Zalaufleba da sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi
Zalaufleba da sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi
Zalaufleba da sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi
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sazogadoebis kvlevis centri<br />
<strong>Zalaufleba</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
statiebis krebuli<br />
gamomcemloba `universali~<br />
Tbilisi 2009
krebuli gamocemulia Jan Joresis fondis<br />
xelSewyobiT (safrangeTi)<br />
mTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtori: marina musxeliSvili<br />
sazogadoebis kvlevis centri<br />
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2009<br />
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30<br />
#$%&'()!*+',-./&(0'+1-.+-123-!<br />
4567 978-9941-12-894-3<br />
"<br />
!
sarCevi<br />
1. gia JorJoliani, marina musxeliSvili, gela banZelaZe<br />
politikuri sistema <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>...................................................... 7<br />
2. marina musxeliSvili<br />
sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>bruneba................................................................................... 27<br />
3. <strong>da</strong>viT melua<br />
adgilobriv interesTa warmomadgenloba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
politikur sistemebSi........................................................................................ 67<br />
4. Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofa, rogorc eTnikuri<br />
konfliqtebis mogvarebis gza (statia momzadebulia<br />
xatia na<strong>da</strong>raias mier) ........................................................................................ 86<br />
5. mamuka biWaSvili<br />
samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ......................................... 99<br />
6. elguja meqvabiSvili<br />
mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTareba rogorc<br />
saSualo klasis formirebis umniSvnelovanesi piroba. 112<br />
7. zaza SaTiriSvili<br />
nacionaluri identoba <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri narativebi ......... 123<br />
8. nana sumbaZeQ<br />
qalaqi <strong>da</strong> sofeli: mosaxleobis Rirebulebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri simpaTiebi...................................................................................... 137<br />
9. ioseb arCvaZe<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
socialur-ekonomikuri stratifikaciis zogierTi<br />
aspeqtis Sesaxeb ...................................................................................................... 155<br />
! "
8<br />
!<br />
winasityvaoba<br />
2009 wlis gazafxulze sazogadoebis kvlevis centrma<br />
Jan Joresis fondis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT moawyo ramdenime seminari<br />
saerTo saTauriT "politikuri sistema - risken<br />
viswrafoT? SesaZloa Tu ara mivaRwioT efeqtur demokratias<br />
institucionaluri garemos ganaxlebis gziT?". am<br />
seminarebSi monawileoba miiRes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>rgis specialistebma<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikosebma. maT ganixiles politikuri<br />
sistemis transformaciis mimarTulebebi farTo socialuri<br />
konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. mocemuli krebuli asaxavs<br />
seminarebis monawileTa naazrevs rogorc Tavad sistemis,<br />
aseve im konteqstis Sesaxeb, romelSiac is moqmedebs,<br />
<strong>da</strong> romelTanac is uSualod Tu gaSualedebulad<br />
kavSirSi imyofeba.<br />
pirveli narkvevi `politikuri sistema <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>~<br />
aRwers Zalauflebis im konfiguracias, romelic<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> dReisTvis aris Camoyalibebuli. saxelmwifo<br />
mmarTveloba dRes xasiaTdeba Zalauflebis Zlieri<br />
centralizaciiTa <strong>da</strong> koncentraciiT, partia-saxelmwifos<br />
sabWouri tradiciis maxinji SerwymiT maJoritarul er-<br />
Tpartiul mmarTvelobasTan <strong>da</strong> politikuri partiebis<br />
zogadi sisustiT. meore narkvevi, "sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>bruneba"<br />
(marina musxeliSvili) am centralizacias ukavSirebs<br />
transformaciis ganvlili periodisa <strong>da</strong> demokratizaciis<br />
calmxriv, neoliberalur xasiaTs. narkvevis mizania alternatiuli<br />
gzebis Zieba - aseT alternativad avtoris<br />
azriT evropuli gamocdilebis gaziareba warmoadgens.<br />
Semdegi narkvevi, "adgilobriv interesTa warmomadgenloba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva politikur sistemebSi" (<strong>da</strong>viT melua) exeba<br />
konkretulad erT politikur instituts, adgilobriv<br />
mmarTvelobas. narkvevSi mocemulia adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis<br />
evropuli gamocdilebis mimoxilva <strong>da</strong> am Suqze gaanalizebulia<br />
saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari problemebi.<br />
politikuri sistemisadmi miZRvnili narkvevebi<strong>da</strong>n meoTxe<br />
"Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofa rogorc eTnikuri konfliqtebis<br />
mogvarebis gza" (sapublikaciod momzadebulia xatia na<strong>da</strong>raias<br />
mier) eZRvneba eTnikuri konfliqtebis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis<br />
Temas. gansxvavebiT wina narkvevebisgan, is gansxvavdeba<br />
imiT, rom evropul gamocdilebas, kerZod, Zalauf-
lebis gaziarebis princips kritikulad udgeba, <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>regulirebis meqanizmad naklebad gamosadegad<br />
miiCnevs.<br />
Semdegi ori narkvevi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, anu<br />
Sualeduri donis institutebs exeba: arasamTavrobo organizaciebs,<br />
("samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>", mamuka biWaSvili)<br />
<strong>da</strong> mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo mewarmeobas rogorc saSualo fenis<br />
arsebobis erTerT winapirobas. ("mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo<br />
mewarmeobis ganviTareba rogorc saSualo klasis formirebis<br />
umniSvnelovanesi piroba", elguja meqvabiSvili).<br />
erTic <strong>da</strong> meorec asaxaven im institutebis sisustes (an,<br />
SesaZloa, praqtikul ganuviTareblobas), romlebic sasicocxloa<br />
demokratiis funqcionirebisTvis. samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas rogorc Cans ar Svelis liberalur<br />
yai<strong>da</strong>ze mowyobili arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />
Seqmna; amis magaliTia meore statiaSi <strong>da</strong>smuli problema:<br />
saSualo klasis interesebis <strong>da</strong>ucveloba, romelic<br />
mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo biznesis savalalo mdgomareobiT gamoixateba.<br />
orive es movlena urTierTkavSirSia <strong>da</strong> evropuli<br />
tradiciisgan metad Sorsaa.<br />
narkvevSi "nacionaluri identoba <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri<br />
narativebi" (zaza SaTiriSvili) avtori aanalizebs nacionaluri<br />
identobis formirebis Taviseburebebs (arasekularuli<br />
nacionalizmi) <strong>da</strong> miiCnevs, rom politikuri sistemis<br />
demokratizacias nacionaluri narativebis transformaciac<br />
sWirdeba.<br />
bolo ori narkvevi, "qalaqi <strong>da</strong> sofeli: mosaxleobis<br />
Rirebulebebi <strong>da</strong> politikuri simpaTiebi" (nana subaZe)<br />
<strong>da</strong> "saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobisa <strong>da</strong> socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
stratifikaciis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb"<br />
(ioseb arCvaZe) SesaZloa yvelaze arsebiT sakiTxs<br />
exeba - Tavad sazogadoebis mimarTebas politikasTan.<br />
statiebi statistikur maCveneblebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, obieqturi<br />
<strong>da</strong> subieqturi indikatorebis gamoyenebiT, aanalizeben<br />
mosaxleobaSi arsebul socio-ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofebs. vinai<strong>da</strong>n politikuri mowyoba didwilad<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze Tu ramdenad erTgvarovania Tu mravalferovania<br />
mosaxleoba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom politikurad<br />
arsebiTi <strong>da</strong>yofa, romelic pirveli narkvevis Sede-<br />
! 9
gebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs, aris <strong>da</strong>yofa qalaqsa <strong>da</strong> sofels<br />
Soris. mosalodnelia, rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis Sexedulebebi<br />
imaze, Tu romeli sistemaa sasurveli, gansxvavdebodes<br />
regionebis Sexedulebisgan. Tumca mosaxleobis<br />
udides nawils aqvs saerTo maxasiaTebelic - es aris si-<br />
Raribe. siRaribes ki SesaZloa moyvebodes winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
Sedegebi - an gamZafrebuli brZola politikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
socio-ekonomikuri uflebebis mosapoveblad, an piriqiT,<br />
avtoritaruli mmarTveloba. erTaderTi, rasac is namdvilad<br />
ver uwyobs xels aris stabilurad moqmedi demokratiuli<br />
institutebi.<br />
:<br />
!
saqarTvelo: Zalauflebis<br />
struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi<br />
gia JorJoliani<br />
marina musxeliSvili<br />
gela banZelaZe<br />
marqsi Tavis droze amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
arsebuli mwarmoebluri urTierTobebis bazisi gansaz-<br />
Rvravs qveynis politikur zednaSens <strong>da</strong> rom ekonomikuri<br />
urTierTobebi ganapirobeben politikur Sexedulebebsac.<br />
maqs veberi ki sapirispirod, Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom kulturuli<br />
Rirebulebebi ayalibeben ekonomikuri urTierTobebis<br />
logikas. Tanamedrove mkvlevari, ronald ingleharti, eyrdnoba<br />
ra farTo sociologiur monacemebs, amtkicebs,<br />
rom marqsic <strong>da</strong> veberic erTdroulad marTlebic arian<br />
<strong>da</strong>, amave dros, kidevac scdebian. politikuri, kulturuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri ganzomilebebi zemoqmedebas axdenen<br />
erTmaneTze, viTardebian paralelurad <strong>da</strong> ayalibeben garkveul<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul modelebs, romlebic<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebsa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciebSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairia.<br />
saqarTvelos politikuri sistema Sedgeba mTeli rigi<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli maxasiaTeblebisagan, rolebic<br />
ganisazRvrebian <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, gansazRvraven sazogadoebis<br />
socialuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli parametrebis<br />
bunebas. es urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli maxasiaTeblebi istoriulad<br />
Camoyalibdnen <strong>da</strong> yalibdebian, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulni<br />
arian ganvlil gzaze <strong>da</strong> im SemTxvevaSic ki Zalzed nela<br />
icvlebian, Tuki erT-erTi parametri mkveTrad Seicvleba.<br />
arsobrivi cvlilebebi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT xdeba TaobaTa<br />
cvlasa <strong>da</strong> sistemis yvela maxasiaTeblis urTierT<strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebul transformaciasTan erTad.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa cvlilebebi mainc xdeba <strong>da</strong> yvela<br />
parametri ama Tu im mimarTulebiT ganicdis evolucias.<br />
mniSvnelovania imis codna Tu ra mimarTulebiT icvlebian<br />
isini <strong>da</strong> ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs am cvlilebebs.<br />
saqarTvelom bolo 15-20 wlis manZilze ramodenime<br />
politikuri reJimi gamoicvala, Seicvala konstituciuri<br />
mowyobac, qveyanam ga<strong>da</strong>itana samoqalaqo omebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>karga<br />
kontroli teritoriis nawilze. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, saqar-<br />
! ;
Tvelos politikuri sistema xasiaTdeba iseTi TvisebebiT,<br />
romlebic am drois manZilze ucvlelad rCebodnen <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTganaxlebis Zalas avlendnen. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>Zalaufleba</strong><br />
koncentrirebuli, centralizebuli <strong>da</strong> personificirebulia.<br />
qveynis prezidents akisria sruli <strong>da</strong> praqtikulad<br />
erTpirovnuli pasuxismgebloba yvela miRebul politikur<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebasa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo aparatis funqcionirebaze.<br />
kompetenciaTa teritoriuli <strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
TiTqmis sruliad ar arsebobs, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba<br />
ganuviTarebelia, regionebi sustia <strong>da</strong> centralur<br />
xelisuflebazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. prezidenti srulad akontrolebs<br />
xelisuflebas. prezidents, mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong> parlaments<br />
Soris Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawileba susta<strong>da</strong>a gamokveTili<br />
<strong>da</strong> pirveli piris mier parlamentze an mTavrobaze<br />
kontrolis <strong>da</strong>kargvis SemTxvevaSi sistemuri krizisi<br />
iwyeba. sasamarTlo xelisuflebas ar gaaCnia <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> ver axerxebs centraluri xelisuflebis Sekavebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kanonis uzenaesobis uzrunvelyofas. politikaSi<br />
monawileobas mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri dividendebi moaqvs.<br />
ekonomikuri saqmianobac Zlier aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />
xelisuflebasTan klientelistur kavSirebze <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
korufciuli meqanizmebiT funqcionirebs. amgvar<br />
konfiguraciaSi <strong>Zalaufleba</strong> didwilad xelisuflebis<br />
partiis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, romelic mkacrad<br />
centralizebulia <strong>da</strong> administraciul resurss eyrdnoba.<br />
amave dros, xelisuflebis partia iSleba xelisuflebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
wasvlis SemTxvevaSi. partiebi <strong>da</strong> prezidentebi xelisuflebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
opoziciaSi ar ga<strong>da</strong>dian, aramed saerTod toveben<br />
politikur arenas <strong>da</strong> kargaven legitimacias. Tavad<br />
xelisuflebis cvlilebac radikaluri-revoluciuri<br />
gziT xdeba. amave dros, Zalauflebis erT centrSi koncentrirebis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> inarCunebs SesaZleblobas<br />
opoziciuri ganwyobebisa <strong>da</strong> moZraobebis avtonomiurad<br />
SemuSavebisa, romlebic saprotesto aqciebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong>, dro<strong>da</strong>dro, arapopularuli reJimebis cvlilebas iwvevs.<br />
arsebobs mravali opoziciuri partia <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
aqtori, romlebic xelisuflebis revoluciuri (sistemuri,<br />
radikaluri) oponentebi arian. polarizebuli politikuri<br />
pluralizmis pirobebSi opoziciuri partiebi<br />
praqtikulad ar monawileoben politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetile-<br />
<<br />
!
ebis miRebaSi, aramed sakuTar Zalisxmevas arsebuli re-<br />
Jimis Secvlisken mimarTaven. komprometirebuli politikuri<br />
aqtorebis marginalizaciis paralelurad Cndebian<br />
axali politikosebi <strong>da</strong> partiebi, romelTa dRegrZelobac<br />
mTliana<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli maT opoziciaSi yofnaze.<br />
opoziciuri partiebis gar<strong>da</strong>, amgvarive rols TamaSoben<br />
masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebic. am organizaciaTa <strong>da</strong>finansebis wyaroebi<br />
xelisuflebisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebelia (biznesi, saerTaSoriso<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>). <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, Tumca ki inarCunebs arapopularuli<br />
xelisuflebis Secvlis potencials, praqtikulad<br />
ar monawileobs politikis, strategiebis formireba-<br />
Si, uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvaSi <strong>da</strong> a.S. politikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi (partiebi, arasam-<br />
Tavroboebi) aqtivistTa mcire wres moicaven. sazogadoebrivi<br />
problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaze pasuxismgebloba TiTqmis<br />
mTlianad centralur xelisuflebas ekisreba. politikuri<br />
diskursi vertikaluria. am diskursis horizontaluri<br />
Semadgeneli gamoukveTavia. qveynis ganviTarebis kursi<br />
didwilad sagareo faqtorebzea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
rom politikuri reformebi igegmeba <strong>da</strong> xorcieldeba<br />
am gare faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini naklebad<br />
asaxaven sazogadoebis mdgomareobas, rac politikuri<br />
ganviTarebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar strategiebs Soris konkurenciis<br />
warmoqmnis saSualebas ar iZleva. ZalauflebisaTvis<br />
brZola warmoadgens `TavisTavad Rirebulebas~ <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
asaxavs interesebis, Sexedulebebisa <strong>da</strong> programuli prioritetebis<br />
gansxvavebulobas, rac sazogadoebis bazisur<br />
problemebs ga<strong>da</strong>uwyvetels tovebs.<br />
Zalauflebis centralizacia<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Zalauflebis teritoriuli <strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
sustia. qveynis prezidenti Zalauflebis piramidis sa-<br />
TaveSi dgas, romelic mmarTvelobis yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bal doneebamde<br />
eSveba.<br />
1995 wlis konstitucia, ga<strong>da</strong>uwyveteli teritoriuli<br />
konfliqtebis gamo, Riad toveb<strong>da</strong> qveynis teritoriul-administraciuli<br />
mowyobis sakiTxebs, <strong>da</strong> mxolod zo-<br />
! =
gadi debulebebiT Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong>, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c miiCneo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom es sakiTxebi afxazeTis, cxinvalis regionis <strong>da</strong><br />
aWaris statusis gansazRvrasTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. samomavlod<br />
igegmebo<strong>da</strong> orpalatiani parlamentis Seqmna <strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos raionebis nacvlad (<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 80) regionebad<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofa (<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 10 erTeuli). regionebis marTvis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad droebiT saSualebad prezidentis<br />
rwmunebulebi iqcnen. vardebis revoluciisa <strong>da</strong> aWaris<br />
movlenebis Semdeg prezidentis rwmunebulis instituti<br />
SenarCun<strong>da</strong>, teritorialuri mowyobisa <strong>da</strong> qveynis decentralizaciis<br />
sakiTxi ki kvlav ga<strong>da</strong>debulia.<br />
ufro dinamiurad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> TviTmmarTvelobiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> warmomadgenlobiTi institutebis transformireba <strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTareba. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba 1998 wels <strong>da</strong>inerga,<br />
ramac garkveulwilad adgilebze sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis gaaqtiureba ufro gamoiwvia <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv<br />
demokratiisaTvis Seqmna safuZveli. Tumca, mTlianobaSi,<br />
man, ramodenime mizezis gamo, efeqturad ver imuSava. adgilobrivi<br />
xelisuflebis funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro<br />
ekonomikuri fun<strong>da</strong>menti im periodSi ar Seqmnila. kompetenciaTa<br />
decentralizacias ukiduresad susti iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
mas Tan ar axl<strong>da</strong> realizaciisa <strong>da</strong> kontrolis saWiro<br />
meqanizmebi. kanoni adgilobrivi arCevnebis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />
partiul warmomadgenlobas efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>, adgilebze<br />
arsebul siRaribesTan erTad, mmarTvelobis organoTa<br />
Zlier politizirebasa <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad maT xelisuflebis<br />
partiisadmi <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba-<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas uwyob<strong>da</strong><br />
xels.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom, 1998 <strong>da</strong> 2002 wlebis adgilobrivma<br />
arCevnebma aCvena, rom opoziciur partiebi adgilobriv<br />
doneze ufro advilad axerxeben warmomadgenlobis<br />
miRwevas vidre centralur doneze, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiTi<br />
organoebi mainc mu<strong>da</strong>m advilad kontroldebodnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> imarTebodnen centraluri xelisuflebis mier, mi-<br />
Tumetes, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tanamdebobebi <strong>da</strong>niSvniTi<br />
rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
vardebis revoluciis Semdeg adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis<br />
axali sistema iqna SemoRebuli (2005 wlis reformiT),<br />
romelmac wina periodis mcire monapovrebic ki Seasusta.<br />
mravalricxovani, mcirezomiani <strong>da</strong> ufro Znelad<br />
>?<br />
!
kontrolirebadi organoebis nacvlad Seiqmna msxvili er-<br />
Teulebi raionebis doneze. am erTeulebs formalurad<br />
TviTmmarTvelobiTi hqvia, Tumca realurad <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
funqcionirebis saSualeba ara aqvT. prezidentis regionuli<br />
rwmunebulebi, romlebsac kanoniT ara aqvT raionebis<br />
mmarTvelobis ufleba, realurad floben ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa<br />
srul <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>s e.w. TviTmmarTvel organoebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
politikuri sistemis centralizaciis tendencias<br />
Semdegi faqtoric aZlierebs:<br />
demokratiuli centralizmis principi, romelic jer<br />
kidev leninma menSevikebTan gamarTuli diskusiis dros<br />
Camoayaliba, adgilobriv sakiTxebze ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa<br />
partiis centraluri organos mier miRebas gulisxmobs<br />
(magaliTad saarCevno olqSi deputatobis kandi<strong>da</strong>turis<br />
wamoyeneba). adgilobriv organoebs mxolod iniciativisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> wina<strong>da</strong>debis wamoyenebis ufleba rCebaT. es principi,<br />
romelic partia-saxelmwifos sabWoTa politikur sistemaSi<br />
mtkiced iyo gamj<strong>da</strong>ri, postsabWoTa <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>c<br />
Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis ZiriTad<br />
principad gvevlineba. es Tan<strong>da</strong>yolili inercia vlindeba<br />
rogorc centrsa <strong>da</strong> adgilebze mmarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> marTulTa<br />
molodinebisa <strong>da</strong> motivaciebis zogad mentalobaSi, aseve<br />
orive doneze xelisuflebis Camoyalibebisa <strong>da</strong> urTier-<br />
TmimarTebis instituciur regulirebaSic. Zalauflebis<br />
koncentraciis tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis u<strong>da</strong>o prioritets warmoadgens,<br />
adgilobriv xelisuflebas ara adgilobrivi warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
organo axorcielebs (romlis kompetenciebic<br />
bundovania <strong>da</strong> finansuri resursebic uaRresad mokrZalebulia),<br />
aramed misi zemdgomi organo. regionuli mmarTvelobis<br />
reformis <strong>da</strong>blokva xelisuflebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n swored<br />
am mizezis gamo mox<strong>da</strong> - vinai<strong>da</strong>n konstituciiT prezidents<br />
uSualod ara aqvs aRmasrulebeli funqcia, mas<br />
urCevnia araformalurad uxelmZRvanelos Tavisive <strong>da</strong>niSnul<br />
rwmunebulebs regionebSi, vidre <strong>da</strong>uqvemdebaros isini<br />
ministrTa kabinets, rogorc uzenaes aRmasrulebel<br />
organos.<br />
susti ekonomika regionebis centrze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas<br />
ganapirobebs. sabWoTa industriuli ekonomikis degra-<br />
! >>
<strong>da</strong>ciam mkveTrad Seamcira ekonomikuri aqtivoba <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad,<br />
ekonomikis moculobac. tradiciulad industriuli<br />
qalaqebi: rusTavi, quTaisi, zestafoni, WiaTura, agreTve<br />
msubuqi mrewvelobisa <strong>da</strong> agraruli ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeli<br />
centrebi, kargaven ra Cveul Tvisebas, ver axerxeben<br />
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas. agrarul regionebSi<br />
gavrcel<strong>da</strong> naturaluri meurneobebis Tanamedrove<br />
tipi, romelic ara produqciis warmoebazea orientirebuli,<br />
aramed TviTmoxmarebaze.<br />
susti ekonomika ase Tu ise mniSvnelovani adgilobrivi<br />
elitebis Seqmnis saSualebas ar iZleva, romlebic<br />
adgilobrivi sazogadoebis reprezentacias SeZlebdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> centri<strong>da</strong>n mosul politikur Tu biznes-figurebs konkurencias<br />
gauwevdnen. maJoritar olqebSi arCeul deputatTa<br />
umravlesoba cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> muSaobs TbilisSi <strong>da</strong><br />
ara Sesabamis olqebSi. adgilobriv elitebs gansakuTrebiT<br />
Zlieri <strong>da</strong>rtyma miayena deindustrializaciam, romelmac<br />
inJiner-teqnikuri inteligencia funqciisa <strong>da</strong> statusis<br />
gareSe <strong>da</strong>tova <strong>da</strong> maTi Tanamedrove `TeTr sayeloianebad~<br />
transformaciis Sansi TiTqmis mospo.<br />
arsebuli ekonomikuri (romelic umuSevrobis Zalzed<br />
maRal dones iwvevs) <strong>da</strong> politikuri (adgilobrivi<br />
mmarTvelobiTi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo organoebis umniSvneloba)<br />
situacia Sromisunarian mosaxleobas, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
axalgazrdobas, migraciisken ubiZgebs. maTi nawili saz-<br />
RvargareT midis, sxvebi ki de<strong>da</strong>qalaq Tbilisis umuSevar-<br />
Ta rigebs avseben (an naklebad prestiJuli profesiiT mu-<br />
Saoben). ekonomikis ganuviTarebulobisa <strong>da</strong> socialur _<br />
politikuri cxovrebis marginalizaciisgan gamowveuli<br />
migracia centrisken (Tbilisisken) kidev ufro aZlierebs<br />
adgilobrivi Temebis sisustes <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi ekonomikuri,<br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri potencialis zr<strong>da</strong>s<br />
TiTqmis gamoricxavs. yovelive es kidev ufro amZafrebs<br />
ise<strong>da</strong>c Zlier tendencias centralizaciisaken.<br />
globalizaciis procesi centralizaciis process<br />
uwyobs xels. misi gamowvevebi (enobrivi, informaciuli,<br />
teqnologiuri, ekonomikuri, komunikaciuri <strong>da</strong> a.S.) Sesabamisi<br />
resursebisa <strong>da</strong> qselebis xelmisawvdomobas moiTxovs.<br />
es xelmisawvdomoba ki gacilebiT advilad realizdeba<br />
centrSi vidre regionebSi (umetesoba SemTxvevebSi<br />
>"<br />
!
aionebSi yovelive es absoluturad miuwvdomelia). amave<br />
dros, globalizaciis gamowvevebTan gasamklaveblad resursebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zalisxmevis gaerTianebaa saWiro rac aseve<br />
pozitiurad miesa<strong>da</strong>geba centralizaciis tendencias.<br />
saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>Slis SiSi _ teritoriaTa eTnikuri<br />
araerTgvarovneba aseve aZlierebs Zalauflebis centralizaciis<br />
tendencias. decentralizacia, gacnobierebulad<br />
an gaucnobiereblad, asocirdeba avtonomizmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
separatizmis tendenciebTan. rogorc afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> cxinvalis<br />
regioni, aseve amJamad araaqtiuri magram potenciurad<br />
separatistul regionebad mosazrebuli somxebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
azerbaijanelebiT kompaqturad <strong>da</strong>saxlebul regionebis<br />
arseboba, xels uwyobs amgvar Sexedulebebs. iTvleba,<br />
rom, teritoriebis avtonomiurobis gazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
xelisuflebebisa <strong>da</strong> institutebis kompetenciaTa Sesabamisi<br />
gafarToveba aucileblad gaaZlierebs separatistul<br />
ganwyobebs, imdenad ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mravaleTnikur mosaxleobaSi<br />
politikuri erTobis arasakmarisi konsolidirebulobis<br />
pirobebSi eTnikuri identobis mniSvneloba<br />
moqalaqeobrivs aRemateba. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom yvela<br />
regionTan mimarTebaSi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba msgavsi un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos, institucionaluri mowyobisadmi universalisturi<br />
midgoma eTnikurad mxolod qarTvelebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli<br />
regionebisadmic msgavs midgomas ganapirobebs.<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis gare safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg<br />
arsebuli ganwyobebic agreTve aZlierebs centralizacias.<br />
sazogadoebrivi azri miiCnevs, rom es modeli gacilebiT<br />
ufro efeqturia gare safrTxeTa asacileblad vidre<br />
decentralizebuli mmarTvelobiTi sistema. iTvleba, rom<br />
decentralizaciis SemTxvevaSi arakeTilmosurne gare Zalebi<br />
ufro advilad SeZleben calkeuli regionebis mimarT<br />
sakuTari interesebisa <strong>da</strong> gegmebis ganxorcielebas.<br />
amis magaliTad ara marto afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> cxinvalis regioni<br />
ganixileba, aramed aslan abaSiZis reJimis droindeli<br />
aWarac. sazogadoebriv mentalobaSi mudmivi <strong>da</strong> permanentuli<br />
sagareo mtris xatis <strong>da</strong>fuZneba, ayalibebs nacionalisturi<br />
erTobis ideas. am xedviT axali <strong>da</strong> susti saxelmwifo<br />
mxolod erTiani, sayovelTao ZalisxmeviT SeZlebs<br />
mtris mogeriebas, romelsac centralizebuli po-<br />
! >@
litikuri neba marTavs. sagareo safrTxeebis mogeriebas<br />
erTianoba esaWiroeba.<br />
ideologia, romliTac xelisufleba sakuTari Zalauflebis<br />
legitimacias axdens agreTve xels uwyobs centralizacias.<br />
demokratia gagebulia ara rogorc orientirebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> normebis sistema, romlebic sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebas ganapirobeben <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv-politikuri<br />
diskursisa <strong>da</strong> qcevebis mimarTulebas gansazRvraven. igi<br />
sazogadoebisagan `gare~ fenomenad rCeba <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis<br />
legitimacias ara am sazogadoebis meSveobiT axdens,<br />
aramed sxva wyaroebiT, rogorebic SesaZloa iyos `progresuli<br />
saerTaSoriso <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>~, `demokratiuli Zalebi~<br />
an `WeSmariti mecnieruli Teoriebi~ (iseve rogorc<br />
sabWoTa dros mecnierul komunizmis Teoria), `mowinave<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi~ <strong>da</strong> a.S. aSkaraa, rom demokratiis amgvari forma<br />
mxolod centralizebul politikur sistemaSi SeiZleba<br />
efeqturad funqcionirebdes <strong>da</strong> mxolod vertikalurad<br />
_ zemo<strong>da</strong>n qvemoT.<br />
ras SeuZlia Seasustos centralizaciis tendencia?<br />
mniSvnelovani (magram ara ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti) roli SeiZleba<br />
Seasrulos evropuli struqturebis mier Sesabamisma<br />
<strong>da</strong>wolam. aseve uaRresad mniSvnelovania decentralizaciis<br />
mimarT sazogadoebrivi ganwyobebic. postsabWoTa<br />
gamocdilebis 20 weli gviCvenebs, rom arsebuli centralizebuli<br />
politikuri sistema araefeqturia <strong>da</strong> adgilebze<br />
arsebuli problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta ar SeuZlia. decentralizebuli<br />
modeli ki (Tu maRalganviTarebuli demokratiuli<br />
qveynebis WeSmariti gamocdileba mis sasargeblod<br />
sakmarisi argumenti araa), <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> jer gamoucdelia<br />
<strong>da</strong> arc misi araefeqturobis mtkicebis safuZveli<br />
arsebobs.<br />
>8<br />
!<br />
Zalauflebis koncentracia<br />
demokratiuli centralizmis sabWoTa tradicia ara<br />
marto Zalauflebis centralizaciis tendencias ganapirobebs,<br />
aramed mis koncentraciasac. orive es tendencia<br />
erTmaneTs asazrdoebs.
Zalauflebis koncentraciaSi mis mTlianobas <strong>da</strong> ganuyoflobas<br />
vgulisxmobT. esaa xelisuflebis tradiciulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawilebuli Stoebis (samarTlebriv saxelmwifoeb-<br />
Si) erTianoba (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli, sasamar-<br />
Tlo), romelSic aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas wamyvani<br />
adgili uWiravs. xelisuflebis msgavs mowyobas SeiZleba<br />
arakonstituciuric vuwodoT ramdena<strong>da</strong>c konstituciurad<br />
swored Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis<br />
gaziarebis tradiciuli principebi iTvleba. am pirobebSi<br />
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia centraluri xelisuflebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva institutebs Soris horizontaluri urTier-<br />
T<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis uzrunvelyofa. <strong>Zalaufleba</strong> erTiania<br />
rogorc vertikalur (centralizacia) aseve horizontalur<br />
(koncentracia) ganzomilebebSi.<br />
Zalauflebis koncentracias axali postsabWoTa<br />
arakonstitucionalizmic uwyobs xels, romelic, ara marto<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli araformaluri wesebis xarjze arsebobs,<br />
aramed rigi formaluri wesebis xelSewyobiTac.<br />
pirvel rigSi un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos saprezidento mmarTveloba.<br />
saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia, marTalia<br />
SezRudvisa <strong>da</strong> wonasworobis principebze iyo agebuli,<br />
qveynis prezidents mainc zedmetad did uflebamosilebas<br />
aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. prezidenti erTdroulad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos<br />
meTaura<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong> mTavrobis xelmZRvanela<strong>da</strong>c. vardebis<br />
revoluciis Semdeg konstituciaSi Setanilma Sesworebebma<br />
kidev ufro gaaZliera (<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>akanona) ise<strong>da</strong>c Zlieri<br />
prezidentis <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>. premierministris Tanamdebobis<br />
SemoRebam mTavrobis sasargeblod prezidentis Zalauflebis<br />
Semcireba ar gamoiwvia, aramed prezidentis instituti<br />
kidev ufro mtkice gaxa<strong>da</strong> politikuri <strong>da</strong> socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
gamowvevebis winaSe, radgan SesaZlebloba<br />
misca prezidents warumatebeli politikis SemTxvevaSi<br />
pasuxismgebloba Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aecilebina. parlamentis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Txovnis uflebis prezidentisTvis miniWebiT, parlamentis<br />
roli kidev ufro Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> prezidentis xelSi<br />
Zalauflebis koncentracias Seewyo xeli.<br />
parlamentis sisuste, romelsac didwilad saprezidento<br />
mmarTvelobis xasiaTi ganapirobebs. prezidentis<br />
partiis arCevnebSi gamarjvebisa <strong>da</strong> umravlesobis Seqmnis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rasac didwilad administraciuli resursi<br />
! >9
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli saarCevno praqtika ganapirobebs, parlamenti<br />
srulad iTqvifeba erTian, koncentrirebul saprezidento<br />
mmarTvelobiT vertikalSi. saqarTvelos samive<br />
prezidents (gamsaxurdia, SevardnaZe, saakaSvili) parlamentSi<br />
umravlesoba gaaCn<strong>da</strong>, romlebsac, qcevis zemoT<br />
aRwerili modelis gamo, ~morCilebs~ uwodebdnen.<br />
nawilobriv sabWoTa modelze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis, nawilobriv<br />
ki axladSeqmnili formaluri <strong>da</strong> araformaluri<br />
wesebis gamo, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> xelisuflebas, praqtikulad,<br />
mxolod prezidenti ganasaxierebs. parlamenti aRiqmeba<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>morCilebuli, arawarmomadgenlobiTi <strong>da</strong><br />
araavtonomiuri subieqti, sasamarTlo xelisufleba ki<br />
rogorc administraciis nawili (rogorc magaliTad saministro<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.).<br />
Zalauflebis legitimacia xdeba ara warmomadgenlobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> monawileobis (demokratiuli legitimacia), aramed<br />
misi funqcionirebis efeqturobis nia<strong>da</strong>gze. legitimaciis<br />
msgavsi saSualeba xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis<br />
koncentracias iwvevs, romlis erTaderTi amocanac, formaluri<br />
instituciuri wesebisa <strong>da</strong> procedurebis ignorirebiT,<br />
efeqturi Sedegebis miRwevaa. pasuxismgebloba <strong>da</strong><br />
uflebamosileba erTmaneTs emTxveva <strong>da</strong> prezidentis figuraSi<br />
gamovlindeba. es ukanaskneli, Sesabamisad, politikuri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis meqanizmebis sakuTar<br />
xelSi koncentrirebas axdens, romelTa nawilic formalurad<br />
ar Sedis mis kompetenciaSi. msgavsi situacia axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong><br />
samive prezidents.<br />
Tuki msgavs politikur sistemaSi Zalauflebis koncentracia<br />
sustdeba, mcirdeba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa miRebis<br />
(an miRebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis) efeqturobac <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad,<br />
mcirdeba Zalauflebis legitimurobac. rodesac<br />
araefeqturoba kritikul zRvars aRwevs, legitimuroba<br />
uaRresad sustdeba <strong>da</strong> aralegitimuri xelisuflebisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>umorCilebloba sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis misa-<br />
Rebi xdeba: Tuki xelisufleba aralegitimuria, mis winaaRmdeg<br />
aralegitimuri wesebiT brZolac <strong>da</strong>Svebulia.<br />
postsabWoTa <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Zalauflebis koncentracias<br />
is faqtoric uwyobs xels, rom ar arsebobs avtonomiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> profesionaluri saxelmwifo biurokratia. amas,<br />
Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs rogorc istoriuli tradicia,<br />
>:<br />
!
aseve postsabWoTa araformaluri wesrigi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
aparatis politizirebuloba. principi `gamarjvebuli<br />
iRebs yvelafers~ gulisxmobs, rom xelisuflebaSi mosuli<br />
partia Zireulad cvlis saxelmwifo aparats <strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />
erTguli politikuri aqtivis rekrutirebas axdens.<br />
klientilizmi kidev ufro amcirebs biurokratiis avtonomiurobas.<br />
araavtonomiuri biurokratia ki upasuxismgebloa,<br />
mTliana<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli politikur xelmZRvanelobaze<br />
<strong>da</strong> araa motivirebuli <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miRebisTvis. Sedegad iqmneba viTareba, rom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
donis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi politikuri xelmZRvanelobis<br />
Seusabamod maRal doneze miiReba. es xdeba ara<br />
marto vertikalur, aramed horizontalur ganzomilebeb-<br />
Sic. vertikaluri RerZis gaTvaliswinebiT ki iqmneba arademokratiuli<br />
sistemebisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli pirami<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Zalauflebis koncentraciis Serbileba Semdeg tendenciebs<br />
xelewifebaT:<br />
xelisuflebaSi myof sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebs Soris ZalauflebisaTvis<br />
brZolas koncentraciis Sesusteba SeuZlia.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebs Soris <strong>da</strong>pirispireba yvela Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi amcirebs xelisuflebis funqcionirebis efeqturobas<br />
<strong>da</strong> garkveul etapze SesaZloa mTlianad reJimis<br />
Sesusteba gamoiwvios. Tumca bolo wlebis saqarTvelos<br />
gamocdilebam aCvena, rom <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
fraqcionerebi toveben xelisuflebas <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>dian gare<br />
opoziciuri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis reJimSi, xolo xelisuflebis<br />
SigniT <strong>da</strong>rCenis SemTxvevaSi, maT mainc ar gaaCniaT berketebi<br />
raTa Tavisi interesebi ganaxorcielon. es miuTi-<br />
Tebs imaze, rom demokratizaciis istoriulad gamocdili<br />
gza - elitebis paqti TamaSis wesebis <strong>da</strong>cvis Taobaze <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
ver xorcieldeba.<br />
opoziciis gaZliereba <strong>da</strong> gaaqtiureba uzrunvelyofs<br />
pluralisturi poziciebis gaZlierebas <strong>da</strong> oficialuri<br />
ideologiis delegitimacias. Tumca arsebul delegitimacias<br />
SeiZleba moyvebodes ara reJimis Sesusteba,<br />
aramed misi ga<strong>da</strong>svla mmarTvelobis ufro Zalismier me-<br />
Todebze.<br />
koncentraciis tendenciis SesustebaSi mniSvnelovani<br />
rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia evrostruqturebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>wolas (realuri TviTmmarTvelobis SemoReba, Tavisu-<br />
! >;
fali sasamarTlo <strong>da</strong> a.S.). Tumca am <strong>da</strong>wolas realuri<br />
Sedegebis motana mxolod Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris pirobebSi SeuZlia. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi formalur wesebSi garkveuli cvlilebebi SesaZloa<br />
advilad a<strong>da</strong>ptirdnen dominirebad araformalur<br />
wesrigTan.<br />
><<br />
!<br />
erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba<br />
saqarTvelos prezidenti qveynis ganviTarebis Ziri-<br />
Tadi kursis simbolod <strong>da</strong> garantad miiCneva. misi piradi<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikuri Tvisebebi am kursTan identificirdeba.<br />
amas uzrunvelyofs gabatonebuli ideologiac. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
reJimebisas es ideologia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaa. sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
dros, komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis<br />
generaluri mdivnis pirovnebis msgavsi identificireba<br />
qveynis komunisturi ganviTarebis perspeqtivasTan ganpirobebuli<br />
iyo im legendiT, rom man yvelaze ukeT ico<strong>da</strong><br />
mecnieruli komunizmis Teoria <strong>da</strong> amitom SeuZlebeli iyo<br />
araswori politika gaetarebina. Semdgom, erovnul-gamaTavisuflebelma<br />
moZraobam erovnuli identobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
ideologia aRadgina; zviad gamsaxurdia<br />
dRemde bevrisTvis WeSmaritad qarTul identobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
patriotizmTan asocirdeba. iTvleba rom misma garemocvam<br />
iTamaSa uaryofiTi roli, aZlevdnen ra mas cud rCevebs.<br />
SevardnaZe ganasaxiereb<strong>da</strong> pragmatulobasa <strong>da</strong> racionalurobas,<br />
stabilurobis SenarCunebas, <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveobis winaaRmdeg<br />
brZolas. mas ramodenime weli <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>, rom erTpirovnuli<br />
mmarTveli gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo. rodesac misi partia<br />
orad gaiyo <strong>da</strong> zurab Jvanias jgufmac garkveul wil <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>ze<br />
gamoTqva pretenzia (parlamentis kontrolis<br />
paralelurad), amas mmarTvelobis erTpirovnuli xasiaTi<br />
ar Seucvlia, magram gaarTula yovelgvari ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miReba. vardebis revoluciis Semdgom xelisufleba-<br />
Si triumvirati movi<strong>da</strong>, romlebic reformebis, demokratiisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTTan <strong>da</strong>axloebis mimarTulebas ganasaxierebdnen.<br />
Tumca mmarTvelobis pirvelive TveebSi <strong>Zalaufleba</strong><br />
prezidentis xelSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> koncentrirebuli.
erTi gabatonebuli ideologiis legitimacia moiTxovs,<br />
rom swori ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi erT centrSi miiRebodes.<br />
politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi aucileblad un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos `swori~ magram ara ori an ufro meti politikurad<br />
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis kompromisis Sedegi. es prezidents<br />
aTavisuflebs misi oponentebis Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebis<br />
aucileblobisagan. prezidenti, garkveul<br />
wilad, iTvleba im kursis ganxorcielebis eqspertad, ra-<br />
Sic mTeli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> Tanabra<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>interesebuli. am<br />
kursis ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> misi prioritetebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebis<br />
SesaZlo konfliqti aralegitimuria, radganac<br />
subieqtur sawyisebs efuZneba <strong>da</strong> ara `teqnokratiulad~<br />
miRebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas. amitomac, opoziciasTan konsultaciebi<br />
mxolod sisusted SeiZleba CaiTvalos <strong>da</strong><br />
ara gonierebad. oponentebi saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi umniSvneloni<br />
arian, uares SemTxvevaSi ki ubralod xels uSlian<br />
winsvlas.<br />
xelisuflebis partia lideris avtoritets emorCileba.<br />
wamyvani figurebi piradi politikuri erTgulebis<br />
principiT ganisazRvrebian. demokratiuli centralizmis<br />
principi sabWoTa droi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli narCundeba. finansebi,<br />
romelTa generirebac formalurTan erTad mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
araformaluri gzebiTac xdeba, centralizebulia<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTze kontroli erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis<br />
aucilebel komponents warmoadgens. partiasa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
aparatSi Tanamdebobebis, iseve rogorc saarCevno<br />
siaSi adgilebis ganawileba umaRlesi xelisuflebis doneze<br />
wydeba.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialuri jgufebis interesebsa <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebulobaze<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erTiani strategiis<br />
upiratesobis aRiareba erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas<br />
uwyobs xels. sistemis mkacri maJoritaruli xasiaTi,<br />
romelSic konkretuli calkeuli interesebi politikurad<br />
aralegitimuria, aseve <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kanonSemoqmedebiTi<br />
saqmianobis TaviseburebebTanac. kanonis arsi gulisxmobs<br />
ganviTarebis imgvar gzas, romelic sazogadoebis-<br />
Tvis garegania. moqalaqe kanonis obieqtia <strong>da</strong> ara subieqti.<br />
kanonis amgvari gageba mTlianobaSi tradiciuli kia,<br />
magram dResdReobiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, protestebs<br />
warmoSobs.<br />
! >=
mmarTvelobis ufro kolegialuri <strong>da</strong> konsensualuri<br />
stili SesaZloa warmoiSvas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva politikur<br />
jgufebs Soris konkurenciis institucionalizaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebisas ufro meti pluralizmis<br />
Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi. xazgasmiT un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom aq ar<br />
igulisxmeba ganxeTqileba mmarTvel partiaSi. amgvari<br />
ganxeTqilebis SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis<br />
instituciuri meqanizmi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi<br />
prezidents SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>Salos parlamenti. molaparakebebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kompromisebis meqanizmebi uaRresad sustia. konfliqtis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis institucionalizebuli meqanizmebis<br />
Seqmnis erT-erT gzad SeiZleba miviCnioT saparlamento<br />
mmarTvelobaze ga<strong>da</strong>svla. mmarTvelobis erTpirovnulobis<br />
Semcirebas aseve SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos saxelmwifo aparatis<br />
ganviTarebam <strong>da</strong> profesionalizaciam. saxelmwifo<br />
aparatma, misi politizirebulobisa <strong>da</strong> politikur mmar-<br />
TvelobasTan mibmulobis Sesustebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa<br />
sazogadoebriv ZalebTan korporativistuli kavSirebi<br />
Seqmnas, romlebiT manipulirebac ufro Zneli iqneba.<br />
opoziciuri partiebic, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi ideologiuri<br />
mimarTulebebisa, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis<br />
igive principze arian agebulni. SegviZlia warmovidginoT,<br />
rom erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba arc prezidentis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCevis SemTxvevaSi Sesustdeba. opoziciur partiaTa<br />
mkacrad centralizebuli koaliciis mosvla xelisuflebaSi<br />
mmarTvelobas mxolod araefeqturs gaxdis -<br />
nacvlad amisa, un<strong>da</strong> SenarCundes partiebis mravalferovneba<br />
<strong>da</strong> imavdroulad es mravalferovneba <strong>da</strong>eyrdnos konkretul<br />
socialur jgufebTan mibmas.<br />
"?<br />
!<br />
xelisuflebis partia, romelic<br />
Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>kargvisTanave iSleba<br />
centralizebuli, koncentrirebuli <strong>da</strong> erTpirovnuli<br />
mmarTvelobis erT-erTi mTavari uzrunvelmyofeli<br />
faqtoria xelisuflebis partia. mmarTveli partiis meSveobiT<br />
xorcieldeba saxelisuflebo resursebis kontroli.<br />
iseve rogorc sabWoTa mmarTvelobis dros, partia<br />
ganasaxierebs mTlianad saxelmwifos. amave dros, verc
erTma aseTma partiam (romlebic odesme yofilan xelisuflebaSi)<br />
ver SeZlo xelisuflebi<strong>da</strong>n wasvlis Semdeg<br />
ganegrZo arseboba. isini an saerTod qrebodnen, an marginalur<br />
gaerTianebebad iqceodnen, romlebsac sazogadoebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n susti legitimaciac ki ar rCebo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg komunistebi saqar-<br />
Tvelos umaRlesi sabWo<strong>da</strong>n gandevnes. maT sazogadoebis<br />
TvalSi marginaluri, Zvelmoduri <strong>da</strong> antierovnuli politikuri<br />
Zalis imiji SeiZines, romelic axal realobebs<br />
ar Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong> ~yvelaze<br />
Zvirfas~ ra<strong>da</strong>c maSin <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. komunisturi<br />
partiis nangrevebze sxva warmonaqmnebi Camoyalibdnen,<br />
romlebic aseve ver gascildnen marginalur dones.<br />
TiTqmis igive <strong>da</strong>emarTa mogvianebiT pirveli prezidentis<br />
zviad gamsaxurdias momxreTa gaerTianebas. isini,<br />
vinc verasodes ver Seeguen axal mmarTvelobas saerTod<br />
politikis miRma <strong>da</strong>rCnen. isini vinc ase Tu ise <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong><br />
politikaSi monawileobaze 1995 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg<br />
parlamentSi ver moxvdnen. am Zalebis nawilma vardebis<br />
revoluciis dros garkveuli reanimireba moaxdina, rac<br />
1991 wlis saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>trialebisTvis revanSs ukav-<br />
Sirdebo<strong>da</strong>. aseve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom zviad gamsaxurdias<br />
mmarTvelobis dRemokleoba nawilobriv imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli,<br />
rom `mrgvalma magi<strong>da</strong>m~ ver moaswro srulfasovan<br />
xelisuflebis partiad gar<strong>da</strong>qmna.<br />
`mrgvali magidisagan~ gansxvavebiT, prezident SevardnaZis<br />
partia `moqalaqeTa kavSiri~ Seiqmna Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve rogorc<br />
xelisuflebis partia. am partiis warmomadgenlebi<br />
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi flobdnen saxelmwifo Zalauflebis<br />
yvela meqanizms <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad yvela resurss<br />
akontrolebdnen, raTa gaemyarebinaT partia. misi <strong>da</strong>Sla<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo maSin, rodesac <strong>da</strong>dga dro SevardnaZis Semdeg xelisuflebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCenisTvis brZolisa. bevrma misgan droebiT<br />
gamoyofilma nawilma SeZlo <strong>da</strong> kvlav moeqca revoluciuri<br />
talRis saTaveebSi. SevardnaZis politikuri<br />
sceni<strong>da</strong>n wasvlis Semdeg `moqalaqeTa kavSiris~ narCenebi<br />
ukve veRar SeZleb<strong>da</strong> arsebobis raime saxiT gagrZelebas,<br />
Tumca <strong>da</strong>cemis revoluciurma formam kidev ufro gaamZafra<br />
viTareba. partia ubralod politikuri sceni<strong>da</strong>n ki ar<br />
! ">
wavi<strong>da</strong>, aramed iqna gandevnili, rogorc yvelaferi im cudis<br />
gansaxiereba, romelic `arasodes ar un<strong>da</strong> ganmeordes~.<br />
`nacionaluri moZraoba~ funqcionalurad aseve xelisuflebis<br />
partias warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> am TvalsazrisiT<br />
arafriT ar gansxvavdeba winamorbedebisagan. `vardebis<br />
revoluciis~ Semdeg, umokles droSi saxelmwifo aparatis<br />
moxeleni axali, partiuli kadrebiT iqnen Canacvlebulni.<br />
amgvarad, qarTuli politikuri sistemis garkveuli<br />
stabilurobis gaTvaliswinebiT (Camoyalibebuli tradiciebis<br />
ganmeorebadoba, raoden defeqturebic ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyvnen isini), arsebobs didi albaToba imisa, rom `nacionaluri<br />
moZraoba~ ga<strong>da</strong>rCevis an Zalauflebis raime sxva<br />
gziT <strong>da</strong>kargvis SemTxvevaSi, aseTive fatalur beds ver<br />
gaeqceva.<br />
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom yvela reJimis pirobebSi<br />
xelisuflebis partiebis warmoSobisa <strong>da</strong> maTi Zalauflebis<br />
gareSe arasicocxlisunarianobis mizezi aris Tavad<br />
am politikuri Zalebis, iseve rogorc mTlianad politikuri<br />
sistemis buneba. amgvarad, logikuria vivaraudoT,<br />
rom maTi arsisa <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebis analiziT, aseve maTi<br />
funqcionirebis modelis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cven im mizez-<br />
Ta gaanalizebasac SevZlebT, romelTa gamoc isini jer<br />
iqmnebian, Semdeg ki Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>kargvisTanave wyveten<br />
arsebobas.<br />
`partia saxelmwifo~ sabWoTa tradiciaa. sabWoTa<br />
konstituciis meeqvse muxli partiis wamyvan <strong>da</strong> ganmsaz-<br />
Rvrel funqcias amyareb<strong>da</strong>. partia aucilebeli iyo saxelmwifos<br />
samarTavad yvela doneze (<strong>da</strong> ara marto ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa<br />
miRebis mxolod politikuri kursis gansazRvris<br />
doneze, rogorc es konstituciur demokratieb-<br />
Sia). saxelmwifo aparatTan misi stabiluri Tanaarseboba<br />
ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos stabilurobasac. amgvar partias<br />
ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong> funqcia, romlis ganxorcielebac SesaZlebeli<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> xelisuflebaSi ar yofnis (magaliTad<br />
opoziciaSi yofnis) SemTxvevaSi.<br />
gasagebia, rom mravalpartiulobaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlasa <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos partiisagan gamijvnas amgvari instituciuri<br />
mowyoba un<strong>da</strong> Seecvala (garkveulwilad Secvala kidec).<br />
Tumca, rogorc SemorCenili, aseve axladSeqmnili mTeli<br />
""<br />
!
igi faqtorebi gansazRvraven xelisuflebis partiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTebis im Taviseburebebs, romlebzec<br />
zemoT vsaubrobdiT.<br />
saxelmwifoze ga<strong>da</strong>jaWvuli partia legitimaciis raime<br />
wyaros un<strong>da</strong> flobdes romelic mis subieqturobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> droebiTobas gamoricxav<strong>da</strong>. xelisuflebis partias ar<br />
aqvs politikuri ideologia. is gamoxatavs xalxis nebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> warmoadgens mis avangards. xolo isini ki vinc mis winaaRmdeg<br />
arian, Sesabamisad, xalxis mtrebia <strong>da</strong> ara politikurad<br />
legitimuri metoqeebi. is, rom yoveli axali re-<br />
Jimi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> axerxebs <strong>da</strong> sakuTar Tavs swored amgvarad<br />
warmoaCens, mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sistemis<br />
sxva TvisebebTanac. magaliTad esaa xelisuflebis arCevnebis<br />
nacvlad ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis gziT Secvla, saerTo-sayovelTao<br />
interesebis kerZo ekonomikur interesebze maRla<br />
<strong>da</strong>yeneba, ekonomikis sisuste <strong>da</strong> a.S. xalxis neba ki amave<br />
dros ucvleli araa, igi icvleba reJimi<strong>da</strong>n reJimamde <strong>da</strong><br />
zogjer erTi reJimis drosac.<br />
Tavis mxriv, partiasTan ga<strong>da</strong>jaWvuli saxelmwifo<br />
aseve flobs legitimaciis specifiur formas, riTac<br />
mniSvnelovanwilad `umravlesobis nebaze~ <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli<br />
saxelmwifos sabWoTa tradicias imeorebs <strong>da</strong> ar efuZneba<br />
konstitucionalizmis principebs. mimdinare politikisagan<br />
gamijnulad rom ifunqcioniros, samarTlebriv saxelmwifos<br />
respublikuri legitimacia un<strong>da</strong> gaaCndes (yvelas<br />
neba <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod umravlesobisa) <strong>da</strong> ara demokratiuli<br />
(legitimacia xmaTa umravlesobiT). legitimaciis<br />
es principi jer kidev gamsaxurdias dros iqna <strong>da</strong>rRveuli,<br />
rodesac saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis legitimizireba<br />
referendumis (mosaxleobis umetesobis xmebis) meSveobiT<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara sayovelTao TanxmobiT, ramac Sesa-<br />
Zloa xeli Seuwyo teritoriis nawilze jer kontrolis<br />
Sesustebas, xolo Semdeg konfliqtebis safuZvlis gaZlierebas.<br />
`vardebis revoluciam~ <strong>da</strong> mis Semdgom ganxorcielebulma<br />
konstituciurma cvlilebebma kidev ufro gaaZliera<br />
maJoritarizmis principi konstitucionalizmis kidev<br />
ufro SesustebiT.<br />
eWvs ar iwvevs, rom partia saxelmwifos (xelisuflebis<br />
partiis) funqcionireba formalurad demokratiuli<br />
mowyobis pirobebSi araformaluri institutebis gaZ-<br />
! "@
lierebas, garkveul korufciasa <strong>da</strong> kanonTa <strong>da</strong>rRvevas moiTxovs,<br />
rogoricaa, magaliTad arCevnebis sasurveli Sedegebis<br />
uzrunvelyofa <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebaSi misi funqcionalurobis<br />
uzrunvelyofa (partiuli disciplinis meSveobiT<br />
mmarTvelobis yvela doneze zegavlena). politikuri<br />
korufcia xelisuflebis partiis arsebobis ganuyofeli<br />
nawilia. es moicavs partiuli xazinis Sesavseb finansur<br />
korufciasac. `demokratiuli vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg<br />
<strong>da</strong>Soreba xelisuflebis partiasa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos<br />
Soris kidev ufro Semcir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amgvarad xelisuflebis partias <strong>da</strong>Slisa <strong>da</strong> gaqrobis<br />
tendencia aqvs <strong>da</strong> saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi misgan mxolod<br />
calkeuli gamoyofili fraqciebi rCeba (mmarTveli<br />
partiisgan droulad gamoyofa garkveuli resursebis SenarCunebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Secdomebze pasuxismgeblobaTa moxsnis<br />
efeqturi saSualebaa). sainteresoa Tu rogoria opoziciuri<br />
partiis is Tvisebebi, rac ganapirobebs an xels uSlis<br />
maT xelisuflebis partiad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> partiebs socialuri fun<strong>da</strong>menti praqtikulad<br />
ar gaaCniaT. Sesabamisad farTo<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri populizmi <strong>da</strong> oportunizmi.<br />
maTi platformebi, romlebTan SesabamisobaSic gansaz-<br />
Rvravdnen konkretul politikasa <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiur moqmedebebs,<br />
ar TamaSobs rols ZalauflebisTvis vertikalur<br />
brZolaSi. swored amitomac partiebis ideologiuri prioritetebi<br />
aramkafioa, praqtikulad ganusazRvrelia <strong>da</strong><br />
Zalian advilia maTi erTmaneTSi areva. winasaarCevno kampaniis<br />
an sxva politikuri debatebis dros, imgvari partiebi,<br />
romlebic mniSvnelovan wilad Zalauflebis mopovebis<br />
mizniT garkveul pirTa gaerTianebebs warmoadgenen<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara sazogadoebis ufro farTo fenebis interesebis<br />
gamomxatvelebs, sakuTari prioritetebis gansazRvrisas<br />
problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis ama Tu im meqanizmis popularulobis<br />
maCvenebels eyrdnobian. amave dros isini ar ganmartaven<br />
Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> moxdes am miznebis miRweva, aramed<br />
ubralod amboben imas rac yvelas surs. Sedegad, yvelani<br />
saubroben erTi <strong>da</strong> igives, amomrCevels ki imis sjera,<br />
vinc sxvaze ukeT moaxdens oponentebis diskreditirebas.<br />
memarjvene <strong>da</strong> memarcxene ideologiebad <strong>da</strong>yofa uaRresad<br />
sustia an absoluturad mniSvnelobas moklebulia. sakma-<br />
"8<br />
!
