'Yi[ms hiD)< an[ c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> g\iĀyp(rv[S : a[k ...

p\krN-4 Yi[ms hiD)< an[ c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk p(rv[S 

1. g\imjni[n) ai(YGP< 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk s>GP< 

3. simi(jk B[dBiv : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) simi(jk B[dBiv 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk B[dBiv 

4. diÀpRy Jvn an[ an](tk s>b>Fi[ : 

{a}Yi[ms hiD) diÀpRy Jvn an[ an](tk s>b>Fi[ 

{b}c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> diÀpRy Jvn an[ an](tk s>b>Fi[ 

5. simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> p(rvt p(rvt simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> p(rvt

si(hRy jgtmi> ‘ni[v[l’ aºy si(hRyni> an&s>Finmi> p\miNmi> nv&> si(hRy Av$p 

C[.aim Cti> ai si(hRy Av$p t[ni ud`Bv smyY) j aºy si(hRy Av$pi[ krti> aigv&> 

tr) aiv[ C[.17m) sd)ni E>³l[>Dmi> a[n&> C*T&>Cviy&> lKiN ji[vi mL[ C[.18m) sd)mi> a[ni 

uRpidnmi> ni[>Fpi#i vFiri[ ji[vi mL[ C[ an[ 19m) sd)mi> ti[ ni[v[l li[k(p\y mni[r>jnn&> 

m*LB*t mi¹ym bn) rh[vi pim[ C[. 

e>³l[>Dmi> 'a[(lzib[Yn (lTr[cr" ni[v[lni ud`Bv an[ (vkis miT[ mh_vn) p*v, ai si(hRy Av$p 

asimiºy ti[ n j ht&>. ain&> u_im udihrN sr (fl)p (sDn)n) 'aik.a[mni smki(ln jhi[n bºyn 

hti j[N[ si]p\Ymvir pi[tin) kZ(t ' F (plg\)ms p\ig\[s" mi> ¼li[T, pi#i[i, vNvidn) 

prApr p*(t< kr). aipN[ aigL ji[y&> a[ m&jb a[mN[ nvlkYin[ viAt(vk bniv) a[mN[ 

kYink bieblmi>Y) l)F&> hi[vi Cti>, a[mi> aivti pi#ii[ an[ p(r(AY(tn&> viAt(vk (n$pN 

ky. 17m) sd)ni b)ji Bigmi> nvlkYi si(hRy Av$pn) aºy an[k lix(Nktiai[ni[ 

(vkis Yyi[. li[ki[a[ aif\ib[n j[vi> nvlkYikirn) 'Sensationalistic Novels"ni[ aAv)kir 

kyi[< an[ bºynni 'Realism"ni[ Av)kir kyi[g an[ r)ciD kiÃp(nk kYivAt&n[ bdl[ viAt(vk, simi(jk p(r(AY(tn&> 

(n$pN krvin) S$ait kr). tRki(ln (vv[cki[a[ pN e(this, aiRmkYi an[ Fi(m

lKiNi[ mi> ji[vi mLti ai p\kirni viAt(vk simi(jk p(r(AY(tni nvlkYimi> (n$pN upr 

pN pi[tin) m>j*r)n) mhi[r mir). 

nvlkYimi> aiv[li ai p\kirni> vLi>k miT[ aºy jvibdir p(rbL '(p\ºT)>g p\[s" 

an[ a[n) T[kni[[li[Jmi> aiv[li[ s&Firi[ hti[.a[ ph[li> nvlkYin&> vicn smijni BWvg j 

p\c(lt ht&> an[ a[ni vicki[n) s>²yi (sm)t ht). pr>t& (p\ºT)>g p\[sn[ l)F[ vF&n[ vF& nkli[ 

Cpivi lig). p(rNim[ p&Atk sAt&> bºy&>.a[ni vicki[mi> vFiri[ Yyi[ an[ smijni[ simiºy vg< 

pN nvlkYin[ vi>cvi li³yi[. 'Target Readers" mi> hv[ kir)gr vg< an[ smijni m¹ym 

vg#i r)t[ pi[tin) ai(Y

j n Ye Sk[. aim Cti> j[ t[ sj smij k[v) r)t[ aYvi k[vi[ aiv[ C[; a[ sj a¿yis (nr)xN an[ t[n) a(Br&c) upr (nB 19m) sd)ni 'wessex" ni g\iÀysmijn) (AY(t 

an[ smAyiai[, a[mni simi(jk s>b>Fi[n[ vici aip[ C[, ti[ c&n)lil m(Dyi Avit>#yi[_ir 

g&jritni pi[tini p\d[S ‘si]riOT^’ni g\iÀysmijn&> (n$pN pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> kr[ C[.ai 

b>n[ nvlkYikiri[n) kZ(tai[mi> (n$p)t g\iÀysmij p\FinpN[ kZ(P upr aiFi(rt C[. kZ(P 

a[mn) aivkn[ a(n(Vt bniv[ C[. l³n, jºm, mrN j[vi p\s>gi[a[ t[ai[ ai(Ys 

an&Bv[ C[.a[mn) gr)bie a[mn) aiSi-aiki>xiai[n) p(rp*Nxi C[, 'Aki[lr" bnvin), pr>t& a[n) sim[ si]Y) (vkT smAyi C[ Jvn (nvi

an[ a[mn) aTk pN 'Db) niNi> kmiyi[ C[ an[ GN) bF) s>p(_ini[ 

mi(lk C[.a[n) pis[ bF&> j C[-p]si, p\i[pT)< an[ simi(jk mi[Bi[. jyir[ Db)bni 

virsi[ C[ t[ pN B*l) gyi C[. t[ai[ gr)b C[. t[ai[ pis[ nY) p]si k[ ki[e (mlkt. jyir[ 

T[sni mi-bipn[ Kbr pD[ C[ k[ t[ai[ m*LB*t r)t[ D"abbni v>Sji[ C[ 

Ryir[ t[ai[mi> pi[tin&> simi(jk an[ ai(Yc&> livvin) aiki>xi jºm[ C[, an[ ai kiy< 

t[ai[ pi[tin) s&>dr p&#i) T[sni shkir vgr kr) Sk[ a[m nY). mi#i T[s j t[mn[ miT[ h&kmn>& 

p_i&> C[. 

pi[t[ mhin k&T&>bni virsi[ C[ a[ bibtn) jiN Yti> di$D)yi[ jhi[n Db) vF& di$ p)vi miT[ di[D) jiy C[ an[ vF& pDti di$ni> s[vnn[ l)F[ t[ hiTmi> mFp*Di 

v[cvi je Skti[ nY).a[ kiy mil Br) t[n[ h>kir) jiy C[. aim ti[ t[ th[virni> (dvsi[ hi[y C[ pr>t&, 

Db)bi[a[ pi[tini p[Tni[ KiDi[ p*rvi miT[ dr[k (dvs[ kim krv&> pDt&> hi[y C[. T[s 

aigli (dvsn) ujvN)ni[ Yik an&Bvt) hi[y C[ an[ t[Y) t[n[ U>G aiv) jiy C[.a[ 

dr(myin a[n) Gi[DigiD) sim[Y) aivti aºy vihn siY[ aYDiy C[.a[ akAmitmi> a[mni 

Gi[Din&> mZRy& Yiy C[.Gi[Dini mZRy&n[ l)F[ a[mni k&T&>bmi> ai(Ytr Yiy C[. T[sni mi-bip oiri a[ni upr T^ºT^)j 

jvi miT[ dbiN krvimi> aiv[ C[. jyir[ T[s Ryi> jvi t]yir Yiy C[ Ryir[ t[ pi[tini mj*r)ni 

kiy kpDi> ph[r[ C[, pr>t& a[n) miti a[n[ aikP

''Do what you like with me, mother."" 2 

aim, gr)b)n[ l)F[ j T[s j[v) kºyiai[a[ a[l[k j[vi nb)ri>ai[ oiri Yti Si[PNni[ 

sim[Y) (Skir bnv&> pD[ C[.pi[tini k&T&>bn) gr)b) a[n[ D[r)mi> an[ Ryirbid K[tri[mi> aRy>t 

(vPm p(r(AY(tmi> kim krvi mjb*r kr[ C[.pi[tini (ptini mZRy& bid t[ai[a[ pi[tin&> z*>pD&> 

Kil) krv&> pD[ C[ an[ t[ai[n&> k&T&>b rAti upr aiv) jiy C[. a>t[ a(nμCia[ pN ai(Ydr kºyi C[ an[ t[Y) j a[N[ pi[tini Jvnmi> jit)y Si[PN, 

l³n, Rykti, rKit an[ a>t[ K*n j[vi aFm kxini tbÊiai[mi>Y) psir Yv&> pD[ C[. 

'fir f\i[m F m[D)>g k\iuD"ni kYiniyk ai[k[ pi[tini G[Ti>ai[n) d[Kr[K miT[ b[ Åvin 

piÇyi hi[y C[.a[mini[ mi[Ti[ k*tri[ jyi[j< pi[tini kiy an&Bv) hi[y C[ an[ pi[tini 

mi(lkni AvBivY) s&p(r(ct C[. jyir[ nini[ k*tri[ hj& b)nan&Bv) an[ b)nkiyai[n[ svir s&F) Cipri>mi> ri[k) riKvi miT[ pi[tini k*tri>ai[n[ bi[liv[ C[. a[n) b*m 

si>BL) mi#i jyi[j< j Ryi> hijr Yiy C[ jyir[ nini[ k*tri[ kyi>y d[Kiti[ nY). ai[k[ (vciy& k[ 

t[ kyi>k mr[l&> G[T&> Kiti[ hS[. t[Y) t[ a>dr je s*e jiy C[. 

vh[l) svir[ ai[k di[Dti G[Ti>ai[n) G>TD)ni[ avij si>BL[ C[. t[ pi[tini an&Bvn[ 

aiFir[ trt j smJ jiy C[ k[ ki>e aj&gt&> bºy&> C[. t[ pi[tin) pYir)mi>Y) sfiLi[ Uq) 

jiy C[ an[ a[k si>kD) k[D) upr K*b zDp[ di[Dvi lig[ C[ an[ a[k T[kr) upr cQ) jiy C[. 

t[ Ryi> j&a[ C[ k[ pcis j[Tli G[Ti>ai[ pi[tini bμci> siY[ Ryi> hijr hti>, pr>t& bsi[ j[Tli 

aºy G[Ti> aØÆy Ye gyi hti. t[N[ pi[tin) BrviDn) BiPimi> a[ li[ki[n[ bi[liÄyi, pr>t& 

a[k pN G[Ti>a[ t[ni[ p\(tsid ai¼yi[ nh). t[ a[k viD q[k)n[ T[kr)n) Fir pr phi[>c[ C[. 

232

T[kr)ni (SKr[ ai[k pi[tini nini k*tri>n[ (AYr UB[li[ ji[y C[. t[ Ryi> je n)c[ K)Nmi> njr 

kr[ C[. K)Nmi> a[ni bsi[ j[Tli G[Ti>ni Bi>³yi-t*Tyi Sr)rni[ Qgli[ pDyi[ hi[y C[. a[mi>ni 

mi[TiBigni G[Ti> mr) gyi hi[y C[, ti[ k[Tli>k mrvin) aN) upr hi[y C[. ai[kni nini 

k*tri>a[ G[Ti>n[ g[rmig[< di[r) K)Nmi> Fk[l) d)Fi hi[y C[. 

a[ni bsi[ G[Ti>n&> mZRy& a[ ai[kni Jvnmi> bn[l) si]Y) g>B)r k$Ni>(tki hi[y C[. 

a[N[ a[ G[Ti> Kr)dt) vKt[ kr[l&> d[v&> hj& Brpie krvin&> bik) hi[y C[. a[N[ a[ G[Ti>ni[ v)mi[ 

utiyi[< hi[ti[ nY). a[ akAmit a[k j ziTk[ a[ni Jvnn) tmim bct brbid kr) niK[ C[. 

a[n) a[k Avt>#i K[D*t bnvin) mh_vki>xi p*N< krvi miT[ a[ik C[Ãli> ds vP[it& a[ tmim 

a>t[ S*ºymi> p(rNm[ C[. a[ aS&B p\s>g[ a[ik n)c[ p\miN[ u(kt uμcir[ C[ : 

''Thank God I am not married ; what would she have done in the 

poverty now coming upon me."" 3 

'F v&Dl[ºDs

a[ miT[ a[ p[rki[Àb hjimn[ ri[k[ C[, j[ miT)t[ Fmkiv[ C[. aim Cti> miT)< a[ni dbiNn[ vS Yt) nY) an[ kh[ C[ : 

nY)."" 4 

''h&> ki[en[ miri viL v[cvin) nY)...tm[ liK ki[(SS krSi[ ti[ pN h&> llcivvin) 

pr>t& miT) C[ Ryir[ htiS Ye 

a[ (vcir[ C[ k[ ai s&>dr viL ki[n[ miT[ ? an[ a[ pi[tini viL p[rki[Àb hjimn[ v[cvi miT[ 

kip) niK[ C[. gieÃsY) ai vit C*pivvi miT[ miT)< miY[ bi[n[T bi>F[ C[, pr>t& gieÃsY) a[ 

vit C*p) rh[t) nY) : 

''kirN k[ a[ jiNti[ hti[ k[ ai gimmi> p]si miT[ GNi> li[ki[ aim krti hti."" 5 

upri[kt GTnimi> g\imjni[n) gr)b), licir) an[ htiSini[ ²yil aiv[ j C[, pr>t& 

siY[ siY[ ~)m(t cimi[dy kZ(#im si]>dy< vFirvini[ k[vi[ ap\mi(Nk p\yRn kr[ C[ a[ni[ 

pN ²yil aiv[ C[.ai upri>t ai j kZ(tmi> gieÃs oiri aiyi[(jt (k\sms piT)b&Lit) aifti[ an[ a>t[ j[ dSimi> gieÃs mZRy& pim[ C[ a[mi> ti[ 

'm[yr ai[f k[ATrb\)j" mi> h[ºciD< oiri p(Rnn&> v[ciN, ti[ s&sinn) ºy&snn) tib[dir) an[ 

ºy&snni kh[viti mZRy& bid s&sinn) h[ºciD g\imjni[n) ai(Y pN g\iÀysmijmi> p\vt 

viAt(vk (c#iN rj* krvimi> aiÄy&> C[.jm)ndiri[ an[ Sih&kiri[ gr)b g\imjni[n&> Si[PN kr[ 

C[.a[ li[ki[ d(rWtin[ kirN[ dyn)y Jvn Jv[ C[.a[k gr)b g\imjn mh[nt mj*r) kr[ C[ an[ 

234

Cti> a[ gr)b j rh[vi pim[ C[ kirNk[ gimDi>ai[mi> kiL) mj*r) C[ pr>t& a[n) sim[ kmiN) 

nY). pi[tin) myidB[< Jvn j$(ryiti[ vFir[ C[. jnm, lgn, mrN j[vi 

p\s>gi[n[ phi[>c) vLvi miT[ a[N[ Sih&kiri[ pis[ uC)ni Äyij[ niNi> l[vi pD[ C[ an[ a[ äN 

c*kvvin) (c>timi> a[N[ smg\ Jvn psir krv&> pD[ C[.K[trmi> mblK pik utr[ C[.pr>t& 

pi[tin) mi[TiBign) kmiN) K[D*t[ d[v&> c*kt[ krvimi> viprv) pD[ C[.aim, Birt)y K[D*t d[vini 

D&>gr n)c[ Jv[ C[. kyir[k a[ d[v&> c*kt[ n Ye Skti a[N[ pi[tini Grbir, jm)n jti> krvi 

pD[ C[.Sih&kiri[ g\imjni[n[ pi[tin) c&>gilmi> k[v) r)t[ fsiv[ C[ a[n&> tiØS (c#iN 'Äyijni[ 

virs" mi> krvimi> aiÄy&> C[.ai nvlkYini #i)ji p\krNmi> Sih&kir aiBiSini[ pi[tini 

aisim) siY[ni[ Kindin) vT-Äyvhir njr[ cQ[ C[. li(Kyir a[mni[ aisim) hi[y C[. a[n[ 

kr[li (FriN pr Äyijn&> Äyij cDt&> jt&> hi[y C[.ctrBj aiBiSin) Srif) p[Q)ni[ m&n)m 

C[.jyir[ S[qn[ Ryi> k>di[rib>F (dkri[ jºm[ C[, t[ni[ hrK krvi li(Kyir S[qn[ mLvi jiy C[, 

a[ tkni[ liB le ctrBj a[ni l[Ni>n) vit a[n) lix(Nk r)t[ kiQ[ C[, n[ h&kmnim&> 

bjiv)n[ j¼t) len[ gi[dDi>-giBi v)>Kvin) Fmk) pN aip[ C[, rK[ n[ ki[k (dvs li(Kyir 

a[mni Gr upr Gi kr) jiy.a[ a[mn) m[D)n[ pCviD[ni j f(Lyimi> rh[ti[ hi[y C[.t[Y) 

aiBiSi mni[mn gBriy C[.t[Y) ki>(TyivrNni[ By d*r krvi li(Kyirn&> Gr g)ri[ lK) 

l[vin) ctrBjn) vitn[ T[ki[ aip[ C[, n[ kkLti li(Kyirn[ a[mn) lix(Nk r)t[ (dlisi[ pN 

d[ C[.a[ s>vidmi> vμc[ vμc[ (Kjiti, kDv&> bi[lti ctrBjn[ pN t[ai[ qpki[ d[ti rh[ 

C[.li(Kyirni[ px le m&n)mn[ dbivti pN rh[ C[, pN a>t[ kL[vL[ li(Kyirn&> Ki[rD&> 

lKiv) l[ C[, Ryir[ j a[mn[ c[n pD[ C[. ctrBjY) (vr&¹F a[mn) Srif) n)(t ''mirvi[ ti[ 

m)rn)"" C[. gr)b nini aisim)ai[ni giDdi>-giBi> v)>Kvimi> a[mn[ rs nY). m(Dyi a(h> 

lK[ C[ : 

235

''C[vT[ li(Kyir v)l[ mi[>a[ UBi[ Yyi[ an[ Jvnn&> sv hi[Dmi> hir) c*kyi[ 

hi[y a[m htiS Yen[ D[l) bhir n)kLvi jti[ hti[..."" 7 

li(Kyir j[vi aºy an[k g\imjni[ C[ j[ aiBiSin) Srif) p[Q)ni Si[PNni[ Bi[g 

bºyi C[. j[mk[ jsprn) bij&mi> j m)>gi[Li nim[ gim aiv[l&> C[. ai gimn) mi[TiBign) 

vs(t s>F) li[ki[n) C[. ai gim aiBiSin) F)rFirn&> m&²y mYk C[.ai gimni li[k[i vP uFir le pi[tini[ p[Tg&jiri[ kr[ C[.an[ 

a[kid m(hni dr(myin b[cir q[kiN[ l*>Tfi>T kr) aiKi vrsn&> krj Brpie kr) aipvin) 

a[mn) p\Ni(lki C[.pr>t& a>g\[j srkir oiri kiydi[-ÄyvAYi c&At kriti ai p\ji pi[tini[ 

ksb ajmiv) Skt) nY).a[ r)t[ a[ aiK) ki[m ai(Yg) pD[ C[ an[ krjdirn) 

(AY(tmi> m&kiy C[. C[Ãli> #i)s-cil)s vPgi[Li>ni aFi 

Ki[rDi> g)ri[ an[ v[ciNKt oiri pi[tin) mi(lk)ni> kr) l)Fi hi[y C[.an[ bik)ni> aFi 

Ki[rDi> pN aivti> ds-v)s vP ai p[Q)n) j mi(lk)ni> YS[ a[v) d)Fgi[Lini[ riji gN[ C[. 

