis Sesaxeb. 1992 weli 11.08<br />
#829.<br />
2.3 saqarTvelos respublikis mcire samewarmeo saqmianobis<br />
ganviTarebisa da xelSewyobis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb. 1993 2.03<br />
#601.<br />
2.4 1993-1995 wlebSi saqarTvelos respublikis<br />
agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis krizisidan gamoyvanis programis<br />
Sesaxeb 1993 weli 5.03 #199.<br />
2.5 saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni „mewarmeTa“ Sesaxeb.<br />
Tbilisi 1994 weli.<br />
2.6 debuleba saxelmwifo qonebis ijariT gadacemis wesis<br />
Taobaze. Tbilisi 1994 weli.<br />
2.7 saxelmwifo miznobrivi programa “Cai“, Tb. 1998 w.<br />
2.8 saqarTvelos agraruli politikis koncefcia,<br />
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministro. 1997<br />
w.<br />
2.9 saqarTvelos kanoni “sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis<br />
miwis sakuTrebis Sesaxeb”. Tb. 1999.<br />
2.10 saqarTvelos kanoni “mewarmeobis Sesaxeb”. Tb. 1999 w.<br />
2.11 saqarTvelos sagasaxado kodeqsi. Tb. 2007
2.12 saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier miRebuli kanonebi da<br />
kanonqvemdebare aqtebi miwaTsargeblobisa da miwis gamoyenebis<br />
Sesaxeb. Tb. 2002 w.<br />
2.1 2.1 2.1 saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos mTavrobis mTavrobis dadgenilebebi dadgenilebebi dadgenilebebi da<br />
da<br />
gankargulebebi<br />
gankargulebebi<br />
2.1.1 30 maisi 2007w. saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #110<br />
,,dasaqmebis programa 2007 : dasaqmeba mcire da saSualo<br />
biznesis ganviTarebiT’’ miznobrivi saxelmwifo programis<br />
damtkicebis Sesaxeb.<br />
2.1.2 20 Tebervali 2008w. saqarTvelos mTavroba<br />
gankarguleba #62.<br />
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros mier<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis Sesyidvis erT pirTan<br />
molaparakebis saSualebiT ganxorcielebis Taobaze.<br />
#158<br />
2.1.3 10 ivlisi 2008 w. saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba<br />
,,saxelmwifo programa ,,iafi kreditis’’ ,,eqsportis<br />
waxalisebisa’’ da ,,regionaluri turizmis, soflis meurneobisa<br />
da xalxuri rewvis ganviTarebis’’ qveprogramebis damtkicebasa<br />
da maT SesrulebasTan dakavSirebul RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb’’.<br />
#504<br />
2.1.4 6 agvisto 2008 w. saqarTvelos mTavroba gankarguleba<br />
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministrosaTvis<br />
,,saqarTvelos regionebSi gansaxorcielebeli proeqtebis<br />
fondidan’’ Tanxis gamoyofis Sesaxeb.
3. 3. wignebi wignebi da da statiebi<br />
statiebi<br />
3.1 “agraruli reforma da misi gatareba cxovrebaSi”,<br />
erovnuli seminaris masalebi, Tb., 2002.<br />
3.2 “agraruli reformebi saqarTveloSi realoba da<br />
perspeqtivebi”, erovnuli seminarebis masalebi, Tb., 2001.<br />
3.3 agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis krizisidan gamoyvanis<br />
pirveli da meore rigis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb erovnuli<br />
seminaris masalebi - Tb., 2002.<br />
3.4 andRulaZe r. doRonaZe g. – saqarTvelos miwis fondi<br />
da maTi intensiurad gamoyenebis gzebi - Tb., 1987, gv. 154.<br />
3.5 andRulaZe r. - miwis reformis, saadgilmamulo<br />
urTierTobaTa srulyofis pirveli Sedegebi da gadasawyveti<br />
problemebi saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis<br />
mecnierebaTa akademia; agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis ekonomikisa<br />
da marTvis samecniero – kvleviTi instituti, samecniero<br />
SromaTa krebuli, t. III (XXVI), gv. 28.<br />
3.6 andRulaZe r. – miwis reformis, saadgilmamulo<br />
urTierTobaTa srulyofis Sedegebi da gadasawyveti problemebi.<br />
SromaTa krebuli t. III (XXVI), Tb., 2001., gv. 28.<br />
3.7 andRulaZe r. – wigni saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis<br />
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani warmoebis specializaciisa<br />
da koncentraciis procesSi, Tb., 1999, gv. 458.<br />
gv. 89<br />
3.8 asaTiani r. – menejmenti, Tb., 1995, gv. 253.<br />
3.9 asaTiani r. – momsaxureba da sabazro sistema, Tb., 1999,<br />
3.10 asaTiani r. – momsaxureba da sabazro sistema, Tb., 1993.
3.11 asaraia v. - gadasaxadis arsisa da sagadasaxado wnexis<br />
zogierTi sakiTxi, saqarTvelos finansebis s/k institutis<br />
Sromebis krebuli, t. III, Tb., 1999, gv. 9.<br />
3.12 bauCaZe b. aroSiZe p. - agraruli kanonebis roli soflis<br />
meurneobis ganviTarebaSi. samecniero konferenciis masalebi. mcire<br />
da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi regionebis<br />
agrosamrewvelo seqtorSi. baTumi 2007. gv.144.<br />
3.13 bolokaZe a. – marketingi, Tb., 1995.<br />
3.14 balceroviCi l. – “Tavisufleba da ganviTareba”,<br />
Tavisufali bazris ekonomika, Targmani polonuri enidan a.<br />
griSikaSvilisa, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 370.<br />
3.15 burkaZe v. – fermerul (glexuri) meurneobaTa kooperireba.<br />
msxvili sasaqonlo meurneobis Seqmnis safuZvelia. saqarTvelos<br />
soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademia; agrosamrewvelo<br />
kompleqsis ekonomikisa da marTvis samecniero – kvleviTi instituti,<br />
samecniero SromaTa krebuli t. III (XXVI), gv. 19.<br />
3.16 burkaZe v. – agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebis ZiriTadi<br />
mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi - saqarTvelos ekonomikis<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiis SromaTa krebuli, t. III, firma “siaxle”,<br />
gv. 262.<br />
3.17 burkaZe v. – saqarTvelos agraruli seqtoris<br />
krizisidan gamoyvanis zogierTi ZiriTadi RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb,<br />
ekonomikis akademiis Sromebis krebuli, t. 2, Tb., firma “siaxle”,<br />
2001 w., gv. 194.<br />
3.18 burkaZe v. – saqarTvelos agrarul seqtorSi sabazro<br />
urTierTobebis arsebuli mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis<br />
perspeqtivebi, ekonomikis akademiis Sromebis krebuli, t. 1,<br />
gamomcemloba ”siaxle”, Tb., 2000 w., gv. 177.