od xSirad partiebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs memarjveneebs<br />
an liberalebs uwodeben, mkveTrad memarcxene <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
ideebiT manipulireben. xSirad erTi partiis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva lozungebi erTmaneTTan modis winaaRmdegoba-<br />
Si.<br />
amgvari viTarebis ganmapirobebel erT-erT faqtors<br />
warmoadgens Tavad <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>c. Tumca mxolod sazogadoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>naSauleba pasiurobasa <strong>da</strong> homogenurobaSi,<br />
romlis gamoc<strong>da</strong>a, rom politikuri partiebis ideologiurobis<br />
done Zalian <strong>da</strong>balia <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> stabiluri politikuri partiebi ar iqmneba,<br />
ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong> marTali. Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis amgvari<br />
homogenuri xasiaTic garkveuli obieqturi faqtorebiT<br />
ganisazRvreba. aseTebia magaliTad: ekonomikuri problemebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>bali done, romlis gamoc <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
politikaze aqtiuri zegavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia.<br />
mizanSewonili iqneba am problemas ufro masStaburad Tu<br />
Sevxe<strong>da</strong>vT <strong>da</strong> ganvixilavT mas rogorc socialur, aseve<br />
politikur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul kriziss (<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
potenciurad arsebuli <strong>da</strong>yofebis Taobaze ix.<br />
amave krebulis statiebi).<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, partiebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
Soris interesebze <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobili reprezentaciuli<br />
urTierTkavSiris ararseboba qarTuli<br />
praqtikis defeqturi xasiaTis erT-erT umTavres mizezs<br />
warmoadgens. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare SegviZlia vivaraudoT,<br />
rom am subieqtebs Soris urTierTkavSirisa <strong>da</strong> urTier-<br />
T<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis gaRrmaveba garkveulwilad gamoasworebs<br />
viTarebas <strong>da</strong> WeSmaritad reprezentatuli politikuri<br />
partiebis Seqmnas Seuwyobs xels, romlebic, Tavis<br />
mxriv, demokratiuli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi institutebia.<br />
es agreTve <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia, raime saxis politikisadmi<br />
mkveTrad gamoxatuli <strong>da</strong> stabiluri mikuTvnebulobebis<br />
gareSe, protestul <strong>da</strong> optimistur diapazonSi sazogadoebrivi<br />
ganwyobebis meryeobis Semcirebazec.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> jer ar yofila precedenti, rom xelisuflebaSi<br />
mosuliyo partia, romelsac politikuri<br />
cxovrebis mravalwliani tradicia eqnebo<strong>da</strong>. arc erTi<br />
zemoT aRwerili partia ar mosula xelisuflebaSi meore<br />
an mesame cdiT (magaliTad arCevnebis meSveobiT). Zalauf-<br />
! "9
leba yovelTvis iseTi partiis xelT aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong> xolme,<br />
romelic an sul mcire xniT adre Seiqmna (`mrgvali<br />
magi<strong>da</strong>~ <strong>da</strong> `nacionaluri moZraoba~), an saerTo<strong>da</strong>c xelisuflebaSi<br />
mosvlis Semdeg Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> (`moqalaqeTa kav-<br />
Siri~). amgvarad, xelisuflebis partiebs <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
arasodes ar <strong>da</strong>sWirvebiaT TavianTi reprezentatuli xasiaTisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan kavSirebis gaZliereba. rodesac<br />
ki isini amgvar aucileblobas awydebodnen (Zalauflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargvis Semdeg), aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong> rom maTTvis amis<br />
gakeTeba ukve Zalian gviania <strong>da</strong> SeuZlebeli iyo (zemoT<br />
aRweril mizezTa gamo).<br />
Sesabamisad, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom partiebis<br />
mier xelisuflebis miRma yofnis gamocdilebis <strong>da</strong>grovebam<br />
SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan maT urTier-<br />
TkavSirsa <strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas. es xels Seuwyobs<br />
maT moaxdinon partiis mtkiced struqturireba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iWiron<br />
mkveTrad gamokveTili adgili ideologiur speqtrSi.<br />
amgvari perspeqtiva ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d opoziciur partiebs exeba,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n xelisuflebis partiisaTvis amgvari moqmedebis<br />
stimuli kvlav ar arsebobs.<br />
":<br />
!
sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>bruneba<br />
marina musxeliSvili<br />
Sesavali<br />
saqarTvelom gamoiara post-sabWoTa transformaciis<br />
20-wliani periodi. imedebi <strong>da</strong> Canafiqrebi diadi iyo, magram<br />
maTi aRsruleba Sorsaa sawyisi molodinisgan. Tumca<br />
ki cxovreba radikalurad ga<strong>da</strong>sxvafer<strong>da</strong>, saboloo jamSi<br />
am periodma ar moitana is, rac mis suliskveTebas amoZraveb<strong>da</strong><br />
- arc demokratia, arc suvereniteti, arc teritoriuli<br />
mTlianoba <strong>da</strong> arc masobrivi keTildReoba. <strong>da</strong>rCa<br />
mxolod imedi, rom viTarebis Secvla mainc SesaZlebelia,<br />
<strong>da</strong> am cvlilebaze samsjelod iwereba es statia.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Sedegebi srulad miRweuli ar<br />
aris, ganvlili periodi <strong>da</strong>mTavrebulia, xolo axali tendenciebi<br />
sxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarebaze miuTiTeben.<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuli etapis Tvisobrivi gansxvavebuloba ganpirobebulia<br />
ara marto sakuTriv saqarTvelos Si<strong>da</strong> viTarebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> agvistos omis SedegebiT, aramed globaluri cvlilebebiTac.<br />
demokratizaciis mesame talRa, romlis logikas<br />
miyvebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos bolo aTwleulebis politikuri<br />
transformacia, <strong>da</strong>srulebulia 1 . amaSi igulisxmeba<br />
ara marto is, rom msoflioSi demokratizaciis winsvlas<br />
ukusvlis tendencia Warbobs; pirvel rigSi aq igulisxmeba<br />
is, rom sakuTari potenciali amowura im ideologiurma<br />
muxtma, romelic am talRis strategiul mamoZravebels<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. dRes sakmaod naTelia, rom im meTodebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> midgomebis gamoyenebiT, rac bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
dominireb<strong>da</strong> - ara marto <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, aramed<br />
mTel msoflioSi - Seqmnili realobis gamosworeba ver<br />
moxerxdeba. saWiroa inovacia, ganvlili gamocdilebis ga<strong>da</strong>azreba,<br />
prioritetebis ga<strong>da</strong>xaliseba. amaze ara marto<br />
msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi metyvelebs, swored amgvari<br />
gzavnilebi jer kidev krizisis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde iyo barak<br />
<br />
> !A&.B1C-./2!"??;2!<br />
! ";
obamas leqsikonSi, ramac mas esoden didi popularoba<br />
moutana msoflioSi.<br />
risi bralia is usasrulo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mRleli politikuri<br />
brZolebi, romlebic qveyanaSi ukve 20 welia grZeldeba,<br />
<strong>da</strong> romlebic efeqturi <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli politikuri<br />
sistemis agebiT vera <strong>da</strong> ver <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>? am kiTxvaze ori<br />
gansxvavebuli pasuxi gaicema xolme - erTni miiCneven, rom<br />
es politikuri kulturis bralia, anu martivad rom vTqvaT,<br />
ar vvargivarT, xalxian-prezidentebianad, im kargi institutebis<br />
asamuSaveblad, romlebsac demokratia hqvia. sxvebs<br />
miaCnia, rom didi nawili Cveni warumateblobisa ganpirobebulia<br />
swored rom Seusabamo institutebis agebis mcdelobebiT,<br />
<strong>da</strong> rom swori institucionaluri inJineriiT viTarebis<br />
gamosworeba SesaZlebelia. am statiaSi Cven vecdebiT<br />
meore logias mivyveT. pirvel rigSi vaCvenebT, rom im konteqstSi,<br />
rasac saqarTvelo hqvia, im institucionalur models,<br />
romlis agebasac vcdilobT, ara aqvs wonasworobis<br />
wertili. anu Tuki Zveleburad gavagrZeleT, gvaqvs ori<br />
arasaxarbielo perspeqtiva - erTi aris demokratiisgan sabolood<br />
<strong>da</strong>Soreba <strong>da</strong> mezobel post-sabWoTa qveynebTan mimsgavseba,<br />
xolo meore - meti Tavisufleba <strong>da</strong> uflebebi, vidre<br />
gvaqvs amJamad, magram efeqturi <strong>da</strong> stabiluri mmarTvelobis<br />
miRwevis gareSe. imisaTvis, rom ganviTarebis axali<br />
institucionaluri mimarTuleba avirCioT, rac savsebiT SesaZlebelia,<br />
saWiroa axli<strong>da</strong>n vifiqroT <strong>da</strong> vimsjeloT imaze,<br />
Tu ra gvWirdeba <strong>da</strong> saiT mivdivarT, vinai<strong>da</strong>n Tuki <strong>da</strong>vakvirdebiT,<br />
ganvlili periodis movlenebi TiTqmis maTematikuri<br />
sizustiT momdinareobs im Taviseburebebi<strong>da</strong>n, romlebic<br />
institucionalur garemos axasiaTebs.<br />
sabWoTa wyobam Camoayaliba saxelmwifo, romelsac<br />
warmarTav<strong>da</strong> ara moqalaqeTa neba, aramed mmarTvelTa<br />
garkveuli wris goni. demokratiuli gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis ganvlilma<br />
periodma a<strong>da</strong>mianTa nebas legitimacia SesZina, <strong>da</strong><br />
mmarTvelobaSi misi monawileobis Teoriuli SesaZlebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong>akanona. gansxvavebiT am orisgan, Semdgomi periodi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> mieZRvnes mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebeli mesame<br />
komponentis - sindisis <strong>da</strong> moralis politikur amoqmedebas.<br />
am mesame komponentis institucionaluri legitimaciiT<br />
Seikvreba qveynis politikuri transformaciis sruli<br />
wre. es ar niSnavs imas, rom mesame periodis bolos sa-<br />
"<<br />
!
qarTvelo gaxdeba aucileblobiT sruliad demokratiuli<br />
qveyana, aramed mxolod imas, rom qveyana gaxdeba politikuri<br />
erToba, romelsac ZaluZs sakuTari momavali<br />
Tavad warmarTos, romelic iyenebs politikuri cxovrebisTvis<br />
aucilebel yvela mTavar komponents - codnas, nebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> morals.<br />
mocemuli statia Sedgeba ramdenime qveTavisgan. pirvel<br />
qveTavSi mokled moxazulia ganvlili periodis mTavari<br />
problema - neoliberaluri paradigmis dominantiT<br />
warmarTul gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebSi koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis sisustis<br />
problema. meore qveTavi axdens mocemuli problemis<br />
modelirebas TamaSTa Teoriis terminebSi, <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTs<br />
upirispirebs nulovanjamovan <strong>da</strong> aranulovanjamovan<br />
politikur urTierTqmedebas, rogorc politikuri sistemis<br />
maformirebel konkurentul <strong>da</strong> kooperirebaze agebul<br />
struqturul elementebs. mesame Tavi paralels avlebs am<br />
struqturul elementebsa <strong>da</strong> arsebuli <strong>da</strong>savluri demokratiebis<br />
or tips Soris -maJoritarul (anglo-saqsuri)<br />
<strong>da</strong> konsesur (zogjer proporciulad wodebuli, kontinenturi<br />
evropa) demokratiebTan. meoTxe Tavi ubrundeba<br />
vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ganvlili<br />
gamocdilebis analizs <strong>da</strong> xsnis am periodis logikas racionaluri<br />
Tvalsawieri<strong>da</strong>n. <strong>da</strong> bolos, mexuTe TavSi gaanalizebulia<br />
politikuri sistemis Semdgomi konsesualuri<br />
ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba.<br />
1.! gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis pirveli faza, liberaluri<br />
proeqti<br />
ZiriTadi debuleba, romelsac eyrdnoba mocemuli<br />
statia, aris is, rom demokratizaciis ganvlili ciklis<br />
calmxrivoba <strong>da</strong> nakluloba ganpirobebulia im neoliberaluri<br />
paradigmaluri xedviT <strong>da</strong> im warmodgenebis xasiaTiT,<br />
romelic jer kidev civi omis periodSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa sistema eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong><br />
koleqtivistur ideologias, rac mkveTrad ganasxvaveb<strong>da</strong><br />
mas <strong>da</strong>savluri liberaluri demokratiebisgan. koleqtivizmis<br />
Canacvleba individualizmiT <strong>da</strong> individualizmis<br />
mier legitimirebuli politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri in-<br />
! "=
stitutebiT amdenad warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> yofili totalitaruli<br />
saxelmwifos demokratizaciis "liberalur proeqts". 2<br />
am proeqtis ganxorcieleba politikis sferoSi institucionalurad<br />
gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong> piradi uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebaSi, politikuri pluralizmis<br />
<strong>da</strong>SvebaSi, mravalpartiulobaSi <strong>da</strong> konkurentuli politikuri<br />
Sejibris SemoRebaSi, romelic Tavisufal arCevnebs<br />
sistemis qvakuTxe<strong>da</strong>d aqcev<strong>da</strong>. mokled, individualizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> SejibrebiToba iyo is Rirebulebebi, romlebsac<br />
wamyvani roli un<strong>da</strong> Seesrulebina transformaciis<br />
praqtikulad yvela mimarTulebis - demokratizaciis, sabazro<br />
ekonomikis, vesternizaciisa <strong>da</strong> sxva mxriv. rac Seexeba<br />
koleqtiur Rirebulebebs, maT an ganixilavdnen rogorc<br />
individualuri Rirebulebebis martiv nakrebs (agregats),<br />
an rogorc ukve (Warbad) arsebuls, <strong>da</strong>, amgvarad,<br />
xelisSemSlels ganviTarebis axali gezis warmatebis-<br />
Tvis.<br />
dRemde bevri avtoris TvalSi, demokratiis ganviTarebis<br />
xelisSemSlel faqtors warmoadgens sazogadoebis<br />
koleqtivizmi, romelic ganapirobebs politikur upasuxismgeblobas,<br />
konformizms, <strong>da</strong>, Tanac momdinareobs tradiciuli<br />
Rirebulebebis siZlierisgan. ". . . individualizmica<br />
<strong>da</strong> `mrevluri koleqtivizmic~ SeiZleba ganvixiloT<br />
erTi mxriv demokratiul-liberaluri, xolo meore<br />
mxriv – fun<strong>da</strong>mentalistur-nacionalisturi paradigmebis<br />
WrilSi" -es citata farTod gavrcelebul azrs gamoxatavs<br />
3 . demokratiul-liberaluri gar<strong>da</strong>qmna, am xedvis Tanaxmad,<br />
ukavSirdeba individualizms, individualizmi <strong>da</strong>savlurobas,<br />
<strong>da</strong> orive erTad upirispirdeba koleqtivizms,<br />
romelic Zirs uTxris demokratiis ganviTarebas.<br />
<br />
2 saWiroa ganvasxvaoT "koleqtivizmi" <strong>da</strong> "individualizmi" koleqtiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> individualuri Rirebulebebisgan zoga<strong>da</strong>d. koleqtivizmi aris politikuri<br />
tradicia, romelic upiratesobas aniWebs ama Tu im jgufis miznebs<br />
pirad miznebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, xolo individualizmi, piriqiT, pirad<br />
miznebs ufro maRla ayenebs koleqtiurebze. amdenad is, rom liberaluri<br />
politikuri tradicia individualisturia, ar niSnavs am tradiciis<br />
mier koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis uaryofas. respublikanizmi, sapirispirod,<br />
koleqtiur miznebs aniWebs upiratesobas, magram amasTanave individualur<br />
interesebsac aRiarebs.<br />
3 gaga niJaraZe,!C11D)EE'1,23-EFDG"?@?>2!<br />
@?<br />
!
mocemuli xedva arasrulfasovania rogorc Teoriuli,<br />
aseve empiriuli Tvalsawieri<strong>da</strong>n. jer erTi, liberaluri<br />
demokratiebi ubralod ver arseboben koleqtivizmis<br />
gareSe. Tavad politika xom koleqtiuri Rirebulebebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> miznebis miRwevis xelovnebaa. <strong>da</strong> swored maSin<br />
xdeba sasicocxlo, rodesac es koleqtiuri miznebi ver<br />
miiRweva individualuri swrafvebis ubralo SejamebiT<br />
(agregirebiT) 4 . Tuki koleqtiuri miznebis gulisTvis ar<br />
xdeba zogjer mainc piradi miznebis ukan ga<strong>da</strong>weva, politikuri<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ver iqmneba. SesaZlebelia, amgvari<br />
xedvebis avtorebs ufro zusti terminologia rom gamoeyenebinaT,<br />
isini realobasTan ufro axlos aRmoCeniliyvnen.<br />
savaraudod, talkot parsonsis iseTi modeluri<br />
cvladebi (D&11-.+! ,&.'&H(-/IJ 9 rogorebicaa partikularizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> universalizmi, ufro karg SesabamisobaSia im ideeb-<br />
Tan, romelTa gadmocema am avtorebs surT, vidre individualizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> koleqtivizmi.<br />
rodesac amgvar terminologias sabWoTa disidentebi<br />
iyenebdnen, is iyo adeqvaturi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n maSin maT ar SeeZloT<br />
politikuri miznebis <strong>da</strong>saxva. es terminologia Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong><br />
maT swrafvas ar yofiliyvnen valdebuli gaeziarebinaT<br />
saxelmwifos mier Tavsmoxveuli ideologia<br />
<strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesi, anu saxelmwifo koleqtivizmis normebi.<br />
demokratiis mSeneblobis gzaze <strong>da</strong>mdgar <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> koleqtivizmis <strong>da</strong>gmobam sul sxva xasiaTi<br />
SeiZina. koleqtivizmi awi ara saxelmwifosTan, aramed<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan gax<strong>da</strong> asocirebuli. amgvari asocireba<br />
ki aZlevs "pro<strong>da</strong>savlur individualistebs" moralur<br />
gamarTlebas maSin, rodesac isini arademokratiulad<br />
iqcevian <strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s ara demokratiis sayrdenad,<br />
aramed mis xelisSemSlel faqtorad miiCneven.<br />
empiriulad mocemuli xedvis mc<strong>da</strong>roba mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, rom 80-iani wlebis sabWoTa sazogadoebebi praqtikulad<br />
ar xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong> raime koleqtiuri normebis arsebobiT,<br />
rac dRemde saTanadod ar aris gaazrebuli. sab-<br />
WoTa oficialuri ideologia ki iyo koleqtivisturi,<br />
magram mas aranairad ar Seuqmnia koleqtivisturi sazoga-<br />
<br />
8<br />
!#(/1-.J!"??;2!<br />
9<br />
!K&./B+/J!"??>2!<br />
! @>
doeba, romelic sajaro koleqtiuri normebiT iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
Sekruli. piriqiT, totalitarul reJims gamovlili sab-<br />
WoTa sazogadoebebi xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong> Zlieri atomizebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> anomiiT. am <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s akl<strong>da</strong> ara marto individualizmi,<br />
aramed koleqtivizmic, xolo orives erTad Zlieri<br />
konformizmi <strong>da</strong> statizmi L/1&1--ze, saxelmwifoze mTeli<br />
pasuxismgeblobis ga<strong>da</strong>bareba) anacvleb<strong>da</strong>. konformizmi<br />
arademokratiuli <strong>da</strong> araTavisufali saxelmwifos mimarT<br />
aramc <strong>da</strong> aramc ar SeiZleba SegveSalos koleqtivizmSi,<br />
romelic sazogadoebis, <strong>da</strong> ara saxelmwifos siZlieris<br />
maxasiaTebelia. korufciis maRali done, romelic<br />
post-sabWoTa sazogadoebebs mosdevs, ukavSirdeba swored<br />
rom koleqtivizmis naklebobas, <strong>da</strong> ara mis siZlieres.<br />
nawili mainc gaugebrobisa, romelic individualizmisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> koleqtivizmis Sesaxeb diskursebs axasiaTebs,<br />
momdinareobs terminologiuri aRrevebisgan. koleqtivizmi<br />
rogorc Cans, xSirad asocirebulia mis arademokratiul<br />
(partikularistul) formebTan, rodesac umravlesobis<br />
nebis aRsruleba xdeba pirovnebis/umciresobis ganadgurebis<br />
xarjze. amgvari koleqtivizmis uaryofa praqtika-<br />
Si xSirad ga<strong>da</strong>dis sapirispiro ubedurebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebaSi<br />
- umravlesobis uflebebis SezRudvaSi <strong>da</strong> umciresobis<br />
diqtaturis <strong>da</strong>myarebaSi. amis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba SesaZlebelia,<br />
Tuki gavixsenebT, rom koleqtivizmisa <strong>da</strong> individualizmis<br />
ganmartebebi maT ararevoluciur interpretirebebSi<br />
gulisxmoben mxolod upiratesobebis miniWebas erTerTi<br />
Rirebulebisadmi, <strong>da</strong> ara meoris srul uaryofas <strong>da</strong><br />
ukugdebas. postsabWoTa sazogadoebebis problema mdgomareobs<br />
ara imaSi, rom koleqtiuri miznebi <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebi<br />
dominireben pirovnulze, an piriqiT, aramed imaSi, rom<br />
koleqtiur <strong>da</strong> individualur Rirebulebebs Soris arsebobs<br />
Rrma ufskruli, romelic maT polarizebas warmoqmnis.<br />
piradi miznebis miRwevisken swrafva angrevs koleqtiur<br />
interesebs, xolo koleqtiuri miznebis win wamoweva<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba individebis interesebs. individualizmis<br />
gaigivebam demokratiasTan xolo koleqtivizmis sabWour<br />
memkvidreobasTan am problemis Sesustebas ki ar Seuwyo<br />
xeli, aramed mis gaRrmavebas. demokratias sWirdeba rogorc<br />
erTi, aseve meore. rac ufro metad ebrZvis indivi-<br />
@"<br />
!
dualizmi koleqtivizms, miT ufro metad uwyobs xels individebis<br />
atomizebas <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>sustebas.<br />
SemdgomSi am gaugebrobis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad Cven<br />
Tavs avaridebT individualizmze <strong>da</strong> koleqtivizmze saubars,<br />
sanacvlod vilaparakebT individualur (pirovnul)<br />
<strong>da</strong> koleqtiur miznebze <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebze <strong>da</strong> maTi miRwevis<br />
strategiebze. konkurencia, Sejibri iqneba ganxiluli<br />
im viTarebis aRwerad, rodesac pirovneba iswrafvis miaRwios<br />
pirvel rigSi sakuTar mizans, xolo sxvebi mas ainteresebs<br />
imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c am miznis miRwevas xels uwyoben<br />
Tu ewinaaRmdegebian. kooperacia, erToblivi qmedeba<br />
aRwers im viTarebas, rodesac a<strong>da</strong>mianTa jgufi cdilobs<br />
miaRwios saerTo mizans, romelic yvelasTvis (TiToeulisaTvis)<br />
misaRebi <strong>da</strong> sasurveli iqneba. pirveli viTarebis<br />
nairsaxeobas warmoadgens vaWrobis Sedegad miRweuli<br />
kompromisi, rodesac TiToeuli mxare aRwevs sasurvelis<br />
nawils, im winaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac<br />
mas meore mxare uwevs. meore viTarebis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens<br />
nawilobrivi konsesusi, rodesac saerTo mizani<br />
ver moicavs yvela pirovnul mizans <strong>da</strong> pirovnul miznebze<br />
orientirebuli qmedebebis nawili izRudeba. rogorc<br />
pirveli, aseve meore modeli, amdenad, zRu<strong>da</strong>vs pirovnebis<br />
arCevanis Tavisuflebas imiT, rom mas sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si uwevs moqmedeba <strong>da</strong> amdenad maTTvis angariSis<br />
gaweva, magram es sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Rirebulebebis safuZvelze<br />
xdeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi metia egoisturi swrafvebi,<br />
xolo meoreSi Warbobs altruistuli ganwyobebi.<br />
Tuki am kuTxiT Sevxe<strong>da</strong>vT, <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom garkveuli<br />
gagebiT is politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri konkurencia,<br />
romlebsac amkvidrebs liberaluri proeqti, ki ar ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
im warmodgenebs politikaze, romelic sabWourobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momdinareobs, aramed maT ganamtkicebs. erTic <strong>da</strong><br />
meorec konfliqts <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas ixilavs (dialeqtikuri)<br />
ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalad. gansxvaveba mxolod<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi mizani<br />
miRweulia rodesac oponenti ganadgurebulia, xolo meoreSi<br />
ganadgureba miznad ar isaxeba, sakmarisia ubralo<br />
upiratesobis miRweva. amdenad gansxvaveba konkurenciis<br />
samarTliani wesebis <strong>da</strong>cvaSia, rasac liberalizmi garkveulwilad<br />
ixilavs eqsternaliad, anu arapolitikur <strong>da</strong><br />
! @@
araekonomikur sarCulad, romelSiac moTavsebulia konkurencia.<br />
es proeqti verafers ambobs imaze, Tu rogor<br />
un<strong>da</strong> warmoiqmnas es normebi, Tuki ar arsebobs maTi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis<br />
aranairi racionaluri politikuri logika. sinamdvileSi<br />
isini konkurenciis gziT arc warmoiqmneba,<br />
rogorc amas ganvlili gamocdileba aCvenebs, xolo Sejibris<br />
is monawile, romelsac amis SesaZlebloba eZleva,<br />
warmatebiT irgebs rogorc moTamaSis, aseve msajulis<br />
funqciebs, rac sabWoTa warsulis ganmeorebasa <strong>da</strong> reinkarnacias<br />
ufro waagavs, vidre liberaluri demokratiis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas.<br />
aseve un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom liberalizmi <strong>da</strong>savlur tradiciaSi<br />
arasdros yofila mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod egoisturi<br />
kerZo sferos triumfi saerTo, koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis<br />
sapirispirod. liberalizmi, sxva <strong>da</strong>savlur tradiciebTan<br />
erTad, rogorebicaa humanizmi, romantizmi Tu<br />
respublikanizmi 6 , yovelTvis qmni<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qmnis saerTo Rirebulebebsac,<br />
romlebic uzrunvelyofen saxelmwifos,<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri institucionaluri<br />
wesrigis legitimacias. magram <strong>da</strong>savleTis istoriuli<br />
ganviTarebis es aspeqti sakmaod <strong>da</strong>Crdila bolo aTwleulebis<br />
dominanturma neoliberalurma paradigmam,<br />
romlis erT-erTi wamyvani adeptis, margaret tetCeris<br />
ganTqmuli gamonaTqvami, "ar arsebobs iseTi cneba rogoricaa<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, arseboben mxolod individebi" 7 zustad<br />
gamoxatavs am periodis meinstrims. gulubryvilo<br />
warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom Tavisufali individebi avtomaturad<br />
warmoqmnian saerTo Rirebulebebs individualuri<br />
Rirebulebebis ubralo agregirebiT ar Seesabameba<br />
arc logikasa <strong>da</strong> arc istoriul gamocdilebas, magram es<br />
faqti uyuradRebod iqna <strong>da</strong>rCenili didi xnis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
Tumca, un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo koleqtiuri<br />
normebis arsebobis TvalsazrisiT Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ukeTes<br />
mdgomareobaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong> vidre ruseTi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n aq meti<br />
iyo araformaluri (metwilad Crdilovani) socialuri kapitali<br />
<strong>da</strong> soli<strong>da</strong>robis normebi. magram es susti socia-<br />
<br />
: !MNOB++-((J!>====9!<br />
@8<br />
!
luri kapitali ki ar gaZlier<strong>da</strong>, aramed Sesust<strong>da</strong> Semdgom<br />
periodSi, rodesac saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>moukideblobam <strong>da</strong><br />
mozvavebulma aqcentma individualizaciaze adre arsebuli<br />
erToblivi qcevis normebi Searyia. araformaluri socialuri<br />
qselebi Sesust<strong>da</strong>, samagierod mZlavrad ifeTqa<br />
nacionalizmma, faSizmma, saxelmwifo ideologiis nairnairi<br />
formebis Ziebam, ramac saboloo jamSi TviT "<strong>da</strong>savleTi"<br />
<strong>da</strong> "nato" aqcia saxelmwifo ideologiis msgavs<br />
sloganebad, yovel SemTxvevaSi, statizmis garkveul nairsaxeobad.<br />
urTierTxelSemwyobi individualuri <strong>da</strong> koleqtiuri<br />
Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba arc ise advilia. post-sabWo-<br />
Ta Tavisuflebebis ucabe<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong> moulodnelad miRebam<br />
moitana is, rom koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba<br />
ufro Zneli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, vidre individualurebis. "naCuqari"<br />
Tavisuflebis neoliberaluri proeqti pirvel xanebSi<br />
ufro advila<strong>da</strong>c ki xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong> atomizirebul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si.<br />
erTmaneTTan sustad SekavSirebuli individebi,<br />
romlebsac wyuriaT Tavisufleba <strong>da</strong> warmateba, swrafad<br />
irgeben mis racionalistur logikas, romelic maT egoistur<br />
moqmedebas amarTlebs <strong>da</strong> gasaqans aZlevs. gacilebiT<br />
ufro Znelia amgvar <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>amkvidro koleqtiuri<br />
Rirebulebebi, iseTebi, rogorebicaa morali, eTika, wesiereba,<br />
ndoba, soli<strong>da</strong>roba <strong>da</strong> sxva, rac pirovnebisgan<br />
garkveul pasuxismgeblobasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis winaSe angariSvaldebulebas<br />
moiTxovs.<br />
liberaluri proeqti TavisTavad ver amkvidrebs koleqtiur<br />
Rirebulebebs, xolo mis gareSe ver ganviTardeba<br />
kerZo sferos avtonomia. am proeqtis warumateblobis<br />
aRiareba, amdenad, ar niSnavs liberalizmis uaryofas,<br />
aramed uaris Tqmas misi neoliberaluri versiis deterministul<br />
erTganzomilebian xasiaTze. organzomilebian<br />
sibrtyeSi ganviTarebis veqtoris ga<strong>da</strong>tana ar ayenebs arc<br />
koleqtiuri <strong>da</strong> arc individualuri Rirebulebebis dominaciisTvis<br />
brZolis saWiroebas, aramed maT Soris mimar-<br />
Tebebis gzebis Ziebas.<br />
SesaZloa es yovelive sxva, ufro gasagebi terminologiiTac<br />
aRweriliyo, vinai<strong>da</strong>n qarTul sajaro diskursSi<br />
liberaluri proeqti aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> translirebuli sxva<br />
terminologiaSi, is xSirad arasworad gagebulia saga-<br />
! @9
eo urTierTobebis WrilSi. iyo liberali niSnavs iyo<br />
pro<strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong> piriqiT. garkveulwilad am aRrevis mizezi<br />
isic aris, rom is swored is proeqtia, romelic,<br />
gansxvavebiT transformaciis sxva, ufro endogenuri komponentebisgan,<br />
SesaZloa gare aqtorebis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT<br />
<strong>da</strong>/an globalizaciis gavleniT viTardebodes. misgan gansxvavebiT<br />
koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
mxolod Signi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> TavisTavad SeuZlia, <strong>da</strong> ama-<br />
Si is sakuTar TavTan garkveul ganmartoebas saWiroebs.<br />
@:<br />
!<br />
2.! politika <strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>: vinc wesebs arRvevs,<br />
ar veTamaSebiT<br />
individualur <strong>da</strong> koleqtiur miznebsa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebs<br />
Soris arsebuli institucionaluri mimarTebebi politikuri<br />
sazogadoebis struqturul sawyisebs ayalibeben.<br />
am TavSi Cven vecdebiT movaxdinoT am struqturuli<br />
elementebis martivi modelireba, raTa Tavi avaciloT politikis<br />
Teoriis siRrmeebSi wasvlas. msjelobas TamaSTa<br />
Teoriis WrilSi ga<strong>da</strong>viyvanT. sakvanZo cnebebad konkurentul<br />
<strong>da</strong> kooperaciul TamaSebs gamoviyenebT. es modelebi<br />
mkiTxvels SeuZlia Tamamad gaaigivos individualuri an<br />
koleqtiuri miznebis miRwevaze mimarTul strategiebad,<br />
an, ufro martivad, ifiqros maTze rogorc konkurenciaze<br />
<strong>da</strong> kooperirebaze politikaSi. ufro siRrmiseulad SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
laparaki imaze, rom <strong>da</strong>savlur demokratias qmnis<br />
ramdenime politikuri tradiciis erToblioba, maT Soris<br />
istoriulad liberalizmi <strong>da</strong> respublikanizmi wamyvan<br />
rols TamaSob<strong>da</strong>. orive TamaSTa Teoriis modelebiT SeiZleba<br />
warmovaCinoT, Tumca Cven am Temas mocemuli statiis<br />
farglebSi Semdgom ar ganvavrcobT. amis sanacvlod<br />
mogvianebiT ufro met yuradRebas <strong>da</strong>vuTmobT am modelebis<br />
misa<strong>da</strong>gebas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis demokratiebis sakonstitucio<br />
modelebis Taviseburebebs.<br />
pirvel modelSi wamyvan rols konkurencia Tama-<br />
Sobs. warmoidgineT safexburTo moe<strong>da</strong>ni, romelze<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ori gundi ejibreba erTmaneTs gamarjvebis mosapoveblad.<br />
jamurad orive gundis mogeba-wagebebis jami nolia, is<br />
rac erTma gundma moigo, meorem un<strong>da</strong> waagos. TamaSis we-
sebi TamaSis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde <strong>da</strong>dgenilia, <strong>da</strong> gundebi am <strong>da</strong>dgenil<br />
wesebs un<strong>da</strong> asrulebdnen, TamaSis procesSi wesebis<br />
Secvla maT kompetenciaSi ar Sedis. wesebis sakontroleblad<br />
arseboben msajebi, romlebsac miukerZoebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> neitraloba moeTxovebaT, <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong> amisa TamaSs akvirdeba<br />
mayurebelTa stadioni, romelic uSualod TamaSSi<br />
ar monawileobs. gare <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblis (<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebis) arseboba<br />
am modelSi aucilebelia, <strong>da</strong> arsebiTi. gamarjveba<br />
moTamaSeTa mTavar racionalur mizans warmoadgens, xolo<br />
siamovneba, romelsac Rebuloben mayureblebi TamaSis<br />
yurebisgan, anu sargebeli am sportisgan, maTTvis mxolod<br />
gverdiTi produqtia, <strong>da</strong> ara TavisTavadi Rirebuleba.<br />
politikis es nulovanjamovani modeli konkurencias<br />
aTavsebs politikuri qmedebis SuagulSi <strong>da</strong> mkafiod asxvavebs<br />
erTmaneTisgan moTamaSeebs (politikur partiebs,<br />
politikur elitas, fexburTelebis eqvivalenti) <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s, romelic mayurebelia <strong>da</strong> TamaSis<br />
Semfasebelia ufro, vidre monawile. am modelSi politikuri<br />
partia moTamaSea, xolo moqalaqe - mayurebeli, <strong>da</strong><br />
politika ufro elitebis saqmea, vidre sazogadoebisa.<br />
politika, romelsac gamarjvebuli partia gaatarebs, ufro<br />
am Sejibris gverdiTi produqtia, vidre TviTmizani<br />
SejibrSi monawile moTamaSeTaTvis.<br />
amgvari elitisturi sanaxaobrivi politika sakmaod<br />
misaRebia post-sabWoTa individebisTvis, romlebic tradiciulad<br />
naklebad iReben pasuxismgeblobas politikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze<br />
<strong>da</strong> ufro gare<strong>da</strong>n urCevniaT mas <strong>da</strong>akvirdnen,<br />
vidre masSi CaerTon. amdenad am modelis <strong>da</strong>nergva<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n rTulad ar gamoiyurebo<strong>da</strong>. mTavari problema,<br />
romelic warmoiqmna, iyo is, rom "TamaSi fexburTis moe<strong>da</strong>nze"<br />
ver Svelis imis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas, rac am TamaSis irgvliv<br />
xdeba. anu politikis cnebis <strong>da</strong>viwroeba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
faqtobrivad am cnebis miRma <strong>da</strong>toveba ver uzrunvelyofs<br />
TamaSis wesebis <strong>da</strong>mcveli institutebis warmoqmnas.<br />
gare samyaroc (amerika umTavresad) romelsac amgvari<br />
msajulis roli mudmivad miewerebo<strong>da</strong> Tu ekuTvno<strong>da</strong><br />
sxva, ukeTesi alternativebis ararsebobis fonze, ver aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
am rolis Semsrulebeli. wlebis ganmavlobaSi is<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi/institutebi, romlebic politikur miukerZoeb-<br />
! @;
lobaze <strong>da</strong> neitralobaze debdnen Tavs, sinamdvileSi<br />
imavdroulad politikuri TamaSis monawileebi aRmoCndebodnen<br />
xolme.<br />
meore aris mogeba-mogebaze orientirebuli modeli.<br />
es TamaSi naklebad mkacria <strong>da</strong> reglamentirebuli wesebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> molodinebis TvalsazrisiT. warmoidgineT ezo <strong>da</strong><br />
bavSvebi, romlebic am ezoSi gamovidnen saTamaSod. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi bavSvebis mTavari mizania ara mogeba, <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
mayurebloba, aramed Tanamonawileoba, drois erTad tareba.<br />
yvelas un<strong>da</strong> TamaSi, <strong>da</strong> amdenad aravin rCeba msajad,<br />
mayureblad <strong>da</strong> neitralur, gare <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblad. monawile<br />
mxarec, rogorc wesi metia, vidre ori. amitom TamaSi<br />
sxvanairad warimarTeba. TamaSis wesebi dgindeba mis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde,<br />
xolo maTi <strong>da</strong>cvis meTvalyureoba Tavad monawileTa<br />
funqciaa. Tuki vinme maT arRvevs, <strong>da</strong>narCenebs SeuZliaT<br />
uTxran mas - Sen Cvens wesebs ar icav, wadi dedikosTan,<br />
Cven aRar geTamaSebiT. SeiZleba sxvanaira<strong>da</strong>c<br />
moxdes, TamaSi droebiT Sewydes, <strong>da</strong> is wesebi, romlebic<br />
manamde arsebob<strong>da</strong>, monawileTa urTierTSeTanxmebiT Seicvalos.<br />
Sejibri <strong>da</strong> konkurencia, amdenad, am SemTxvevaSic<br />
mniSvnelovania, magram es swored rom is SemTxvevaa, rodesac<br />
imarjvebs megobroba pirvel rigSi.<br />
am viTarebas aqvs erTi mniSvnelovani upiratesoba<br />
winasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. is politikas sxva xasiaTs aniWebs.<br />
amgvari politika SeiZleba ganxorcieldes maSinac, rodesac<br />
neitraluri <strong>da</strong> miukerZoebeli msajulis rolis Semsrulebeli<br />
ar arsebobs. masSi politika aRar aris sazogadoebisgan<br />
mowyvetili saqmianoba, romelic Sesabamis<br />
kvalifikacias <strong>da</strong> "wvrTnas" moiTxovs, misi arsi cxovrebiseulia<br />
<strong>da</strong> yvelasaTvis gasagebi. is cxovrebis nawilia,<br />
<strong>da</strong> amdenad aRaravin aris neitraluri <strong>da</strong> miukerZoebeli,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n yvela monawilea -politikisgan gandgoma niSnavs<br />
sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n gandgomas. mTeli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong>yofilia<br />
avtonomiur qve-jgufebad (moTamaSeebad), romlebic<br />
iswrafvian erTad miiRon monawileoba qveynis mSeneblobaSi.<br />
mTavari Rirebuleba am TamaSisa misi monawileebis-<br />
Tvis am SemTxvevaSi aris procesi, monawileoba, cxovreba.<br />
Tavad politika am SemTxvevaSi icvleba - is aRar aris<br />
abstraqtuli msjelobs "natos wevrobaze", aramed poli-<br />
@<<br />
!
tika xdeba is, rasac qmnis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, misi Sinagani<br />
struqtura.<br />
am meore modelis aucilebloba Cveni realobisTvis<br />
ramdenime faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli. pirveli aris<br />
is, rom mxolod meore TamaSis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia<br />
Tavad TamaSis wesebi gaxdes msjelobisa <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis<br />
sagani. gansxvavebiT pirvelisgan, rodesac TamaSis wesebi<br />
gare faqtors warmoadgens, TamaSis eqsternaliaa, <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
rCeba maTze politikuri zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi. meore,<br />
aranakleb mniSvnelovani upiratesoba am wesisa aris is,<br />
rom is amcirebs polarizebas <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si. nacvlad gamokveTili<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebisa, sa<strong>da</strong>c ori mxare ibrZvis er-<br />
TmaneTze gamarjvebis mosapoveblad, am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs<br />
bevri moTamaSe, romlebsac uwevT erTmaneTTan sajaro<br />
SeTanxmebebis miRweva, erTmaneTisTvis angariSis gaweva<br />
imisTvis, rom TamaSi saerTod Sedges.<br />
naklovaneba meore TamaSisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom<br />
is moiTxovs dros <strong>da</strong> ganwyobas. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> amas xels<br />
uSlis sazogadoebis narCeni mentaloba - fatalizmi, konformizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> pasiuroba - anu sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis<br />
sisuste, romelic warsuli<strong>da</strong>n aris moyolebuli. ma-<br />
Ti <strong>da</strong>Zlevis aucilebloba isev <strong>da</strong> isev gvabrunebs adre<br />
<strong>da</strong>smul sakiTxTan - jer politikuri kultura Tu jer<br />
institutebi. am kiTxvas rom gavceT saTanado pasuxi, un<strong>da</strong><br />
kargad warmovidginoT, Tu ra institutebzea laparaki.<br />
bolos Cven <strong>da</strong>vubrundebiT aq <strong>da</strong>smul kiTxvas.<br />
Tuki kargad <strong>da</strong>vakvirdebiT, <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom rogorc<br />
erTi aseve meore modeli - fexburTs <strong>da</strong> ezoSi TamaSs<br />
vgulisxmob - moicavs konkurenciisa <strong>da</strong> kooperirebis<br />
elementebs. fexburTis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde wesebis <strong>da</strong>dgena, xolo<br />
misi <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg Sedegebis aRiareba am TamaSis<br />
kooperaciuli elementebia. aseTive mimdevroba arsebobs<br />
bavSvebis TamaSSi - wesebis <strong>da</strong>dgena, konkurencia <strong>da</strong> Sedegebis<br />
aRiareba. nebismieri koleqtiuri, anu socialuri<br />
qmedeba yovelTvis Sedgeba am elementebis garkveuli mimdevrobisgan.<br />
<strong>da</strong> orive, konkurenciac <strong>da</strong> kooperirebac,<br />
mxolod maSin Seesabameba demokratiis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs, Tuki<br />
yvela izonomiis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba - anu Tanabrad<br />
legitimuria rogorc procesis monawile. amis indikatoria<br />
TamaSis ganmeorebadoba - ramdenad moyveba konkuren-<br />
! @=
ciis etaps kooperirebis etapi gansazRvravs imas, Tu ramdenad<br />
Sedgeba imave moTamaSeebs Soris Sejibri/urTier-<br />
Toba momavalSi. swored rom ganmeorebiToba warmoadgens<br />
mTavar problemas maSin, rodesac xelisufleba avtoritarulia,<br />
an xelisuflebis cvlileba ki xdeba, magram revoluciuri<br />
gziT. amis wyaros post-sabWoTa sivrceSi warsulic<br />
ganapirobebs, <strong>da</strong> siaxlec.<br />
politikur <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>d cxovreba 20 wlis win iyo<br />
is siaxle, romelic mis<strong>da</strong>mi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis formirebas<br />
moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> es <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba SesaZloa ganviTarebuliyo<br />
xsenebuli ori modelis, konkurenciisa <strong>da</strong> kooperirebis<br />
mimarTulebiT - mimarTulebebiT, romlebic idealuri<br />
tipebis saxiT met-naklebobiT monawileoben nebismieri<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri demokratiis formirebaSi. magram demokratiis<br />
mSenebloba <strong>da</strong>iwyo sazogadoebiT, romelsac saer-<br />
Tod ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong> politikuri cxovrebis aranairi gamocdileba<br />
<strong>da</strong> praqtika. totalitaruli saxelmwifo icnobs<br />
oponentebTan urTierTobis mxolod erT tips - uaryofas,<br />
romelic logikurad gulisxmobs uaryofili socialuri<br />
jgufebis/ideologiebis gandevnas Zalauflebis sfero<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
maT delegitimacias <strong>da</strong>, sabolood maT ganadgurebas/fizikur<br />
mospobas, rac xdebo<strong>da</strong> kidec stalinis periodSi.<br />
stalini efeqturi iyo swored imitom, rom bolomde SeeZlo<br />
ganadgurebis logikis miyvana. postsabWoTa viTareba-<br />
Si ganadgureba gax<strong>da</strong> Zneli, Tu ara SeuZlebeli, <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
adgili <strong>da</strong>ikava ignorirebam. perestroikis Semdeg saqar-<br />
TveloSi am logikiT Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis gagrZelebis<br />
mcdelobebi mudmivad meordeba, magram efeqtur<br />
mmarTvelobas veRar ukavSirdeba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n ukve ver midis<br />
bolomde, Tavis logikur <strong>da</strong>sasrulamde. Tumca, es ar<br />
niSnavs, rom rame alternativebi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
konkurenciisa <strong>da</strong> kooperirebis tradiciis ararsebobis<br />
viTarebaSi an politikuri veli iketeba arademokratiuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> araTavisufali mmarTvelobiT, an politikis<br />
polarizeba xdeba erTaderTi SesaZlebloba. atomizirebul<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s warmatebiT SeuZlia iTamaSos maJoritaruli<br />
konkurenciuli TamaSi, magram mxolod erTjera<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
rodesac <strong>da</strong>marcxebuli idevneba politikuri veli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
zemoaRniSnuli logikis Sesabamisad. swored amgvarad<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> Tavis droze saqarTvelos teritoriuli gax-<br />
8?<br />
!
leCva, Tumca aq un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT konkurentuli TamaSebis<br />
nairsaxeobas - kompromiss.<br />
urTierTmisaRebi kompromisi - es aris is cneba, romelic<br />
uSualod ukavSirdeba koleqtiuri qmedebis SesaZleblobas<br />
maSin rodesac Warbobs individualuri miznebi<br />
koleqtiurze. Tuki amgvari kompromisi ar arsebobs, maSin<br />
koleqtiuri qmedeba gansxvavebuli interesebis mqone aqtorTa<br />
Soris aris SeuZlebeli. urTierTmisaRebi kompromisis<br />
arseboba TavisTavad ar niSnavs imas, rom aqtorebi<br />
airCeven kooperirebas, rogorc strategias, konkurenciis<br />
sanacvlod. magram rogorc minimum, maT amgvari strategiis<br />
arCevis Teoriuli SesaZlebloba eqnebaT. Tuki amgvari<br />
kompromisi ar Cans, magram aqtorebi ganwyobilebi arian<br />
rom iTanamSromlon, is SesaZloa Seiqmnas, an gamoikve-<br />
Tos, politikuri procesis Sedegad, <strong>da</strong> es aris politikis<br />
xelovnebis erT erTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti, romelic<br />
politikas xdis sazogadoebis cxovrebis aucilebel<br />
elementad. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sazogadoebis or an met<br />
jgufs ar an ver ekveTebaT saerTo kompromisuli interesebi,<br />
maSin isini erT demokratiul <strong>da</strong> Tanaswor politikur<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>d ver icxovreben, vinai<strong>da</strong>n maT Soris<br />
mudmivi omi iqneba. maTi Tanacxovreba erT saxelmwifoSi<br />
SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi nawilis mier meoris "<strong>da</strong>pyrobisa"<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>morCilebis Sedegad, avtoritaruli mmar-<br />
Tvelobis pirobebSi.<br />
kooperirebis etapi politikaSi, amdenad, SeiZleba<br />
niSnavdes ara marto saerTo miznis arsebobas, aramed ur-<br />
TierTmisaRebi kompromisebis moZebnas, xolo konkurenciis<br />
etapi saWiroebs msgavsi interesebis mqone moqalaqeTa<br />
erTobliv qmedebas mowinaaRmdegeTa mimarT warmatebis-<br />
Tvis sabrZolad. "jer kargad gavimijnoT, rom mere viTanamSromloT"<br />
- ambob<strong>da</strong> diadi lenini, Tumca mere aRar<br />
iTanamSromla, aramed ubralod "<strong>da</strong>Cmora" "burJuaziuli<br />
oportunistebi". jer kooperireba, xolo mere konkurencia<br />
Tu piriqiT - es kiTxva zoga<strong>da</strong>d upasuxoa, vinai<strong>da</strong>n am<br />
etapebis monacvleoba aucilebelia nebismieri politikuri<br />
procesis CarCoebSi. <strong>da</strong>bla Cven vnaxavT, rom am etapebis<br />
monacvleobis sakiTxi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad aris ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili<br />
formaluri institucionaluri mowyobiT gansxvavebuli<br />
tipis demokratiebSi. Jan Jak ruso miiCnev<strong>da</strong>,<br />
! 8>
om jer konkurencia mere kooperireba xelis uSlis sazogadoebrivi<br />
xelSekrulebis, anu mTeli sazogadoebis<br />
mier saerTo miznis Camoyalibebas. hobsi ki, piriqiT, xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong><br />
konkurencias "yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg" saer-<br />
To kompromisis saWiroebis winapirobad. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom individualizmi <strong>da</strong> koleqtivizmi gansxvavdebian ara<br />
imaSi, rom uaryofen konkurencii<strong>da</strong>n an kooperirebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
erT-erTs, aramed imaSi, rom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad xe<strong>da</strong>ven maT<br />
bunebriv mimdevrobas politikur procesSi.<br />
radganac saqarTvelos ganviTareba wina transformaciis<br />
periodSi konkurenciis sqemiT warimarTa, am etapze<br />
kiTxvis <strong>da</strong>sma imis Taobaze, Tu romeli un<strong>da</strong> uswrebdes<br />
win meores, cota <strong>da</strong>gvianebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. atomizirebuli<br />
sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n Cven ukve ga<strong>da</strong>viqeciT Zlierad polarizebul<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>d, rac garkveul analizs moiTxovs.<br />
stadionze mjdom mayureblebs ar moeTxovebaT did<br />
aqtivoba maRali emociuri muxtis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic<br />
ki, rodesac isini ama Tu im gunds gulSematkivroben. maT<br />
SeuZliaT Seqmnan fanebis klubebi, <strong>da</strong> SeuZliaT ar Seqmnan<br />
- sul erTia, es aqtivoba sakmaod pasiur xasiaTs<br />
atarebs, <strong>da</strong> aranair kooperirebas ar moiTxovs. politikuri<br />
simpatiebi <strong>da</strong> Sexedulebebi am modeliT mowyobil<br />
politikur <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si SeiZleba iyos sakmaod xisti,<br />
mtkice <strong>da</strong> individualisturi. wesiT <strong>da</strong> rigiT, Tuki <strong>da</strong>ir-<br />
Rva TamaSis wesebi, stadioni un<strong>da</strong> gaerTiandes <strong>da</strong>mnaSavis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasjelad <strong>da</strong> wesrigis aRsadgenad. magram demokratizaciis<br />
procesSi myof qveyanaSi ase ar xdeba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n Tama-<br />
Sis wesebi Tavad warmoadgenen TamaSis nawils, <strong>da</strong> usamar-<br />
Tlod mogebuli gundis gulSematkivrebi ar Tmoben poziciebs.<br />
kooperirebis sisustis fonze xdeba polarizeba.<br />
igive xdeba Tuki ori mxaris poziciebi imdenad aris <strong>da</strong>-<br />
Sorebuli erTimeores, rom maT Soris kompromisuli veli<br />
ar aris <strong>da</strong>rCenili, anu ar arsebobs iseTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi,<br />
romlebic misaRebi Tu ara, aRiarebadi mainc yofiliyo<br />
wagebuli mxarisTvis. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ase-<br />
Ti TamaSi or gunds Soris aris erTjeradi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>marcxebuli<br />
samu<strong>da</strong>mod tovebs asparezs - rac araerTxel<br />
momx<strong>da</strong>ra ukve saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi <strong>da</strong> savaraudod<br />
kidev moxdeba momavalSi.<br />
8"<br />
!