'e>FN ai[Ci> pDyi>"mi> ki(qyiviDni g\imjni[n[ y&¹F-s(jGvir), ak&drt) aCt, 

s>GriKi[r), nfiKi[r) an[ kiLibjiri[n) B)>smi> p)>siti dSi aiÄyi C[. ki(qyiviD 

ki[pi[μyi C[. 

aigl) mi[sm[ m[i> mi>³yi Biv aip)n[ l)l& S[qn) p[Q)a[ K[D*ti[ pis[Y) anijni[ diNi[-diNi[ 

Kr)d) l)Fi[ C[. U>ci Biv hJ vFir[ U>ci jS[ a[v) gNtr)Y) nini v[pir)ai[a[ pN 

l)l&S[qni pgl[ cil) j¸Yib>F anijni[ s>g\h kr) l)Fi[ C[. p(rNim[ aiKi p>Ykmi> 

anijn) ak&drt) aCt sji

mhd`>S[ jvibdir C[.an[ hJ pN a[ p[Q) U>c[ Biv[ l[vil hi[viY) v[pir)ai[ U>ci Bivn) 

lilc[ anij s>Gr)n[ b[qi C[. 

li[ki[a[ #iN-#iN m(hniY) anijni[ diNi[ s&¹Fi> ji[yi[ nY). Grmi> riKvimi> aiv[l) 

anijn) ki[q)ni t(Lyi> sif Ye gyi> C[.Gi>c)n) GiN)ai[mi> t[l)(byi> (pliyi pC) vFti 

Ki[Ln) mi>g b[hd vF) C[. li[ki[a[ anijni aBiv[ Ki[L Kivini[ S$ kyi[< C[.a[ dr(myin 

'K)hr" ni[ th[vir aivti a[ (dvs[ Ki[Ln[ bdl[ anij Kivin) li[ki[ aiSi riK[ C[. miT[ 

th[virni aigli (dvsi[mi> g&>(dyin) bjirmi> aispisni> gimDi>ni[ minv mh[rimN umT) 

pD[ C[. S)>g an[ Ki[L civ) civ)n[ a[mni gil jiN[ k[ jDbimi> Brie gyi C[, ai>Ki[ U>D) 

utr) ge C[. an[ Cti> ch[rin) r[Kiai[mi> JJ(vPin&> n*r cmk[ C[.anij-k(ryiNin) 

d&kini[a[ li[ki[n) li>b) ktir lig) C[.pr>t& d&kindiri[ a[mn) ni[>F s&¹Fi> l[ti nY) an[ 

eridip*v TLvLivi[ mi bip ?"" 8 

pr>t& d&kindiri[ni p[Tn&> piN) hilt&> nY).anij m[Lvvin) aiSimi> aiKi[ (dvs p&ri[ 

Ye jiy C[. pr>t& g\imjni[n[ anijni[ diNi[ s&¹Fi> s&lB Yti[ nY) an[ aiKr[ anij l)Fi 

vgr pi[tpi[tin[ gim[ piCi frv&> pD[ C[.gr)b) an[ B*Kmri[ mizi m*k[ C[ jyir[ amldiri[ 

g\imjni[ni[ K)cDi[ z*>Tv) le zipT) jiy C[, b\iMN ni (dkrini[ B)²yi[ li[T l*>T) l[ C[, 

vi(Nyi[ l*>Tfi>Tni F>Fimi> s>Di[viy C[, mi>sihir miT[ (hºd& m&slmin Fm< a>g)kir kr[ C[, mi 

bip pi[tini Ci[kri>-Ci[kr) mi#i pi>c $(pyimi> v[c) d[ C[, B[>s ci[r)n[ a[n[ mir)n[ Kie jiy 

C[ 9 an[ aiTl&> -aiTl&> krvi Cti> p*>$ n Yti C[Ãl[ ki[ek g\imjn aiRmhRyi kr) pi[tin) 

tmim aifti[ni[ a>t liv[ C[. 10 

237

'v[Li>v[Lin) Ci>yD)"mi> pN g\imjni[n) gr)bieni[ jyi> Ryi> aNsir aipvimi> 

aiÄyi[ C[. j[mk[ ai[tmc>d S[qn) Gi[DigiD) jyir[ jyir[ amrgQ AT[Sn[ phi[>c[ C[ Ryir[ Ryi> 

hijr si] S[q trfY) ke>kn[ ke>k ti[ mLS[ j a[ ap[xia[ a[n) Gi[DigiD)n[ G[r) vL[ C[: 

ki[ek kh[ C[ k[ h&> svirni[ B*²yi[ C&>, ki[ek kh[ C[ k[ ph[rvin[ si$> l*gD&> nY) ti[ ki[ek kh[ C[ 

k[ biyD) mi>d) C[ n[ mn[ ai>K[ zi>K aiv[ C[. jyir[ kp*rS[q kh[ C[ k[ a[mni m[>gN) gimmi> 

(Bx&ki[n) s>²yi ai[C) C[ Ryir[ vcmi> vSrim kh[ C[ " 

''hJ ti[ viG(Ny[ p*gS&> t>y[ Kbr pDS[ migNn) ti[. viAt&n&> nim si>BL)n[ 

gim[gimY) migNn) niRy&> UmT) pD) C[-jmNvirn) a[>qy airi[gvi-"". 11 

aim, Birt)y g\iÀysmij simiºy r)t[ gr)b)mi> sbL[ C[.a[mn) mi[TiBign) 

smAyini m*Lmi> gr)b) rh[l) C[.gr)b) a[mni simi(jk an[ n](tk m*Ãyi[n[ asr kr[ C[. a[ 

li[ki[ j[ ki>e an](tk kim kr[ C[ a[ a[Tli miT[ n(h k[ t[ai[ Bi]]]]]](tkvid) Jvnni a[Si[airim 

Bi[gvvi mi>g[ C[. t[ai[ GN) vir ti[ mi#i pi[tin&> Jvn Tkiv) riKvi mi>g[ C[, j[ ai 

pZ¸v) pr vsti dr[k Jvni[ m*LB*t a(Fkir C[. an[ pi[tin&> Jvn Tkiv) riKvi miT[ j[ ki>e 

mL[ a[ Kiv&> j$r) bn[ C[.pr>t& minv)n) a[ lG&tm j$(ryit s>ti[Pvimi> pN a>t[ (nOfLti 

mL[ C[ a[ Birt)y g\iÀysmijn) n³n viAt(vkti an[ kDv) k$Nti C[. 

2. simi(jk s>GP< : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) simi(jk s>GP< : 

k&drtn) a[ krimt C[ k[ ai pZ¸v) pr a(At_v Frivnir dr[k Äy(kt pi[tin) (Bºn 

p\kirn) Sir)(rk an[ AvBivgt lix(Nkti Frivti[ hi[y C[. j[ 'h&>" C&> t[ 't&>" nY) an[ j[ 

't&>" C[ t[ 'h&>" nY). jyir[ ki[e Äy(kt ai 'h&>" an[ 't&>" siY[ an&s>Fin an[ smiFin siF) 

Skti[ nY) Ryir[ t[ tfivt s>GP p(rNm[ C[. Yi[ms hiD)< j[vi jgtni mhin si(hRykiri[ 

238

minv)y AvBivmi> rh[li ai v](v¹y an[ (vri[FiBisY) s&p[r[ vik[f hti> an[ t[Y) t[mN[ 

pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi> v](v¹ysBr pi#ii[ an[ p(r(AY(tai[n&> AviBi(vk (nmi sKt s>GPGP< miT[ am&k a>S[ 

t[ai[n) pi[tin) AvBivgt myiS[ smij, p\kZ(t an[ 

p\ir¾F j[vi p(rbLi[ Big Bjv[ C[. 

'F m[yr ai[f k[ATrb\)j"mi> h[ºciD< pi[tini Jvnmi> j[ s>GP< an&Bv[ C[ a[ miT[ 

mhd`>S[ a[n) pi[tin) AvBivgt myi(tki miT[ a[n) 

pi[tin) (k\yiai[ an[ p\(t(k\yiai[ jvibdir C[. hiD) j[ p\miN[ kiy a[mN[ a[mn) aºy ki[e nvlkYimi> ky& nY).ai nvlkYimi> pN p\ir¾F 

mh_vn) B*(mki Bjv[ C[, pr>t& h[ºciD 

C[.nvlkYin) S$aitmi> j aipNn[ h[ºciD pi[tin) pRn) a[k aji·yi Klis)n[ v[c) d[ C[. a[n&> ai d&sihs 

Kr[Kr vKi[Dvi liyk j C[ j[ aigL jti a[ni Jvnmi> a[n[ an[k s>kTi[ an[ s>GPi[ sLg[ C[. aQir vPi[< s&F) ki[en[ a[ni ai 

kiyt& a>t[ a[N[ a[ni a[ k&kmmt c*kvv) pD[ C[. j[ A#i)a[ a[n[ 

di$ piyi[ hi[y C[ an[ j[ h[ºciD< oiri pRn)ni v[ciNn) six) C[ a[ h[ºciD(kt B*tkiL 

li[ki[ smx jih[r kr) d[ C[.an[ a[ jih[rit h[ºciDciD[ 

C[. h[ºciDb>Fi[mi> pN j[ s>GP< an[ GP

(mjiJ AvBiv j kirNB*t si(bt Yiy C[. h[ºciD< pi[tini gmi-aNgmin) p\bL 

ligN)ai[ Friv[ C[. a[ firf\[ siY[ni s>b>Fi[n) S$ait a(t uRsihmi> aiv) aiRm)ytiY) kr[ 

C[.pr>t& jyir[ t[n[ firf\[mi> pi[tini h(rfni dS pi[tin&> vlN bdl) niK[ C[. ji[ h[ºciD< (AYr, Si>t an[ ct&r hi[t ti[ t[N[ firf\[n[ 

kyir[y pi[tini F>Fimi>Y) b[dKl n ky[g[ C[, pr>t& a[m krti h[ºciD< pi[t[ j kcDie mr[ C[, 

an[ F>Fimi> Ki[T jti d[viL&> f*>kvini[ viri[ aiv[ C[.a[Tl&> j n(h, pi[tini Gm>D) AvBivn[ 

l)F[ a[ ngrni aºy v[pir)ai[ an[ siY)diri[n) shin&B*(t pN g&miv) d[ C[. aiv&> j k>e 

a[l)zib[Y j[nni (kAsimi> pN bn[ C[.S$mi> t[ a[l)zib[Y-j[nn[ pi[tin) p&#i) tr)k[ anhd 

p\[m kr[ C[ an[ t[n) kiLJ riK[ C[. pr>t& jyir[ a[[n[ Kbr pD[ C[ k[ a[l)zib[Y pi[tin) n(h 

pr>t& Klis) ºy&snn) d)kr) C[ k[ trt j a[ a[ni p\Ry[ udis)nti FirN kr[ C[ an[ a[ni[ 

anidr kr[ C[.pr>t& jyir[ a[ a[kli[, aT*li[ an[ brbid Ye jiy C[ Ryir[ a[ a[n[ a[Tli[ 

cih[ C[ k[ a[l)zib[Y a[ni Jvn miT[ a(nviy< bn) jiy C[. a[n[ g&mivvini (vcir mi#iY) 

a[ gBrie an[ htiS Ye jiy C[. a>t[ hk)ktmi> h[ºciD< a[l)zib[Y j[nn[ pN g&miv) d[ C[ 

an[ a[ aiGit shn n kr) Skti a[ min(sk r)t[ pD) Bi>g[ C[ an[ mZRy& pim[ C[. aim, ai 

nvlkYimi> h[ºciD< a[k mj*rmi>Y) m[yr bnvi s&F)ni[ s>GP< kr[ C[ an[ a[ j[ bºyi[ C[ an[ j[ 

m[LÄy&> C[ a[n[ Tkiv) riKvi miT[ k&T&>b, smij, p\kZ(t an[ p\ir¾F siY[ s>FP< kr[ C[.a[ 

s>GPt[ a[ hir) jiy C[ an[ fr) piCi[ mj*r bn) rh[vi pim[ C[.h[ºciD< pi[tini Jvnmi> 

ain>dn) Yi[D)k xNi[ an&Bv[ C[, Cti> a[n&> smg\ Jvn s>GP n)c[n) p>k(t oiri ai kZ(tni[ a>t liv[ C[: 

240

pain."" 13 

'' .....happiness was but the occassional episode in a general drama of 

'T[s ai[f D'abt[ 

a[n) tmim m&Æk[l)ai[ miT[ jvibdir a[vi a[l[kni SrN[ jiy C[. 

T[sni[ jºm a[vi k&T&>bmi> Yyi[ C[ k[ a[N[ pi[tini jºmY) j s>GPt& T[s pi[tini 

miti-(pti an[ pi>c j[Tli Bie-bh[ni[ prRv[ pi[tin) frj a>g[ sBin C[. pi[tin) k&T&>b 

p\Ry[n) ai sBintin[ l)F[ j a[ pi[tini Jvnmi> an[k s>kTi[ni[ simni[ kr[ C[.pi[tini 

k&T&>bni BrN-pi[PN miT[ ni[kr)n) Si[Fmi> a[ 'F Ali[¼s" jiy C[. Ryi> a[ px)ai[n) sirs>BiL 

riKvin&> kim kr[ C[. a[k S(nvirn) ri#i[ T[s pi[tin) sh[l)ai[ siY[ nJkni c[sbri[ 

nimni ngrni bjirmi> frvi jiy C[.Ryi>Y) piCi frti>, T[sni[ pi[tin) sh[l)ai[ siY[ zGDi[ 

Yiy C[ an[ a[n[ a[l[kni Gi[Di upr b[svin) frj pD[ C[.mig piCi frti a[l[k Yikn[ 

l)F[ t>WivAYimi> s*t[l) T[s upr bLiRkir g&jir[ C[. hiD)< T[s upr g&jirvimi> aiv[li 

bLiRkir bibt[ n)c[ p\miN[ T)¼pN) kr[ C[ : 

''As Tess's own people down in those retreats are never tired of 

saying among each other in their fatalistic way : ' It was to be'. There lay the 

pity of it. immeasurable social chasm was to divide our heroine's personality 

thereafter from that previos self of hers who stopped from her mother's door 

to try her fortune at Trantridge-farm."" 14 

241

an[ t[Y) j T[s jyir[ pi[tini Gr[ piC) fr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ni minsmi> ai>t(rk s>GP< 

AYin l[ C[.a[ an&Bv[ C[ k[ a[N[ pip ky&>< C[ an[ pi[t[ ai smijn) g&n[gir C[.t[ a[k 

ani]rs s>tinn[ jºm aip[ C[ j[ Fi(mdi K*Nimi> jyi> di$(Dyi, aiRmhRyi krniri, an[ mZRy& bid nk 

jniriai[n[ dfnivvimi> aiv[ C[ Ryi>, dfnivvimi> aiv[ C[. 

Ryirbid Ti[Ãibi[Y[ D[r)mi> kim krti> krti> T[s a[ºjlni s>pk aiv[ C[.t[ai[ 

a[kb)jin[ cih[ C[ an[ a>t[ l³n kr[ C[.l³nn) p\Ym ri#i[ j a[ºjl T[s smx K&lisi[ kr[ 

C[ k[ B*tkiLmi> a[ni l>Dnni ri[kiN dr(myin t[N[ a[k A#i)n[ Bi[gv) ht) an[ ai miT[ t[ 

T[sn) mif) mi>g[ C[.T[s a[n[ a[n) B*tkiLn) B*l bdl mif kr[ C[. ai j p\miN[ T[s pN 

a[ºjl smx a[ni a[l[k oiri kl>(kt B*tkiLn) vit jih[r kr) d[ C[. 15 hv[ T[sn[ mif) 

bxvini[ viri[ a[ºjlni[ C[. pr>t& t[ a(h> pi[tini miT[ j[ n](tktini mipd>Di[ lig& piD[ C[ t[ 

T[s miT[ lig& piDti[ nY) an[ T[sn[ 'the belated seedling of an effete aristocracy" 16 

kh) a[ni[ Ryig kr[ C[. aim, a(h> aipNn[ ²yil aiv[ C[ k[ t[ smyni (vkTi[(ryn smijmi> 

p&r&Pi[ an[ A#i)ai[ miT[ n](tktini b[vDi mipd>Di[ aKRyir krvimi> aivti hti. pi[tini[ p(t 

a[[[[[n[ trCi[D) d[ C[ an[ T[s l³n bid pi[tini p(t siY[ shSyn kyi< (vni Gr[ piC) fr[ C[. 

fl)ºTki[Àb-a[S Kit[ K[trmi> T[s pi[tin&> an[ pi[tini k&T&>bn&> a(AtRv Tkiv) riKvi 

miT[ aRy>t (vPm p(r(AY(tmi> pN Sir)(rk an[ min(sk s>GP< kr[ C[, an[ ai s>GPc[li[ a[ni[ p(t a[ni[ 

s>pk< krti[ nY).T[sni mnmi> an[k S>ki-k&S>ki AYin l[ C[ : 'S&> t[ mn[ B*l) gyi[ C[ ?"-'S&> 

hv[ t[n[ mir) drkir nY) ?" pi[tin) S>kini (nvirN miT[ T[s a[(mnATr Kit[ rh[ti pi[tini 

p(tni mi-bipn[ mLvin&> nkk) kr[ C[. Ryi> phi[>μyi bid T[sn[ Kbr pD[ C[ k[ a[ºjlni 

242

miti-(pti bhir hi[viY) t[mn) m&likit Sky nY). rAtimi> T[s a[ºjlni Bieai[n[ t[mni 

(nOfL l³n (vP[ viti[ krti si>BL) jiy C[.t[Y) T[s a[ºjlni k&T&>bn[ n mLvini[ (nNY) prt Yti T[sn[ pi[tin&> Jvn (dSi(v(hn lig[ C[.a[ni Jvnni[ nY) ki[e h[t& k[ 

nY) ki>e lÈy. 

mig a[n) m&likit fr) a[l[k siY[ Yiy C[.T[sn[ ji[en[ a[l[kni (c_imi> rh[l) 

atZ¼t visni fr) sLvL) uq[ C[ an[ a[ fr) T[sn) h[ring(t cil& kr[ C[. T[s a[l[kni[ 

anidr kr[ C[, pr>t& a(h> Bi³y T[s siY[ y&(kt-p\y&(kt kr[ C[. a[ni (ptin&> mZRy& Yti T[sn&> 

k&T&>b rAti upr aiv) jiy C[. pi[tini k&T&>bn) Gr-Ki[rik j[v) piyin) j$(ryiti[ s>ti[Pvi 

miT[ T[s upr a>t[ a[l[kn[ SrN[ jvin) frj pD[ C[. 

b\i(zlY) piCi[ fr[li[ T[sni[ p(t pi[tin) B*l smjiti T[sn[ prt m[Lvvi mi>g[ C[, 

pr>t& hv[ a(t (vl>b Ye gyi[ hi[y C[.T[sn) tmim yitniai[ miT[ jvibdir a[l[k C[, a[l[k 

j T[sni Jvnn[ s>GP(ct krnir pN a[l[k C[, t[Y) a>t[ T[s 

a[l[kn&> K*n kr[ C[. T[sn) FrpkD krvimi> aiv[ C[ an[ a[n[ fi>s)ni mi>cD[ cQivvimi> aiv[ 

C[. 

C[ : 

hiD)< ai nvlkYin) p\Ativnimi> S[ks(pyrni niTk 'King Lear" ni avtrNi[ Ti>k[ 

''As flies to wanton boys are we to the Gods; They kill us for their 

sports"" 17 

hiD)ek aiv) j an&B*(t kr[ C[. T[s pi[tini 

Jvnmi> j[ kqi[r s>GP< kr[ C[ an[ t)v\ yitni an&Bv[ C[, a[ miT[ jvibdir ki[N?-T[s 

pi[t[? a[n&> p\ir¾F k[ s>k&(ct smij? ai kZ(tni pqn bid aivi an[k p\Åni[ Bivkni (c_imi> 

243

Af*r[ C[. ai p\Åni[n&> smiFin a[ a(vrt an[ an>t p\(k\yi C[, pr>t& T[s j[v) Ci[kr) mi#i 

s_ir-aQir vPmr[ pi[tini smij an[ pi[tini d&Bi a[n) 

pi[tini k&T&>b p\Ry[n) (nOqi, F]ymtni dSmrn) 

ki[e Ci[kr) Bi³y[ j diKv) Sk[ an[ a[ r)t[ T[s aipN) shin&B*(t krti (vS[P a(Bn>dnn[ 

pi#i C[. T[sni mnn) mÊmtin) p\S>si krti uPi-(kSi[r lK[ C[ : 

''Her sordid rape is the first deep scar that she receives, yet young and 

inexperienced as she is, she does not bow her head to it. She would rather 

face her seducer boldly and honestly than cunningly manoeuvre for 

matrimony."" 18 

'jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r"mi> hiD)gt mh_vki>xiai[ an[ eμCiai[ ti[ b)J 

bij&, a[n[ p(rp*N< krvi miT[ mig aiDK)l)$p bnti> smijni n](tktini mipd>Di[ an[ 

m*Ãyi[ vμc[ni s>GP (nriSivid) (n$pN ky& C[. jy&D pi[tin) b]i(Fk mh_vki>xi s>ti[Pvimi> 

(nOfL jiy C[ a[ miT[ a[n) kim[μCin[ kirNB*t minvimi> aiv[ C[. aim Cti> simi(jk 

FiriFi[rNi[ pN a[n) (nOfLtimi> (nNixi (vÜin Äy(kt bnvin) C[, pr>t& pi[t[ td`n simiºy Atr Frivti[ hi[viY) an[ 

gr)b hi[viY) a[N[ p\iY(mk (SxN m[Lvvi miT[ pN s>GP< krvi[ pD[ C[. a[k g\iÀy(vAtirmi> 

(vwiY)< tr)k[ a[n[ (SxNmi> mig Xin m[Lvvi 

miT[ pN a[N[ Avp\yRni[, Av>yAf*rNi upr aiFir riKvi[ pD[ C[. ji[ k[ jitmh[nt[ a[ j[ ki>e 

Xin hi>sl kr[ C[, a[ nkkr an[ n[>iFpi#i hi[y C[. piCLY) jyir[ a[ a¿yisiY p\g(t siFvimi> 

(nOfL jiy C[. a(h> hiD)< gr)b Grni> Ci[kri>n) p\(tBin[ $>Ft) smijÄyvAYi upr aikri[ 

p\hir kr[ C[. jy&D[ pi[tini S]x(Nk mig[< aigL vFvi miT[ jD S]x(Nk an[ smijÄyvAYini[ 

244

simni[ krvini[ hi[y C[. ai Ø(OTki[NY) ai kZ(t simi(jk asmintiai[ sim[ bLvi[ pi[kir[ C[ 

an[ a[n[ l)F[ gr)bi[n[ Yti g[rliB an[ aºyiyi[ miT[ avij uqiv[ C[. (k\AT(mn)ATr 

ngrmi> jyir[ jy&Dn) aiki>xiai[ fL)B*t Yt) nY) Ryir[ a[ t)v\ htiSi an&Bv[ C[. 

mhi(vwilyi[ni a[ ngrmi> aiv[l) a[k ki[l[jni mkin upr a[ m)>T mi>D)n[ uBi[ hi[y C[.a[ 

(vcir[ C[ k[ pi[t[ an[ a[ mkinn) a>dr a¿yis krti Bi³ySiL) y&vini[ vμc[ mi#i a[k aiD) 

(dvil C[, n(h> ti[ t[ai[ si] a[k smin min(sk Atr[ Jv[ C[ : 

''Only a wall - but what a wall ..as if he been at the antipodes ."" 19 

jy&D a[k (SxNSiA#i)ni[ s>pk< kr[ C[, pr>t& t[ Äy(kt t[n[ (nriSijnk p\(tBiv aip[ 

C[.a[ni[ udi(sn p\Ry&_ir jy&Dn) bi](Fk an[ S]x(Nk mh_vki>xi upr aikri[ p\hir si(bt 

Yiy C[.an[ a[n[ a[k k(Dyi tr)k[ kimg)r) krvi miT[ frj piD[ C[. a[ (SxNSiA#i)ni[ 

p\Ry&_ir a[n) vPi[ jy&D (k\AT(mn)ATrmi> rAti upr a[k Ti[Li>n[ s>bi[F[ C[. 

t[ kh[ C[ k[ a[n) gr)b) j a[ni (vkismi> a>triy bn[ C[ n(h k[ a[n) eμCiai[. a(h> a[ni 

a>trmi> aig sLg[ C[, t[ miYi upr hiY pCiDti kh[ C[ : 

''I perceive there is something wrong somewhere in our social 

formulas : what it is can only be discovered by men or women with greater 

insight than mine."" 20 

a(h> jy&D aRy>t mmt& a[niY) pN vF& mm mrNS]yi 

upr s*ti>-s*ti> jy&D a[ ngrmi> ujviti pdv)din smir>Bmi> pi[tin) sfLtin) ujvN) 

krti y&vini[n) hPi[BL[ C[. jy&Dn) a[k (vÜin bnvin), a[k pidr) 

245

nvin) k[ Fmi(nOq s>GP hiD)< a[k bij& (SxN, smij an[ b)J bij& pi[tin) vZ(_iai[ vμc[ 

aTviti> jy&D j[vi g\iÀyy&vinni Jvnn&> G[$> an[ gmg)n (c#i rj* kr[ C[. 