3.19 burkaZe v. – kolxeTis dablobi – soflis meurneobis<br />
warmoebis gadidebis mniSvnelovani rezervi, ekonomikis akademiis<br />
Sromebis krebuli, t. 4, gamomcemloba “siaxle”, Tb., 2004 w., gv.<br />
224.<br />
3.20 burkaZe v. _ saqarTvelos agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis<br />
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis zogierTi RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb<br />
- SromaTa krebuli t. I (XXVI), Tb., 1998, gv. 5-16.<br />
3.21 burkaZe v. _ fermerul (glexuri) meurneobaTa<br />
kooperireba msxvili sasaqonlo meurneobis Seqmnis safuZvelia -<br />
SromaTa krebuli, t. III (XXVI), Tb., 2001, gv. 19.<br />
3.22 bigvava l. – sabazro sistemis formirebis problemebi<br />
Cais warmoebis qvekompleqsSi. Tbilisis biznesis saxelmwifo<br />
institutis samecniero Sromebi. III-IV. Tbilisi, 2005 w., gv. 24-36.<br />
3.23 bigvava l. – Cais warmoebis qvekompleqsis marTvis<br />
srulyofa meurneobriobis axal pirobebSi. Tbilisis biznesis<br />
saxelmwifo institutis samecniero Sromebi. III-IV. Tbilisi, 2005<br />
w., gv. 37-47.<br />
3.24 gvelesiani m. _ ekonomikuri viTareba: reformis<br />
Sedegebi da tendeciebi - saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da<br />
socialuri problemebis s/k institutis Sromebis krebuli, t. I,<br />
1996, gv. 28.<br />
3.25 gogotiSvili g. _ fermerul meurneobaTa<br />
funqcionirebis ZiriTadi problemebi - SromaTa krebuli t. II,<br />
1999, gv. 222.<br />
3.26 griSikaSvili a. “gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebi da<br />
evropuli integracia” - Tb. 2005.
3.27 doRonaZe g., Zagania v. _ soflis meurneobis<br />
resursuli potencialis gansazRvra da misi gamoyeneba mTis<br />
pirobebSi - SromaTa krebuli t. I (XXVI), gv. 50.<br />
3.28 doRonaZe g. _ miwis reformis mimdinareobis ZiriTadi<br />
mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi - SromaTa krebuli, t. I (XXVI), Tb.,<br />
1998, gv. 56.<br />
3.29 doRonaZe g. _ agrarul seqtorSi bunebaTsargeblobis<br />
zogierTi sakiTxi - saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis<br />
mecnierebaTa akademia; agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis ekonomikisa<br />
da marTvis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti, samecniero SromaTa<br />
krebuli, t. III (XXVI), gv. 70.<br />
3.30 doRonaZe g. - Rurwkaia k. _ miwis resursebis marTvis<br />
problemebi - samecniero SromaTa krebuli, t. II (XXV), gv. 48.<br />
3.31 doRonaZe g. _ miwis resursebis dacvis ekonomikuri<br />
meqanizmebis SemuSavebis sakiTxisaTvis - samecniero SromaTa<br />
krebuli, t. III (XXVI), 2001, gv. 262.<br />
3.32 doRonaZe g. - saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtoris<br />
saeqsporto potenciali da mcire da saSualo biznesi. samecniero<br />
konferenciis masalebi, mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis<br />
mimarTulebebi regionebis agrosamrewvlo seqtorSi. baTumi 2007, gv.<br />
159.<br />
3.33 vaSakiZe o. _ saqarTvelos agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis<br />
ganviTarebis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis sakiTxebi -<br />
institutis Sromebis krebuli, t. IV, Tb., 1999, gv. 55.<br />
3.34 vaSakiZe o. yufunia g. _ agraruli reformis<br />
koreqtirebis aucilebloba da ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi,<br />
institutis Sromebis krebuli, t. IV, Tb., 1999, gv. 14.<br />
3.35 vaSakiZe o. – “mewarmeoba da biznesis ganviTarebis<br />
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi saqarTvelos agrarul seqtorSi”,
saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis Sromebis<br />
krebuli, t. IV, Tb., 2004 w., gv. 213-224.<br />
3.36 vaSakiZe o. – “saqarTvelos regionebSi sursaTis<br />
warmoebis gadidebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi”, Jurnali<br />
“ekonomika”, 2004 w., #3, gv. 115-125.<br />
3.37 vaSakiZe o. – “kerZo seqtoris roli sasursaTo<br />
produqtebis warmoebis saqmeSi”, Jurnali “ekonomika”, 2002 w., gv.<br />
95-104.<br />
3.38 vaSakiZe S. – “miwis privatizaciis socialur-<br />
ekonomikuri Sedegebi saqarTveloSi”, Jurnali “socialuri<br />
ekonomika”, 2004 wlis noember-dekemberi, gv. 92-102.<br />
3.39 TeTrauli r. _ sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlisa da<br />
biznesis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebani saqarTveloSi - Tb., 1993.<br />
3.40 “informacia miwis registraciisa da kadastris<br />
proeqtis Sesaxeb” - miwis marTvis saxelmwifo departamentis<br />
masalebi, 2002.<br />
3.41 kiknaveliZe n. – fermerTa memkvidreobis sakiTxi da misi<br />
dadebiTad gadawyvetis SesaZleblobani a.S.S. fermerul<br />
meurneobaTa magaliTze - SromaTa krebuli, t. II (XXVIII), Tb.,<br />
1999, gv. 172.<br />
3.42 koRuaSvili p., zibzibaZe g. – soflis meurneobis<br />
ekonomika - Tb., 2006 w.<br />
3.43 kunWulia T., imedaZe T. – wigni “sabazro<br />
urTierTobebisadmi meCaieobis adaptirebis ZiriTadi<br />
mimarTulebebi”, Tb., 1999 w., gv. 177.<br />
3.44 lemonjava p. – bunebis gamoyenebis ekonomika – Tsu, 1993.
3.45 livSici a. i. – sabazro ekonomikis Sesavali -<br />
leqciebis kursi, Targmani rusulidan, Tb., sax. universitetis<br />
gamomc. firma “siaxle”, 1996, gv. 210.<br />
3.46 lukasi r. – “sabazro ekonomika”, Tb. 1997 w. gv. 240.<br />
3.47 malaSxia g. – gadasaxadebis obieqturobisa da<br />
efeqtianobis problema - saqarTvelos finansebis s/k institutis<br />
Sromebis krebuli, t. III, Tb., 1999, gv. 14.<br />
110.<br />
3.48 mamardaSvili m. – saubrebi filosofiaze, Tb., 1992, gv.<br />
3.49 makkoneli k. p., briu s. l. – ekonomiksi naw. I - Targmani<br />
rusulidan, Tbilisi, “saprofgami”, 1993, gv. 95.<br />
3.50 malaSxia g. – metaekonomika - Tb., 1995, gv. 560.<br />
3.51 manveliZe r. – regionaluri marTvisa da sainvesticio<br />
politikis zogierTi sakiTxi - SromaTa krebuli, t. II (XXVII),<br />
Tb., 1999, gv. 94.<br />
3.52 maxaraZe j. – kolxeTis dablobis miwis resursebis<br />
RirebulebaTa Sefasebis mniSvneloba sabazro urTierTobebis<br />
pirobebSi - SromaTa krebuli, t. I (XXVI), Tb., 1998, gv. 92.<br />
3.53 “miwis reforma – sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebi da<br />
ganxorcielebis meqanizmi” - erovnuli seminaris masalebi, Tb.,<br />
2002.<br />
3.54 “miwis xelmisawvdomis sakanonmdeblo CarCo - pirobebi”<br />
- erovnuli seminaris masalebi, Tb., 2002.<br />
Tsu, 1996.<br />
3.55 mesxia i. – ekonomikuri reforma saqarTveloSi - Tb.,<br />
3.56 papava v. – ekonomikuri reformis qarTuli modeli,<br />
“Sokuri Terapiidan – socialistur stimulirebamde” - Tb., 1995,<br />
gv. 8.