politikuri polarizeba, amdenad, SesaZlebelia<br />
droebiT Camoyalibdes atomizirebul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, rac<br />
qmnis politikuri cxovrebis iluzias. zogierTi avtoris<br />
azriT, Tuki saxelmwifoSi xelisufleba Seicvala erTiorjer<br />
arCevnebis gziT, SeiZleba vilaparakoT imaze, rom<br />
am qveyanaSi aris konsolidirebuli demokratia. Cveni<br />
msjelobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, demokratiis konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciis am<br />
kriteriumis sanacvlod sxva kriteriumi SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> SemogveTavazebia<br />
- qveyana maSin aris konsolidirebuli demokratia,<br />
rodesac xelisuflebi<strong>da</strong>n arCevnebiT wasuli<br />
politikuri Zala axerxebs xelisuflebaSi <strong>da</strong>brunebas<br />
aseve arCevnebis gziT, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi rCeba politikaSi.<br />
es kriteriumi imis maniSnebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom konkurenciis<br />
<strong>da</strong> kooperirebis etapebi erTmaneTTan monacvleoben.<br />
Semdegi paragrafi eZRvneba konkurenciisa <strong>da</strong> kooperirebis<br />
institucionalizaciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebs<br />
gansxvavebul sakonstitucio modelebSi.<br />
3. maJoritaruli <strong>da</strong> konsesuri demokratiebi<br />
politikuri sistema iwyeba ara konstituciiT, aramed<br />
sazogadoebiT. es mtkicebuleba ar aris sapirwone im<br />
rwmenisa, romelic statiis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi iyo gamoTqmuli -<br />
rwmenisa, rom institutebis gonivruli SecvliT SesaZloa<br />
politikuri klimatis gaumjobeseba. calke aRebuli<br />
sakonstitucio cvlilebebi arafris Semcvleli iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, Tuki am transformacias ara eqnebo<strong>da</strong> kompleqsuri,<br />
yovlismomcveli xasiaTi, gamWoli qveynis cxovrebis<br />
mTel sxeulSi. SesaZloa mimdevrobas cvlilebebisa<br />
ar hqondes didi mniSvneloba - magram garkveuli droiTi<br />
mibmuloba arsebiTia. ase rom rodesac vambob rom<br />
politikuri sistema "iwyeba" sazogadoebiT, es ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
gavigoT rogorc sakonstitucio cvlilebebis samomavlod<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>deba. ubralod sakonstitucio cvlilebebi ver<br />
iqneba gagebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli Sesabamisi konteqstualuri<br />
ideologiuri gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis gareSe.<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mmarTveloba iwyeba imi-<br />
Ti, Tu rogor xe<strong>da</strong>ven mas qveynis moqalaqeebi. axal sakonstitucio<br />
mowyobaze saubari gvabrunebs imasTan, Tu<br />
! 8@
ogor aris gagebuli <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> demokratiuli mmar-<br />
Tveloba. Tuki ar iarsebebs axleburi xedva, gaziarebuli<br />
sazogadoebis didi nawilis mier mainc, azri ara aqvs sakonstitucio<br />
cvlilebebze laparaks, vinai<strong>da</strong>n gamocdilebam<br />
bevrjer gviCvena, rom is kanonebi, romlebic ar aris<br />
gamagrebuli realuri praqtikiT <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi RirebulebebiT,<br />
ubralod an ver moqmedeben, an moiTxoven<br />
swored rom ukanonobasa <strong>da</strong> arakonstituciurobas maT<br />
cxovrebaSi gasatareblad.<br />
ganwyoba, romelic sasikeTo un<strong>da</strong> iyos politikuri<br />
klimatis Sesacvlelad, <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si namdvilad arsebobs<br />
- es aris <strong>da</strong>Rliloba usasrulo 20-wliani politikuri<br />
konkurenciiT, romelsac Sedegi ver moyveba. rogorc<br />
Cans, "zazunas dRe" <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> arasdros ar <strong>da</strong>m-<br />
Tavrdeba manam, sanam konkurencias garkveuli kooperireba<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>emateba. <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si arsebobs mZafri moTxovnileba<br />
ufro met kooperirebaze politikaSi - rac ar gamoricxavs,<br />
aramed SesaZloa gulisxmobs kidec mZafri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
saWiroebas manam, sanam es ganwyoba axal<br />
sakonstitucio <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobiT formebSi ga<strong>da</strong>va. amdenad,<br />
Semobruneba demokratiis im gagebisken, romelic metad<br />
eyrdnoba koleqtiur, <strong>da</strong> ara konkurentul midgomebs,<br />
principSi SesaZlebelia. am gansxvavebul demokratias SesaZlebelia<br />
ufro respublikis saxeli udgebodes, xolo<br />
Tavad demokratizaciis procesi SesaZloa "respublikanizaciis"<br />
saxiT warmogveCina, Tumca es terminologia ar<br />
aris miRebuli am formiT dRevandel politikur diskur-<br />
Si. am diskursis ufro Sesaferisi terminologiiT SesaZloa<br />
evropul <strong>da</strong> amerikul, an ufro swored, anglo-saqsur<br />
<strong>da</strong> kontinentur demokratiebze vilaparakoT. konkurenciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kooperirebis institucionalizaciis gansxvavebuli<br />
formebi sakvanZo rols TamaSoben demokratiis im<br />
ori tipis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulad, romlebze<strong>da</strong>c<br />
Cven gveqneba laparaki.<br />
demokratiis martivi gagebiT, mmarTveloba ekuTvnis<br />
umravlesobas. arCevnebis gziT irkveva, Tu vin aris es umravlesoba,<br />
mis mier wardgenili liderebi ayalibeben<br />
mmarTvelobas <strong>da</strong> Rebuloben qveyanaSi mTel <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>s,<br />
romelic ekuTvniT maT manam, sanam isev <strong>da</strong> isev arCevnebis<br />
gziT ar gamovlindeba, rom umravlesobis simpatieb-<br />
88<br />
!
ma awi ukve sxva liderebis mxares ga<strong>da</strong>inacvla. umciresoba<br />
ar monawileobs ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa miRebaSi. erTaderTi,<br />
rac umravlesobis tiranias am SemTxvevaSi zRu<strong>da</strong>vs<br />
aris Zalauflebis diferencireba, misi ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba,<br />
rac uzrunvelyofs sasamarTlos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvas <strong>da</strong> TamaSis sxva wesebs, romlebze<strong>da</strong>c<br />
umravlesoba gavlenas ver axdens. samarTliani<br />
konkurencia metnaklebad aiZulebs umravlesobas imoqmedos<br />
gaxsnilad saparlamento gziT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>asabuTos saku-<br />
Tari politika mTeli mosaxleobis TvalSi. martivad rom<br />
vTqvaT, amgvari demokratiis mTavari formaluri maxasia-<br />
Teblebi esa<strong>da</strong>geba konkurencias garkveuli wesebis mixedviT,<br />
romelSiac "mogebuls miaqvs yvelaferi" manam, sanam<br />
TamaSis romelime momdevno raundSi mas vinme sxva ar mougebs.<br />
klasikuri modeli amgvari demokratiisa aris britaneTi,<br />
romlis konstitucia vestmisteris modelis saxeliT<br />
aris cnobili. garkveulwilad, es modeli Cveni safexburTo<br />
Sejibris Sesatyvisia, rogorc Cans, britanuli<br />
politikuri kulturis maxasiaTebelia sportuli TamaSis<br />
samarTliani wesebis <strong>da</strong>cvis mtkice pativiscema.<br />
konsesuri 8 , an, rogorc mas uwodeben, "molaparakebebis"<br />
demokratia, ara imdenad umravlesobis mmarTvelobis<br />
momxrea, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c "rac SeiZleba metis" monawileobisa<br />
mmarTvelobaSi. 9 umravlesoba <strong>da</strong> umciresoba aq naklebad<br />
mniSvnelovani terminebia, arCevnebis gziT umravlesobis<br />
neba ki ar formirdeba, arCevnebi mxolod ayalibeben "reitingul<br />
ganawilebas" sazogadoebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> seqtorebs Soris. mxolod amis Semdeg iwyeba realurad<br />
formireba im mTavrobisa <strong>da</strong> politikisa, romelic<br />
umravlesobis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras moipovebs. molaparakebebi, anu<br />
kooperireba aseTi qveynebis formalur politikur sistemaSi<br />
sakmaod did rols TamaSoben, maT gareSe efeqturi<br />
mmarTvelobis Camoyalibeba xSirad metad Zneli xdeba. politikuri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis legitimacia aq eyrdnoba ara<br />
imdenad umravlesobis princips (amirCies <strong>da</strong> vakeTeb rasac<br />
miviCnev sworad, veravin xels ver SemiSlis), ramdena-<br />
<br />
< !zogierTi avtoris terminologiiT, proporciuli demokratia. ix.!KBR-((J!<br />
"???!<br />
= !S'TDC&.1J!>===!<br />
! 89
<strong>da</strong>c yvela politikuri Zalis pasuxismgeblur Tanamonawileobas<br />
<strong>da</strong> am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis <strong>da</strong>balansebulobas gansxvavebuli<br />
azrebis mxedvelobaSi miRebasTan erTad. kontinenturi<br />
evropis saparlamento demokratiebis did nawili<br />
swored konsesuri wesiTaa formirebuli. es modeli Cveni<br />
meore modelis Sesatyvisia, <strong>da</strong> momdinareobs istoriuli<br />
gamocdilebi<strong>da</strong>n, romelSiac politikurad <strong>da</strong>nawevrebul<br />
sazogadoebebs erTiani politikuri cxovrebis awyobaze<br />
uwev<strong>da</strong>T SeTanxmeba.<br />
amgvari principulad gansxvavebuli xedvebi imis Taobaze,<br />
Tu ra aris demokratia <strong>da</strong> rogor yalibdeba kargi<br />
mmarTveloba, Sesabamisad aisaxeba gansxvavebul konstituciur<br />
mowyobebSi. marTalia, amgvari mowyobis erTiani<br />
recepti ar arsebobs, vinai<strong>da</strong>n yvela konstitucia didwilad<br />
istoriisa <strong>da</strong> specifiuri viTarebebis produqtia,<br />
magram zogadi tendenciebi mainc arsebobs.<br />
sanam maJoritaruli <strong>da</strong> konsesuri demokratiebis<br />
ganmasxvavebel maxasiaTeblebs ganvixilavT, un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT,<br />
rom demokratiebis am ori tipiT ar amoiwureba <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
demokratiebis yvela nairsaxeoba. arsebobs mesame<br />
kategoriac, konsociaciuri demokratiebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c umravlesobis<br />
batonoba umciresobaze SezRudulia gacilebiT<br />
ufro radikalurad - umciresobebs miniWebuli aqvT ise-<br />
Ti mmarTvelobiTi uflebebi, romlebic umravlesobis er-<br />
Tpirovnul mmarTvelobas saerTod gamoricxavs. amgvari<br />
mowyobebi gamoiyeneba rogorc wesi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> Rrmad aris <strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli Tavisi<br />
grZelvadiani identobebiT (eTnikuri), ise rom umciresoba<br />
sxvanairad saerTod verasdros ver miiReb<strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
uflebebs. am mowyobas aqvs mniSvneloba saqarTvelos realobaSi,<br />
rodesac saubari wava konfliqturi regionebis<br />
statusis gansazRvraze, magram am statiaSi Cven ar vexebiT<br />
am rTul sakiTxs, raTa msjelobam Zalian Sors ar<br />
wagviyvanos. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom konsesur demokratieb-<br />
Si umciresobebs meti gavlena aqvT mmarTvelobaze vidre<br />
maJoritarul demokratiebSi, konsesuri demokratiebi ma-<br />
Joritarulze ukeTesa<strong>da</strong>c ki uzrunvelyofen umravlesobis<br />
mmarTvelobis princips, maSin roca konsociaciur demokratiebSi<br />
umciresobas xSirad aqvs vetos ufleba um-<br />
8:<br />
!
avlesobis garkveul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze, rac demokratiis<br />
klasikur gagebas garkveulwilad ewinaaRmdegeba.<br />
leipharti aRniSnavs 10 maxasiaTebels (rogorc konstituciiT<br />
aseve sistemis sxva elementebiT gansaz-<br />
Rvruls), romlebic met-naklebad ganasxvaveben maJoritarul<br />
<strong>da</strong> konsesur demokratiebs.<br />
xuTi maTgani qmnis Zalauflebis formirebis horizontalur<br />
principebs. pirveli maJoritarul mmarTvelobas<br />
Seesabameba, xolo sapirispiro -konsesurs:<br />
1.!aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis koncentrireba er-<br />
Tpartiul umravlesobis xelisuflebaSi sapirispirod Zalauflebis<br />
gaziarebisa mravalpartiul koaliciur kabinetSi;<br />
2.!Zalauflebis aRmasrulebeli Stos dominireba sapirispirod<br />
balansisa aRmasrulebel <strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo<br />
Stoebs Soris;<br />
3.!orpartiuloba mravalpartiulobis sapirispirod;<br />
4.!maJoritaruli <strong>da</strong> disproporciuli saarCevno sistema<br />
proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sapirispirod;<br />
5.!interesTa jgufebis pluralistuli sistema, romelic<br />
am jgufTa Tavisufal konkurencias efuZneba sapirispirod<br />
interesTa jgufebis koordinirebuli <strong>da</strong> "korporativistul"<br />
sistemisa, romlis mizania kompromisi <strong>da</strong><br />
koordinireba.<br />
meore ganzomileba Zalauflebis vertikalur principebs<br />
exeba, am SemTxvevaSic pirvelad maJoritaruli demokratiis<br />
maxasiaTeblebs vasaxelebT:<br />
1.!unitaruli <strong>da</strong> centralizebuli mmarTveloba federalurisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> decentralizebulis sapirispirod;<br />
2.!sakanonmdeblo Zalauflebis koncentrireba erTpalatian<br />
parlamentSi sapirispirod am Zalauflebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebisa<br />
or, Tanabrad Zlier, magram konstituciurad<br />
gansxvavebul palatas<br />
3.!Soris;<br />
4.!moqnili konstitucia, romlis Secvla SeiZleba<br />
ubralo umravlesobiT sapirispirod xisti konstituciisa,<br />
romelic mxolod didi umravlesobiT icvleba;<br />
5.!parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebis konstituciurobis<br />
sakiTxi parlamentisve ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetia. sapirispi-<br />
! 8;
od, uzenaes an sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aqvs kanonebis<br />
konstituciurobis <strong>da</strong>dgenis prerogativa.<br />
6.!aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli centraluri<br />
banki <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli centraluri bankis sapirispirod.<br />
rogorc am maxasiaTeblebis CamonaTvali aCvenebs,<br />
mkacrad maJoritaruli xasiaTi TiTqmis arc erT msoflioSi<br />
arsebul demokratias ara aqvs - vestminsteris modeli<br />
(didi britaneTi <strong>da</strong> misi yofili koloniebi) amgvari<br />
mowyobis yvelaze gamokveTili magaliTia. amerikis Seer-<br />
Tebul StatebSi, romelic maJoritaruli demokratiebis<br />
ricxvs un<strong>da</strong> mivakuTvnoT 10 , konsesualurobis Zlieri<br />
elementi Semoaqvs federalur mowyobas -swored im aspeqts,<br />
romelic saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciaSi ar<br />
gaiwera. Tumca zogierTi avtoris azriT, aSS-s federalizmi<br />
ufro mravlobiTi (ordoniani) maJoritarizmis<br />
formaa, vidre konsesualuri mmarTvelobaa. mravlobiT<br />
maJoritarizmebs aSS-Si aseve qmnis Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawileba,<br />
romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.<br />
am suraTi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom tipiuri maJoritaruli demokratia<br />
un<strong>da</strong> warmovidginoT rogorc konstituciuri<br />
monarqia, romelSiac dominirebs ori didi partia, arCevnebi<br />
tardeba erTman<strong>da</strong>tian saarCevno olqebSi maJoritaruli<br />
wesiT, centralur xelisuflebaSi koncentrirebulia<br />
didi <strong>Zalaufleba</strong> regionebTan mimarTebaSi, <strong>da</strong> politikis<br />
ZiriTadi aqcenti mimarTulia imaze, rom aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebisadmi Zalauflebis maRali donis<br />
miniWeba am <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>s imavdroulad did pasuxismgeblobasac<br />
aniWebs, pasuxismgeblobas, romelic iwvevs mis<br />
periodul Secvlas arCevnebis gziT,<br />
tipiuri konsesuri demokratia saparlamentoa, mravalpartiuli,<br />
koaliciuri kabinetiT. masSi rogorc qveynis<br />
regionebi, aseve sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxelmwifo mmarTvelobi-<br />
Ti institutebi, rogoricaa centraluri banki, aRWurvilni<br />
arian sakmaod didi avtonomiiT, rac kidev ufro aucilebels<br />
xdis molaparakebebsa <strong>da</strong> konsultaciebs mmarTvelobis<br />
procesSi. saarCevno sistema proporciulia, is<br />
<br />
>? !zogierTi kvlevis mixedviT, aSS ufro Sereuli sistemaa, vidre maJorita-<br />
ruli!<br />
8<<br />
!
metnaklebad uzrunvelyofs parlamentSi yvela mniSvnelovani<br />
politikuri interesis warmomadgenlobas. konsultaciebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> molaparakebebi amgvari politikuri sistemis<br />
funqcionirebis sakmaod mniSvnelovani elementia.<br />
sazogadoebis xelisuflebaze zegavlena aq eyrdnoba ara<br />
imdenad arCevnebis gziT xelisuflebis Secvlis SesaZleblobas,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c arCevnebs Soris politikis Semu-<br />
Savebis procesSi sazogadoebis vrceli fenebis Tanamonawileobas.<br />
11<br />
demokratiis idealisturi xedvebi, romlebic <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> bolo aTwleulebis ganmavloba-<br />
Si, gulisxmobs, rom demokratiul saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeebs<br />
aqvT xelisuflebaze zemoqmedebis orive SesaZlebloba<br />
- pasuxismgeblobis <strong>da</strong>kisreba <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSi ga<strong>da</strong>r-<br />
Cevis muqariT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze zemoqmedeba,<br />
<strong>da</strong> amasTan maT SeuZliaT arCevnebs Soris saku-<br />
Tari xedvebisa <strong>da</strong> midgomebis lobireba moaxdinon <strong>da</strong> monawileobiT<br />
procesSi CaerTon. samwuxarod, es xedvebi Sinaganad<br />
winaaRmdegobrivia <strong>da</strong> sinamdviles srulad ver<br />
asaxavs. rogorc arsebuli <strong>da</strong>savluri demokratiebis<br />
praqtika aCvenebs, zogierTi demokratiebi ufro metad<br />
mowyobilia pirveli principis uzrunvelsayofad, xolo<br />
sxvebi - meoresi. 12 cxadia, maT Soris ganlagebulia Sualeduri<br />
variantebic, magram am ori princips Soris ukuproporciuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba arsebobs - rac ufro meti<br />
pasuxismgebloba ekisreba arCeul xelisuflebas, miT ufro<br />
naklebia arCevnebs Soris politikaSi Tanamonawileobis<br />
SesaZlebloba. <strong>da</strong> piriqiT, Tuki politika Riaa sazogadoebis<br />
CarevisTvis, maSin pasuxismgeblobebi gaurkvevelia<br />
<strong>da</strong> arCevnebi nakleb rols TamaSobs.<br />
cxadia, rodesac vlaparakobT saqarTvelos politikur<br />
sistemaze, Cven mas pir<strong>da</strong>pir ver mivamsgavsebT verc<br />
erT am models, imitom rom ara marto konsesuri, aramed<br />
maJoritaruli demokratia aq jer ar ganxorcielebula<br />
arasdros. rogorc erTi, aseve meore modeli funqcionirebs<br />
kanonis uzenaesobis upirobo aRiarebis fonze, anu<br />
TamaSis wesebis sruli <strong>da</strong>cviT, rac gulisxmobs arCevne-<br />
<br />
>> !KBR-((!"???!<br />
>" !'H'U!<br />
! 8=
is argayalbebas, mediis Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> administraciuli<br />
resursis argamoyenebas. amdenad, Tuki vlaparakobT<br />
imaze, Tu romeli sistemaa maT Soris saqarTvelosTvis<br />
sasurveli, un<strong>da</strong> gavakeToT garkveuli arCevani, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>eyrdnoba ara marto modelis mimzidvelobas, aramed<br />
aseve un<strong>da</strong> gavaanalizoT erTisa <strong>da</strong> meoris upiratesobebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sisusteebi saqarTvelos konteqstSi maTi ganxorcielebadobis<br />
Tvalsawieri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
Zalauflebis ukiduresi koncentrireba, romelic<br />
sabWoTa sistemas axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong>, demokratiisken ga<strong>da</strong>svlis<br />
gzaze umravlesobis tiraniis SezRudvas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. cxadia,<br />
rom umravlesobis batonobis tradiciuli principi<br />
sazogadoebis did nawilSi pirvel, maJoritarul models<br />
ufro misaReb variantad saxav<strong>da</strong>. Zlieri aRmasrulebeli<br />
mmarTveloba <strong>da</strong> unitarizmi saparlamento mowyobis sapirispirod<br />
-es iyo politikuri <strong>da</strong>vebis is veqtori, romelic<br />
1995 wlis konstituciis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas win uswreb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1995 wlis konstitucia am mxriv winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erTis mxriv, saarCevno sistema <strong>da</strong> parlamentis Si<strong>da</strong><br />
mowyoba konsesualurobis Zlier elementebs Seicav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amas ematebo<strong>da</strong> sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
centraluri banki <strong>da</strong> sxva. meore mxriv, SevardnaZis<br />
pirovnulma faqtorma gamoiwvia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
am konsesuri velis gareT gamoyvana <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis<br />
isev <strong>da</strong> isev maJoritarul principebze ageba. amasTan,<br />
unitarizmis principis Sesustebas xeli SeuSala teritoriuli<br />
problemebis mougvareblobam. mTlianobaSi, Seiqmna<br />
garkveuli dualizmi, rodesac prezidenti Tan cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />
lavirebas <strong>da</strong> moqiSpe politikuri Zalebis <strong>da</strong>balansebas,<br />
Tan flob<strong>da</strong> srul <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>s <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobas,<br />
romelsac ver axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>balansebis politikisadmi<br />
midrekilebis gamo. yvelaferma aman gamoiwvia mmarTvelobis<br />
sruli kolafsi, romelic 2003 wlis movlenebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>.<br />
2004 wli<strong>da</strong>n konsesualurobis elementebi politikuri<br />
sistemi<strong>da</strong>n Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT gaqra. <strong>da</strong>wyebuli prezidentis<br />
xelSi Zalauflebis koncentrirebiT, SemdgomSi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis SesustebiT, saarCevno reformebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gandevniT politikuri procesi-<br />
9?<br />
!
<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> mkacri maJoritarizmi, romelic ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
xelisuflebis tiraniaSi.<br />
movlenebis sxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis pirobeb-<br />
Si arsebob<strong>da</strong> Teoriuli SesaZlebloba imisa, rom SevardnaZis<br />
prezidentobis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebasTan erTad Catarebuliyo<br />
sakonstitucio reforma, romelic prezidentis Tanamdebobas<br />
nakleb <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas SesZen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amdenad politikur<br />
sistemas ufro "gaaevropuleb<strong>da</strong>". magram xelisuflebis<br />
Secvlis revoluciurma xasiaTma es SesaZlebloba<br />
mospo.<br />
Tumca, es revoluciuri ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> is, rom demokratia<br />
ganvlil periodSi iyo gagebuli mkacrad maJoritarulad,<br />
mxolod nawilobriv Tu aixsneba sabWoTa<br />
stereotipebiT. meore nawili simarTlisa mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, rom prodemokratiuli diskursi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> amerikul,<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara evropul xedvas asaxav<strong>da</strong>. am xedvis Sesabamisad,<br />
memkvidreobiT miRebuli sistemis "gademokratiuleba"<br />
moiazrebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc sistemis centrSi koncentrirebuli<br />
Zalauflebis SezRudva Zalauflebis sxva, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> misgan diferencirebuli sferoebis SeqmniT,<br />
rogorebicaa ekonomika, samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, sasamar-<br />
Tlo, balansi parlamentsa <strong>da</strong> prezidents Soris. masSi<br />
TiTqmis saerTod ar ij<strong>da</strong> konsesualurobis iseTi meqanizmebi<br />
rogoricaa Zalauflebis gaziareba, sazogadoebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikis <strong>da</strong>axloeba <strong>da</strong> sxva. sabWoTa warsulisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> amerikuli maJoritaruli modelebis am moulodnelma<br />
Serwymam gamoiwvia is, rom vardebis revoluciis dros<br />
arasamTavroboebi <strong>da</strong> xalxi erTad aRmoCdnen saakaSvilis<br />
gaprezidentebis avtorebi.<br />
SemdgomSi, umravlesobis tiraniis SezRudvis calmxrivma,<br />
amerikulma receptma gamoitana mxolod erTi Sedegi<br />
- man gamoiwvia ideologiuri <strong>da</strong>pirispireba Zlieri<br />
saxelmwifos momxreebsa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis momxreebs Soris.<br />
isini, vinc efeqturi <strong>da</strong> swrafad moqmedi xelisuflebis<br />
models emxrobodnen, mzad iyvnen demokratia cota xniT<br />
gverdze ga<strong>da</strong>edoT, vinai<strong>da</strong>n amgvarad gagebuli demokratia<br />
niSnav<strong>da</strong> umravlesobis mier legitimirebuli xelisuflebis<br />
Sesustebas. xolo demokratiis momxreebi maT<br />
argumentebs verafers ver upirispirebdnen mimzidveli abstraqtuli<br />
moraluri argumentebis gar<strong>da</strong>. iseTi Rirebu-<br />
! 9>
lebebi, rogorebicaa efeqturoba <strong>da</strong> samarTlianoba barikadebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mxares aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rac qmnis TiTqmis ga<strong>da</strong>uWrel<br />
dilemas, vinai<strong>da</strong>n es Rirebulebebi obieqtur<br />
ranJirebas ver eqvemdebareba. gaCn<strong>da</strong> mkafio Sexeduleba,<br />
rom demokratia <strong>da</strong> avtoritarizmi is alternativebia,<br />
romlebic SeiZleba iTargmnos susti <strong>da</strong> Zlieri saxelmwifos<br />
terminebSi.<br />
Zlieri <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad demokratiuli saxelmwifos<br />
erT xedvaSi gaerTianeba SeuZlebelia konsesuri demokratiis<br />
bazisuri safuZvlebis gaziarebis gareSe. umravlesobis<br />
tiraniis SezRudvas aq ayalibebs ara imdenad Zalauflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawileba, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c Zalauflebis gaziareba.<br />
Zalauflebis gaziareba niSnavs imas, rom <strong>Zalaufleba</strong> im-<br />
TaviTve miCneulia rom ekuTvnis sazogadoebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
avtonomiur nawilebs/individebs, romlebic SemdgomSi molaparakebis<br />
meSveobiT ayalibeben iseT mmarTvelobas, romelic<br />
rac SeiZleba meti amgvari jgufisTvis iqneba misa-<br />
Rebi.<br />
saxelmwifos Zliereba meore SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebulia<br />
ara imiT, rom umravlesobis/mmarTvelobis moqmedebis<br />
Tavisufleba izRudeba gare eqsternaliebis meSveobiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> mravlobiTi umravlesobebis SeqmniT, rasac Zalauflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofis principi uzrunvelyofs, aramed, piriqiT,<br />
imiT, rom bevri jgufi/individi monawileobs mmar-<br />
Tvelobis procesSi, <strong>da</strong> rac ufro metia masSi CarTulTa<br />
ricxvi, miT ufro Zlieria saxelmwifo. saxelmwifos siZliere,<br />
amdenad, momdinareobs monawileobiTi demokratiis<br />
siZlierisgan, <strong>da</strong> ara piriqiT. xelisuflebis "odenoba",<br />
misi siZliere, am SemTxvevaSi aRar aris konstanta, romelic<br />
iyofa ramdenime nawilad nulovanjamovani wesiT,<br />
aramed is aris zr<strong>da</strong>di, <strong>da</strong> is izrdeba monawileobis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad.<br />
demokratia, romelic iswrafvis rac SeiZleba meti<br />
subieqtis CarTvas mmarTvelobaSi <strong>da</strong> maTTvis garkveuli<br />
gavlenebis miniWebas, garkveulwilad afrTxobs mosaxleobis<br />
nawils. maT miaCniaT, rom Zlieri lideri saWiroa<br />
sazogadoebis gamTlianebisTvis, swrafi ekonomikuri reformebisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong> gare safrTxeebis <strong>da</strong>saZlevad. saparlamento<br />
mmarTveloba koaliciuri kabinetiT, partiebis si-<br />
9"<br />
!
sustis fonze, Zalzed arastabilur <strong>da</strong> araefeqtur mmar-<br />
Tvelobad esaxebaT.<br />
sapirispiro argumentebi, cxadia, naTelia. arsebuli<br />
demokratiebis gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom konsesuri demokratiebi<br />
maJoritarulebze aranakleb efeqturad umklavdebian<br />
ekonomikis marTvas, uzrunvelyofen met ekonomikur<br />
Tanasworobasa <strong>da</strong> met demokratias. 13 isini aseve<br />
amTlianeben <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s, amcireben ra polarizebis nairnair<br />
arsebul Tu SesaZlo formebs. am mxriv swored<br />
rom saprezidento maJoritarulma mmarTvelobam saqarTvelos<br />
ar moutana stabiluroba <strong>da</strong> erTianoba, man piriqiT<br />
gaaRrmava polarizeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>aqcia qveynis ekonomika. mTavrobis<br />
stabilurobis nacvlad saxezea premierministrebis,<br />
ministrebisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri prioritetebis kaleidoskopuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> xSiri monacvleoba. partiebis sisuste nawilobriv<br />
mainc aixsneba maTi mudmivi orientirebiT saar-<br />
Cevno konkurenciaze, romelSiac umravlesoba aris mosapovebeli,<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara specifiur sazogadoebriv jgufebTan<br />
mibmaze <strong>da</strong> Semdgom am jgufebis efeqtur reprezentaciaze.<br />
amdenad, maJoritaruli modeli saqarTvelosTvis stabilurobis<br />
momtan sistemad ar gamoiyureba.<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tuki mainc <strong>da</strong>veTanxmebiT imas, rom konsesualuri<br />
demokratia <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ufro gaamarTleb<strong>da</strong><br />
vidre maJoritaruli, rCeba mTavari sakiTxi - ramdenad<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvianebulia am Temaze saubari. xom ar aris polarizeba<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> im donemde misuli, rom es gamoricxavs raime<br />
sxva variantebs, gar<strong>da</strong> brZolis bolomde miyvanisa <strong>da</strong><br />
am polarizebis erT-erTi mxaris saboloo gamarjvebisa<br />
meoreze, rac isev <strong>da</strong> isev avtoritarul mmarTvelobasTan<br />
gvabrunebs. saparlamento konsesur sistemaSi moqceuli<br />
politikuri elitebi xom ar ivlian isev <strong>da</strong> isev polarizebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis gziT, rac sistemas maJoritarul<br />
warsulSi <strong>da</strong>abrunebs. polarizebis <strong>da</strong> misgan Tavis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rwevis sakiTxs Semdeg paragrafebSi ganvixilavT.<br />
4. racionaluri logika, romelsac iracionaluri<br />
Sedegi moyveba<br />
<br />
>@ !S'TDC&.1J!>===!<br />
! 9@
kooperireba, TanamSromloba SesaZloa yvelasTvis<br />
iyos sasikeTo, magram mainc ver xerxdebodes. es movlena<br />
karga<strong>da</strong>a cnobili politikur mecnierebaSi. 14 erTmaneTis<br />
mimarT <strong>da</strong>bali ndobis mqone, piradi interesebiT motivirebuli<br />
individebis didi raodenoba SesaZloa grZnobdes<br />
saerTo saqmis gakeTebis saWiroebas, magram TiToeuli TanamonawilisTvis<br />
ufro naklebad sarisko Candes sakuTari<br />
saqmis Tavad mixedva vidre imaze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, rom<br />
sxvebi keTilsindisierad Seasruleben Tavis movaleobebs<br />
mis winaSe. amitom kooperirebis aucileblobaze agebuli<br />
sistema SesaZloa araefeqturi aRmoCndes ubralod imis<br />
gamo, rom realuri qceva ar <strong>da</strong>emTxves molodinebs. sxva<br />
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, politikuri sistema ar iqmneba imaze<br />
gaTvliT, rom masSi moqmedeben idealuri a<strong>da</strong>mianebi/partiebi/politikosebi.<br />
sistema un<strong>da</strong> iyos realisturi,<br />
raTa man efeqturad ifunqcioniros.<br />
vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi periodi, rodesac<br />
demokratia stabilurad ukan-ukan midio<strong>da</strong> rac saboloo<br />
jamSi 2008 wlis agvistos katastrofiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, pirveli<br />
SexedviT iracionalurobisa <strong>da</strong> uazrobis STabeWdilebas<br />
tovebs. magram am TiTqos<strong>da</strong> iracionaluri qcevis<br />
miRma ikiTxeba logika, romelic Zalauflebis SenarCunebis<br />
surviliTaa nakarnaxevi iseT politikur viTarebaSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c adgili ara aqvs aranair kooperirebas.<br />
am logikas karnaxob<strong>da</strong> ar marto <strong>da</strong> ara imdenad<br />
2003 wlisTvis arsebuli politikuri sistema - am sistemis<br />
Semdgomi transformaciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva variantebi arsebob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
maT Soris demokratiasTan axlos mdgomic - aramed<br />
revoluciaSi gamarjvebuli gundis racionaluri logikac,<br />
romelsac sakuTari legitimuroba oponentebis<br />
srul delegitimaciaze un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emyarebina. zemoT naxsenebi<br />
modelebi<strong>da</strong>n ori - sabWoTa warsuli<strong>da</strong>n momdinare ignorireba<br />
<strong>da</strong> axali realobiT motanili konkurencia - Sezav<strong>da</strong><br />
strategiaSi, romelmac ganapiroba xelisuflebis<br />
Seurigebloba <strong>da</strong> srulad gamoricxa politikuri qcevisgan<br />
raime saxis <strong>da</strong>Tmobebis, molaparakebebisa <strong>da</strong> poziciebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebis SesaZleblobebi. amave dros ar mox<strong>da</strong> is,<br />
<br />
>8 !ix. mag. tusaRis dilemaJ!V-QRBBU!"??;2!<br />
98<br />
!
asac saWiroebs ignorirebis logika, <strong>da</strong> rasac delegitimaciis<br />
strategis gulisxmobs - brZolis <strong>da</strong>mTavreba<br />
erT-erTi mxaris sruli <strong>da</strong>marcxebiT. srul mogebaze mimarTuli<br />
konkurencia wagebulis mospobis SesaZleblobis<br />
gareSe ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> im procesebs, rac <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> warimarTa.<br />
pirveli, rac TvalSi sacemia am periodis analizisas<br />
es aris politikis dRis wesrigis wamyvani problemebis<br />
mudmivi kaleidoskopi. vardebis revolucia demokratiis<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirebiTa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n swored am moTxovniT<br />
iyo motivirebuli. magram jer kidev prezidentis<br />
inauguraciamde am dRis wesrigma ukan <strong>da</strong>ixia, Tanac mwvave<br />
<strong>da</strong> upasuxo kritikis fonze, <strong>da</strong> adgili teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobis Temas <strong>da</strong>uTmo. teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena<br />
arc ise advili aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> ver <strong>da</strong>rCa politikis<br />
dRis wesrigis mTavar <strong>da</strong> sayoveldReo problemad, mas warumateblad<br />
Seejibra evrokavSirSi integraciis sakiTxi,<br />
xolo Semdgom es sakiTxi sruliad gaqra yuradRebis areali<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi adgili natoSi gawevrianebam <strong>da</strong>ikava. 2007<br />
wlis Semodgomaze politikis dRis wesrigis formirebaSi<br />
xelisuflebam <strong>da</strong>karga iniciativa <strong>da</strong> noembris movlenebis<br />
Semdeg siRaribesTan brZolis lozungiT sca<strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>bruneba,<br />
Tumca maleve iseve teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs<br />
<strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong> (am droisTvis natos sakiTxi ukve veRar<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> wamyvani buqarestis samitis gamo). yovelive aman<br />
agvistoSi axali realoba Seqmna, romlis Semdeg ruseTis<br />
agresiis Temis dominirebas alternativa aRar hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
arc erT zemoaRniSnul Temaze ar warmarTula Sinaarsobrivi<br />
diskusia miRwevis konkretul gzebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,<br />
<strong>da</strong> arcerTi kritikuli Sefaseba ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
kontroli dRis wesrigis formirebaze imavdroulad<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> politikuri brZolis mTavar iaraRs, rac<br />
moiTxovs pirvel rigSi satelevizio propagan<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> am<br />
propagan<strong>da</strong>ze uSualo kontrols. swored amitom televiziebis<br />
sakiTxi gax<strong>da</strong> umTavresi politikuri sakiTxi, xolo<br />
telekompania `imedis~ politikurma gavlenam gacilebiT<br />
meti wona SeiZina, vidre yvela opoziciur partias<br />
erTad aRebuls gaaCn<strong>da</strong>, ramac saboloo jamSi ganapiroba<br />
2007 wlis noemberSi misi mospoba.<br />
! 99
meore TvalSi sacemi Tavisebureba, romelic am periods<br />
axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> iyo opoziciis jiuti midrekileba CabRauWebuliyo<br />
mxolod erT Temas - demokratias, kanonis<br />
uzenaesobasa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebs, <strong>da</strong> misi indeferentuloba<br />
raime saprogramo pozitiuri ganviTarebis gzebis<br />
SemoTavazebisadmi. es strategia ganixileba rogorc opoziciis<br />
sisuste, magram dRevandeli ga<strong>da</strong>saxedi<strong>da</strong>n ufro<br />
logikurad <strong>da</strong> gamarTlebulad gamoiyureba. es erTader-<br />
Ti logikaa, romelic opozicias xels aZlevs im pirobeb-<br />
Si, rodesac ar xdeba aranairi kooperireba xelisuflebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> opozicias Soris, xolo dRis wesrigis formirebaze<br />
opozicias TiTqmis aranairi gavlena ara aqvs. garkveulwilad,<br />
mediam opozicia iZulebuli gaxa<strong>da</strong> am gziT<br />
wasuliyo, vinai<strong>da</strong>n dRis wesrigis formireba swored mediis,<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara opoziciis xelSi iyo. Sinaarsobriv diskusiaSi<br />
Sesvla opoziciisTvis niSnav<strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis mier<br />
Sedgenil dRis wesrigze latentur Tanxmobas, rac imavdroulad<br />
avtomaturad niSnav<strong>da</strong> wina, ga<strong>da</strong>gdebul Temaze<br />
ukan <strong>da</strong>xevas <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis mier Seqmnil viTarebaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tanxmebas.<br />
mTlianobaSi, <strong>da</strong>xatuli suraTi jdeba e.w. qaosis Teoremis<br />
logikaSi. 15 rodesac politika mxolod konkurentulia<br />
(anu problemebi wydeba mxolod maJoritarulad,<br />
urTierTmolaparakebis gareSe), xolo politikuri ganxeTqilebebi<br />
mravalricxovani, <strong>da</strong> ar jdeba erTi ganzomilebis,<br />
mag. memarjvene-memarcxene <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis logika-<br />
Si, politikur process ara aqvs wonasworobis wertili<br />
(e.w. neSis wonasworobis wertili). es niSnavs imas, rom<br />
stabiluri politikuri Tanxmobis miRweva, rac saxelmwifoSi<br />
stabiluri grZelvadiani politikis ganxorcielebis<br />
sawin<strong>da</strong>ri iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, verasdros ver xerxdeba, rac gin<strong>da</strong>T<br />
didxans gagrZeldes Tun<strong>da</strong>c Tavisufali politikuri<br />
brZola. am viTarebaSi politikis dRis wesrigis kontroli<br />
<strong>da</strong> misiT oportunistuli manipulireba xdeba politikuri<br />
brZolis mTavari iaraRi. qaosis Teoremis Tanaxmad<br />
imas, vinc amgvari kontrolis SesaZleblobas<br />
flobs, aqvs SesaZlebloba praqtikulad nebismieri politikuri<br />
Sedegis miRwevisa, <strong>da</strong> mowinaaRmdegeTa <strong>da</strong>marcxebi-<br />
<br />
>9 !ix. magaliTad!WB..BR!>==82!<br />
9:<br />
!
sa. es martivad keTdeba. jer yof eleqtorats demokratiis<br />
momxreebad <strong>da</strong> mowinaaRmdegeebad. rodesac grZnob rom<br />
kargav erTi mxaris mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras, cvli dRis wesrigs <strong>da</strong><br />
ayeneb teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs, romelic ukve<br />
sxva jgufebad yofs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s. rodesac aqac kargav<br />
poziciebs, ga<strong>da</strong>dixar <strong>da</strong>yofis sxva ganzomilebis aqcentirebaze,<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S. sanam ar gamoileva qveynisTvis sasicocxlod<br />
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. samwuxarod qveynisTvis,<br />
aseTi manipulirebisas manipulatori iZulebulia sul<br />
ufro maRali molodinebi Seqmnas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirebebis skalas<br />
auwios. swored amitom gax<strong>da</strong> iZulebuli xelisufleba<br />
2008 wlis agvistoSi Cabmuliyo samxedro avantiuraSi,<br />
romelmac qveyanas yvelasaTvis arasasurveli Sedegi moutana.<br />
amis Semdeg manipulireba saWiro aRar aris - ruse-<br />
Tis agresiis pirobebSi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s eqmneba STabeWdileba<br />
rom mas aqvs arCevani or borotebas Soris - ruseTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> saakaSvili, romlebi<strong>da</strong>nac ruseTi ufro afrTxobs.<br />
amdenad, Tuki mocemuloba mdgomareobs xelisuflebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Tmobebis, molaparakebebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanxmobis<br />
miRwevis uaryofaSi, misTvis logikuria swored is qceva,<br />
romelic man gamoavlina. aseve logikuria opoziciisTvis<br />
uaris Tqma raime saxis poziciebis <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebaze, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
es iwvevs mis <strong>da</strong>nawevrebasa <strong>da</strong> amcirebs misi eleqtoratis<br />
konsolidirebis SesaZleblobas, rasac ganapirobebs<br />
am eleqtoratis siWrele arsebul problemebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
ganvlili wlebis gamocdileba amdenad magaliTia<br />
imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba xdebodes, rom racionaluri<br />
aqtorebis brZola warmatebisTvis mTavrdeba im SedegiT,<br />
romelic aravis ar undo<strong>da</strong>. yoveli etapi am brZolisa<br />
iyo nulovanjamovani, <strong>da</strong> mimarTuli gamarjvebaze, magram<br />
saerTo jamSi, yvela etapis gavlis Semdeg TamaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
uaryofiTjamovani, rodesac yvela masSi CarTulma aqtorma<br />
waago, <strong>da</strong> saboloo wertili, romelSiac yvela aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
mdebareobs im velis miRma, romelSiac viRaca mainc<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> warmatebuli.<br />
! 9;
9<<br />
!<br />
5. urTierTmomgebiani <strong>da</strong>Tmoba<br />
rogorc ganvlili periodis magaliTi gviCvenebs, ma-<br />
Joritaruli logika kanonis uzenaesobis ararsebobis pirobebSi<br />
monawileebs arakooperaciul qcevas karnaxobs,<br />
rac maTTvis racionaluri, <strong>da</strong> ara ugunuri midgomaa. kooperirebisken<br />
calmxrivad ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijebi am viTarebaSi<br />
wagebis tolfasia, rac <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura kidec opoziciis<br />
warumateblobam im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac amgvari nabijebi<br />
iqna ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli. kooperirebis stimuli, amdenad, un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos racionalurad momgebiani imisTvis, vinc masSi er-<br />
Tveba. <strong>da</strong>Tmoba ar un<strong>da</strong> niSnavdes <strong>da</strong>morCilebas, Tuki<br />
gvin<strong>da</strong> rom is gaxdes politikis wesi.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom maJoritarizmi ar aris ganwiruli<br />
marcxisTvis, Tuki is xorcieldeba Zalauflebis SezRudvis<br />
principiT formirebul konteqstSi. ase magaliTad, media<br />
rom yofiliyo Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> saakaSvils ar hqono<strong>da</strong><br />
dRis wesrigiT manipulirebis SesaZlebloba, wina paragrafSi<br />
aRwerili viTareba SeuZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. nulovanjamovani<br />
konkurenciuli TamaSebi sruliad ar gamoricxaven<br />
molaparakebebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tmobebis SesaZleblobas. rogorc<br />
adre iTqva, urTierTmisaRebi kompromisi SesaZloa<br />
vaWrobis Sedegad warmoiqmnas, Tuki amis saWiroebas orive<br />
mxare aRiarebs. am aRiarebis ararseboba gamoixateba<br />
politikuri centris gamorecxvaSi <strong>da</strong> urTierTmisaRebi<br />
kompromisis ararsebobaSi - yovel SemTxvevaSi, im ganzomilebis<br />
gaswvriv, romlis gaswvrivac mimdinareobs Sejibri.<br />
Tuki arc erTi urTierTSexebis wertili ar an ver<br />
moiZebna, arsebobs ori gamosavali. erTia, rodesac yvela<br />
momdevno ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba misaRebia erTi mxarisTvis, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom isini miuReblebi arian meorisTvis. yalibdeba<br />
viTareba, rodesac erTi mxare verasdros ver<br />
aris mogebuli, anu diqtatura demokratiis nacvlad. meore<br />
variantia, rodesac xan mogebulia erTi mxare, xan meore,<br />
<strong>da</strong> amasTan arc erTi ar egueba droebiT mainc wagebas,<br />
radganac es wageba misTvis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa miuRebel<br />
velSi mdebareobs. Tuki xelisufleba axerxebs diqtaturis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebas, saqme <strong>da</strong>mTavrebulia, <strong>da</strong> Semdgom laparaks<br />
azri ara aqvs. magram vecadoT warmovidginoT rom
demokratiisTvis brZola grZeldeba <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebas ar<br />
gaaCnia diqtaturis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad saWiro resursi. maSin<br />
myardeba qaosi, romelic SesaZloa katastrofiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrdes,<br />
rogorc ganvlili gamocdileba a<strong>da</strong>sturebs.<br />
maJoritarizmis warmatebas sxva faqtorebic uSlis<br />
xels. rogorc adre iTqva, Zalauflebis gaziarebis principis<br />
amoqmedebis gareSe ver ixsneba polarizeba Zlieri<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis momxreebs Soris. maJoritaruli<br />
demokratiisTvis aucilebelia neitraluri <strong>da</strong> miukerZoebeli<br />
"gare <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli", gamoricxulia misi gamarTuli<br />
funqcionireba iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c ar aris araferi, rasac<br />
yvela endoba. am viTarebas Svelis mxolod sajarod <strong>da</strong><br />
pirispir urTierTobebis garkveva, romelic meore modelisTvisaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli. aseve, ganvlil wlebSi kompromentirebuli<br />
politikuri elitebi ver uzrunvelyofen<br />
maJoritaruli politikis warmatebas, romelsac Zlieri<br />
aqcenti aqvs pirovnebebze, maSin roca konsesuri demokratia<br />
aqcentirebulia ufro programebze <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebze,<br />
vidre pirovnebebze.<br />
Cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamosavalze ocneba rom realobad ga<strong>da</strong>iqces,<br />
politikaSi monawileebs polarizebis stimuli un<strong>da</strong><br />
Seusustdes <strong>da</strong> kooperirebis fasi amaRldes. erT-erTi<br />
cxadi <strong>da</strong> ukve bevrjer gaJRerebuli nabiji am mimarTulebiT<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> saprezidento postis an faqtobrivi, an<br />
funqcionaluri gauqmeba. es, rasakvirvelia maJoritarizmis<br />
Sesustebisken ga<strong>da</strong>sadgami aucilebeli, Tumca arasakmarisi<br />
nabijia. arCevnebis "fasis" Semcirebas aseve uwyobs<br />
xels konsesuri modelis amoqmedeba. konsesuri demokratiis<br />
warmatebisTvis aucilebeli ramdenime sxva faqtoris<br />
CamonaTvals, romelic amasTan SesaZloa arasruli<br />
aRmoCndes, <strong>da</strong>bla gTavazobT. zogierTi faqtori garegania,<br />
<strong>da</strong> amdenad uSualod sistemis transformaciis nawils<br />
ar warmoadgens. isini un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT rogorc winapirobebi<br />
Cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlis SesaZleblobis Seqmnisa.<br />
rodesac <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> Zalian Raribia, xolo ekonomikuri<br />
uTanasworoba maRali, demokratiis SenarCuneba<br />
xdeba problematuri nebismieri sakonstitucio mowyobis<br />
pirobebSi. Tuki <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si Camoyalibebulia mdi<strong>da</strong>r-<br />
Ta fena, romelic avtoritarizmis gziT cdilobs Tavisi<br />
interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvas, am sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra politikuri sis-<br />
! 9=
temis modelis SemuSavebiT cota ar iyos, miamituri<br />
mcdeloba iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. magram Tuki sistemis Secvla ukve moxerx<strong>da</strong>,<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakiTxi dgas miRweulis SenarCunebaze, maSin<br />
arsebiTia <strong>da</strong>vfiqrdeT imaze, Tu ra gavlenas axdenen ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikuri institutebi erTmaneTze.<br />
ekonomikuri problemebi<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze mwvave politikur<br />
sakiTxebad <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> dgas sakuTrebis ufleba,<br />
korufcia <strong>da</strong> umuSevroba. rac Seexeba Semosavlebis uTanasworobas,<br />
mas amJamad aqvs susti politikuri ganzomileba,<br />
<strong>da</strong> rogorc sociologiuri gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs,<br />
is praqtikulad ar axdens (an sxva faqtorebze naklebad<br />
axdens) zegavlenas politikur Sexedulebebze.<br />
paradoqsulad, Tuki sakuTrebis uflebis Selaxvas<br />
ufro kargad konsesuri modeli SeebrZoleba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
masSi ar iarsebebs eqspropriaciisTvis xelsayreli erTiani<br />
politikuri neba, korufcias pirveli SexedviT, maJoritaruli<br />
demokratia ukeT ga<strong>da</strong>laxavs. maJoritarizmis<br />
pirobebSi xelisufleba koncentrirebulia, <strong>da</strong> misi pasuxismgebloba<br />
korufciis yvela saxeobaze aSkara. konsesuri<br />
modelis sisuste mdgomareobs pasuxismgeblobebis gaurkvevlobaSi,<br />
masSi Znelia korufciis faqtebis mibma<br />
konkretuli politikuri Zalebis pasuxismgeblobasTan.<br />
amdenad, Tuki maJoritaruli modeli moicavs avtoritaruli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>gvarebis risks elitaruli korufciis amoqmedebiT,<br />
konsesuri demokratia ufro meti riskis Semcvelia<br />
masobrivi korufciis TvalsazrisiT, romelSiac faruli<br />
garigebebis meSveobiT SeiZleba yvela an umetesoba<br />
politikuri Zalebisa Caebas. amis magaliTebi saqarTvelo-<br />
Si mravlad <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebula im arCevnebis dros, rodesac<br />
saarCevno adgilobrivi komisiebi, Sedgenili mravalpartiuli<br />
principiT, garigebebis gziT ayalbebdnen arCevnebis<br />
Sedegebs.<br />
konsesuri demokratiis ga<strong>da</strong>gvareba korufciul sistemad<br />
amdenad aris mTavari saSiSroeba, romelic xSirad<br />
aracnobierad gaazrebulia im moqalaqeebis mier, romlebic<br />
"Zlieri xelis" <strong>da</strong> "stalinis" gar<strong>da</strong> misi SezRudvis<br />
veranair SesaZleblobas ver xe<strong>da</strong>ven. mosalodnelia, rom<br />
marTlac korufciis problema gaxdes erT-erTi mTavari<br />
gamowveva konsesuri modelis pirobebSi. magram Tavad modeli<br />
grZelvadiani funqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi warmoad-<br />
:?<br />
!
gens am problemis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis meqanizms. amis sawin<strong>da</strong>ria is<br />
Riaoba, romelSiac moTavsebulia politikuri Sejibri<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, <strong>da</strong> romelSiac miTumetes ver gaqreba <strong>da</strong><br />
ver <strong>da</strong>iZleva maSin, rodesac ar iarsebebs Zalauflebis<br />
maJoritaruli koncentrirebis centri (prezidenti). saprezidento<br />
sistemaSic ki, romelic amJamad arsebobs, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
Sekruli saxelisuflebo gundis SigniT arsebuli<br />
korufciuli garigebebi cnobili xdeba sazogadoebis-<br />
Tvis. miTumetes sarisko gaxdeba Crdilovan arakanonier<br />
garigebebze wasvla mravalpartiul viTarebaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c yoveli<br />
faqti SesaZloa winasaarCevno propagandisTvis iqnas<br />
gamoyenebuli oponentebis mier. amdenad, korufciis <strong>da</strong>Zleva<br />
konsesur demokratias SeuZlia, magram mxolod<br />
grZelvadian perspeqtivaze orientaciiT.<br />
maRali umuSevroba aseve politikuri ganzomilebis<br />
momcvelia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>saqmebis <strong>da</strong> politikuri orientaciis<br />
faqtorebi mWidrod korelireben erTmaneTTan (sociologiuri<br />
gamokiTxvebis SedegebiT). ganvlil wlebSi ganxorcielebuli<br />
politizirebuli sakadro politikis fonze<br />
es arc aris gasakviri. mosalodnelia, rom Tuki sistema<br />
Seicvala, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva partiebis aqtivistebi arCevnebis<br />
Semdeg Tavisi liderebisgan swored rom <strong>da</strong>saqmebas moiTxoven,<br />
xolo liderebi pirvel rigSi maTTvis samuSao adgilebisTvis<br />
brZolaSi CaerTvebian. es problemac garkveulwilad<br />
korufciis saxeobas warmoadgens, <strong>da</strong> imave rig-<br />
Si un<strong>da</strong> iyos ganxiluli, rogorc wina problema. am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT korufciis SemTxvevisa, ara mediis,<br />
aramed sazogadoebis mobilizebis maRali donis SenarCunebis<br />
imediT un<strong>da</strong> viyoT, magram problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra isev<br />
<strong>da</strong> isev grZelvadian perspeqtivas ukavSirdeba.<br />
sagareo orientaciebis polarizeba <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />
sasazRvro mdgomareoba sami civilizaciis mijnaze Zabavs<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> politikur <strong>da</strong>pirispirebebs. oportunist liderebs<br />
yovelTvis aqvT SesaZlebloba am <strong>da</strong>Zabulobaze iTamaSon,<br />
is ukiduresobamde miiyvanon <strong>da</strong> am faqtors aSkara nulovanjamovani<br />
xasiaTi SesZinon. Tuki saqarTvelos dRevandeli<br />
yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi kvlavac dRis wesrigSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCeba did xnis ganmavlobaSi, es gamoricxavs ara marto<br />
konsesualuri midgomebis SesaZleblobas, aramed raime<br />
saxis demokratiis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis SesaZleblobasac. mxo-<br />
! :>
lod mravalpolusiani sagareo klimatis Seqmna ga<strong>da</strong>iyvans<br />
sagareo veqtorebs aranulovanjamovani strategiebis<br />
sibrtyeSi. evropuli gavlenis zr<strong>da</strong> am mxriv erTaderT<br />
gamosavlad isaxeba. gare usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ruseTTan stabiluri, Tu ara keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebis gareSe cxadia, politikuri sistemis<br />
stabilizebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. samagierod,<br />
Tuki es miRweulia, konsesuri modeli ufro stabiluri<br />
iqneba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n momavalSi SezRu<strong>da</strong>vs polarizebis sim-<br />
Zafres sagareo politikaSi <strong>da</strong> gamoricxavs "kremlis<br />
agentebis" Ziebas opoziciaSi.<br />
ukiduresi polarizeba dResdReobiT axasiaTebs ara<br />
marto politikur elitebs, aramed <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sac. es<br />
didwilad ganpirobebulia im polarizebuli sainformacio<br />
sivrciT, romelic Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> jer kidev 2007 wels.<br />
nawilobriv polarizebis mizezi devs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
formirebis im modelSi, romelic jer kidev 90-iani<br />
wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi amuSav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romelic ufro maJoritarul,<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara konsesur demokratiebs Seesabameba (am Temas<br />
aq Cven farTod ver gavSliT). xelisuflebi<strong>da</strong>n saakaSvilis<br />
wasvla TavisTavad ar moxsnis am polarizebis<br />
arsebobis faqts. polarizebi<strong>da</strong>n demokratiul pluralizmze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svla saWiroebs ramdenime problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wras.<br />
Zalian uxeSad rom vTqvaT, dRes qarTul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
arian a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic emxrobian maJoritarul<br />
mmarTvelobas, romelic upirobo <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>s aqcevs er-<br />
Ti a<strong>da</strong>mianis xelSi; a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic iTxoven demokratias<br />
rogorc sazogadoebis SesaZleblobas Tavad mii-<br />
Ros monawileoba politikaSi <strong>da</strong> oportunistebi, romlebisTvisac<br />
orive sulerTia, <strong>da</strong> cdiloben sakuTar miznebs<br />
miaRwion imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c viTareba aZlevs xels. es<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofa ar asaxavs <strong>da</strong>yofas xelisufleba-opoziciad, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
orive mxares arian samive tipis a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, Tumca<br />
statistikurad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom xelisuflebaSi<br />
ufro metia "maJoritari", xolo opoziciaSi "konsesualisti".<br />
"maJoritaristebisa" <strong>da</strong> "konsesualistebis" ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si geografiul <strong>da</strong> socialur ganzomilebebsac<br />
Seicavs. regionebis mosaxleobisTvis dResdReo-<br />
:"<br />
!
