List of Qualified Players for the 2013 WCQ: European ... - Yu-Gi-Oh!

The USSR-Russia Fast-Neutron Reactor ProgramThe BR-2 was replaced with the BR-5 (5 MWt), 7 and commenced operations in1959. It was cooled with liquid sodium and fueled with plutonium dioxide toallow higher fuel temperatures and power densities (up to 500 kilowatts/liter)in the core. 8 The BR-5’s power was subsequently increased to 10 megawattthermal (MWt) and it operated until 2004. In addition to reactor research anddevelopment, the BR-5 was used for medical-isotope production and even medicaltreatment (neutron-capture therapy of throat cancer using neutron beams fromthe reactor).Second and third decades, 1960-80During the second and third decades of the program, experience was acquired inthe use of fast-reactor technology.In 1961, the critical assembly BFS–1 started operation at IPPE. It allowedresearchers to simulate fast-reactor core volumes of up to 3 m 3 with cores fueledby different mixtures of plutonium and uranium of varying enrichments, anddifferent configurations of control and safety rods. It also allowed studies of theeffects of sodium voids on reactivity and other physical effects. BFS-2, whichstarted operating at IPPE at the end of the 1960s, could simulate cores withvolumes up to 10 m 3 .A higher power special fuel-testing reactor, the BOR-60, was designed andconstructed in the Institute of Atomic Reactors (Dimitrovgrad) in five years andbegan operating in 1969. Vibro-packed fuel was tested in this reactor. It is stilloperational.Between 1962-1964, the future direction of Soviet nuclear energy developmentwas studied. A main concern was conservation of uranium resources. The studyconcluded that a “promising perspective is expansion of nuclear energy using fastbreeder reactors starting with enriched uranium fuel and step-by-step replacementwith plutonium fuel.”A demonstration project was initiated even before the BR-5 began operating.Initially the demonstration reactor was named BN-50 (50 MWt) but later thepower was increased to 1000 MWt. The reactor came to be called BN-350 forits equivalent electrical output. 9 The design of the demonstration BN-350 and asignificant number of experiments at the BFS-1 critical assembly were completedbefore construction started in 1964. 10 The Minister of Atomic Energy, Yefim P.Slavsky, decided to build the reactor on the Mangyshlak peninsula on the CaspianSea. The heat was used for desalination as well as electricity generation. It wasfueled with uranium enriched up to 20-25 percent uranium-235 and with mixedoxideuranium-plutonium (MOX) test fuel assemblies. It began operations in1972.64