3.57 Jurnali “rosiski ekonomiCeski Jurnal”, #2, 1994, gv. 57.<br />
3.58 Jurnali “ekonomika ukraini”, #6, 1993, gv. 75.<br />
3.59 Jurnali “voprosi ekonomiki”, #7, 1996, gv. 49.<br />
3.60 Jurnali “makro - mikro ekonomika”, #8, 1998.<br />
3.61 Jurnali “ekonomika”, 1998-1999 ww., #5, #6 da #10-12.<br />
3.62 saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da socialuri problemebis<br />
s/k institutis Sromebis krebuli, tomebi I, II, III da IV.<br />
gamocemis wlebi: 1996, 1997, 1998 da 1999 ww.<br />
3.63 “saqarTvelos miwis bazris ganviTarebis arealebi”,<br />
erovnuli seminaris masalebi. Tb. 2004 w.<br />
3.64 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
Sromebis krebuli, tomebi I da II, gamocemulia firma “siaxlis”<br />
mier. Tb. 2000 da 20001 ww. 322 da 317.<br />
3.65 saqarTvelos miwis marTvis saxelmwifo departamentis<br />
“masalebi, informacia saqarTvelos miwis fondis<br />
miwaTmosargebleTa da savargulebis mixedviT aRricxvisa da<br />
misi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb” (2002 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT).<br />
3.66 saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis<br />
masalebi, miwaTsargeblobis Sesaxeb. Tb. 2002-7 wlis angariSebi.<br />
3.67 saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da socialuri problemebis<br />
samecniero-kvleviTi institutis Sromebis krebuli. tomebi I da<br />
II. Tb. 1997 da 1998 ww.<br />
3.68 saqarTvelos statistikuri informaciis departamentisa<br />
da soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministros masalebi 1994-<br />
2007 ww.<br />
3.69 sanTelaZe n. – ekonomikuri reformebi da axali<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri modelis Camoyalibeba saqarTveloSi,<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mecnierebaTa akademiis Sromebis
krebuli. t. II. sagamomcemlo firma “siaxle”. Tb. 2001. gv. 16-dan<br />
41-mde.<br />
3.70 stenleiki j. f. – ekonomiksi damwyebTaTvis. Targmani<br />
rusulidan. Tb. “farnavazi”. 1995. gv. 134.<br />
3.71 faCulia r. – “sakuTreba, dazRveva, ekonomikuri<br />
kultura”, saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da socialuri problemebis<br />
s/k institutis Sromebis krebuli. t. I. 1996 w. gv. 16.<br />
3.72 qarCava g. – saqarTvelos Cais meurneobis mecnierul-<br />
teqnikuri bazis ganviTareba. Tb. 1967 w. gamomcemloba<br />
“mecniereba”. gv. 181.<br />
2007 w.<br />
3.73. Rlonti v. _ regioni (Sefaseba, analizi, perspeqtivebi).<br />
3.74 yorRanaSvili l. saerTaSoriso integraciuli<br />
procesebi da saqarTvelo, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri<br />
mecnierebaTa akademia, Sromebis krebuli, t. I. sagamomcemlo<br />
firma “siaxle”. Tb. 2000 w. gv. 293-306.<br />
3.75 Sengelia T. – biznesis administrirebis safuZvlebi –<br />
Tb., 2008 w.<br />
3.76 SaniZe g. - ,,meCaieoba-saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebiT<br />
guriis regionis ekonomikis aRorZinebis samsaxurSi Cadgeba”.<br />
Jurnali ,,ekonomika” #2. 2006 ww. gv. 70-75<br />
3.77 SaniZe g. - ,,meCaieobis aRorZineba-ganviTareba guriis<br />
mxaris ekonomikuri aRmavlobis safuZvelia” Jurnali ,,ekonomika”<br />
#3 2006w. gv. 88-94<br />
3.78 SaniZe g. -,,mewarmeobisa da biznesis ganviTareba guriis<br />
mxaris meCaieobaSi”. Jurnali ,,ekonomika” #4. 2006 w. gv. 59-64<br />
3.79 SaniZe g. - ,,radikaluri agraruli reformis<br />
mimdinareobis socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi guriis regionSi”.
aWaris a.r savaWro- samrewvelo palatis statiebis krebuli<br />
,,mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi<br />
regionis agrosamrewvelo seqtorSi”. 2007 w. gv. 92-99<br />
3.80 SaniZe g. - ,,saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis<br />
problemebi”. SoTa rusTavelis saxlmwifo universitetis<br />
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa Sromebi. tomi V. 2003 w. gv.<br />
110-114.<br />
3.81 SaniZe g. - ,,saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis<br />
perspeqtivebi, gzebi da meTodebi”. SoTa rusTavelis saxlmwifo<br />
universitetis studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa Sromebi.<br />
tomi VI. 2004 w. gv. 253-256.<br />
3.82 SaniZe g. - ,,fulis ganviTarebis etapebi saqarTveloSi”.<br />
baTumis saxelmwifo sazRvao akademiis SromaTa krebuli. tomi I.<br />
2007 w. gv. 137-147.<br />
3.83 SaniZe g. - ,,programuli biujetis Sedgena<br />
TviTmarTvelobaSi”. akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebi. 2008 w. gv. 186-190.<br />
3.84 CixlaZe v. – miwis reformis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi.<br />
SromaTa krebuli. T. III (XXVI). Tb. 2001 w. gv. 256.<br />
3.85 ZnelaSvili g. – meurneobis sxvadasxva formis<br />
organizaciisa da funqcionirebis sakiTxebi. SromaTa krebuli.<br />
t. I (XXVI). Tb. 1998 w. gv. 118.<br />
3.86 ZnelaSvili g., miqelaZe n. – fermerul meurneobis<br />
organizaciis safuZvlebi. SromaTa krebuli, t. II (XXVII). Tb. 1999<br />
w. gv. 142.<br />
3.87 WiTanava n. – mcire sawarmoebisa da msxvili sawarmoebis<br />
urTierTmoqmedebis dialeqtika da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri<br />
rolis zogierTi sakiTxi, saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da
socialuri problemebis s/k institutis Sromebis krebuli t IV.<br />
Tb. 1999 w. gv 122.<br />
3.88 WiTanava n. – sabazro ekonomika da agrosamrewvelo<br />
kompleqsis problemebi, naw. I. Tb. 1995 w. gv. 280.<br />
3.89 WiTanava n. – sabazro ekonomika da agrosamrewvelo<br />
kompleqsis problemebi. naw. I. Tb. 1996 w. gv. 286. – ekonomikis<br />
saxelmwifo regulirebis Sesaxeb (Teoriul-meTodologiuri<br />
midgoma). saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da socialuri problemebis<br />
s/k institutis Sromebis krebuli t IV. 1999 w. gv. 20.<br />
3.90 jabniZe r. “Cai da citrusebi” Tb. 2004 w. gv. 75.<br />
3.91 saxelmZRvanlo cnobari fermerTaTvis – baTumi, 2008 w.<br />
3.92 Аверьянов Н. Государственное регулирование агропромышленного<br />
производства // Экономист. – М., 1996, №10 – с. 71-75.<br />
3.93 Вермель Д. Ф. – Размещение и специализация сельскохозяйственного<br />
производства / Методика экономических исследований в агропромышленном<br />
производстве. – М.: Россельсхозакадемия, 1999.<br />
3.94 Вершин В. – Совершенствование земельных отношений в условиях<br />
рыночной экономики, журн. «Международный журнал», №2, 1999.<br />
3.95 Концепция продовольственной безопасности Российской Федерации<br />
– М.: ВНИЭСХ, 1999 – с. 31.<br />
3.96 Комов Н. – Государственное регулирование земельных отношений в<br />
условиях рыночной экономики, журн. «Международный с. х. журнал», №2,<br />
1999.<br />
3.97 Крюков В. – Проблемы государственного управления в<br />
имущественно-земельном комплексе, журн. «Экономист», №8, 1998.<br />
3.98 етодика обеспечения продовольствием населения крупных городов –<br />
М., 1999, с. 153.<br />
3.99 лосердов – Ответ сторонникам курса предложения реформ. М.,<br />
1999.