'F r)Tn< ai[f F n[T)v"mi> mi an[ d)kri vμc[ ud`Bvti s>GP (n$pN krvimi> 

aiÄy&> C[.a[ li[ki[ vμc[ n)c[n) b[ bibti[ len[ GP piCi[ fr[l kl)m a[n) mi smx a[ni[ p[(rs piCi n 

jvini[ an[ pi[tini vtnmi> j AYiy) Ye, a[k SiLi S$ krvini[ (nN t[ h)rin) p[Q)mi> m[n[jr tr)k[ni[ sºminn)y hi[dì[ 

Friv[ C[ j[ni[ t[N[ Ryig krvi[ ji[ea[ n(h. pr>t& kl)m pi[tini (nN 

pD[ C[ an[ t[n) siY[ l³n krvi mi>g[ C[.(m(ss yi[b\ieT kl)mni ai (nNmt 

nY).a[mni mt m&jb y&AT[(syi p[(rsmi> aiF&(nk JvnS]l) apniv) c*k[li kl)m j[vi 

y&vinn[ an&$p Ci[kr) nY).t[ai[ a[ bibt smJ Skti nY) k[ kl)m j[ p[(rsmi> aiF&(nk 

an[ aikPpk aiÄyi[ h[iy, t[ y&AT[(syi j[v) gimDi>n) Ci[kr) p\Ry[ k[v) r)t[ 

aikPiB)r zGDin&> Av$p FirN kr[ C[.(m(ss yi[b\ieT kl)mn[ 

246

kh[ C[ k[ j[ (dvs[ t[ y&AT[(syin[ mÇyi[ a[ a[mni Jvnni[ si]Y) Krib (dvs C[.an[ 

a[³Dnh)Ymi> SiLi S$ krvin) a[n) yi[jni a[ a[n&> p[(rs n jvin&> an[ a[ Ci[kr) siY[ 

AYie Yvin&> a[k bhin&> mi#i C[.(m(ss yi[b\ieT jyir[ y&AT[(syi miT[ a[lf[l S¾di[ vipr[ C[ 

Ryir[ kl)m a[n) mitin[ kh) d[ C[ k[ t[ t[ni y&AT[(syi miT[ni ai p\kirni uμcirNi[ shn 

krS[ n(h. 

kl)m j[Tli[ y&AT[(syin) nJk aiv[ C[ a[Tli[ pi[tin) mitiY) d*r Yti[ jiy C[.kl)m 

miT[ (#iS>k&n) (AY(t sji vNni K[D*ti[ni 

biLki[n[ (SxN aipvin&> umdi kiy< krvi mi>g[ C[ an[ a[ r)t[ a[ a[mn&> Bl&> krvi eμC[ 

C[.a[ a[n) mitin[ s(Fyiri[ aipti kh[ C[ k[ a[ y&AT[(syin[ p\[m kr[ C[ a[ni[ aY< a[vi[ nY) k[ 

a[ a[n) mitin[ p\[m krti[ nY) an[ a[n) kiLJ l[vi mi>gti[ nY).pr>t& (m(ss yi[b\ieTn[ 

kl)mn) ai h]yiFrptY) s>ti[P Yti[ nY) an[ t[ai[ kl)mn[ kh[ C[ : 

''Is it best for you to injure your prospects for such a voluptous, idle 

woman as that ? Don't you see that the very fact of your choosing her you 

prove that you do not know what is best for you."" 22 

247

(m(ss yi[b\iET pi[tini AYin[ mÊm rh[ C[ an[ kl)m pi[tin&> Fir[l&> j kr) n[ rh[ 

C[.p(rNim[ y&AT[(syi siY[ l³n bid kl)m pi[tin) mitin[ trCi[D) pi[tini Avt>#i Grn) 

AYipni kr[ C[. aim, ai kZ(tmi> mi an[ d)kri[ prApr sici[ p\[m krti hi[vi Cti>, p(r(AY(tn[ 

ai(Fn a[ b[ vμc[ s>GP< ud`Bv[ C[ an[ t[ai[ a[kb)jin) h*>>>f an[ ligN)Y) v>(ct rh[vi pim[ 

C[. 

'fir f\i[m F m[(D>g k\iuD"mi> pN hiD)< g\imjni[n&> s>GPGP< an[ s>kTi[ (vnin&> Jvn aSky C[. minv)ni[ jºm j (vPid 

an[ v[dni an&Bvvi miT[ Yyi[ C[.a[mn) kZ(tai[mi> p\gT Yt) a[mn) aiv) (vcirFirin[ l)F[ 

j a[mn) gNni (nriSivid) nvlkYikir tr)k[ Yiy C[.g[b\)l ai[k a[k smZ¹F K[D*t bnvin) 

mhRvki>xi Friv[ C[.ai miT[ t[ sKt p(r~m kr[ C[, pr>t& Jvnni p\ir>(Bk tbÊimi> j a[n) 

a[ aiki>xiai[ upr piN) fr) vL[ C[.a[n[ biYS[bi miT[ni p\[mmi> pN li>bi smy s&F) 

(nOfLti si>pD[ C[. bi[ÃDv&D pN a[n) biYS[bin[ m[Lvvin) p\bL z>Knin[ l)F[ t)v\ min(sk 

tiN an&Bv[ C[. t[ C[vT[ gi>Di[ Ye jiy C[ an[ d&:Kd a>tn[ B[T[ C[. biYS[bini[ pN p\[m 

an[ l³nni[ an&Bv kDvi[ an[ kT& rh[vi pim[ C[.t[ a[ni T^[iy siY[ni l³nJvnmi> t)v\ 

htiSi an[ ³lin) an&Bv[ C[.aim, ai nvlkYini tmim mh_vni pi#ii[ Jvnni ki[e n[ 

ki[e tbkk[ s>GPY) psir Yiy C[.ai 

miT[ aipN[ aigL ji[y&> t[m ki[ek vir smij, ki[ek vir t[ai[n&> Bi³y, ti[ mi[T[Big[ t[mn) 

AvBivgt myixiai[ jvibdir hi[y C[.miT[ j minv)n) (nrp[(xt 

min(sk (AY(t j a[n[ Jvnmi> s>GP< an[ s>tipY) bciv) Sk[ C[.pr>t& ai p\kirni vlNn[ 

pN Jvn p\Ry[ni (nriSivid) Ø(OTki[N tr)k[ m*lv) Skiy. s>GP< an[ s>kT (vnini Jvnn) 

kÃpni krv) ki[en[ miT[ pN aSky C[.ti[ S&> aiSiai[-ap[xiai[n[ bij& pr riK) (n(Ok\y 

248

n) rh[v&> ? S&> hiD)< minv)y Jvn p\Ry[ aivi[ di[PWOTini[ a(Bgm diKvniri hti? ti[ 

kh) Skiy k[ ni-hiD)< j[vi tTAY JvndSF) Sk[ n(h. He was neither pessimistic nor optimistic 

but realistic.a[mN[ minv)ni Jvnn&> niTyiRmk s&Kd pis&> pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi> rj* n krti 

a[mN[ ji[y[l) an[ an&Bv[l) g\iÀyJvnn) kDv) viAt(vktiai[n[ kliRmk r)t[ pi[tin) 

kZ(tai[mi> rj* kr) C[. hiD)

(vVisn[ vici aip[ C[. hiD) minv)ai[ j[ s>GP simi(jk s>GP< : 

c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> Avit>#yi[_ir g&jrit) g\iÀy smijn&> viAt(vk (c#i 

rj* Yy&> C[. t[ smyni g&jrit) g\iÀysmijmi> a>F~¹Fi, aXin an[ aÃp (SxN p\vt.t[ smy[ smijmi> sir)-Ki[T), an[k Fi(m pi[tin) Jvnn]yi aigL 

Fpivti[ hti[, pr>t& p(r(AY(t vS jyir[ ki[e Äy(kt a[ p\vihY) aiDi[ f>Titi[, Ryir[ t[N[ sKt 

simi(jk s>GPt&, jDiv, ai[tmc>d vg[r[ m(Dyin) nvlkYini a[vi 

pi#ii[ C[ j[ai[n&> Jvn s>ji[gvsit` a[ simiºy p\vihY) alg tr) aiv[ C[, flAv$p a[mN[ 

250

pi[tini Jvnmi> aikr) a(³npr)ximi>Y) psir Yv&> pD[ C[. hv[ aipN[ a[mN[ kr[li simi(jk 

s>GP. 

'v[Li> v[Li>n)> Ci>yD)"n) S$ait m¹y si]riOT^mi> aiv[li viG(Nyini ai[tmc>d S[qn[ 

Ryi> nvi mkinni viAtini avsrn) t]yir)Y) Yiy C[.ai p\s>g[ m[>gN)Y) pN an[k mh[mini[ 

aiv[ C[.a[k Gr[Ni>n) aipl[ bibt[ liDki[r an[ smrY vμc[ v]mnAy jºm[ C[, a[Y) 

ai[tmc>d S[qni siLi dk&Bie d&kin Ci[Dvini[ (nN s&F) ap(r(Nt hti Ryi> s&F) ti[ a[ aniY Ci[kri>ni[ bh[n-bn[v)n[ 

ai>gN[ j uC[r Yyi[ hti[.ai[tmc>d S[q[ a[n[ BNiÄyi[-prNiÄyi[ an[ kimn) aivDt ji[en[ 

jt[ (dvs[ v[pirmi> pN Big)dir bniÄyi[ hti[.dk&Bieni smrY siY[ni l³n bid t[ai[a[ 

pDi[Smi> j pi[tin&> Avt>#i Gr mi>Dy&>. 

smrYni[ AvBiv ePit a[nimi> Biri[Bir Ki[T) mi[Tie 

pN C[.pi[tini FN)n) (AY(t simiºy hi[vi Cti> a[ h>m[Si nN>dni Grn) nkl krvi mY[ 

C[.pi[tin[ liDki[[rn) smi[vD) smj[ C[.an[ a[mi> jyir[ jyir[ (nOfLti mL[ Ryir[ Ryir[ 

nis)pis Ye mi[> mcki[D) CNki> kr) liDki[r siY[ zGDi[ kr[ C[. aim, nin)-mi[T) bibti[n[ 

len[ nN>d-Bi[jie vμc[ GN)vir ckmk zr[ C[. 

viAtini (dvs[ svirmi> j smrY liDki[r pis[ a[k miLi ph[rvi mi>g[ C[. liDki[r a[ 

miLi smrYn[ aipvini[ nn]yi[ BN[ C[, an[ vFirimi> a[n[ s>BLiv[ C[ : 

''j[vi hi[ea[ a[vi lig)a[ a[mi> Srmivin&> S&> Bli ?....fiTy[ l*gD[ an[ d*bL[ 

mivtr[ Srmiea[ n(h, smJ?"" 26 

nN>dn) aiv) slihni S¾di[ kin[ Frvi miT[ smrY min(sk r)t[ t]yir hi[t) 

nY).a[n[ ti[ mi#i ph[r) ai[Q)n[ viAtini p\s>gmi> mhilvin&> j mn hi[y C[. a[Y) a[ miLin) 

251

mi>gN)ni smY (v(c#i dl)li[ kr[ C[. liDki[r pN a[n) dl)li[ sim[ p\(tdl)li[ kr[ C[ 

an[ a[m krti krti smrYn[ a[ni ai[(SyiLipNini[ an[ a[mni vμc[ rh[l) asmintini[ 

ah[sis kriv[ C[. t[ smy[ smrYn[ miq&> ligti t[ n)c[ p\miN[ T[k le Ryi>Y) jt) rh[ C[ : 

''ti[ aijY) hv[ tmiri Grni gi[Lin&> piN) hrim....amir&> Bi³y ki>e v[c) nY) 

KiF&>...hv[ s*ki> ri[Tlimi> ki>e n(h jD[ ti[ m)q&> dib)S&>, pN tmir[ ai>gN[ B)K n(h 

mi>g)a[."" 27 

ai ki]T&>(bk zGDi bid dk&Bie v[pirmi> ai[tmc>d S[qY) j&di Ye jvini[ (nN bdmiS mknJ m&n)m bLtimi> G) hi[m[ C[. a[ CLkpT kr) ai[tmc>d 

S[qn[ brbid krvin) n[m l[ C[ : 'm(hni d)mi> ai[tmc>d S[qn) p[Q)n&> uqimN&> n Ye jiy ti[ 

mir) m*>C m&>Div) niK&>, m*>C !"" 28 

Yi[Di> (dvsi[mi> j a[ smicir viy&v[g[ smg\ p>Ykmi> fr) vL[ C[ k[, 

''dk&Bie pi[tini bn[v)Y) r)sien[ p[Q)mi>Y) C*Ti[ Ye gyi[, viG(Ny&> Ci[D)n[ a[ ti[ 

eV(ry[ rh[vi ciÃyi[ gyi[ C[,mknJ m&n)m[ pN p[Q)n&> m&n)mpd&> Ci[D) d)F&> C[, ai[tmc>d S[q 

cir[ ki[rY) G[rie gyi[ C[ n[ piGD) f[rvvini v[tmi> C[...."" 29 

aim, ai[tmc>d S[qn) p[Q)n&> mnd&:K an[ (vKvidn[ kirN[ ptn Yiy C[.ai[tmc>d 

S[Qni k&T&>b upr aiv) pD[l) ai(YY) bhir aivvini[ mig< s*cvti kp*rS[q 

ai[tmc>d S[qn[ AYivr (mlkt sgi>vhili>ai[n[ nim[ cDivvin&> an[ drdig)ni vg[r[ sg[vg[ 

kr) niKvin[[i mig< btiv[ C[.ai[tmc>d S[qn[ ai vit gL[ utrt) nY) an[ t[ai[ kh[ C[ : 

''ni,ni, a[v&> aNhkn&> mn[ n Kp[. l[Ndirn&> l[N&> si[nimhi[r j[v&>. apiS[ Ryi> s&F) 

d*F[ Fi[en[ aip)S. n(h phi[>ciy Ryir[ licir. pN mir[ mir) dint nY) bgiDv). ki[en&> 

ai[Lv)n[ aivt[ Bv[ C*T&> n(h."" 30 

252

aim, ai[tmc>d S[q an](tkti siY[ smiFin n krti pi[tini aidSi[e ht&> a[ sv[< l[Ndiri[n[ c*kv) d[ C[. viG(Nyin) p\(t(Oqt p[Q)ni 

mi(lk ai[tmc>d S[qn[ gimn) bjirmi> a[k Ki[bi j[vD) hiTD) Ki[lvini[ viri[ aiv[ C[ an[ 

a[mni[ Bie nri[_im Avt>#i r)t[ kmivi Sh[rn) viT pkD[ C[. gr)bie an[ ai(Ys vFti 

ai[tmc>d pRn)ni aig\hn[ vS Ye a[mni siLi dk&Bie trfY) ai(Y t[mn&> apmin Yiy C[ an[ a[ni pr ci[r)n&> aiL pN lgivvimi> 

aiv[ C[.eV(ryiY) viG(Nyi piCi frti mig drbir psiyti ai[tmc>dn[ ci[r smJ 

Qi[rmir mir[ C[.a[k ai>bl)ni vZx n)c[ b[Bin avAYimi> pD[li ai[tmc>d upr m[>gN) 

gimni a[Bl aih)rn) njr pD[ C[. a[ a[n[ u>ck) liv) pi[tin) ki[Qmi> aiSri[ aip[ 

C[.pr>t& ai[tmc>d aimi>n&> kS&> pRn) liDki[rn[ jNivti nY). 

smy jti nri[_imn) shiyY) viG(Nyimi> ai[tmc>d S[qn) p[Q) p&n: b[q) Yiy 

C[.dk&Bien) kpTl)lini[ Big)dir m&n)m, dk&Bie oiri j rAt[ rzLti[ Ye jiy C[ an[ 

pi[tin) pipl)lin[ p\tip[ d&OT dk&Bien[ j[lvisi[ Yiy C[. Ryirbid eV(ryi Kit[ l³np\s>g[ 

liDki[r an[ smrY mLti> ai[tmc>d pr aiv[li aiL an[ a[n[ pD[li mir a>g[ni[ GTAfi[T 

Yiy C[.ai hk)kt n) jiN Yti> j liDki[r v)fr[ C[ an[ aik\i[S qilv[ C[, pr>t& (AYtp\X 

ai[tmc>d ti[ aiv&> (vcir)n[ j pi[tini[ si(_vk Biv p\gT kr[ C[ : 

''ni, k&drt j aiv) B*l kriv[ C[. miNs ti[ k&drtni hiYmi> rmkDi> j[vi[ C[."" 31 

aim, ah)> ai[tmc>d[ pi[tini Jvnmi> an&Bv[li[ s>GP< h[ºciDGP

C[.gimni k*v[ piN) Brvi jt) s>t&n) jyir[ Sid*L mÆkr) kr[ C[, Ryir[ s>t& t[n[ jDbiti[D 

jvib aip[ C[ a[n) hi[k)AT)k pi[tini k¾jimi> riK) a[ p\(tOqini[ p\Ån bnti ki[en)y[ 

lg)r[ prvi kyi< (vni jripN nmt&> ji[Kt) nY).ni(Ly[rn) rmtmi> amrgQni y&vini[ siY[ 

(F>giN&> Yti mi>DN gi[brni[ aiDi[ Gi z)l[ C[ an[ pi[tini[ a[k hiY g&miv[ C[.pr>t& a[ j 

mi>DN di$ni nSimi> k*vimi> Sid*L C[ a[m min) Ti[Ti[ fi[D[ C[ an[ gi[brn) hRyi kr[ 

C[.pi[tini p(t gi[brn) jyir[ hRyi Yiy C[ Ryir[ s>t& sgBi< hi[y C[. 

a[k xNmi> s>t&n&> s&K C)nvie jiy C[ an[ a(h>Y) j a[ni[ aikri[ simi(jk s>Gt&n) sgBikik&S>ki g\imjni[mi> jºmiv[ 

C[.K&d a[n) j[qiN) Ujm s>t&n[ S>kin) njr[ j&a[ C[.a[ S>ki s[v[ C[ k[ Sid&Lni mi[hmi> s>t& 

aiv) ge hi[y an[ gi[brn) hRyi kr) hi[y .s>t&n[ S>ki C[ k[ mi>DN[ mirimi> ais(ktn[ kirN[ 

gi[brn) hRyi kr) hi[y. aiK&> g&>disr s>t& p\Ry[ aLKimN&> vlN FirN kr[ C[.S>kijºy mins 

an[ atDi li[kÄyvhirY) #iAt a[v) s>t&n) mni[dSin[ m(Dyi Bir[ k&SLtiY) ail[K[ C[ : 

''gimni aiKi viy&m>DL[ jiN[ k[ s>t& sim[ kivtr&> rμy&> C[.K&d aibi[hvimi> j p[li 

aiLn) mi]n viN) Äykt Ye rh) C[.ke>k ag(Nt aØÆy a>g&(lai[ ci[(dSia[Y) a[n) sim[ 

c)>Fie rh) C[ an[ a[niY)y adk) ag(Nt li[kJBi[ a[n[ apriF) qriv) rh) C[ : 't&> d&OTi 

C[!", 't&> hRyir) C[!", t&> k&lTi C[!" 32 

li[ki[ni vik`biNY) Äy(Yt s>t&n) (AY(t (dvs[ (dvs[ vF& (vPm bnvi mi>D[ C[ an[ a[ 

k*vi[ p*r) aiRmhRyi krvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[. pr>t& a[ a[ni p\yRnmi> (nOfL jiy C[. gimmi> 

d&kiL pD[ C[. a[n[ miT[ li[ki[ s>t&n[ jvibdir q[rv[ C[.an[ a[ni stni pirKi krvin&> nkk) 

kr[ C[. s>t& pi[tin) p(v#iti si(bt krvi li[ki[ oiri nkk) Yy[l pr)ximi>Y) psir Yvin&> 

Av)kir) l[ C[. m>gLvirn) a[k svir[ gimn[ ci[r[ qikr Bgvinn) sim[ s>t&n) a(³npr)xi 

254

yi[jvimi> aiv[ C[. s>t&n) a(³npr)xi n)hiLvi gimni tmim li[ki[ Ryi> B[gi> Yiy C[. 