iT ufro racionaluria maJoritaruli modelisTvis mimxroba,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n politikaSi Tanamonawileobis SesaZlebloba<br />
maT ise<strong>da</strong>c metad SezRuduli aqvT. Tanamonawileobis<br />
moTxovna ufro maRalia saSualo fenaSi, vidre <strong>da</strong>bal<br />
klasebSi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n es moTxovna izrdeba post-materialisturi<br />
Rirebulebebis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad, rac garkveul<br />
socialur ganzomilebebsac moicavs (magaliTad, ganaTlebis<br />
dones). amdenad, socialurad araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi<br />
myofi fenebis zegavlena Semdgomi demokratizaciis<br />
xasiaTze ufro maJoritarizmisken un<strong>da</strong> ubiZgebdes qveyanas.<br />
imisTvis, rom politikaSi Tanamonawileobis procesma<br />
mosaxleobis udidesi nawili moicvas, regionebis mosaxloebas<br />
un<strong>da</strong> mieces Tanamonawileobis gacilebiT meti<br />
SesaZlebloba, vidre maT aqvT amJamad. maJoritarizmisken<br />
swrafvis Sesusteba regionebSi SesaZlebelia mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki gaixsneba regionebis politikaSi Tanamonawileobis<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri arxebi. es ar gulisxmobs mxolod<br />
teritoriul decentralizacias <strong>da</strong> realuri TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
Seqmnas. Zalauflebis gaziarebis principis<br />
amoqmedebaSi Zalauflebis ZiriTadi matareblebi, romlebmac<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaaZlieron saxelmwifo Tavisi aqtiuri<br />
CarTviT, swored regionebi <strong>da</strong> teritoriuli erTeulebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaxdnen. centraluri xelisufleba un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes reprezentatuli<br />
am kuTxiT, rac SeiZleba gulisxmobdes saarCevno<br />
sistemis transformaciasac <strong>da</strong> orpalatiani parlamentis<br />
Seqmnasac. regionebi un<strong>da</strong> TamaSobdnen rols<br />
centralur xelisuflebaSi, <strong>da</strong> ara iyvnen moqceulebi adgilobriv<br />
getoebSi Tavisi lokaluri problemebiT.<br />
mTavari, rac albaT pozitiur rols Seasrulebs TanamonawileobiTi<br />
konsesuri demokratiis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebaze,<br />
aris is, rom <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>m <strong>da</strong>iwyo "<strong>da</strong>bruneba" politikuri<br />
qmedebebis arealSi, rac xels uwyobs axal yai<strong>da</strong>ze<br />
mowyobili samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebas <strong>da</strong> saboloo<br />
jamSi gavlenas moaxdens politikis TamaSis wesebis<br />
"<strong>da</strong>Rvinebaze". am procesSi pirvel rigSi TamaSobs rols<br />
is sajarooba, romelSiac bolo wlebSi monawileoben<br />
ara marto politikosebi, aramed politikisgan sruliad<br />
Sors mdgomi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi. politikuri sajaro sivrce "ga-<br />
! :@
ixsna" sazogadoebisTvis, rac ar SeiZleba ar <strong>da</strong>mTavrdes<br />
politikuri Zalauflebis sivrcis transformaciiT.<br />
calke problemas warmoadgenen politikuri partiebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikosebi. mravalpartiuloba TavisTavad ar aris<br />
konsesualuri qcevis winapiroba. Tumca is warmoSobs amgvari<br />
qcevis garkveul saWiroebas rogorc winasaarCevno<br />
periodSi, aseve arCevnebis Semdegac, saparlamento umravlesobis<br />
formirebis procesSi. magram saWiroeba imTaviTve<br />
qreba, rogorc ki moikribeba sakmarisi Zala, rom Zalauflebis<br />
kontroli ganaxorcielos, <strong>da</strong> am Zalis miRma<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCenili partiebi umciresobaSi <strong>da</strong>tovos.<br />
amdenad, sakiTxi dgas pirvel rigSi imaze, Tu rogor<br />
marTavs umravlesoba konsesusuri demokratiis pirobebSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong> ramdenad aqvs SesaZlebloba Tavisi mmarTveloba<br />
isev <strong>da</strong> isev tiraniad ga<strong>da</strong>aqcios. aris Tu ara es SesaZleblobebi<br />
ufro farTo, Tu ufro SezRuduli rodesac<br />
va<strong>da</strong>rebT erTmaneTs Tun<strong>da</strong>c vestminsteris models<br />
(sruli pasuxismgebloba erT mmarTvel partiaze) evropul<br />
mowyobebTan (opozicias <strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s aqvs Tanamonawileobis<br />
garkveuli SesaZlebloba).<br />
maJoritarul modelSi mWidrod Sekruli saparlamento<br />
umravlesoba SesaZloa isev <strong>da</strong> isev ar uwevdes angariSs<br />
umciresobas, TviTneburad cvlides TamaSis wesebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> saboloo jamSi momdevno arCevnebis Catarebas azrs<br />
ukargavdes. amis sapirispirod, Tuki umciresobas aqvs sa-<br />
Tanado berketebi (vetos ufleba) raTa umravlesobis arasasurveli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi <strong>da</strong>blokos, man SeiZleba es<br />
ufleba borotad gamoiyenos <strong>da</strong> viTareba politikur Cix-<br />
Si Seiyvanos. rodesac partiebs ara aqvT <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan<br />
mWidro kavSirebi, amgvari polarizeba politikur elitebSi<br />
kvlavac sistemis destabilizaciis <strong>da</strong> demokratiis<br />
Sesustebis sawin<strong>da</strong>ri SeiZleba gaxdes.<br />
amis sapirispirod, konsesur demokratiaSi, Tuki umravlesoba<br />
arademokratiuli gziT wavi<strong>da</strong>, mas am gziT siarulis<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT SezRuduli SesaZlebloba eqneba. garkveul<br />
donemde is iqneba <strong>da</strong>balansebuli opoziciis mier,<br />
romelsac amisTvis Sesabamisi berketebi miecema. esenia<br />
sakomiteto mowyobis wesebi, opoziciis roli parlamentisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis urTierTobaSi,<br />
opoziciis gavlena ama Tu im ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze. amgvari<br />
:8<br />
!
erketebi arsebob<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos parlamentSi 2004 wlamde,<br />
<strong>da</strong> dRemde nawilobriv SemorCenilia. wina parlament-<br />
Si am berketebis araefeqturobas ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> ara misi<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> mowyobis naklovanebebi, aramed is, rom arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />
prezidentis posti, romelic saparlamento zemoqmedebas<br />
ar eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>. am postis gauqmebis an Sesustebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi konsesualuri modelis borotad gamoyeneba<br />
umravlesobis mier Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro Znelia.<br />
amasTan, mTavari, rasac iZleva konsesualuri modeli,<br />
es aris is, rom is aZlevs partiebs warmomadgenlobi-<br />
Ti ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. partiebs aRar aqvT umravlesobis<br />
mozidvis saWiroeba, maT SeuZliaT gamokve-<br />
Ton specifiuri socialuri jgufebi (regionebi), sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
mZlavri <strong>da</strong>sayrdeni eqnebaT. am muSaobaSi maT realuri<br />
politikuri strategiebis gamomuSaveba mouwevT, <strong>da</strong> am<br />
strategiebis ganxorcielebisTvis zrunva parlamentSi. es<br />
yovelive gaajansaRebs saparlamento viTarebas <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>iyvans<br />
politikur diskurss ufro Sinaarsobrivi debatebis<br />
formatSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna<br />
mocemuli narkvevi ar warmoadgens <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> demokratiis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis recepts. misi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa imis Cveneba,<br />
rom diqtaturasa <strong>da</strong> qaoss Soris jer kidev aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCenili mesame gza, romelic ufro Cveni SesaZleblobaa,<br />
vidre gar<strong>da</strong>uvali bedi. am gziT siaruli koleqtiuri<br />
qmedebis, soli<strong>da</strong>robisa <strong>da</strong> kooperirebis ufro maRal<br />
safexurebze ayvanas moiTxovs. wava Tu ara ganviTareba am<br />
gziT, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia ara akademiur statiebze, aramed sazogadoebis<br />
aqtivobaze. sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>bruneba istoria-<br />
Si am istoriis <strong>da</strong>mwerTa vinaobas Secvlis. an ara.<br />
! :9
ibliografia<br />
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3),)'&;" (7).'-" ./" &5(2.,?" (7).')(25&;" /.%,9&(2.,:" /.'" (7)" :.52&;" :52),5):2!<br />
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KBR-((J!a2!6'+3C&%2!"???2!8;)5(2.,:"&:"J,:('%1),(:"./"4)1.5'&5-!"<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT melua<br />
adgilobriv interesTa warmomadgenloba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva politikur sistemebSi<br />
Sesavali<br />
saxelmwifo rTuli socialuri fenomenia <strong>da</strong> realobaSi<br />
igi srula<strong>da</strong>c ar gaxlavT a<strong>da</strong>mianTa monoliTuri<br />
erToba. istoriuli ganviTarebis yovel etapze saxelmwifo<br />
mravalgvar interesTa artikulaciisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis meqanizms<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. icvlebodnen interesTa jgufebi,<br />
Tavad interesebic magram saxelmwifos es funqcia dResac<br />
ucvlelia.<br />
rac ufro kompleqsuri xdebo<strong>da</strong> sociumi miT ufro<br />
kompleqsuri iyo interesebi <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad miT ufro ixvewebo<strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifo institutebi. Tavad interesTa mravalmxrivoba<br />
iTxov<strong>da</strong> imas, rom saxelmwifo saqmeebi (an<br />
SeiZleba vixmaroT “sajaro saqmeebi”, vinai<strong>da</strong>n qarTul<br />
enaSi terminologiuri sicxade jer kidev ar gvaqvs) sul<br />
ufro kompleqsuri Seqmniliyo. Tu adre xelisuflis<br />
funqcia ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d teritoriis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> marTlwesrigis<br />
uzrunvelyofa iyo, vaWrobis ganviTarebam <strong>da</strong> industrializaciam<br />
gaaCina moTxovna iseT funqciebze rogoricaa<br />
komunikacia, fosta, fulad-sakredito urTierToba, saqonlis<br />
mimoqceva. migraciam <strong>da</strong> muSaxelis moZraobam biZgi<br />
misca iseT sajaro saqmeTa warmoSobas rogoricaa komunaluri<br />
sfero <strong>da</strong> binaTmSenebloba. kvalificiuri muSaxelis<br />
moTxovnam sayovelTao ganaTlebis miwodebis kompetencia<br />
warmoSva <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
yoveli am sajaro kompetenciis gaCena sakuTari interesis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad, konkretuli socialuri fenis<br />
xangrZlivi brZolis Sedegia. swored am brZolis Sedegad<br />
icvlebo<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos saxe, iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> axali instituciebi,<br />
yalibdebo<strong>da</strong> axali socialuri fenebi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />
Zalebi. anu mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> is procesi, rasac<br />
istorikosebi uwodeben absolutizmis transformacias<br />
saarCevno demokratiaSi.<br />
! :;
am transformaciis dros aSkarad gamoikveTa sajaro<br />
interesTa ori saxe – socialuri interesi (klasebi, socialuri<br />
fenebi) <strong>da</strong> teritoriuli interesebi (erT arealze<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebul a<strong>da</strong>mianTa interesebi). teritoriuli interesebi<br />
gacilebiT kompleqsuria vidre calkeul jgufTa<br />
interesebi. radgan, jer erTi, teritoriul interesebSi<br />
ikveTeba yvela socialuri jgufis interesi <strong>da</strong> meorec,<br />
teritoriuli interesi mravaldoniania. gamartivebuli<br />
midgomiT teritoriuli interesi mxolod erT mikrosistemasTan<br />
(xeoba, sofeli, qalaqi) identificirebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />
interess un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes. magram social-kulturuli<br />
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT a<strong>da</strong>mianTa subnacionaluri<br />
TviTidentifikaciis areali gacilebiT vrceli SeiZleba<br />
iyos vidre erTi mikrosistemaa. igi ramdenime aseul<br />
aseT mikrosistemasac SeiZleba moicavdes. aseT did<br />
teritoriul warmonaqmnebs regionebi, mxareebi an miwebi<br />
ewodeba. aseTi msxvili teritoriuli erTobis CamoyalibebaSi<br />
ori faqtori TamaSobs gansakuTrebul rols: a)<br />
social-kultuluri erTgvaroba (ena, religia, tradiciebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> mentaloba) <strong>da</strong> b) istoriuli tradicia (istoriulad<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong> rogorc calkeuli sagrafo erTiani suzerenis<br />
mfarvelobis qveS). yovelive zemoTqmuli qmnis<br />
teritoriul interesTa erTgvar kaskads sa<strong>da</strong>c mikrosistemuri<br />
interesi (vuwodoT mas “adgilobrivi interesi)<br />
Tanaarsebobs ufro did subnacionalur interesTan (vuwodoT<br />
mas “teritoriuli interesi). <strong>da</strong> orive maTgani Tanaarsebobs<br />
saerTo erovnul interesebTan. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos,<br />
rom adgilobriv interesTa jami ar udris teritoriul<br />
interess <strong>da</strong> arc erovnuli interesebia mxolod<br />
teritoriul interesTa meqanikuri jami. yvela es interesi<br />
TviTmyofadia (komplimentarulia) <strong>da</strong> maTi urTierTCanacvlebis<br />
(an romelime maTganis ignorirebis) SemTxveva-<br />
Si konfliqti gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia.<br />
imis<strong>da</strong> mixedviT Tu rogor aris realizebuli teritoriuli<br />
interesebi Cven saxelmwifos mowyobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
modelebi gvaqvs (unitaruli, regionuli, federaluri).<br />
saerTo rac yvela models axasiaTebs aris is, rom<br />
yvelgan gvaqvs minimum ori - adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />
interesi. interesTa kval<strong>da</strong>kval iyofa sajaro saqmeebis<br />
paketic, adgilobrivi saqmeebi ((BZ&(!&YY&'./) adgilobriv in-<br />
:<<br />
!
teresTa realizacias emsaxureba, Sesabamisad gvaqvs regionaluri<br />
saqmeebi (.-3'B+&(! &YY&'./) <strong>da</strong> erovnuli saqmeebi<br />
(+&1'B+&(!&YY&'./). imaze Tu ramdenad efeqtura<strong>da</strong>a realizebuli<br />
teritoriuli interesebi, ramdenad harmoniulad Tanaarseboben<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva donis saqmeebi erTmaneTTan, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
demokratiuli stabiluroba TiToeul qveyanaSi.<br />
am statiaSi Cven ver SevexebiT subnacionalur (teritoriul)<br />
interesebs <strong>da</strong> maT warmomadgenlobas. saxelmwifos<br />
teritoriuli mowyobisa <strong>da</strong> konstitucionalizmis<br />
es vrceli sakiTxi Cveni statiis farglebs scildeba. Cveni<br />
amocanaa ganvixiloT Tu rogoria adgilobrivi interesTa<br />
realizaciis formebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva politikuri sistemebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> am informaciis Suqze gavaanalizoT saqarTvelos<br />
realoba.<br />
1.! adgilobriv interesTa warmomadgenloba<br />
evropaSi<br />
2.1 adgilobriv saqmeTa gageba evropaSi<br />
istoriulad, evropelis cnobierebaSi mikrosistema<br />
(Temi, komuna) <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo saerTo wylis resursTan,<br />
saerTo tyis resursTan, saerTo saZovarTan. mogvianebiT<br />
am erTobas <strong>da</strong>emata saerTo religiuri/sakulto<br />
obieqti (eklesia). zoga<strong>da</strong>d, evropaSi eklesiam udidesi<br />
roli iTamaSa „adgilobrivi saqmeebis“ institutis CamoyalibebaSi.<br />
eklesia axden<strong>da</strong> Temis wevrebis registracias,<br />
xolo Crdilo evropaSi asruleb<strong>da</strong> Temis maorganizebeli<br />
Zalis rols. dResac evropis bevr qveyanaSi terminebi<br />
„Temi“ <strong>da</strong> „mrevli“ erTmaneTis sinonimebia.<br />
Sesabamisad adgilobrivi interesi efuZneba mikrosistemas<br />
<strong>da</strong> masSi mcxovreb a<strong>da</strong>mianTa survils hqondeT<br />
ukeTesi garemo <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi yofiTi pirobebi. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
dRes evropaSi adgilobriv saqmeTa portfels<br />
ganekuTvneba is amocanebi romelic uzrunvelyofs sacxovrebeli<br />
garemosa <strong>da</strong> saarsebo pirobebis gaumjobesebas.<br />
rogorc wesi aseT saqmeebis ganekuTvneba Semdegi<br />
sferoebi:<br />
! komunaluri momsaxureba – moicavs yvela im kompetencias<br />
rac aucilebelia <strong>da</strong>saxlebaTa sicocxlisunaria-<br />
! :=
onobisa <strong>da</strong> komfortulobis asamaRleblad, a<strong>da</strong>mianis binadrobis<br />
mavne zemoqmedebis Sesamcireblad. (sasmeli<br />
wylis miwodeba, narCenebis gatana <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba, kanalizacia<br />
<strong>da</strong> saniaRvre sistemebi, gaTboba, elqtroenergiiT<br />
momarageba, transporti, gamwvaneba, skverebisa <strong>da</strong> baRebis<br />
movla, sasaflaoebi).<br />
! teritoriaTa ganviTareba – moicavs Semdeg kompetenciebs:<br />
teritoriuli gegmareba <strong>da</strong> urbanuli <strong>da</strong>gegmva; binaTmSenebloba,<br />
gzebi <strong>da</strong> komunikaciebi, tyis safarisa <strong>da</strong><br />
wylis resursebis marTva, teritoriaTa zonireba <strong>da</strong> social-ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis marTva, miwaTsargeblobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> uZravi qonebis reglamentireba <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
! a<strong>da</strong>mianuri faqtoris ganviTareba – moicavs Semdeg<br />
kompetenciebs: bavSvTa movla <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wyebiTi ganaTleba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>svenebisa <strong>da</strong> garTobis obieqtebi, miusafarTa ganTavseba,<br />
moxucebulTa movla, kultura <strong>da</strong> sporti, saritualo<br />
momsaxureba, saSualo <strong>da</strong> profesiuli ganaTleba.<br />
CamoTvlil kompetenciaTa aRsrulebisTvis adgilebze<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos Sesabamisi uflebamosilebani, kerZod:<br />
! maregulirebeli uflebamosileba – rac niSnavs rom<br />
adgilobrivi saqmeebis marTvis funqciis mqone instituts<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos politikis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> TiToeuli kompetenciis<br />
ganxorcielebisTvis aucilebeli normatiuli bazis<br />
miReba;<br />
! administraciuli uflebamosileba – rac niSnavs<br />
rom adgilobrivi saqmeebis marTvis funqciis mqone instituts<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos aucilebeli sajaro <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> administraciuli organoebis Seqmna<br />
! safinanso uflebamosileba - rac niSnavs rom adgilobrivi<br />
saqmeebis marTvis funqciis mqone instituts un<strong>da</strong><br />
SeeZlos saWiro sajaro finansebis mobilizeba <strong>da</strong><br />
marTva, adgilobrivi biujetebis <strong>da</strong>mtkiceba, Sesruleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> kontroli;<br />
! qonebrivi uflebamosileba - rac niSnavs rom adgilobrivi<br />
saqmeebis marTvis funqciis mqone instituts un<strong>da</strong><br />
SeeZlos saWiro qonebis floba <strong>da</strong> gankargva.<br />
erTaderTi dokumenti romelic saerTo evropul<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rts adgens aris evropis sabWos “adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli qartia”. igi evropis sabWos<br />
wevr TiToeul saxelmwifos akisrebs valdebulebas rom<br />
;?<br />
!
moaxdinos adgilobriv saqmeTa marTvis funqciis ga<strong>da</strong>cema<br />
adgilebze. es qartia ambobs, rom im organos romelic<br />
adgilobriv saqmeebs marTavs un<strong>da</strong> hqondes sruli (oTxive<br />
saxis) uflebamosileba raTa adgilobrivi saqmeebi mar-<br />
Tos „<strong>da</strong>moukideblad <strong>da</strong> sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis qveS“<br />
(anu avtonomiurad).<br />
amrigad, evropis qartia mkafiod gamijnavs adgilobrivi<br />
saqmeebis marTvas erovnuli saqmeebis marTvisgan.<br />
swored amitom, institucias romelic adgilobrivi interesebis<br />
realizebas axdens <strong>da</strong> gankargvas adgilobriv saqmeebs,<br />
ewodeba „adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo“<br />
an „adgilobrivi xelisufleba“<br />
yovelive es ar niSnavs, rom centralur xelisuflebas<br />
adgilobriv saqmeebTan mimarTebaSi roli ara aqvs. piriqiT,<br />
centraluri xelisuflebis roli umniSvnelovanesia.<br />
uwinares yovlisa, swored centraluri xelisufleba<br />
adgens, Tu ra kompetenciebi un<strong>da</strong> Sediodes adgilobriv<br />
saqmeTa portfelSi, radgan es umeteswilad <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
qveynis politikur sistemaze, kulturasa <strong>da</strong> istoriul<br />
ganviTarebaze, Sesabamisad, zog qveyanaSi es portfeli<br />
didia, zogSi ki patara (ix, cxrili N1). aseve, centraluri<br />
xelisufleba ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobas uwevs adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs, raTa maT <strong>da</strong>icvan kanonmdebloba,<br />
qveynis suverenitetisa <strong>da</strong> teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />
principebi. qveynis centraluri xelisufleba uzrunvelyofs<br />
saerTo erovnul soli<strong>da</strong>robas <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblad<br />
Tanabar pirobebs qmnis yvela TviTmmarTveli erTeulisTvis.<br />
aseTi urTierTmimarTeba erovnul <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv<br />
doneebs Soris aucilebelia qveynisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
erTianobis SesanarCuneblad.<br />
Sejamebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas rom evropaSi adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis arseboba emyareba 4 ZiriTad<br />
princips<br />
1.!adgilobrivi interesebis legitimurobis aRiarebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT gansxvavebas saerTo erovnuli interesebisgan;<br />
2.!adgilobriv saqmeTa mkveTr gamijvnas saerTo erovnuli<br />
saqmeebi<strong>da</strong>n;<br />
3.!adgilobriv saqmeTa <strong>da</strong>moukideblad marTvis uflebis<br />
aRiarebas;<br />
! ;>
4.!saerTo erovnuli soli<strong>da</strong>robis <strong>da</strong> kanonis uzenaesobis<br />
primatis aRiarebas rogorc erovnuli aseve adgilobrivi<br />
xelisuflebis mier.<br />
zemoCamoTvlili oTxive komponenti umniSvnelovanesia<br />
<strong>da</strong> erTi maTganis amovardnis SemTxvevaSi mTeli sistema<br />
dgeba kraxis winaSe. swored adgilobriv saqmeTa amgvari<br />
gageba aris evropuli demokratiis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli<br />
niSani, rogorc totalitaruli (an avtoritaruli)<br />
saxelmwifoebi<strong>da</strong>n aseve aziuri tipis politikuri<br />
reJimebi<strong>da</strong>n. radgan aq adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba<br />
uwinaresad faseulobaTa sistemas emyareba <strong>da</strong> Semdeg politikur<br />
Tu ekonomikur motivacias.<br />
2.2 adgilobriv interesTa institucionalizacia<br />
TavisTavad cxadia, rom adgilobrivi saqmeebis mar-<br />
Tvas Sesabamisi xelisufleba esaWiroeba. es xelisufleba<br />
sajaro administrirebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli rgolia, radgan<br />
igi eqskluziurad adgilobriv saqmeTa marTvisTvis un<strong>da</strong><br />
iqnes Seqmnili. adgilobrvi TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli<br />
qartia adgens zogad stan<strong>da</strong>rts rom „adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> xorcieldebodes xalxis mier sayovel-<br />
Tao, pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong> faruli kenWisyriT arCeuli warmomadgenlebis<br />
mier, romelTac eqvemdebareba <strong>da</strong> angariSs abarebs<br />
adgilobrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba“.<br />
am stan<strong>da</strong>rtiT TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli qartia<br />
ganmartavs rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba xorcieldeba<br />
saarCevno demokratiis meSveobiT, xolo Tu rogori<br />
iqneba TviTmmarTvelobis Si<strong>da</strong> struqtura es aris erovnuli<br />
kanonmdeblobis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyveti, radgan TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
instituciuri mowyoba di<strong>da</strong>d aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />
qveyanaSi arsebul politikur sistemaze, kulturasa <strong>da</strong><br />
tradiciebze. mTavari moTxovna rasac qartia ayenebs gaxlavT<br />
is rom adgilobrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> emorCilebodes <strong>da</strong> angariSs abarebdes adgilobrivad<br />
arCeul pirebs, rac aucilebelia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
organos erTianobis SesanarCuneblad.<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyoba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
politikur sistemaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvaria, rac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze Tu sajaro saqmeTa marTvis <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
miRebis rogori kulturaa <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli<br />
;"<br />
!
konkretul qveyanaSi. zoga<strong>da</strong>d SeiZleba ori tipi gamoiyos:<br />
pirveli – rodesac marTva emyareba Zlier liderobas<br />
<strong>da</strong> umravlesobis nebis upirobo gatarebas <strong>da</strong> meore –<br />
rodesac marTva emyareba konsesuss <strong>da</strong> mravalgvari interesis<br />
monawileobas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Cven gvaqvs Zlieri,<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri wesiT arCeuli meris instituti, romelic<br />
aris adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis umaRlesi piri <strong>da</strong><br />
romelic xelmZRvanelobs adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis<br />
rogorc warmomadgenlobiT aseve aRmasrulebel organos.<br />
meore SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs arCeuli warmomadgenlobiTi organo<br />
romelic Tavisi Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n irCevs TviTmmar-<br />
Tvelobis pirvel pirs, rac Seexeba adgilobriv aRmasrulebel<br />
xelisuflebas zogan igi imarTeba <strong>da</strong>niSnuli menejeris<br />
mier, zogan ki arCeuli warmomadgenlobiTi organo<br />
sakuTari wevrebiT akompleqtebs aRmasrulebel komitetebs,<br />
romelic axdens Sesabamisis adgilobrivi samsaxurebis<br />
marTvas. evropaSi orive modeli aqtiurad gamoiyeneba,<br />
iseTi qveynebi rogoricaa: germania (zogierTi miwa), italia,<br />
rumineTi, slovakeTi iyenebs merebis arCevis pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
wess. iseTi qveynebi rogoricaa espaneTi (<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
municipalitetis zomaze), irlandia, norvegia, Svede-<br />
Ti, <strong>da</strong>nia, CexeTi iyeneben adgilobrivi sabWos mier arCeuli<br />
merebis instituts. aRsaniSnavia, rom meri evropaSi<br />
arCeuli piris sinonimia, magram, miuxedvad amisa, belgia-<br />
Si merebi monarqis mier iniSnebian. (ixile cxrili 2)<br />
Zalze Znelia imis Tqma Tu TviTmmarTvelobis institucionaluri<br />
mowyobis romeli gza sjobia. am sakiTxze<br />
didi xania mimdinareobs msjeloba, magram rac dro gadis<br />
cxadi xdeba, rom konkretuli qveynisTvis yvelaze ukeTesia<br />
is modeli romelic yvelaze ufro metad miesa<strong>da</strong>geba<br />
mis politikur sistemas <strong>da</strong> tradiciebs, romelic yvelaze<br />
ufro metad iZleva adgilobrivi interesebis realizebis<br />
saSualebas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmar-<br />
Tvelobis instituciuri mowyobis niderlandebis modeli<br />
evropis sabWos mxri<strong>da</strong>n mkacri kritikis sagania, Tavad am<br />
qveynis politikuri speqtris mier arasdros <strong>da</strong>smula realurad<br />
am sistemis reformirebis sakiTxi, radgan igi<br />
farTo politikuri konsensusis sagani iyo <strong>da</strong> aseTad<br />
rCeba dResac.<br />
! ;@
aris mTeli rigi qveynebisa, romlebic gaSualebul<br />
variants iyeneben, sa<strong>da</strong>c meri pir<strong>da</strong>piraa arCeuli magram<br />
warmomadgenlobiT organos aqvs meris ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze<br />
vetos <strong>da</strong>debis ufleba <strong>da</strong> municipaluri samsaxurebis<br />
uSualo marTvas axorcielebs municipaluri kabineti, romelic<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier mtkicdeba (TurqeTi,<br />
ukraina, poloneTi). aris magaliTebi sa<strong>da</strong>c sakanonmdeblo<br />
organo Zalze Zlieria <strong>da</strong> municipaluri kabinetis<br />
wevrebi imavdroulad arian adgilobrivi warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
organos wevrebi, aq xSirad municipaluri<br />
mTavroba koaliciuria (e.w. norvegiuli „miniparlamentarizmis“<br />
modeli).<br />
am mravalferovnebi<strong>da</strong>n mxolod erTi kanonzomierebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgena SeiZleba, Zlieri <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>pir arCeuli meris<br />
SemTxvevaSi maRalia pirovnuli legitimacia, rac imperatiuli<br />
politikis gatarebis saSualebas iZleva. <strong>da</strong>balansebuli<br />
modelis SemTxvevaSi (sakrebulo vetos uflebiT)<br />
sistema efeqturad muSaobs Tu mers aqvs myari umravlesoba<br />
sakrebuloSi, Tu meri aseTi mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT ver sargeblobs<br />
maSin municipalitetis saqmianoba torpedirebulia<br />
(q.kievis magaliTi), radgan Tavs iCens politikuri<br />
krizisi romlis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris erTaderTi gza xSir SemTxveva-<br />
Si pir<strong>da</strong>piri saxelmwifo mmarTveloba <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
arCevnebia.<br />
rac Seexeba arapir<strong>da</strong>pir arCeuli meris instituts<br />
(susti meri Zlieri sakrebulo) aq politikis SemuSavebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> gatarebis procesi erTob rTuli <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivia,<br />
radgan igi gulisxmobs konsensuss mraval interess Soris,<br />
Tumca rogorc wesi aseT sistemaSi aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> politika ufro <strong>da</strong>balansebulia. Tumca,<br />
aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom es sistema warmatebiT<br />
muSaobs mxolod politikuri pluralizmis tradiciebis<br />
mqone qveynebSi. Tu am sistemas movargebT erTpartiul garemos<br />
(partia-saxelmwifos models) maSin adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTveloba srulad <strong>da</strong>kargavs <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas,<br />
radgan Zalze didi iqneba mmarTveli partiis zegavlena<br />
adgilobriv saqmeebze <strong>da</strong> aseT pirobebSi rogorc wesi<br />
„centraluri saqmeebi“ „adgilobriv saqmeebze“ batonoben.<br />
monopartiul sistemaSi, pir<strong>da</strong>pir arCeuli meris instituti<br />
ufro amarTlebs, radgan maRali legitimaciis mqone<br />
;8<br />
!
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ufro axerxeben partiuli kontrolis mimarT<br />
moqnilobis SenarCunebas vidre kolegialuri organoebi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c yovelTvis SeiZleba „<strong>da</strong>hyavi <strong>da</strong> ibatone“ principis<br />
gamoyeneba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas rom, politikuri<br />
sistemebi mkafio gavlenas axdenen TviTmmarTvelobis instituciur<br />
mowyobaze. saparlamento respublikebi ufro<br />
iyeneben „arapir<strong>da</strong>pir arCeuli meris“ an Sualedur models,<br />
maSin rodesac saprezidento sistemebSi ufro<br />
„Zlieri meris“ modelia gavrcelebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
adgilobriv saqmeTa marTvis instituciuri mowyobis <strong>da</strong>xvewa<br />
jer kidev mimdinareobs. gansakuTrebiT mravalmxrivi<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> es procesi sabWoTa sistemis kraxis Semdeg, rodesac<br />
aRmosavleT evropis bevr qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo evropuli<br />
stilis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba. ramdenime<br />
qveyanam (poloneTi, litva, bulgareTi) ramdenjerme<br />
Secvala adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri<br />
mowyobis modeli <strong>da</strong> bevrgan es procesi jer kidev ar<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>srulebuli.<br />
2.3 adgilobrivi saarCevno sistemebi<br />
adgilobrivi saarCevno sistema <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia or<br />
mTavar faqtorze municipalitetebis zomaze <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
kulturaze. municipalitetis zoma ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ganapirobebs<br />
imas Tu vin arian saarCevno subieqtebi - politikuri<br />
partiebi Tu individebi.<br />
rac ufro patara zomisaa adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
organo, miT ufro naklebad mimzidvelia igi politikuri<br />
partiebisTvis <strong>da</strong> aq ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d pirovnebebi<br />
(romlebic SeiZleba partiebis warmomadgenlebic iyvnen)<br />
ibrZvian man<strong>da</strong>tebisTvis. rigi qveynebis patara erTeuleb-<br />
Si (100-ze naklebi amomrCveli) saerTod ar airCeva warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
organo <strong>da</strong> mis funqcias moqalaqeTa saer-<br />
To kreba asrulebs ( mag. espaneTSi). msxvili erTeulebi<br />
(10 000 meti amomrCeveli) politikuri partiebisTvis er-<br />
Tob mimzidvelia, radgan aq ufro meti mmarTvelobiTi<br />
funqcia <strong>da</strong> finansuri resursebia Tavmoyrili. rogorc<br />
wesi msxvili TviTmmarTveli erTeulebi evropaSi naklebad<br />
arian finansurad <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli centralur xelisuflebaze,<br />
rac partiebs adgilobriv saqmeebTan mimarTe-<br />
! ;9
aSi <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli politikis gatarebis saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
Sesabamisad, msxvil erTeulebSi adgilobrivi ar-<br />
Cevnebis ZiriTadi subieqtebi politikuri partiebi arian.<br />
msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu realuri TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
pirobebSi vin ufro ukeT warmoadgens adgilobriv<br />
interess - partiis saxeliT gasuli sakrebulos wevri Tu<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli deputati - fuWi msjelobaa, radgan arCeuli<br />
politikosis erTaderTi funqcia adgilobrivi interesebis<br />
warmodgenaa <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebaSi mosuli individi<br />
Tu politikuri Zala <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>s ver SeinarCunebs Tu<br />
am moTxovnas ar upasuxebs.<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d, iTvleba rom <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli deputati Tavisufalia<br />
partiuli valdebulebebisgan <strong>da</strong> igi mTel Zalisxmevas<br />
eleqtorats axmars, magram es sisustec SeiZleba<br />
iyos, radgan partiis warmomadgenels aqvs politikuri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong> mas ufro gauioldeba im sakiTxebis<br />
mogvareba romelic centraluri xelisuflebis an sxva<br />
politikuri ZalTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras saWiroebs. praqtika aseve<br />
mowmobs, rom <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli deputatebi ufro iolad eqcevian<br />
centraluri xelisuflebis gavlenis qveS, vidre<br />
is deputatebi visac partiuli kuTvnileba <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgebloba<br />
aqvT. ase rom „<strong>da</strong>moukideblobas“ pliusebTan<br />
erTad mravali minusic SeiZleba hqondes.<br />
meore faqtori rac gavlenas axdens warmomadgenlobaze<br />
aris saarCevno sistema. aseTi sistema oria: proporciuli<br />
warmomadgenloba – sa<strong>da</strong>c man<strong>da</strong>tebi warmomadgenlobiT<br />
organoSi nawildeba amomrCevlebis mier saarCevno<br />
subieqtebisTvis micemuli xmebis proporciulad (avstria,<br />
belgia, bulgareTi <strong>da</strong> sxva) <strong>da</strong> maJoritaruli – sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
adgilebi warmomadgenlobiT organoSi miaqvs im saarCevno<br />
subieqts vinc meti xma moagrova arCevnebSi (britaneTi,<br />
safrangeTi, serbia <strong>da</strong> sxva). xSirad gvxdeba Sereuli variantic,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c orive saxis warmomadgenlobaa. dReisaTvis<br />
evropaSi yvela zemoCamoTvlili varianti gamoiyeneba<br />
(ix cxrili 3). iTvleba, rom proporciuli warmomadgenloba<br />
ufro ukeT asaxavs adgilobriv interesebs <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
ZalTa balanss vidre sistema roca „gamarjvebuls<br />
miaqvs yvelaferi“. Tumca am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi<br />
politikis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> gatareba ufro iolia.<br />
;:<br />
!
partiuli siebiT arCevnebis dros biuletenSi xmis<br />
micemis sami wesi moqmedebs. pirvelia e.w. „Ria siebi“ rodesac<br />
amomrCevels SeuZlia xma misces sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kandi<strong>da</strong>tebs<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva partiul siaSi, meore e.w. „naxevrad <strong>da</strong>xuruli<br />
sia“ – sa<strong>da</strong>c amomrCevels SeuZlia Semoxazos<br />
ramdenime kandi<strong>da</strong>ti mxolod erT partiul siaSi, <strong>da</strong> mesame<br />
e.w. „<strong>da</strong>xuruli sia“ – sa<strong>da</strong>c amomrCeveli xmas aZlevs<br />
mTlianad partiul sias.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi Tu saarCevno subieqtebi arian politikuri<br />
partiebis an sainiciativo jgufis mier wardgenili<br />
individebi (rogorc CvenTan uwodeben – „maJoritaruli<br />
arCevnebi“), maSin moqmedebs ori principi: pirveli -<br />
„Ria biuleteni“, sa<strong>da</strong>c CamoTvlilia yvela kandi<strong>da</strong>ti <strong>da</strong><br />
amomrCeveli Semoxazavs imdens, ramdeni adgilicaa warmomadgenlobiT<br />
organoSi (erTi mravalman<strong>da</strong>tiani olqi), an<br />
meore - TviTmmarTvelobis teritoria iyofa imden saar-<br />
Cevno olqad ramdeni adgilicaa sakrebuloSi <strong>da</strong> TiToeuli<br />
olqi ubralo umravlesobiT (50%+1 xma) irCevs sakrebulos<br />
erT wevrs (mravali erTman<strong>da</strong>tiani olqi).<br />
evropis qveynebi orive wess aqtiurad iyeneben, xSiria<br />
SemTxvevebi rodesac erTi qveyana mcire zomis erTeulebisTvis<br />
iyenebs e.w. „maJoritarul arCevnebs“ xolo didi<br />
zomis TviTmmarTvelobis erTeulebisTvis - proporciul<br />
arCevnebs. (ix. cxrili ). rac Seexeba politikur sistemebs,<br />
cnobilia rom saparlamento respublikebi adgilobrivi<br />
sabWoebis asarCevad umetesad Sereul <strong>da</strong> proporciul<br />
warmomadgenlobas iyeneben. xolo meris pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
wesiT arCevis dros ki umTavresad maJoritaruli<br />
warmomadgenloba gamoiyeneba.<br />
kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtori romelic gavlenas<br />
hpovebs warmomadgenlobaze aris „warmomadgenlobis<br />
done“ (anu man<strong>da</strong>tebis korelacia amomrCevlis raodenobasTan).<br />
evropaSi warmomadgenlobis karg doned iTvleba<br />
roca erTi adgilobrivi deputatis ukan 2 500 - 5 000<br />
amomrCevelia, Tumca realobaSi arian erTeulebi sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
es cifri 1 000 amomrCevelze naklebia (safrangeTi) an zogan<br />
500 000 amomrCevelze metia (didi britaneTi). ase rom<br />
erTiani stan<strong>da</strong>rti aq ar arsebobs <strong>da</strong> „warmomadgenlobis<br />
done“ <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia ara imdenad politikur sistemaze,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c teritoriul-administraciul mowyobaze.<br />
! ;;
ogorc wesi adgilobriv arCevnebSi moqmedebs igive<br />
uflebrivi reJimi rac centraluri parlamentis arCevnebis<br />
dros. gansxvaveba minimaluria. kerZod, evropis umetes<br />
qveynebSi adgilobriv warmomadgenlobiT organoebSi<br />
aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba miniWebulia 18 wli<strong>da</strong>n, maSin<br />
roca centralur parlamentebSi arCevisTvis bevr qveyana-<br />
Si minimaluri asakobrivi zRvari 25 welia. kidev erTi<br />
specifika rac adgilobriv arCevnebs axasiaTebs is gaxlavT,<br />
rom neba<strong>da</strong>rTulia ara marto moqalaqeobis mqone,<br />
aramed binadrobis mqone pirebis monawileobac. es ganpirobebulia<br />
„adgilobrivi saqmeebis“ bunebiT, radgan es<br />
saqmeebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sacxovrebel garemosTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli,<br />
Sesabamisad pasiuri saarCevno ufleba eniWeba yvelas<br />
vinc am arealze cxovrobs. Tumca zogierTi qveyana<br />
mainc iyenebs <strong>da</strong>Tqmebs, magaliTad did britaneTSi es ufleba<br />
aqvT mxolod Tanamegobrobis saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebs,<br />
espaneTSi mxolod norvegiis moqalaqeebs, sxva evropuli<br />
qveynebis absolutur umravlesobaSi ki yvelas<br />
visac binadrobis ufleba aqvs.<br />
;<<br />
!<br />
! pir<strong>da</strong>piri demokratia rogorc<br />
! adgilobrivi warmomadgenlobis instrumenti<br />
adgilobrivi interesebis warmomadgenlobaze didi<br />
gavlena aqvs agreTve imas Tu rogoraa organizebuli adgilobrivi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis procesi. radgan ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miRebis dros adgilobrivi interesebi<br />
SeiZleba warmodgenili iqnen ara marto saarCevno demokratiis<br />
meSveobiT (rogorc amas TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli<br />
qartia iTxovs) aramed pir<strong>da</strong>piri demokratiis instrumentebis<br />
gamoyenebiTac.<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri demokratiis instrumentebia moqalaqeTa<br />
komitetebi, sajaro Sexvedrebi, sakonsultacio jgufebi,<br />
rac kargad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli adgilobrivi interesebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sacavad. Tumca saarCevno demokratiisgan gansxvavebiT<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri demokratia ar aris garantirebuli<br />
kanonmdeblobiT <strong>da</strong> igi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d adgilobrivi xelisuflebis<br />
politikur nebazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.
<strong>da</strong>kvirveba aCvenebs, rom pir<strong>da</strong>piri demokratiis gamoyeneba<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d xdeba im qveynebSi sa<strong>da</strong>c politikuri<br />
pasuxismgebloba ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebulia mraval subieqts Soris,<br />
xolo iq sa<strong>da</strong>c moqmedebs modeli „gamarjvebuls miaqvs<br />
yvelaferi“, pir<strong>da</strong>pir demokratiis imitacia xdeba <strong>da</strong><br />
ZiriTadi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebani mainc umravlesobis nebiT<br />
wydeba.<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d Zlieri sakrebulos arsebobis pirobebSi<br />
ufro iolia pir<strong>da</strong>piri demokratiis amuSaveba <strong>da</strong> igive<br />
Crdilo evropis gamocdileba mowmobs rom samoqalaqo<br />
jgufebs aq ufro meti gavlena aqvT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mi-<br />
Rebis procesze vidre igive did britaneTsa Tu italiaSi.<br />
2.! <strong>da</strong>skvna <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>reba saqarTvelosTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adgilobrivi<br />
interesebis warmodgenis efeqturi instituti aris adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTveloba, romlis warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
organo valdebulia amomrCevlis interesebis Sesabamisad<br />
marTos adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa rom mraval evropul qveyanaSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
organoebi adgilobrivi saqmeebis marTvis<br />
paralelurad, centraluri xelisuflebis mier delegirebul<br />
amocanebsac asruleben, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba<br />
uwinaresad mainc adgilobrivi interesebis realizaciis<br />
instrumentia.<br />
evropis gamocdileba gviCvenebs rom TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
instituciuri mowyoba <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi warmomadgenloba<br />
mniSvnelovna<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli konkretuli qveynis<br />
politikur sistemaze, politikur kulturasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv<br />
institutebze. mravalmxriv interesTa warmomadgenlobiT<br />
gamoirCevian konsensusis miRwevaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli<br />
politikuri sistemebi <strong>da</strong> saparlamento respublikebi,<br />
Tumca maJoritarizmis principebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli warmomadgenloba<br />
ufro met operatiulobasa <strong>da</strong> simartives avlens.<br />
gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom SeuZlebelia saubari romelime<br />
konkretuli modelis optimalurobaze, radgan yoveli<br />
modeli morgebulia sakuTar garemosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze.<br />
! ;=
Tumca, imavdroulad, saxezea procesebi axal demokratiebSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c jer kidev ar aris myarad formirebuli<br />
politikuri sistema <strong>da</strong> institutebi. Sesabamisad, am demokratiebSi<br />
kvlav mimdinareobs warmomadgenlobis srulyofa<br />
<strong>da</strong> realuri adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis<br />
formireba.<br />
erTerTi aseTi qveyanaa saqarTveloc. igi istoriuli<br />
ganviTarebis Sedegad metad mravalferovan adgilobriv<br />
Tu teritoriul interesebs Seicavs, rasac Tan er-<br />
Tvis separatistuli regionebis problemac. logikurad,<br />
adgilobrivi interesebis realizaciis efeqturi institutebis<br />
Seqmna qveynis politikuri elitis umTavresi sazrunavi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos, magram <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gamocxadebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
18-e wlisTavze es sakiTxi jer kidev ar aris mogvarebuli.<br />
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> jer<br />
kidev Canasaxis mdgomareobaSi rCeba.<br />
amgvar realobas mravali gamomwvevi mizezi aqvs. magram<br />
umTavresi mainc ramdenimea, kerZod:<br />
- qarTuli mentaloba jer kidev ver asxvavebs adgilobriv<br />
interesebs nacionaluri interesebi<strong>da</strong>n. ufro metic,<br />
adgilobrivi interesebis wina planze wamowevas xSirad<br />
separatizmTan igivdeba. es mentaluri xarvezi Tanabrad<br />
axasiaTebs rogorc ubralo moqalaqes aseve politikuri<br />
speqtris absolutur umravlesobas;<br />
- ar aris aRiarebuli adgilobriv saqmeTa instituti<br />
<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi xelisufleba centraluris meqanikur<br />
gagrZelebad miiCneva. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom evropis sab-<br />
Wos zewoliT 2005 wlis “adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos organul kanonSi naTlad Caiwera<br />
adgilobriv saqmeTa avtonomiurobis principi <strong>da</strong> ganisaz-<br />
Rvra misi iuridiuli CarCoebi, centraluri xelisufleba<br />
mainc eweva intervencionistul politikas Zalze bevri<br />
adgilobrivi kompetenciis mimarT. es gamoixateba rogorc<br />
organul kanonSi Setanili cvlilebebiT, aseve mmarTvelobiTi<br />
praqtikiT, roca qveynis prezidenti wyvets romel<br />
qalaqSi ra iersaxis Senobebi un<strong>da</strong> aSendes <strong>da</strong> amaSi<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> verafer ucnaurs ver xe<strong>da</strong>vs.<br />
calke Temaa politikuri sistemis <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli<br />
institutebis sakiTxi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>. dRes arsebuli sistema<br />
ufro morgebulia pirovnul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze vid-<br />
e instituciebsa <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivvadian politikaze. Tavad<br />
saxelmwifo mowyobis sakiTxic jer ar aris jerovnad<br />
ganxiluli, amitomac Zalze Znelia msjeloba imaze, Tu<br />
ra saxis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba iqnebo<strong>da</strong> efeqturi<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>. 2006 wels ganxorcielebulma TviTmmar-<br />
Tvelobis konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciis reformam realuri Zvrebi ver<br />
moaxdina radgan mas ar moyolia realuri Zalauflebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cema adgilebze. Sesabamisad axali msxvili municipalitetebi,<br />
manamde arsebuli wvrili municipalitetebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rad, kvlav ver uzrunvelyofen adgilobrivi interesebis<br />
realizacias.<br />
is rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ver moxerx<strong>da</strong> evropuli gamocdilebis<br />
gaziarebis safuZvelze adgilobrivi interesebis<br />
warmodgenisa <strong>da</strong> realizaciisTvis aucilebeli institutebis<br />
Seqmna, ar niSnavs rom es interesebi sadme <strong>da</strong>ikarga.<br />
isini arseboben <strong>da</strong> Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan transformirdebian<br />
konfliqtSi centralur <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv xelisuflebas<br />
Soris. jerjerobiT centraluri xelisufleba partiuli,<br />
administraciuli, sapolicio <strong>da</strong> propagandistuli saSualebebiT<br />
axerxebs am konfliqtis marTul sazRvrebSi moqcevas.<br />
magram <strong>da</strong>mokles maxviliviT hkidia qarTuli politikuri<br />
sistemis Tavze riski imisa, rom konkretul momentSi<br />
es konfliqti axali ZaliT ifeTqebs.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
>2! SBZ&(!&+U!.-3'B+&(!&*1CB.'1'-/!'+!#*.BD-!7:?2!AB*+Z'(!BY!#*.BD-!<br />
K*H('/C'+3!>==
wyaro: SBZ&(!&*1CB.'1Q!ZB%D-1-+Z-/!'+!#*.BD-!AOS\!"??;!<br />
cxrili 2 merebis arCevis sistema evropis qveynebSi<br />
qveyana<br />
uflebamosilebis<br />
va<strong>da</strong> (weli)<br />
avstria 5-6<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri/arapir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
arCevnebi<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri/<br />
arapir<strong>da</strong>piri <br />
saWiro<br />
umravlesoba<br />
belgia 6<br />
iniSneba monarqis<br />
mier<br />
-<br />
bulgareTi 4 pir<strong>da</strong>piri amomrCevelTa 50%+1<br />
kviprosi 5 pir<strong>da</strong>piri ubralo<br />
estoneTi 3 arapir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
sabWos wevrTa umravlesoba<br />
-<br />
safrangeTi 6 arapir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
sabWos wevrTa kvalificiuri<br />
umravlesoba<br />
germania 5-12 pir<strong>da</strong>piri amomrCevelTa 50%+1<br />
irlandia 1 arapir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
sabWos wevrTa kvalificiuri<br />
umravlesoba<br />
italia 4 pir<strong>da</strong>piri amomrCevelTa 50%+1 <br />
norvegia 4 arapir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
sabWos wevrTa kvalificiuri<br />
umravlesoba<br />
rumineTi 4 pir<strong>da</strong>piri amomrCevelTa 50%+1<br />
slovakeTi 4 pir<strong>da</strong>piri amomrCevelTa 50%+1<br />
espaneTi 4<br />
arapir<strong>da</strong>piri***<br />
<br />
sabWos wevrTa kvalificiuri<br />
umravlesoba<br />
TurqeTi 5 pir<strong>da</strong>piri ubralo<br />
wyaro:! SBZ&(! &+U! .-3'B+&(! &*1CB.'1'-/! '+! #*.BD-! 7:?2! AB*+Z'(! BY!<br />
#*.BD-!K*H('/C'+3!>==<<br />
<br />
avstriaSi arCevnebis wesi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia municipalitetis sidideze,<br />
orive SemTxvevaSi, arCeva xdeba ubralo umravlesobiT<br />
patara erTeulebSi sakmarisia kenWisyraSi monawileTa ubralo umrav-<br />
lesoba<br />
<br />
im erTeulebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c amomrCveli 100-ze naklebia, meri airCeva saxalxo<br />
krebis mier ubralo umravlesobiT!<br />
!
cxrili 3. adgilobrivi sabWoebis arCevis wesi evropaSi<br />
qveyana<br />
cxrili 4. aqtiuri <strong>da</strong> pasiuri saarCevno ufleba evropaSi<br />
qveyana<br />
pasiuri<br />
(asaki)<br />
aqtiuri<br />
(asaki)<br />
qveyana<br />
pasiuri<br />
(asaki)<br />
aqtiuri<br />
(asaki)<br />
albaneTi 18 18 litva 18 18<br />
andora 18 18 luqsemburgi 18 21<br />
avstria 18/20 18/20 malta 18 18<br />
belgia 18 18 moldova 18 21<br />
bulgareTi 18 18 niderlandebi 18 18<br />
xorvatia 18 18 norvegia 18 18<br />
kviprosi 18 25 poloneTi 18 18<br />
CexeTi 18 18 portugalia 18 18<br />
<strong>da</strong>nia 18 18 rumineTi 18 23<br />
estoneTi 18 18 ruseTi 18 21<br />
fineTi 18 18 san marino 18 18<br />
safrangeTi 18 18 slovakeTi 18 18 (25 meri)<br />
germania 16/18 18 slovenia 18 18<br />
saberZneTi 18 18 espaneTi 18 18<br />
ungreTi 18 18 SvedeTi 18 18<br />
islandia 18 18 Sveicaria 18 18<br />
irlandia 18 18 makedonia 18 18<br />
italia 18 18 TurqeTi 18 25<br />
latvia 18 18 ukraina 18 21<br />
lixtenSteini 20 20 gaerTianebuli<br />
samefo<br />
18 21<br />
wyaro: SBZ&(! &+U! .-3'B+&(! &*1CB.'1'-/! '+! #*.BD-! 7:?2! AB*+Z'(! BY!<br />
#*.BD-!K*H('/C'+3!>==<<br />
!
nebs. Zalauflebis gaziareba amavdroulad, eTnikuri<br />
jgufebisaTvis Zalauflebis miniWebasç gulisxmobs, ra-<br />
Ta marTon sakuTari Tavi.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis inkluziuri xerxi, romlis<br />
magaliTia, koaliciuri mTavrobebi, <strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
miReba, romlis magaliTia, teritoriuli decentralizacia,<br />
eTnofederalizmi, an fiskaluri decentralizacia<br />
<strong>da</strong> aseve, winaswargansazRvruli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi,<br />
romelSic biurokratiuli poziciebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
biujetis proporciuli ganawileba igulisxmeba,<br />
Zalauflebis gaziarebis umTavresi komponentebia. gamomdinare<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n, SeiZleba gamovyoT Zalauflebis gaziarebis<br />
strategiis oTxi ZiriTadi ganzomileba: centraluri<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis inkluziuroba, teritoriuli<br />
decentralizacia, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis kontroli<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kompleqteba <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> resursebis kontroli <strong>da</strong><br />
ganawileba. Tumca, xSirad am strategiis Sedegad eTnikuri<br />
jgufis liderebi saerTo saxelmwifos SigniT, calkeul<br />
avtonomiur administraciul erTeulebs iTxoven.<br />
arsebobs maJoritaruli demokratisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis<br />
ganawilebis alternativac, romelsac Zalauflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofa ewodeba. es alternativa warmarTavs mSvidobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> demokratiis konsoli<strong>da</strong>cias im pirobebSi, romlebic<br />
Warbobs samoqalaqo omis Semdeg <strong>da</strong> naklebad mosalodnelia,<br />
rom didi xniT SesanarCuneblad eqstraordinaluri<br />
nabijebi moiTxovos, rogorebicaa: proteqtorati an<br />
saxelmwifos gayofa.<br />
Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofa Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategiis<br />
alternatiulia <strong>da</strong> misgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba.<br />
Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofa efuZneba princips, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />
aqvT nacionalizmis, erovnulobis, erTi erisadmi mikuTvnebulobis<br />
gaziarebuli grZnoba, anu isini ar aprotesteben<br />
erT saxelmwifoSi Tanacxovrebas. Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofis<br />
strategiis sami elementi arsebobs: samoqalaqo Tavisufleba,<br />
mravalricxovani umravlesobebi <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>balanseba.<br />
Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofis strategia demokratias miiCnevs<br />
umravlesobis wesad, magram, amavdroulad, iswrafvis<br />
mravalferovani (sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairi) umravlesobebis gamoaSkaravebisken.<br />
Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofis umTavresi maxasiaTe-<br />
!