3.100 В. Милосердов – Земельные отношения: формирование и<br />
необходимость корректировки, журн. «Международный с. х. журнал», №6,<br />
1998.<br />
3.101 Назаренко В. И. – Проблемы продовольственной безопасности<br />
ВНИИТЭИагропром. – М., 1996, с. 4-12.<br />
3.102 Назаренко В. И., Папцов А. Г. – Государственное регулирование<br />
сельского хозяйства в странах с развитой рыночной экономикой //<br />
ВНИИТЭИагропром. – М., 1995, с. 83.<br />
3.103 Никонов А. А. – Спираль многовековой драмы: аграрная наука и<br />
политика России (XVIII-XX вв.) – М., Энциклопедия российских деревень,<br />
1995, с. 574.<br />
3.104 Папцов А. Г. - Анализ основных параметров развития АПК России<br />
в условиях осуществления экономических преобразований – М., 1995.<br />
3.105 Папцов А. Г.- Прямое и косвенное регулирование и стимулирование<br />
сельскохозяйственного производства зарубежом – 1995.<br />
3.106 Папцов А. Г. – Новые направления государственного регулирования<br />
сельского хозяйства ЕС в условиях осуществления аграрной реформы – М.,<br />
1996.<br />
3.107 Прогноз развития агропромышленного комплекса 1996 – 2005 гг. –<br />
М., ВНИЭСХ, 1996, с. 60.<br />
3.108 Продовольственное обеспечение страны: состояние и перспективы -<br />
М., ВНИЭСХ, 1996, с. 108-124.<br />
3.109 Продовольственный рынок и необходимость его регулирования //<br />
Экономика сельскохозяйственных и перерабатывающих предприятий – 2000,<br />
№8, с. 43-47.<br />
3.110 Ривжа Б.А. - Производственный потенциал сельского хозяйства<br />
нового предприятия: «Надка». M. 1998<br />
3.111 Ракитников А. Н. – География сельского хозяйства (Проблемы и<br />
методы исследования) – М., «Мысль», 1970, с. 306-325.
3.112 Серова Е. – Особенности государственной поддержки аграрного<br />
сектора в России // Вопросы экономики – М., 1996, №7, с. 88-100.<br />
3.113 Серова В. Е. – Аграрная экономика, М., 1999.<br />
3.114 Узун В. – Пути концентрации сельскохозяйственных земель и<br />
капитала, журн. «Экономист», №3, 1999.<br />
3.115 Ушачев И., Шутков А. – Рыночные отношения в<br />
агропромышленном производстве России, журн. «АПК Экономика,<br />
управление», №2, 1999.<br />
4. 4. sadisertacio sadisertacio Sromebi Sromebi Sromebi da da avtoreferatebi<br />
avtoreferatebi<br />
4.1 absaZe r. – energoekologiuri bazris formirebisa da<br />
misi makroekonomikuri regulirebis Teoriuli problemebi - ek.<br />
mec. kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili<br />
avtoreferati, Tb., 1999.<br />
4.2 gadelia z. – saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtors Soris<br />
urTierTobebis regulirebis meqanizmi gardamaval periodSi,<br />
ekonomikis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad<br />
warmodgenili <strong>disertacia</strong>, Tb., 2004 w., gv. 54.<br />
4.3 gogotiSvili g. – saqarTvelos fermeruli (glexuri)<br />
meurneobis roli qveynis sasursaTo uzrunvelyofaSi da maTi<br />
ganviTarebis prioritetuli mimarTulebebi, ekonomikur<br />
mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad<br />
warmodgenili <strong>disertacia</strong>. Tb. 2001 w. gv. 41.<br />
4.4 kokaia q. – agrarul reformebis Sedegebi<br />
meurneobriobis axal pirobebSi (samegrelos raionebis<br />
meCaieobis meurneobaTa magaliTze), warmodgenili avtoreferati
ekonomikis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb.,<br />
2002 w., gv. 54.<br />
4.5 maxaraZe j. – kolxeTis dablobis daSrobili miwebis<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo aTvisebis ekonomikuri problemebi da maTi<br />
gadawyvetis gzebi, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxis<br />
mosapoveblad warmodgenili avtoreferati. Tb. 1998 w. gv. 91.<br />
4.6 maxaraZe j. – kolxeTis dablobis daSrobili miwebis<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo aTvisebis ekonomikuri problemebi da maTi<br />
gadawyvetis gzebi, sadoqtoro <strong>disertacia</strong>. Tb. 1998 w. gv. 256.<br />
4.7 caava x. – sasoflo-sameurneo efeqtianobis amaRlebis<br />
gzebi saqarTvelos subtropikul zonaSi, ekonomikis<br />
mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad<br />
warmodgenili avtoreferati. Tb. 1998 w. gv. 44.
Shota Rustaveli State University<br />
The Faculty of Social sciences, Business<br />
and Law<br />
Department of Economics Sciences<br />
Goderdzi Shanidze<br />
Priorities of Manufacture and Agrobusiness<br />
Development on the Contemporary Stage<br />
(on the example of Guria Region)<br />
Dissertation Thesis<br />
to Maintain Doctor's Academic Degree<br />
in Business and Management<br />
code-34.Doctor's Academic Degree of Business and Management<br />
in Macroeconomics<br />
Scientific Instructors:<br />
Doctor of Science Economics J.Makharadze<br />
Doctor of Economics L.Bigvava<br />
Batumi 2008
Annotation<br />
Actuality of the subject. Market economics on the other way is called economics of<br />
manufacturers. A manufacturer is the main person in market economics. He is the very<br />
person who has to decide what, how and for whom to manufacture or to organize the<br />
manufacturing of goods and service. His main aim is to use the existed potential as much as<br />
possible and get a profit. In addition to this, judging from his profitable interests he, with<br />
his own responsibility starts to manufacture those goods and service which are needed by<br />
others. In this direction a manufacturer has a great economical function. Unfortunately,<br />
because of the false course of the agrarian reform manufacture of the country wasn't<br />
regenerated.<br />
It especially concerns the agrarian sector, where the radical agrarian reform drifted<br />
itself, without any system. You can hardly meet a real manufacturer in the village, who<br />
functions with the whole protection of a free manufacturer. As the result, there is a poor use<br />
of: land, capital, labour, manufacturing skill and ability to run the state.<br />
In Guria region, where the course of the reform from the very beginning was<br />
conducted hurriedly and without any purpose, turned out to be non-effective. Large, highlyprofitable<br />
agricultures fell into pieces, privatization of the lands wasn't conducted in the<br />
correct way, the property was devastated and taken away, and a peasant as the main goods<br />
manufacturer was left unprotected. Producing of tea and citrus stopped and the economy of<br />
this region fell down.<br />
Judging from all mentioned above, studying manufacture in agrarian field of Guria<br />
region and business development, also total usage of manufacturing organizational forms<br />
and working out the suitable recommendations and sentences for their further development<br />
acquires great theoretical and practical meaning. This conditioned the choice of the thesis<br />
object and the research direction.<br />
Situation of studying the problem. In recent years Georgian and foreign scientists<br />
published numerous interesting works of manufacturing development. Also there were<br />
written thesis works. Some interesting researches were carried out in the country's scientificresearch<br />
institutions. Nevertheless, regeneration of manufacturing activity towards the<br />
market research in the country's region and for the new conditions of agriculture, actual<br />
questions of manufacturing and agrobusiness development in the agrarian field, in our<br />
opinion still requires appropriate complex scientific studies as well as making conclusions<br />
and working out some recommendations.<br />
The aim and tasks of the research. The main aim of the research is the agrarian field<br />
in Guria region and more precisely, to study the problems of manufacturing regeneration<br />
and development in tea growing, as well as the problems of formation and development of<br />
tea products' subcomplex. And working out scientific recommendations of the prospective<br />
usage directions of the region's manufacturing potential.<br />
To realize the planned aims, the main tasks of the thesis are:<br />
-To study the direction of manufacture and agrobusiness in the subcomplexes of<br />
tea-growing products.<br />
-To study and generalize the problems of formation and development of tea<br />
products' subcomplexes.<br />
-To investigate the problematic items of tea-growing regeneration in Guria region.<br />
-To study the market of selling the prepared competitive tea.<br />
-To investigate the market of prepared tea and to settle the marketing management<br />
organization in this field.<br />
Research object and subject. The main object of the research is Guria region
including Ozurgeti, Lanchkhuti and Chokhatauri regions with their agricultural and nutrition<br />
industries, subcomplexes of tea products in Guria region, its business executives, farming<br />
agricultures, cooperatives, agrofirms and other unifications.<br />
The subject of the research is the problematic items of manufacture and<br />
agrobusiness development in tea products' subcomplexes of the researching region, and on<br />
this basis, the subject is to estimate the level of using manufacturing potential in Guria<br />
region, to define prospective directions, to explore the basic directions of tea rehabilitation<br />
and raise and develop the economics of this region.<br />
Methodology and method of the research. Theoretical and methodological grounds<br />
of the research are the contemporary economical principles. During the research for the<br />
directions of manufacturing development there are widely used some works of foreign and<br />
Georgian scientists and economists, working collections of the appropriate scientific<br />
research institutes, recommendations of international organizations, state programs,<br />
international agreements, normative acts of Georgia and foreign countries, and the datas of<br />