Yi[D)virmi> s>t& pi[tin) a(³npr)xi miT[ Ryi> hijr Ye jiy C[. s>t& FgFgt) kDien) nJk 

aiv[ C[ an[ st)min[ p\iY kkLti> t[lmi> hiY bi[L) d[ C[. m(Dyi a(h> lK[ 

C[ : 

''s>t&ni mi[Qimi>Y) By>kr v[dnin) kiL) c)s n)kL) ge ! a[ni kmL-D>K smi b>n[ 

ki[mL hiYni ki>Di fNfNti t[lni agndihmi> fDfi[l) Uqyi> hti> !"" 33 

an[ hv[ a[ j g\imjni[ Ujmn) bih&mi> Qgli[ Yen[ pD[l) s>t&n) agnv[dnini 

upciri[ s*cv[ C[.tivDimi> UkLti FgFgti t[ln) agnziL s>t&n[ lig) pN a[n) v[dnin) 

ci[T jiN[ k[ Ujm an&Bv[ C[.t[n[ trt j smjie jiy C[ k[ s>t& sic) C[ an[ pi[t[ Ki[T) 

C[.s>t& upr kl>kiri[pN krvimi> a[N[ Yip KiF) C[. s>t&n) siY[siY[ t[ pN pVitipni 

a(³nmi> bL[ C[. d[riN)ni sDsD) gy[li b>n[ hiY upr svir-si>j piTip)>D) kr[ C[ n[ 

mni[mn vsvsi[ an&Bv[ C[ : 

''hiy r[, h&> t[ k[v) jDBrY k[ tiri j[v) ji[gN)ni avtir sm)n[ ai[LK) j n Sk) 

? h&> a[v) t[ k[v)k kici kinn) k[ h>Fiy gimgpiTin[ siv sici j min) l)Fi ?"" 34 

a[k bij& Ujm aivi[ uÜ[g an&Bv[ C[ Ryir[ b)J bij&, s>t&ni (c_imi> a[ 

a(³npr)xi pC) nv) ÄyYi jºm[ C[.ukLti t[lmi> a[ni hiY sic[ j sLg) gyi t[Y) aij 

s&F)n) sGL) K&mir) t[ Ki[e b[s[ C[. a(³npr)xi ph[li> pi[t[ td`n (nOkl>k C[ a[m b[FDk a[ 

li[ki[n[ kh) Skt) ht). a[ mni[dSi, a[ (mjij an[ (vS[P ti[ a[ a>g[n) a[n) aiRm~¹Fi a[ 

a(³np\yi[gmi> ai[gL) jiy C[. s>t& n)c[ p\miN[ mni[ÄyYi an&Bv[ C[ : 

''h&> sic[ j apriF) hi[eS? m[> sic[ j pip ky& hS[ ? mn[ ti[ ki>e krti> ki>E a[v&> 

si>Brt&> nY) k[ j[ni[ mir[ Bgvinn[ G[r ³yi pC) jbip aipvi[ pD[.mir&> mn ti[ ar)si j[v&> 

255

ci[²K&>f*l ht&>. a[Tli miT[ ti[ m[> ssri j[vi ssrin) aiXi uYip)n[ y t[lni kDimi> hiY 

bi[Çyi. mn[ ti[ pik) Kitr) ht) k[ miri> b[y ki>Di> hLvif*l rh[S[ n[ a[n[ ki>e nh)> Yiy.pN 

aiti[ ds[y ai>gLi> BDY&> S[kiy a[m S[kiy ³yi>.hiy r[ ! aiti[ h&> hiY[ kr)n[ miYi upr aiL 

vhi[r) aiv). hv[ h&> gimmi> S&> mi[Q[ kh) Sk)S k[ gi[brn[ m[> nY) miyi[ ai[Fin miri> 

FN)ni> j C[, Sid*Lni[ m[> ai[Ciyi[y nY) l)Fi[ !"" 35 

aim, a[k aNaicyi< apriFni[ D>K s>t&ni a>trn[ ki[r) Kiy C[.h>m[Si p\f&Ãl an[ 

p\sºn rh[t) s>t&n) ai>Ki[mi> Bi(vni[ ki[ek p\Cºn By aiv) Briy C[.n)tyi piN) j[v&> 

(nm 

Gr kr) jiy C[.p(rNim[ fDfi[l) uq[li> hiYni jKm ti[ Grg¸Y&> upciri[ vD[ F)m[F)m[ r&zivi 

lig[ C[. pr>t& kiLj[ lig[li[ Gi ti[ k[m[y kr)n[ r&ziti[ nY).a[niY) (vpr)t, (dvs[ (dvs[ a[n) 

min(sk v[dni t)v\tr bn) rh[ C[.s>t& jyir[ p\s&(tn) p)Di an&Bvt) hi[y C[ Ryir[ pN 

upri[kt mni[ÄyYi a[ni (c_imi> G&mriyi kr[ C[. 36 

an[ s>t& Kr[Kr a[k mZt (SS&n[ jºm aip[ C[.pr>t& s>t&n&> htp\t mins a[ vit 

Av)krvi asmY< C[ an[ t[ min[ C[ k[ a[ni s>tinn[ ani]rs min) li[ki[a[ j a[n[ a[n) 

pis[Y) C)nv) l)F&> C[.hv[ pC)ni[ s>tin(vyi[g s>t&ni s>GP< an[ (vPidn) prikiOqi si(bt 

Yiy C[ j[ t[ shn kr) Skt) nY). s>t& a>t[ pi[tin&> min(sk smti[ln g&miv) b[s[ C[ an[ 

gi>D) Ye jiy C[.minvJvnmi> a[k A#i)a[ an&Bvvi pDti kOT an[ v[dnin[ l)F[ m(Dyi 

A#i)n[ 'l)l&D) Frt)" siY[ u(ct r)t[ srKiv[ C[ : 

''aA#i)ni[ avtir ti[ l)l&D) Frt) j[vi[ C[.a[n) upr (SyiL[ biL)n[ BDY&> kr) m[l[ 

a[vi> (hm pD[, ci[mis[ bir[y m[G Ki>gi Yiy n[ kiL[ uniL[ biL) niKti tDki tp[ t>y[ a[ni 

256

(ddir ji[nirn) ai>Kmi> li[h) aiv[; pN a>t[ ti[ a[ j Frt) vL) l)l)Cm Yen[ lh[rie Uq[ 

t>y[ aipN) j ai>K qr[."" 37 

'S[viLni Stdl"mi> nY&si[n) an[ ajviL) kik)n) d)kr) jDivn[ aim ti[ gi]N pi#i 

gN) Skiy, pr>>t& a[N[ an&Bv[l simi(jk s>GP< an[ aºyiy a(h> ni[>Fpi#i bn[ 

C[.d[v(Lyini $ps) mhirijni d)kri nTvrlil siY[ jDivni l³n nkk) Yiy C[. l³nni[ 

(dvs aiv) cQ[ C[.l³nn) tmim t]yir)ai[ Ye c*k) C[.jin[ gimni pidr[ pDiv ni²yi[ 

C[.nY&si[n) l³nn) (v(F Rvr)t ptivvi mi>g[ C[ an[ utivL[ sim]y&> le jvini[ k&lBien[ 

aid[S aip[ C[. ai a[ j k&lBie C[ j[ jDivni kl>(kt B*tkiLY) vik[f C[. an[ aiY) j 

nY&si[n) pi[tin) d)kr)ni l³np\s>g[ a[n[ vF& n[ vF& mh_v aip) aigL Fr[ C[. pr>t& k&lBie 

aiKr[ rmt rm[ C[.t[ai[ $ps) v[vien[ jDivni JvnrhAyn) jiN kr) d[ C[. an[ jDivn) 

j³yia[ a[mn) d)kr) gi[divr)n&> l³n nTvrlil siY[ gi[qv) d[ C[. nY&si[n) ai aiGit 

shn n kr) Skti aiRmhRyi kr[ C[. 

jDiv jyir[ jyir[ s>t&n) kiKmi> pi[tin) j d)kr) jD)n[ j&a[ C[ Ryir[ t[ a[ni trf 

a[k adÀy aikPt&n[ ai biLk) k[v) r)t[ mL) a[ hk)kt ti[ gim 

aiKimi> jiN)t) ht).Cti> jDivni mnmi> a[k s>Syni[ fNgi[ f*T[ C[ : 'a[ mir) j p[T jN) 

ti[ n(h hi[y?" 38 

'piC) livi[ mir) p[Tn) jN)", a[v) mi>gN) ni u_irmi> miti trfY) 'fr) diN bi[l) 

Ci[ ti[ JB j K[>c) kiQ)S" a[v) aikr) Fmk) mLti jDiv smsm)n[ b[s) rh[ C[.g&>disr 

gimmi> jyir[ sim*(hk biLl³nn&> aiyi[jn Yiy C[ Ryir[ pN jDivn) mn:(AY(t (vPm bn) 

rh[ C[. ai sm*hl³nmi> s>t&n) ninkD) jD)n&> pN l³n gi[qviy C[. a[ l³nmi> hijr) 

257

aipvi miT[ jDiv K*b j uRs&k C[ pr>>t& a[m krvi miT[ a[n[ miti trfY) m>j*r) mLt) 

nY).a[ q&mrn) KDk)mi> b>Fiy[l ci[r)ni cir Yi>Bli an[ ki[en) kiKmi> b[s)n[ ci[r) vμc[ 

f[ri[ frt) jD)n) mni[mn kÃpni kr[ C[.jDiv miT[ a[ kÃpni ashy bn[ C[, kirN k[ t[ 

(vcir[ C[ : 

'' ....kdicn[ a[ mir) j Ci[kr) hS[ ti[ ? a[ ti[ prN)n[ b[s) ge.... an[ h&> ?"" 39 

a[ ri#i[ jDiv U>G) Skt) nY).aiK) rit a[ni kinmi> Qi[l Fb*kti rh[ C[, m>gLg)ti[ 

gviti rh[ C[, q&mrn) KDk)mi> m>gLf[ri friy C[ an[ kiLi (Dbi>g a>Firimi> pN a[ ØÆyi[ 

jDivn) njr sim[ fr) fr)n[ sji ajviL) kik)n[ Ryi> mh>t $(Pk[SJn&> 

jDivn[ t[D&> aiv[ C[.a[ kimi>F mh>tn[ tib[ Yvi krti jDiv Bi>ki k&lf)viLi ji[D[ Big) 

jvin&> ps>d kr[ C[.jDiv Big) jti> ajviL) kik) pi[l)sf(ryid krti ph[li> mh>t $(Pk[Sn[ 

jiN kr[ C[. mh>t jDivn) Si[Fmi> pi[tini miNsi[ di[Div[ C[.Yi[Di> (dvsi[ pC) mh>tn[ m&>beY) 

smicir mL[ C[ k[ Bi>kin[ ti[ pkD) l[vimi> aiÄyi[ C[ pr>t& jDiv hiYtiL) aip) CTk) 

jvimi> sfL Ye C[.m&>bemi> jDiv mh>tni miNsi[ni sk>jimi>Y) CTk) cl(c#in[ 'a[kATî" 

p*ri piDti[ abijinn) jiLmi> spDiy C[.ai abijin jDivn[ a(Bn[#i) bniv[ C[ an[ 

siY[ siY[ a[n&> Sir)(rk an[ ai(Yt[ a[ni[ #iis asH bnti (h>mt kr)n[ 

a[k rit[ jDiv abijinn) c&>gilmi>Y) nis) C*T[ C[.nis) C*Tyi bid jDiv miT[ m&>be j[vi 

Sh[rmi> ki[e shiri[ n mLti a[ a>t[ Sh[rni rAtiai[ upr rzLt) a[k v[Æyi bn[ C[. (vd[S) 

s](nki[ a[n) siY[ Sir)(rk aDpli> kr[ C[ an[ a[n[ a(nμCia[ di$ piy C[.pi[tin) (vkZ(t 

s>ti[Oyi bid a[n[ rAti upr rzLt) Ci[D) m*k[ C[. 

258

''Gviy[li ashiy pS&n) j[m jDiv f*TpiY pr j pD)pD) kNs) rh). s](nki[a[ 

bLjbr)Y) piy[li p)Nin[ p(rNim[ a[n&> mgj bh[r mir) gy&> ht&>.pi[tin) dSin&> k[ avdSin&> 

pN a[n[ p*r&> Bin nhi[t&>. a[vimi> j a[n[ kin[ a[k avij aYDiyi[ : 'jD)""". 40 

a[ avij hti[ pi[tin) d)kr) jDivn[ g&>disrY) m&>be mLvi aiv[l) miti ajviL) 

kik)ni[. pi[t[ an&Bv[l Sir)(rk an[ min(sk s>GP< a[n) prikiOqia[ phi[>cti a[ jDiv miT[ 

asH bn[ C[ an[ t[Y) jDiv pN a>t[ pi[tin&> min(sk smti[ln g&miv) d[ C[. 

b)J bij&, al-ali(mnn[ mi[rc[ (vjy m[Lv)n[ piCi fr) rh[li Sid*LBini[ B[>Ti[ 

m&>beni rAtiai[ upr gi>DpNmi> BTkt), ki[e ki[evir pi[tin) biLk)n[ miT[ b*mi[ piDt) ti[ 

ki[evir pi[tini p(tn&> nim bi[lt) ti[ ki[evir pi[tin) jn[tin[ giLi[ Bi>Dt) jDiv siY[ Yiy 

C[, j[ a>t[ jDivn[ pi[tin) siY[ g&>disr le aiv[ C[. m(Dyia[ (n$p[li simi(jk s>GP< s>dB[< 

p\d)p rivL lK[ C[[ : 

''m(Dyin) nvlkYimi> (n$piy[li> Jvnmi> jit an[ jgtni s>GP[i< C[ ti[ a>trni 

armini[n[ t[n) sim[ smijni frmini[ pN C[.....s>ji[gni sk>ji vμc[ kyir[k kNsti>, ti[ 

kyir[k (vWi[h krti> n[ kyir[k Jvnn[ U>c[r) B*(mkia[ le jti> minv)ai[n&> ail[Kn 

m(Dyin) kYisZ(OTn[ sBr kr[ C[."" 41 

m(Dyia[ pN pi[tin) nvlkYini pi#ii[n[ t)v\ simi(jk s>GP< an[ a[ s>GPGP< bibt[ n)(tn vDgimi n)c[ p\miN[ (T¼pN) kr[ C[ : 

''aim Jvnni z>ziviti[mi> f>gi[Liti minv)ai[, a[mn) m&Æk[l)ai[ an[ myiglti an[ am>glti t[mj aFm (vciri[mi> aTviy[li g\imjni[ni> 

Jvnn&> dS kriÄy&> C[."" 42 

259

3. simi(jk B[dBiv : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) simi(jk B[dBiv : 

Yi[ms hiD) g\imjni[ j[ simi(jk B[dBivni[ Bi[g bn[ C[ a[ni 

m*LB*t kirNi[mi> kyi>k a[mn) gr)b), kyi>k a[mn) Xi(t, ti[ kyi>k aNGD gim(DyipN&> 

jvibdir hi[y C[.ai bibti[n[ l)F[ smijni mi[Bidir vg< oiri a[mn&> apmin an[ 

avgNni Yiy C[, a[mn[ t&μCkirvimi> aiv[ C[.a[ li[ki[ p\Ry[ni kiymni aLKimNi> vlNn[ 

l)F[ a[ li[ki[ pi[t[ h)n hi[vin) lG&tig\>(Y an&Bv[ C[.p(rNim[ a[ li[ki[ h>m[Si dbiy[li- 

kcDiy[li rh[ C[ an[ m*>g[ mi[Q[ a[mn[ Yti> simi(jk aºyiy shn kyi< kr[ C[. T[sni (pti 

j[k Db)b D"abSj C[ 

Ryir[ t[ai[ j[ r)t[ pi[tini[ ain>d a(BÄykt kr[ C[ t[mi> t[mN[ smijni n)cli vgvir q[s phi[>c[ C[ kirN k[ t[ gr)b C[ an[ 

a[n&> k&T&>b a(t simiºy simi(jk mi[Bi[ Friv[ C[. a[>jl siY[ni l³n bid T[s a[ni p(t 

smx pi[tini[ kl>(kt B*tkiL Cti[ kr[ C[ an[ a[ni p(t pis[ a[ miT[ xmin) yicni kr[ C[ 

Ryir[ a[>jl a[n[ kh[ C[ k[ mi#i xmi aipviY) p(r(AY(tmi> ki[e f[r pDvini[ nY).pi[tin[ 

aidSbni[ nb)ri[ gNti[ a[>jl T[sn[ utir) piDti kh[ C[ : 

''Don't Tess ; don't argue. Different societies, different manners, you 

almost make me say you are an uncomprehending peasant woman ..... "" 43 

a[l[k T[s upr bLiRkir g&jir[ C[ an[ a[>jl[ T[s siY[ni l³n ph[li> l>Dnmi> a[k 

A#i)n[ Bi[gv) hi[y C[.pr>t& a[ miT[ smij a[mn[ di[(Pt q[rvti[ nY) k[ a[mni d&OkZRyn[ 

260

vKi[Dti[ nY).aim, jit)y AKlnn[ smijni uμc vg td`n shj an[ sih(jk p$k\yi 

gNvimi> aiv[ C[. pr>t& ai j bibt T[s j[v) simiºy A#i) miT[ pip-p&·yni[ p\Ån bn[ C[ 

an[ t[N[ smijn) aikr) T)ki-(T¼pN)ni[ simni[ krvi[ pD[ C[. 

'jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r"n[ hiD)< a[n) p\Ativnimi> 'tragedy of unfulfilled 

aims"tr)k[ ai[LKiv[ C[.aim Cti> a[mn) ai kZ(tn[ gr)b an[ (nriFir g\imjni[n[ kcD) 

niKt) smij ÄyvAYi an[ simi(jk aºyiy sim[ pi[kirvimi> aivti b>D tr)k[ pN 

ai[LKiv) Skiy. 

nvlkYin) S$aitmi> j nvlkYikir aipNn[ jy&Dn) a(t simiºy (AY(tni[ 

aiCi[-pitLi[ ²yil aip[ C[. jy&Dn[ ai smijmi> a(nμCn)y biLk tr)k[ vN aiÄyi[ 

C[ an[ a[n) kik) a[v&> (vcir[ C[ k[ a[ni mi-bip mZRy& piÀyi Ryir[ t[n[ pN p\B&a[ pi[tin) 

pis[ le l)Fi[ hi[t ti[ si@> Yit. aim, biLpNY) j jy&Dn[ aºy pr ai(~t an[ 

(n:shiy dSi aiÄyi[ C[.S$aitY) j jy*D a[ni gim m[r)g$nn) a[k gimq) SiLimi> 

a¿yis kr[ C[ an[ t[ biLpNY) j a[k Xin(ppis& (vwiY)< C[. a[ Xinngr) (k\AT(mºsTrmi> 

a¿yis krvin) a[ni pr F*n svir Yiy C[. a[ ngrn[ jy&D 'heavenly Jerusalem "tr)k[ 

ai[LKiv[ C[.pi[tini Xinmig a[n[ mig ÄyikrN S)Kvin) mYimN kr[ C[.pr>t& a[m krti a[ an&Bv[ C[ k[ yi[³y 

mig

jy&D pi[tin) mh_vki>xi s>ti[Pvi vF& a¿yisiY[< (k\AT(mºsTr jiy C[.a[ni Jvnni ai 

tbÊ[ a[n) gr)bie an[ a[n&> simiºy simi(jk Atr a[ni Xinmig mi[T&> (v¹n si(bt 

Yiy C[.an[ a[ vitni[ ²yil aiv[ C[ k[ Äyv(AYt k[LvN) vgr a[ pi[tin) p\g(t siF) Sk[ 

a[m nY).an[ a[ k[LvN)mi> Bi[gvvi[ pDti[ Kc< a[n[ pi[Piy a[m nY).a[n) t[ smyn) 

aivkmi>Y) bct kr[ ti[ pN m[T^)k pr)xmi> u_i)N< Yvimi> a[n[ p>dr vP< j[Tli[ smy lig[.t[ 

pi[tin[ shiyn) ap[xia[ pi>c j[Tli jiN)ti (SxNSiA#i)ai[n[ p#i lK[ C[, j[mi>ni mi#i 

a[k (SxNSiA#i) a[n[ p\Ry&_ir piqv[ C[.an[ a[ni[ a[ p#i vi>c) a[n) tmim mh_vki>xi pD) 

Bi>g[ C[ an[ htiS jy&D di$ni nSi oiri pi[tin) (nshiyti an[ (nriSin&> dd< hLv&> krvini[ 

p\yRn kr[ C[.aim, yi[³y mig(ct rh[vi pim[ C[ an[ a[n) p$tBi v[Dfiy C[ a[n&> (nriSivid) (n$pN 

hiD) ky& C[. 