eli aris is, rom Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofis institutebi miiswrafian<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilon eTnikuri sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobebis<br />
privilegireba <strong>da</strong> cdiloben waaxalison urTierTga<strong>da</strong>mkveTi<br />
socialuri sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobebi. Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofa<br />
politikur <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>s mravalferovan politikur institutebs<br />
Soris anawilebs. Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofa uzrunvelyofs<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo<br />
xelisuflebisgan gamoyofas <strong>da</strong> aseve sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawilebas. am strategiis momxreebi miiCneven,<br />
rom nebismier stabilur reJims TiToeuli warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
organosaTvis gansxvavebuli saarCevno wesi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> hqondes <strong>da</strong> mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iqneba alternatiuli<br />
umravlesobebis amsaxveli institutebis Seqmna SesaZlebeli.<br />
razea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli erTi an meore strategiis warmatebuloba?<br />
Zalauflebis gaziareba eTnikur elitaTa<br />
Soris TanamSromlobazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. eTnikurad an religiurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofil sazogadoebebSi, politikuri stabilurobis<br />
xelisSewyobas Zalauflebis gaziarebis reJimi<br />
uzrunvelyofs, romlis Sedegia xalxis naklebi monawileoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> naklebi uTanxmoeba eTnikur elitebs Soris,<br />
vidre es zoga<strong>da</strong>d maJoritaruli demokratiisaTvisaa <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia.<br />
saSiSia, rom Ria demokratiul politika-<br />
Si liderobdnen radikalebi nairnairi eTnikuri jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
- es gamoiwvevs populisturi moTxovnebis gaaqtiurebas,<br />
anu ekonomikuri resursebis <strong>da</strong>nawevrebas, met politikur<br />
<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas <strong>da</strong> ufro metic politikuri<br />
avtonomiis moTxovnasac ki. Zalauflebis gaziarebis<br />
warmateba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia eTnikuri jgufis<br />
liderebis mudmiv valdebulebaze, rom Searbilon maTi<br />
moTxovnebi <strong>da</strong> maT unarze, rom gaimijnon radikalizmis<br />
elementebisagan TavianT sazogadoebebSi.<br />
gansxvavebiT stabiluri mdgomareobisgan, aseTi Serbileba<br />
<strong>da</strong> kontroli TiTqmis ver xorcieldeba samoqalaqo<br />
omis Semdeg. ufro metic, Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT,<br />
rom radikalizebis waqezeba Tavad Zalauflebis<br />
gamnawilebeli institutebis mier aris Seqmnili, isini<br />
aqezeben eTnikur elitebs, maT moTxovnebis eskalaciisaken<br />
ubiZgeben <strong>da</strong> saSualebas aZleven, rom maT moTxovnebs<br />
omis zRvarze balansirebis politikiT <strong>da</strong>ubrundnen.<br />
am mizezis gamo Zalauflebis gaziarebam eTnikur liderebs<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n SeiZleba brZolis veli <strong>da</strong>atovebinos, magram<br />
mcire xnis Semdeg rac brZolis es veli ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva<br />
morigebis oTaxad, isini inacvleben brZolis axal velze.<br />
es aris sastiki ironia, rom Zalauflebis ganawilebis Se-<br />
Tanxmeba SeiZleba iyos maiZulebeli, rom gaaadvilos Se-<br />
Tanxmeba mSvidobis Sesaxeb sawyis fazaze, magram <strong>da</strong>emuqros<br />
stabiluri mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas<br />
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi eTnikurad <strong>da</strong>yofil sazogadoebebSi<br />
konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciis fazaSi. swored amitom, qveyanaSi<br />
eTnikuri konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>sasruleblad Zalauflebis gaziarebis<br />
arc erTi gza ar aris win<strong>da</strong>xeduli nabiji. miT<br />
umetes, Tu Zalauflebis gaziareba gabatonebuli umravlesobis<br />
iZulebiT <strong>da</strong> ara nebiT xdeba, umciresobebi<br />
cxad signals iReben, rom umravlesoba iZulebulia umciresobaTa<br />
uflebebi <strong>da</strong>icvas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, umciresobebi<br />
Zalauflebis gaziarebis institutebs maTi uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis garantorad ver aRiqvamen. Zalauflebis gaziarebisas<br />
ori piroba, romelic aucilebelia mSvidobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> demokratiis konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciisaTvis aris: identobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
resursebze zemoqmedeba. identobaze zemoqmedeba niSnavs<br />
gaziarebuli nacionalur identobis arsebobas, es ukanaskneli<br />
ki Zalauflebis gaziarebis mniSvnelovani elementia.<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c gaziarebuli nacionaluri identoba arsebobs,<br />
eTnikuri elitebi urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli elitebi<br />
ar arian. urTierTga<strong>da</strong>mkveTi saerTo sakiTxebi moqalaqeebis<br />
eTnikurobis ganc<strong>da</strong>s amcirebs. rac Seexeba resursebze<br />
zemoqmedebas, es niSnavs, rom saxelmwifo Zlieria,<br />
anu is miCneulia legitimur avtoritetad. Zalauflebis<br />
gaziarebisas mTavari nacionaluri usafrTxoebis<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> gamowvevebisgan <strong>da</strong>cvaa. Tun<strong>da</strong>c iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvela piroba<br />
arsebobs Zalauflebis gaziarebisaTvis, es strategia<br />
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi konfliqtis wamowyebiskenaa<br />
midrekili.<br />
Zalauflebis gaziareba sinamdvileSi demokratiisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mabrkolebeli SeiZleba iyos. misi gamoyenebis<br />
sami SesaZlo Sedegi arsebobs, esenia: instituciuri arastabiluroba,<br />
konfliqtebis eskalacia <strong>da</strong> Seferxebuli<br />
demokratiuli tranziti. teritoriuli decentralizaciis<br />
marcxs mecnierebi Zalauflebis gaziarebis Semdegi<br />
!
sami dilemiT xsnian: mmarTvelobis problema, romelic<br />
maSin wamoiWreba, rodesac institutebi arasakmarisa<strong>da</strong>a<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Werili sazogadoebis mier, konstituciis arasrulyofileba,<br />
romelic kanonebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>vis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad<br />
moqmedebis centralur politikas moiTxovs. Zalauflebis<br />
gaziareba konfliqts ar amcirebs <strong>da</strong> piriqiTac<br />
kia, mSvidobas fitavs, imitom rom is eTnikuri jgufis<br />
liderebis ganzraxvebs konfliqtis eskalaciis Sesaxeb<br />
zrdis. rodesac Zalauflebis gaziarebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba<br />
samoqalaqo omis bolosaa miRebuli, urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli<br />
eTnikuri jgufis liderebi mTavrobis politikis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetebi xdebian. aseT SemTxvevaSi nebismiers,<br />
visac ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimRebi centraluri organo<strong>da</strong>n<br />
politikaze zemoqmedeba un<strong>da</strong>, politika eTnikuri jgufis<br />
interesebisa <strong>da</strong> ZalauflebiT aRWurvili eTnikuri jgufis<br />
liderebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT un<strong>da</strong> Seimu-<br />
Saos. swored amitom Zalauflebis gaziareba yvela politikas<br />
eTnikur politikad aqcevs. aseT SemTxvevaSi mosalodnelia,<br />
rom eTnikuri <strong>da</strong>yofis gamomwvevi urTierTgansxvavebuli<br />
sakiTxebi molaparakebis magi<strong>da</strong>mde ver miaRwevs.<br />
ZalauflebiT aRWurvili eTnikuri jgufis liderebi<br />
midrekili arian ganamtkicon sakuTari eTnikuri jgufis<br />
erTianoba <strong>da</strong> maTSi sakuTari privilegirebuli mdgomareoba.<br />
arc erT eTnikur jgufs ar un<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>rCes umweo<br />
mdgomareobaSi, romelic emorCileba SeTanxmebas, manam<br />
sanam sxva eTnikuri jgufebi saxelmwifosgan sargebels<br />
iReben. am yvelafris Sedegad Zalauflebis gaziarebam<br />
eTnikuri umciresobebis “gandgomebis” dominos efeqti<br />
SeiZleba gamoiwvios. Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategia<br />
zrdis eTnikuri jgufis liderebis ganzraxvas rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>ubrundnen konfliqtebis eskalacias. Zalauflebis ganawilebis<br />
strategia calkeuli eTnikuri jgufis liderebisaTvis<br />
mTavrobaSi adgilebis gamoyofiT instituciur<br />
iaraRebs eTnikuri umciresobis xelSi aqcevs. aman ki<br />
eTnikuri jgufebis mier avtonomiuri regionebisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari<br />
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaaqtiurebis moTxovna SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios. amis Sedegi ki is aris, rom eTnikuri<br />
jgufebis xelSi instituciuri iaraRebi iyris Tavs, romlebiTac<br />
centralur mTavrobaze zemoqmedeba SeiZleba.<br />
Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategia centraluri mTavro-<br />
=?<br />
!
is liderebsa <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri jgufis liderebs Soris Zalauflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>balansebisken iswrafvis. eTnikuri jgufis<br />
warmomadgenlebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>arwmunon, rom im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tuki isini iaraRs <strong>da</strong>yrian, centraluri mTavroba maT<br />
uxeSad ar moeqceva. mosalodnelia, rom instituciuri iaraRebis<br />
eTnikuri jgufis liderebis xelSi Tavmoyra<br />
centralur mTavrobaze eTnikuri jgufis batonobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
konfliqtis eskalacias gamoiwvevs. ufro metic, Zalauflebis<br />
gaziarebis strategiam saxelmwifos SigniT intensiuri<br />
konfliqti SeiZleba gamoiwvios. aseve mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom Zalauflebis gaziarebis institutebi xels uSlis<br />
demokratiis konsoli<strong>da</strong>cias, es institutebi saxelmwifos<br />
asustebs, imitom rom isini mikrosaxelmwifoebs<br />
qmnian saxelmwifos SigniT.<br />
reili, eTnikurad <strong>da</strong>yofil sazogadoebebSi inkluziurobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> demokratiis konsoli<strong>da</strong>cias Soris korelacias<br />
poulobs, magram is kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs<br />
Zalauflebis gaziarebis skolis mtkicebas, proporciuli<br />
saarCevno sistemis demokratiul Sedegebze gavlenis Sesaxeb.<br />
is aRniSnavs, rom eTnikurad <strong>da</strong>yofil sazogadoebebSi<br />
maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemebi, rogoricaa pluraluri<br />
arCevnebi erTman<strong>da</strong>tian olqebSi, mosalodnelia,<br />
rom inkluziur aRmasruleblobas uzrunvelyofs <strong>da</strong><br />
aseve mosalodnelia, rom asocirebuli iqneba demokratiis<br />
warmatebul konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciasTan. reili ambobs rom, naxevarze<br />
met eTnikurad <strong>da</strong>yofil sazogadoebebSi, romleb-<br />
Sic ukve stabiluri demokratiaa, maJoritaruli saarCevno<br />
sistemebia.<br />
yovelive es ki Semdeg kiTxvas warmoSobs: ris garantias<br />
iZleva Zalauflebis gaziareba, Tu ara mSvidobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> demokratiis? Zalauflebis gaziareba SeTanxmebaa<br />
eTnikuri jgufis elitebs Soris, rom Sewyviton politikuri<br />
konfliqti.<br />
mniSvnelovan erTobebs Tu ar surT saerTo saxelmwifoSi<br />
cxovreba, <strong>da</strong>nawevreba SeiZleba erTaderTi gza<br />
iyos intensiuri konfliqti<strong>da</strong>n stabilur mSvidobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiamde wamatebuli tranziciisTvis. iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c er-<br />
Tobebi ar uaryofen saerTo saxelmwifos, magram erTobebis<br />
liderebi ar endobian sxva eTnikuri jgufebis liderebis<br />
valdebulebebs, <strong>da</strong>nawevreba SeiZleba erTaderTi<br />
! =>
gza iyos mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiisaken. gasuli saukunis<br />
ganmavlobaSi norvegiis, irlandiis, fineTis, israelis,<br />
indoeTisa <strong>da</strong> Cexoslovakiis warmatebuli magaliTebi amtkiceben,<br />
rom SesaZlebeli iyo im winapirobebis <strong>da</strong>Zleva,<br />
romelic demokratiis arsebobas ar moaswaveb<strong>da</strong>. am movlenebma<br />
<strong>da</strong>uSva stabiluri demokratiebis ganviTareba<br />
sxva saxelmwifoebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c is SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> SeCerebuliyo.<br />
gare Zalebma scades SeenarCunebinaT gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT swavlebebSi nikolas sambani aRniSnavs,<br />
rom axlad <strong>da</strong>moukideblobamopovebul saxelmwifoebSi,<br />
romlebic samoqalaqo omis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>nawevrebiT<br />
Seiqmna, demokratia ufro Zlieria vidre im saxelmwifoebSi,<br />
romlebic mTeli <strong>da</strong>rCa samoqalaqo omis Semdeg. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
amisa, gegmebma “civilizebuli gayofis” Sesaxeb<br />
SeiZleba sami moulodneli sirTule gamoiwvios: SeiZleba<br />
sazRvrebi ar arsebobdes eTnikur jgufebs Soris <strong>da</strong><br />
aman memkvidre saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso konfliqti<br />
warmoqmnas. <strong>da</strong>yofili <strong>da</strong> modunebuli bazris<br />
ekonomikuri safasuri SeiZleba sarisko iyos. saxelmwifos<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofam axali umciresobebi SeiZleba warmoSvas,<br />
sazRvrebTan emigrantTa gazrdili raodenoba <strong>da</strong> memkvidre<br />
saxelmwifoebSi eTnikuri wmen<strong>da</strong> warmoSvas.<br />
am sirTuleebma SeiZleba ga<strong>da</strong>wonos <strong>da</strong>yofis upiratesobebi,<br />
amitom <strong>da</strong>nawevreba eTnikurad <strong>da</strong>yofil <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
samoqalaqo omebisa umjobesi ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaxdes. is SeiZleba saukeTeso arCevani iyos, rodesac eTnikuri<br />
jgufebi imdenad ar endobian erTmaneTs, rom maT<br />
erTad cxovreba stabilur demokratiaSi ar SeuZliaT <strong>da</strong><br />
Zalauflebis ganawilebis institucianalizebas iTxoven,<br />
rogorc pirobas maTi SeTanxmebisaTvis, rom TavianT mowinaaRmdegeebTan<br />
erTad erT saxelmwifoSi iarsebon. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi separatistul saxelmwifoSi mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiis konsolidirebis inicirebisTvis <strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
SeiZleba naklebad misaRebi gza iyos. eTnikurad <strong>da</strong>yofil<br />
sazogadoebebSi samoqalaqo omis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> axali saxelmwifos Seqmnis (rogoricaa bosnia)<br />
an arsebuli saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebisken miiswrafvis<br />
(rogoricaa makedonia) gaerTianeba un<strong>da</strong> moxdes<br />
ise, rom saxelmwifos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nawilebma erovnulobis<br />
saerTo ganc<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> gaiziaron, minimum saerTo saxelmwi-<br />
="<br />
!
foSi Tanaarsebobaze un<strong>da</strong> SeTanxmdnen, erovnulobis es<br />
gaziarebuli grZnoba eTnikurad <strong>da</strong>yofil sazogadoebeb-<br />
Si, rogorebicaa indoeTi, samxreT afrika <strong>da</strong> Zalian bevri<br />
unitaruli postkomunisturi saxelmwifo mniSvnelovania<br />
demokratiis warmatebisaTvis. amitom rodis un<strong>da</strong> SevakowiwoT<br />
arsebuli saxelmwifo an piriqiT <strong>da</strong>vyoT is<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia konfliqtSi monawile mxareebis miznebze.<br />
arsebuli saxelmwifos erTianad SenarCuneba relevanturi<br />
strategiaa, rodesac eTnikuri jgufi iziarebs saerTo<br />
saxelmwifos valdebulebebs. saxelmwifos SenarCuneba<br />
Sesaferisi strategia ar aris maSin, rodesac erTi an<br />
ramdenime eTnikuri jgufi gamoTqvams saerTo saxelmwifosagan<br />
gamoyofis survils. zogierT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos<br />
calkeul <strong>da</strong>moukidebel erTeulebad <strong>da</strong>nawevreba<br />
ukeTesic kia, aseT SemTxvevaSi TiToeul nawils SesaZlebloba<br />
eqneba misTvis sasurveli mmarTveloba <strong>da</strong>amkvidros.<br />
arsebuli saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>yofa Semdeg safrTxeebs<br />
warmoSobs: ltolvilTa gazrdili raodenoba, administraciuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba.<br />
TumcaRa, aRmosavleT timoris magaliTi indonezii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gviCvenebs, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>nawileba umjobesia,<br />
raTa Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aviciloT erTad cxovrebis gaurkvevlobebi.<br />
gansxvavebiT Zalauflebis gaziarebisgan, Zalauflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofa gacilebiT ukeT esa<strong>da</strong>geba stabilurobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis amocanebs. eri-saxelmwifos<br />
mowyobis strategiis SerCevisas centraluri samTavrobo<br />
organoebi imas un<strong>da</strong> asaxavdnen, rac yvela nawilisaTvis<br />
saerToa, anu imas, rac erovnulobis safuZvels Seqmnis.<br />
SezRuduli mmarTveloba samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
privatuli iniciativebisadmi ndobis gazr<strong>da</strong>s niSnavs im<br />
sakiTxebSi, romlebic hyofs mowinaaRmdege mxareebs. saerTo<br />
konsesusi individebsa <strong>da</strong> jgufebs Soris, rom isini<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCebian erTad erT saxelmwifoSi, gaiziareben <strong>da</strong> SeinarCuneben<br />
saSinao kanonebs <strong>da</strong> erTad ibrZoleben gare<br />
mtris winaaRmdeg, ayalibebs moqalaqeobis grZnobas, amis<br />
Sedegad miiReba Tanamedrove minimaluri saxelmwifo, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
centraluri mTavroba moaxdens im ideebis reprezentacias,<br />
rasac yvela eTnikuri jgufis moqalaqeebi iziareben.<br />
Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofis strategia eTnikur saz-<br />
! =@
Rvrebs amcirebs - politikis yvelaze mwvave, identobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturuli sakiTxebis, mTavrobis gankargvis sfero<strong>da</strong>n<br />
amoRebiTa <strong>da</strong> maTi samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
mindobis gziT. eTnikurad <strong>da</strong>yofili sazogadoebis liderebma<br />
SezRuduli mTavrobis teqnika un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyenon, ra-<br />
Ta politika naklebad nulovanjamovanad aqcion. Zalauflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofis strategia eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> sxva saxis umciresobaTa<br />
uflebebs samoqalaqo uflebebiT icavs. uflebebi,<br />
romliTac sargebloben kulturuli umciresobebi identuri<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos kulturuli umravlesobis wevrTa uflebebisa.<br />
aseve eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebi identuri<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos sxva tipis umravlesobebisa <strong>da</strong> umciresobebis<br />
uflebebisa samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si. TumcaRa eTnikuroba<br />
ar aris privilegia politikuri monawileobisaTvis.<br />
Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofa demokratias miiCnevs umravlesobis<br />
wesad, romelic miiswrafis mravalricxovani alternatiuli<br />
umravlesobebis gamoaSkaravebisaken. politikur institutebs<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si arsebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobisaTvis<br />
formis micema SeuZlia. Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofis institutebi<br />
miiswrafis eTnikuri umciresobebis privilegireba<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilos <strong>da</strong> urTierTga<strong>da</strong>mkveTi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobebis<br />
ganviTarebas Seuwyos xeli. Zalauflebis ganawilebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
maJoritaruli demokratiis Sepirispirebisas, Cven gvjera<br />
Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis uaryofisadmi adreuli institucionaluri<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis, romelic uaryofs Zalauflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawilebas <strong>da</strong> asocirdeba amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis konstituciasTan, jeims medisonis mixedviT,<br />
umravlesobis mmarTvelobis erTi SezRudva is aris rom,<br />
umciresobaTa jgufebs samTavrobo <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>Si monawileobis<br />
saSualebas ar aZleven, magram mTavrobis xarjze,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva umravlesobebisTvis <strong>da</strong>moukidebel organoebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTavrobaSi muSaobis uflebis miniWebiT, individualur<br />
Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> uflebebs uzrdian. Zalauflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofis strategiis sami elementi arsebobs: samoqalaqo<br />
Tavisufleba, mravalricxovani umravlesoba <strong>da</strong> kontroli<br />
<strong>da</strong> balansi. mokled rom vTqvaT, iseT demokratiebSi,<br />
romlebSic <strong>Zalaufleba</strong> <strong>da</strong>yofilia saxelmwifo <strong>Zalaufleba</strong><br />
samTavrobo <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s Sorisa<br />
ganawilebuli. yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, romlebic<br />
eTnikur jgufebs hyofs, mTavrobis mier un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
=8<br />
!
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili rogorc yvela eTnikuri jgufisaTvis saer-<br />
To, Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis institutebi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
mimReb erT centrs abalansebs <strong>da</strong> umravlesobas akontrolebs.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis uflebis konstituciur<br />
ganawilebaSi, Zalauflebis ganawilebis strategia <strong>da</strong> individebis<br />
xelSia mTavrobaze ar aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, es<br />
kerZo, (privatuli) sferos mniSvnelovan ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs<br />
samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s utovebs. medisoni aRiarebs,<br />
rom ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis uflebaze SezRudvebi<br />
iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc mTavrobaSi myofi nebismieri<br />
umravlesobis SezRudva. magaliTad medisoni miiCnevs,<br />
rom iseT kulturul sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa religia,<br />
mTavroba ar un<strong>da</strong> ereodes. samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
mTavaria interesebisaTvis xelsayreli instituciuri pirobebis<br />
Seqmna, rom isini moqnilad <strong>da</strong> TviTgansazRvrulad<br />
iqcnen, vidre Sereul <strong>da</strong> mTavrobis mier gansaz-<br />
Rvrul mocemulobebad. imitom, rom liberaluri reJimebi<br />
midrekili arian Seamsubuqon bzari, romelic dominantur<br />
eTnikur jgufebSi warmoiSoba, farTo masStabiani<br />
individualuri Tavisuflebebi aseve zrdis SesaZleblobas,<br />
rom umravlesoba calkeuli interesebis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>iyofa.<br />
iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c Zalauflebis gamyofi institutebi arsebobs,<br />
mosalodnelia, rom eTnikuri identurobebi specifikuri<br />
politikuri sakiTxebiT SeizRudos <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri<br />
umravlesobebisTvis Zneli gaxdes maTi eTnikuri jgufis<br />
politikuri hegemoniis SenarCuneba. SejibrebiToba dominantur<br />
eTnikur jgufs Soris warmoSobs subjgufebs.<br />
es ar warmoadgens urTierTga<strong>da</strong>mkveT gansxvavebulobas,<br />
is ar aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli SejibrebiT loialurobaze,<br />
romelic individebs eTnikur jgufebad kravs, aramed<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia umravlesobis eTnikur jgufs Soris arsebul<br />
SejibrebiTobaze.<br />
Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawileba samTavrobo Zalauflebis<br />
yvela doneze uwyobs xels <strong>da</strong>yofas rogorc mTavrobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel ganStoebebs Soris, aseve calkeul specializebul<br />
nawilebs Soris, romlebic gansxvavebul umravlesobebs<br />
warmoadgenen. magaliTad, bevr adgilas qalaqis<br />
arCeuli municipaliteti, skolis gamgeoba <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
warmoadgens <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad, anu mTel sa-<br />
! =9
zogadoebas warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> TiToeul gansxvavebul umravlesobebs<br />
sajarod gamosvlis saSualebas aZlevs. Zalauflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofis sami upiratesobaa: meti efeqturoba,<br />
meti demokratia <strong>da</strong> umciresobebisgan Semdgari umravlesoba.<br />
stefan holmsi aRniSnavs, rom Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
“Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis efeqturi formaa, zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi samTavrobo funqciebis efeqturi ganawilebi-<br />
Ta <strong>da</strong> organizaciiT”. amitomac “<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sasamar-<br />
Tlo Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> ara Zalauflebis Sez-<br />
Rudvis mizniT aramed piriqiT, rom gaezar<strong>da</strong> mTavrobis<br />
unari ukeT Seesrulebina misi saqme”. bernard manini,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>m prJevorski <strong>da</strong> suzan stoki miiCneven, rom es mowyoba<br />
SeiZleba ufro metad demokratiuli iyos vidre saparlamento<br />
modeli, imitom rom SeTavsebuli <strong>Zalaufleba</strong> amomrCevlebs<br />
mxolod erT xmas aZlevs. isini aRniSnaven, rom<br />
“mTavroba aTasobiT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas iRebs, romelic individebis<br />
keTildReobaze moqmedebs, magram moqalaqeebs<br />
am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis gakontrolebis mxolod erTi meqanizmi<br />
aqvT”. isini sTavazoben Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas:<br />
“amitom, magaliTad, finansuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
gamoyofa sxva saxis politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebisagan.”<br />
aseve es aris win<strong>da</strong>xeduli pasuxi eTnikurad <strong>da</strong>yofili<br />
sazogadoebis centraluri problemisadmi. Zalauflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myofi institutebi, romlebic saSualebas aZleven<br />
umravlesobas, rom gazardon albaToba imisa rom eTnikuri<br />
umciresobis wevrebi politikuri umravlesobis wevrebi<br />
iqnebian <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri umravlesobis wevrebi zog Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi politikuri umciresobis wevrebi iqnebian.<br />
institutebs Soris Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawileba efuZneba<br />
alternatiul umravlesobebs. vrceli periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
ufro Zneli xdeba umravlesobis konsensusis miRweva<br />
<strong>da</strong> rTuldeba aseTi umravlesobis SenarCuneba. kontrolisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> balansis kargad Camoyalibebul sistemaSi<br />
erTi romelime organosa <strong>da</strong> erTi umravlesobis Zalauflebis<br />
gafarToeba eTnikuri umciresobebis xarjze sxva<br />
organoebis winaaRmdegobas gamoiwvevs. mocemuli logikis<br />
gamo, prezidentarizmi Zalauflebis realuri balansiT<br />
aRmasrulebel <strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo institutebs Soris<br />
demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>mcvel parlamentarizms<br />
sjobs; orpalatiani sakanonmdeblo xelisufle-<br />
=:<br />
!
a SejibrebiTobaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli warmomadgenlobiT, er-<br />
Tpalatian organoebs sjobs <strong>da</strong> aseve sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sasamarTlo<br />
- sust sasamarTlos. <strong>da</strong>moukidebel organoebs<br />
Zalauflebis ganawilebis demokratiuli wesi saSualebas<br />
aZlevs ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi sxva organoebisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />
miiRon. Zalauflebis ganawilebis demokratiuli wesi<br />
moiTxovs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva organoebi gansxvavebuli umravlesobebisgan<br />
iyos <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebuli.<br />
mokled rom vTqvaT, Zveli eqsperimentebi, maJoritaruli<br />
demokratiis <strong>da</strong>yofil sazogadoebebSi asamuSaveblad,<br />
rogorebicaa aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> SveicariaSi, miznad ar isaxavs<br />
elitis ZalauflebiT aRWurvas. mis nacvlad, isini<br />
cdiloben samoqalaqo sazogadoebisadmi ndobis gazr<strong>da</strong>sa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTavrobis Zalauflebis Semcirebas samoqalaqo uflebebis<br />
gazrdiT. isini samTavrobo <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>s calkeul<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel organoebs Soris anawileben <strong>da</strong> es <strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
urTierTga<strong>da</strong>mkveTi, mravalgvari umravlesobis<br />
nebas efuZneba.<br />
saerTo politikuri institutebis Seqmnamde ZiriTadi<br />
eTnikuri jgufis liderebs Soris, romlebic erTad<br />
TavianTi gansxvavebuli mosaxleobiT ers qmnian, konsensusis<br />
arseboba aucilebelia, es iwvevs mTavrobis Zalauflebis<br />
SezRudvas. maT survili un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT, rom <strong>da</strong>e-<br />
Tanxmon politikas, romelic yvela eTnikuri jgufisaTvis<br />
SemakavSirebelia, maT un<strong>da</strong> surdeT, rom eris, rogorc<br />
mTlianis umravlesobis xmebis politikas <strong>da</strong>eTanxmon.<br />
iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c ar surT <strong>da</strong>eTanxmon umravlesobis xmebs,<br />
liderebs miaCniaT rom gansxvavebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ar arian<br />
erTi eris nawilebi. roca arsebobs mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi,<br />
romlis drosac eTnikuri umciresobis wevrebi ar<br />
arian politikuri umravlesobis wevrebi <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri umravlesobis<br />
wevrebi arian politikuri umciresobis wevrebi.<br />
es SeiZleba iyos samxili, rom ar arsebobs erTi eri,<br />
romelic gaaerTianebs eTnikur jgufebs. es aris Sem-<br />
Txveva, romlis drosac gayofa ukeTesi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaa demokratiisaTvis,<br />
vidre Zalauflebis ganawileba.<br />
Zalauflebis ganawilebam SesaZloa eTnikuri jgufis<br />
liderebis mier sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva moTxovnebis eskalacia gamoiwvios.<br />
eTnikuri jgufis liderebi SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>ubrun-<br />
! =;
dnen TavianT moTxovnebs eqstremaluri saSualebebiT, anu<br />
Zaladobac ki SeiZleba gamoiyenon. Zalauflebis alternatiuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofa an mravaljeradi umravlesobebis institutebis<br />
mSeneblobis strategia amcirebs eTnikur konfliqtebs,<br />
aRwevs efeqturi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebas umravlesobis<br />
tiraniis institucionalizaciis gareSe <strong>da</strong><br />
icavs eTnikur umciresobaTa uflebebs, ukavSirebs ra maT<br />
sxva tipis umciresobaTa uflebebs eTnikuri umravlesobis<br />
farglebSi. yvela mniSvnelovani jgufis warmomadgenlebs<br />
Soris.<br />
maJoritaruli demokratia intereTnikuri konfliqtebis<br />
gaZlierebis wyarod miiCneva, swored amitom mecnierebi<br />
am dilemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas Zalauflebis gaziarebis<br />
strategiis meSveobiT cdilobdnen. magram Zalauflebis<br />
gaziarebis SeTanxmeba SeiZleba maiZulebeli iyos, rom<br />
gaaadvilos SeTanxmeba mSvidobis Sesaxeb sawyiss fazaze,<br />
magram <strong>da</strong>emuqros stabiluri mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis<br />
grZelvadian perspeqtivas eTnikurad <strong>da</strong>yofil sazogadoebebSi<br />
konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciis fazaSi. rogorc ukve vTqviT arsebobs<br />
maJoritaruli demokratisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis ganawilebis<br />
alternativac, romelsac Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofa<br />
ewodeba. es alternativa warmarTavs mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis<br />
konsoli<strong>da</strong>cias. im pirobebSi, romlebic Warbobs<br />
eTnikuri konfliqtebis Semdeg.<br />
=<<br />
!
mamuka biWaSvili<br />
samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
saqarTvelos dRevandeli socialuri mdgomareobis<br />
analizisas, calkeuli politikosebi <strong>da</strong> akademiuri wreebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom uamravi<br />
problema romlis winaSe qveyana dgas, gamowveulia samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis ar arsebobiT. amitom samoqalaqo<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze saubari ganzraxuli gvaqvs swored am<br />
funqcionaluri kuTxiT <strong>da</strong> ara TavisTavad. samoqalaqo<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> samkauli rodia, romelic <strong>da</strong>amSveneb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>da</strong> rogorc TavisTavadi Rirebulebis matarebeli<br />
fenomeni, SesZen<strong>da</strong> qveyanas prestiJsa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />
renomes. mas gaaCnia savsebiT konkretuli socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva, romelic tipiuria dRevandeli <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
demokratiebisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> arsebuli<br />
mdgomareobis mimoxilvam pasuxi un<strong>da</strong> gasces ramdenime<br />
mniSvnelovan kiTxvas. jer erTi gasarkvevia, Tu ra<br />
imedebs vamyarebT samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze <strong>da</strong> risTvis<br />
gvWirdeba is. Semdeg, gasarkvevia Tu ra tipis samoqalaqo<br />
gaerTianebebi arsebobs qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong> rogoria maTi finansuri<br />
wyaroebi, rogoria maTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba saxelmwifo<br />
struqturebTan, rogor gamoiyureba perspeqtiuli momavali<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
risTvis samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba imdenad mniSvnelovania<br />
ama Tu im qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebisaTvis,<br />
rom bevri avtori samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobas<br />
qveynis demokratiulobis wina piroba<strong>da</strong>c ki miiCnevs.<br />
termini “samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>” axali drois filosofosebTan,<br />
hobsTan, lokTan, fergiusonTan <strong>da</strong> sxvebTan<br />
praqtikulad “politikuri sazogadoebis” eqvivalenturi<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong> is aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> qaossa <strong>da</strong> Zaladobaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli<br />
yofis nacvlad kanonis safuZvelze marTul a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
erTianobas. hobsi “leviaTanSi” pir<strong>da</strong>pir aigiveb<strong>da</strong> poli-<br />
! ==
tikur <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebebs, rac terminis dRes<br />
gavrcelebuli mniSvnelobisaTvis principulad miuRebelia.<br />
erT-erTi pirveli, vinc termins Tanamedrove mniSvneloba<br />
misca, hegeli iyo. igi “samoqalaqo sazogadoebiT”<br />
aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa arapolitikur gaerTianebebs, romlebic<br />
mimarTulia individebis mravalferovani interesebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebaze. hegelis warmodgeniT, samoqalaqo<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> dgas ojaxsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Soris. is aris<br />
organizaciebis an institutebis erTianoba, romelic<br />
axorcielebs iseT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis samuSaos qveyanaSi,<br />
romelsac ver an ar asrulebs mTavroba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gasagebia,<br />
rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba misi moqalaqeebis<br />
iseTi mniSvnelovani aqtiurobis maCvenebelia, romelic<br />
mTel <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s Zalze dinamiur <strong>da</strong> kreatiul xasiaTze<br />
metyvelebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebs Soris<br />
aTavseben iseT nebayoflobiT gaerTianebebs, rogoricaa<br />
saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi, komunaluri fondebi,<br />
kooperativebi, garemos <strong>da</strong>cviTi organizaciebi, profesiuli<br />
asociaciebi, religiuri jgufebi, samoqalaqo klubebi,<br />
samoqalaqo milicia, akademiuri gaerTianebebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis demokratiebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebebis<br />
funqcionirebis didi <strong>da</strong> rac mTavaria xangrZlivi gamocdileba<br />
aqvT. nebayoflobiTi sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT evropasa <strong>da</strong> amerikaSi nacionalur saxelmwifoebamde<br />
ufro adre gaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani socialuri<br />
rolic itvirTa. es viTareba Zalze mniSvnelovnad<br />
gveCveneba saqarTvelos gamocdilebisaTvis romelsac<br />
gansxvavebuli istoriuli warsuli hqon<strong>da</strong>. sabuTad <strong>da</strong>vasaxeleb<br />
ori kargad cnobili avtoris gamokvlevas - tokvilis<br />
“demokratia amerikaSi” <strong>da</strong> hegelis “germanul konstitucias”.<br />
rodesac samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze vfiqrobT,<br />
es nawarmoebebi, Cveni azriT, mniSvnelovania ara<br />
mxolod wmin<strong>da</strong> Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, aramed rogorc<br />
istoriuli wyaroebi <strong>da</strong>savleTis socialuri istorii<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
tokvilma, romelic gaocebuli iyo amerikaSi demokratiis<br />
aRmocenebiT, amerikuli saxelmwifos safuZvelSi<br />
aRmoaCina nebayoflobiTi samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi Temis<br />
saxiT <strong>da</strong> didi adgili <strong>da</strong>uTmo mis warmoSobis <strong>da</strong> funqcionirebis<br />
detalur analizs. Temi rogorc amerikel<br />
>?? !
axalmosaxleTa gaerTianeba, cxadia, amerikul saxelmwifoze<br />
adre warmoiSva, magram rac ufro mniSvnelovania,<br />
saxelmwifo struqturebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg mas ar<br />
Seuwyvetia arseboba <strong>da</strong> tokvilis droi<strong>da</strong>n ara mxolod<br />
TanamSromlobs <strong>da</strong> socialur funqciebs inawilebs saxelmwifosTan,<br />
aramed individualuri Tavisuflebebis arsebiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>sayrdenicaa. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT msgavs viTarebas aRwers<br />
hegeli, rodesac germanuli TanmimdevrulobiT CamoTvlis<br />
im funqciebs, romlisaganac samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
(6c.3-.('ZC-! a-/-(/ZC&Y1) SeuZlia gaaTavisuflos saxelmwifo.<br />
hegeli am Sromas wer<strong>da</strong> germanuli naciisTvis<br />
Zalian mZime periodSi, rodesac centraluri evropis Zveli<br />
politikuri gaerTianeba, germaneli xalxis wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
romis imperia praqtikulad <strong>da</strong>Slili iyo <strong>da</strong> misi politikuri<br />
aparati veRar pasuxob<strong>da</strong> axali epoqis gamowvevebs.<br />
aseT pirobebSi samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> rogorc<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebis<br />
erToblioba iyo erTaderTi instancia, romelic uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri problemebis regulacias. am vi-<br />
Tarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, hegelis zemoTaRniSnul gamokvlevas<br />
SegviZlia SevxedoT rogorc politikur proeqts,<br />
romelic saxelmwifosagan moiTxov<strong>da</strong> im minimaluri funqciebis<br />
Sesrulebas (jari <strong>da</strong> policia. sasamarTlo. ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi),<br />
ris gareSec ar arsebobs politikuri organizmi.<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c ganxilva principul siaxles Cveni interesebisaTvis<br />
ar SegvZens, SegviZlia ubralod aRvniSnoT,<br />
rom arsebob<strong>da</strong> amgvari proeqtis britanuli nairsaxeoba<br />
e.w. Ramis <strong>da</strong>raji saxelmwifos Teoriis saxiT, romelSiac<br />
aseve nagulisxmebia samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos funqciebis naTeli gamijvna <strong>da</strong> maT Soris<br />
kooperacia.<br />
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi romlis Taobaze<br />
aRniSnuli avtorebi sakmaris informacias gvawvdian samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri mxarea. hana arendti<br />
wignSi “revoluciis Sesaxeb” exeba ra tokvilis epoqis<br />
amerikas erTgan SeniSnavs, rom revoluciamde amerika mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
qveyana iyo. “amerika mdi<strong>da</strong>ri qveyana iyo” ar niSnavs<br />
amerikis saxelmwifos ekonomikur Zlevamosilebas.<br />
arendts mxolod imis aRniSvna surs, rom amerikelebi<br />
ekonomikurad uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen. rodesac aq saqme<br />
! >?>
midgebo<strong>da</strong> raime samoqalaqo wamowyebis ekonomikur, finansur<br />
uzrunvelyofaze, mis wyaros isev xalxi, moqalaqeebi<br />
warmoadgendnen. msgavsi viTarebaa gamoikveTeba hegelis<br />
droindel germaniaSic. SeZlebuli moqalaqeebi qveynis ZiriTad<br />
ekonomikur <strong>da</strong>sayrdens warmoadgendnen. simdidre,<br />
sakuTreba, Tun<strong>da</strong>c wodebrivi uTanasworobiT <strong>da</strong>nawilebuli,<br />
moqalaqeebis xelSia <strong>da</strong> ara saxelmwifosi. hegelis<br />
proeqtis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba imis<br />
garkvevis mcdelobas Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli saimperio<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado sistemis gamarTva, rac saxelmwifosaTvis<br />
sulis moTqmis saSualeba gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>..<br />
amrigad <strong>da</strong>savluri socialuri gamocdileba gvaswavlis,<br />
rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formireba win uswreb<strong>da</strong><br />
nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis warmoSobas. samoqalaqo<br />
gaerTianebebi, samoqalaqo wamowyebebisTvis aucilebeli<br />
finansur wyaros isev moqalaqeebis nebayoflobiTi<br />
Sesawirebi warmoadgenen. Semdeg, nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis<br />
gaCena ar spobs a<strong>da</strong>mianebis Tavisufal kavSirebs.<br />
piriqiT, TanamSromlobs masTan. <strong>da</strong> bolos, saxelmwifosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s Soris adgili aqvs funqcionalur<br />
diversifikacias. ga<strong>da</strong>vavloT Tvali axla am poziciebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
saqarTvelos.<br />
>?" !<br />
postsabWouri periodi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
istoriuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo<br />
namdvilad ar yofila samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis oazisi.<br />
warsuli jer patronymuri <strong>da</strong> Semdeg batonymuri urTier-<br />
Tobebi mosaxleobis umetes nawilSi adgils aRar toveb<strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris Tavisufali gaerTianebebisaTvis.<br />
Tumca soflad arsebob<strong>da</strong> sasoflo Temi (gavixsenoT vaJa<br />
fSavelas “... Tems rac swadia mas izams Tavis Temobis wesiTa”),<br />
rogorc lokaluri socialuri regulatori, magram<br />
is ufro tradiciaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli socialuri struqtura<br />
iyo, vidre a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris Tavisufali kooperaciis<br />
gamoxatuleba.<br />
Sua saukuneebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli TbilisSi arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />
xelosnebisa <strong>da</strong> vaWrebis Tavisufali gaerTianebebi, amqari<br />
<strong>da</strong> gildiebi. saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiis Semadgen-
lobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg XIX saukuneSi qalaqSi warmoiSva<br />
saqvelmoqmedo fondebis, Tavisufali Jurnal-gazeTebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv-kulturuli <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis organizaciebis<br />
STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi raodenoba. am organizaciulma struqturebma<br />
ver poves Sesabamisi ganviTareba qveyanaSi rusuli<br />
bolSevizmis Semosvlis gamo. sabWoTa mTavrobam yvela<br />
Tavisufali organizacia <strong>da</strong>xura <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Soris ur-<br />
TierTobebze totaluri kontroli <strong>da</strong>amyara. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
sabWoTa <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> arsebob<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis SemoqmedebiTi<br />
organizaciebi, vTqvaT, mweralTa kavSiri,<br />
kompozitorTa kavSiri <strong>da</strong> a.S. magram es organizaciebi saxelmwifos<br />
mkacri ideologiuri ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis qveS<br />
imyofebodnen <strong>da</strong> finansurad mTlianad kontroldebodnen<br />
mis mier. ideologiuri kontroli am tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebze<br />
sabWoTa reJimis transformaciis kvalad mkacrdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
an msubuqdebo<strong>da</strong>, magram faqtia, rom aseTi organizaciebi<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs warmoadgendnen <strong>da</strong><br />
is viTareba, rom calkeuli individebi amgvar pirobebSiac<br />
axerxebdnen arastan<strong>da</strong>rtuli, WeSmaritad Semoqmedebi-<br />
Ti nawarmoebebis producirebas, sulac ver scvlis saer-<br />
To suraTs. totalitarul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si saxelmwifom<br />
<strong>da</strong>fara a<strong>da</strong>mianis aqtivobis TiTqmis yvela sfero. misi ZalisxmeviT<br />
hegeliseuli struqturi<strong>da</strong>n, saxelmwifo-korporacia-ojaxi,<br />
meore elementi mTlianad STanTqmuli iqna<br />
saxelmwifos mier <strong>da</strong> am ukanasknelis pirispir individi,<br />
rogorc atomizirebuli socialuri segmenti, sruliad<br />
marto <strong>da</strong>rCa. winamdebare werilSi adgili ar aris am<br />
Tezisis gaSlili argumentirebisTvis. mxedvelobaSi<br />
maqvs, mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom totalitaruli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
individebis atomizaciis wyaroa. Cveulebriv, amgvar<br />
“<strong>da</strong>naSauls” Ria sabazro principebze <strong>da</strong>myarebul<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s miaweren, romelSiac gamefebulia mZafri<br />
konkurencia <strong>da</strong> arsebobisaTvis brZola. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>vo ar aris, rom totalitaruli reJimi ver <strong>da</strong>uSvebs<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis Tavisufal kooperacias <strong>da</strong> raime saxis arakontrolirebad<br />
gaerTianebebs. marTlac <strong>da</strong>, Tu Tvals ga<strong>da</strong>vavlebT<br />
dRevandel qarTul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s, romelSiac<br />
zogierTi eqsperti totalitarizmis niSnebs eZebs, Zneli<br />
SesamCnevi rodia individebis msgavsi segmentacia.<br />
! >?@
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevrebi arian e.w.<br />
!"#-ebi, anu arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebmac <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
ZalisxmeviT <strong>da</strong>iwyes aRmoceneba. aRmosavleT evropis gamocdilebis<br />
msgavsad, ideis mixedviT, es organizaciebi<br />
(e.w. “mesame seqtori”) axali sazogadoebis formirebis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
berketebi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, romlebic ara<br />
mxolod totalitarul warsulis memkvidreobi<strong>da</strong>n gaaTavisufleb<strong>da</strong><br />
mosaxleobas, aramed miscem<strong>da</strong> mas TviTregulirebad<br />
saxes. amitom, totalitarizmi<strong>da</strong>n demokratiuli<br />
sazogadoebisaken ga<strong>da</strong>svlisaTvis Zalze didi mniSvneloba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n, gansakuTrebiT SeerTebuli Statebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
am mimarTulebiT gaweul Zalisxmevas. demokratiuli<br />
cxovrebis didi gamocdilebis mqone <strong>da</strong>savleTSi<br />
kargad icodnen rogor gaedoT Tanxebi reformirebadi<br />
qveyanaSi. demokratiuli saxelmwifo ar arsebobs samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me saxelmwifosagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
socialuri seqtoris gareSe. amgvari seqtoris ar<br />
arsebobis pirobebSi moqalaqe mTlianad saxelmwifoze<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli xdeba, rac imTaviTve noyieri nia<strong>da</strong>gia totalitaruli<br />
an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi avtoritaruli sazogadoebis<br />
reanimaciisaTvis. Sesabamisad, <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />
iyo 7aM-ebis, farTo qselis SeqmniT mTel<br />
postsabWoTa sivrceze <strong>da</strong> maT Soris <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>. 2002-<br />
2003 wlebis monacemebiT, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> registrirebuli<br />
iyo 3000-mde arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelTagan 500<strong>da</strong>n<br />
800-mdes miRebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> erTze meti granti. am organizaciebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mxolod 100 Tu iqnebo<strong>da</strong> imdenad aqtiuri,<br />
rom misi wevrebis saqmianoba mTlianad Semofargluli<br />
iyo am arasamTavrobo sferoTi <strong>da</strong> mxolod 20-30 arasam-<br />
Tavrobo organizacias SeeZlo zegavlena moexdina saxelmwifo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaze (4.55). es monacemebi imdenad sainteresoa,<br />
rom upriani iqneba ufro detalurad SevCerdeT<br />
maTze.<br />
>?8 !
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis profili,<br />
proeqtebis implementacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>finanseba<br />
2004 wels 45^\-is programis menejeri kavkasiaSi, maikl<br />
kleitoni aRfrTovanebuli wer<strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo organizacia<br />
“varkeTilis” moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, romlis wevrebmac<br />
qmediTi monawileoba miiRes Tbilisis am ubnis<br />
SuqiT momaragebis uzrenvelyofaSi (5). am organizaciis<br />
namdvilad samoqalaqo iniciativebis aRwera <strong>da</strong>interesebul<br />
mkiTxvels Sesabamis veb-gverdze SeuZlia ixilos.<br />
CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom es organizacia<br />
marTalia ver moxvdebo<strong>da</strong> 20-30 zemoTaRniSnul<br />
“rCeul” arasamTavroboTa Soris, magram uTuod sapatio<br />
adgils <strong>da</strong>ikaveb<strong>da</strong> 100 7aM-s Soris, romlis wevrebi ara<br />
mxolod <strong>da</strong>kavebulni arian Sesabamisi saqmianobiT, aramed<br />
realurad akeTebdnen saqmes iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c saxelmwifo uZluri<br />
iyo. samoqalaqo organizaciebis profili saqarTvelo-<br />
Si sakmaod farToa <strong>da</strong> moicavs rogorc garemos <strong>da</strong>cviT<br />
organizaciebs, aseve qalTa, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cviT,<br />
politikur <strong>da</strong> socialuri problemebze momuSave gaerTianebebs.<br />
aseTi mravalferovnebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi margi qmedebis<br />
koeficienti Zalze <strong>da</strong>balia rogorc sazogadoebrivi<br />
sargeblianobis TvalsazrisiT, aseve ufro farTod,<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis<br />
kuTxiT. am mimarTulebiT arsebuli problemebi<strong>da</strong>n Sevar-<br />
CevT ors, - <strong>da</strong>finansebas <strong>da</strong> proeqtebis implementacias.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, iseve rogorc sxva<br />
qveynebSi, amgvar gaerTianebebSi koncentrirebulia qveynis,<br />
socialurad aqtiuri inteleqtualuri elitis mniSvnelovani<br />
nawili, romlis ZiriTad finansur wyaros <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli iseTi ucxouri fondebi Seadgenen,<br />
rogoricaa `5^4O, sorosis fondi, evraziis fondi,<br />
fondi horizonti, 4\#d-i, ebertis fondi <strong>da</strong> a.S. mxolod<br />
is faqti, rom e.w. mesame seqtoris finansuri uzrunvelyofa<br />
mTlianad <strong>da</strong>savlur organizaciebs aqvT mindobili,<br />
zegavlenas iqoniebs arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moRvaweobis<br />
specifikaze <strong>da</strong> maTi Tavisuflebis xarisxze.<br />
marTlac grantis gacemamde fondebis umetesoba, ayalibebs<br />
wlis prioritetebs, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
vTqvaT ganaTlebi<strong>da</strong>n, masmedii<strong>da</strong>n, socialuri seqtori<strong>da</strong>n<br />
! >?9
<strong>da</strong> a.S. SearCevs romelime erTs. <strong>da</strong>finansebas rogorc wesi<br />
mxolod is proeqtebi iReben romlebic Sesabamis wlis<br />
prioritetebs akmayofileben. TavisTavad savsebiT gamar-<br />
Tlebulia, rom fondma ganurCevlad ki ar <strong>da</strong>afinansos<br />
grantis momlodine arasamTavrobo seqtori, aramed ganaxorcielos<br />
es swored aRwerili, gegmazomieri saxiT, magram<br />
meore mxriv, verc imaze <strong>da</strong>vxuWavT Tvals, rom aseT<br />
pirobebSi, gamodis, fondma ukeT icis qveynis ekonomikis<br />
Tu socialuri yofis romeli ubani saWiroebs <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> swored amitom misi politikaa qveynis ganviTarebis<br />
ganmsazRvreli. <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, romelsac sakmarisi racionalizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> qveynisadmi pasuxismgebloba axasiaTebs, iolad<br />
moaxden<strong>da</strong> fondebis aseT politikasTan a<strong>da</strong>ptirebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavisufali moRvaweobis maRali xarisxis SenarCunebas,<br />
rasac samwuxarod ver vityviT qarTul arasamTavrobo<br />
seqtorze. amitom isini akeTeben ara imas rasac saWirod<br />
Tvlian, aramed imas risi gakeTebac SesaZlebelia<br />
qveynisaTvis maTTvis gaurkveveli proeqtis mixedviT.<br />
rodesac arasamTavrobo seqtoris finansur uzrunvelyofaze<br />
vfiqrobT, uyuradRebod ver <strong>da</strong>vtovebT kidev<br />
erT moments. iseT ukiduresad gaWirvebul qveyanaSi, rogoric<br />
saqarTveloa, qveyanaSi sa<strong>da</strong>c yvavis korufcia,<br />
umuSevroba, xolo xelfass mxolod nominaluri mniSvneloba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>, ara kreditebis, aramed grantebis saxiT <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
fondebis mier gacemuli Tanxebi normaluri arsebobis<br />
ZiriTad saSualebad iqca. saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
sociologiis kaTedris gamge, eduard kodua, romelic<br />
saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi Tavis erT-erT sagazeTo weril-<br />
Si qarTvel mkvlevarTa Soris pirvelad Seexo transformaciis<br />
procesSi myofi qarTuli sazogadoebis stratifikaciis<br />
problemas, aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi<br />
mobilizebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebis saxiT <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> axali “kasta” sakmaod normaluri SemosavlebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> rigiT moqalaqeze gacilebiT ufro uzrunvelyofili<br />
cxovrebis wesiT. aseT pirobebSi, arasamTavrobo<br />
seqtorma (miT ufro es iTqmis zemoTaRniSnul warmatebul<br />
20-30 7aM-ze), miiRo uaRresad <strong>da</strong>xuruli, gaumWvirvale<br />
saxe. ufrTxodnen ra Si<strong>da</strong> konkurencias <strong>da</strong> Semosavliani<br />
adgilis <strong>da</strong>kargvas, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />
wevrebi yovelmxriv cdilobdnen TavianTi saqmis uxmau-<br />
>?: !
od warmarTvas 1 . wlebis Semdgom mesame seqtorSi Seiqmna<br />
paradoqsuli viTareba. Tu orientirad aviRebT poperis<br />
neoliberalur ideas Ria sazogadoebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> am ideis<br />
safuZvelze Seqmnil sorosis fonds, mis msgavsad arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebs un<strong>da</strong> SeesrulebinaT raRac<br />
gamtaris funqcia saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> xalxis inertul masas<br />
Soris. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mizniT,<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebs Ria karis politikiT un<strong>da</strong><br />
moezi<strong>da</strong>T mosaxleobis maqsimalurad farTo fenebi, gaevrcelebinaT<br />
axali iniciativebis generirebis, kooperaciis<br />
<strong>da</strong> soli<strong>da</strong>robis unarCveva. sanacvlod, qveyanaSi Cven<br />
miviReT erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gaumWvirvale organizaciebis<br />
sistema, romelic Tavis ZiriTad deklarirebul<br />
funqcias, Tuki es funqcia sworad moviniSneT, ver asruleb<strong>da</strong><br />
2 .<br />
kidev erTi didi problema, romelic arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis muSaobas axlavs <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Seexeba<br />
realizebuli proeqtebis praqtikul implementacias (Tuki<br />
amgvari ram igulisxmeba proeqtiT). gasuli saukunis 90iani<br />
wlebi<strong>da</strong>n, rodesac arasamTavrobo seqtori qarTul<br />
saxelmwifosTan erTad idgam<strong>da</strong> fexs, maTi urTierToba<br />
sakmaod rTulad aewyo. SevardnaZis xelisufleba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
misi lideris Rrma sabWouri gamocdilebisa, xels<br />
ar uSli<strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo seqtoris momZlavrebas. piriqiT,<br />
qarTuli 7aM-ebis udidesi nawili swored Sevardna-<br />
Zis dros <strong>da</strong>registrir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momZlavr<strong>da</strong>. magram rodesac<br />
saqme Seexebo<strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobas arasamTavrobo seqtorsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xelisuflebas Soris, urTierToba Sors iyo sasurveilsgan.<br />
albaT ufro zusti iqneba Tu vityviT, rom Sevar-<br />
<br />
1 ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi TavianT oficialur angariSebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT aRwerdnen gaweul samuSaos <strong>da</strong> xarjebs, cdilobdnen<br />
grantebis gamcemebTan, fondebis mier movlenil monitorebTan sakuTari<br />
aqtivobis gamarTlebas <strong>da</strong> reklamirebas, magram amgvari informacia,<br />
romlis didi nawili ucxo enaze iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>, farTo sazogadoebisTvis<br />
ucnobi iyo, grantebis gamcemebis <strong>da</strong> mimRebebis saSinao saqmed iqca.<br />
2 aseTi Sefaseba SesaZloa, vinmes metismetad mkacrad moeCvenos. sinamdvileSi<br />
Cven sulac ar gvsurs e.w2!7aM-ebis saqmianobis utrireba <strong>da</strong> ma-<br />
Ti wevrebis oden “grantiylapiebad” warmodgena2!7aM$ebma <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
gaakeTes bevri Zalian sasargeblo ram, rogorc mTlianad qveynisTvis,<br />
aseve calkeuli individebisTvis, magram samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis<br />
kuTxiT, Cven mainc vfiqrobT, rom qveynis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba<br />
iyo saqmisTvis <strong>da</strong> ara saqme iyo maTTvis.<br />
! >?;
dnaZis xelisufleba angariSs uwev<strong>da</strong> ra <strong>da</strong>savleli partniorebis<br />
politikur gemovnebas, ubralod iTmen<strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis arsebobas. Tumca zusti raodenoba<br />
ucnobia, magram mainc SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTebze<br />
CamosaTvlelia mesame seqtorSi momzadebuli iseTi<br />
proeqtebis raodenoba, romlis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebic gaiTvaliswina<br />
xelisuflebam, xolo iseT SemTxvevebSi rodesac<br />
saqme Seexebo<strong>da</strong> korufcias an penitencialur sistemas <strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvas, xelisufleba aSkarad agresiuli<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> konfrontaciaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo<br />
seqtorTan. Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom <strong>da</strong>ikarga an<br />
ganuxorcielebeli <strong>da</strong>rCa araerTi socialur-politikuri,<br />
ekonomikuri xasiaTis samoqmedo RonisZiebaTa nusxa <strong>da</strong><br />
rom iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saWiro iyo xelisuflebis<br />
araTu yuradReba <strong>da</strong> Tanadgoma, aramed garantirebuli<br />
Caurevloba, xelisuflebis qceva, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>, saerTo sargeblianobis principis sapirispiro<br />
iyo.<br />
kidev ufro garTul<strong>da</strong> urTierToba saxelmwifosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo seqtors Soris dRes. saakaSvilis reformebis<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi motivi emyarebo<strong>da</strong> savsebiT<br />
swor Teziss qarTuli saxelmwifos araqmediTunarianobis<br />
Sesaxeb. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saerTaSoriso gamokiTxvebiT SevardnaZis<br />
droindeli saqarTvelo araerTxel aRmoCenila<br />
arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis nusxaSi. amitom, saakaSvilis<br />
mTavrobis Zalisxmeva, mcdeloba imisa, rom reformebis<br />
gziT migveRwia saxelmwifo seqtoris gaZlierebisaTvis,<br />
TavisTavad misasalmebelia. aq adgili ar aris gatarebuli<br />
reformebis avkargianobis Sesafaseblad. ufro mniSvnelovnad<br />
migvaCnia aRniSvna imisa, rom reformebma Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />
uaRresad radikaluri saxe miiRo <strong>da</strong> srul saxelmwifo<br />
kontrols <strong>da</strong>uqvemdebara socialuri sfero.<br />
ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo seqtorSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa mkveTri<br />
Sekveca <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebis didi masis sruli marginalizacia<br />
mas Semdeg, rac saco<strong>da</strong>v mdgomareobaSi myofma qar-<br />
Tulma biznesma ver moaxerxa iafi gamoTavisuflebuli<br />
muSaxelis <strong>da</strong>saqmeba. a<strong>da</strong>mianebis yoveldRiuri arseboba<br />
seriozul problemad iqca, ramac sazogadoebis iseTive<br />
atomizacia gamoiwvia, rogoric zemoT iyo aRniSnuli.<br />
marTalia xelisuflebas ver <strong>da</strong>vabralebT, rom man <strong>da</strong>xu-<br />
>?< !