Georgian economics development, Agriculture Ministries, Statistics State Department and<br />
different expert services and organizations.<br />
In the process of working we used such methods as logical analysis, systematicdialectal<br />
and problematic-purposeful approaches, comparisons, complex analysis,<br />
systematic, monographic, analytical, questionnairing and many other analysis of the<br />
research.<br />
Scientific news of the work. Thesis is the first new-style research, where on moving<br />
to market relations, there are appreciated the directions of manufacture and agrobusiness<br />
development on the region level. There are analyzed the opportunities of using existed<br />
manufacturing potential. It is appreciated economically and ways are set for regeneration<br />
and agrobusiness development.<br />
Scientific news of the thesis research is:<br />
-In the work there are considered the directions of manufacture and agrobusiness<br />
development, totally in the agriculture of Guria region and to be precise in its basic field-teagrowing.<br />
In addition there are analyzed and proved the poor ability of state running and<br />
there is also revealed a new role of the state institutes in the business of tea economics<br />
regeneration.<br />
-There are considered the problems of formation and development of tea products'<br />
subcomplexes, the questions of formation of competitive products and taking a place in the<br />
world market.<br />
-There are defined the prospects of using manufacturing potential of the region and<br />
tea products' subcomplexes.<br />
-There are defined the regenerating directions of tea-growing manufacture and<br />
opportunities to provide accelerated development of the region's economics. There is also<br />
defined the role and directions of nuts and citrus growing development.<br />
-There is defined tea market and its managing directions.<br />
-There are given some recommendations to make manufacturing environment better<br />
and their practical realization will cause acceleration of agrobusiness and more total<br />
guarantee of food security in the region.<br />
Theoretical and practical value of the thesis. The sentences and recommendations<br />
offerred in the thesis are of using character as well as from theoretical as from practical<br />
point of view. The recommendations in the prospect can be used for the regeneration and<br />
development of the region's tea products' subcomplexes. It can be also useful for other<br />
manufacturers and specialists of this field in other tea-growing regions of the country.<br />
Size of the work. The dissertation thesis consists of introduction, three chapters,<br />
eleven paragraphs and conclusion. The text is followed by the list of utilized literature of
146 names. It includes 16 timetables and the total size of the thesis is 139 pages (without the<br />
list of utilized literature).<br />
Brief summery of the thesis. In the introduction there is proved the actuality of the<br />
researching subject, the situation of studying the problem, there are defined the aim and<br />
object, theoretical and methodological grounds of the research, scientific news, practical<br />
importance of the work, size, structure and approbation of the work.<br />
In the first chapter. '' Forming regularities of tea products' subcomplexes in Guria<br />
region '', there are considered social-economical result of radical agrarian reform in Guria<br />
region, economical evaluation of agriculture developing direction in Georgia and the<br />
researching region. Formative directions and tendencies of tea products' subcomplexes.<br />
In the transitional period of market economics, there are shown the developing<br />
tendencies of agriculture and its containing branches and their causing reasons, there is<br />
noted that as well as in whole Georgia as in Guria region, the reform was conducted<br />
hurriedly, non-effectively and without any purpose. Large highly-profitable agricultures fell<br />
into pieces, the process of reorganization and restructuring was conducted in the wrong way,<br />
lands and many other sources of manufacture were taken away and a peasant as the main<br />
goods manufacturer was left unprotected. As the result of breaking the manufacturing links,<br />
tea-production was stopped and the economics in Guria region fell down.<br />
Stabilization of food products manufacture is basically orientated on satisfaction of<br />
local market requirements.<br />
Manufacturing the products of many years, which according to the union distribution<br />
was orientated on the market of former Soviet Union, is sharply reduced. It can be said that<br />
the level of manufacturing specialization and concentration was also reduced, which was the<br />
main source of existence in the region's agriculture and processing industry, of all kinds of<br />
budget including families' income. Losing markets became the reason of people's<br />
impoverishment who were employed in agrarian sector. As the result, Guria region became<br />
one of the poorest sites in comparison with other parts of Georgia. In the thesis work there<br />
are shown all the datas and all causing reasons are explained. During last ten years the<br />
questions mentioned above, have taken an important place in thesis and other kinds of works<br />
maintained in agrarian economics. Judging from this, the aim of the author isn't the<br />
presentation of these questions here unless we take into consideration the description of<br />
these events and tendencies and explanation of the reasons of why market environment<br />
wasn't still formed in each branch of the region and in the whole agriculture that led to the<br />
regrettable results in which our country exists.<br />
The analysis proved that from the plants of many years - the field of tea-growing is in<br />
the worst conditions. Tea-growing is nearly stopped in tea-producing regions, the factories<br />
are not active and people are unemployed. In the dissertation thesis there is noted that the tea<br />
culture, compared to the whole world, in our country is located in the most north. That's why<br />
compared to classical tea-growing countries, there are more unprofitable starting conditions.<br />
Tea plantations in our country is mainly on the red and podsol type of grounds, where<br />
other kinds of agriculture can hardly grow. Tea, together with economical function has<br />
ecological and ground protecting function as well. In the tea-growing regions, where tea as a<br />
culture was replaced by nuts and potatoes and so on, had a local effect, but they couldn't and<br />
can't change the importance of tea-growing. It is because it can employ ten thousands of<br />
people in the subtropical zone, it can feed and improve economical conditions for hundreds<br />
of thousands residents who live in this site.<br />
That's why the assistance of the country to this field, which has no alternative in this<br />
region hasn't only social-economical but political importance as well. The care of the<br />
country to the tea-growing is also approved by the fact that in recent years, there is a<br />
growing tendency of tea demanding in the world and this will remain unchanged for a long
time.<br />
The agrarian reform in Guria region was non-effective. Agricultural industry was<br />
developing in non-profitable way. As the result, a local peasant can't cover the expenses. In<br />
old times only tea and citrus productions were profitable in this site. During the reform<br />
period tea-growing nearly stopped and as for citrus, it works only partly. In recent years, this<br />
undesirable situation isn't improving, but on the contrary, it is getting worse, that is totally<br />
disapproved.<br />
In economically developed countries, judging from the specific character of<br />
agriculture, farming industries use a number of advantages. That's why, the enterprises of<br />
other fields very often invest part of their capital in agriculture to gain the right of using<br />
these advantages. We have not such kind of conditions and here, they are useless. Thus, to<br />
develop farming industry, to create an appropriate juridical basis and on this ground to<br />
improve the fiscal system, needs to be decided on the state level. Otherwise, many<br />
enterprises of agriculture which function with this or that juridical forms will stop existence<br />
in the future.<br />
But manufacture should regenerate and economically strengthen the region. ''About<br />
manufacture'' Georgian Parliament issued a law in 1994, 28 October, in which in the list of<br />
organizational-juridical forms, farming cultures aren't mentioned at all. They are neither<br />
mentioned in the changed law that with no doubt prevents the total usage of their potential.<br />
This problem is urgent and needs to be settled on time.<br />
Hard conditions of tea-growing had a great negative influence on the economical<br />
development in the region. During the years, many unsolved problems, that were gathered in<br />
the field for subjective and objective reasons, weakened competitive ability of Georgian tea<br />
in the foreign market, traditional markets of selling were lost and economy fell down.<br />
To take out local tea in foreign markets is greatly prevented by the fact that the<br />
majority of tea-manufacturing firms don't have any market research services of market<br />
studies.<br />
To take out Georgian tea in foreign market is also prevented by the fact that, together<br />
with the usage of low technologies, picking up raw materials by qualities is unprotected. Tea<br />