'aºDr F g$nv&D T^)" ni[ kYiniyk D)k D[v) t[ni (pti $b[n, didi (vl)ym an[ 

k&T&>bni aºy s¿y siY[ aprm[lATi[k nimni gimDi>mi> rh[ti[ hi[y C[.Äyvsiy[ t[ai[ 

milvihk C[.D)k an[ t[ni k[Tli>k kir)gr (m#ii[ m[lATi[k kviyr nimn) s>g)t-m>DL) cliv[ 

C[.aim, D)k a[ td`n simiºy Grni[ Ci[kri[ C[.pr>t& t[ s&K)-s>pºn Grn) Ci[kr) an[ gimn) 

SiLimi> (S(xkin) ni[kr) krt) f[ºs)ni p\[mmi> pD[ C[ an[ t[n) siY[ l³n krvi mi>g[ 

C[.f[ºs)ni ~)m>t (pti jyi[f\[ bij&ni p[lb[r) gimmi> rh[ti hi[y C[. D)k f[ºs)ni[ hiY mi>gvi 

a[ni (ptin[ mLvi jiy C[, pr>t& f[ºs)ni (pti D)kn[ kqi[rtiY) kh[ C[ k[ f[ºs) a[k (S(xt 

s>Akir) kºyi C[.pi[t[ p]sidir C[ an[ t[ pi[tin) d)kr)n[ ki[e (vkir k[ Di[kTrn) siY[ prNivvi 

mi>g[ C[.f\[ºs) D)k krti dr[k bibt[ c(Qyit) C[.t[Y) t[ D)k j[vi mim&l) g\iÀyjnn[ prN[ t[ 

yi[³y nY).D)k (nriS Ye Ryi>Y) cil) n)kL[ C[. ai j simi(jk B[dBiv an[ gr)b) 

262

am)r)n) asmintin[ l)F[ (m(ss yi[b\ieT oiri r)Dlm[nni[ Yi[m[s)nn[ prNvini[ p\Ativni[ 

aAv)kir Yiy C[ an[ m[lbr) S[q g\[sn[ gieÃs siY[ n prNivti a[n&> l³n pi[tini 

simi(jk mi[Bin[ an&$p Di[kTr f)zp)as< siY[ kr[ C[. 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk B[dBiv : 

Xi(tp\Yi Birt)y smijn) a[k a(ot)y (vS[Pti C[. p\ic)nkiLY) Birtn) t[ a[k 

piyin) ÄyvAYi C[.aij[ pN a[k mh_vni simi(jk p(rbL tr)k[ Birt)y smijJvnni> 

(v(vF x[#ii[mi> p\Ryx yi pri[x r)t[ Xi(tni[ p\Biv ji[vi mL[ C[.ai s>dB[< smijSiA#i) T). 

a[m. Dik jNiv[ C[ : 

''Another social institution which has contributed great deal in 

shaping of the socio-economic life of Indisn people is the caste 

system.Though part of Hindu society, caste system has influenced other 

religious communities as well. Besides determining social status of different 

groups in the society, it tends to mould the behaviour pattern of people and 

regular interpersonal reliations and communication between different 

groups."" 45 

(vVni aºy ki[e d[Smi> Birtmi> ji[vi mL[ a[v) p\bL an[ p\BivSiL) Xi(t-Äy 

vAYi ji[vi mLt) nY). Birt)y e(thisni (v(Bºn y&gi[ dr(myin Xi(tp\Yia[ (v(vF Av$pi[ 

FirN kyi C[ an[ a[mi> k[Tli>k p(rvt C[.aim Cti> Xi(ts>AYia[ t[n&> m*LB*t 

Av$p aij[ pN Tkiv) ri²y&> C[.c&n)lil m(Dyia[ pN pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> b\iMN, 

rjp**t, vi(Nyi, li[hiNi, l&hir, mi[c), Gi>c), ki[L), h(rjn, m&slmin vg[r[ Xi(tai[n[ 

aivr) l[t&> Birt)y simi(jk miLK&> rj* ky&>< C[.ai miLKimi> b\iMN, rjp*t, vi(Nyi j[v) 

263

p\Biv) Xi(tai[ C[ j[ aºy p[TiXi(tai[ upr simi(jk B[dBiv riK) dbdbi[ jiLv[ C[, 

a[mn&> Si[PN kr[ C[ ti[ kyi>k a[mn[ simi(jk aºyiy pN kr[ C[. 

'l)l&D) Frt)"mi> Sid*L j[vi[ drbirni[ d)kri[ 'ki>(TyivrN" s>t&n) aib$ siY[ 

Brbjir vμc[ K)lviD kr) Sk[ C[. a[n[ a[ miT[ p*CviviL&> ki[e nY). pr>t& s>t&n[ jyir[ 

Gi[Din) lid le Gr[ aivti mi[D&> Yiy C[ Ryir[ a[ni ci(r#y a>g[ an[k tkt& 

a[n) b[ejjt) krvi bdl Sid*Ln) sim[ him B)D[ C[, Ryir[ s>t&ni[ (pti T)hi[ s>t&n[ 

smjivti kh[ C[ : 

''tir) vit h>F)y si[ni j[v) C[, d)kri ! pN aipN&> Ki[rD&> gm[ a[v&> ti[ d*bL&> gNiy. 

aipN[ dbiyli> miNh. aivi ji$ki jN hiy[< v[rz[r Jrvvini aipNi> gji> ne."" 46 

aim, m*>g[ mi[Q[ aºyiy shn krvi[, pr>t& sim&> miY&> u>ckv&> n(h a[v) ji[h&km) a[ 

smy[ p\vt gi[br a>bimin) T*k[ ni(Ly[r niKvi jiy C[ a[n) 

s>giY[ gimni m&K)n) aiXiY) Tp&> viL>d[ pN a[n) mig pgc>p) an[ srBri krvi miT[ 

mn[-kmn[ jv&> pD[ C[. ai bibt[ pi[tin) p[TbLtri Äykt krti Tp&n) vh& $D) kh[ C[ : 

“j&vi[ ti[ Kri ai d&(nyi ?rm[ rmvi viLi n[ a[n) pgc>p) kr[ miri[ vr! amir) 

viL>dn) jiRyni[ t) ki>e avtir bÇyi[ C[, mir) b] !” 47 

Tp& viL>d pN aiKi rAt[ a[n[ m*K) oiri si[>pvimi> aiv[l kim p\Ry[ aNgmi[ Äykt 

krti[ rh[ C[. jyir[ gi[br m&K)n[ Tp&n[ a[ni pgc>p)ni kimmi>Y) m&kt krvin&> s*cn kr[ C[, 

Ryir[ m&K) gi[brn[ Tp& viL>d (vP[ n)c[ni S¾di[ kh[ C[ : 

''ai vhviyin) jiRyn[ j vrdin C[. e ti[ U>T j[vi jnivr gNiy, n[ U>T ti[ 

gi>grti> j pliNiy."" 48 

264

aim, Birt)y smijmi> p\Biv) Xi(t oiri n)cl) ki[mni Äy(ktai[n) Ryi> s&F) 

avgNni an[ apmin Yiy C[ k[ mn&Oy an[ p\iN) vμc[n) B[dr[Ki pN B*>sie jiy 

C[.ainiY) pN vF& kfi[D) hilt ti[ h(rjni[n) C[.vrsidmi> (vl>b Yiy ti[ pN a[ li[ki[a[ 

p*tLi> m>tyi< hS[ a[m min) a[mn[ jvibdir q[rv), mir mirvimi> aiv[ C[. 

'S[viLni Stdl" mi> (grjini[ bip rGi[gi[r b\iMN hti[, pr>t& mi s&YirN ht), 

prBi gi[r an[ zv[r gi[riN) a[n[ pRy[ aiBDC[T riK[ C[.a[ li[ki[ m(hn[ aiq $(pyi vs*l) 

(grjin[ jmiD[ C[ pr>t& a[n[ miT[n&> jlpi#i an[ Bi[jnni YiL)-viTki alg riKvimi> aiv[ 

C[.a[ni oiri upyi[gmi> l[viy[li visNi[ pN (grjia[ jit[ mi>J niKvi pD[ C[. n[mi 

vi(Nyin) (vjyin&> l³n jyir[ b(ms) 

uDiv[ C[ : 

''kyi> vi(Nyin) jit n[ kyi> ai[Ãyi[ pirki[ prd[S) brmi[?n(h nitni[ m[L, n(h 

jitni[ m[L. ar[ mlkni[y m[L n(h."" 49 

k[Tli>k li[ki[ ti[ a[ l³nni[ sk\)y (vri[F pN kr[ C[. a[vi (vri[F)ai[mi> prBi gi[r 

ag\[sr C[. a[mni mt[ a[ l³nn[ p(rNim[ aiy< s>AkZ(t aBDiy C[. an[ t[Y) a[ l³n (nOfL 

j C[.t[ai[ (vjyi an[ Q[flini l³nmi> pi[tin) gi[rmhirijn) B*(mkini[ aAv)kir kr[ 

C[.jyir[ t[ai[ a[ l³n kr) aipvin) ni piD[ C[ Ryir[ (grji[ aigL aiv[ C[ an[ a[ 

l³n(v(F s>pºn krvin) t]yir) btiv[ C[. a(h> gimli[ki[ K&d (grjin) j a[k b\iMN 

tr)k[n) liykit sim[ vi>Fi[ uqiv[ C[ : 

''(grji[ trBiN&> zil) j k[m Sk[ ? a[ kyi> S&¹F b\iMN C[? ai t[i mi m*Li[ n[ bip 

gijr j[vi[ vNkr.....b[ cir siAtr vi>c) ni>²y[ ki>e b\iMN Ye jviy ?"" 50 

265

gimli[ki[ni (vri[Fn[ pN avgN)n[ jyir[ (grji[ (vjyi an[ Q[flini l³n kriv) 

aip[ C[ Ryir[ a[ l³n SiA#i(vr&¹F jNiti> smijni (nt)rxki[ a[ l³nmi> (n(m_i bnnir 

(grjin[ gimmi>Y) hdpirn) sji frmiv[ C[. 

'Äyijni[ virs"ni aiBiSin) m[D)n&> pCviD&> s>(F li(Kyirni f(Lyimi> pDt&> ht&>. 

a[mn) m[D)n) piCLn) bir)ai[ pN li(Kyirn) ai[Sr)n) bribr sim[ j uGDt) 

ht).aiBiSini p(Rn minv>t) GN)vir ti[ bir)a[ UBi> UBi> j ai[Sr)mi> kim krt) 

li(Kyirni k*bimi> b[s) pN aivt). ti[ ki[ek vir li(Kyirni GrviLiai[ pN minv>t)ni 

aig\hn[ vS Ye aiBiSin) hv[l)n) ai[Sr)n) ki[r[ klik[k b[s) jti>.ai avrjvrn) jyir[ 

aiBiSin[ jiN Yiy C[ RyirY) t[ai[ pDi[Smi>n) ai ki>(TyivrNn) vsiht a>g[ (c>ti s[v[ 

C[.t[ai[ a[v) eμCi kr[ C[ k[ li(Kyirni l[Ni> p[T[ a[ni mkin g)ri[mi> K>D) l[vi an[ 

pDi[Smi>Y) ki>(TyirNni[ By d*r krvi[. an[ t[ai[ a[ p\miN[ krti a>t[ li(Kyirn&> Ki[rD&> 

pciv) pN piD[ C[. jyir[ li(Kyir pi[tin&> Ki[rD&> an[ Avmin hNiyini[ afsi[s Äykt krti 

kh[ C[ k[ mir) nitmi> mir&> nik kpie gy&>, Ryir[ ctrBj a[n[ kh[ C[ : 

''hv[ tmir[ ki>(TyivrNn[ nik bik S&> ? e ti[ ai[l) viL>dn) virtimi> aiv[ C[ a[m 

nv[ nik[ (dviL). "" 51 

aim, uj(Lyitn[ mn smijni d(lt vg Avmin k[ aiRmsºmin hi[e 

Sk[ a[ vit akÃpn)y ht)>.Ryi> s&F) k[ d(lt vg k[ uj(Lyitni Grmi> 

m&slminni nimn&> uμcirN s&¹Fi> vj.a[mni p\Ry[ni aivi ai[rmiyi viN), vt aivti[ simi(jk B[dBiv a[mn) min(sktin[ asr kr[ C[ an[ pi[t[ pN 

(hntin) ligN) an&Bv[ C[ j[ m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> Dgl[ n[ pgl[ Äykt Yiy C[. 

266

{4} diÀpRyJvn an[ an](tk s>b>Fi[ : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) diÀpRyJvn an[ an](tk s>b>Fi[ : 

Yi[ms hiD) l³n a[Tl[ d&:K, dd< an[ d&sihs.p(rN)t y&glni 

Bi³ymi> kyir[ pN s&K, Si>(t an[ c[n hi[ti nY). kdic ai kirNi[sr j hiD)(tm GD)a[ k[Tliy l³ni[ gi[qviy C[.'hi" an[ 'ni" vμc[ m*>zit) A#i)ai[n[ zDp) piDvi 

miT[ p&r&Pi[ stt p\yRnS)l hi[y C[.ai upri>t hiD) l³n[tr s>b>Fi[ td`n 

AviBi(vk an[ shj C[. a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> b[vfi p\[m)ai[ ti[ b[jvibdir, aÃlD an[ 

mi[hk p\[(mkiai[Y) Fbkt) rh[ C[.hiD) aipNn[ A#i) an[ p&r&Pi[ni s>b>Fi[mi> rh[li> 

akL v](v¹y an[ (vri[FiBisni dS p\mi(Nk p\[m)ai[n[ p\[m krvin) tk Bi³y[ 

j si>pD[ C[ an[ a[ li[ki[ni[ p\[m t[ai[ miT[ (vniS an[ (vp(_iai[ni d*tn&> kiy< kr[ C[.pi[t[ 

kr[l) B*li[ni pVitipni p(rNim[ pi#ii[ a>t[ simi(jk n](tktin[ tib[ Yiy C[.an[ a>drY) 

g&ni(ht ligN) an&Bv[ C[. hiD) a[vi k[Tliy l³ni[n) ni[>F l)F) hS[ j[ 

(nOfL n)vDyi hS[ an[ miT[ j a[mN[ a[ (vPyn[ k[ºWmi> riK) 'jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r", 'T[s 

ai[f D'ab a[v&> kh[viy C[ k[ hiD)< a[ 'T[s"n) kYin[ ulTiv) niK) 

C[.'T[s"mi> hiD)< 'Flesh"{Sr)r} an[ 'Spirit" {aiRmi}n[ p\(tkiRmk r)t[ rj* krti b[ p&r&P 

pi#ii[ vμc[ aTvit) a[k A#i)n) kYi kh) C[, ti['jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r"mi> 'Flesh" an[ 

'Spirit" n[ p\(tkiRmk r)t[ rj* krt) b[ A#i)ai[ vμc[ a[k y&vin aTviy C[.jit)y aiv[gn) 

(vniSk vZ(_i a[ ai kZ(tni[ (vPy C[. jy&D kyi>k kyi>k F)r-g>>>>>>B)r d[Kiy C[. aim Cti>, 

a[nimi> jit)y aiv[g qi>s)qi>s)n[ Byi[< C[ an[ t[Y) j a[ arb[li miT[ visni s>ti[Pvin&> 

267

a[kdm an&k*L an[ an&$p siFn mi#i si(bt Yiy C[. j[ r)t[ a[n) bi](Fk mh_vki>xiai[n[ 

S]x(Nk s>AYiai[ oiri fgiv) d[vimi> aiv[ C[, a[ j p\miN[ a[n) p\[m an[ visnin) B*K 

s>ti[Pti s>b>Fi[ AYi(pt krvin) eμCin[ b[ A#i)ai[ oiri fgiv) d[vimi> aiv[ C[. p(rNim[ jy&D 

pi[tini Jvnmi> sfL p\[m) k[ p>(Dt bnvimi> (nOfL jiy C[. 

ai kZ(t hiD) a[kb)ji siY[ stt GP utrt) ji[vi mL[ C[.ai nvlkYini 

Big-1mi> arb[li jy&D upr hlil kr[li B*>Dn&> (SÆn f[>k[ C[.a[n) ai c[OTi a[ jy&Dn[ 

Sir)(rk s>b>F bi>Fvi miT[ni aim#i>Nn&> p\(tk C[. Ryirbidn) a[n) jy&D siY[n) vitc)tmi> 

a[ jy&Dn[ pi[tini[ p\[m) bnivvi llciv[ C[. tk mLti a[ jy&Dn[ Sir)(rk s>b>F bi>Fvi uÆk[r[ 

C[ an[ a[n) a[ cilmi> sfL Yiy C[. aim, arb[lin) jy&D p\Ry[n) jit)y (k\yip\(t(k\yiai[mi> 

a[nimi> rh[l) pS&ti Äykt Yiy C[. a[nimi> bi](Fk rs$c)ni[ sd>tr aBiv 

hi[y C[ an[ a[n[ jy&Dn) mh_vki>xin) jripN drkir hi[t) nY).aiRmin) p(v#iti-n](tkti 

a[v) ki[e bibtn&> a[n[ jri pN Bin hi[t&> nY).an[ t[Y) j ai[AT^[(lyimi> t[ ki[epN jitni 

r>j vgr b)ji l³n kr[ C[.Ryi>Y) e>³l[>D piCi frti, a[k birmi> t[n) m&likit jy&D siY[ 

Yiy C[. Ryi>Y) t[ jy&Dn[ t[n) siY[ rit (vtivvi hi[Tlni $mmi> le aiv[ C[. hiD)< arb[lin[ 

nvlkYini a>tmi> 'a woman of rank passions" tr)k[ s>bi[F[ C[ a[mi> kS&> Ki[T&> 

nY).a[ni Diƒ. (vÃbT< p\Ry[ni a(Bgmmi> pN aipNn[ a[nimi> rh[l) (vkZ(t d[Kiy aiv[ 

C[.aim, arb[li a[ Sir)(rk visnin&> p\t)k C[ j[ni p\Ry[ jy&D aikPi

)J bij&, Ay& aiRmin&> p\(tk C[. Sir)(rk s>b>Fi[ bi>Fvi p\Ry[ a[ lgBg a$(c an[ 

aNgmi[ dSit& t[n) siY[ Sir)(rk s>b>F bi>Ft) nY). 

t[ jy&D siY[ vgr l³na[ mi#i a[k p\[(mkini $p[ rh[vin&> ps>d kr[ C[. an[ jy&Dn[ pN 

Sir)(rk s>b>F bi>Fvi miT[ prving) aipt) nY). t[ (nKilspN[ jy&D smx kb*l[ C[ k[ t[ 

aºy A#i)ai[n) j[m kim*k nY). a(h> jy&D t[n[ n)c[ni S¾di[mi> s>bi[F[ C[ : 

''You spirit, you disembodied creature, you dear tantalizing phantom - 

hardly flesh at all."" 53 

Ay& pN (vcir[ C[ k[ pi[t[ m*LB*t minv)y vZ(_iai[ miT[ vF& pDt) Si>t an[ si]Ày C[ - 

'a being too gentle to be human." 

ai b>n[ A#i)ai[ jy&Dn[ pimvi miT[ a[kb)ji siY[ s>GP utr[ C[ an[ ai s>GP

ti[ b)J bij&, arb[li jy&Dn[ Ay& pis[Y) ai>ck) l[vi h>m[Si p\yRnS)l rh[ C[. 

jyir[ arb[li a[ b>n[n[ a[k kZ(P-p\dS siY[ ji[e C[ Ryir[ t[ a[n) (m#i a[n)n[ kh[ C[ k[ 

jy&D Kr[Kr si[himNi[ y&vk C[.an[ t[ hj& a[n[ Bi[gvvi mi>g[ C[. arb[li a(h> Ay&n&> 

(nr)xN krti ni[>F[ C[ k[ Ay&n[ p\[m k[v) r)t[ krvi[ t[ni[ ²yil nY) an[ t[ni[ ch[ri[ j ai 

bibt ciD) Kiy C[. vF&mi> t[ jy&D (vP[ kh[ C[ : 