a romelime arasamTavrobo organizacia, magram aseT socialur<br />
viTarebaSi arasamTavrobo seqtori sruliad<br />
ufunqciod arsebobs. mas saxelmwifom aRar <strong>da</strong>utova realuri<br />
samoqmedo veli. sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom<br />
atomizirebuli individi kvlav saxelmwifos pirispir<br />
dgas Tanac imis sruli SegnebiT, rom amgvar <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi<br />
is yovelTvis <strong>da</strong>marcxebuli iqneba. Tu am ga<strong>da</strong>saxedi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
SevafasebT saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Zalisxmevas<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaRebul didZal finansur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas, romlis mizani<br />
iyo <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba,<br />
aSkara gaxdeba, rom es Tanxebi wyalSia ga<strong>da</strong>yrili.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Zalisxmeva<br />
mTlad ukvalod ar gamqrala man garkveuli Sedegebi<br />
moitana sxva mimarTulebiT.<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />
moRvaweobis zogierTi Sedegis Sesaxeb<br />
rodesac saubaria arasamTavrobo seqtorSi momzadebuli<br />
proeqtebis Sesaxeb, romelTa implementacias mniSvnelovani<br />
Sedegi moyva ara mxolod garkveuli regionis,<br />
aramed mTeli qveynis masStabiT, SegviZlia ramdenime iSviaTi<br />
gamonaklisis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba. ganaTlebis reforma, magaliTad,<br />
romelic erT-erTi yvelaze rezonansuli proeqti<br />
iyo didwilad momzad<strong>da</strong> sorosis fondSi. SeiZleba<br />
sul mcire erTi organizaciis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba (mxedvelobaSi<br />
maqvs Tavisuflebis instituti), romlis proeqtebi SevardnaZis<br />
dros mWidrod iyo koordinirebuli xelisuflebis<br />
reformatorul ZalebTan. am organizaciis kavSirebi<br />
dRevandel qarTul xelisuflebasTan imdenad mWidro<br />
gax<strong>da</strong>, rom is ufro Camohgavs samTavrobo inteleqtualur<br />
centrs, vidre arasamTavrobo organizacias.<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi rac ucxouri fondebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> 7aM-ebis moRvaweobas moyva <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, iyo<br />
axali politikuri klasis, momavali mmarTveli elitis<br />
Camoyalibeba. Tavis droze, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> akreditebulma<br />
ucxourma fondebma, Cvens qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>fuZnebisa <strong>da</strong> uamravi<br />
biurokratiuli barierebis <strong>da</strong>saZlevad, cxadia pirvel<br />
rigSi xelisuflebas mimarTes. maSin xelisuflebaSi<br />
! >?=
myofma, rogorc uwodebdnen, axalgazr<strong>da</strong> reformatorebma<br />
(Jvaniam, saakaSvilma <strong>da</strong> sxvebma) kargad gaTvales aRniSnuli<br />
finansuri wyaros politikuri momgebianoba <strong>da</strong> rodesac<br />
xelisuflebis ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi,<br />
“wiTeli direqtorebi” sakuTari finansuri interesebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva maqinaciebiT, xSirad saxelmwifos<br />
mier aRebuli ucxouri valebis <strong>da</strong>tacebiT cdilobdnen,<br />
sruli kontroli <strong>da</strong>amyares im fondebze <strong>da</strong><br />
fondebis mier msuyed <strong>da</strong>finansebul 7aM-ebze romlebis<br />
grantebis sistemaze muSaobdnen. am kontrols ormagad<br />
momgebiani xasiaTi aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong>:<br />
pirveli, fondebis <strong>da</strong> 7aM-ebis maRalanazRaurebadi<br />
(programebis direqtorebis, menejerebis, koordinatorebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.) Tanamdebobebi Jvania-saakaSvilis proteJeebma<br />
<strong>da</strong>ikaves. garkveuli politikuri, kerZod deklarirebulad<br />
liberaluri Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong> institutebis ganmtkicebaze<br />
orientirebul ucxour fondebSi arsebulma<br />
maRalma finansurma uzrunvelyofam gansazRvra, erTi<br />
mxriv Jvania-saakaSvilis politikuri platforma <strong>da</strong><br />
ltolva aSS-sken, xolo meore mxriv, kargi Sansi misca<br />
maT SeeqmnaT erTguli birTvi farTo politikuri speqtrisaTvis.<br />
meore, fondebSi ZiriTad Tanamdebobebze “Tavisi<br />
xalxis” gayvaniT, Jvania-saakaSvilma sakmaod soliduri<br />
saxsrebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr regulirebis marjve<br />
meqanizmi moipova. Sedegad, konkretuli mimarTulebiT<br />
angaJirebuli <strong>da</strong> erTguli inteleqtualebis ricxvma<br />
ufro imata. reformatorebis gundis mier arasamTavrobo<br />
seqtoris Sesaqmnelad gamiznuli <strong>da</strong>savluri saxsrebis<br />
gonivruli <strong>da</strong> marjve gamoyenebis kidev erT nimuSad SegviZlia<br />
gavixsenoT “rusTavi 2”-is <strong>da</strong>arsebis istoria, rodesac<br />
xelisuflebis mier <strong>da</strong>xurulma <strong>da</strong> Serisxulma<br />
provinciulma televiziam saTanado sagranto <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
Sedegad ara mxolod adgilmdebareoba Seicvala, aramed<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> aRniSnuli politikuri jgufis<br />
mZlavr K\ manqanad. aq uTuod aRsaniSnavia is faqtic,<br />
rom maTi SevardnaZis xelisuflebisagan jer gandgomisas,<br />
xolo Semdeg radikaluri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebisas, aRniSnuli<br />
infrastruqtura Zalze aqtiurad monawileob<strong>da</strong>. is Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> momZlavr<strong>da</strong> mmarTveli wreebis Tvalwin yo-<br />
>>? !
velgvari kanon<strong>da</strong>rRvevis gareSe. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c es fondebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> 7aM-ebis sistema arasamTavrobo seqtoris <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis reputaciiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong>, xelisuflebis<br />
yoveli kontrzoma Zalze iolad iyo interpretirebuli<br />
“samoqalaqo sazogadoebis xelyofad”, “Tavisufal<br />
televiziaze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmad”, “korumpirebuli Cinovnikebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> mafiozuri klanebis TviTnebobad” <strong>da</strong> a.S. cxadia<br />
Seqmnili viTareba, politikur brZolaSi Cabmul xelisuflebas<br />
imTaviTve wamgebian poziciaSi ayeneb<strong>da</strong>, radgan<br />
iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis,<br />
Zalauflebis TavisuflebasTan brZolis<br />
efeqti.<br />
revoluciis Semdeg aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom “warmatebulma”<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebma maTze <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli amocana,<br />
romelic di<strong>da</strong>d gansxvavebuli iyo mesame seqtoris<br />
momZlavrebisagan, amowura. amitom is xalxi, vinc revoluciamde<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli iyo privilegirebul arasamTavrobo<br />
seqtorSi, dReisaTvis gabneulia iq sa<strong>da</strong>c un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli CanafiqriT - Seadgenen ZiriTad saxelisuflebo<br />
wreebs.<br />
literatura:<br />
1. Томас Гоббс – «Левиафан или материя, форма и власть<br />
государства церковного и гражданского», в кн. Томас Гоббс,<br />
Избранные произведения в двух томах. Изд. «Мысль». Москва<br />
1965юб том 2.<br />
2. S&*.-+Z-!6-.+/!e!PCB%&/!VBHH-/2J!'+)f!V'/1B.Q!BY!KB('1'Z&(!KC'(B$<br />
/BDCQg2! #U'1-U! HQ! S-B! 51.&*//! &+U! XB/-DC! A.BD/-Q2! PC'.U! #U'1'B+2! PC-!<br />
`+',2!BY!AC'Z&3B!K.-//J!>=
" !<br />
elguja meqvabiSvili<br />
mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo mewarmeobis<br />
ganviTareba rogorc saSualo klasis<br />
formirebis umniSvnelovanesi piroba<br />
sazogadoebis socialur-stratifikaciuli diferenciacia<br />
rTuli <strong>da</strong> sadiskusio problemaa. marqsistuli<br />
ekonomikur-deterministuli Teoria socialuri klasebis<br />
bunebis axsnas gvTavazobs materialuri warmoebis xasiaTze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT <strong>da</strong> ganmsazRvrel kriteriumebad miiCnevs<br />
gansxvavebul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas warmoebis saSualebebisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis miTvisebis wess. aramarqsisti<br />
sociologebis azriT, warmoebis saSualebebisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ar warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi klasebis<br />
Camomyalibebel niSans. gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
jgufebisadmi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa mikuTvnebas veberi gansazRvravs<br />
statusisa <strong>da</strong> prestiJis, <strong>da</strong>rendrofi – Zalauflebis,<br />
uorneri – socialuri rolisa <strong>da</strong> reputaciis faqtorebiT.<br />
ganixileba agreTve iseTi araekonomikuri faqtorebic,<br />
rogoricaa ganaTleba, profesiuli <strong>da</strong>xelovneba, privilegiebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
postkomunistur gar<strong>da</strong>maval <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si socialuri<br />
diferenciacia, romelic cvlis socializmis sab-<br />
Wouri modelisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel socialur erTgvarovnebas,<br />
kanonzomier movlenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.<br />
amasTanave, TvalSisacemia postkomunistur <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
socialuri diferenciaciis simwvave <strong>da</strong> siRrme, rasac<br />
mravali obieqturi <strong>da</strong> subieqturi faqtori ganapirobebs.<br />
araswori privatizebis Sedegad mosaxleobis metad mcire<br />
jgufma TiTqmis usasyidlod xelSi Caigdo didZali saxelmwifo<br />
qoneba. “liberaluri” fulad-sakredito politika,<br />
(romelic realurad kreditebis ukontrolo gacemas<br />
niSnav<strong>da</strong>), mosaxleobis anabrebis miTviseba, kontrabanduli<br />
saqonlis masobrivi Semotana <strong>da</strong> realizacia, Semosavlebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>malva – is movlenebia, romlebiTac erTeulebi<br />
Zalian gamdidrdnen <strong>da</strong> uzarmazari qonebis mflobelebi<br />
gaxdnen. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> formirebis procesSi myofi kerZo seqtoris urTier-
Tqmedebis mankieri praqtika: prezidentis brZanebulebebis,<br />
parlamentis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miReba <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />
kerZo jgufebis sasargeblod <strong>da</strong> am ukanasknelTa finansuri<br />
resursebis gamoyeneba politikuri partiebis, saar-<br />
Cevno kampaniebis <strong>da</strong>safinanseblad.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> 90-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli e.w. “kapitalis<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli <strong>da</strong>grovebis” meore mxares warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
mosaxleobis Raribi nawilis swrafi zr<strong>da</strong>, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, “Zveli Raribebis” jgufTan “axali Raribebis”<br />
mierTebis gziT. mecnierebis, eqimebis, maswavleblebis,<br />
xelovnebis <strong>da</strong> inteligenciis sxva warmomadgenlebis<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili Semosavlebis doniT gauTanabrdnen<br />
martoxela dedebs <strong>da</strong> mravalSvilian ojaxebs, pensionerebs,<br />
invalidebs <strong>da</strong> sxv. RaribTa jgufi agreTve Seivso<br />
umuSevrebiT <strong>da</strong> iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebiT. riskis<br />
zonaSi aRmoCndnen “momuSave” Raribebi, romelTa SemosavlebiT<br />
SeuZlebeli iyo sakuTari Tavisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis<br />
rCena. eqspertebis gaangariSebiT, deciluri koeficienti,<br />
anu mosaxleobis yvelaze mdi<strong>da</strong>ri 10%-is Sefardeba yvelaze<br />
Raribi 10%-is SemosavlebTan 1985 wlis 5:1-<strong>da</strong>n 1995<br />
wels 40:1-Tan, 2005 wels ki 22:1-Tan Seicvala., rac ukiduresad<br />
SemaSfoTebel maCveneblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.<br />
Rarib-RatakTa mdgomareoba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Zalian<br />
mZimea, raze<strong>da</strong>c statistikuri monacemebic naTlad metyvelebs.<br />
kerZod, 1996-2003 wlebSi siRaribis done (RaribTa,<br />
anu saarsebo minimumze naklebi Semosavlebis mqone mosaxleobis<br />
xvedriTi wili mTlian mosaxleobaSi) 46.2 %-<strong>da</strong>n<br />
54.5 %-mde gaizar<strong>da</strong>. aseve gaizar<strong>da</strong> siRaribis siRrme (romelic<br />
zomavs RaribTa ga<strong>da</strong>xras saarsebo minimumi<strong>da</strong>n) 17.3<br />
%-<strong>da</strong>n 21.1 %-mde <strong>da</strong> siRaribis simwvave (romelic gviCvenebs<br />
TviT RaribTa cxovrebis doneebs Soris arsebul<br />
gansxvavebas) 8.9 %-<strong>da</strong>n 11.2 %-mde. 1<br />
vardebis revoluciis Semdgom periodSi oficialuri<br />
statistika afiqsirebs siRaribis donis sagrZnob Semcirebas<br />
– 2004 wels - 35.7%-mde, 2005 wels ki – 35.5%-mde.<br />
es tendencia, samwuxarod, warmoadgens a<strong>da</strong>mianTa ara ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareobis realuri gaumjobesebis, aramed<br />
garkveuli statistikuri manipulirebis Sedegs. kerZod,<br />
<br />
1 b. gabiZaSvili, z. Sonia, z. kirvaliZe (2006). Raribs arTmevs, mdi<strong>da</strong>rs<br />
aZlevs? Jurn. “socialuri ekonomika”, #2.<br />
! >>@
saarsebo minimumis gaangariSeba winaT xdebo<strong>da</strong> normatiuli<br />
statistikuri meTodiT, romelic efuZnebo<strong>da</strong> 2500 kaloriis<br />
sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebas <strong>da</strong> minimalur<br />
arasasursaTo xarjebs. 2005 wli<strong>da</strong>n ki saarsebo minimumis<br />
gaangariSeba xdeba statistikuri meTodiT, romelic iTvaliswinebs<br />
mosaxleobis yvelaze uqoneli 10%-is faqtobriv<br />
minimalur moxmarebas. gaangariSebis meTodikis am<br />
cvlilebis Sedegad saSualo momxmareblis saarsebo minimumi<br />
138 lari<strong>da</strong>n 84 laramde, anu 39%-iT Semcir<strong>da</strong>. sinamdvileSi,<br />
vardebis revoluciis Semdeg Rarib-RatakTa ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareoba ki ar gaumjobesebula, aramed gauares<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Cveni azriT, es cvlileba ganpirobebuli iyo ori<br />
garemoebiT: 1. faswarmoqmnaSi mimdinare cvlilebebiT, ris<br />
Sedega<strong>da</strong>c (magaliTad, eleqtroenergiis tarifi) 250%-iT<br />
gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi saSualo Tviuri xarji saSualo statistikuri<br />
ojaxis Semosavlebis 20-25%-s aRemateba. gazis<br />
fasi ramdenime wlis manZilze gaoTxmag<strong>da</strong>, gaizar<strong>da</strong> fasebi<br />
komunalur momsaxurebaze, sazogadoebriv transportze,<br />
wyliT sargeblobaze <strong>da</strong> a.S.; 2. araxelsayreli biznesgaremosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo seqtorSi gauTavebeli e.w.<br />
struqturuli gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis gamo Semcir<strong>da</strong> samuSao adgilebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaizar<strong>da</strong> umuSevarTa raodenoba. msoflio bankis<br />
eqspertTa SefasebiT, Tanamedrove <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> siRaribis<br />
ZiriTadi mizezia “umuSevroba <strong>da</strong> sakmarisad kargad<br />
anazRaurebadi samsaxurebis nakleboba”.<br />
postkomunistur gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
ganviTarebuli procesebis Sedegad qveynis mosaxloebis<br />
socialuri struqtura <strong>da</strong>axloebiT ase gamoiyureba:<br />
mdidrebi – 5%, SeZlebulebi -10%, saSualod uzrunvelyofilebi<br />
– 10%, naklebad uzrunvelyofilebi – 20% Raribebi<br />
– 45% <strong>da</strong> Ratakebi – 10%. 1 rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, RaribTa,<br />
RatakTa <strong>da</strong> siRaribis riskis zonaSi myofTa xvedriTi wili<br />
mTel mosaxleobaSi Seadgens <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 85%-s. es<br />
mdgomareoba ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT araefeqtiania,<br />
socialurad - usamarTlo <strong>da</strong> politikurad – friad saxifaTo.<br />
Seqmnili situacii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis<br />
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri politikis strate-<br />
<br />
1 Jurn. “socialuri ekonomika” (2006), #2.<br />
>>8 !
giul amocanas un<strong>da</strong> warmoadgendes im RonisZiebaTa kompleqsis<br />
gatareba, romelic gazrdis saSualo klass upiratesad<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali klasi<strong>da</strong>n gadmosulTa xarjze.<br />
saSualo klasis ZiriTad nawils, mis “xerxemals”<br />
saSualo <strong>da</strong> mcire mewarmeebi warmoadgenen. sayovelTaod<br />
cnobilia saSualo klasis roli sabazro ekonomikaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebul demokratiul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, rac SemdegSi<br />
gamoixateba:<br />
!saSualo klasi Tavisuflebis garantia. misi sasicocxlo<br />
interesia Tavisufali moqmedebis sivrcis gafar-<br />
Toeba <strong>da</strong> ganmtkiceba. es, upirveles yovlisa, Seexeba Tavisufal<br />
sabazro sivrces. Sua saukuneebis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli<br />
<strong>da</strong>grovebis epoqi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli mewarmeebi yovelTvis ibrZodnen<br />
TavianTi saqmianobis TavisuflebisaTvis, nebismieri<br />
sakuTrebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr gankargvisTvis;<br />
!saSualo klasi qveynis socialuri stabilurobis<br />
uzrunvelyofis, socialuri Tanxmobis miRwevis <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
interesebis <strong>da</strong>balansebis safuZvelia;<br />
!saSualo klasi ekonomikis myari <strong>da</strong> dinamiuri<br />
zrdis (ganviTarebis) wyaroa. i. Sumpeteris azriT, “iyo<br />
mewarme, niSnavs akeTo ara is, rasac sxvebi akeTeben <strong>da</strong><br />
ara ise, rogorc sxvebi akeTeben”. 1 maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, mewarme<br />
aris gzagamkvalavi (inovatori) ekonomikaSi, komunikatori,<br />
romelic ipyrobs axal bazrebs <strong>da</strong> amyarebs axal kav-<br />
Sirebs. mewarmisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara mxolod mogebis<br />
miReba, aramed maRali konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofa<br />
<strong>da</strong> konkurenciaSi gamarjveba, rac ekonomikis dinamizmis<br />
aucilebeli pirobaa;<br />
!saSualo klasi ganapirobebs samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos<br />
aucileblobas, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvela Tanabrad emorCileba<br />
<strong>da</strong> asrulebs kanonebs. mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo mewarmeoba,<br />
rogorc sabazro sistemis Semadgeneli nawili, emyareba<br />
partniorTa Soris sakontraqto sistemas. kontraqtis<br />
gaformeba <strong>da</strong> nakisr valdebulebaTa Sesruleba ar warmoadgens<br />
mxolod masSi monawile ori mxaris izolirebul<br />
aqts. masze udides gavlenas axdens garemo, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
mzaddeba <strong>da</strong> ideba es garigeba. garigebis monawileebi ki<br />
<br />
1 a. silagaZe (2001). ekonomikuri azris istoria.<br />
! >>9
<strong>da</strong>rwmunebulebi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen maTi SeTanxmebis <strong>da</strong>culoba-<br />
Si nebismieri arakeTilsindisieri partnioris mier xel-<br />
Sekrulebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis SemTxvevaSi. es niSnavs miukerZoebeli,<br />
samarTliani sasamarTlos arsebobas, romelic samarTlebrivi<br />
saxelmwifos ganuyofeli nawilia.<br />
saSualo klasis CamoyalibebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTarebas,<br />
romelic moiTxovs saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris RonisZiebaTa<br />
qmediTi sistemis Seqmnas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergvas. ganvixiloT<br />
es sistema.<br />
Tavisufali mewarmeobis Camoyalibeba <strong>da</strong> ganviTareba<br />
mcire sawarmoebis Seqmnis gziT, gulisxmobs Sesabamisi<br />
institucionaluri bazis arsebobas, risTvisac aucilebelia:<br />
1.!mcire mewarmeobis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris konkretuli <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanmimdevruli politikis SemuSaveba, romelic, rogorc<br />
wesi, un<strong>da</strong> warmoadgendes zoga<strong>da</strong>d mewarmeobis ganviTarebis<br />
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi politikis Semadgenel nawils;<br />
2.!mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis xelisSemSleli mizezebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenisa <strong>da</strong> aRmofxvris konkretuli mimarTulebebis<br />
gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> kerZo mewarmeobisTvis xelsayreli<br />
garemos Seqmna;<br />
3.!pasuxismgeblobisa <strong>da</strong> funqciebis gamijvna centralur<br />
samTavrobo organoebsa <strong>da</strong> regionul struqturebs<br />
Soris Tavisufali mewarmeobis politikis SemuSavebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebis procesSi;<br />
4.! samewarmeo sferos warmomadgenelTa aqtiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
efeqtiani monawileoba ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis,<br />
realizaciis <strong>da</strong> Sedegianobis Sefasebis procesSi.<br />
mewarmeobis instituciur bazas (CarCos) gansaz-<br />
Rvravs saqarTvelos “kanoni mewarmeobis Sesaxeb” <strong>da</strong> kanoni<br />
“mcire sawarmoTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris Sesaxeb”. Tavisufali<br />
mewarmeobis instituciuri bazis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli<br />
nawilia mewarmeobis samarTlebrivi regulireba,<br />
romlis srulyofa un<strong>da</strong> warimarTos Semdegi mimarTulebebiT:<br />
1.!kanonebisa <strong>da</strong> normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis<br />
harmonizacia mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo sawarmoebis stimulirebis,<br />
biurokratiuli procedurebis gamartivebis <strong>da</strong> am<br />
>>: !
procesSi monawile saxelmwifo struqturebis raodenobis<br />
Semcirebis gziT;<br />
2.!kerZo sawarmoTa saregistracio salicenzio <strong>da</strong><br />
administraciuli procedurebis srulyofa maTi gamartivebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xelmisawvdomobis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT;<br />
3.!kanonebisa <strong>da</strong> maregulirebeli wesebis SemuSaveba-<br />
Si kerZo seqtoris warmomadgenelTa monawileobis efeqtianobis<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong> maTi moTxovnebis ukeT gaTvaliswinebis<br />
mizniT.<br />
instituciuri bazis CamoyalibebasTan erTad umniSvnelovanes<br />
amocanas warmoadgens Tavisufali mewarmeobis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris sakredito finansuri meqanizmebis srulyofaganviTareba.<br />
dRevandel <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mravali mizezi arsebobs,<br />
rac naklebad xelmisawvdoms xdis ekonomikis realuri<br />
seqtorisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki mcire sawarmoebisaTvis,<br />
finansur resursebs. am mizezebs warmoadgens: kreditebis<br />
aucilebeli uzrunvelyofis uqonloba; sasesxo<br />
procentis maRali ganakveTebi; grZelvadiani kreditebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali xvedriTi wili; garantiebisa <strong>da</strong> giraos uqonloba;<br />
proeqtebis <strong>da</strong>bali efeqtianoba. Seqmnil situaciaSi<br />
aucilebelia problemisadmi kompleqsuri midgoma, rac<br />
gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong>finanseba-<strong>da</strong>kreditebis axali principebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikis SemuSavebas Semdegi principebis safuZvelze:<br />
1.! efeqtiani, qmediTi <strong>da</strong> moqnili finansuri momsaxurebis<br />
seqtoris Camoyalibeba <strong>da</strong> safinanso resursebis<br />
xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba;<br />
2.! arasrulyofili (ganuviTarebeli finansuri bazrebis<br />
pirobebSi) mewarmeobis saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>finansebis<br />
meqanizmebis amuSaveba;<br />
3.! venCuruli kapitalis fondebis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> salizingo<br />
operaciebis <strong>da</strong>nergva. warmoadgens ra sastarto kapitalis<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi erTaderT wyaros, gar<strong>da</strong>mavali<br />
ekonomikis mqone bevr qveyanaSi lizingma ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli<br />
iTamaSa, gansakuTrebiT mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis<br />
saqmeSi;<br />
mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo mewarmeobis saxelmwifo mxar<strong>da</strong>-<br />
Weris umniSvnelovanes mimarTulebas warmoadgens misTvis<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado preferenciebis miniWeba, romlis maRalefeqtianobas<br />
a<strong>da</strong>sturebs sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdi-<br />
! >>;
leba, sa<strong>da</strong>c specialur zomebs mimarTaven mewarmeobis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo sawarmoTa ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> teqnologiuri garemos gasaumjobeseblad. saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />
sistemis srulyofas safuZvlad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>edos<br />
Semdegi sami principi: simartive, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis siadviles, amcirebs<br />
mewarmis drois <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs saga<strong>da</strong>saxado sakiTxebis<br />
mogvarebaze; sicxade, romelic gamoricxavs ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis<br />
diskriminaciis mizniT gamoyenebas; stabiluroba,<br />
romelic saSualebas aZlevs mewarmeebs sworad <strong>da</strong>gegmon<br />
TavianTi saga<strong>da</strong>saxado valdebulebebi.<br />
mewarmeobis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri saga<strong>da</strong>saxado politika, Cveni<br />
azriT, un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes Semdegi mimarTulebebiT:<br />
mcire mewarmeebisaTvis xelsayreli klimatis Seqmna; saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />
politikis SemuSavebasa <strong>da</strong> srulyofaSi mcire<br />
mewarmeebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri organizaciebis aqtiuri<br />
Cabma; mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo mewarmeebisaTvis fiskaluri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, romelic saga<strong>da</strong>saxado SeRavaTebis miniWebis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>, iTvaliswinebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis subsidirebas. mewarmeobis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis mizanSewonilad migvaCnia<br />
Semdegi konkretuli SeRavaTebis <strong>da</strong>weseba:<br />
! axladSeqmnili mcire sawarmoebi funqcionirebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebi<strong>da</strong>n pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>ixdian<br />
mogebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis 50%-s;<br />
! mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo sawarmoebi Tavisufldebian reinvestirebuli<br />
mogebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebisagan;<br />
! mcire sawarmoebs ufleba eZlevaT isargeblon <strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli<br />
amortizaciis normebiT;<br />
! mcirdeba ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis raodenoba maTi agregirebis<br />
gziT;<br />
! mcire sawarmoTa mimarT gamoyenebuli iqneba gamartivebuli<br />
sabuRaltro aRricxvis sistema.<br />
mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo sawarmoebis saxelmwifo mxar<strong>da</strong>-<br />
Weris mniSvnelovani komponentia preferenciebi saxelmwifos<br />
Sesyidvebis procesSi monawileobisas, romelic,<br />
msoflio mowinave gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba<br />
ganxorcieldes Semdegi formebiT:<br />
! setsaidebi, rac gulisxmobs saxelmwifo kontraqtebis<br />
mTlian moculobaSi mcire sawarmoebisaTvis gan-<br />
>>< !
sazRvruli kvotis <strong>da</strong>dgenas. Cveni azriT, es kvotebi SeiZleba<br />
meryeobdes 20-30%-is farglebSi;<br />
! preferenciuli sqemebi, romlis arsi SemdegSi<br />
mdgomareobs: Tanabari xarisxis satendero wina<strong>da</strong>debebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
(fasi <strong>da</strong> sxv. pirobebi) kontraqtebi formdeba im mcire<br />
sawarmoebTan, romlebic ganlagebulni arian naklebad<br />
ganviTarebul regionebSi. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, preferenciuli sqemebis<br />
meTodebi regionaluri politikis Semadgenel elements<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
SesyidvebSi mcire sawarmoebis monawileobis gamartivebis<br />
mizniT SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas saxelmwifo<br />
kontraqtebis lotebad <strong>da</strong>nawilebisa <strong>da</strong> qvekontraqtebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>debis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs ZiriTadi<br />
kontraqtoris mier qvekontraqtebis mesame pirTan, anu<br />
mcire sawarmoebTan kontraqtis <strong>da</strong>debas Sesasrulebeli<br />
samuSaos garkveul nawilze.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, Cveni qveynis sainvesticio resursebis<br />
udidesi nawili ucxouri investiciebis xarjze yalibdeba.<br />
Sesabamisad, mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia<br />
ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis mecnierulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli <strong>da</strong> efeqtiani saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcieleba.<br />
pirvel rigSi, yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> mieqces myari<br />
sainvesticio kanonmdeblobis Seqmnas, romelic investorebisaTvis<br />
uzrunvelyofs Tanabrad xelsayrel garemos<br />
<strong>da</strong> minimumamde <strong>da</strong>iyvans biurokratiul procedurebs.<br />
srulyofas saWiroebs ucxouri sainvesticio resursebis<br />
miRebisa <strong>da</strong> ganawilebis meqanizmi. un<strong>da</strong> ganisazRvros is<br />
organoebi <strong>da</strong> struqturebi, romlebic uSualod pasuxs<br />
ageben sainvesticio proeqtebis SemuSavebisa <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebis<br />
mTel procesze.<br />
metad mniSvnelovania aqtiuri struqturuli politikis<br />
gatareba. igi gulisxmobs im prioritetuli <strong>da</strong>rgebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sawarmoebis SerCevas, romlebic saTanado resursebiT<br />
uzrunvelyofis SemTxvevaSi mogvcemen maqsimalur<br />
ekonomikuri ukugebas. ekonomikis ganviTarebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
etapze es prioritetuli sferoebi SeiZleba Seicvalos,<br />
Tumca SesaZlebelia metnaklebad stabiluri <strong>da</strong> maRali<br />
Sedegebis momcemi Semdegi sferoebis gamoyofa:<br />
! samrewvelo <strong>da</strong> sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba;<br />
! >>=
! maRalteqnologiuri warmoeba <strong>da</strong> inovaciebis sfero;<br />
! saeqsporto produqciis warmoeba;<br />
! mcire mewarmeoba turizmis, satransporto, sawarmoo-sakonsultacio,<br />
inJineringis, nou-haus <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebSi.<br />
mecnierul-teqnologiuri revoluciis Tanamedrove<br />
etapze metad mniSvnelovania mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis<br />
teqnologiuri xelSewyoba, romelic gulisxmobs:<br />
! Tanamedrove teqnikisa <strong>da</strong> teqnologiebis miRebis<br />
wyaroebisa <strong>da</strong> saSualebebis gansazRvras;<br />
! teqnologiebis Semotanis iseTi formebis gamoyenebas,<br />
rogoricaa licenziebi <strong>da</strong> nou-hau; sawarmoTa kooperacia,<br />
erToblivi mewarmeoba <strong>da</strong> sxv;<br />
! axali teqnikisa <strong>da</strong> teqnologiebis Semotanis institucionaluri<br />
struqturebis Camoyalibeba: teqnikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> teqnologiuri centrebis, teqnoparkebis, salizingo<br />
kompaniebis <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa Seqmna;<br />
! axali teqnikisa <strong>da</strong> teqnologiebis gamoyenebis<br />
swavleba <strong>da</strong> konsultaciebi;<br />
! waxalisebisa <strong>da</strong> SeRavaTebis sistemis gamoyeneba im<br />
mewarmeTa mimarT, romlebic mowinave teqnologiebis importsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergvaze arian orientirebulni.<br />
mcire sawarmoTa teqnologiuri momsaxurebis uaRresad<br />
perspeqtiuli formaa finansuri <strong>da</strong> operatiuli lizingi.<br />
finansuri lizingi tradiciuli sabanko <strong>da</strong>kreditebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, mewarmeebs saSualebas aZlevs mii-<br />
Ron aucilebeli ZiriTadi saSualebebi erTdrouli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis<br />
gawevis gareSe. igi iTvaliswinebs ZiriTad saSualebebze<br />
saamortizacio Rirebulebis mTlian an nawilobriv<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s, ris Semdegac es qoneba <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblis<br />
sakuTrebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis. finansuri lizingis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT<br />
efeqtiania iseTi warmoebebisaTvis, romlebic<br />
sezonurobasa <strong>da</strong> ciklurobaze maRali <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT<br />
xasiaTdeba. finansuri lizingi mniSvnelovan saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />
SeRavaTebs aniWebs mewarmeebs. kerZod, ijariT aRebuli<br />
ZiriTadi saSualebebi ar aRiricxeba sabalanso angariSebSi<br />
aqtivebis saxiT; saarendo Senatanebi ar ibegreba<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, lizingis<br />
>"? !
formiT Semotanili mowyobilobebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nadgarebi Tavisufldeba<br />
sabaJo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebisagan. aseve warmatebiT SeiZleba<br />
iqnas gamoyenebuli operatiuli lizingi, romelic<br />
gulisxmobs ZiriTad saSualebaTa ijaras maT saamortizacio<br />
va<strong>da</strong>ze mokle periodiT.<br />
mewarmeobis aqtiur mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad SeiZleba gamoyenebul<br />
iqnas iseTi efeqtiani meqanizmi, rogoric aris biznes-inkubatorebi,<br />
romelic xels uwyobs individualuri<br />
iniciativebis gamovlenas <strong>da</strong> mecnierul-teqnologiuri<br />
progresis miRwevebis swrafad <strong>da</strong>nergvas. biznes-inkubatorebi<br />
aris specialuri teritoria, sa<strong>da</strong>c Tavmoyrilia axladSeqmnili<br />
sawarmoebi. isini sargebloben arsebuli infrastruqturiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> aucilebeli momsaxurebiT. biznes-inkubatorebSi<br />
aqtiurad xdeba rogorc adgilobrivi, ise<br />
ucxouri investiciebis mozidva, maRalteqnologiuri<br />
produqciis gamoSveba, eqsportze orientirebul sawarmo-<br />
Ta mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, mewarmeTa swavleba, kooperaciuli kavSirebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myareba <strong>da</strong> a.S. biznes-inkubatorebis Seqmna sakmaod<br />
rTuli, Sromatevadi <strong>da</strong> kapitaltevadi procesia, rac<br />
gulisxmobs winaswari mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis Catarebas:<br />
biznes-inkubatorebis statusis gansazRvras <strong>da</strong> mar-<br />
Tvis struqturisa <strong>da</strong> funqciebis <strong>da</strong>dgenas. biznes-inkubatorebi<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong> arakomerciuli organizaciebi,<br />
romelTa saqmianoba warimarTeba kolegialuri organos<br />
(magaliTad, sabWos mier). amasTanave, uzrunvelyofil<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iqnas mWidro saqmiani TanamSromloba mcire mewarmeobis<br />
ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> xelSewyobis politikis ganmxorcielebel<br />
organoebTan <strong>da</strong> konsultaciuri momsaxurebis<br />
centrebTan mocemul teritoriaze. biznes-inkubatorebis<br />
saqmianoba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mizanSewonilia warimar-<br />
Tos materialuri warmoebis sferoSi mewarmeobis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad<br />
<strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis sferoSi – mewarmeobis gansavi-<br />
Tareblad. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania biznes-inkubatorebis<br />
adgilmdebareobis SerCeva, romelmac un<strong>da</strong> gaiTvaliswinos<br />
saTanado infrastruqturebis, gansakuTrebiT -<br />
Tanamedrove komunikaciebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. agreTve<br />
aucilebelia maTi mibma regionalur politikasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> marTvis adgilobrivi organoebis aqtiuri CarTva biznes-inkubatorebis<br />
funqcionirebis procesSi. jerovani yuradReba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eTmos mmarTveli personalis SerCevas,<br />
! >">
menejmentis efeqtiani procedurebis SemuSavebas <strong>da</strong> menejerTa<br />
saqmianobis swor Sefasebas.<br />
amrigad, mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTareba<br />
is aucilebeli pirobaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs saqar-<br />
Tvelos ekonomikuri krizisi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyvanas, saSualo klasis<br />
Camoyalibebas, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis<br />
xelSewyobas, mwvave socialuri problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wras <strong>da</strong><br />
qveynis politikur stabilurobas.<br />
>"" !
zaza SaTiriSvili<br />
nacionaluri identoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> nacionaluri narativebi<br />
1. nacionaluri identoba esaa naciis mier sakuTari<br />
Tavis TviTaRqma <strong>da</strong> TviTSefaseba. nacionaluri identobis<br />
ganmsazRvreli faqtori nacionaluri narativia. ras niSnavs<br />
nacionaluri narativi? is, rac pirovnebisaTvis (avto)<br />
biografiaa, faqtobrivad, igivea naciisTvis nacionaluri<br />
narativi. nacionaluri narativebis meSveobiT nacia<br />
axdens sakuTari Tavis formirebasa <strong>da</strong> konstituirebas.<br />
nacionaluri narativebs ayalibebs nacionaluri politikur-inteleqtualuri<br />
elita skolis, presis/mediisa <strong>da</strong><br />
universitetis meSveobiT.<br />
2. ra aris nacia? nacia esaa erTi nacionaluri narativi<br />
<strong>da</strong> erTi ekonomika erT mTlian teritoriaze. teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobis idea, sabazro ekonomika <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
erTiani sistema qmnis nacias, rogorc mTlianobas,<br />
romlis aucilebeli Tviseba “suverenulobaa”. amitomac,<br />
legitimurobis wyaros warmoadgens “erTi xalxi erTi<br />
teritoriaze”.<br />
3. nacionaluri identoba <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri narativebi<br />
pirvelad Cndeba <strong>da</strong> yalibdeba XVIII-XIX saukuneebis evropasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Crdilo amerikaSi. pirveli ori nacia esaa _ amerikuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> franguli naciebi. frangul nacionaluri<br />
identobas ayalibebs franguli revolucia (bastiliis<br />
aReba) <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa deklaracia. amerikul nacionalur<br />
narativs ayalibebs amerikuli revolucia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
deklaracia Tavisuflebis qartiasTan er-<br />
Tad.<br />
4. qarTuli nacionalizmis Tavisebureba: qarTuli<br />
nacionalizmi ibadeba XIX saukunis 60/70-ian wlebSi rusuli<br />
imperiis wiaRSi. am nacionalizmis mTavari slogania<br />
mamuli (teritoria), ena (erTiani ganaTlebis sistema)<br />
<strong>da</strong> sarwmunoeba (qristianuli tradicia, rogorc “nacionaluri<br />
memkvidreoba”). swored es ukanaskneli punqti gamoarCevs<br />
qarTul nacionalizms nacionalizmis evropuli<br />
modelisagan, sa<strong>da</strong>c nacionalizmi swored monarqiasa <strong>da</strong><br />
! >"@
eklesiasTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> (amis Sesaxeb<br />
ix.: qvemoT). amave dros, Tu evropaSi nacionalizmsa <strong>da</strong><br />
nacionalur identobas burJuazia (imdroindeli samoqalaqo<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>) ayalibebs, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> nacionalur<br />
identobas ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d aristokratiuli warmoSobis inteleqtualuri<br />
elita (qarTuli inteligencia _ “Terg<strong>da</strong>leulebi”)<br />
qmnis. am azriT, rogorc SeniSnavs Tanamedrove<br />
amerikeli istorikosi ronald suni (\B+&(U! 5*+Q), qarTuli<br />
nacia bolomde Camoyalibebuli dRemde ar aris (="8 !<br />
istoriuli eqskursi: “bizantiuri”<br />
<strong>Zalaufleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> qarTuli nacionalizmi<br />
<strong>Zalaufleba</strong> qarTul kulturaSi yovelTvis pirovnebaze<br />
iyo mibmuli <strong>da</strong> pirovnebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareob<strong>da</strong>. “qarTuli”<br />
<strong>Zalaufleba</strong> qarizmuli fenomenia. Tanamedrove frangi<br />
istorikosebi aRniSnaven, rom safrangeTis revoluciis<br />
Sedegebi jerac ar <strong>da</strong>mTavrebula. me ki vityodi, rom Cven-<br />
Tan bizantiis imperiis <strong>da</strong>Sla jer ar <strong>da</strong>srulebula. garkveuli<br />
azriT, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> (<strong>da</strong> ara mxolod _ <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>)<br />
postbizantiuri epoqa jer kidev ar <strong>da</strong>mdgara. swored<br />
amitomaa <strong>Zalaufleba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> qarizmuli <strong>da</strong><br />
pirovnuli _ “Cvens” <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>s “bizantiuri tradicia”<br />
gansazRvravs.<br />
“bizantizmi” esaa izolaciisken <strong>da</strong> gamoyofisaken<br />
swrafva _ am azriT, saqarTvelos revoluciuri xelisufleba,<br />
romelic WeSmariti saxelmwifos aSenebis saxeliT<br />
TvTizolaciaze saubrob<strong>da</strong> _ mixeil kerulariosisa Tu<br />
protopop abakumis Jestebs imeoreb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sulac ara aqvs<br />
mniSvneloba imas, ico<strong>da</strong> Tu ara man es saxelebi, swam<strong>da</strong><br />
Tu ara RmerTi <strong>da</strong> moswon<strong>da</strong> Tu ara, vTqvaT, samebis taZari<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
“bizantizmis” meore niSani Zalauflebis sakralizaciis<br />
is tipia, romelic saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTSi (<strong>da</strong><br />
ara mxolod am kulturebSi!) gvxvdeba. esaa Zalauflebis<br />
sakralizaciis bizantiuri tipi. aseTi ram evropaSi arasdros<br />
yofila. evropaSi imperatori (an mefe) legitimacias<br />
eklesiisgan iReb<strong>da</strong>. bizantiaSi ki gansakuTrebuli politikuri<br />
Teologia Seiqmna, romelic pir<strong>da</strong>pir aRiareb-
<strong>da</strong>, rom imperatori qristes msgavsia _ anu imperatoris<br />
<strong>Zalaufleba</strong> “TviTlegitimuri” gaxl<strong>da</strong>T! amas, samwuxarod<br />
Cveni istorikosebi naklebad aqceven yuradRebas.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, reducirebuli, “Semoklebuli” saxiT<br />
es “bizantizmi” CvenSi mainc iyo <strong>da</strong> axlac aris. bizanturi<br />
gagebiT, imperatori Tavis TavSi aerTianebs orive<br />
moments _ 4%D-.'*%-s _ <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>s, <strong>da</strong> 5&Z-.UB1'*%-s _<br />
siwmindes _ swored aqe<strong>da</strong>n warmoiSva “samoderJavies” koncepti<br />
<strong>da</strong> fenomeni! <strong>da</strong>savlur kulturaSi ki es orive fenomeni<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve gamijnuli iyo.<br />
amitomac, Zalauflebis matarebeli personis mimarT<br />
CvenTan ar arsebobs mSvidi <strong>da</strong> kritikuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba.<br />
is an mxsnelia, an _ <strong>da</strong>maqceveli. aseTi ganwyoba iyo<br />
rogorc zviad gamsaxurdias, ise _ eduard SevardnaZis<br />
mimarT. sul sxva ambavia, rom SevardnaZem, pirovnuli<br />
Tvisebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, “mSvi<strong>da</strong>d wasvla” moaxerxa.<br />
dRes <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> instituciebis krizisia, ver Seiqmna<br />
Tavisufali sasamarTlo, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli parlamenti<br />
_ yvelaferi saprezidento mmarTvelobazea mibmuli. tipologiurad<br />
absoluturad erTgvarovnad viTardeba movlenebi<br />
ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>. putinis <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>c<br />
msgavsi tipis <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>a _ putini <strong>da</strong> saakaSvili SeiZleba<br />
upirispirdebodnen erTmaneTs, magram, garkveuli azriT,<br />
ruseTi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo erTmaneTs aireklavs <strong>da</strong> es<br />
urTierTmtroba kidev ufro amyarebs am <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>Ta<br />
Sinagan siRrmiseul erTianobas. arsebobs Tu ara aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamosavali, Zneli saTqmelia. xelisufleba ki Seicvleba,<br />
magram Cven ramden xans varT <strong>da</strong>zRveuli msgavsi recidivebisagan,<br />
veravin ityvis.<br />
saqme isaa, rom Cveni kultura getos tipis kulturaa,<br />
Cveni dRevandeli qristianobac xom “teritoriulia”,<br />
izolaciisken midrekilia, orientirebuli sulac araa<br />
gasvlaze, misionerobaze... <strong>da</strong> roca qarTvelebs Cveni saku-<br />
Tari <strong>Zalaufleba</strong> gagviCn<strong>da</strong>, mas aSkarad “bizantiuri”<br />
Tvisebebi aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong>. bizantiac, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom imperia<br />
iyo, getosaviT moqmedeba. muslimuri samyaros gaZlierebis<br />
Semdeg sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro pataravdebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />
mxolod konstantinopoliRa <strong>da</strong>rCa. ruseTic TiTqos<br />
uzarmazari sivrcea, magram masac izolaciisken aqvs<br />
miswrafeba _ centriskenulia. Cvenc es gvaxasiaTebs. Ta-<br />
! >"9
nac oriveni, rusebic <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebic, Cvens gansakuTrebulobaze<br />
vsaubrobT.<br />
amaTgan gansxvavebiT, evropa centri<strong>da</strong>nulia, “eqspansiuria”<br />
_ evropa gadis <strong>da</strong> nergavs Tavis Rirebulebebs.<br />
ase iyo koloniur xanaSi <strong>da</strong> asea axlac. XIX saukunis<br />
pirveli naxevris rusi moazrovne piotr Caa<strong>da</strong>evi ruseTis<br />
Sesaxeb aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTi istorii<strong>da</strong>n amovardnilia<br />
_ rom ruseTi TeTri laqaa istoriaSi. msgavsi ram, garkveulwilad,<br />
saqarTvelozec SeiZleba iTqvas. ara<strong>da</strong>, iyo<br />
periodi, roca Cven, ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, erTi mTliani<br />
saqristianos nawili viyaviT. roca ioane sabanisZe<br />
wer<strong>da</strong> _ "yuresa ama qveynisasa" _ es niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom qristianuli<br />
oikumenis sazRvarze mecixovnesaviT videqiT. Cvens<br />
mere muslimuri samyaro iyo. es ar niSnav<strong>da</strong> izolirebulobas<br />
_ piriqiT!<br />
Cven _ qarTul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s _ ar gvesmis nacionalizmis<br />
Tavisebureba, qarTulisa ki ara _ sazogadod _<br />
nacionalizmis fenomenis Tavisebureba. Cven gvgonia, rom<br />
nacionalizmi odiTganve arsebobs. am dros, is XVIII saukunis<br />
bolos <strong>da</strong> XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi isaxeba <strong>da</strong> mere<br />
vrceldeba. Cven gvgonia, rom XIX saukunis qarTuli nacionalizmi<br />
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli samefos gagrZelebaa,<br />
sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. erTia samefo, Tavisi ierarqiulobiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> sul sxva ramea _ nacionalizmi. nacia<br />
gulisxmobs egalitarizms, Tanasworobas. maSin, rodesac<br />
is, rac aris naciamde _ samefo _ principulad sxvanairia<br />
_ ierarqiulia <strong>da</strong> sul sxva wesi aqvs legitimurobisa.<br />
dRes bevri saubari <strong>da</strong> kamaTia legitimurobaze.<br />
mniSvnelovani isaa, rom safrangeTis revoluciamde, legitimaciis<br />
sul sxva wesi arsebob<strong>da</strong>. legitimurobis wyaro<br />
manamde iyo ara xalxi, aramed _ RmerTi. rogorc rus-<br />
Taveli ambobs _ “misgan ars yovli xelmwife, saxiTa mismieriTa”.<br />
mefe legitimuria imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c eklesia<br />
a<strong>da</strong>sturebs mis legitimurobas. mefe RvTisganaa. jer kidev<br />
warmarT imperatorze ambob<strong>da</strong> pavle mociquli _ “<strong>da</strong>emorCileT,<br />
sanamdec SegiZliaT”.<br />
XVIII saukunis bolos mefes Tavs aWrian _ safrange-<br />
Tis revolucias vgulisxmob. es realuri aqciaa, magram<br />
didi simboluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs. ibadeba axali fenomeni<br />
_ nacia _ <strong>da</strong> “jdeba” am moWrili Tavis adgilas. nacia<br />
>": !
axal wesebs nergavs, romelTa winaSec yvela un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
Tanaswori _ aRar arsebobs dinastia, ierarqia, aRar arsebobs<br />
aristokratiis privilegiebi. burJuazia acxadebs,<br />
rom is naciaa. swored aqe<strong>da</strong>n ibadeba nacionalizmi _ er-<br />
Ti klasi _ TiTqos<strong>da</strong> eris nawili _ Tavis Tavs mTlianobas<br />
_ mTel ers uigivebs. aristokratia, mefe <strong>da</strong> samRvdeloeba<br />
naciis moRalateebad Seiracxa.<br />
qarTuli nacionalizmi XIX saukunis meore naxevar-<br />
Si gaform<strong>da</strong>. ilia WavWavaZe, marTlac, qarTuli nacionalizmis<br />
mamaa. is erT pirad werilSi wer<strong>da</strong> _ “qarTlis<br />
cxovrebas vkiTxulobdi <strong>da</strong> xalxi ver <strong>da</strong>vinaxe, Cveni istoria<br />
mefeTa istoriaao”. vaxuSti batoniSvilis wigns<br />
hqvia "aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa", ivane javaxiSvilisas<br />
_ "qarTveli eris istoria". am or teqsts Soris 130<br />
weli <strong>da</strong> uzarmazari gansxvavebaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c mefe <strong>da</strong> samefo<br />
iyo _ iq eri, nacia gaCn<strong>da</strong>!<br />
safrangeTis revoluciam <strong>da</strong>gvanaxa, rom mefis moWrili<br />
Tavis adgili naciam <strong>da</strong>ikava. mefe iyo suvereni, romelsac<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> neba, is aRasruleb<strong>da</strong> kanonebs, kanons<br />
sWirdeba neba, es mefis nebaa, magram mefis neba RvTis nebisagan<br />
momdinareobs. metafizikurad Zalian gamarTuli<br />
momentia! kanonis uzenaesoba <strong>da</strong> naciis suverenuloba<br />
swored mefis suverenulobis Canacvlebaa, <strong>da</strong> _ im legitimurobisa,<br />
romlis wyaroc aris RmerTi. amitomac, safrangeTis<br />
revoluciis Semdeg dRemde legitimurobis krizisis<br />
situaciaSi vimyofebiT. fraza _ “kanonis uzenaesoba”<br />
_ malavs garkveul melanqoliasa <strong>da</strong> sev<strong>da</strong>s namdvili<br />
legitimurobis _ mefis legitimurobis _ misamarTiT. Cven<br />
xSirad vambobT, rom legitimuroba Semcir<strong>da</strong> an gaizar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>, legitimuroba an aris, an _ ara, is araa Tvladi.<br />
Tu is icvleba <strong>da</strong> iTvleba, maSin is ukve reitingia <strong>da</strong><br />
ara _ legitimuroba. es problema ontologiurad safuZvelSive<br />
udevs demokratias _ evropuli demokratia <strong>da</strong> nacia<br />
xom erTi <strong>da</strong> igivea!<br />
ilia WavWavaZe Tavisi cnobili sloganiT _ "mamuli,<br />
ena, sarwmunoeba" _ Seeca<strong>da</strong> amoevso is wyveta, romelic<br />
samefosa <strong>da</strong> nacionalizms Soris arsebob<strong>da</strong>. ufro metic<br />
_ ilia Seeca<strong>da</strong> mefis nacvlad eri gamoecxadebina sakralurad!<br />
amitomac mas “eris mama” <strong>da</strong> “saqarTvelos ugvir-<br />
! >";
gvino mefe” uwodes. es kvazimonarqistuli epiTetebi Zalian<br />
simptomuria!<br />
samefoSi yvelaferi mefisadmi loialurobiT izomeba.<br />
magaliTad, erekles dros qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong> somxebi religiurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebulebi ki iyvnen, magram nacionaluri<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispireba maT Soris ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. imitom, rom ar<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong> iseTi xedvis kuTxe, rogoricaa nacionalizmi.<br />
es <strong>da</strong>pirispireba XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> _<br />
ruseTis imperiaSi Cveni yofnisas, roca qarTuli aristokratia<br />
<strong>da</strong> glexoba gauucxov<strong>da</strong> somxur burJuazias. es<br />
Zalian kargad aris naCvenebi "xanumaSi", roca qeTosa <strong>da</strong><br />
kotes qorwinebis saxiT xdeba alqimiuri qorwineba somxur<br />
burJuaziasa (romelsac realuri kapitali aqvs) <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTul aristokratias (romelsac simboluri kapitali<br />
aqvs) Soris.<br />
mamaTa <strong>da</strong> SvilTa brZola iyo ara imdenad TaobaTa<br />
Soris brZola, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c _ brZola monarqizmsa <strong>da</strong> liberalur<br />
nacionalizms Soris. monarqizmi gulisxmobs ierarqiulobas,<br />
liberalizmi _ Tanasworobas; monarqizmi<br />
agebulia dinastizmis principze, is ar aris teritoriaze<br />
mibmuli _ sa<strong>da</strong>c mefea, iqaa samefoc. teritoriuli problemebi<br />
mniSvnelovania Sua saukuneebSi, magram ar aris ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti.<br />
nacia ki aris _ erTi ekonomika <strong>da</strong> erTi nacionaluri<br />
narativi erT teritoriaze. imperia Tavisi arsiT<br />
upirispirdeba nacionalizms _ is global(ist)uri fenomenia.<br />
imperiaSi mTavaria, rom is farTovdeba garkveuli<br />
samefoebis dinastiur principSi “CarTviT” _ imperia gafarToebadi<br />
monarqiaa. nacionalizms ki sWirdeba konkretuli<br />
teritoria <strong>da</strong> bevri sisxlic iRvreba am teritoriis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sakaveblad. garkveuli azriT, nacionalizmi samoqalaqo<br />
omsa <strong>da</strong> genocids moiTxovs. frangebs <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>T<br />
sakuTari xalxis genocidi _ vandea, Turqebs _ somxebis<br />
genocidi, imitom, rom erT teritoriaze or ers hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nacionaluri proeqti. ara<strong>da</strong>, somxebi saukuneebis<br />
manZilze mSvi<strong>da</strong>d cxovrobdnen TurqeTis imperiis<br />
farglebSi. imisaTvis rom gaCeniliyo TurqeTis sekularuli<br />
nacionaluri saxelmwifo, Turqebs somxebis genocidi<br />
<strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
Tumca, aq sruliad garkveulad un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom<br />
qarTuli nacionalizmi mainc gansxvavdeba evropuli naci-<br />
>"< !
onalizmisagan _ saqme sulac araa is, rom Cven “eTnikuri<br />
nacionalizmi” gvaqvs, xolo evropuli nacionalizmi “saxelmwifo<br />
nacionalizmia”. saqme isaa, rom XV saukunis<br />
Semdeg Cven “bizantiur getos” warmovadgenT... rogor mox<strong>da</strong><br />
es, calke saubris Temaa, magram qarTuli nacionalizmi,<br />
romelic XIX saukuneSi gaform<strong>da</strong>, evropuli nacionalizmisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, sekularizaciis anu _ eklesias-<br />
Tan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis gziT ar Camoyalibebula _ piriqiT!<br />
qarTuli nacionalizmi sxva “aRmosavlur nacionalizmeb-<br />
Tan” erTad (vgulisxmob serbul, bulgarul, ruminul,<br />
rusul <strong>da</strong> a.S. nacionalur narativebs) sekularizaciis<br />
gziT ar Camoyalibebula (sekularizacia esaa eklesiis<br />
“amorTva” Zalauflebi<strong>da</strong>n _ is aRaraa Zalauflebis legitimaciis<br />
wyaro _ ara<strong>da</strong>, safrangeTis revoluciamde eklesia<br />
evropaSi Zalauflebis legitimacias uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong>!).<br />
ilias formula _ “mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba” _ gviCvenebs,<br />
rom eklesia qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis nawilia,<br />
rogorc “kulturuli memkvidreoba”, xolo faqtobrivad,<br />
_ rogorc Cveni “izolacionizmis”, “gansxvavebulobis”<br />
niSani _ is, rom Cven “bizantiur getos” warmovadgenT...<br />
es ganmasxvavebeli niSani rCeba. sagulisxmoa, rom<br />
eklesia TviT stalinmac ki CarTo sabWoTa “nacionalur”<br />
proeqtSi.<br />
aqve isic un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSno, rom sabWoTa kavSiri imperiul<br />
principze agebuli ar yofila. nu <strong>da</strong>gvaviwydeba,<br />
rom sabWoTa kavSiri iyo Tanamedrove globalizaciis<br />
pirveli mcdeloba, globalizaciis pirveli talRa _ modernistuli<br />
globalizacia (gansxvavebiT dRevandeli<br />
postmodernistuli globalizaciisagan), romelic marcxiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. sabWoTa kavSiri permanentuli revoluciis<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebis Sedegad warmoSobili izolacionisturi<br />
bastionia. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom permanentuli revolucia ararealuria (is <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong><br />
iranSi, poloneTSi, fineTSi <strong>da</strong> a.S.). amitomac,<br />
sabolood, sabWoTa kavSiri nacionalur-teritoriuli<br />
niSniT moawyves, <strong>da</strong> swored aq Caido “neli moqmedebis<br />
Wurvi”. sabWoTa kavSiric centriskenuli iyo, mudmivad<br />
iyo orientirebuli SenarCuneba-Senaxvaze <strong>da</strong>, amitomac,<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong> rkinis far<strong>da</strong> _ sabWoTa kavSiri rkinis fardis<br />
gareSe warmoudgenelia! es iyo namdvili geto, esec bi-<br />
! >"=
zantiuri memkvidreobaa. eTnokonfliqtebic ki sinamdvileSi<br />
nacionalur-teritoriuli konfliqtebia.<br />
Cvenc _ qarTvelebi _ aRmovCndiT im situaciaSi, roca<br />
Cven <strong>da</strong> afxazebs erT teritoriaze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nacionaluri<br />
proeqti gvaqvs (oseTis situacia afxazeTis anarekls<br />
warmoadgens) _ esaa samoqalaqo omis situacia! amitom,<br />
“mZvinvare sityva” genocidi, sruliad bunebrivia _<br />
nebismieri nacionalizmi genocidiT mkvidrdeba. samwuxarod,<br />
nebismieri nacionalizmi Tavisi arsiT Sinaganad gulisxmobs<br />
genocidsa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo oms _ an sakuTari an<br />
sxva xalxis winaaRmdeg!<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom nacionalizmi qristianuli istoriis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>weraa, nacionalizmi upirispirdeba qristianul<br />
pozicias. nebismieri nacionalizmi qristianobis Canacvlebis<br />
mcdelobaa _ “Cemi xatia samSoblo...” am azriT,<br />
nacionalizmi eresia!<br />
amave dros, kidev erTxel msurs aRvniSno, rom Cven-<br />
Tan _ <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> _ bizantiis imperiis <strong>da</strong>Slis periodi<br />
jer bolomde ar <strong>da</strong>mTavrebula. qarTuli nacionalizmis<br />
Cawera evropul konteqstSi ai axla _ Cven Tvalwin<br />
xdeba. dRes evropuli nacionalizmi axal etapze ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
postmodernistuli globalizacia _ globalizaciis<br />
II talRa _ aris evropuli tipis ekonomikis globalizacia<br />
erT teritoriaze ki ara _ mTel de<strong>da</strong>miwaze. globalizmi<br />
evropuli nacionalizmis gagrZelebaa. Cven _ saqarTvelos<br />
mkvidrni _ jer bolomde gaformebuli ara<br />
varT rogorc nacia, <strong>da</strong> ukve gviwevs globalizaciaSi<br />
CarTva. amitomac, rac axla <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> xdeba, amas mxolod<br />
Cvens xelisuflebas ver <strong>da</strong>vabralebT _ esaa nacionalizmis<br />
mutacia <strong>da</strong> “ga<strong>da</strong>svla” globaluri fragmentaciis<br />
mdgomareobaSi.<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>, “bizantiuri qronotoposi” mudmivad izolaciisken<br />
miiswrafvis, rac “bunebrivad badebs” Zalauflebis<br />
sakralizaciis fenomens _ “geto” sakralur <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>s<br />
warmoSobs. rogorc Cans, saqme sagulisxmo invariantTan<br />
gvaqvs _ aRmosavluri sqizmis Semoqmedi XI saukunis<br />
konstantinopolis patriarqi mixeil kerulariosi,<br />
protopopi abakumi (“staroobriadelebis” sulieri winam-<br />
ZRoli, romelic <strong>da</strong>wves), ruseTis imperatori nikoloz I,<br />
stalini, zviad gamsaxurdia, putini, saakaSvili _ sxva-<br />
>@? !