is picked with no quality and such kind of raw materials of course make tea of low quality.<br />
But this region has all possibilities (qualities of the species and possibilities of<br />
technological treatment and so on) to make tea competitive. Small business is one of the<br />
directions to recover economics in Georgia and in the region too. And, the current reform is<br />
orientated exactly on its usage. Unfortunately, in this region it is developing very badly and<br />
has no appropriate effect. but to improve and recover it, is very necessary.<br />
Small business, because of its apparent advantage has to function as a locomotive in<br />
tea-growing development. Its advantage in tea-manufacturing is the following:<br />
-Small business is a widely used form and it can easily keep pace with all kinds of<br />
transformation in this field.<br />
-In comparison with large enterprises, it is much more mobile and can easily change<br />
the old with modern technologies and this is not less important. Small business requires<br />
much less capital to start an enterprise, rather than large agricultures.<br />
But the most important is that the development of small business in tea-growing gives<br />
chance to employ the workers and create ''the third class of the society'', which is<br />
unemployed today. It will become a guarantee of political stability of this region.<br />
That is exactly why, in civilized countries, where market economics was greatly<br />
developed, small business plays the biggest part in raising the state strength and citizens'<br />
welfare.<br />
According to the international experience (this was also proved by the research),<br />
principles of agriculture have to foresee three main aspects. They are:
-Links with market.<br />
-Agrarian structures, or specific economic, social and symbolic aspects of the relation<br />
between a man and the land.<br />
-Reasonable finances.<br />
Today in Georgia, for many manufacturers, these three aspects are mixed into one<br />
another.<br />
-Their selling market is in their families, which use most of the production and local,<br />
self-using agriculture is developed in our country.<br />
In the dissertation thesis there is noted that in Guria region the development of teagrowing<br />
has a number of advantages and we must certainly use them all. This means that<br />
manufacturers:<br />
-Should have effective links with local and international markets and must have a<br />
quick reaction on price changing and at the same time, they have to establish long-term and<br />
stable links with processing and trade companies.<br />
-They have to join in the agrarian structures of labour division to reach economics of<br />
scale by solving such problems as providing and so on.<br />
-We have to be able to bring foreign capital (credits and stocks) as well as<br />
individually as through the manufacturing associations (cooperatives and joint-stock<br />
companies).<br />
In the second chapter. ''Directions of manufacture and agrobusiness development in<br />
tea-growing'', there is considered agrobusiness and manufacture before the reform and in the<br />
process of reforming conditions; main form of agriculture in tea-growing and economical<br />
evaluation of their function; prospects of using agriculture potential in Guria region.<br />
In this part of the thesis there is noted that till the end of the xIx century, family<br />
agriculture of Guria peasant was very small and his income was very low and the low<br />
income of the family was received from landwork-producing maize and from cattle<br />
breeding. This couldn't satisfy the family's needs. Among the other regions of Georgia,<br />
Gurian family was distinguished with very low income and level. From the xx century<br />
Guria region started regenerating and it was the result of quite a new massive spread of<br />
economically effective cultures. These were citruses and tea. It can be said that the<br />
regeneration and development of Guria peasant family, is directly connected with the<br />
development of tea and citrus growing. In the xx century, there began massive planting of<br />
tea and citrus in this region.<br />
Regeneration of Guria region is closely connected to the development and recovering<br />
of tea and citrus growing, which are the most profitable cultures and they can be changed by<br />
no other cultures. It needs hard work and gives the chance to employ all the residents of this<br />
region. So, it is very important for this region to regenerate manufacture, develop<br />
agrobusiness and form tea product subcomplexes.<br />
Manufacture built on private property gives chances to develop free manufacture and<br />
raises workers' material interests, what is the ground for the success.<br />
Success of agriculture depends on the relations of land, labour and capital.<br />
Unfortunately, as the result of our reform, this relation turned out to be split. Land area that<br />
was given to the residents as a private property is so small, that it can't even partly employ<br />
members of family agriculture and it is only of consuming character. They don't own the<br />
capital to lead manufacture, but if they had it, where could they invest it? 0.8 hectare land<br />
can't provide enough level of profit for it, to be taken in market.<br />
In this chapter of the thesis work there are described manufacturing forms and there is<br />
noted that in villages, manufacture is being developed in three directions. They are:<br />
individual, limited liability corporation and joint-stock company. Individual direction or
family agriculture is the most widely spread. Their work is mainly based on handwork,<br />
machine working is hardly used. The sign of scientific-technical progress is very low. But<br />
they have prospects because they have wide possibilities to use the achievements of modern<br />
scientific-technical progress. They can join manufacturing powers and relations and can be<br />
exchanged in large enterprises and be developed as intensive agricultures.<br />
According to the situation today, the most prospective is to create and use joint-stock<br />
companies. They are large enterprises and are orientated on the usage of machine work.<br />
According to the usage of manufacturing ability, in the thesis work there is also<br />
appreciated the possibilities of using existed manufacturing potential in Guria region<br />
agriculture and there is noted that in the structure of resource potentials of the researching<br />
regions the most worst thinking is the following situation: The indicators of finding<br />
providence and labour resources are presented with the highest importance. The first one is<br />
caused by the high share of plants of many years in the main manufacturing fund structures,<br />
and the second one-high providence of labour resources is caused by the density of the<br />
population. Here, the exception is only mountainous villages, where there is lack of working<br />
resources. On the other hand, there is high rate of extensive profit and the economical<br />
productivity of the land is low, but it will have the greatest importance for the development<br />
of mountain landing.<br />
In the third chapter. ''Developing prospects of tea products' subcomplexes in Guria<br />
region'', there is considered that by the state regulating, tea-growing in Guria region will be<br />
at economics' service; also there is considered the state regulations of tea-producing<br />
economics; tea-quality improving directions in tea-products' subcomplexes; prospects of<br />
agriculture development in Guria region; and some questions of employment and<br />
unemployment of the state regulations.<br />
In the thesis work there is noted that in early years, Guria region regenerated from<br />
centuries' economical backwardness only by the development of tea and citruses. This<br />
approach remains the same today, as Guria site still keeps the status of the largest teaproducing<br />
region in Georgia.<br />
The problems of social-economical development in Guria site still maintains<br />
productive priorities of tea and other subtropical cultures. To realize all mentioned above, is<br />
possible by old, good, developed traditions of tea trading, by their formation as competitive<br />
products and by new opportunities to be given a real sign in the world markets.<br />
To do this, it is necessary that in Guria region the aim of tea-producing to be<br />
subordinated only by the national interests. It means: to carry out the manufacture of<br />
competitive Georgian tea so as to take into consideration that it appreciated optimal<br />
developing proportions of other fields of agriculture complexes, the requirements of market<br />
relations' mechanisms and the tasks to be really taken in the world markets.<br />
Advisability of tea-products' regeneration and development is defined by the following<br />
social-economical directions.<br />
-Necessary involvement of the region's economics in rational integrity process of<br />
manufacture and distribution of the country's national agriculture.<br />
-Existence of tea-plantations and prospects to renew them with high productive<br />
species.<br />
High efficiency of tea cultures from ecological and economical point of view.<br />
-Developed systems of scientifically proved technological cycle of tea-growing.<br />
To recover and develop the field tea-growing in Guria region, it is necessary:<br />
-First of all we have to create the grounds to regenerate manufacture and agrobusiness;<br />
and this requires:<br />
-To use manufacturing forms, based on muchowning relation;<br />
-To set a competition between enterprises and make the production competitive.