'He is more mine than hers." 55 

Yi[Di> smy pC) t[ jyir[ (fli[Tsnn[ mL[ C[ Ryir[ t[n[ kh[ C[ k[ t[N[ Ay&n[ ai r)t[ jy&D siY[ 

jvi d)F) a[ ayi[³y C[.arb[li jy&D siY[ fr) l³n krvimi> sfL Yiy C[ an[ a[n) jy&D 

siY[n) dl)lbiJmi> t[ Ay&n[ v[Æyi kh[ C[. aim, j[ r)t[ Ay& arb[li p\Ry[ d&ÆmnivT diKv[ 

C[, a[ j p\miN[ arb[li Ay& p\Ry[ v[rBiv riK[ C[. 

pr>t& ai b>n[ A#i)ai[, 'Flesh and Spirit" hk)ktmi> jy&Dni Äy(ktRvni j b[ 

(vri[FiBis) pisi> C[, an[ a[ b>n[ vμc[ni[ s>GP< a[ jy&Dni ai>t(rk-min(sk s>GP (vjit)y aikPxini mig aDcNi[ UB) kr[ C[. jyir[ a[ 

a[ni a¿yismi> ÄyAt an[ m³n hi[y C[ Ryir[ arb[li a[n[ aikP

arb[lini mi[hpiSni[ (Skir bn[ C[. a[ pi[tini a¿yisn[ bij& pr riK) Sr)(rk ain>d 

l*>Tvimi> m³n bn[ C[. 

jyir[ arb[li a[n[ Ci[D)n[ jt) rh[ C[ Ryir[ a[n) bi](Fk mh_vki>xiai[ fr) b[q) 

Yiy C[, pr>t& a(h> t[ Ay&ni p\[mmi> pD[ C[.e(ºWyi[ u_i[Jt Yiy C[, an[ aiRmia[ p)C[hq 

krv) pD[ C[. a[ pidr) bnvi miT[ a¿yis krti[ hi[y C[, pr>t& a[n) Ay& miT[n) visni a[n[ 

Kl[l phi[>ciD[ C[.ai tbÊ[ t[ an&Bv[ C[ k[ vF& pDt) visnin[ l)F[ t[ a[k siri[ pidr) bn) 

Sk[ a[m nY).'Flesh" an[ 'Spirit" vμc[ni[ s>GP< vF& t)v\ bnti jy&D p\iYt& t[ kirgt n)vDti[ nY). a[Tlimi> jy&Dn[ Ay&n[ c&>bn krvin) tk si>pD[ C[. an[ a[ 

c>&bn hiD)k si(bt Yiy C[. hv[ jy&D miT[ 

Fm aSky bn[ C[.a[n) mh_vki>xin[ a[k mi[Ti[ fTki[ pD[ 

C[.a[ nkk) nY) kr) Skti[ k[ Äy(ktni ai¹yi(Rmk (vkismi> avri[F uRpÒ krnir p(rbL ky&> 

?-A#i), smij k[ pi[tinimi> rh[l) s&P&¼t visni ? kirN j[ hi[y t[ pr>t& jy&D a[ni[ 

ai¹yi(Rmk (vkis aTkiv) d[ C[ an[ t[ni tmim p&Atki[n[ sLgiv) m*k[ C[. 

aim, hiD)< 'aºDr F g\)nv&D T^)"mi> p\Nyni nynrÀy (n$pNY) len[ 'jy&D F 

ai[¾skyi[r" j[v) nvlkYiai[mi> p\Nyn) piCL rh[l) pS&ti, htiSi an[ (nriSiai[ni> 

p(rpkv an[ g>B)r (ndin s&F)n) sfr kr[ C[. t[ai[ a[mni smy[ p\vtt ai kZ(tmi> l³np\Yin) sfLti-(nOfLtin[ T)kiRmk r)t[ S>kini 

diyrimi> aivr) l[ C[. 

'T[s ai[f D'ab

sim[ ai>gL) c)>>F[, pr>t& hiD)ji[gi[ n[ ai(Fn Yy[li 

ki]miygni[ aY< a[vi[ nY) k[ T[s[ aiRmin) p(v#iti pN g&miv) d)F) C[. T[sni a[l[k 

siY[ni an&Bv bid a[ k&>vi(rki rh) nY), pr>t& a[N[ a[ni aiRmin) S&¹Fti ti[ jiLv) j 

riK) C[.a[n&> mi#i Sr)r d&(Pt Yy&> C[, n(h k[ a[ni[ aiRmi. ai Ø(OTki[NY) ji[ti> hiD)< T[sn[ 

'a pure woman" kh)n[ s>bi[F[ a[ AvBi(vk C[. 

T[sni ci(r#yn) S&¹Ftini[ p\Ån t[ni a[l[k siY[ni s>b>Fi[ni Av$pni s>dB j 

m*lv) Skiy. T[sni a[l[k siY[ni shvisni #iN mh_vni tbkki C[ : a[l[k oiri T[sn&> 

jit)y Si[PN, a[n) s>ji[gi[n[ ai(Fn a[l[kn[ SrNig(t an[ a>t[ a[ni oiri a[l[kn&> K*n. 

a[l[k jyir[ T[sn[ ph[l) vir j&a[ C[, Ryir[ j a[ T[sni Sir)(rk si]>dy mi#i ri[jgir) m[Lvvi p*rti[ j rs diKv[ C[. jyir[ a[l[k pi[tini hiY[ 

T[sn[ ATî[b[r) KvDivvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ a[l[kn[ a[m krti aTkiv[ C[. Ryirbid 

T^ºT)j jt) vKt[ a[l[k a[n[ c&>bn krvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[ Ryir[ T[s p)C[hq kr[ C[.pr>t& a[l[k 

T[sn[ c&>bn ci[D) d[ C[ Ryir[ T[sn) ai>Ki[mi> ai>s& uBrie aiv[ C[ an[ t[ $milY) pi[tini 

gil l*C) ni>K[ C[. jyir[ a[l[k a[n[ fr) c&>bn kr[ C[ Ryir[ T[s Gi[DigiD)mi>Y) n)c[ utr) pD[ 

C[ an[ bik)n&> a>tr pgpiLi p*$> kr[ C[.aim, a[l[k jyir[ jyir[ T[s p\Ry[ pi[tini[ p\[m dSi pN a[k (nNi jit)y Si[PN.a(h> aipNn[ Kbr C[ k[ T[s a[ni (m#ii[ siY[ni zGDin[ l)F[ 

Sir)(rk r)t[ Yik[l) an[ min(sk r)t[ h[rin-pr[Sin hi[y C[. t[Y) t[ t>WivAYimi> sr) pD[ C[. 

a[n) a[ ab&F avAYini[ liB len[ a[l[k a[n) siY[ Sir)(rk s>b>F bi>Fvimi> sfL Yiy 

C[.t[ smy[ T[s ki[epN r)t[ a[l[kn[ aTkivvi smY< hi[t) nY), a[Tl&> j n(h a[n) siY[ S&> 

272

Ye rH&> C[ a[n&> pN a[n[ Bin hi[t&> nY) an[ jyir[ Bin Yiy C[ Ryir[ K*b (vl>b Ye c*kyi[ 

hi[y C[. T[s Gr[ piCi frti a[l[kn[ kh[ C[ : 

''My eyes were dazed by you for a little, and that was all.I didn't 

understand your meaning till it was too late."" 57 

Gr[ aiv)n[ T[s j[ k>e Yy&> a[n[ miT[ pi[tin) mitin[ di[P d[ C[. an[ qpki[ aip[ C[ k[ Si miT[ 

a[n) mitia[ p&$Pi[mi> rh[l) ai vZ(_i bibt[ a[n[ sjig kr) nh) an[ a[n[ mig n(h. aim, a[l[k siY[ni smigmmi> T[sn&> Sr)r s>Di[viy C[, pr>t& a[n&> ãdy a[ bibt[ 

td`n a(l¼t an[ ajiN hi[y C[.t[Y) j a[ GTnin[ aipN[ bLiRkir Kpiv) Sk)a[.T[sn&> 

Sr)r d&(Pt j$r Yy&> C[, pr>t& a[ni aiRmin) p(v#iti ti[ aApZOy an[ akb>F rh[vi pim[ 

C[.ai s>dB[< T[r) eglTn jNiv[ C[: 

''When Alec kisses her,...she makes herself 'dead' ,turning herself into 

an object in order to resist his attempts to do the same.When he seduces her, 

her spirit detaches itself dreamily from her body, leaving it a kind of 

corpse.... In a materialistic society, dematerializing yourself may prove the 

only way to survive.....In any case denying that you have a body may well 

play into the hands of those male idealists who see women as all spirit."" 58 

jyir[ T[s ai GTni bid pi[tini gimn) nJk aiv[li j>gli[mi> ri#i[ BTk[ C[ Ryir[ t[ a[k 

p\kirn) g&ni(ht ligN) an&Bv[ C[. a(h> hiD)< T[sni[ bciv krti kh[ C[ k[ a[ni oiri 

svg Yyi[ hS[, pr>t& a[N[ a[n) aispisn) p\kZ(tni ki[e 

kiydini[ B>g kyi[< nY). 

T[sni[ p(t a[ºjl a[n[ Ci[D)n[ b\i(zl jti[ rh[ C[, pr>t& a[n[ pN piCLY) pi[tin) 

(vcirsrN)mi>> rh[l) B*l smjiy C[.t[ n](tktini j*nviN) mipd>Di[n[ (FÊir[ C[.t[n[ smjiy 

273

C[ k[ ci(r#y bibt[ S&B-aS&B a[N[ S&> ky& C[ a[mi> nY) pr>t& t[ S&> eμC[ C[ t[mi> rh[l&> 

C[.a[n[ a[ni utivLi (nN aºy mh_vni[ vLi>k Ryir[ aiv[ C[, jyir[ t[ a[l[kn[ SrN[ jiy C[, 

pr>t& a[ Av[(μCk SrNig(t nY). a[N[ a[l[kn[ lK[li p#ii[ni[ a[ni trfY) ki[e p\Ry&_ir mLti[ 

nY). hv[ t[ pi[tini k&T&>bni[ Bir vhn kr) Sk[ a[v) (AY(tmi> hi[t) nY). a[ni Bieai[ an[ 

bh[ni[n[ miY[ Cipr&> nY). hv[ a[n) pis[ a[k j rAti[ bik) rh[ C[, an[ t[ C[ a[l[kn[ SrN[ 

jvini[. a(h> T[sn) mni[dSi a[ j C[ j[ mni[dSi a[l[k oiri bLiRkir Yyi[ Ryir[ a[n) ht). 

T[sn&> Jvn brbid Yiy C[ a[ miT[ a[l[k upri>t a[ni[ p(t a[ºjl pN ai[C[v_i[ 

a>S[ jvibdir C[. ji[ a[ºjl[ a[ni[ Ryig n kyi[< hi[t ti[ ki]miygn[ bid krti T[sni 

Jvnmi> ki[e k$Ni>(tki sji 

UNi[ utr[ C[. T[sn) kikl*d) an[ (vnvN)n) a[ni upr ki[e asr Yt) nY). a[ni oiri 

T[sni Ryig bid T[sni Jvnmi> z>zivit f*>kiy C[.a[n[ miT[ pi[tin&> a(AtRv Bir$p bn[ 

C[.a[ a[ºjln) K*b rih j&a[ C[, a[ aiSia[ k[ a[ni AvBivmi> rh[l) udirti a[n[ pi[tin) 

pis[ piCi[ K[>c) livS[. t[ a[ºjlni mibipn[ mLvi jiy C[. t[ pi[tini p(tn[ ãdyWivk 

p#ii[ lK[ C[.pr>t& ki[e p\Ry&_ir mLti[ nY).an[ t[N[ a>t[ a[l[kn[ SrN[ jv&> pD[ C[.a[ºjl 

pi[tin) B*l smjiti piCi[ fr[ C[, pr>t& Ryir[ GN&> mi[D&> YE c*ky&> hi[y C[. aim, T[s a[k a[v) 

Ci[kr) C[ j[n&> Jvn b[ p&r&Ppi#ii[ kDv&> z[r kr) niK[ C[, a[k a[ni[ kimi>F p\[m) a[l[k an[ 

b)ji[ a[ni[ aidS a[v) ki[e aigL pDt) #i&T) nY) k[ 

j[n[ l)F[ a[N[ aiTl&> d&:K an[ v[dni shn krv) pD[.aim Cti> a[ j[ Sr)rn) shnS)lti 

an[ mnn) mkkmti diKv[ C[ a[ bibt a[n[ Kri> aY ni(yki si(bt kr[ C[. 

274

' fir f\i[m F m[(D>g k\iuD"mi> a[k A#i) an[ t[n[ p\[m krti #iN p&r&Pi[n) kYi kh[vimi> 

aiv) C[.a[ #iN p\[m)ai[ C[; g[b\)l ai[k, sijºT< Tî[y an[ b[iÃDv&D. ai #iN[y p\[m)ai[ a[k 

A#i) p\Ry[ pi[tini[ (Bºn-(Bºn p\kirni[ p\[m p\d(S p\(t(n(FRv 

kr[ C[ j[ai[ pi[tin) p\[(mki miT[ Ryig an[ (nAviY< Biv Friv[ C[ an[ a[mi> j t[ai[ ain>d 

an&Bv[ C[. bi[ÃDv&Dni p\[mmi> mi(lk)pNini[ Biv C[ an[ t[ pi[tin) p\[(mki upr pi[tini[ j 

hÊ AYi(pt krvi mr(Nyi p\yisi[ kr[ C[.jyir[ Tî[yni p\[mmi> B|\mrvZ(_i rh[l) C[ an[ a[n[ 

miT[ A#i)ai[ Bi[g-(vlisn&> siFn mi#i C[. ai #iN[y p&r&Pi[ni biYS[bi p\Ry[ni vlNi[mi> 

v](v¹y an[ (vri[FiBis rh[li C[. 

biYS[bi oiri ai[kni[ aAv)kir Yyi bid pN t[ni biYS[bi p\Ry[ni p\[m an[ 

ligN)mi> ki[e f[r pDti[ nY). a[ni p\[mmi> s(hON&ti an[ sitRy rh[li C[. a[ni[ p\[m a[Tl[ 

b(ldin aipv&> an[ a[ b(ldinni bdlimi> ki[epN ap[xi riKv) n(h.a[ a[vi[ (nAviY< p\[m) 

C[ j[ ki[epN p(r(AY(tmi> biYS[bin) pDK[ UBi[ rh[ C[. t[ biYS[bin) vfidir)p*vm[Si tRpr rh[ C[, a[Tli miT[ n(h k[ t[ biYS[bini[ pgirdir 

kmt& a[Tli miT[ k[ t[ t[n[ sici[ p\[m kr[ C[. t[ biYS[bini K[tr an[ G[>Tin) 

d[Kr[K riK[ C[ an[ a[ni[ (htrxk C[.jyir[ biYS[bi bi[ÃDv&D siY[ rmt rm[ C[ an[ Tî[y j[vi 

aiviri p&r&P p\Ry[ aikPit[ t[ni sd`g&Ni[ p\rRv[ sBinti k[Lv) a[n) siY[ l³n kr[ C[. 

Tî[y a[ h>m[Si Bi[g-(vlisn) Si[Fmi> BTkti[ y&vin C[.a[n[ miT[ p\[m a[k rmt C[. t[ 

mi#i ain>d miT[ A#i)ai[ siY[ p\[Nyni fig K[l[ C[. t[ f[n)n&> ji(ty Si[PN kr[ C[ an[ 

Ryirbid t[n[ trCi[D) d[ C[.t[ biYS[bin[ pN fsiv[ C[, a[n) siY[ l³n kr[ C[ an[ Ci[D) d[ 

275

C[.a[ f[n)ni mZRy& bid a[n[ Kitr j[ k>e kr[ C[ t[ (nrY pN a[n) AviY)< y&(kt-p\y&(kt rh[l) C[. a[ni si[himNi d[Kiv an[ li[BimN) 

vik`CTin[ l)F[ ki[epN s&>dr A#i)n[ pi[tini mi[hpiSmi> jkDvimi> a[ sfL Yiy C[. pr>t& t[ 

ki[epN A#i)n[ p\imi(NkpN[ p\[m krvin[ asmY< C[. biYS[bi siY[ni t[ni l³n bid trt j 

t[mni diÀpRyJvnmi> mnd&:K an[ klh ji[vi mL[ C[.a[ biYS[bin) ligN)ai[ p\Ry[ 

b[drkir an[ b[¹yin C[.a[ Gi[Din) r[smi> biYS[bini niNi> div pr lgiv[ C[ an[ a[n) 

(mlktni[ d&r&pyi[g kr[ C[. jyir[ biYS[bi Tî[yn) G(DyiLni piCLni Bigmi> a[k A#i)ni 

viLn) lT j&a[ C[ an[ a[n[ a[ viLn) lT ke A#i)n) C[ a[m p*C[ C[ Ryir[ Tî[y biYS[bin) 

s>v[dnin) prvi kyi< (vni a[n[ kh[ C[, t[ a[ A#i)ni viLn) lT C[ j[n[ biYS[bi siY[ m&likit 

Ye t[ ph[li> t[ prNvi mi>gti[ hti[. 59 aim, Tî[y f[n) an[ biYS[bi a[m b>n[ A#i)ai[ siY[ 

td`n (ndyciDvimi> jripN s>ki[c an&Bvti[ 

nY)>. jyir[ t[ ki[e A#i)n[ fsivvi mi>gti[ hi[y C[ Ryir[ t[ A#i)n) s&>drtin) K*b udirtiY) 

p\S>si kr[ C[, pr>t& a[kvir a[ A#i)n[ Bi[gv) l)Fi bid t[nimi> a[ jripN rs diKvti[ 

nY).an[ t[Y) j jyir[ a[ kmi[t[ mr[ C[ Ryir[ pN aipN) shin&B*(tn) pi#iti k[Lv) Skti[ 

nY). 

bi[ÃDv&D pN a[k AviY)< p\[m) j C[ pr>t& j[ r)t[ Tî[y AviY)< C[ a[ r)t[ a[ AviY)< 

nY).bi[ÃDv&D an[ Tî[y vμc[ GNi[ tfivt C[. Tî[yni[ biYS[bi miT[ni[ p\[m c>cL an[ 

ap(rpkv C[, jyir[ bi[ÃDv&D biYS[bi bibt[ (AYr an[ g>B)r C[. pr>t& a[ni biYS[bi 

p\Ry[ni vlNmi> mi(lk)pNini[ Biv rh[li[ C[.jyi> s&F) biYS[bi a[n[ l³n krvin&> vcn aip[ 

n(h Ryi> s&F) a[ b[c[n rh[ C[. a[ni p\[mmi> a[k p\kirni aiv[S-aiv[g rh[li C[. a[ 

biYS[bin[ gi>DpNn) hd[ p\[m kr[ C[.t[ aºy kim bij& pr riK) h>m[Si biYS[bi bibt[ 

276

(vcirti[ rh[ C[.biYS[bin[ m[Lvvin) a[ni minsmi> F*n svir Yiy C[. jyir[ ai[k a[n[ 

p\[mmi> mL[l) (nOfLtin[ pciv) jiN[ C[, bi[ÃDv&D miT[ a[ j bibt asH bn[ C[. bi[ÃDv&Dn&> 

biYS[bi trfn&> K[>ciN a[ni miT[ min(sk tiN an[ #iismi> p(rNm[ C[.a[n) atZ¼t visni 

a[n[ gi>Di[ kr) niK[ C[. aim, jyir[ ai[k pi[tin) ligN)ai[ upr s>ym diKv) Sk[ C[, 

bi[ÃDv&Dn&> (c_i a[k j piTi upr di[D[ C[. jyir[ bi[ÃDv&Dn[ Kbr pD[ C[ k[ biYS[bia[ Tî[y 

siY[ l³n kr) l)Fi C[, Ryir[ a[ni (c_imi> KLBLiT Äyip) jiy C[, an[ pi[tini kZ(P-s>b>F) 

mh_vni tmim kiyi[Y) a[ni[ rs UD) jiy C[.a[n&> biYS[bi miT[n&> gi>DpN prikiOqia[ 

phi[>c[ C[ jyir[ t[ biYS[bi siY[ bLjbr) krti Tî[yn) b>d*kn) gi[L) mir) hRyi kr[ C[ 60 

an[ j[lB[gi[ Yiy C[. 

biYS[bi K*b uRsih) an[ uRs&k y&vin A#i) C[.Tî[yn) mirkN) mdi pD[ C[ an[ t[n) siY[ l³n kr) l[ C[.pr>t& Tî[y a[n[ miT[ 

dgibij p(t si(bt Yiy C[. jyir[ a[n[ Tî[y an[ f[n)ni p\[ms>b>Fn) jiN Yiy C[ Ryir[ t[ 

t)v\ aiGit an&Bv[ C[.Tî[y a[n[ pi[tiniY) d*r hDs[l[ C[ an[ t[n[ kh[ C[ k[ a[k pidr) smx 

mi#i ai]pci(rk (v(FY) l³n lig& piD) Skiti nY). t[Y) t[N[ biYS[bini[ pRn) tr)k[ Av)kir 

kyi[< C[ a[v&> minv&> B*l Br[l&> C[, an[ t[ biYS[bin[ trCi[D) ciÃyi[ jiy C[.biYS[bi miT[ 

Jvnni[ ai tbÊi[ K*b kTi[kT) Byi[< si(bt Yiy C[.pi[tini p(tn) mZRy&n) afviY) an[ 

bi[ÃDv&Dni a(tSy aig\hn[ vS Ye t[ t[n[ C vPi[< rih ji[yi bid t[n) siY[ l³n krvin&> 

vcn aip[ C[.pr>t& Tî[y piCi[ fr[ C[ an[ biYS[bi pr p(t tr)k[ hk-divi[ kr[ C[.bi[ÃDv&D 

Tî[yn[ qir mir[ C[ an[ biYS[bi (vFvi bn[ C[.aim, biYS[bini[ p\[m an[ l³nni[ an&Bv 

pN a(t kT& an[ kDvi[ rh[vi pim[ C[.nvlkYin[ a>t[ t[ ai[k siY[ l³n kr[ C[. pr>t& a[ 

277

AvBi(vk C[ k[ pi[tini B*tkiLn) a[ d&:Kd xNi[ a[n[ jyir[ jyir[ yid aivS[ Ryir[ Ryir[ t[ 

p)Di an&BvS[. 

