Volcano-related hazards and risks in southern Italy

63 EFG Council Meeting
Workshop “Managing Natural Hazards”
Tenerife (May 10-11, 2012)
VOLCANO-RELATED HAZARDS AND
RISKS IN SOUTHERN ITALY
Graziano G.V., Calcaterra D. & Cencetti C.
National Council of Geologists, Italy*
* Via Vittoria Colonna, 40 - 00193 Roma – Ph. +39 06 68807736-7 - Fax +39 06 68807742 Email: consiglio@cngeologi.it
1
http://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/fotogallery/fotogallery9534.shtml

Mt. Eyjafjöll (Iceland) eruption in
March 27, 2010
http://www.ecologiae.com/eruzione-vulcano-islanda/15073/
http://www.foto-sicilia.it/foto.cfmidfoto=122552
Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy) eruption in January 12, 2011
http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2001/07/mt-etna-eruption.html
Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy)
Moderate-resolution Imaging sectroradiometer
(MODIS) of July 22, 2001
http://mmedia.kataweb.it/foto-utente/2285402/eruzioneetna-12-gennaio-2011-spettacolo
2

http://www.ilgazzettinovesuviano.com/2011/11/15/abusi-edilizi-nelparco-nazionale-del-vesuvio-scattano-i-sigilli/
http://miaplacidusedaltriracconti.blogspot.it/2007/08/il-vesuviopotrebbe-tornare-in-attivit.html
http://www.marketplace.it/vesuvio/44.htm
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lava_del_Vesuvio_a_Massa_
di_Somma_1944.jpg
Mt. Vesuvio today and during the last eruption occurred in March 1944. The towns of Massa di Somma, 3
San Sebastiano al Vesuvio and Terzigno were almost destroyed (21 dead and 2,750 homeless)

Google earth
http://www.blitzquotidiano.it/cronaca-italia/maltemponapoli-traghetti-fermi-porto-632166/
Naples has been growing between the
Campi Flegrei caldera and the Somma-
Vesuvius complex.
This megacity is located on two active
volcanoes and is close to a third active
volcano (the Isle of Ischia).
4

Mattheus Merian “Vesuvius Mons Neapoleos” (323 x 191 mm) Frankfurt, 1640
http://www.ideararemaps.com/article.aspxarticleID=1800
5

GEOLOGIC CONTEXT OF ITALIAN VOLCANISM
Collision between African and Eurasian plates
Tyrrenian Rifting
http://www.laquilanuova.org/2009/12/11/san-francisco-e-la-verita-sui-terremoti/
6

VOLCANIC AREAS IN ITALY
http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/jcms/it/vulcani_attivi.wp
7

Neapolitan Area: Phlegrean Fields (an unrest caldera)
Geological and structural sketch
map of Southern Campanian Plain
(Orsi et alii, 2004)
Geological cross section through the Campi Flegrei caldera
(Orsi et alii, 2004)
- caldera (12x15 kms)
- active since 60,000 years Mt. Nuovo,
Pozzuoli
- last eruption: 1538 a.C.
→ Mt. Nuovo (130 m a.s.l.)
http://www.ulixes.it/english/e_pg02dfr07a.html
8

http://www.flickr.com/photos/marioleona/4360023234/
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfatara_di_Pozzuoli
“Solfatara” (Pozzuoli, Naples)
The "Serapium" or
“Macellum” of Pozzuoli
demonstrates the effects of
bradyseism.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradyseism
9

1.5 million people live within the caldera
350,000 people live in its active portion
NEXT ERUPTION !
When Where How
10

Orsi et alii, 2004
11

The southeastern, instable slope of
the Camaldoli hill (northern Phlegrean
Fields caldera wall) - Orsi et alii (2003)
The instable slope of “Solfatara”
Photo by Corrado Cencetti
12

http://www.chiaianodiscarica.it/p=332
Abandoned tuff quarry
Posillipo, Napoli
http://altocasertano.wordpress.com/2009/01/23/discarica-achiaianona-dopo-due-frane-lo-staff-di-bertolaso-continua-asfidare-il-dissesto-idrogeologico-del-prof-franco-ortolani/
Active tuff quarry
13

http://www.campanialive.it/articoli-meteo.asptitolo=Lo_scempio_della_collina_napoletana
Camaldoli Hill, Phlegrean Fields
14

http://www.campanialive.it/articoli-meteo.asptitolo=Lo_scempio_della_collina_napoletana
Camaldoli Hill, Phlegrean Fields
15