-To work out and implant right fiscal, finance, credit, ensuring and customs policy; it<br />
means creating market conditions.<br />
-To create and implant a special protecting mechanism in manufacture for socially<br />
unprotected people. In this business the prerogative should be given to the state:<br />
-To implant the achievements of modern scientific-technical progress in manufacture.<br />
-It's necessary to make tea plantations and tea factories as one whole enterprise and<br />
according to the final production we should make the employed workers materially<br />
interested.<br />
In order to raise the competitive ability of prepared tea it's necessary:<br />
-First of all we have to regulate tea-picking organization. We should pick tender<br />
leaves. To get such raw-materials we should carry out high agrotechnical activities of teagrowing.<br />
In order to rehabilitate tea-growing, Georgian tea has to return old markets and also<br />
look for new markets.<br />
We should divide tea into selling pieces, decorate their appropriate design and then<br />
realize them. On the first stage of tea-growing regeneration and development, we should<br />
make goods manufacturers' organizations and institutions free from the taxes, and the saved<br />
money must be used again on the expended remanufacture.<br />
Tea culture hasn't only economical, social and ecological functions for Guria region,<br />
but it has also a political importance as a guarantee of social protection (this is not only for<br />
Guria region, but for economics of the whole country as well). So, having the state support<br />
is urgently necessary.<br />
Division of lands into small areas, for individual manufacturers, caused<br />
antimechanizational processes in villages and it became impossible to implant scientifictechnological<br />
progress.<br />
So, Agrarian reform in Guria region should be built on deeply realized social and<br />
economical grounds. It requires agrarian reform to be developed on the grounds of the latest<br />
achievements and on creating and reforming market environmental conditions and they must<br />
be carried out with purpose.<br />
New strategy of agrarian reform has to provide right definition of structuring<br />
directions by main priorities. It has to create available conditions for all kinds of market<br />
development inside the country, to stimulate the manufacturing of expert productions, to<br />
settle the optimal, fiscal and credit systems, to create and form economical, organizational<br />
and juridical conditions for the development of market infrastructure, to assist the formation<br />
of agrarian structure, to involve individual agricultures in cooperation, to integrate with<br />
large manufacturing and financial groups; to reach the protection of carrying out the joint<br />
technological cycle in tea-manufacturing; to improve the quality; to raise the competitive<br />
ability; to enlarge the involvement of this sector in foreign links to take out on the world's<br />
markets and so on.<br />
In the dissertation thesis, there is shown that on the contemporary level it is necessary<br />
to define the directions of new strategies to develop regional-agrarian agriculture and to<br />
prove its methodological grounds.<br />
In the same chapter there is given the formation of agriculture in the development of<br />
tea-growing and what kind of state regularities there should be for perfect business.<br />
Market economics requires state regulation and it, on its way defines the reasons and<br />
tasks of involvement forms and directions.<br />
While regulating in economics the main functions of the state are:<br />
1.To create juridical basis of economics functioning and guarantee for it to be carried<br />
out.<br />
2.To maintain the competity.
3.To divide income.<br />
4.To correct the distribution of manufacturing resources.<br />
5.To guarantee the stability, and encourage the growing of economics.<br />
So we can conclude. If we would like to enlarge manufacture, local and foreign<br />
investors to invest capital with pleasure, the state has to guarantee the country's stability. It<br />
can be said that in contemporary conditions, state regulating of economics is the containing<br />
part of manufacture. With its help, there is stimulation of economical growing, organizing<br />
employment, assisting progressive structural changes and so on.<br />
In the same chapter, there is shown not only the prospects of tea and agriculture<br />
development in the region, but also the involvement of working resources and directions to<br />
improve people's living conditions.<br />
As the result of the research, there are written conclusions and sentences and their<br />
usage is of practical meaning.<br />
Conclusions and sentences. 1. The agrarian reform in Guria region is non-effective.<br />
Manufacture wasn't regenerated in villages, business wasn't developed and as the result,<br />
manufacturing potential is not totally used. There was developed naturally-locked<br />
agriculture; effectiveness of land, capital and labour reduced, and migrative processes- from<br />
the village to the town accelerated.<br />
Guria, which in the former Soviet Union was one of the economically leading site,<br />
today has become a backward, non-prospective region. According to the level of living, the<br />
researching site is one of the lowest among the other regions. According to the food<br />
providence. it is nearly on the last place.<br />
2. Privatization and restructurization of enterprises were carried out in bad, noneffective<br />
way. High profitable organized tea agricultures were destroyed and the property<br />
was kidnapped. With no resources of raw materials and with no basis for realization, the<br />
working of tea factories stopped. The property was devastated. As the result, tea products'<br />
subcomplexes hardly function today. And as the result of spontaneous start of land<br />
privatization, there were made the enterprises of different private forms, but there was only<br />
mechanical joining of such enterprises and not the synthesis of manufacturing-economical<br />
activities. The changing of enterprises drifted itself, non-effectively. In addition the state's<br />
regulating role was neglected;the hope of the economics was trusted to some ''invisible<br />
hand'' of the market.<br />
3. Today, the absolute majority of Guria land owners lead only natural agriculture.<br />
A peasant can't satisfy even the minimum of family's needs, so thinking of remanufacturing<br />
and developing agriculture is quite impossible. Tea, was and will always remain the raising<br />
field of fallen economics in Guria site. The researches prove that it is still possible to<br />
produce good quality tea in Guria and to renew the manufacturing traditions of tea<br />
producing, for example black tea and green ''Baikhi tea'' (and other species) when there is a<br />
great requirement on the tea products mentioned above. The region has also a great<br />
exporting potential and in order to work it out there is needed the help of the central<br />
authority. In the thesis work, the directions of tea regenerating and developing are<br />
completely explained.<br />
4. In the transitive period to interest a manufacturer of prepared tea, we should use<br />
the following principle: A manufacturer must cover not only the necessary expenses spent<br />
on prepared tea, but also must have a profit over 50%. On the other words in tea<br />
manufacturing a manufacturer will work only in the conditions of 50% profit.<br />
In such conditions manufacture in tea-growing will recover very quickly, tea<br />
producing will also regenerate and develop in no time. This principle of material interest
will be only in the transitive period of the reform, but later the prices of free market will<br />
become active, on the ground of developing principles of free market prices.<br />
5. Manufacturing development in tea-growing must be developed in three directions:<br />
First-as individual agriculture, second-limited liability corporation and third - on the ground<br />
of building joint-stock company.<br />
6. Today, the main forms of enterprises in Guria region are farming agricultures.<br />
