Cairo University Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacognosy
Cairo University Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacognosy
Cairo University Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacognosy
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<strong>Cairo</strong> <strong>University</strong><strong>Faculty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Pharmacy</strong><strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Pharmacognosy</strong>Revision
UnknownpowderT.S.Spots
Scheme for identification <strong>of</strong> powderI- Observe the color• fiery pungent taste• pd + KOH, boilSclereids <strong>of</strong> Endocarp**OrangeredpowderSeed coatLow powerHigh powerCapsicum
II- 2 dps dil I 2 on slide, Sprinkle the pd,examine under microscopeReddish brownGrey powderNutmegCardamom
Nutmeg• Reddish brown powder• 2 dps dil I 2 on slide, Sprinkle the pd, examine under microscope darkblue granules (starch)• Pd + Sudan III Red globulesReddish brown
CardamomIodineGrey powderunder microscope• pd + KOHBoilprosenchymaProsenchyma **(Perisperm cells packed with starch)
III- pd + phloroglucin + conc HCL1- Red color macroscopically (Nux vomica, Fennel & Coriander)(Nux vomica) (Fennel) (Coriander)
• Examine under microscopeNux vomicaEpidermal cellsLignified ribsLignified wavy crossed fiber(Coriander)Reticulate Parenchyma (High power)(Fennel)
• Pd + KOH, boil, examine under microscopeCorianderWavy Crossed fibres **Simple vittaeSimple vittae,no hair,no crossed fiber& no porous layer.Fennel
2- No red color macroscopically (Rest <strong>of</strong> the powders)• Powder + KOH, boilNo Red colorVittaeUnder microscopeRed color(senna)No vittaea- Linseedb- Black mustardc- Foenugreekd- Psylliumf- ColocynthBranched(Anise)Simple( Ammi visnaga)
Crossed fiberHigh powerPrism <strong>of</strong> ca.oxHairSenna
2- No red color macroscopically (Rest <strong>of</strong> the powders)• Powder + KOH, boilNo Red colorVittaeUnder microscopeRed color(senna)No vittaea- Psylliumb- Black mustardc- Linseedd- Foenugreekf- ColocynthSimpleBranched( Ammi visnaga) (Anise)
AniseBranched vittaeNon-glandularUnicellular hairs**Ammi visnagaPorous layer **Test for khellin
HypodermislinseedSchlerenchymaHyaline layerMat-like structure **Pigment layer
Polygonal network**reticulationBlack mustard
FoenugreekBasal viewBasal viewSide viewPalisade-like epidermal cells **Side viewBasket-like hypodermal cellsSurfaceview
• No characteristic element• yellowish buff powder• persistent bitter taste• pd + 80% H 2 SO 4 Red colorEpidermis cell **(ventral side)• Mucilagenous touchPsylliumColocynth
Do not get confused !!!Pitted Pigment layer(linseed)Network reticulation(Black mustard)
Mat like structure (linseed) Crossed fiber (senna )Prosenchyma (cardamom ) Wavy crossed fiber (coriander )
T.S.
T.S. in seed- Testa(Epidermis, Hypodermis, sclerenchyma, hyaline layer,pigment layer)- Perisperm- Endosperm- Embryo
T.S. in linseedHypodermissclerenchymaHyalinelayerEpidermisEndospermPigment layer
T.S. In FoenugreekThickcuticleEpiderms(Palisade-like cells)Hypodermis(Basket-like cells)
prosenchymaperispermOily layerT.S. in cardamom seedsclereides
T.S. in Capsicum seedHyaline layer
T.S. in umbelliferous fruit- Outline- Pericarp represent … <strong>of</strong> the T.S.- Epicarp- Mesocarp (V.B.\ Vittea \ IML )- Endocarp- Testa- Endosperm
T.S. in FennelVitteV.B.EpicarpEndocarpTestaOrthospermousEndosperm
Reticulate lig. Par. cellsvittaeparquetry endocarp
Branched Vittae1ry ridgeVascular bundleVittaeT.S. in AniseOrthospermous endosperm
Vascular bundleT.S. in AniseBranched Vittae
More prominent2ry ridgeLess prominent1ry ridgesVittaeCoelospermous endospermT.S. in Coriander
Vertical fibresHorizontal fibresInnermost layer <strong>of</strong> mesocarpT.S. in Coriander
T.S. in Ammi visnagaOrthospermousendospermlacunaFan like structure1ry ridge is more prominent than 2ry ridgeIML <strong>of</strong> mesocarp33
T.S. in Ammi majusCrown shaped V.B.OrthospermousendospermPapillosed Epicarp1ry ridge & 2ry ridge are equally prominentFan-like structure
T.S. in capsicum pericarp(family solanaceae)EpicarpIMLM(Giant cell)Islets <strong>of</strong> scleriedes35
SpotsNote : spots includes all previously mentionedpowder elements and T.S.
Linseed
FoenugreekEntire seedLongitudinal cut.Transverse cut.
T-Cut in PsylliumMucilagenousdorsal epidermisEndosperm albuminousDicot embryoNux vomica
NutmegAccumbent embryo(Foenugreek )Orthoplocus embryo(Black mustard )
Foenugreek seedPsyllium seedBlack mustardWhite mustard
Nux vomica seedCapsicum fruitColocynth pulp
Morphology<strong>of</strong> Fennel FruitStylopodPrimaryridgesCremocarp (Side view)Stylopod5 PrimaryridgesMericarp (Dorsal Side)StylopodPosition<strong>of</strong> vittaeMericarp(Commissural Side)
Remains <strong>of</strong> 2 divergingstylesRing like disc stylopodRough surface (stiff hairs).Each mericarp is marked by5 primary ridgesAnise cremocarpSlender pedicel
Coriander cremocarpRemains <strong>of</strong> calyxStraight moreprominent 2ry ridgeWavy less prominent1ry ridgePedicle
Ammi visnagaخلة بلدىAmmi majusخلة شيطانىReflexed style
Orthospermous endospermCoelospermous endospermNon Parquetry endocarpParquetry endocarp
Vittae
Reticulate Parenchyma <strong>of</strong> fennel
Spiral xylem vessels
Parquetry endocarp
CorianderParquetryendocarpPitted inner most layer<strong>of</strong> mesocarp
SennaBearer cells:horse-Shoeshaped hypodermis.Palisade-like epidermalcells <strong>of</strong> the seed.
This element is …….Drug ………..Drug ……Placentation …….
Drug ……Part used …….This element is …….Drug ……
This element is …….Type <strong>of</strong> embryo……Name <strong>of</strong> drug……Drug ……
This element is …….Drug ……Name <strong>of</strong> drug……Type <strong>of</strong> embryo……
DEABCIdentify A, B, C,D and EDrug ………..Key element …….
Drug ………..Special chemical test …….This element is …….Drug ……
Drug ………..Kind <strong>of</strong> endosperm …….This element is …….Drug ……
Wish youGood Luck
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