'F r)Tn< ai[f F n[T)v" a[ a[vi b[-#iN Äy(ktai[n) kYi C[ j[ai[ p\kZ(ta[ a[mni 

miT[ (nyt kr[l p(r(AY(tmi> m*>ziy C[. t[ai[ t[mni Jvnmi> a[ p(r(AY(tn[ an&k*L Yvini[ ti[ 

kyir[k a[mi> bdliv livvini[ ÄyY< p\yRn kr[ C[.t[ai[n[ a[mN[ Jvnmi> Bjvv) pDt) B*(mki 

sji smin lig[ C[.kl)m a[k trf pi[tin) miti ti[ b)J bij& pi[tin) pRn) vμc[ smti[ln 

jiLvvini[ K*b p\yRn kr[ C[.a[ pi[tin) pRn)n[ Kitr miti siY[ s>GP utr[ C[, t[ aipN[ 

ji[y&>. pr>t& b)J bij&, t[ai[ pi[tpi[tin) Avt>#i eμCiai[n[ len[ a[kb)ji siY[ pN an&k*ln 

siF) Skti nY).kl)m an[ y&AT[(syini l³nJvnmi> B>giN pD[ C[, a[n[ miT[ m&²yRv[ 

n)c[n) #iN bibti[ jvibdir C[: {1}a[k trf y&AT[(syin) p[(rsmi> Bi](tkvid) Jvn 

Jvvin) G[lCi ti[ b)J trf kl)mni[ a[³Dn h)Y upr j AYie Yvini[ (nN mZRy& an[ j[ r)t[ t[ai[ mZRy& pim[ C[ t[ s>ji[g {3} (vÃD)vn) c>cLti. 

y&AT[(syi jyir[ a[k (k\Ams piT) kl)mn[ j&a[ C[ Ryir[ t[ a[ni p\[mmi> pD[ C[.t[ 

t[ni (vÃD)v siY[ni p\[ms>b>Fi[mi> p*N nkk) kr[ C[ an[ t[ a[k p#i lK) trt j 

a[ni[ aml kr[ C[.t[ni[ ai (nN p(rNm[ C[.hv[ a[v) ap[xi riKv) k[ ai b>n[ y&gli[ s&K) diÀpRyJvn JvS[ a[ 

hiD) aSky C[.y&AT[(syia[ kl)m siY[ a[ ap[xia[ l³n kyi hi[y C[ k[ t[ 

a[n[ p[(rs le jS[ an[ Ryi> t[ s&K-s&(vFip*N< aiF&(nk Jvnni[ ain>d l*>TS[.kl)m siY[ 

l³n krt) vKt[ t[ p[itini AvBivmi> rh[l) #i&T) (vP[ sBin hi[y C[ an[ t[ kl)m smx 

(nKilspN[ kb*l kr[ C[ k[ t[ a[k sir) Gr[l&> pRn) bn) Sk[ a[m nY). pr>t& kl)mn[ a[v&> pN 

278

kh[ C[ k[ t[ a[n[ sici[ p\[m kr[ C[ an[ t[ pi[tini p(t Kitr a[ni p[(rsmi> rh[vini> Av¼nni[ 

Bi[g aip) Sk[ a[m C[ : 

''To be your wife and live in Paris would be heaven to me ; but I 

would rather live with you in a hermitage here than not be yours at all."" 61 

aim, y&AT[(syi an[ kl)mni l³n B(vOymi> t[ai[ p[(rsmi> AYie YS[ a[v) ki[e 

Srti[n[ ai(Fn Yyi nY) an[ y&AT[(syi pN a[³Dn h)Y upr rh)n[ pN kl)mn[ p\[m krvin) 

t]yir) dSi, l³n bid t[ mni[mn p[(rs jvi z>K[ C[ an[ F)m[ F)m[ a[n) a[ 

z>Kni p\bL bn[ C[, pr>t& kl)m ti[ p[(rs n jvini[ an[ a[³Dn h)Y upr j Jvn psir 

krvini[ piki[ (nNt&OT C[ an[ a[n) 

a[³Dn h)Y miT[n) nfrt a[ni as>ti[Pn[ vF& aikri[ bniv[ C[. 

y&AT[(syi miT[ a[ p(r(AY(t vF& (vPm Ryir[ bn[ C[ jyir[ kl)m t[n) Ø(OTmi> zi>Kp 

aivti a[n) S]x(Nk yi[jniai[ pDt) m*k[ C[ an[ 'fz

Jvn Jvv&> pD[ C[ a[niY) a[ K*b niK&S C[, p(rNim[ a[mni diÀpRyJvnn) k$Nti an[ 

kmns)b) S$ Yiy C[. 

gimni a[k m[Limi> y&AT[(syin) (vÃD)v siY[n) aik(Amk m&likit a[mni Jvnmi> 

GN) g>*cvNi[ p[di kr[ C[.a[ m[Limi> t[ mi#i mni[r>jn m[Lvvini h[t&Y) j ge hi[y C[, pr>t& 

Ryi> a[n) m&likit (vÃD)v siY[ Yti> t[ a[n) siY[ mi#i vitc)t j nY) krt) pr>t& a[n) siY[ 

nZRymi> pN Big l[ C[ an[ (vÃD)vni s>giY[ m[Limi>Y) Gr[ piC) fr[ C[. (vÃD)vmi> a[n[ fr) 

jig[li[ rs a[ a[mni diÀpRyJvn miT[ aS&B a[>FiN C[.t[ pi[tini p(tY) t[n) (vÃD)v 

siY[n) m&likitn) vit C*piv[ C[.a(h> y&AT[(syin[ a[ vitn) Kbr hi[t) nY) k[ r)Dlm[n a[n[ 

(vÃD)v siY[ Gr[ piCi frti ji[e gyi[ hi[y C[. hv[ y&AT[(syini vlNmi> b[ bibti[ ApOTpN[ 

vtiDi[vimi> a[ s>ki[c 

an&Bvt) nY) an[ b)J bij&, kl)m Yk) a[nimi> ud`Bv[l) htiSi an[ (nriSimi> u_iri[_ir 

vFiri[ ji[vi mL[ C[. 

a[k (dvs (vÃD)v jyir[ a[ni Grn) m&likit l[ C[, Ryir[ t[n[ mLvimi> t[ jri pN 

nirijg) k[ nimrJ dSig[ t[ (vÃD)vn[ p\i[Rsihn p*>$> piD[ C[ an[ kh[ C[ k[ t[ 

a[ni Jvn Yk) as>t&OT C[.ai a[ j xN C[ jyir[ (m(ss yi[b\ieT a[mni Grni birN[ 

Tki[ri> mir[ C[.ai smy[ y&AT[(syin) a[ jvibdir) bn[ C[ k[ a[N[ birNi> uGiDvi ji[ea[.pr>t& 

a[ j Grmi> s*t[li[ kl)m jig) gyi[ hS[ an[ a[ birNi> Ki[lS[ a[m min) a[ (m(ss 

yi[b\ieTni birN[ Tki[rini[ ki[e p\(tsid aipt) nY).b)J bij&, (m(ss yi[b\ieT a[v&> (vcir[ 

C[ k[ kl)m an[ y&AT[(syi a[mn[ pi[tini Grmi> p\v[S aipvi eμCti nY) an[ B³n ãdy[ 

t[ai[ pi[tini d)krin[ mÇyi (vni piCi fr[ C[.mig t[mn[ z[r) sip krD[ C[ an[ t[ai[ mZRy& 

pim[ C[. piCLY) pi[tin) mi kyi s>ji[gi[mi> mZRy& pim) a[n) jiN kl)mn[ Yti> p(t-pRn) 

280

vμc[ g>B)r zGDi[ Yiy C[. y&AT[(syi a(h> pN k&(Tlti diKvti (m(ss yii[b\ieT[ birN[ Tki[ri 

miyi< Ryir[ a[n) AiiY[ ke Äy(kt hijr ht) a[n) ai[LK Ct) krt) nY). kl)m y&AT[(syin[ 

qpki[ aipti kh[ C[ : 

''You shut the door- you looked out of the window upon her- you had 

a man in the house with you - you sent her away to die.The inhumanity-the 

treachery.Stand away from me -and confess every word ."" 62 

kl)m oiri kh[vimi> aiv[li aikri> S¾di[ shn n Yti> y&AT[(syi a[n[ Ci[D)n[ pi[tini 

didin[ Gr[ jt) rh[ C[ jyi> a[ aiRmhRyi krvini[ (vcir kr[ C[. 

b)J bij&, (vÃD)vn[ virsimi> a(gyir hjir piuºD mLti> y&AT[(syi (vcir[ C[ k[ 

hv[ (vÃD)v a[n) tmim Bi](tkvid) eμCiai[ s>ti[Pvi sxm C[-a[ eμCiai[ j[ kl)m s>ti[P) 

Skyi[ nY).ai (vcir pC) y&AT[(syin&> (vÃD)v trfn&> K[>ciN vF) jiy C[.t[ kyir[ pN a[n) 

p[(rsmi> mi[Jl&> Jvn Jvvin) t)v\ eμCin[ dbiv) Skt) nY). a[n) ai atZ¼t eμCi a[n[ 

a>t[ g[rmig[< di[r[ C[. t[ (vÃD)vn) slihY) p[(rs jvi miT[ a[³Dn h)Y Ci[D) d[vini[ a[Tl[ k[ 

kl)mn[ Ci[D) jvini[ (nNt[ t[ piN)ni p\vihmi> tNiy jiy C[ an[ siY[ siY[ 

a[n) tmim aiSiai[, aiki>xiai[ an[ t[ni U>Di (nsisiai[ pN. 

aim, y&AT[(syin) mi[jSi[KviL&> aiF&(nk Jvn Jvvin) G[lCi, a[ni Bi](tkvid) 

Ø(OTki[Nn[ l)F[ pi[tini p(tni sd`g&Ni[ n ji[e Skvin) asmY kl)m siY[ l³n bid 

pN (vÃD)v trfn&> K[>ciN, a[ni[ g*Q an[ c>cL AvBiv an[ a[ni[ a[³Dn h)Y miT[ni[ t)v\ 

(trAkir a[mni diÀpRyJvnmi>> ud`Bv[l) g[rsmj, g>B)r zGDi an[ a[ni miqi> p(rNimi[ 

miT[ kirNB*t si(bt Yiy C[. 

'F v&D l[ºDs

nvlkYi a[ r)t[ ni[>Fpi#i bn[ C[ k[ hiD)< oiri ai kZ(tni sj spDiy C[.a[mn) l[Kk tr)k[n) kir(kd)Fi[ an[ a[ni an](tk tirNi[ vg[r[ (vvidiApd 

(vPyi[n[ C>C[D[ C[. 

ai kZ(tn) viti< giQ j>glmi> aiv[li (lTl(hºTi[k nimni a[k nini gimmi> aikir 

pim[ C[.jyi> gieÃs (vºTrbi[n< nimni[ a[k k(qyir[i a[n) biL(m#i g\[s m[lbr)n[ cih[ C[, 

an[ a[n) siY[ l³n krvi miT[ uRs&k hi[y C[.aim ti[ a[mn) sgie Ye ge hi[y C[.pr>t& 

g\[sni (pti m[lbr) pitin) d)kr)n[ Sh[rmi> aiF&(nk (SxN an[ Sh[r) r)tBit (SKvvi 

miT[ mi[kl) aip[ C[.g\[s jyir[ pi[tini gimmi> piC) fr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ pi[tini (ptin) ap[xi 

m&jb Sh[rn) a[k (S(xt an[ aiF&(nk y&vt) hi[y C[. t[Y) m[lbr) hv[ gmir gieÃsn[ 

pi[tin) d)kr) g\[s miT[ yi[³y m*r(tyi[ gNti nY).a[ gimmi> a[Dr[D f)zp)as< nimni[ Sh[r), 

(S(xt an $piLi[ diktr rh[ti[ hi[y C[. t[n) g[\s siY[n) a[k m&likit dr(myin t[ g\[s p\Ry[ 

aikPi$> piD[ C[. g\[sn[ diktr 

miT[ p\[m krti aidr vF& hi[y C[.Cti> t[ai[ prN[ C[.l³n bid t[ai[ m[lbr) S[qni mkinni 

a[k vNvpriy[li Bigmi> rh[vin) S$ait kr[ C[.l³nni Yi[Di> (dvsi[ bid j g\[sni[ diktr 

p(t a[k p]sidir (vFvi (m(ss cimi[b>Fi[mi> s>Di[viy C[, an[ t[ g\[s siY[ 

udis)n vlN apniv[ C[. ai l³n[tr s>b>Fi[ li>bi smy s&F) C*pi rh) Skti nY) an[ a[k 

ri#i[ jyir[ t[ p[itin) p(Rnn[ Ci[D)n[ (m(ss cimi[

hv[ m[lbr) S[qY) pi[tin) d)kr)n&> d&:K ji[e Skit&> nY), t[Y) t[ai[ a[mni C*TiC[Di 

Yiy an[ g\[s-gieÃs ni l³n Sky bn[ a[vi p\yRni[ aidr[ C[.pr>t& a[mi> t[mn[ sfLti 

mLt) nY).jyir[ f)zp)as< (m(ss cimi[c) jiy C[ 

an[ a[n) mdd mi>g[ C[.gieÃs mi[T) mi>dg)mi> spDiyi[ hi[y C[ an[ tij[trmi> j a[mi>Y) 

bhir aiÄyi[ hi[y C[, Cti> a[ g\[sn[ pi[tin) z*>pD)mi> s*vi miT[ j³yi fiLv) aip[ C[ t[mj 

p[it[ ti[fin) ritmi> bhir s*a[ C[.p(rNim[ t[ mZRy& pim[ C[.nvlkYin[ a>t[ g\[s pVitip krti 

p(t f)zp)as< trf piC) vL[ C[. a[k gimDi>n) Ci[kr) miT)< siuYn[ bid krti bFi> j 

pi[tpi[tini Jvnmi> fr) m³n bn[ C[.mi#i miT)< j gieÃsni mZRy&ni[ K[d an&Bv[ C[, kirNk[ 

t[ni[ gieÃs miT[ni[ p\[m a[ni mZZZZZZZRy& bid pN a(vcL an[ a(vrt C[ an[ a[ miT)< j C[ j[ 

gieÃs miT[ s&yi[³y pi#iti Frivt) hi[y C[.an[ t[Y) j g\[s nvlkYin) m&²y ni(yki hi[vi 

Cti> a[nimi> ni(ykimi> ji[vi mLt) BÄyti an[ Bivnini[ aBiv vtiAkZ(t vμc[, gieÃs k[ 

f)zp)asdg)-nips>dg) vμc[ (oFi an&Bvt) ji[vi mL[ C[.t[ t[ni 

diktr siY[ni l³n ph[li> pN, pi[tini gieÃs miT[ni p\[mni[ K&Ãli[, (nKils Av)kir an[ 

a[krir krt) nY).gieÃs a[n[ miT[ jyir[ an[k yitni shn kr[ C[ an[ pi[tini AviA¸yni 

Bi[g[ pN a[n[ aiSri[ aip[ C[ Ryir[ t[ T*>k smy miT[ a[ni trf vL[ C[, pr>t& jyir[ a[ni[ 

p(t piCi[ fr[ C[ an[ a[n) smx pVitipn) ligN)ai[ Äykt kr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ trt j a[ni 

trf vL) jiy C[.aim, g\[s gieÃs an[ f)zp)as< trfni a[ni a(Bgmmi> a(AYr an[ 

aslimt ji[vi mL[ C[. 

283

jyir[ m[lbr) an[ g\[sn[ f)zp)as pD[ Ryir[ t[ai[n[ 'New law"(vP[ si>BLvi mL[ C[.a[ kiydi h[qL 

g\[s pi[tini p(tn[ C*TiC[Di aip) Sk[ an[ gieÃs siY[ l³n kr) Sk[. pr>t& t[ smyni[ ai 

'F Diyvi[s< an[ m[T)^mi[n)yl a[kT -1857" a[mn) smAyin&> (nrikrN liv) Skti[ nY). ai 

kiydi[ GDvimi> aiÄyi[ t[ ph[li> C*TiC[Di j[v) l³n(vPyk bibti[ cc< oiri s>>BiLvimi> 

aivt) ht). mi[TiBigni li[ki[ miT[ l³nb>Fn a[ kiym) ÄyvAYi ht).C*TiC[Di l[vi a[ 

k>TiLijnk an[ K*b Kci 

pi[Piy a[m ht&>.pr>t& ai nvi[ kiydi[ GDiyi bid a[k p&r&P ji[ a[n) p(Rn Äy(Bcir) hi[y ti[ 

a[n[ C*TiC[Di aip) Sk[. an[ a[k A#i) a[ni p(tn[ C*TiC[Di Ryir[ j aip) Sk[ jyir[ a[ni[ 

p(t Äy(Bcirn) siY[ siY[ (h>si, (op(RnRv, agÀygmn, aRyicir aicrti[ hi[y.ji[ A#i)n[ 

C*TiC[Di l[vini[ Kc< pi[Piy a[m n hi[y ti[ a[n[ pi[tini p(tY) mi#i C*Ti rh[vin) m>j*r) 

mLt). 

aim, (vkTi[r)yn smijmi> p(rN)t A#i)ai[ p\Ry[ k[v&> kiydik)y vlN apnivit&> a[n&> 

ai kiydi[ u_im udihrN C[. g\[s[ f)zp)asbi[ smy s&F) rih ji[v) pD) hi[t.a(h> hiD)< A#i)-p&r&Pi[ni s>b>Fi[mi> rh[l) g*>cvNi[ an[ 

a[n) kiydik)y mDigi>q bibt[ aipN&> ¹yin di[r[ C[.'F v&Dl[ºDs l³n an[ l³n[tr s>b>Fi[ dSi aiÄyi hi[vi Cti> 

h[ºciD

''And being by nature something of a woman-hater, I have found it 

hardship to keep mostly at a distance from the sex.”t[n[ smg\ kZ(tmi> kyir[ pN 

A#i) siY[ p\Nyni fig K[lti[ dSi aiÄyi[ nY).t[ kh[ C[ k[ ‘I solemnly declare that 

philandering with womankind has neither been my vice nor virtue."A#i)ai[ 

p\Ry[ t[ n)c[ m&jbni[ mt dSi

smyni vh[Nmi> k[Tl)k GTniai[ a[v) bn[ C[ j[mi> h[ºciD< an[ firf\[ni s>b>Fi[ upr 

p*Nb>Fi[ kip) ni>K[ 

C[. 

s&sinni mZRy& bid h[ºciD< siY[ l³n krvini erid[ Ãy&s[Tin&> k[ATrb\)jmi> aigmn 

Yiy C[.pr>t& a[k aik(Amk m&likit dr(myin Ãy&s[Ti an[ firf\[ a[kb)ji trf aikPi 

pN a[ a[ni[ kÍr hr)f C[.a[n) firf\[ miT[n) nfrt hd bhir vF) jiy C[. a[ K&Ãl[ aim 

jih[r kr[ C[ k[ a[ firf\[n[ brbid kr) niKS[. firf[\n[ brbid krvini p\yRni[mi> h[ºciD< k[Tl)k 

ji[Km) l[vD-d[vD kr[ C[ an[ a>t[ pi[tin) j brbid)n[ aim>#iN aip[ C[. 

Ãy&s[Ti firf[\ siY[ l³n kr[ C[. pr>t& t[N[ h[ºciD< siY[ni p\Ny dr(myin a[n[ k[Tli>k 

p\[mp#ii[ l²yi> hi[y C[.ai p\[mp#i[i gimni asimi(jk t_vi[ni hiY[ lig) jiy C[. a[ li[ki[ 

h[ºciD< an[ Ãy&s[Tini p\Ny(kAsin) gimn) gl)-gl)a[ fr) li[ki[ smx mjik uDiv[ C[ an[ 

t[ai[ a[mn[ jih[rmi> fj[t kr[ C[.ai apminni[ aiGit Ãy&s[Ti shn kr) Skt) nY) an[ t[ 

mZRy& pim[ C[.a[l)zib[Y hv[ a[kli>-aT*li> h[ºciD< siY[ rh[t) hi[y C[. t[ h[ºciD p\[rkbL p*$> piD[ C[. t[Y) pi[tin) d)kr)n[ Si[Fti[ ºy&sn jyir[ 

h[ºciDt& ºy&snn[ t[mj a[l)zib[Yn[ h[ºciDn) Kbr pD) jiy C[.h[ºciD< hv[ 

an&Bv[ C[ k[ hv[ a[n[ miT[ mi#i a[ ngr Ci[D) jvini[ rAti[ j bik) rh[ C[. 