Neapolitan Area: Vesuvius
http://www.sbngs.it/italia/media-gallery--fotogallery--ambientenatura/vulcani/420
http://vesuvioinrete.blogspot.it/
http://www.guidearcheocampania.it/Ita/vesuvio.htm
16

http://astridrome.wordpress.com/category/archaeology-2/pompei/
http://www.viagginews.com/201
0/12/02/news-pompei-crolla/
http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-
MiBAC/Menu-Utility/Immagine/index.html_646052529.html
http://www.ragostahotels.com/ita/hotel_raito/hotel_pomp
ei.htm
The city of Pompei, destroyed in 79 A.C. by the eruption of Vesuvius
17

http://www.campaniameteo.it/davedere.phpid=1060
http://www.paesionline.it/napoli/foto_dettaglio.aspfilename=3522_napoli_veduta_del_vesuvio
18

http://www.interviu.it/cards/
maggio4c.htm
1944 eruption
Main eruptions of
Vesuvius during the
last 20,000 years
(OsVe – IDIS, 1995)
RED = plinian eruptions
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/F
ile:Vista_vesuvio_napoli.jp
g
1631 eruption
GREY-GREEN =
subplinian eruptions
GREY = strombolian
eruptions
WHITE = uncertain
attribution
http://www.arthotelgranpara
diso.com/it/escursioni_guid
ate.php
Pompei eruption (79 a.C.)
19

Simplified sketch of the structure of
Somma-Vesuvius (Di Vito et alii, 2011)
The last eruption of Vesuvius, occurred in 1944
http://altocasertano.wordpress.com/2009/08/24/pompein
a-24-agosto-anniversario-eruzione-del-vesuvio-del-79-dc-il-video-delleruzione-del-marzo-1944-ripreso-in-diretta/
http://teatriemusei.ovest.com/fr/cratere-du-vesuve-denaples.phpVisualizzaFunzioneProdotto=sgn
http://www.carbonaribikers.com/Info
%20Escursioni/041_Vesuvio_Cratere_26mar06.htm
20
Fumaroles within the main crater of Vesuvius

What can we expect by Vesuvius
Icelandic eruption
Hawaian eruption
Vulcanian eruption
Strombolian
eruption
Plinian eruption
Pelean eruption
http://www.didascienze.it/eruzioni_vulcaniche.html
21

4D simulations of explosive eruptions in Vesuvius (Neri et alii, 2007)
http://www.pi.ingv.it/focus/simulazioni.html
The sequence shows the evolution of the distribution of temperature of pyroclastic flow (the two
isosurfaces orange and pink indicates respectively 350°C and 100 °C) at 300, 500, and 750
seconds from the beginning of the collapse of eruptive column.
22

P = relative probability
of invasion by lava
flows in case of
eruption
0.15

Areas exposed to lahars and mud-flows in the northern slope of Vesuvius. The numbers
from 1 to 4 show the areas probably affected by these phenomena in ascending order. In
the area 5 (grey) lahars can accumulate (Scandone & Cortini, 1982)
24

Aeolian Archipelago: Isle of Stromboli
http://www.marmaglia.it/vacanza.phpid=3
http://www.patrimoniounesco.it/EOLIE/eolie.htm
25

http://www.flickr.com/photos/7455207@N05/galleries/72157622281
604657/
http://www.eolnet.it/eng/vulcanieolie.asp
http://www.seacilia.it/pag_ge.asplingua=ita&link=72
http://www.decadevolcano.net/travel_intro.htm
Eruptive activity in Stromboli
26

http://laprovinciamessina.it/regione/2148-stromboli-fortiesplosioni
http://www.stromboliparadise.com/INFO&IMMAGINI.html
The “Sciara del Fuoco”, Stromboli
The eruption of April 5, 2003 and its effects
http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/volcano/beso/bes03a-it.html
27

http://www.tropeaholiday.it/stromboli.htm
Stromboli
Ginostra
http://radiostereosantagata.blogspot.it/201
1/01/lipari-ginostra-arriva-il-sesto.html
28

http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/volcano/sciara0203/p
hoto03-it.html
http://sicilia.evolutiontravel.it/it_IT/tab/28938_hotel-4-stelledirettamente-sul-mare.html
Stromboli: flows of lava in
the “Sciara del Fuoco”
http://www.liguori.it/foto/gallery/default.aspisbn=4064
29

Anomalous
wave
s
Anomalous
wave
s
30
http://www.meteoweb.eu/2011/08/tsunami-anche-litalia-e-a-rischio-tanti-campanelli-dallarmema-poca-prevenzione/73785/
http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/
volcano/beso/bes02c-it.html

The tsunami in the Isle of Stromboli (December 30, 2002)
http://roma2.rm.ingv.it/it/tematiche/33/tsunami/33/gli_tsunami_
in_italia
Punta Lena (Isle of Stromboli) damaged
after the tsunami occurred in December
30, 2002
http://www.decadevolcano.net/volcanoes/stromboli/stromboli_
tsunami_2002.htm
31

http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/jcms/it/view_new.wpcontentId=NEW26318
Stromboli: the explosion of July 5, 2011
32