<strong>da</strong>ssxva drosa <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli politikuri koniunqturi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, iswrafvodnen TviTizolaciisken, rkinis<br />
fardisken <strong>da</strong> amkvidrebdnen sakraluri (“qarizmuli”)<br />
Zalauflebis models.<br />
Tanamedrove qarTuli kulturis sami nacionaluri<br />
narativi “agvistos omamde”: 2003 _ 2008 ww.<br />
Tanamedrove qarTuli kulturis konteqstSi saubari<br />
SeiZleba sami nacionaluri narativis Sesaxeb. pirveli narativi<br />
“Zveli” anu “klasikuri” <strong>da</strong> “monoliTuri” narativia,<br />
esaa _ qarTveli eris xsnisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis istoria<br />
LC'/1B.Q!&+U!/1B.QI) Tu rogor ga<strong>da</strong>rCa qarTveli eri mravalsaukunovani<br />
Semosevebisa <strong>da</strong> imperiuli agresiis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad.<br />
amave dros, mas esqatologiuri ganzomilebac aqvs _ awmyo<br />
yovelTvis tragikulia, xolo momavali _ naTeli. am<br />
narativis saTaveebSi qarTuli liberaluri nacionalizmis<br />
fuZemdebeli mwerali <strong>da</strong> publicisti, “eris mama”<br />
ilia WavWavaZe (1837-1907) <strong>da</strong> XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasrulisa <strong>da</strong><br />
XX saukunis pirveli mesamedis sxva qarTveli liberali<br />
mwerlebi <strong>da</strong> publicistebi dganan.<br />
narativi I-is institucionalizacia literaturis,<br />
filologiisa <strong>da</strong> istoriis, rogorc sauniversiteto disciplinebis,<br />
meSveobiT XIX saukunis meore naxevarsa <strong>da</strong><br />
XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mox<strong>da</strong>. am narativis matarebeli<br />
institucia jer peterburgis universitetis qarTvelologiis<br />
kaTedra iyo (XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n 1917<br />
wlamde), xolo Semdeg _ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
(Tsu) _ dRevandeli javaxiSvilis universiteti _<br />
pirveli qarTuli umaRlesi saswavlebeli, romelic 1918<br />
wels <strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
klasikuri nacionaluri narativis “oqros xana” XX<br />
saukunis 60-80-iani wlebi iyo, roca saqarTvelos respublika<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris nawils warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, xolo “perestroikis”<br />
momavali gmiri eduard SevardnaZe (<strong>da</strong>b. 1929)<br />
saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis<br />
pirveli mdivani (1972-1985) gaxl<strong>da</strong>T. es narativi im<br />
wlebSi gansakuTrebulad literaturis, kinematografisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Teatris meSveobiT warmoCin<strong>da</strong>. magram misi namdvili<br />
triumfi 1988-1991 wlebi iyo, roca “perestroikis” talRa-<br />
! >@>
ze qarTulma nacionalurma moZraobam 1990 welis oqtombris<br />
maSindeli jer kidev sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali saqarTvelos<br />
parlamentis (ufro zustad, uzenaesi sabWos)<br />
arCevnebSi komunistebi <strong>da</strong>amarcxa, xolo 1991 wlis maisSi<br />
saqarTvelos respublikis prezidentad disidenti mwerali<br />
<strong>da</strong> filologi zviad gamsaxurdia (1939-1993 ww.) gaxa<strong>da</strong>.<br />
magram es triumfi ara mxolod samxedro ga<strong>da</strong>trialebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo omiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> (1991-1993 ww.), aramed am<br />
“klasikuri” <strong>da</strong> “monoliTuri” narativis fragmentaciiTac.<br />
dRes misi ramdenime “lokaluri” versia arsebobs: er-<br />
Ti _ “Zvel” (“sabWoTa”) inteligencias ekuTvnis, meore _<br />
zviad gamsaxurdias <strong>da</strong>qsaqsul momxreebs, xolo mesame,<br />
faqtobrivad, im <strong>da</strong>narCen or narativSia ga<strong>da</strong>zelili, romelTa<br />
Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari.<br />
Tuki narativi - I xsnisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis narativia, II<br />
narativs “axali inteleqtualebi” mogviTxrobdnen. esaa<br />
“vardebis revolucia” Lf\B/-! \-,B(*1'B+gI, romelic 2003<br />
wlis noemberSi prezident SevardnaZis ga<strong>da</strong>dgomiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
mixeil saakaSvilis epoqis <strong>da</strong>sawyisiT aRiniSna. “vardebis<br />
revolucia” “kosmogoniuri” narativia, romelic Sevardna-<br />
Zis korufciuli qaosi<strong>da</strong>n axali naciisa <strong>da</strong> “Zlieri qar-<br />
Tuli saxelmwifos” Seqmnis Sesaxeb gvesaubreba.<br />
am narativis inteleqtualuri baza ilia WavWavaZis<br />
universiteti (<strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong> 2005 wels) <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis saministroa.<br />
esaa, dRes, arsebiTad, xelisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis<br />
“SleifSi” arsebuli inteleqtualebis narativi. misi<br />
vizualuri gamoxatulebad jer kidev sabWoTa period-<br />
Si warmatebuli xelovanis zurab wereTlis mier Seqmnili<br />
wm. giorgis monumenti iqca, sa<strong>da</strong>c cxenze amxedrebuli<br />
Subosani Wabuki, kosmogoniuri miTosis Sesabamisad,<br />
kosmosis demiurgs (Semoqmeds) ganasaxierebs, xolo gangmiruli<br />
gveleSapi _ <strong>da</strong>sabamier qaoss. mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom es monumenti swored iq _ de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis centralur<br />
moe<strong>da</strong>nze _ aRimarTa, sa<strong>da</strong>c komunistur periodSi leninis<br />
Zegli idga (moe<strong>da</strong>nsac leninis saxeli erqva). es Zegli<br />
1990 wels sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis periodSi <strong>da</strong>angries,<br />
xolo moe<strong>da</strong>ns Tavisuflebis moe<strong>da</strong>ni uwodes. 15<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi am moe<strong>da</strong>nze araferi idga. 2006 wels<br />
axalma xelisuflebam wm. giorgis monumenti aRmarTa.<br />
>@" !
III narativi _ esaa “marTlmadidebloba rogorc<br />
qarTvelTa genetikuri” religia. misi instituciuri baza,<br />
cxadia, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istebliSmenti<br />
_ sapatriarqoa. narativi-III pretenzias acxadebs,<br />
rom isaa qarTuli kulturis erTaderTi srulfasovani<br />
reprezentatori. qarTuli eklesia dRes qarTveli<br />
eris nacionaluri eklesiaa, xolo mis narativi _ nacionaluri<br />
religia. am narativis vizualuri gamoxatuleba<br />
Tbilisis samebis taZaria. taZris mSenebloba 1996 wels<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo _ eduard SevardnaZis xelisuflebis periodSi,<br />
magram “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>.<br />
swored am sami narativis urTierTdifuzia <strong>da</strong> brZola<br />
gansazRvravs dRevandel qarTul nacionalizms.<br />
brZola mimdinareobs, faqtobrivad, I narativis memkvidreobis<br />
garSemo. [sagulisxmoa, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> dRemde ar<br />
arsebobs, “memarcxene inteleqtualuri diskursi”, ufro<br />
sworad, is absoluturad marginaluria.]<br />
“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> I narativisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> “Zveli” inteligenciis marginalizeba, rac<br />
“konspirologiuri ritorikis” meSveobiT xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong><br />
_ “Tqven sabWoTa reliqtebi <strong>da</strong> ruseTis agentebi xarT”<br />
(e. i. rusuli kulturis xalxi xarT) _ eubnebo<strong>da</strong> axali<br />
xelisufleba “Zvel” inteligencias; II narativisa <strong>da</strong> axali<br />
inteleqtualebis (saxelisuflebo istebliSmentis)<br />
winaaRmdeg “tipologiur-fenomenologiuri ritorika” gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong>:<br />
“Tqven, samagierod, namdvili bolSevikebi<br />
xarT” _ eubnebodnen “Zvelebi” “axlebs”. III narativis winaaRmdeg<br />
“axali inteleqtualebi” (anu _ II narativi) aseve<br />
“konspirologiur ritorikas” mimarTavdnen _ “Tqven rusuli<br />
eklesiis filiali xarT” _ eubnebodnen isini saeklesio<br />
istebliSments. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom samive ritorika<br />
erTgvari amalgamaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c racionaluri <strong>da</strong> konspirologiuri<br />
elementebi erTmaneTSi ga<strong>da</strong>zelilia.<br />
Tuki SevardnaZis meore _ postsabWoTa _ xelisuflebis<br />
periodi (1992-2003) “axali biznesis”, Zveli nomenklaturisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> “Zveli” inteligenciis urTierTSerwymas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, axali saxelisuflebo istebliSmenti arasamTavrobo<br />
seqtorisa <strong>da</strong> “axali akademiis” urTierTSezrdis<br />
procesis Sedegad yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>. axali inteleqtualuri<br />
elitis TviT<strong>da</strong>mkvidreba “Zveli” (sabWoTa) inteli-<br />
! >@@
genciis” viqtimizebisa <strong>da</strong> misi narativis misakuTrebis<br />
gziT <strong>da</strong>iwyo. “sabWoTa” dRes niSnavs rogorc Zvel<br />
struqturebs, ise _ “rusul kulturas”.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom, sazogadod, “rusuli argumenti”<br />
samive ritorikas gansazRvravs _ “rusulia” inteligencia,<br />
xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> “axali” inteleqtualebi<br />
“bolSevikebi” arian, xolo eklesia, aseve, “rusulia”,<br />
“rusuli eklesiis filialia.” Tuki “Zveli inteligenciis”<br />
marginalizeba, viqtimizeba <strong>da</strong>, amasTanave, “Zveli narativis”<br />
misakuTreba Tanamedrove kulturuli procesis<br />
sazriss warmoadgens, maSin mTavari kiTxva amgvaria _<br />
vis ekuTvnis qarTveli eris istoria <strong>da</strong> ilia WavWavaZe<br />
rogor “eris mama”?<br />
rac Seexeba wm. giorgis monumentisa <strong>da</strong> samebis taZris<br />
Serkinebas _ “gigantomaqias” _ es vizualuri kulturis<br />
sivrceSi amgvar kiTxvas badebs: _ vin <strong>da</strong>eufleba<br />
“TeTr taZars” _ ivane javaxiSvilis universitets _ qar-<br />
Tuli “klasikuri” nacionaluri narativis vizualur gamoxatulebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mexsierebis adgils?<br />
>@8 !<br />
“agvistos omi” _ axali nacionaluri narativi?<br />
mocemul politikur konteqstSi saxezea qarTuli<br />
nacionaluri identobis seriozuli krizisi. “vardebis<br />
revoluciam”, rogorc axalma nacionalurma narativma<br />
axali naciis <strong>da</strong>badebis Sesaxeb, marcxi ganica<strong>da</strong>. swored<br />
amitom gaaqtiur<strong>da</strong> narativi-III _ marTlmadidebloba, rogorc<br />
qarTuli nacionaluri identobis safuZveli. amave<br />
dros, arsebulma xelisuflebam nebsiT Tu uneblied liberaluri<br />
demokratiis RirebulebaTa seriozuli diskreditaciac<br />
moaxdina.<br />
amitom, dRes xdeba is, rasac SeiZleba xelisuflebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n “vardebis revoluciis” narativis “agvistos<br />
omis” narativiT Canacvleba vuwodoT. Tu es, sabolood,<br />
ramdenadme Camoyalibebul saxes miiRebs, maSin SesaZloa,<br />
rom “agvistos omi” iqces liberaluri naciis <strong>da</strong>badebis<br />
axal wertilad _ <strong>da</strong>axloebiT ise, rogor holokostis<br />
travmulma narativma sabolood Camoayaliba germania liberalur<br />
naciad. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi “agvistos” omi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaazrebul iqnas qarTuli inteleqtualuri elitis
mier ara rogorc “rusul imperializmTan brZola”, aramed<br />
rogorc qarTuli samoqalaqo omis erT-erTi etapi.<br />
“qarTul samoqalaqo omSi” me vgulisxmob qarTuli <strong>da</strong><br />
afxazuri nacionaluri proeqtebis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas, romelic<br />
simbolurad pavle ingoroyvas naSromis “giorgi<br />
merCules” pirveli tomis publikaciiTa <strong>da</strong> lixnis cnobili<br />
pirveli weriliT (XX saukunis 50-ani ww.) <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
SesaZlebelia Tu ara axali qarTuli<br />
nacionaluri identobisa <strong>da</strong> axali<br />
nacionaluri narativis formireba?<br />
dRes Cvens winaSea identobaTa <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri narativTa<br />
fragmentebi: “var qarTveli, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me var evropeli”<br />
_ aw gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili premieris frTosani fraza _<br />
identobis erT poluss moxazavs: “Cven evropa varT”. amave<br />
dros, arsebobs identobis amgvari veqtoric _ “var qar-<br />
Tveli, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, var kavkasieli”. identobis kidev erTi<br />
forma esaa “var qarTveli, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me var _ genetikurad<br />
marTlmadidebeli”. arsebobs kidev erTia identoba, romelic<br />
dRes sakmarisad marginalizebulia <strong>da</strong> romelic XX<br />
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi galaktionma ase Camoayaliba: “Cven<br />
azia varT!”<br />
“marTlmadidebluri” identobis gaZliereba XX saukunis<br />
90-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo, rasac sagulisxmo praqtikuli<br />
Sedegebi mohyva. erT-erTi aseTi Sedegi aWarisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mesxeTis mosaxleobis “gamarTlmadideblebaa” _ procesi,<br />
romelic dRedme ar <strong>da</strong>srulebula <strong>da</strong> romelic dro<strong>da</strong>dro<br />
sakmaod konfliqturi formebiTac mimdinareobs.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom imave XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi qarTuli naciis Camoyalibebis proeqti<br />
ori paraleluri gziT midio<strong>da</strong> _ religiur gansxvavebaTa<br />
waSlisa <strong>da</strong> teritoriuli heterogenulobis waSlis meSveobiT.<br />
magram samoqalaqo omis katalizatori swored<br />
eTnolingvisturi niSniT Seqmnili teritoriuli erTeulebi<br />
(afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> samxreT-oseTi) aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara _ religiuri<br />
niSniT Seqmnili avtonomia (aWara). aqe<strong>da</strong>n SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT: nacionaluri proeqtis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia<br />
“warmosaxviTi geografia” _ teritoriis (an _<br />
! >@9
teritoriuli) xati. amgvari xati <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Seqmnes<br />
mxolod afxazebma.<br />
rogori un<strong>da</strong> iyos axali qarTuli identoba? SesaZlebeli<br />
Tu ara axali identobis Seqmna? SesaZlebelia<br />
Tu ara axali kompleqsuri nacionaluri narativis formireba?<br />
evropuli qveynebis Tanamedrove istoria gveubneba,<br />
rom es savsebiT SesaZlebelia, magram es araa myiseuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> uecari xdomileba. amas sWirdeba dro <strong>da</strong> garkveuli<br />
makristalizebeli faqtorebi. erTi ZiriTadi faqtoria<br />
esaa _ teritoriis xati, meore _ erTiani saliteraturo<br />
ena <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis sistema, romelic nergavs am enasa <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamis nacionalur narativebs, mesame faqtori esaa _<br />
erTiani ekonomika. magram am yvelafers esaWiroeba nacionaluri<br />
burJuazia _ biznesi _ mesame wodeba, romelic<br />
dinastiuri <strong>da</strong> ierarqiuli principebis magivrad kapitalis<br />
<strong>da</strong>grovebis homogenur wess amkvidrebs. ara<strong>da</strong>, dRes<br />
qarTuli biznesi swored im dros yalibdeba, roca msoflio<br />
klasikuri kapitalizmis periodi<strong>da</strong>n globaluri kapitalizmis<br />
periodSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis <strong>da</strong> roca wamyvani Zala ara<br />
nacionaluri burJuaziaa, aramed _ transnacionaluri<br />
korporaciebi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, un<strong>da</strong> SevniSnoT, rom Tanamedrove gamowvevebs<br />
adekvaturi pasuxi esaWiroeba. saqarTvelos <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>m<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amtkicos, rom is marTlac warmoadgens <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> “Svas sakuTari myoofadi”.<br />
>@: !
qalaqi <strong>da</strong> sofeli: mosaxleobis<br />
Rirebulebebi <strong>da</strong> politikuri simpaTiebi<br />
nana sumbaZeQ<br />
Tanasworobis miRweva Tu ara, misadmi miaxloeba mainc,<br />
kacobriobis istoriis manZilze mravali sazogadoebis<br />
amocanas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kvlav warmoadgens. magram<br />
uTanasworoba mainc rCeba nebismieri sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel<br />
Tvisebad. stratifikacia, romelic sazogadoebis<br />
erTerT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels warmoadgens,<br />
asaxvas a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebs Soris arsebul<br />
struqturul uTanasworobas. sazogadoebis stratifikacia<br />
SesaZlebelia mravali niSnis mixedviT. am niSnebis<br />
mniSvneloba icvleba drosTan <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis ganviTarebis<br />
donesTan erTad. monoba. kasta, didgvarovneba,<br />
warmoebis saSualebebis flobaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli klasi<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> zogierT <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si kvlav warmoadgens.<br />
stratifikaciis Sedegs La'UU-+/J 1997). Tumca Tanamedrove<br />
epoqaSi stratifikacia ufro metad efuZneba maqs veberis<br />
mier gamoyofil sam maniSnebels: materialur SesaZleblobebs,<br />
prestiJs <strong>da</strong> <strong>Zalaufleba</strong>s. ekonomikurma ganviTarebam<br />
<strong>da</strong> demokratiulma mmarTvelobam Searbila gansxvavebebi<br />
zemoTaRniSnul maniSneblebis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebul<br />
qveynebTan mimarTebaSi dRes laparakia stratifikaciaze<br />
sqesis, eTnurobis, seqsualuri orientaciis,<br />
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebisa <strong>da</strong> asakis mixedviT LW&Z'B+'/!<br />
h! K(*%-.J! "??@;
kavSirebis” La.&+B,-11-.J 1973) <strong>da</strong>myarebis nakleb SesaZleblobebs<br />
iZleva. susti kavSirebi ki areklaven gansxvavebul<br />
sxvebTan ufro ze<strong>da</strong>pirul, naklebad intimur urTierTobebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad <strong>da</strong>xurul, mxolod msgavsebaTaA<br />
Soris yofni<strong>da</strong>n gamosavals. urbanizacia anu mosaxleobis<br />
qalaqebSi koncentracia globalur process warmoadgens,<br />
romelic gansakuTrebiT <strong>da</strong>Cqar<strong>da</strong> XX saukunis meore<br />
naxevarSi. gaeros prognozis mixedviT 2025 wels msoflioSi<br />
qalaqis mosaxleoba 63 procents miaRwevs.<br />
stratifikacias qalaqsa <strong>da</strong> sofelSi cxovrebis mixedviT<br />
yuradReba mxolod XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mieqca La'UU-+/J 1997). sofli<strong>da</strong>n qalaqad migracia ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
ganpirobebulia qalaqad arsebuli meti SesaZleblobebiT.<br />
es exeba, rogorc ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs, ker-<br />
Zod <strong>da</strong>saqmebas, aseve ganaTlebasTan <strong>da</strong> kulturasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul,<br />
aseve sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong> specifiuri, xarisxiani<br />
servisis miRebis SesaZleblobebs.<br />
qveynis Siga migracia qalaqSi saqarTvelosaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel<br />
<strong>da</strong> mzard tendencias warmoadgens. oTxmoc<strong>da</strong>aTian<br />
wlebSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli mosaxleobis qveynis gareT migracia<br />
aisaxa mosaxleobis raodenobis Semcirebaze qalaqad,<br />
iseve rogorc soflad, magram ukanasknel wlebSi saxezea<br />
did qalaqebSi mosaxleobis zr<strong>da</strong>. ase magaliTad<br />
Tbilisis mosaxleoba 2002 wli<strong>da</strong>n 2008 wlamde gaizar<strong>da</strong><br />
3.0, quTaisis 1.4, baTumis 0.3, rusTavis 0.8, zugdidis 4.4,<br />
goris 1.7 <strong>da</strong> foTis 0.5 procentiT. dRes de<strong>da</strong>qalaqsa<br />
(1,106,500) <strong>da</strong> 6 did qalaqSi - quTaisSi (188,600), baTumSi<br />
(122,200), rusTavSi (117,300), zugdidSi (72,100), gorSi (50,400)<br />
<strong>da</strong> foTSi (47,400) cxovrobs 1,704,500 a<strong>da</strong>miani, anu maTSi saqarTvelos<br />
mosaxleobis mesamedze meti aris koncentrirebuli<br />
LC11D)EERRR2Z'1QDBD*(&1'B+2U-Ea-B.3'&2C1%(I<br />
siRaribe migraciis erTerTi gamapirobebeli faqtoria.<br />
igi xSirad sacxovrebel adgilTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>v rigi makroekonomikuri maCveneblis zrdisa<br />
qveynis masStabSi, ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong> aranairad ar aisaxa<br />
mosaxleobis keTildReobaze. oficialuri monacemebi 2004<br />
wlis Semdeg qveyanaSi arsebuli siRaribis donis Taobaze<br />
ar gamoqveynebula. @2004 wels siRaribis miRma cxovrob<strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 52 procenti. saerTaSoriso<br />
savaluto fondi msoflio bankis monacemebze <strong>da</strong>y-<br />
>@< !
dnobiT miuTiTebs absoluturi siRaribis zr<strong>da</strong>ze 2004<br />
wli<strong>da</strong>n 2007 wlamde (a<strong>da</strong>mianis ganviTarebis angariSi,<br />
2008). saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erTi mesamedi Tavs Raribad<br />
miiCnevs <strong>da</strong> registrirebulia socialurad mowyvlad<br />
ojaxTa monacemTa bazaSi. Raribi mosaxleobis 60.0 procenti<br />
soflad cxovrobs.<br />
siRaribis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtors umuSevroba<br />
warmoadgens. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT<br />
TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebulad iTvleba yvela is piri, vinc flobs miwis<br />
nakveTs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, umuSevrobis maCvenebeli<br />
qveyanaSi ar aris maRali. igi 2004 wels Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 11.5<br />
procents, xolo 2007 wels 13.3 procents. eqspertebis<br />
mosazrebiT realuri umuSevroba qveyanaSi 30.0 procents<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Seadgendes L`7OKJ 2008).<br />
sacxovrebeli adgilis tipi <strong>da</strong> zoma garkveulwilad<br />
ganapirobebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebis stils, gansazRvravs<br />
mis msoflmxedvelobas uqmnis ra gansxvavebul sxvebTan<br />
urTierTobis, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis informaciis miRebis SesaZleblobas.<br />
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom soflis mosaxleoba,<br />
qalaqis mosaxleobaze ufro metad konservatuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis gamo ufro loialuri un<strong>da</strong> iyos arsebuli<br />
xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong> ufro erTguli tradiciuli Rirebulebebis<br />
mimarT. amdenad, xelisuflebisadmi erTgulebis<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong>s un<strong>da</strong> velodoT <strong>da</strong>saxlebis zomis SemcirebasTan<br />
erTad. am SemTxvevaSi, xelisuflebisadmi yvelaze<br />
mcire keTilganwyobas gamoavlens de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis, ufro<br />
mets didi qalaqebis <strong>da</strong> yvelaze mets soflis mosaxleoba.<br />
soflis mosaxleoba aseve ufro metad un<strong>da</strong> uWerdes<br />
mxars tradiciul <strong>da</strong> materialistur Rirebulebebs.<br />
ukanasknel wlebSi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mimdinare procesebma<br />
gamoaaSkaraves soflisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqis, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki Tbilisis macxovrebelTa gansxvavebuli politikuri<br />
simpatiebi <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebi. qvemoT Cven ganvixilavT gansxvavebebs<br />
politikuri Sexedulebebisa <strong>da</strong> simpaTiebis mixedviT<br />
Tbilisis, saqarTvelos eqvsi didi qalaqis <strong>da</strong><br />
mcire qalaqebisa <strong>da</strong> soflis macxovrebelTa Soris, SevecdebiT<br />
gamovyoT mizezebi, romlebic ganapirobeben amgvar<br />
gansxvavebas. analizisas Cven <strong>da</strong>veyrdnobiT sazogadoebrivi<br />
politikis institutis mier 2008 wlis noember-<br />
Si Catarebul saqarTvelos mosaxleobis reprezentaciu-<br />
! >@=
li gamokiTxvis Sedegebs (gamokiTxva ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> Ria<br />
sazogadoebis institutis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT). sami jgufi, romlis<br />
mixedviTac aris ganxiluli Sedegebi gamoyofil iqna<br />
sacxovrebeli adgilis zomis mixedviT. pirvel jgufs<br />
Seadgens Tbilisis mosaxleoba (gamokiTxulTa 22.4 procenti),<br />
meore jgufSi (gamokiTxulTa 17.1 procenti) gaer-<br />
Tian<strong>da</strong> im qalaqebis mosaxleoba, romlebSic 45,000-ze meti<br />
macxovrebelia, aseTia quTaisi, baTumi, rusTavi, zugdidi,<br />
gori <strong>da</strong> foTi, xolo mesame jgufSi gaerTian<strong>da</strong><br />
mcire qalaqebisa <strong>da</strong> soflis mosaxleoba (gamokiTxulTa<br />
60.5 procenti).<br />
sul gamokiTxuli iyo 1156 a<strong>da</strong>miani (48.9 procenti<br />
kaci <strong>da</strong> 51.1 procenti qali) saqarTvelos cxrave regionSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> TbilisSi. respondentebi SerCeul iqnen <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
qalaqad <strong>da</strong> soflad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva asakisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis mixedviT<br />
mosaxleobis arsebuli ganawilebis Sesabamisad ierarqiuli<br />
SemTxveviTi SerCevis meTodis gamoyenebiT. amdenad<br />
gamokiTxva reprezentaciuli <strong>da</strong> miRebuli Sedegebi<br />
SeiZleba generalizebul iqnen saqarTvelos mTel mosaxleobaze.<br />
yvelgan, sa<strong>da</strong>c laparakia jgufebs Soris gansxvavebebze,<br />
gansxvaveba statistikurad mniSvnelovania (hi<br />
kvadrati 8? !
tabula 1<br />
sainformacio ga<strong>da</strong>cemebi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
procenti<br />
Ddidi qalaqebi<br />
procenti<br />
1 moambe (sazogadoebrivi televizia)<br />
39.1 36.6 42.7<br />
2 kurieri/post skriptumi (rus-<br />
Tavi 2)<br />
48.4 58.4 50.1<br />
3 qronika/droeba (imedi) 53.5 72.0 60.6<br />
4 dRes (kavkasia) 66.5 12.2 14.0<br />
5 axali ambebi (aWara) 17.8 12.2 12.0<br />
6 adgilobrivi televiziis axali<br />
ambebi<br />
8.1 34.5 21.6<br />
7 rusul arxebis sainformacio<br />
programebi<br />
12.8 3.0 4.2<br />
8 evroniusi, bi-bi-si an si-eneni<br />
20.5 19.3 11.0<br />
soflebi<br />
procenti<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebis tipis mixedviT mkveTri gansxvaveba kavkasiasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> adgilobriv telearxebTan mimarTebaSi am arxebis<br />
gavrcelebis arealiT aris ganpirobebuli. kavkasiis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemebis yureba Tbilisis gareT faqtiurad SeuZlebelia.<br />
politikuri simpatiebi<br />
mTlianobaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleoba ufro metad<br />
endoba xelisuflebas (31.1 procenti), vidre opozicias<br />
(7.3 procenti). gansxvaveba xelisuflebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
mixedviT Zalze didia <strong>da</strong>saxlebis zomis mixedviT.<br />
gamokveTilia aSkara tendencia, romlis mixedviTac yvelaze<br />
did ndobas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad yvelaze nakleb kritikul<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas xelisuflebisadmi avlens didi qalaqebis<br />
mosaxleoba, xolo yvelaze naklebad xelisuflebas<br />
Tbilisis mosaxleoba endoba.<br />
ase magaliTad, xelisuflebas ndobas ucxadebs<br />
TbiliselTa 14.0 procenti, didi qalaqis mosaxleobis<br />
42.1 procenti <strong>da</strong> soflis mosaxleobis 33.5 procenti. opozicias<br />
endoba TbiliselTa 14.0 procenti, didi qalaqis<br />
macxovrebelTa 4.6 procenti <strong>da</strong> soflis macxovrebelTaA<br />
5.6 procenti. qveyanaSi Zalze didia politikuri nihilizmi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis macxovreblebs Soris,<br />
romelTa naxevari (50.2 procenti) acxadebs, rom arcerT<br />
! >8>
politikur Zalas ar endoba, kidev 19.8 procents uWirs<br />
arCevanis gakeTeba.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
>8" !<br />
Tbilisis<br />
mosaxleoba<br />
didi qalaqis<br />
mosaxleoba<br />
soflis<br />
mosaxleoba<br />
xelisuflebas<br />
opozicias<br />
arcerTs/ar icis<br />
cxrili 1<br />
ndoba xelisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> opoziciis mimarT<br />
partiebi<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze meti mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri nacionalur<br />
moZraobas yavs. kiTxvaze, xval rom tardebodes saparlamento<br />
arCevnebi, romel partias miscemdiT xmas, 24.1 procentma<br />
upasuxa, rom nacionalur moZraobas (TbiliselTa<br />
12.4 procenti, qalaqis mosaxleobis 28.4 procenti <strong>da</strong> soflis<br />
mosaxleobis 27.2 procenti). qristian-demokratiuli<br />
partiisaTvis mzad iyo xma mieca TbiliselTa 4.3 procents,<br />
qalaqis macxovrebelTa 11.2 procents <strong>da</strong> soflis<br />
macxovrebelTa 11.7 procents. saqarTvelos leiboristul<br />
partiis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerTa yvelaze didi nawili TbilisSi<br />
cxovrobs (8.1 procenti). partias mxars uWers soflis<br />
macxovrebelTa 6.7 procenti <strong>da</strong> didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis<br />
2.5 procenti. gamokiTxulTa Zalze didi nawils,<br />
TiTqmis mesameds (Tbilisis macxovrebelTa 26.0 procenti,<br />
qalaqis macxovrebelTa 29.4 procenti <strong>da</strong> soflis macxovrebelTa<br />
26.6 procenti ) isev <strong>da</strong> isev uWirs arCevanis gakeTeba.<br />
prezidentis yvelaze sasurvel Tvisebebad miCneulia<br />
samarTlianoba, principuloba, momavalze orientacia, pirovnuli<br />
siZliere <strong>da</strong> qveynis interesebis viwro politikur<br />
interesebze ufro maRla <strong>da</strong>yeneba. yvela es Tviseba<br />
oris gar<strong>da</strong>, ufro mniSvnelovnad aris aRqmuli Tbilisis
mosaxleobis mier <strong>da</strong> maTi mniSvneloba klebulobs <strong>da</strong>saxlebis<br />
sididesTan erTad. pirovnuli siZliere yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovania didi qalaqebis <strong>da</strong> yvelaze nakleb mniSvnelovani<br />
Tbilisis macxovreblebisaTvis, xolo samar-<br />
Tlianoba yvelaze metad mniSvnelovnad Tbilisis macxovreblebis<br />
mier aris Sefasebuli. amasTan, didi qalaqebis<br />
macxovreblebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, igi ufro mniSvnelovnad<br />
soflis macxovreblebs miaCniaT.<br />
Tbilisis, didi qalaqebisa <strong>da</strong> soflis mosaxleoba<br />
gansxvavebul simpatiebs amJRavnebs politikuri liderebis<br />
mimarT.<br />
! >8@
tabula 5<br />
politikur liderTa mowoneba (cxrilSi warmodgenili<br />
arian politikosebi, romlebic gamokiTxulTa meoTxedze<br />
metis mowonebas imsaxureben)<br />
pirovneba<br />
Tbilisi<br />
didi<br />
qalaqi<br />
sofeli sul<br />
mixeil saakaSvili 23.3 56.2 55.9 48.3<br />
giorgi TargamaZe 22.6 53.8 52.7 45.2<br />
nino burjanaZe 38.1 39.9 47.4 43.9<br />
gigi ugulava 41.2 51.8 41.1 42.8<br />
levan berZeniSvili 45.9 31.1 42.8 41.8<br />
TinaTin xi<strong>da</strong>Seli 41.3 28.8 40.3 38.7<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT gamyreliZe 53.7 24.2 34.0 37.5<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT usufaSvili 46.3 31.2 33.5 36.4<br />
irakli oqruaSvili 37.4 46.0 39.4 35.7<br />
salome zurabiSvili 42.8 18.4 35.1 34.4<br />
kaxa kukava 34.5 24.8 31.1 31.0<br />
levan gaCeCilaZe 43.6 9.8 30.6 30.9<br />
eka beselia 36.6 25.0 29.4 30.4<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT baqraZe 37.4 52.1 37.6 29.9<br />
koba <strong>da</strong>viTaSvili 33.9 19.5 31.1 29.9<br />
Salva naTelaSvili 40.1 16.2 28.1 29.3<br />
opoziciis liderebs yvelaze meti mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi,<br />
Semdeg ki soflad yavT. gamonakliss xelisuflebis<br />
yofili wevrebi nino burjanaZe <strong>da</strong> irakli oqruaSvili<br />
warmoadgenen. nino burjanaZes yvelaze meti mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri<br />
soflad, xolo yvelaze naklebi TbilisSi yavs.<br />
oqruaSvils <strong>da</strong> giorgi TargamaZes mxars yvelaze metad<br />
didi qalaqis mosaxleoba, xolo yvelaze naklebad Tbiliselebi<br />
uWeren. didi qalaqebi rogorc Cans xelisuflebis<br />
ZiriTad <strong>da</strong>sayrdens warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong> maT warmomadgenlebsac<br />
swored iq uWeren yvelaze metad mxars.<br />
politikur simpatiebi u<strong>da</strong>od mosaxleobis mier qveyanaSi<br />
arsebul mdgomareobis <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis moqmedebebis<br />
efeqturobis aRqmis Sedegia. aqac mkveTra<strong>da</strong>a gamokveTili<br />
gansxvaveba <strong>da</strong>saxlebis tipis mixedviT. yvelaze<br />
kritikuli xelisuflebisadmi isev de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis, xolo<br />
yvelaze nakleb kritikuli didi qalaqebis macxovreblebi<br />
arian.<br />
didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis 36.5 procents, soflis<br />
mosaxleobis 25.7 procents <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis mosaxleobis 13.6<br />
>88 !
procents miaCnia, rom xelisufleba usmens <strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebs<br />
xalxis azrs.<br />
didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis ufro did nawils (48.7<br />
procenti), soflis (41.0 procenti) <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis mosaxleobasTan<br />
(39.1 procenti) Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT miaCnia, rom qveyana ganviTarebis<br />
swor gzaze dgas.<br />
Tbilisis mosaxleobis 64.5 procenti fiqrobs, rom<br />
SesaZlebeli iyo agvistos omis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba. am azrs<br />
iziarebs didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis 55.7 procenti <strong>da</strong><br />
soflis mosaxleobis 56.4 procenti.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> demokratia <strong>da</strong> liberaluri demokratiis<br />
Rirebulebisadmi erTguleba zoga<strong>da</strong>d kritikulad<br />
aris Sefasebuli. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilia<br />
de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis macxovrebelTa pozicia. dRes saqarTvelo-<br />
Si demokratiis arseboba realobad miaCnia Tbilisis mosaxleobis<br />
mxolod 8.5 procents, soflis mosaxleobis<br />
24.0 procents, didi qalaqebis macxovrebelTa 34.0 procents<br />
. a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong>culad miaCnia Tbilisis<br />
mosaxleobis 9.3 procents, soflis mosaxleobis 20.8 procents,<br />
didi qalaqis macxovrebelTa 31.4 procents. kanonis<br />
winaSe Tanasworobis principi <strong>da</strong>culad miaCnia Tbilisis<br />
mosaxleobis 14.8 procents, soflis mosaxleobis<br />
22.7 procents, didi qalaqebis macxovrebelTa 32.0 procents.<br />
Tavs usamarTlobisgan <strong>da</strong>culad grZnobs Tbilisis<br />
mosaxleobis 10.5 procenti, soflis mosaxleobis 26.7 procenti,<br />
didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis 30.5 procenti. qveyana-<br />
Si kerZo sakuTreba <strong>da</strong>culad miaCnia Tbilisis macxovrebelTa<br />
7.4 procents, soflis macxovrebelTa 26.2 procents<br />
<strong>da</strong> didi qalaqebis macxovrebelTa 37.1 procents.<br />
Rirebulebebi<br />
politikuri simpatiebisa <strong>da</strong> liberaluri demokratiis<br />
Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong>cvasTan arsebuli mdgomareobis Sefasebebisgan<br />
gansxvavebuli kanonzomiereba SeimCneva demokratiuli<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebis mniSvnelobis<br />
SefasebaSi. soflis mosaxleoba, Tbilisisa <strong>da</strong> didi qalaqebis<br />
mosaxleobaze ufro nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs<br />
demokratiuli uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvas. ase magaliTad, 7 noembers<br />
mitingis <strong>da</strong>rbeva mniSvnelovnad miaCnia Tbilisel<br />
respondentTa 90.6 procents, didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis<br />
80.6 procents <strong>da</strong> soflis mosaxleobis 71.9 procents. Se-<br />
! >89
sabamisi cifrebi telekompania imedSi SeWris Taobaze<br />
aris 91.0 procenti, 78.1 procenti <strong>da</strong> 71.5 procenti. agvistos<br />
oms mniSvnelovan movlenad afasebs TbiliselTa 98.0<br />
procenti, did qalaqebis macxovrebelTa 93.4 procenti <strong>da</strong><br />
soflis mosaxleobis 85.0 procenti.<br />
demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad miaCnia<br />
ufro metad qalaqis (75.2 procenti TbilisSi, 75.3 procenti<br />
didi qalaqebSi) vidre soflis mosaxleobas (65.1 procenti).<br />
sityvis Tavisufleba bevrad ufro mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT<br />
Tbilisis (37.6 procenti), vidre soflis (27.6 procenti)<br />
<strong>da</strong> didi qalaqis macxovreblebs (21.8 procenti).<br />
liberaluri demokratiis arCeviTi demokratiisagan<br />
erTerT ganmasxvavebel niSans mosaxleobis mier ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miRebaze zegavlenis qona warmoadgens. swored<br />
mosaxleobis monawileobaa miCneuli efeqturi demokratiis<br />
maCveneblad (]-(i-(!h!4+3(-C&.1J!"??8: !
ta ufro metad xe<strong>da</strong>ven didi qalaqis (27.2 procenti) <strong>da</strong><br />
soflis (24.5 procenti) macxovreblebi.<br />
Zalze umniSvneloa mosaxleobis monawileobis gamocdilebac.<br />
gamokiTxulTa mxolod 2.8 procentma aRniSna,<br />
rom 2007 wlis noembri<strong>da</strong>n 2008 wlis noembramde monawileoba<br />
miiRo raime koleqtiur aqciaSi. rac Seexeba im<br />
formebs, romelsac, mosaxleoba SesaZleblad Tvlis gamoiyenos<br />
xelisuflebis mier misi uflebebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, yvela CamoTvlili ToTxmeti saxis aqtivobis<br />
ganxorcielebis mimarT mzaoba ufro didia Tbiliselebis,<br />
Semdeg didi qalaqebis macxovreblebis <strong>da</strong> yvelaze<br />
mcire soflis mosaxleobis Soris. ufro xSirad respondentebi<br />
arCeven monawileobis nakleb aqtiur formebs,<br />
rogoricaa mag. moTxovnaze xelmowera, Sexvedrebze <strong>da</strong><br />
mitingebze <strong>da</strong>swreba, azris gamoTqma. amis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
xelisuflebaze mosaxleobis zemoqmedebis efeqturobis<br />
Sefasebisas upiratesobas ufro aqtiur formebs aniWeben,<br />
iseTebs rogoricaa gaficva, xalxmravali mitingebis mowyoba,<br />
problemis mogvarebaSi presisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebis CarTva. aqac yvelaze didi aqtivoba Tbilisis<br />
macxovrebelTaA Soris aRiniSneba.A<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT<br />
ar gansxvavdeba im problemebis identifikaciaSi,<br />
romelic maT saqarTvelosaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovnad<br />
miaCniaT. esenia, a<strong>da</strong>mianebis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva, samuSao adgilebis<br />
Seqmna <strong>da</strong> fasebis zrdis SeCereba. gansxvaveba<br />
aris am prioritetuli sferoebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mniSvneloba-<br />
Si.<br />
! >8;
8< !<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis u...<br />
samuSao adg...<br />
fasebis zrd..<br />
Tbiliselebi<br />
didi qalaqis<br />
mosaxleoba<br />
soflis mosaxleoba<br />
yvelaze mkveTri gansxvaveba problemebis mniSvnelobis<br />
SefasebaSi ikveTeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxTan<br />
mimarTebaSi, romelic prioritetulia Tbilisis<br />
mosaxleobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> romlis mniSvnelobas mkveTrad<br />
klebulobs <strong>da</strong>saxlebis tipsa <strong>da</strong> zomis SemcirebasTan er-<br />
Tad. didi qalaqebisa <strong>da</strong> soflis macxovreblebi upiratesobas<br />
samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas aniWeben.<br />
msgavsi kanonzomiereba vlindeba qveynis prezidentis<br />
funqciebis mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas. sami CamoTvlili<br />
funqcii<strong>da</strong>n:<br />
1. icavdes a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebs <strong>da</strong> idges samarTlianobis<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>rajoze;<br />
2. icavdes mosaxleobas sagareo <strong>da</strong> saSinao safrTxeebisagan;<br />
3. uzrunvelyofdes normaluri cxovrebisaTvis aucilebel<br />
pirobebs.<br />
Tbiliselebi upiratesobas a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvas (38.3 procenti) didi qalaqisa (44.6 procenti) <strong>da</strong><br />
soflis macxovreblebi (55.7 procenti) ki cxovrebis pirobebis<br />
gaumjobesebas aniWeben.<br />
gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba (58.6 procenti) <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
oTxi Rirebulebi<strong>da</strong>n, romli<strong>da</strong>nac 2 materialis-
turia (qveyanaSi wesrigis <strong>da</strong>myareba <strong>da</strong> fasebis zrdis Se-<br />
Cereba) <strong>da</strong> 2 post-materialisturi (a<strong>da</strong>mianebs hqondeT meti<br />
saSualeba zegavlena moaxdinon qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovani<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebaze <strong>da</strong> sityvis Tavisufleba)<br />
arCevans erT materialistur (ufro xSirad qveyana-<br />
Si wesrigis <strong>da</strong>myarebaze <strong>da</strong> erT post-materialistur (ufro<br />
xSirad monawileobis SesaZleblobaze) akeTeben.<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d or materialur Rirebulebebs bevrad ufro<br />
meti respondenti (35.6 procenti) irCevs, vidre or postmaterialurs<br />
(4.8 procenti). amasTan, materialur Rirebulebas<br />
yvelaze metad soflis macxovreblebi irCeven (38.4<br />
procenti), Semdeg ki didi qalaqebisa (34.0 procenti) <strong>da</strong><br />
Tbilisis (33.7 procenti) macxovreblebi. Sesabamisad<br />
post-materialistur Rirebulebebze arCevans ufro metad<br />
Tbiliselebi akeTeben (7.0 procenti), vidre didi qalaqis<br />
(6.6 procenti) <strong>da</strong> soflis (3.6 procenti) macxovreblebi.<br />
amdenad post-materialuri <strong>da</strong> liberaluri demokratiisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Rirebulebebis mniSvneloba<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d klebulobs <strong>da</strong>saxlebis zomasTan erTad.<br />
Sejameba<br />
gamokiTxvis monacemTa ganxilvam respondentTa sacxovrebeli<br />
adgilis tipisa <strong>da</strong> zomis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura<br />
am parametris mixedviT mosaxleobis stratifikaciis Rirebuleba<br />
imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c asaxa mosaxleobis politikur<br />
simpatiebsa <strong>da</strong> RirebulebebSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani<br />
gansxvavebebi.<br />
informatuli <strong>da</strong> Rirebuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> qalaq-soflis<br />
parametris detalizacia <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis sxva qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamoyofa. gar<strong>da</strong> qveynis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis funqcionaluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvisa,<br />
Tbilisi zomiT bevrad aRemateba qveynis yvela<br />
sxva qalaqs. mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT igi TiTqmis<br />
eqvsjer didia quTaisze, saqarTvelos zomiT meore<br />
qalaqze. mas vercerTi qalaqi ver Seedreba a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan<br />
kontaqtis, informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gansxvavebuli<br />
azrisa Tu cxovrebis stilis eqsponirebis, ganaTlebis,<br />
kulturis <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva servisebis xelmisawvdomobis mixedviT.<br />
monacemebi erTmniSvnelovnad migvaniSneben arsebul<br />
gansxvavebebze Tbiliselebsa, didi qalaqebis <strong>da</strong> ase-<br />
! >8=
ve soflis macxovreblebs Soris maT SefasebebSi, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebsa,<br />
Rirebulebebsa <strong>da</strong> politikur simpaTiebSi..<br />
xelisuflebisadmi loialobis gacilebiT meti xarisxi<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong> didi qalaqebis mosaxleobas, vidre<br />
soflisa <strong>da</strong> miT ufro de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis macxovrebelTa Soris.<br />
gamomdinare qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n, SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom gansxvavebis mizezi SeiZleba mosaxleobis<br />
keTildReobis xarisxi iyos. magram gamokiTxvis<br />
monacemebi ar a<strong>da</strong>stureben am faqtoris mniSvnelobas politikuri<br />
simpatiebis CamoyalibebaSi. <strong>da</strong>saxlebis tipis<br />
mixedviT respondentebi erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdebian<br />
sakuTari ojaxis ekonomiuri mdgomareobis SefasebaSi,<br />
Tumca aris gansxvaveba Tbilisel <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCen respondentebs<br />
Soris yovelTviuri Semosavlis odenobaSi. TbiliselTa<br />
yvelaze didi nawili (20.8 procenti) miuTiTebs<br />
saojaxo Tviuri Semosavlis 500-<strong>da</strong>n-1000 laramde odenobaze,<br />
maSin rodesac qalaqebisa (19.0 procenti) <strong>da</strong> soflis<br />
macxovreblebi (21.1 procenti) yvelaze xSirad asaxeleben<br />
200-300 lars. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom es gansxvaveba SeiZleba<br />
ar areklavdes realur gansxvavebas keTildReobis<br />
doneSi, radgan cnobilia rom qveyanaSi saSualod mosaxleobis<br />
Semosavlis naxevari sasursaTo produqtebis Se-<br />
Zenaze ixarjeba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom soflis<br />
<strong>da</strong> aseve qalaqebis mosaxleobas de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis mosaxleobaze<br />
bevrad ufro meti SesaZlebloba aqvT sursaTis usasyidlod<br />
miRebisa, SeiZleba gansxvaveba ekonomikur keTildReobaSi<br />
de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis macxovrebelTa <strong>da</strong> sxva adgilebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebul pirTa Soris arc arsebobdes.<br />
mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> sainteresoa ekonomikuri mdgomareobis<br />
erTgvarovnebis fonze gansxvaveba ekonomikur optimizmSi.<br />
qalaqis macxovrebelTa bevrad ufro didi nawili<br />
(30.6 procenti), de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis (11.2 procenti) an soflis<br />
(17.9 procenti) macxovreblebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT miiCnevs, rom<br />
misi ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gasul welTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
gaumjobes<strong>da</strong>. amasTan qalaqebis mosaxleobis 59.0<br />
procenti, soflis macxovrebelTa 44.7 <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis mosaxleobis<br />
44.3 procenti moelis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas<br />
erT weliwadSi. kidev ufro didia optimizmi<br />
sam wlian periodTan mimarTebaSi (78.5, 58.4 <strong>da</strong> 55.4 procen-<br />
>9? !
ti qalaqis, Tbilisis <strong>da</strong> soflis mosaxleobaSi Sesabamisad<br />
elis ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas).<br />
ekonomikuri optimizmiT Tanmimdevrulad ver aixsneba<br />
xelisuflebisadmi qalaqebis macxovrebelTa gamokve-<br />
Tilad <strong>da</strong>debiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, radgan es rom ase iyos<br />
adgili ar un<strong>da</strong> hqondes mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas msgavsi<br />
ekonomikuri optimizmis maCveneblebis mqone Tbilisis<br />
<strong>da</strong> soflis macxovrebelTa Sefasebebs Soris. ufro metad<br />
<strong>da</strong>majereblad mimaCnia gansxvavebis axsna im saxelmwifo<br />
politikiT, romelsac xelisufleba bolo periodSi<br />
axorcielebs saqarTvelos did qalaqebSi. Cans mox<strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
fokusis ga<strong>da</strong>nacvleba Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n sxva qalaqebze.<br />
amis <strong>da</strong>sturad gamodgeba zogierTi saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebis<br />
Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n quTaissa Tu baTumSi ga<strong>da</strong>tanis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, foTSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis<br />
Seqmna, mTavrobis sxdomebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qalaqebSi Catareba,<br />
infrastruqturisa <strong>da</strong> Senobebis reabilitaciis proeqtebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> prezidentis xSiri stumroba saqarTvelos qalaqebSi.<br />
amdenad xelisuflebis politika qalaqebSi mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerTa<br />
mosapoveblad sakmaod efeqturi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gamokiTxvis monacemebma gviCvenes, rom politikuri<br />
simpatiebisgan gansxvavebiT Rirebulebebis gaziareba Seesatyviseba<br />
molodins soflad ufro tradiciuli <strong>da</strong> materialisturi,<br />
xolo qalaqad ufro kosmopolituri <strong>da</strong><br />
post-materialisturi Rirebulebebis siWarbisa. es rogorc<br />
zemoT aRvniSneT ganpirobebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos qalaq-<br />
Si <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT did qalaqSi arsebul sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva SesaZleblobebis,<br />
susti kavSirebis, informaciis xelmisawvdomobis,<br />
gansxvavebul ideebTan Tu a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan eqsponirebis<br />
SesaZleblobebTan, aseve mosaxleobis ganaTlebis<br />
donesTan, romelic bevrad maRalia qalaqad (TbilisSi<br />
umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs 49.6 procents qalaqebSi 46.4<br />
procents), vidre soflad, sa<strong>da</strong>c mosaxleobis 29.3 procents<br />
aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba.<br />
Tu Cven SefasebiTi kuTxi<strong>da</strong>n Sevxe<strong>da</strong>vT mosaxleobis<br />
RirebulebiT orientirebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>veTanxmebiT azrs<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso<br />
formas warmoadgens, Cveni sazrunavi gaxdeba TviTgamoxatvis,<br />
post-materialisturi Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba.<br />
post-materialisturi Rirebulebebi <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d libera-<br />
! >9>
luri demokratiis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia TviTgamoxatvis<br />
RirebulebasTan, romelic eyrdnoba ra ndobas<br />
sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mimarT, xazs usvavs mosaxleobis monawileobas<br />
politikur <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv procesebSi, genderul<br />
Tanasworobas, sxva jgufebis mimarT tolerantobas.<br />
warmoadgens ra samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Semadgenel nawils<br />
TviTgamoxatvis Rirebuleba ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols Tama-<br />
Sobs demokratizaciis procesSi L]-+i-(! h! 4+3-(C&.1J! "??
