11.07.2015 Views

an emblematic figure an emblematic figure - Venice Magazine

an emblematic figure an emblematic figure - Venice Magazine

an emblematic figure an emblematic figure - Venice Magazine

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

FOCUS ON8ventures. <strong>Venice</strong> was <strong>an</strong> aristocraticrepublic for 500 years,but no government or democracyhas ever succeeded inexerting the power the Serenissimawielded with suchdexterity: the control of power,its limiting <strong>an</strong>d ch<strong>an</strong>nellingtowards what was consideredto be the best for “the commongood”.The <strong>figure</strong> of the Doge is<strong>emblematic</strong> in this scenario.A <strong>figure</strong> evolving over the centuries,he resided first on thecoast, at Eraclea, then Malamocco,<strong>an</strong>d lastly on <strong>Venice</strong>'smain isl<strong>an</strong>d, at Rialto, fromDuke <strong>an</strong>d officer of Byz<strong>an</strong>tium,he went on to become<strong>an</strong> independent Doge withabsolute power. Later againhis powers were to be curtailed,reducing him to a Stateemblem, still aloof but a meresymbol of the Gr<strong>an</strong>d Republic.In solemnitatibus imperator,in curia senator,in urbe captivus, ex urbe reus.Electoral law ch<strong>an</strong>ged overthe centuries. The one of 1268- which aimed above all at preventingballot rigging - lasted,with a few variations, until thefall of the Republic. Uponappointment, the Doge wascalled to swear his “Promissioneducale”, the oath regulatinghis powers. Since the 13thcentury, responsibility forch<strong>an</strong>ging it according to theneeds was in the h<strong>an</strong>ds theCorrettori della Promissione;in 1501, these <strong>figure</strong>s wereadded to by the Inquisitors,who, after the death of theDoge, checked that he hadkept faith to his oath. Thepolitical scope of the Doge’sactivity was extremely limited.Without permission, he couldnot renounce his appointmentbut could be forced out ofoffice; he could not increasehis powers, nor own assetsTHE DOGES' CLOTHESThe best-known feature of the Doges' attire is the traditional small hat,which was called the "corno” (horn) for its characteristic pointed shape.It was soft in the first years - somewhat reminiscent the berets of theOrient (the Doges' robes were inspired by Byz<strong>an</strong>tine tastes) - while inaround 1200 it became stiffer <strong>an</strong>d conical, as one of the symbols of thecoronation. The Doge would wear a cap of gold or silver cloth, scarletfabric, damask, <strong>an</strong>d crimson velvet. At his coronation, he was crownedwith the “zoia”, a "corna" encrusted with precious gems that belonged tothe State <strong>an</strong>d kept by the Procuratori of St. Mark. To have <strong>an</strong> inkling of itsvalue, the zoia renewed in 1555 was estimated at 194,092 ducats. Underthe peak, the Doge would wear a smaller cap of fine cloth, called“rensa”, which was worn even during the elevation ceremony in church.The ceremonial garb was made up of the dogalina, a sort of cassock, themajestic ducal m<strong>an</strong>tle, <strong>an</strong>d the collar. The dogalina <strong>an</strong>d the m<strong>an</strong>tle weremade of fabric while the collar, fastened with a gold clasp or bejewelled,was in fur. The stockings <strong>an</strong>d shoes, which were leather or fabricboots, were red. When not seen in public, the doge wore the Rom<strong>an</strong>a, ashaved crimson gown while, to attend the Councils, he put on a similarone called collegiale. The Doges' costume did not undergo <strong>an</strong>y greatch<strong>an</strong>ges over the centuries.Two curious things are worth noting about the doges' appear<strong>an</strong>ce: first,their hair, which was at first worn long, then short <strong>an</strong>d then long againuntil, in the 18th century, it was ‘replaced’ by powdered wigs; the other isthat they could never wear <strong>an</strong>ything which was black.I VESTITI DEI DOGIIl particolare più noto dell’abbigliamento dei Dogi è il tradizionale berrettoche si chiamava “corno” per la sua caratteristica forma a punta.All’inizio era morbido e ricordava i berretti del vicino Oriente (gli abiti deiDogi er<strong>an</strong>o del resto ispirati al gusto biz<strong>an</strong>tino) mentre attorno al 1200diventò più rigido, di forma conica, uno dei simboli dell’incoronazione.Il Doge infatti usualmente portava un corno di tessuto d'oro o d'argento,di p<strong>an</strong>no scarlatto, di damasco, di velluto cremisi, mentre venivaincoronato con la “zoia”, un corno ricoperto di pietre preziose cheapparteneva allo Stato e veniva custodito dai procuratori di S. Marco.Per dare una idea del suo valore basti dire che quello rinnovato nel 1555fu stimato la somma di 194.092 ducati.Sotto il corno indossava una cuffietta di tela finissima di nome “rensa”che neppure dur<strong>an</strong>te l'elevazione in chiesa veniva tolta. Il vestito di cerimoniasi componeva della dogalina, specie di veste talare, del maestosom<strong>an</strong>to ducale e del bavero.La dogalina ed il m<strong>an</strong>to er<strong>an</strong>o di stoffa, mentre il collare fermato conborchia d'oro o gemmata era di pelliccia. Le calze e le scarpe, stivalettidi pelle o di stoffa, er<strong>an</strong>o di colore rosso. Privatamente il doge indossavala rom<strong>an</strong>a, veste di raso cremisi, e per assistere ai Consigli una similedetta collegiale. Il costume del Doge sost<strong>an</strong>zialmente non cambiò