Mt. Etna (Sicily)
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monti_Sicani
- Altitude: 3350 m a.s.l.
- Area: 1250 km 2
- Diameter: 35 kms
- Age of the main structure:
about 100,000 years
http://mongibello.net/page/2/
33

http://www.nationalgeographic.it/ambiente/disastri-naturali/2010/04/10/foto/photo_gallery_volcanoes-3417/1/
Structure of a strato-volcano
34
http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/stratovolc_page.html

http://www.cailinguaglossa.com
/TrekkingEtnaNord.htm
Main craters in the top of Mt. Etna
http://www.villadagala.it/etna.html
“Bove” Valley
http://www.siciliajonica.taormina.mobi/vacanze/escursioni/etna/
Minor craters on the flanks of volcano
35

http://www.sgc.ethz.ch/report03/Section_5.htm
36

y Tibaldi & Groppelli, 2002
37

http://www.crystalsporting.com/english/fototerritorio.html
http://www.mondonews24.com/attualita/eruzione-vulcanoetna-oggi-8-settembre-2011/21373
The eruption of Etna in July, 2011
The deviation of the lava flow
during the eruption of 2002, close
to Zafferana Etnea (Catania)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/etnawalk/sets/72157625740897403/detail/
38

http://www.nicola76.beepworld.it/fotoetna.htm
http://ilsole24h.blogspot.it/2010/04/eruzione-del-vulcanoeyjafjalla-in.html
http://www.meteoweb.eu/2011/07/letna-torna-ad-eruttare-esattamente-
10-anni-dopo-levento-distruttivo-dellestate-2001/67697/
http://www.katasztrofak.abbcenter.com/
galstep=1&id=73319
39

http://movimentoinsicilia.blogspot.it/2011/01/etna-rischio-cenere.html
Emission of ashes during the eruption of 2002
http://fattieopinioni.blog.espresso.repubblica.it/fatti-eopinioni/2011/09/giarre-eppur-si-muove-qualcosa-allaprovincia-regionale-di-catania-presto-rimossa-la-cenerevulcanic.html
http://www.cataniatoday.it/cronaca/cenerevulcanica-allarme-salute.html
http://www.ragusanews.com/articolo/18345/cenere-dell-etna-limportanza-di-comiso
“Etna made us blacks!”
40

http://forum.meteogiornale.it/showthread.phpt=65070&page=8
http://www.meattradenewsdaily.co.uk/news/140611/argenti
na___millions_of_sheep_and_cattle_in_peril_over_volcani
c_ash_.aspx
http://tg24.sky.it/tag/tg24/etna_1.html
The airport of Catania “Fontanarossa” (Sicily) covered
by volcanic ash during the eruption of Etna of July 2011
41

MEASURES FOR MITIGATION OF THE VOLCANIC AND
VOLCANO-RELATED HAZARDS AND RISKS IN ITALY
Vulnerability
Type of hazard
Exposure to
phenomenon
RISK
Volcanic risk: the only possibility to reduce it is the
not exposure.....
42

Vesuvius plain...
43
http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/minisite/index.phpdir_pk=250&cms_pk=1440&n_page=600

Province
Region
Municipality
44

http://interessantissimo.iobloggo.com/
http://www.loschermo.it/articoli/view/30675
http://www.meteoweb.eu/2012/04/alluvione-di-sarno-e-quindici-
14-anni-dopo-in-memoria-dei-160-morti-sotto-il-fiume-difango/131887/
http://www.reggiotv.it/notizie/ambiente/23763/dissest
o-idrogeologico-calabria-chiesto-stato-emergenza
45

http://notizie.provincia.cuneo.it/p=14562
http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/jcms/it/piano_e
mergenza.wp
46
http://www.redblueeagleslaquila1978.com/hom
e.php/page_id=4144

http://www.pi.ingv.it/focus/simulazioni.html
47

National Service for
Civil Defense
Prefecture
VOLCANIC
EMERGENCY
PLAN
National Council
of Research
National Institute of
Geophysics and
Volcanology
Universities
National Council
of Geologists
48

Vesuvius and Phlegrean Fields
600,000 !
Emergency plan of Vesuvian area
http://cdn.freeforumzone.leonardo.it/disc
ussione.aspxidd=10124655&p=37
49

Geophysical monitoring
network of Vesuvio
(Orsi et alii, 2012)
http://www.ov.ingv.it/ov/doc/vulcani_napoletani_HQ.pdf
http://turistipercaso.it/vesuvio/image/40224/
Vesuvian Observatory
50

Alert levels
for Vesuvius
activity
http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/jcms/e
n/view_pde.wp;jsessionid=9D802496756
6483BC206C6859D2994E3
contentId=PDE12771
51