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis<br />
keTildReobisa <strong>da</strong> socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
stratifikaciis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb<br />
ioseb arCvaZe<br />
saqarTvelo mosaxleobis keTildReobis, maTi Semosavlebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xarjebis ganawilebis mxriv, arasdros warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
“egalitarul samoTxes”, Tumca Sesabamisi deciluri<br />
koeficientis sidide 1 1980-iani wlebis bolosaTvisac<br />
ki ar aRematebo<strong>da</strong> Tanafardobas 4:1-Tan. sabazro<br />
ekonomikaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlis Sedegad ara marto zoga<strong>da</strong>d gaizar<strong>da</strong><br />
zemoxsenebuli koeficientis sidide (dReisaTvis<br />
igi mTliani xarjebis mixedviT aRwevs 16.3-s, xolo fuladi<br />
xarjebis mixedviT 17.1-s) 2 , aramed arsebiTi cvlileba<br />
ganica<strong>da</strong> aTvlis sidideebmac. keTildReobis saerTo doniT<br />
amJamindeli saSualo Semosavlebi <strong>da</strong> xarjebi, qarTuli<br />
larisa <strong>da</strong> 1980-iani wlebis bolos sabWoTa maneTis<br />
msyidvelobiTi unarianobis Tanafardobis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
(1 lari = <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 0.50 maneTs), mniSvnelovnad <strong>da</strong>uaxlov<strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis wina periods<br />
(2008 w. 1990 w.-Tan – <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 90%), maSin rodesac 2008<br />
wlis u<strong>da</strong>blesi, pirveli deciluri jgufis mTeli Semosavlebis<br />
msyidvelobiTi unarianoba 1990 wlis Sesabamis<br />
jgufis mxolod 64 procentia, umaRlesi, meaTe jgufis<br />
mixedviT Tanafardoba Seadgens, Sesabamisad, 115 procents.<br />
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, amJamindeli Raribebi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
ori aTeuli wlis winandel Raribebze xelmokleni<br />
arian, xolo amJamindeli mdidrebi maSindeleb-<br />
Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ufro mdidrebi. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia<br />
isic, rom postsabWoTa sivrceSi mosaxleobis socialurekonomikuri<br />
diferencirebis zemoxsenebuli deciluri<br />
koeficienti <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> yvelaze maRalia <strong>da</strong> aRemateba:<br />
<br />
> !mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri uTanabrobis erT–erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
indikatori. დaiangariSeba mosaxleobis yvelaze maRalSemosavliani<br />
meaTe jgufis Semosavlebis/xarjebis TanafardobiT yvelaze <strong>da</strong>balSemosavliani,<br />
pirveli jgufis SemosavlebTan/xarjebTan.<br />
2 ix.: saqarTvelo Sinameurneobebi 2008, gv. 61.<br />
! >9@
ukrainis analogiur maCvenebels – 2.5-jer, somxeTisas –<br />
1.9-jer, azerbaijanisas – 1.6-jer, ruseTisas – 1.3-jer.<br />
saqarTvelo, mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo, postsabWo-<br />
Ta sivrceSi erTaderTi qveyanaa, romelsac absoluturi<br />
moculobiT jerac ver miuRwevia <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebamde<br />
arsebuli mTliani Si<strong>da</strong> produqtis warmoebis pikuri<br />
donisaTvis. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis<br />
erT sulze <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 3 aTasi aSS dolaris mTliani<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> produqti modis - aSS donis mxolod 8 procenti <strong>da</strong><br />
saSualo msoflio donis 35 procenti 1 . aRniSnuli garemoebiT<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aixsnas is faqti, rom sazogadoebis socialurekonomikuri<br />
stratifikacia jera<strong>da</strong>d gansxvavdeba im optimumisagan,<br />
razec didi xania arsebobs konsensusi Sesabamis<br />
samecniero <strong>da</strong> praqtikul wreebSi (Raribebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mdidrebis wili - 15-20 procenti TiToeuli, saSualo<br />
klasi - <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 60-65 procenti).<br />
Sesabamisad, qveynisaTvis siRaribis arsebuli donis<br />
Semcireba <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis keTildReobis Semdgomi amaRleba<br />
saxelmwifos socialur-ekonomikuri politikis qvakuTxeds<br />
un<strong>da</strong> warmoadgendes. am mimarTulebiT, ZiriTadi<br />
instrumentebia <strong>da</strong>saqmebis zr<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>saqmebis struqturis<br />
optimizacia, <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa Sromis mwarmoeblurobis, amis<br />
safuZvelze ki - mTliani Si<strong>da</strong> produqtisa <strong>da</strong> masTan ma-<br />
Ral korelaciaSi – mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRleba.<br />
mosaxleobis keTildReobis zr<strong>da</strong>s ver uzrunvelyofs<br />
saSualoze <strong>da</strong>bali Semosavlis mqoneTa masobrivi<br />
gasvla qveynis farglebs gareT. erTi SexedviT, rac meti<br />
Raribi tovebs qveyanas, <strong>da</strong>rCenilTa cxovrebis done, sa-<br />
Sualo moxmareba, keTildReoba ufro maRali un<strong>da</strong> iyos.<br />
magram, rogorc wesi, migrantTa didi nawili Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
axalgazr<strong>da</strong> - ekonomikurad <strong>da</strong> demografiulad yvelaze<br />
aqtiur asakSi myofi mosaxleobaa, ris gamoc maTi migracia<br />
zrdis adgilze <strong>da</strong>rCenili mosaxleobis saSualo<br />
asaks, riTac auaresebs qveynis demo-ekonomikur potencials<br />
2 .<br />
<br />
1 ix.:!V*%&+!O-,-(BD%-+1!\-DB.1!"??;E"??
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> keTildReobis <strong>da</strong>bali donis (TiTqmis<br />
samjeradi CamorCena msoflios saSualo donisagan) umniSvnelovanesi<br />
faqtori <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si saSualo klasis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali donea. Tavis mxriv, saSualo klasis <strong>da</strong>bal wils<br />
ganapirobebs <strong>da</strong>saqmebis <strong>da</strong>bali done, <strong>da</strong>saqmebis <strong>da</strong>bal<br />
dones ki, Sesabamisad – mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo biznesis <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
wili qveynis ekonomikaSi, <strong>da</strong>matebuli Rirebulebis<br />
SeqmnaSi. - <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> saSualo biznesis wilad modis<br />
mTeli gamoSvebis mxolod 15 procenti, maSin rodesac EU-<br />
27-Si - <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 2/5. msxvili biznesis wili <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
evrokavSirisas TiTqmis 2-jer aRemateba, samagierod,<br />
saSualo biznesis wili 2-jer, xolo mcire biznesis<br />
wili TiTqmis 3-jer CamorCeba Sesabamis evropul dones.<br />
amasTan, bolo wlebSi ara Tu gazrdila aseTi biznesis<br />
wili, aramed ramdenadme Semcir<strong>da</strong> kidec. ara<strong>da</strong>, mcire <strong>da</strong><br />
saSualo biznesi – es aris axali samuSao adgilebi, masobrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmeba, socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri stabiluroba,<br />
keTildReobis gansazRvruli done... aseTi biznesis<br />
ganviTarebis gareSe realur progresze <strong>da</strong> keTildReobis<br />
arsebiT zr<strong>da</strong>ze saubari warmoudgenelia. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
aseve mcirericxovania im mewarmeTa raodenoba, romlebic<br />
<br />
rom mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>berebiT uaresdeba demografiuli struqtura <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikurad aqtiur erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave raodenobis mosaxleobas meti raodenobis<br />
ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleobis Senaxva uwevs. aq did<br />
rols TamaSobs is garemoebac, rom maRali teqnologiebis, maRali mwarmoeblurobis<br />
mqone saqmianobis sferoebSi axalgazr<strong>da</strong> Taobis warmomadgenlebi<br />
ufro aqtiurad ebmebian <strong>da</strong> maTi wili <strong>da</strong>matebuli Rirebulebis<br />
SeqmnaSi mniSvnelovnad aRemateba mosaxleobis ricxovnobaSi maTsave<br />
wils. is upiratesoba, rac jer kidev am 15-20 wlis win hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebulebSi<br />
anazRaurebisa (<strong>da</strong> Sromis mwarmoeblurobis) mixedviT asakovan<br />
mosaxleobas (meoce saukunis bolo aTwleulamde 45-55 wlianTa<br />
Sromis saSualo anazRaureba 20-25-wlianebis Sromis anazRaurebas 4-jer<br />
<strong>da</strong> metad aRematebo<strong>da</strong>. – ix.: ioseb arCvaZe. ekonomika <strong>da</strong> dro, Tbilisi,<br />
2000, gv. 114) amJamad TiTqmis mTlianad nivelirebulia mowinave teqnologiebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove nou-haus elementebis axalgazr<strong>da</strong>Ta mier<br />
ukeT <strong>da</strong> ufro swrafad aTvisebisa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebis gamo.<br />
ufro metic, saSualo <strong>da</strong> ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis poziciebis Sesustebis<br />
obieqtur garemoebebs “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg subieqturi<br />
faqtorebic <strong>da</strong>emata, rodesac maTi Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n ganTavisuflebis,<br />
Canacvlebis, profesiuli diskriminaciis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad ara am<br />
ukanasknelTa saqmiani Tvisebebi <strong>da</strong> profesionalizmi, aramed asaki iqca.<br />
aRniSnuli asakobrivi diskriminacia samecniero literaturaSi meoce<br />
saukunis samociani wlebis bolo<strong>da</strong>n eijizmis (ingl. – ^3-'/%) saxeli-<br />
Taa cnobili.<br />
! >99
<strong>da</strong>qiravebuli pirebis Sromas iyeneben. dReisaTvis, oficialuri<br />
statistikiT, maTi raodenoba 25 aTas kacs – TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa<br />
2 procents ar aRemateba. yovelive amis mizezi<br />
jer kidev arasakmarisad liberaluri sainvesticio<br />
garemoa. - miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad bolo wlebSi saga<strong>da</strong>saxado reJimis<br />
liberalizaciisa, eqspertebis SefasebiT, saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />
wnexi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> jer kidev aRemateba optimalurs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
1.5-jer 1 .<br />
sabazro ekonomikaze ga<strong>da</strong>svla <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> uaRresad<br />
dramatul viTarebaSi warimarTa. 1990-iani wlebis<br />
pirvel naxevarSi arasruli oTxi wlis manZilze saqar-<br />
Tvelom ga<strong>da</strong>itana oTxi samxedro konfliqti <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispireba. centraluri <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT evropisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> yofili sabWoTa kavSiris 28 saxelmwifos Soris<br />
saqarTvelos hqon<strong>da</strong> ekonomikis yvelaze masStaburi <strong>da</strong>cema.<br />
– 1994 wels saqarTvelos mTliani Si<strong>da</strong> produqti 1988<br />
wlis donis mxolod 22 procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. kidev ufro<br />
sagrZnoblad iyo Semcirebuli samrewvelo produqciis<br />
moculoba – <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 6.1-jer. dReisaTvis samuSao adgilebi<br />
marto saqarTvelos mrewvelobaSi 20 wlis winandelTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT 6-jer <strong>da</strong> metad - <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 400 aTasiTaa<br />
Semcirebuli. ekonomikis vardnam, ekonomikur saqmianobaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTeli rigi <strong>da</strong>rgebis kvdomam mravali aseuli<br />
aTasi a<strong>da</strong>miani umuSevrad <strong>da</strong>tova. 1980-iani wlebis bolos-<br />
Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT 2009 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleoba<br />
Semcir<strong>da</strong> 21 procentiT, maSin rodesac <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa raodenoba<br />
– 1.5-jer, maT Soris <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa<br />
raodenoba - TiTqmis 3.7-jer - 1700 aTasi kaciT. sakmarisia<br />
iTqvas, rom am periodSi <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa saer-<br />
To raodenobis Semcireba 1.5-jer <strong>da</strong> metad aRematebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<br />
1 bolo periodSi adgili aqvs or, urTierTgamomricxav tendencias fiskaluri<br />
politikaSi. erTs mxriv, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> iqmneba Tavisufali industriuli<br />
zonebi, meores mxriv ki mkacrdeba sabaJo kontroli, importis<br />
ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba ganubaJebeli saqonlis Semotanis<br />
sixSiris limitirebiT (- ara umetes TveSi erTxel) <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebis SemcirebiT<br />
(araumetes 500 lari TveSi). amis gar<strong>da</strong>, finansTa saministros<br />
mier momzadebuli cirkuliariT, saga<strong>da</strong>saxado imspeqtorebs eZlevaT<br />
ufleba, vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> sastumrobis biznesis warmomadgenlebs mimdinare<br />
wlis brunviTa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebiT <strong>da</strong>uangariSon SarSandeli ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxvaobis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi maT <strong>da</strong>farvasTan erTad <strong>da</strong>akisron<br />
jarimebis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>c.<br />
>9: !
qveynis mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobis Semcirebas. bevri<br />
adrindeli <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli - TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d – soflis meurneobaSi). mravali<br />
aTeuli aTasi a<strong>da</strong>miani ki sxva qveynebSi gavi<strong>da</strong> SromiT<br />
migraciaSi. dReisaTvis saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n SromiT migrantTa<br />
raodenoba <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1.4-jer aRemateba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa mTlian ricxovnobas. 1<br />
Tavad <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> umuSevrobis done 2008 wlis<br />
bolos mdgomareobiT, oficialuri statistikiT, 16.5 procentia.<br />
amasTan, <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTagan mxolod 1/3-ze odnav metia<br />
(35.7%) <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli; <strong>da</strong>narCeni <strong>da</strong>saqmebulebi<br />
(64.3%) – TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebulebi arian.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, oficialuri statistikiT, 1.4 milionze<br />
meti Sinameurneobaa. 2 Sesabamisad, dReisaTvis, ukeTes<br />
SemTxvevaSi, qveyanaSi yoveli 5 Sinameurneobi<strong>da</strong>n mxolod<br />
2-Sia <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli.<br />
ra gamodis?<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> dReisaTvis oficialurad <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebul<br />
1918 aTasi ekonomikurad aqtiur a<strong>da</strong>mians un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ematos<br />
qveyni<strong>da</strong>n gasuli 800 aTasi SromiTi migranti, romlebic<br />
adgilze saTanado samuSao adgilebis arsebobis<br />
pirobebSi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCebodnen. sxvagvarad rom<br />
vTqvaT, 2008 wlis bolosaTvis saqarTvelos potenciuri<br />
samuSao Zalis ricxovnoba un<strong>da</strong> iyos (SeiZleba yofiliyos)<br />
2718 aTasi a<strong>da</strong>miani. aqe<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> samuSao ver<br />
naxa 1116 aTasma a<strong>da</strong>mianma (316 aTasi – <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli<br />
umuSevari <strong>da</strong> 800 aTasi – SromiTi migranti),<br />
ris gamoc qveyanaSi bruto umuSevrobis done saqarTvelos<br />
mTeli SromiTi potencialis – qveyanaSi myofTa <strong>da</strong><br />
qveyni<strong>da</strong>n gasulTa erToblivi ricxovnobis - gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
41 procents aRemateba. Sesabamisad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebulia ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis mxolod<br />
59 procenti, xolo <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa wili qveyanaSi<br />
saqarTvelos mTel ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleo-<br />
<br />
1 1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n mxolod ekonomikuri garemoebebiT saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 800 aTasi a<strong>da</strong>miani gavi<strong>da</strong>, anu, sxvagvarad rom<br />
vTqvaT, gax<strong>da</strong> SromiTi migranti. 2009 wlis meore kvartalSi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa raodenoba ki 572 aTas a<strong>da</strong>mians ar aRematebo<strong>da</strong><br />
2 2002 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTa aRweriT, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> 1442 aTasi<br />
Sinameurneoba iyo.<br />
! >9;
aSi (SromiTi migrantebis gaTvaliswinebiT) mxolod 21<br />
procentia. gamodis, rom saqarTvelos Sromisunariani asakis<br />
moqalaqeTagan anazRaurebiT SromiT saqmianobas saku-<br />
Tari qveynis teritoriaze dReisaTvis axerxebs mxolod<br />
yoveli mexuTe (21%).<br />
statistikuri gaTvlebiT <strong>da</strong>sturdeba, rom SinameurneobaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebul wevrTa erTiT gazr<strong>da</strong> gamoiwvevs<br />
SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebisa <strong>da</strong> keTildReobis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 9/10-iT, anu am SinameurneobaTa Ti-<br />
Toeuli wevris Semosavlebisa <strong>da</strong> keTildReobis matebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT erTi meoTxediT (24-25%-iT). amasTan, im Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, Tuki yvela SinameurneobaSi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> TiTo-Ti-<br />
To <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli mainc, es gazrdi<strong>da</strong> am SinameurneobaTa<br />
mTlian Semosavlebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qiravebulTa ricxovnobas<br />
aranakleb 1.5-jer TiToeuls, xolo TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa<br />
wils <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa saerTo raodenobaSi Seamcireb<strong>da</strong><br />
6-jer <strong>da</strong> metad – 64 procenti<strong>da</strong>n 10.4 procentamde.<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis problema imdenad fun<strong>da</strong>menturi problemaa<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis, rom mis simwvaves ver<br />
xsnis TviT is garemoebac, rom bolo wlebSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebul-<br />
Ta saSualo xelfasi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT samjer ufro swrafad<br />
izrdebo<strong>da</strong> mSp-is nominalur zr<strong>da</strong>sTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. imdenad<br />
ara aqvs <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebas qveyanaSi sayovelTao<br />
xasiaTi, rom xelfasis zrdis ekonomikuri efeqti fermkrTaldebo<strong>da</strong><br />
mosaxleobis mTlian SemosavlebSi maTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali wilisa <strong>da</strong> permanentulad mzardi moTxovnebis<br />
fonze. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom 1990-iani<br />
wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa<br />
xelfasebi (gansakuTrebiT sabiujeto seqtorSi)<br />
simbolur xasiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maTma saSualo sididem<br />
Sromisunariani mamakacis saarsebo minimumis maCvenebels<br />
pirvelad mxolod 2003 wels – qveyanaSi srulfasovani<br />
erovnuli valutis laris SemoRebi<strong>da</strong>n mxolod mecxre<br />
wels moaxerxa. 1<br />
<br />
1 1996-2003 wlebSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebulebis xelfasebi saarsebo<br />
minimumis doneze mainc rom yofiliyos, am <strong>da</strong>saqmebulebs saxelmwifosagan<br />
xelfasis saxiT un<strong>da</strong> mieRoT (jamSi) 1.6 mlrd. lari. Sesabamisad,<br />
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom, am wlebSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebulebma<br />
saxelmwifos gauwies subsidireba aRniSnuli TanxiT. Tumca,<br />
isic aRsaniSnavia, rom swored aseTi <strong>da</strong>bali xelfasebi iyo ZiriTadi<br />
>9< !
2009 wlis pirveli kvartlis monacemebiT, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
saSualo xelfasi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 330 aSS dolaris eqvivalentia.<br />
es 2003 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels 5.5-jer<br />
aRemateba. Se<strong>da</strong>rebisaTvis: imave periodSi SinameurneobaTa<br />
mTliani xarjebis faqtobrivi moculoba mxolod 1.5-jer<br />
aris gazrdili, realur ganzomilebaSi ki, samomxmareblo<br />
fasebis imave proporciiT zrdis gamo, faqtobrivad<br />
ar Secvlila. amgvari gansxvaveba saSualo xelfasebis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> SinameurneobaTa realur keTildReobas Soris<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gamowveulia, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, xelfasebis<br />
mimRebTa <strong>da</strong>bali wiliT, agreTve laris kursis aSS<br />
dolarTan mniSvnelovnad gamyarebiT. 1<br />
bolo wlebSi, erTis mxriv, saSualo xelfasis swrafi<br />
zrdis, xolo meores mxriv, <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali wilis gamo 2 saSualo xelfasis doniT saqarTvelos<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebam sxva qveynebTan mniSvnelovanwilad <strong>da</strong>karga<br />
Tavisi ekonomikuri Sinaarsi. magaliTad, nominalurad<br />
2008 wlis mixedviT <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> saSualo xelfasi aSS<br />
donis 11.2 procentia (Sesabamisad, 37.5 aTasi aSS dolari<br />
<strong>da</strong> 4.2 aTasi aSS dolari). magram mosaxleobis erTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
imave raodenobaze gaangariSebiT aSS-Si 3.4-jer meti <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebulia saqarTvelosTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
igives Tqma SeiZleba aRniSnuli indikatoriT saqar-<br />
Tvelo-ruseTis Se<strong>da</strong>rebaze. saSualo xelfasi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
ruseTis federaciis analogiuri maCveneblis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
3/5-is donezea (57%), rac sagrZnoblad aRemateba<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis Tanafardobas<br />
ruseTis federaciis analogiur maCvenebelTan (- <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
1.5-jer), magram mosaxleobis erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave ric-<br />
<br />
mizezi im wlebSi qveyanaSi farTod gavrcelebuli masobrivi korufciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> farTomasStabiani Crdilovani ekonomikisa.<br />
1 2009 wlis ivlisSi larisa <strong>da</strong> aSS dolaris kursi Seadgen<strong>da</strong>: 1 SS dolari<br />
= 1.675 lari, maSin rodesac 2003 wlis bolos - 2.11-s, xolo 1999<br />
wlis 8 marts (am Tanafardobis aSS dolarisaTvis maqsimaluri kursis<br />
dros) – 2.45 lars. Se<strong>da</strong>rebisaTvis: 2009 wlis ivlisSi inflaciam 2003<br />
wlis dekemberTan Seadgina 51 procenti, xolo 1999 wlis martTan – 117<br />
procenti. gamodis, rom im saqonlis SesaZenad, rasac 1999 wlis martSi<br />
saqarTvelos Si<strong>da</strong> samomxmareblo bazarze 100 aSS dolari eyofo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
2009 wlis ivlisSi TiTqmis 320 aSS dolari gax<strong>da</strong> saWiro.<br />
2 <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa wili mTels mosaxleobaSi 14<br />
procents Seadgens, maSin rodesac aSS-Si igi 47 procenti, xolo ruse-<br />
Tis federaciaSi – 42 procentia.<br />
! >9=
xovnobaze <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulebis raodenoba saqar-<br />
TveloSi samjer naklebia.. amitomac, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> nebismieri<br />
sxva qveynis (aSS-is, ruseTis federaciis, etc.)<br />
mosaxleobis keTildReobis SromiTi saqmianobiT miRebuli<br />
SemosavlebiT Sesa<strong>da</strong>reblad saWiroa saSualo xelfasebis<br />
sidideTa mosworeba mosaxleobis Tanabar ricxovnobaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa wiliT.<br />
formulis saxiT magaliTad, saqarTvelo-aSS-is amgvarma<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebam SeiZleba Semdegi saxe miiRos:<br />
$%&"'()*$+,--.-$/'()$*$+-0-1/'()1*$+2-sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
$ %&"'()*$+, – xelfasis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis<br />
pariteti <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> aSS-Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT;<br />
$/'( – saSualo xelfasi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>;<br />
$ *$+ – saSualo xelfasi aSS-Si;<br />
1/'( – <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa wili saqarTvelos<br />
mTel mosaxleobaSi;<br />
1 *$+ – <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa wili aSS-is mTel<br />
mosaxleobaSi.<br />
aRniSnuli formulis mixedviT,<br />
$ % = 4.2/37.5 * 14%/47% = 3.3 (%).<br />
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rom mosaxleobis erTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
imave raodenobaze, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> xelfasebis jamuri<br />
sidide aSS-is mxolod 3.3 procentia. 1<br />
im arguments, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> fasebis saSualo<br />
done amerikisas mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba <strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />
valutis kursi mis paritetTan ramdenadme <strong>da</strong>balia,<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT yavli gasdis. – rigi samomxmareblo<br />
saqonlis mixedviT (frinvelis xorci, kvercxi, banani,<br />
benzini, satelefono saubris tarifi, -1Z2I <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
fasebi sagrZnoblad aRematebian aSS-is dones. aRniSnul<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnas aZlierebs is garemoebac, rom big-makis indeqsis<br />
mixedviT, saqarTvelom 2009 wlis zafxuli<strong>da</strong>n ukve<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>uswro aSS-is dones. 2<br />
<br />
1 igive principiT, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> xelfasebis jamuri msyidvelobiTi unarianoba<br />
ruseTis federaciis donis 19.4 procentia.<br />
2 2009 wlis ivlisSi big-maki niu iorkSi Rir<strong>da</strong> 3.57 dolari, TbilisSi<br />
– 6.80 lari, anu, laris aSS dolarTan oficialuri kursis (1 dolari =<br />
1.665 lari) gaTvaliswinebiT – 4.08 dolari – amerikis donis 114.6 procenti.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebisaTvis: 2 wlis win – 2007 wlis ivlisSi big-makis indeqsi<br />
>:? !
mosaxleobis keTildReobaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas<br />
axdens ori garemoeba: makroekonomikis doneze mTliani<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> produqtis ganawilebis strategia <strong>da</strong> Semosavlebis<br />
saxeebis diversifikacia. 2003 wlis Semdeg <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
mSp-is sul ufro mniSvnelovani nawili warimarTa sazogadoebis<br />
koleqtiuri moxmarebis, instituciuri aRmSeneblobisaTvis.<br />
magaliTad, 2008 wels 2003 welTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
mSp-is yoveli erTi laris matebaze (mimdinare fasebSi)<br />
SinameurneobaTa faqtobrivi xarjebis moculoba gaizar<strong>da</strong><br />
27.8 TeTriT, maSin rodesac wina xuTi wlis manZilze<br />
(2003 wels 1998 welTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT) Sesabamisi maCvenebeli<br />
Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 42.8 TeTrs, anu 54 procentiT mets. 2008 wels<br />
2003 welTan mSp nominalurad gaizar<strong>da</strong> 2-jer <strong>da</strong> metad,<br />
realur ganzomilebaSi – <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1.5-jer, maSin, rodesac<br />
erTi Sinameurneobis xarjebma nominalurad 1.5-jer<br />
moimata, xolo realur ganzomilebaSi – ucvleli <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />
Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos SinameurneobaTa mTliani xarjebis<br />
moculobis Tanafardoba qveynis mSp-sTan Semcir<strong>da</strong><br />
2003 wlis 62.2 procenti<strong>da</strong>n 2008 wlis 49.1 procentamde. 1<br />
gzebis, sawarmoo <strong>da</strong> socialuri infrastruqturis obieqtebis<br />
mSenebloba-reabilitaciam, qveynis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisunarianobis<br />
sakiTxebma moiTxoves mniSvnelovani resursebis mobilizacia<br />
2 , rac pir<strong>da</strong>pir ar aisaxeba SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebze.<br />
- gzebis <strong>da</strong>geba, saxelmwifo institutebis<br />
gaZliereba, jaris yofiTi <strong>da</strong> kvebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba<br />
- saerTo keTildReobis zr<strong>da</strong>ze miuTiTebs, am dros<br />
uSualod ojaxur biujetSi Sesuli Tanxebi ucvlelic<br />
rom rCebodes. yovelive es xels uwyobs samuSao Zalis<br />
ukeT formirebas, kvlavwarmoebis pirobebis gaumjobese-<br />
<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Seadgen<strong>da</strong> aSS donis 80.5 procents, 2006 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />
– 67.3 procents, 2002 wlis – <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi – 64.0 procents, xolo 1999<br />
wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi – 59.0 procents.<br />
1 Se<strong>da</strong>rebisaTvis: SinameurneobaTa mTliani xarjebis Tanafardoba mSpsTan<br />
ssrk-Si, 1985 wels Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 48 procents <strong>da</strong> perestroikis <strong>da</strong>sasrulisaTvis,<br />
1990 wlisaTvis samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsis konversiisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> rigi sxva mizezebis gamo misi wili 50.1 procentamde gaizar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
2 sabiujeto <strong>da</strong>finanseba Tav<strong>da</strong>cvaze 2007 wels 2003 welTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gaizar<strong>da</strong> TiTqmis 25-jer, maSin rodesac socialuri xarjebi<br />
– mxolod 3.2-jer.<br />
! >:>
as, saboloo jamSi ki zrdis misi mobilurobisa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis<br />
efeqturobas. 1<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad saSualo xelfasis zemoxsenebuli sagrZnobi<br />
zrdisa, <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali wilis gamo SinameurneobaTa mTlian saxsrebSi<br />
Sromis anazRaurebis wili ar aRemateba 30.9 procents,<br />
maT Soris fulad saxsrebSi – 36.9 procents. Se<strong>da</strong>rebisaTvis<br />
– 1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong>qiravebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa<br />
Sromis anazRaurebaze modio<strong>da</strong> SinameurneobaTa<br />
saerTo Semosavlebis TiTqmis 3/4.<br />
mosaxleobis keTildReobis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
2 CvenTan ZiriTadSi statistikur-normatiuli me-<br />
<br />
1 Tumca, aRniSnuli miznebiT uzarmazari Tanxebis gamoyofam, tenderebis<br />
arc Tu mTlad gamWvirvale sistemam <strong>da</strong> maTSi saeWvo reputaciis<br />
mqone firmebis gamarjvebam sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi warmoSva<br />
eWvi aRniSnuli <strong>da</strong>niSnulebiT finansuri resursebis moZraobis kanonierebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> korufciis SesaZlo kvalis Taobaze.<br />
2 mosaxleobis keTildReobis gansazRvris ramdenime kriteriumi arsebobs:<br />
1. statistikur- normatiuli – rodesac dgindeba RaribTa, saSualo<br />
an mdi<strong>da</strong>rTa klasisadmi mikuTvnebis konkretuli raodenobrivi parametrebi,<br />
ganisazRvreba <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si mdidrebis, Raribebis Tu saSualo<br />
klasis warmomadgenlebis raodenoba. gamoiyeneba agreTve siRaribis<br />
gansazRvris gansxvavebuli normatiuli meTodebic. magaliTad, erTgan<br />
Raribia Sinameurneoba, Tu igi Semosavlebis mesamedze mets xarjavs<br />
sursaTze, meoregan - Tu misi Semosavlebi minimaluri sasursaTo kala-<br />
Tis Rirebulebis oTxmag odenobaze naklebia; zoggan saarsebo minimumi<br />
iangariSeba, rogorc saSualo xelfasis naxevari, an rogorc medianuri<br />
moxmarebis 60 procenti...<br />
ganviTarebis doniT saqarTvelosgan iseT gansxvavebul qveyanaSi, rogoric<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, saarsebo minimumis Sefaseba efuZneba<br />
im Semosavlis odenobas, romelic aucilebelia a<strong>da</strong>mianis minimalur<br />
sasicocxlo doneze arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. aseTi analizisaTvis<br />
amosaval wertils warmoadgens am qveynis soflis meurneobis departamentis<br />
mier gaangariSebuli minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTa. aRniSnuli<br />
kalaTis Rirebuleba iangariSeba calkeuli produqtis mixedviT arsebul<br />
fasebs Soris yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bali fasiT. ojaxis sxva arasasursaTo<br />
moTxovnebis gasaTvaliswineblad dgindeba Semosavlis zRvruli done,<br />
romelic oTxjer aRemateba sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebas (socialuri<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rti Seadgens 1:4). 2. socialuri statusis mixedviT – rodesac<br />
ama Tu im saqmianobis sferos an profesiis wamomadgenlebi apriori miekuTvnebian<br />
gansazRvrul socialur jgufs, magaliTad, «Raribebs” an<br />
«araRaribebs». rogorc cnobilia, ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis<br />
qveynebSi apriori ar iTvlebian Raribebad iuristebi, eqimebi, modelebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S. 3.subieqturi TviTSefaseba, rodesac individi Tavad gansazRvravs<br />
misi an sakuTari Sinameurneobis socialur-ekonomikur statuss. am<br />
dros did rols asrulebs is kulturuli <strong>da</strong> socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
>:" !
Todi gamoiyeneba. Sesabamisad, Semosavlebs <strong>da</strong>saqmebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
stratifikaciisaTvis.<br />
Sromis mixedviT Semosavlebis <strong>da</strong>bali wili SinameurneobaTa<br />
saerTo SemosavlebSi, ekonomikurad aqtiuri<br />
mosaxleobis didi nawilis <strong>da</strong>saqmebis arastabiluri xasiaTi<br />
ganapirobebs imas, rom gar<strong>da</strong>mavali tipis qveynebis<br />
umravlesobaSi mosaxleobis keTildReobis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba 1 ,<br />
iseve rogorc maTi socialuri diferencireba mimdinare<br />
Semosavlebisa <strong>da</strong> xarjebis mixedviT, sakmarisi aRaraa.<br />
amis mizezi isaa, rom gar<strong>da</strong>maval, swrafi, revoluciuri<br />
cvlilebebis mqone <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si veRar muSaobs xangrZlivi<br />
evoluciuri gziT ganviTarebis mqone sazogadoebis<br />
wevrTa socialur-ekonomikuri identifikaciis is sqema,<br />
romliTac ama Tu im socialuri jgufisadmi Sinameurneobis<br />
mikuTvneba apriori imTaviTve maRal korelaciur<br />
kavSirSia maTsave Sesabamis qonebriv statusTan, rodesac<br />
adgili aqvs materialur-qonebrivi, saSemosavlo mdgomareobis,<br />
socialur-profesiuli statusisa <strong>da</strong> TviTidentifikaciis<br />
garkveul Tanxvedras. – sabazro ekonomikaze<br />
yvela gar<strong>da</strong>maval qveyanaSi gamoikveTa didi raodenoba<br />
Sinameurneobebisa, romelTa mimdinare Semosavlebi veRar<br />
akmayofilebs mimdinare minimalur moTxovnilebebs, maSin,<br />
rodesac moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis xarisxi adre<br />
SeZenili xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebiT gacilebiT maRalia.<br />
xatovnad, es SeiZleba ase iTqvas: ojaxs aqvs (adre<br />
SeZenili) feradi televizori, magram ara aqvs sakmarisi<br />
fuli (amJamad) moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis <strong>da</strong>safaravad.<br />
saqarTvelos SinameurneobaTa SemosavlebSi qonebis<br />
<br />
foni, moxmarebis kultura, tradiciebi, romelSic mas uxdeba cxovreba,<br />
misi molodini <strong>da</strong> warmodgenebi. subieqtur midgomas safuZvlad udevs<br />
pasuxi kiTxvaze. magaliTad:“Semosavlis ra dones CaTvlidiT im absolutur<br />
minimumad, romlis qvemoT Tqveni arseboba SeuZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>?”<br />
1 keTildReoba aris nakadebis (Semosavlebisa) <strong>da</strong> maragebis (<strong>da</strong>grovili<br />
qonebis elementebis, simdidris) racionaluri Tanafardoba, Tumca, far-<br />
To gagebiT, keTildReobis formirebaSi monawileoben agreTve socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekologiuri garemo, sabinao pirobebi, sacxovrisis adgilmdebareoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S., romelTa RirebulebiTi Sefaseba ramdenadme gaZnelebulia.<br />
amitom keTildღeobis aRniSnuli komponentebi<strong>da</strong>n statistikis Tanamedrove<br />
SesaZleblobebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare mis SefasebaSi monawileobas<br />
jerjerobiT Rebulobs mxolod <strong>da</strong>grovili qoneba.<br />
! >:@
elementebis realizacii<strong>da</strong>n miRebul Semosavlebs stabiluri,<br />
sagrZnobi wili ukaviaT. gansakuTrebiT maRali<br />
wili 1990-ian wlebSi ekavaT. magaliTad, 1996 wels qalaqis<br />
mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebis 9.9 procenti saSinao<br />
qonebis elementebis realizaciis xarjze yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1 amJamad es maCvenebeli 3 procents ar aRemateba. es mianiSnebs<br />
ara marto imas, rom mosaxleobis garkveul nawils<br />
ar hyofnis mimdinare Semosavlebi xarjebis <strong>da</strong>safaravad,<br />
aramed imasac, rom <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si erovnuli simdidris<br />
elementebis pernmanentuli ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis procesi<br />
mimdinareobs ara marto sawarmoo <strong>da</strong> finansuri aqtivebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis xarjze, aramed saojaxo qonebis – binebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva samomxmareblo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis elementebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebiTac. 1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi mimdinare<br />
SemosavlebiT mravali a<strong>da</strong>miani, Sinameurneoba<br />
TiTqmis erTbaSad iqca Raribad, radgan maTi Semosavali<br />
saarsebo minimumsac ver farav<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>grovili qonebis elementebiT<br />
ki isini jer isev SeZlebulad rCebodnen. es garemoeba<br />
xelovnurad zrdi<strong>da</strong> saSinao qonebis elementebis<br />
likvidurobis problemas <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, am elementebis<br />
gacvliTi proporciis gauaresebas, gansakuTrebiT sursaTTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. 2 sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, adgili hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
mosaxleobaSi keTildReobis ganmapirobebeli maragebiTa<br />
(qonebiT) <strong>da</strong> nakadebiT (SemosavlebiT) araTanabar,<br />
asimetriul uzrunvelyofas, risi <strong>da</strong>Zlevis (- sursaTze<br />
mimdinare moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis) ZiriTad<br />
gzad iqca Sinameurneobebis saSinao qonebis elementebis,<br />
sacxovrisis masobrivi yidva-gayidva. 1990-iani wlebis Sua<br />
xanebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mxolod 20 procenti<br />
iyo iseTi, visac qonebac <strong>da</strong> Semosavlebic saarsebo minimumis<br />
zRvarze meti hqon<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT amdenive iyo ise-<br />
Ti, visac arc erTi parametriT ar hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zleuli saarsebo<br />
minimumis zRvari; <strong>da</strong>narCen 60 procents erTerTi<br />
<br />
1 ix.: saqaTvelos Sinamurneobebi:1996-2001. statistikuri weliwdeuli.<br />
Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 194. ufro adreuli, 1992-1995 wlebis statistika, samwuxarod,<br />
ar arsebobs, Tumca empiriulad kargad Can<strong>da</strong>, rom swored im<br />
wlebSi iyo gansakuTrebiT maRali qonebis elementebis realizacia Sinameurneobebis<br />
SemosavlebSi.<br />
2 Cveni gaangariSebiT, dReisaTvis 1993 wlis aprilTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT saSualo<br />
samoTaxiani binis fasis Tanafardoba saqonlis xorcis fasTan <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
2.5-jeraa gazrdili.<br />
>:8 !
indikatoriT (SemosavlebiT an qonebiT) siRaribeSi hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
fexi Cadgmuli 1 . sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eqspertuli SefasebiT, mosaxleoba<br />
Tavis mimdinare Semosavlebs qonebriv mdgomareobaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 25 procentiT ufro cu<strong>da</strong>d afasebs.<br />
Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dReisaTvis saqarTvelos<br />
mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 3/4-is sabinao pirobebi<br />
met-naklebad <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebelia. am kontingentis 80<br />
procents mimdinare Semosavlebi aseve saarsebo minimumze<br />
maRali aqvT; maTgan, visac mimdinare Semosavlebi saarsebo<br />
minimumze <strong>da</strong>bali aqvs, mxolod 1/3-ze odnav mets aqvs<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli sabinao pirobebi. aRniSnuli proporciebi<br />
Semdegnairad warmodgeba:<br />
saqarTvelos SinameurneobaTa ganawileba saarsebo minimumisadmi<br />
mimdinare SemosavlebiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>grovili qonebiT<br />
(binebiT) 1995 <strong>da</strong> 2009 wlebSi<br />
<br />
1 samamulo statistika <strong>da</strong> qarTvel mkvlevarTa umravlesoba tolobis<br />
niSans svams saarsebo minimumisa <strong>da</strong> siRaribis cnebebs Soris, maSin rodesac<br />
pirveli ufro teqnikur-ekonomikuri, normatiuli maCvenebelia, meore<br />
ki socialur-ekonomikuri. saarsebo minimumi <strong>da</strong> siRaribis zRvari<br />
ar arian identuri cnebebi. saarsebo minimumi siRaribis, rogorc socialuri<br />
movlenis maxasiaTebeli qve<strong>da</strong> zRvris maCvenebelia. maSin roca<br />
Tavad siRaribis zRvari Raribi <strong>da</strong> saSualo klasis (fenis) wyalgamyofs<br />
warmoadgens. martivad rom vTqvaT, SeiZleba pirovnebas, Sinameurneobas<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zleuli hqondes saarsebo minimumi, magram is mainc Raribad iTvlebodes.siRaribis<br />
donis Tasmis simaRleze gavlenas axdens mocemuli qveynis<br />
ganviTarebis done <strong>da</strong> samomxmareblo kultura. - bevri samomxmareblo<br />
efeqtis matarebeli materialuri <strong>da</strong> aramaterialuri xasiaTis dovlaTi,<br />
rac ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveyanaSi iTvleba<br />
normaluri cxovrebis Cveulebriv atributad, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
doniT CamorCenil qveyanaSi xSirad miiCneva araZiriTadi moxmarebis,<br />
zogjer ki fufunebis sagna<strong>da</strong>c ki. samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong>pirispirebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri<br />
kolafsis dros, 1993-1994 wlebis calkeul TveebSi cxeli wyali,<br />
gaTboba <strong>da</strong> mudmivi deni binebSi TbilisSi TiTqmis fufunebis tolfas<br />
dovlaTad miiCneo<strong>da</strong>. dReisaTvis ki mobilurma telefonmac ki ise-<br />
Ti saqmiani aqsesuaris funqcia SeiZina, rac am ori aTeuli wlis win,<br />
magaliTad, bloknotsa <strong>da</strong> avtokalams gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T. imisaTvis, rom saarsebo<br />
minimumisa <strong>da</strong> siRaribis zRvris cnebebma erTnairi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva SeiZinon,<br />
aucilebelia arsebiTad gaizardos qveynis ekonomikuri potenciali, mosaxleobis<br />
erT sulze warmoebuli mTliani Si<strong>da</strong> produqti, gaizardos<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamravlferovndes amis safuZvelze saarsebo minimumis mformirebeli<br />
dovlaTis CamonaTvali (nomenklatura). es aucileblad gamoiwvevs saarsebo<br />
minimumis Rirebulebis gacilebiT swraf zr<strong>da</strong>s fasebis saerTo<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>sTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
! >:9
:: !<br />
(procentobiT)<br />
SinameurneobaTa raodenoba, romelTac:<br />
- Semosavlebi <strong>da</strong> qoneba oficialur saarsebo<br />
minimumis Sesabamis parametrebze meti<br />
aqvT<br />
- saarsebo minimumis Sesabamis parametrebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Semosavlebi naklebia, qoneba ki –<br />
meti<br />
- saarsebo minimumis Sesabamis parametrebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Semosavlebi metia, qoneba ki –<br />
naklebi<br />
- Semosavlebi <strong>da</strong> qoneba naklebia saarsebo<br />
minimumis Sesabamis parametrebze<br />
1995 2009<br />
20 60<br />
50 10<br />
10 5<br />
20 25<br />
rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis keTildReobis formirebas,<br />
mimdinare moxmarebis dones ekonomikuri aRmavlobis<br />
pirobebSi upiratesad gansazRvraven mimdinare Semosavlebi,<br />
xolo krizisisa <strong>da</strong> recesiis pirobebSi ki – adre <strong>da</strong>grovili<br />
qonebis elementebi. dReisaTvis “qonebriv-saSemosavlo<br />
asimetriis” xarisxi 1990-iani wlebis SuaxanebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT 3-jer <strong>da</strong> meta<strong>da</strong>a Semcirebuli.<br />
Semosavlebis diversificireba, saSemosavlo <strong>da</strong> qonebrivi<br />
mdgomareobis asimetria <strong>da</strong> rigi sxva momentebi<br />
ganapirobeben sazogadoebis ufro siRrmiseuli socialuri<br />
klasterizaciis aucileblobas. kerZod, dReisaTvis<br />
aRaraa sakmarisi sazogadoebis samdonian “qrestomatiul”<br />
jgufebad (mdidrebi, Raribebi, saSualo klasi) <strong>da</strong>yofa.<br />
mdidrebsa <strong>da</strong> saSualo klass Soris un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyos SeZlebulebis<br />
kategoria, xolo RaribebSi – Ratakebi. 1 Tu<br />
rogori Semosavlebis parametri un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>edos TiToeul<br />
maTgans, es jerac gansjis sagania. 2 amasTan, saarsebo minimumi<br />
<strong>da</strong> siRaribis zRvari realurad sakmaod <strong>da</strong>Sorebu-<br />
<br />
1 Cvenis azriT, SesaZlebelia mosaxleobis diferencireba moxdes Semdeg<br />
jgufebad: Raribebi (Ratakebi, uqonelni, saSualod Raribebi, xelmokleni<br />
– socialuri Raribebi...), saSualo klasi (<strong>da</strong>bali fena, maRali fena),<br />
mdidrebi (SeZlebulebi <strong>da</strong> sakuTriv mdidrebi).<br />
2 magaliTad, Tuki eqspertTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom RatakTa<br />
kategoriisaTvis misakuTvneblad aucilebelia, rom Sinameurnebis xarjebis<br />
moculoba saarsebo minimumis naxevrze naklebi iyos, mdi<strong>da</strong>rTa kategoriisaTvis<br />
Sinameurneobis misakuTvnebel qve<strong>da</strong> zRvarze Sexedulebebi<br />
meryeobs saarsebo minimumis 10-30 jeradTa Soris.
li, gansxvavebuli moculobis, Rirebulebis indikatorebia.<br />
1<br />
bunebrivia, rom saboloo jamSi keTildReobaze arsebiT<br />
gavlenas axdenen ara marto <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa saqmianobis<br />
saxeebi, Semosavlebis sidide <strong>da</strong> profili, aramed SinameurneobaTa<br />
demografiul–asakobrivi struqtura. dReisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli mosaxleobis mier Seqmnili dovlaTis, Semosavlebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 35 procenti ga<strong>da</strong>nawildeba SinameurneobaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>usaqmebel <strong>da</strong> samuSao Zalis kategoriis miRma myofi<br />
ojaxis wevrebis sasargeblod. mTeli mosaxleobis mixedviT<br />
ki “Si<strong>da</strong>ojaxuri transferebis” xarjze <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa faqtobrivi<br />
moxmarebis sidide maTsave pirvelad Semosavalze<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 2.5-jer naklebia. magaliTad, saqarTvelos pensionerTa<br />
9/10-ze meti cxovrobs SinameurneobaSi Tavis ekonomikurad<br />
aqtiur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebul ojaxis wevrebTan erTad.<br />
pensionerebi monawileoben SinameurneobaTa saboloo er-<br />
Tobliv moxmarebaSi, anu amis gareSe maTi ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareoba gacilebiT dramatuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. jer erTi, sa-<br />
Sualo pensia saarsebo minimumis mxolod 2/3-s faravs. meorec,<br />
fasebi sursaTze, romelic ZiriTadi samomxmareblo<br />
saqonelia pensionerebisaTvis, rogorc wesi, gacilebiT<br />
swrafad izrdeba inflaciasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT (<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1.2-<br />
1.3-jer ufro swrafad).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad zemoxsenebuli pozitiuri tendenciebisa,<br />
mTlianobaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis procesi ara<strong>da</strong>makmayofilebelia.<br />
– marTalia, 1990-iani wlebis SuaxanebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
<br />
1 magaliTad, Tu oficialuri statistikiT saarsebo minimumi 200 laria,<br />
201-lariani შemosavlis mqone realurad jer kidev Raribia, radganac<br />
saarsebo minimumis Tasma Cvens sinamdvileSi (gansakuTrebiT 2006 wlis<br />
gazafxulze statistikis departamentis mier ganxorcielebuli saarsebo<br />
minimumis 30-procentiani “sekvestris” safuZvelze) imdenad <strong>da</strong>blaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>weuli, rom mis zemoT sakmaod maRal donezec ki (saarsebo minimumze<br />
ramdenimejer meti Semosavlis SemTxvevaSic ki) a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong> Sinameurneoba<br />
Rariba<strong>da</strong>a misaCnevi. RaribebSi, magaliTad, un<strong>da</strong> ganvasxvavoT isini,<br />
visac sasursaTo uzrunvelyofis problema aqvT <strong>da</strong> isini, visac kvebis<br />
problema ki aqvT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili, magram ara aqvT sakmarisi saxsrebi wignebis<br />
SesaZenad, TeatrSi, koncertze wasasvlelad <strong>da</strong> a.S. Cveni SefasebiT,<br />
Raribia yvela, visi mimdinare Semosavali ar aRemateba saarsebo minimums<br />
samjer mainc. anu, Tu saarsebo minimumi saSualod erT Sinameurneobaze,<br />
magaliTad, 200 laria, Raribia yvela is Sinameurneoba, visi Semosavalic<br />
ar aRemateba 600 lars.!<br />
! >:;
mniSvnelovnad Semcir<strong>da</strong> saarsebo minimums miRma myofTa<br />
raodenoba, magram Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT nela izrdeba saSualo klasis<br />
warmomadgenelTa raodenoba. bolo wlebSi, saSualo<br />
klasis wili SinameurneobaTa saerTo ricxovnobaSi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
yovelwliurad mxolod 0.4 procentuli punqtiT<br />
izrdebo<strong>da</strong> (aseTi tempiT saSualo klasis wilis<br />
SinameurneobaTa saerTo ricxovnobis 3/5-is doneze gasasvlelad<br />
125 welze meti <strong>da</strong>sWirdeba). ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong><br />
Tavis gamoxatulebas hpoveb<strong>da</strong> ara RaribTa absoluturi<br />
ricxvis SemcirebaSi, aramed RaribTa SigniT mdgomareobis<br />
ramdenadme gaumjobesebaSi – umniSvnelod mcirdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
RatakTa <strong>da</strong> raodenoba <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi proporciiT izrdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
xelmokle Sinameurneobebis (socialuri Raribebis)<br />
raodenoba. Tu miviCnevT, rom siRaribe <strong>da</strong>Zlevadia<br />
saarsebo minimumis 3-jeradi metobis SemTxvevaSi, aRmoCndeba,<br />
rom siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeba SinameurneobaTa<br />
86 procenti, saSualo klass miekuTvneba SinameurneobaTa<br />
9 procenti, xolo SeZlebuli <strong>da</strong> mdi<strong>da</strong>ria mosaxleobis<br />
mxolod 5 procenti. 1<br />
<br />
1 2004 wlisTvis <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> saarsebo minimumze <strong>da</strong>bali Semosavali<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> SinameurneobaTa naxevarze mets. amitom 2006 wlis gazafxulze<br />
Seicvala misi gaangariSebis meTodologia – RirebulebiTi formiT <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
30 procentiT (erT saSualo momxmarebelze – 120.3 lari<strong>da</strong>n<br />
84.3 laramde, agreTve saarsebo minimumis Sesabamisi kilokaloriebis<br />
raodenoba – dReRamuri 2500-<strong>da</strong>n 2250-mde). amis safuZvelze Raribi Sinameurneobebis<br />
raodenoba erTi xelis mosmiT Semcir<strong>da</strong> 52-<strong>da</strong>n 35.7 procentamde.<br />
anu formalurad, meTodologiuri “gamWriaxobis” wyalobiT 200<br />
aTasze meti Sinameurneoba (- <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 750 aTasi a<strong>da</strong>miani, qveynis yoveli<br />
merve mcxovrebi) xelovnurad gamoyvanil iqna RaribTa raodenobi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad am axali, Semsubuqebuli saarsebo minimumisa, RaribTa<br />
raodenoba qveyanaSi mainc izrdebo<strong>da</strong> – 2005 wels maTi raodenoba, sul<br />
cota, 160 aTasiT gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> procentulad SinameurneobaTa 39.4 procents<br />
miaRwia (Zveli meTodologiiT – 57.7 procents). imisaTvis, rom <strong>da</strong>maluliyo<br />
SinameurneobaTa TiTqmis 40 procentisaTvis siRaribis axal,<br />
“sekvestrirebul” stan<strong>da</strong>rtze naklebi Semosavlebi, statistikis departamentma<br />
2006 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo xsenebuli maCveneblis Canacvleba amorfuli<br />
indikatoriT “medianuri moxmarebis 60%-iani zRvars miRma myofi Sinameurneobebis<br />
raodenoba”, romelic <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1.7-1.8-jer amcirebs saarsebo<br />
minimumis qvemoT myof SinameurneobaTa raodenobas. imavdroulad<br />
miRebul iqna ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba saarsebo minimimumis miRma <strong>da</strong>rCenili<br />
Sinameurneobebis maCveneblis publikaciaze uaris Tqmaze. amJamad, oficialuri<br />
statistikuri monacemebiT, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Raribi mxolod 21.3<br />
procentia – Tumca am cifris qveS moiazreba oficialuri statistikuri<br />
wyaroebiT gaangariSebuli medianuri moxmarebis 60 procentis zRvars<br />
>:< !
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobis Semdgomi<br />
amaRlebisaTvis aucilebelia ekonomikuri reformebis ufro<br />
Tanmimdevruli <strong>da</strong> kompleqsuri gatareba, saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />
wnexis mniSvnelovani Semcireba <strong>da</strong> diferencireba saqmianobaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> investiciaTa saxeebis, regionebis, biznesis<br />
sididisa <strong>da</strong> rigi sxva niSnis mixedviT, axali samuSao<br />
adgilebis Seqmna. swored amiT iqneba SesaZlebeli ekonomikis<br />
zrdis tempebis amaRleba <strong>da</strong> qveynis msoflio <strong>da</strong> regionuli<br />
CamorCenis Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan <strong>da</strong>Zleva.<br />
brZola saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobis<br />
amaRlebisaTvis, <strong>da</strong>saqmebis optimizaciisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
stabilurobisaTvis uaRresad saintereso <strong>da</strong> sayuradRebo<br />
stadiaSi Sedis...<br />
<br />
miRma myofi Sinameurneobebi. medianuri moxmarebis maCvenebeli, saqarTvelos<br />
SinameurneobaTa faqtobrivi ganawilebis mixedviT, saSualo moxmarebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 80-85 procents Seesabameba, ris gamoc zemoxsenebuli<br />
medianuri moxmarebis 60 procenti saSualo moxmarebis maCveneblis naxevars<br />
ar aRemateba. realurad oficialuri saarsebo minimumis maCvenebelze<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali Semosavali aqvs SinameurneobaTa TiTqmis 40 procents,<br />
xolo arakoreqtirebuli, Zveli meTodologiiT – SinameurneobaTa TiTqmis<br />
naxevars.<br />
! >:=
"#$ !<br />
<br />
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Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19%!& 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30<br />
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