nelcorso dei secoli. Due sono le curiosità, una riguarda i capelli che furonoprima lunghi, poi corti ed <strong>an</strong>cora lunghi fino ad essere sostituiti nel XVIIIsecolo da parrucche incipriate e l’altra il fatto che il Doge non potevamai portare il colore nero.Leonardo Lored<strong>an</strong> Doge (1501 - 1521)Giov<strong>an</strong>ni Bellini - London, National Gallery.zia, seppur retto da un<strong>an</strong>omenclatura di elite, ha maisaputo esercitare così bene ilpotere acquisito, cioè controllarloe limitarlo, indirizz<strong>an</strong>doloverso ciò che era ritenutoessere il meglio, per il cosidettobene "nostro".La figura del Doge è <strong>emblematic</strong>ain questo scenario.La sua fisionomia non è statasempre la stessa. Residenteprima ad Eraclea, poi aMalamocco ed infine a Rialto,da Duca e funzionario diBis<strong>an</strong>zio divenne Doge indipendentecon potere assolutoe poi il Doge dei tempi storicicon poteri sempre minori,ridotto a simbolo della gr<strong>an</strong>deRepubblica ed insegnadello Stato.In solemnitatibus imperator,in curia senator,in urbe captivus, ex urbe reus.La legge elettorale mutò nelcorso dei secoli, quella del1268 durò con poche vari<strong>an</strong>ti,volte sopratutto ad evitarebrogli, fino alla caduta dellaRepubblica.Il Doge, al momento dell<strong>an</strong>omina, doveva giurare la"Promissione ducale" cheregolava i suoi poteri.A modificarla secondo lenecessità si occuparono, finodal secolo XIII, i Correttoridella Promissione; ad essivennero, nel 1501, aggiuntigli Inquisitori che verificav<strong>an</strong>oche il Doge defunto laavesse osservata. L'attivitàpolitica del Doge era limitatissima.Non poteva rinunciaresenza permesso al dogado,ma poteva essere costrettoa farlo, aumentare i suoipoteri e possedere beni fuoridello Stato. Non poteva,senza l'assistenza e il permessodei suoi consiglieri, riceverepersonaggi in veste ufficiale,dare risposte agli ambasciatori,spedire o aprire letoutsidethe State; he could notreceive persons in his officialcapacity, give official <strong>an</strong>swersto ambassadors, send or openletters of State, or receive gifts.He also had to pay taxes.He could not leave <strong>Venice</strong>without permission from theGr<strong>an</strong>d Council. He was notallowed to flaunt his presencein the cafés or theatres, couldonly go out when dressed likethe other patrici<strong>an</strong>s, not enjoyingspecial honours. Despiteall these restrictions, the Dogewas free to preside over all theState’s meetings, at which hecould both make proposals<strong>an</strong>d take part in the voting.Public deeds had to bear thedoge’s signature <strong>an</strong>d he hadthe responsibility of supervisingover the good working ofthe magistracies <strong>an</strong>d justicesystems. He had to belong to afamily of the Gr<strong>an</strong>d Council<strong>an</strong>d, at least according to therules, he had to be youngerth<strong>an</strong> forty. In practice, though,doges were chosen from oldercitizens for their experience<strong>an</strong>d so that they would notremain in office for too long.As to their personal capacities,they were not required to haveexceptionally-gifted intellects,it being enough that they werenot completely inept, that theywere healthy <strong>an</strong>d showed acertain degree of ability in theart of negotiation. After hisdeath, a portrait was paintedof him at the Republic'sexpense <strong>an</strong>d put up in theDoges’ Palace. On 4 June1797, with the fall of theRepublic, in the midst of theMunicipalists’ jubilation, theducal insignias were burnt ona bonfire, together with thegolden book, <strong>an</strong>d the ashesthrown to the wind. Howquickly the fame of the worldpasses: sic tr<strong>an</strong>seat gloriamundi.tere di Stato, ricevere doni.Doveva pagare le imposte,pur con qualche agevolazione.Non poteva lasciare Veneziasenza il permesso del MaggiorConsiglio. Non gli erapermesso di <strong>an</strong>dare ai caffè enei teatri o mettersi in vista:qu<strong>an</strong>do usciva vestiva comegli altri patrizi e non avevaonori speciali. Pur con questilimiti ad un Doge rim<strong>an</strong>evaun buon campo d’azione: presiedeva,però, tutti i consessidello Stato e poteva proporree votare. Gli atti pubblicidovev<strong>an</strong>o portare la suafirma, doveva vigilare sulbuon <strong>an</strong>damento delle magistraturee sulla amministrazionedella giustizia.Doveva appartenere ad unafamiglia iscritta nel MaggiorConsiglio ed avere un'etàinferiore ai quar<strong>an</strong>ta <strong>an</strong>ni.In realtà si scegliev<strong>an</strong>o piùvecchi per esperienza e perchénon rim<strong>an</strong>essero molto alungo sul trono.Non doveva possedere gr<strong>an</strong>die straordinarie doti intellettuali,bastava che non fosseun'assoluta nullità e cheavesse prest<strong>an</strong>za fisica e capacitànel trattare.La lista civile fu sempre esiguae perciò doveva esserericco per poter sostenere lacarica. Nelle gr<strong>an</strong>di cerimoniee nelle processioni seguiv<strong>an</strong>oil Doge le insegne ed idistintivi particolari della suaalta dignità. Dopo la morteun suo ritratto veniva dipinto,a spese della Repubblica,e collocato in Palazzo Ducale.Il 4 giugno 1797, caduta laRepubblica, in mezzo al pazzescotripudio dei Municipalisti,le insegne dogalivennero arse sopra un rogoinsieme al libro d'oro e le cenerisparse al vento.Ma sono cose che accadono:sic tr<strong>an</strong>seat gloria mundi.FOCUS ON9

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!