Emergency plan
and alert levels for
Phlegrean Fields
area (limits of Red
Zone)
340,000
Orsi et alii (2003)
http://denaro.it/blog/2011/02/19/p
rotezione-civile-arriva-una-leggead-hoc/
52

Stromboli
http://www.ct.ingv.it/index.phpoption=com_content&view=article&id=282%3Ail-nuovo-sistema-dimonitoraggio-video-del-vulcano-stromboli&lang=it
Sections of Catania
and Palermo (Sicily)
Vesuvian
Observatory
University of
Florence
53

Seismic stations in the Isle of Stromboli
Visible light camera installed at
400 m elevation
New videocamera infrastructure with double solar panels
Thermal camera installed on Pizzo
Sopra la Fossa with wide-angle
optics and 90° horizontal aperture 54
http://www.ct.ingv.it/index.phpoption=com_content&view=article&id=282%3Ail-nuovo-sistema-di-monitoraggio-video-del-vulcano-stromboli&lang=it

Ground-based SAR radar interferometer installed at Stromboli for monitoring deformations of
main crater an slope of Sciara del Fuoco (SdF, in the plot) by Casagli et alii (2009)
Characteristics:
distance = 650 m
spatial resolution = 1.0 m x ca. 1.5 m
accuracy = < 0,5 mm
55

http://www.ivg.it/2012/02/varata-la-boaondametrica-ad-andora/
http://www.idromare.it/struttura_scheda.phpRON=41
56

http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/howwork/strain/
One of the borehole strainmeter (dilatometer) installed in Stromboli. Although the
dilatometer records only volumetric strain, its has the advantage of recording
data at seismic frequencies
+
+
57

http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/
The C.O.A. (Centro
Operativo Avanzato
= Advanced
Operative Centre) in
the Isle of Stromboli
Casagli et alii, 2009
58

Mt. Etna
http://www.allposters.com/apnum=3609513&aid=39919869
http://wulkanyswiata.blogspot.it/2011/11/osiemnastyparoksyzm-erupcyjny-etny.html
http://www.pantalica.org/etna
59
http://skipper-troktiko.blogspot.it/2011_11_22_archive.html

http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/minisite/index.phpdir_pk=546&cms_pk=1437&n_page=6
Previsional map of areas potentiallly affected by fall-out of volcanic ashes in case of
explosive activity of Etna
60

http://seekingalpha.com/article/199467-report-from-europe-markets-retreat-on-various-worries
Thanks for your attention …
61

References
- Casagli N., Catani F., Del Ventisette C., Guerri L., Antonello G., Fortuny-Guasch J., Tarchi D. & Leva D.
(2009) - Monitoring deformations of the Stromboli volcano through ground-based radar interferometry.
http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~mmwave/media/gbrv/
- Di Vito M.A., Piochi M., Mormone A. & Tramelli A. (2011) – Somma Vesuvius: the Volcano and the
Observatory - Field trip guidebook. REAKT - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione
Osservatorio Vesuviano (Naples, September 22th, 2011).
- Neri A., Esposti Ongaro T., Menconi G., De’ Michieli Vitturi M., Cavazzoni C., Erbacci G. & Baxter P.J.
(2007) - 4D simulation of esplosive eruption dynamics at Vesuvius. Geophysical Research Letters, 34,
DOI:10.1029/2006GL028597.
- Orsi G., Cuna L., De Astis G., de Vita S., Di Vito M.A., Isaia R., Nave R., Pappalardo L., Piochi M.,
Postiglione C., Sansivero F. (2012) – I Vulcani Napoletani: Pericolosità e Rischio. INGV - Osservatorio
Vesuviano, 45 pp. - http://www.ov.ingv.it/ov/doc/vulcani_napoletani_HQ.pdf
- Orsi G., de Vita S., Di Vito M.A., Isaia R., Nave R. & Heiken G. (2003) – Facing volcanic and related hazards
in the Neapolitan area. In: Heiken G., Fakundiny R. & Sutter J. (Eds.) “Earth Science in the City: A Reader”, 12-
170. American Geophysical Union.
- Orsi G., Di Vito M.A. & Isaia R. (2004) - Volcanic hazard assessment at the restless Campi Flegrei caldera.
Bull. Volcanol., 66, 514–530. DOI 10.1007/s00445-003-0336-4
- Osservatorio Vesuviano & Fondazione IDIS (1995) - Il rischio vulcanico. Il Vesuvio. Napoli, CUEN.
- Scandone R. & Cortini M. (1982) – Il Vesuvio: un vulcano ad alto rischio – Le Scienze, 163, 92-105.
- Tibaldi A. & Groppelli G. (2002) - Volcano-tectonic activity along structures of the unstable NE flank of Mt.
Etna (Italy) and their possible origin. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 115, 277-302.