Though, their existence is considered neither by the law ''About manufacture'' nor by any<br />
other kind of state document. We consider that it is reasonable to work out a special law<br />
''About manufacture'' and to define the existence of farming agriculture and its aim in our<br />
society. It is required by our national interests and demands for the real, objective<br />
development of leading systems of the field.<br />
7. Tea-growing should be appreciated as a prioritive field. We should widely use<br />
own and foreign investments for its regenerating and developing. We should work out the<br />
programs of effective using the manufacturing potentials of tea-growing and other<br />
processing industries, connected to it. On this ground we should work out the using forms of<br />
manufacture in tea-growing and business-plans, which should be realized by the state<br />
regulating. In addition, according to natural-agricultural conditions, there should be built<br />
service cooperatives of mixed types and organizational-economical and technological forms<br />
of their functioning must be worked out by scientists and specialists and the monitoring over<br />
them should be carried out by the state.<br />
-There should be developed mortgage state by the production of agrarian sector,<br />
private or mixed type system and economical mechanism of its regulation, while<br />
manufacturers will be able to mortgage as well as their own-made production, as prospective<br />
production acceptable in future;<br />
The law ''About state purchase'' totally corresponds to the international norms, which<br />
acts on purchasing any kind of goods and service on account of state and local budget as<br />
well. In addition, carrying out a purchase is acceptable only by a tender or by individual<br />
negotiation. To work out the law, so strictly-kept by juridical norms will assist to fill the<br />
existed gaps of the agrarian sector. In order not to break balance between manufacturing and<br />
service, it is better if the state were a guarantee of realization, for which it will be necessary<br />
to work out an economical mechanism for developing relations between the state and a<br />
private sector.<br />
According to this it's advisable to create purchasing cooperatives of agriculture and<br />
other products in different parts of Guria region, and their main working principle will be on<br />
the ground of contracts.<br />
8. In Guria region, as well as in whole Georgia, the economical reforms made since<br />
1990s were focused on reaching the stability in macroeconomics and getting over the crisis.<br />
The anti crisis policy, started in 1994 and later, carried out program of financial stability, led<br />
to the creating of market economics environment. The logical continuing of the noted<br />
tendency had to be the growing process of economics, that would be followed by replacing<br />
received aid from foreign countries, with own economical resources. In recent years the<br />
speed of economics growing has risen but some political events of 2008 had a negative<br />
influence on the country's economics.<br />
Today, residents of Guria region, like most of the other regions suffer from financial<br />
hardship. To be precise, they don't own any starting capital to start business. One way to<br />
overcome this problem is the state regulation. First of all, the state has to create market<br />
environmental conditions: work out and implant the optimal norms of right fiscal, credit,<br />
finance, ensuring and customs policy.<br />
Judging from the mentioned above, there is necessary the kind of institutional and<br />
economical transformations, when every sphere of social relations works out immunity that
will assist and accelerate manufacture regeneration and development.<br />
To realize structural policy on macroeconomical level, the state should assist to<br />
improve investing climate. Otherwise Guria region will never regenerate economically.<br />
9. The economical factors which had a negative influence on tea factories’<br />
development may be divided into internal and external factors. From the external factors<br />
should be noted the destruction of economical links, that caused deficiency of raw-materials'<br />
market. To overcome the crisis in tea-growing as well as in the whole nutrition industry, the<br />
main activity is to establish and develop structures of market relations.<br />
Generally, in order to establish structures of market relations it's necessary:<br />
-To use all the forms of manufacture, based on multi-property relations.<br />
-Enterprise competition and the competitive ability of a production.<br />
-To activate the prices of free market.<br />
-Reorganizing and restructuring the enterprises.<br />
-To use and implant right fiscal, finance, credit, ensuring and customs policy.<br />
-To implant all the achievements of modern scientific-technical progress.<br />
Now, very special attention should be paid on developing small and medium<br />
business. It gives chances of rapid starting the functioning in this field, quick orientation on<br />
markets, great and good possibilities of using owner's manufacturing abilities.<br />
10.In Guria region poverty is directly connected with economical development. In<br />
the complex activities of overcoming the poverty, it is important to take into consideration<br />
the development of perfect labour markets; temporary working organizations, raising the<br />
role of human capital; carrying out the strategy of food security.<br />
-It is necessary to implant the assisting policy of regional manufacturers, which will<br />
encourage them and make their manufacture more effective.<br />
-To overcome the crisis, for Guria region the only way for agrarian sector is by<br />
recovering of tea-growing. In addition, it is important to enlarge the manufacture of citrus,<br />
nuts and kiwi. First of all it's necessary to regenerate manufacture in these field, as market<br />
economics-is the economics of manufacturers. Manufacture will regenerate and develop the<br />
economics of the researching region. It will develop. and the living conditions will rise as<br />
well.<br />
11.In market economics, which is based on free manufacture and free competitive<br />
ability, effective ability is very necessary, as the laws of market economics are very strict<br />
and objective. Market economics can't stand the managers, who spend manufacturing<br />
resources without purpose, and breaks them away.<br />
So, in the conditions of market business, the competitive ability of the whole<br />
manufacturing activity is very essential.<br />
Competitive ability is defined as a feature of an object which describes the<br />
satisfying quality of the concrete demand in comparison with analogical object presented on<br />
market.<br />
Generally, raising tea quality in tea-growing and getting competitive production,<br />
starts with its growing and ends with final delivery to the consumer. To keep and regulate<br />
these processes will lead us to manufacturing competitive prepared tea in Guria region. Such<br />
kind of production can easily take a place on any world market and tea will become highly<br />
profitable.<br />
12.In the xx century in 1990s, together with reduced number of marriages the<br />
level of death and migration exceeded people's natural increase in Guria and in the whole<br />
country. Thus, Guria entered the 21st century as a typical region of depopulation.<br />
In addition, in comparison with other regions of Georgia, Guria is distinguished<br />
with its low demographic level, where the level of birth and natural increase is very low.<br />
And the total number of population decreases, as the result of natural decrease and local and
foreign migration as well, that will worsen the demography and working potential of the<br />
region.<br />
The realization of tea manufacturing, in this region and on this ground raise of<br />
economics, should change the demographic situation for the better. So, to recover<br />
demographic background in this region, should be considered as one of the main condition<br />
of raising economics. And it is incredible without developing and regenerating tea and<br />
subtropical cultures.
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