286

firf\[ an[ a[l)zib[Y vμc[ fr) ai(Rmyti k[Lviti ºy&snn) m>j*r)Y) a[ b[ ni l³n 

gi[qviy C[.a[mni l³nn) jiN h[ºciD t[n[ a[l)zib[Yn[ ji[vin) an[ a(Bn>dn 

aipvin) t)v\ eμCi Yiy C[. t[Y) t[ pi>jrimi> p*r[li a[k s&>dr px)n) B[T siY[ a[ l³nmi> 

hijr) aipvi aiv[ C[.pr>t& a[l)zib[Y a[n[ aivkirvin[ bdl[ pi[tin[ an[ pi[tini (pti 

ºy&snn[ C[trvini[ a[ni upr airi[p m*k[ C[. t[Y) h[ºciD< B³nãdy[ t[ AYL Ci[D) jti[ rh[ 

C[. a[l)zib[Y pi[tin) h[ºciD< p\Ry[n) vtt& Ryir[ t[ mZt hi[y C[. aim, h[ºciD< 

a[ni Jvnmi> a[k (nOfL p(t, a[k (nOfL p\[m), an[ a[k (nOfL (pti p*rvir Yiy C[. an[ 

a[ni[ ai vitni[ r>j a[N[ mZRy& ph[li kr[li (vlnimimi> ApOTpN[ Äykt Yiy C[ : 

''That Elizibeth-Jane Farfrae be not told of my death, or 

made to grieve on account of me. 

& that I be not bury'd in consecrated ground. 

& that no sexton be asked to toll the bell. 

& that nobody is wished to see my dead body. 

& that no murners walk behind me at my funeral. 

& that no flours be planted on my grave. 

& that no man remember me. 

To this I put my name.” 

- Michael Henchard. 64 

'aºDr F g\)nv&D T^)" a[ 'fir f\[im F m[D)>g k\iuD"n[ bid krti hiD)ck p\[mn) ai kYi an[k r)t[ yidgir 

C[.kYini[ niyk D)kDy&e (pti $b[n an[ didi (v(lyÀs siY[ aprm[lATi[k nimni gimDi>mi> 

rh[ti[ hi[y C[. t[a[i milvhn krvini[ Äyvsiy kr[ C[. D)k an[ t[ni (m#ii[ m[lATi[k kviyr 

287

nimn) s>g)tm>DL) cliv[ C[. kYin) S$ait nitilni (dvsi[Y) Yiy C[. nitiln) a[k ri#i[ 

bir vi³y[ t[ai[n) s>g)tm>DL) gimni Gr[Gr[ nitiln&> s>g)t vgiDt) fr) rh) hi[y C[. Yi[Di> 

Gri[ fyi pC) m>DL) gimn) SiLini mkin[ phi[>c[ C[. S$aitmi> t[mni s>g)tni[ ki[e 

p\(tBiv mLti[ nY).pr>t& a>t[ a[ SiLini mkinmi> rh[t) (S(xki bir)a[ aiv) a[mni[ 

aiBir min[ C[.a[ (S(xki a[k y&vin Ci[kr) C[.a[n) s>&drtiY) D)k m&³F Ye jiy C[ an[ 

a[ni p\[mmi> pD[ C[. 

D)kn) miti nitilni p\s>g[ a[k piT) aiyi[jn kr[ C[.a[ piT) SiLin) (S(xki 

j[n&> nim f[ºs) C[ a[n[ pN aim>#iN aipvimi> aiv[ C[. a[n) siY[ nZRy krvimi> D)k Avg)d an&Bv[ C[. pr>t& jyir[ Sienr f[ºs) siY[ nZRy kr[ C[ Ryir[ D)k eOyi< an&Bv[ C[.f[ºs) 

fr) piC) D)k siY[ nZRy kr[ C[ an[ D)k f[ºs) siY[ nZRyni[ mnBr ain>d miN[ C[. D)k 

f[ºs)ni gLiD*b p\[mmi> C[.piT)t& p\[mshj ljjin[ l)F[ t[ f[ºs) siY[ (vS[P vit 

kyi< (vni piCi[ fr[ C[.t[ p\[mmi> b[c[n) an[ m)q) v[dni an&Bv[ C[. 

f[ºs) ~)m>t (ptin) p&#i) C[. t[ni[ (pti jyi[f[ a[k mi[Ti 

mkinmi> rh[ti[ hi[y C[. f[ºs) rjiai[ giLvi (ptini Gr[ jiy C[.piCi> frti> D)k t[n[ l[vi 

aiv[ C[. f[ºs)n[ Yi[D) vAt&ai[ siY[ le jvin) hi[y C[. f[ºs)ni (pti t[n[ Bi[jn miT[ ri[k[ C[. 

vitc)t dr(myin t[ai[ Sienrni vKiN kr[ C[. t[Y) D)k eOyiki[citi f[ºs)n[ Sienr bibt[ p*C[ C[ Ryir[ f[ºs) jvib aip[ C[ 

k[ Sienr Bl[ t[n[ cihti[ hi[y pr>t& t[ a[v) ki[e p\[mn) ligN) Sienr miT[ Frivt) nY). 

f[ºs)ni ai jvibY) D)k riht an&Bv[ C[. a[k (dvs a[k (v~imgZhmi> siY[ ci p)vi miT[ 

D)k f[ºs) smx drKiAt m*k[ C[.f[ºs) a[ drKiAt Av)kir[ C[.b>n[ aliydi ai[rDimi> ci p)ti 

288

hi[y C[ Ryir[ f[ºs) a[k p&r&P siY[ a[ki>tmi> ci p)viY) s>ki[c an&Bv[ C[. t[Y) t[ D)kn[ 

pi[tini (pti smx v[(vSiLn) drKiAt m*kvi jNiv[ C[. t[ai[ nkk) kr[ C[ k[ f[ºs) hv[ jyir[ 

a[ni (ptini Gr[ jiy Ryir[ D)k[ pN jv&> an[ a[ni (pti pis[ f[ºs)ni[ hiY mi>gvi[.nkk) kyi< 

p\miN[ D)k f[ºs)ni Gr[ jiy C[.pr>t& drvij[Y) j t[ Sienrn[ f[ºs)ni Grmi> j&a[ C[. Yi[D)vir 

pC) t[ f[ºs)ni (ptini Grmi> p\v[S[ C[. f[ºs)ni (pti smx D)k f[ºs)ni hiYn) mi>gN) m*k[ 

C[. pr>t& f[ºs)ni (pti t[n[ kqi[rtiY) kh[ C[ k[ f[ºs) a[k (S(xt, s>Akir) Grn) kºyi C[ an[ 

t[n[ m>j*r nY) k[ t[ D)k j[vi g\iÀyjnn[ prN[.D)k (nriS Ye Ryi>Y) cil) n)kL[ C[.rjini[ 

aiKi[ m(hni[ t[ gmg)n)mi> giL[ C[. 

a[k m(hni pC) f[ºs) (ptini Gr[Y) SiLia[ piC) frt) hi[y C[.rAtimi> ji[rdir pvn 

f*>kiy C[ an[ Bir[ vrsid pD[ C[.ai~y miT[ t[ a[k Grmi> p\v[S[ C[.a[ Gr a[l)zib[Y nimn) 

jid&Ti[Ni> viL) A#i)n&> hi[y C[.f[ºs) a[ A#i) smx pi[tin) h]yivriL qilv[ C[.a[l)zib[Y t[n[ 

vcn aip[ C[ k[ a[n) smAyini[ uk[l livvimi> t[ a[n[ mdd$p bnS[. t[ f[ºs)n[ a[k m>#i 

aip[ C[ an[ Kitr) aip[ C[ k[ t[niY) t[ Fiy& p(rNim liv) SkS[. Yi[Di> (dvsi[ bid f[ºs)ni 

(ptin[ smicir mL[ C[ k[ f[ºs)n) t(byt Krib C[ an[ t[n&> Kivi-p)vin&> ai[C&> Ye gy&> 

C[.f[ºs)ni (pti a[n) d)kr)n[ mLvi aiv[ C[.t[ By an&Bv[ C[ k[ pi[tin) a[kn) a[k p&#i) 

mr) jS[. aiY) t[ pi[tin) d)kr)n[ a[n) j[ ki[e tkl)f hi[y t[ jNivvi kh[ C[ an[ Kitr) 

aip[ C[ k[ t[ai[ t[n) eμCi m&jb j krS[. f[ºs) (pti smx pi[tin) D)kn[ prNvin) eμCi 

Äykt kr[ C[.j[ a[ni (pti g\iH riK[ C[. 

a[k (dvs gimni[ pidr) m[bi[ÃD f[ºs)n[ mLvi aiv[ C[. an[ t[ f[ºs) smx kb*l[ C[ k[ 

t[[ t[n[ cih[ C[.an[ a[n) smx l³nn) drKiAt m*k[ C[.f[ºs) mni[mn (oFi an&Bv[ C[. a[k 

trf t[ D)kn[ p\[m kr[ C[, ti[ b)J trf, m[bi[ÃDni simi(jk mi[Bi trf t[ aikPi

t[n[ p\[m t[mj a[Si[airim) Jvnn) Kitr) aip[ C[. aiv[Smi> aiv) je f[ºs) t[n[ hi piD) 

b[s[ C[. b)j[ (dvs[ D)kn) m&likit m[bi[ÃD siY[ Yiy C[. t[ m[bi[ÃDn[ p[it[ T*>k smymi> f[ºs)n[ 

prNvini[ C[ t[ K&SKbr aip[ C[.ai vitY) m[bi[ÃDn[ aiGit lig[ C[. t[ f[ºs)n[ p#i lK) 

a[ni vcnmi>Y) m&kt kr[ C[.f[ºs) pN t[n[ p\Ry&_ir piqv) jNiv[ C[ k[ pi[t[ aiv[Smi> aiv) 

ge ht).t[Y) l³nn) vit rd smjv).C[vT[ D)k an[ f[ºs)ni l³n Yiy C[.Ryirbid 

jyi[f[dY) nZRy kr[ C[.Bi[jn pC) D)k 

an[ f[ºs) pi[tini Gr[ jvi n)kL[ C[. rAtimi> D)k f[ºs)n[ m[bi[ÃDn) l³nmi> g[rhijr) (vP[ 

p*C[ C[.f[ºs) c*p rh[vin&> ps>d kr[ C[ an[ m[bi[ÃD vμc[ j[ k>e bºy&> ht&> t[ D)kn[ kh[vin) 

(h>mt diKv) Skt) nY). 

aim, a(h> a[k A#i) an[ #iN p&r&Pi[ni p\[mn) kYi C[.g\iÀy vitivrNn) pVit`B* 

kÃpnir>g) C[.p\[mkYin[ an&$p viti< ai(d, m¹y an[ a>tni (clicil& k\mmi> lKiy C[.a[mi> 

ki[e cmRki(rk air>B k[ fl[Sb[k nY).a[ s)F)sid) p\[mkYi C[.D)k an[ f[ºs)n) p\[mkYi siY[ 

m[lATi[k s>g)tn) kYi si>kL) l[vimi> aiv) C[.S$mi> pi#ip(rcy pC) viti[ zDpY) aigL 

vF[ C[.Yi[D) g*>c pC) prikiOqia[ phi[>c[ C[ an[ s&Kiºtmi> p(rNm[ C[.g*>c m[bi[ÃDni f[ºs)n[ 

cihvin[ kirN[ f[ºs)ni t[n) l³nn) drKiAt Av)kirvin[ kirN[ UB) Yiy C[, an[ s>GP< 

f[ºs)ni (ptin) D)kn) nips>dg)mi>Y) an[ Sienrn) trfdir)mi>Y) ud`Bv[ C[.pr>t& 

nvlkYimi> kS) g>B)r GTni bnt) nY).an[ 'All is well that ends well." p\miN[ a>t[ 

sh& siri>vini> Yiy C[.hiD)

minvJvnn[ aikir aipnir p(rbLi[mi> p\Nyn) an&B*(t an[ a(BÄy(kt mh_vni[ 

Big Bjv[ C[.pr>t& hiD) 'aºDr F g\)nv&D T^)"n[ bid krti, minvãdyn) 

ai ad`B*t an&B*(t aikr) v[dni an[ ÄyYimi> p(rNm[ C[.p\Ny, l³n an[ l³n[tr s>b>Fi[ 

hiD) a(vrtpN[ vh[ti> ai>trp\vihi[ C[.p\Ny simi(jk r)t(rviji[ p\miN[ 

l³nmi> p(rNm[ C[ an[ minvmnmi> rh[l) visni a[ l³ns>b>Fi[mi> (vKvid UBi[ kr[ 

C[.hiD) ai mh_vni> m&d`[ K*b m&ktpN[ l²y&> C[-a[Tl&> 

m&ktpN[ k[ a[ smyni[ s>k&(ct (vkTi[(ryn smij a[n) a(BÄy(ktn[ Bi³y[ j pciv) Sk[.ai 

s>dB[< T[r) eglTn kh[ C[ : 

''Hardy is the first of the major English novelist to explore sexual 

politics with such an keen eye to the relations between gender and class."" 66 

hiD)< minti hti> k[ bdlit) jt) v](Vk p(r(AY(tmi> A#i)-p&r&Pi[ni s>b>Fi[n&> Av$p pN 

bdlie rH&> C[ an[ t[Y) a[mi> aiv) rh[li p(rvt aiÄy&> C[ t[ hiln) p\vt lig& piD) Skiy n(h, kirN k[ t[ 

p*N p(rv(tdB 

A#i)-p&$Pi[ni s>b>Fi[n[ fr) Äyi²yib¹F krvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[, an[ an[k (vvidi[n) vμc[ pN 

a[mn[ a[mni a[ p\yRni[mi> mhd`>S[ sfLti mL[ C[. 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> diÀpRyJvn an[ an](tk s>b>Fi[ : 

a[v&> minvimi> aiv[ C[ k[ jyi> p\[m vgrni l³n hi[y C[ Ryi> l³n (vnini[ p\[m pi>gr[ 

C[.A#i)-p&$Pni m&²yRv[ b[ pisi> C[.a[n&> ph[l&> pis&> a[ C[ k[ A#i)-p&$P aºyi[ºy p\[m kr[ C[ 

an[ a[ p[\mn&> a[mn) pis[ l³n$p) simi(jk p\miNp#i hi[y C[.a[mni diÀpRyJvnmi> 

(AYrti an[ sitRy ji[vi mL[ C[.pr>t& A#i)-p&$Pni> s>b>Fn&> aºy pis&> a[ C[ k[ t[ai[ simi(jk 

291

)t(rvij p\miN[ l³n ti[ kr[ C[ pr>t& a[mni l³nJvnmi> prApr p[\mni[ aBiv hi[y 

C[.aiY) b[mi>Y) ki[e a[k a[ p[\mn) B*K s>ti[Pvi pi[tini l³nJvnni diyrin) bhir pg 

m*k[ C[ an[ aºy#i njr di[Div[ C[.c&n)lil m(Dyi pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> A#i)-p&$Pni ai b[ 

agRyni pisi>ai[ upr p*rti[ p\kiS piD[ C[. t[ai[ a[k bij& s>t&-gi[br, liDki[r-ai[tmc>d 

j[vi p(t-pRn)ni s>b>Fi[ni (n$pNmi> Birt)y s>AkZ(tn[ an&$p S&¹F an[ si(Rvk p\[mn[ tid`S 

kr[ C[. ti[ b)J bij&, jDiv-nY&si[n), k>k&-d[vS), amrt-ctrBj, (rKv-a[m) vg[r[ni 

an](tk s>b>Fi[mi> minvAvBivmi> rh[l) (vkZt visni an[ pS&tin[ t[mn) tmim hdi[ pir 

krti dSi 'Sr)r" an[ 'aiRmi" vμc[ aTviti mn&Oyi[ 

dSi aiÄyi C[. j[m k[ d[vS) si>si(rk miyi an[ mi[hY) bcvi siF& bn[ C[. pr>t& a[ni 

siF&Jvnn[ pN (vkZt visnia[ BrDi[ l)Fi[ C[.a[ni siF&Jvnmi> a[ni AvBivmi> rh[li 

(vkiri[ smvin[ bdl[ vF& vkr[ C[, j[ a[ni siF&Jvnni Ryig bid pN a[ni[ p)Ci[ Ci[Dti 

nY). 

d[vS)n) p(Rn ujm a(h> 'aiRmi"n&> p\(t(n(FRv kr[ C[.t[ a[k p(tpiriyN Birt)y 

nir) C[.a[n) rh[N)-krN), aicir-(vcirmi> aipNn[ a[nimi> rh[l) si(Rvktini dS ci(r#y aK>D riK[ C[. a[Tl&> j n(h, pr>t& Gr 

Ci[D)n[ gy[li p(tn[ piCi[ livvi t[ pi[tini Bi³yd[vtin[ r)zvvini an[k p\yRni[ kr[ C[. 

pi[t[ a[k (hºd& Fi(m mi[Q&> ji[yi 

(vni G) n Kiv&> a[v) aikr) biFi a[ vPi[< s&F) piL[ C[. p(t piCi[ aiv[ Ryir[ pgpiLi 

(grnir pr cQv&> an[ a>bimin[ si[nin&> C_ir cQiÄyi pC) j Fi[L&> anij mi[Qimi> m*kv&> a[v) 

minti pN min) hi[y C[. p*ri> bir vPi[< bid pN d[vS) piCi[ n aivti, a[ hv[ mr) prviyi[< 

292

hS[ a[m min) a[ni nimni aDdni> p*tLi>n[ a(³ndih aipvin&>> an[ a[n) mrNi[_ir (k\yi 

krvin&> nkk) krvimi> aiv[ C[.aim, a[ aBi(gn) A#i) Ct[ p(ta[ c&At (vFviJvn giL[ C[. 

ti[ b)J bij&, k>k& a[ Sr)r) p[\mn&> p\(tk C[.k>k& jyir[ m&³FivAYimi> hi[y C[ Ryir[ 

gimni[ a[k v>q[l Cikri[ bivli[ gimn) s)mni K[tr-viD)mi> a[ni upr bLiRkir g&jir[ 

C[.a[ GTnini[ min(sk aiGit a[n[ a[vi[ lig[ C[ k[ t[ a[n[ kyir[ pN B*l) Skt) nY).m(Dyi 

a(h> lK[ C[ : 

''p[l) Sr)(rk yitni ti[ smy jti> B*lie gy[l), pN ai mni[yitni ti[ kiLk\m[ 

vFir[ n[ vFir[ t)v\ an[ jiN[ k[ vFir[ tiJ bn) rh) ht).a[ yitnimi>Y) a[ni nij&k 

(c_it>#imi> Byg\>Y) siY[ apriFg\>Y) pN b>Fie gy[l), j[ vir[ vir[ a[n[ r)biv) rh) ht) 

an[ ki>ek ad)qni ByY) BTkiv) rh) ht).st)mini Yink sm)p phi[>cti a[N[ ai By 

an&Bv[li[ an[ aRyir[ B)mn) hijr)mi> pN a[ j By a[n[ stiv) rHi[ hti[.pi[t[ mni[mn 

min) l)F[li apriFni[ D>K a[n[ $>v[$>v[ cTki Br) rHi[ hti[."" 67 

pr>t& l³n pC)n) p\Ym (mln ri#i)a[ a[n[i p(t B)m bLiRkir) bivlin) j[m a[n) 

a(nμCia[ pN a[n) siY[ Sir)(rk s>b>F bi>Fvimi> (nOfL jiy C[[. t[ kyir[ pN k>k&n) visni 

s>ti[P) Skti[ nY). a[vimi> a[kvir migniYni m[L[ k>k&n[ a[k cl(c#i ji[vin) tk si>pD[ 

C[.a[ cl(c#imi> Dik&ni[ srdir a[k s&>dr) upr a[n[ tib[ Yvi ki[rDi> v)>z[ C[. a[ ØOy ji[en[ 

k>k& ar[riT) an&Bv[ C[ pN siY[siY[ a[n&> ãdy a[k Byink m)qi[ ri[m>ic pN an&Bv[ C[. a>t[ 

a[ s&>dr) a[ amin&P) p\hiri[ smx licir bn) srdirni SrN[ Ye jiy C[. a[ ØOy jien[ 

k>k& a[ (vj[ti Dik& upr vir) jiy C[. a(nμCia[ KvDivvimi> aiv[l) sikr pN mi[>mi> ti[ 

m)q) j lig[ C[ a[ p\miN[ k>k&n[ a(h> a[n[ bLiRkirni> $pmi> p\Ymvir Yy[li[ s>Bi[gni[ 

an&Bv an[ a[n) u_i[jni yid aiv[ C[: 

293

''a[ ti[ hJy p[l) d*rb)nmi>Y) d[Kiy[l) pDCiyin) d&(nyimi> j ht)>.....Si]y< an[ 

Sh&r...pi]r&P an[ p\[m...r>g an[ rig...Srib an[ s&>dr)...a[ S*ri srdirn) srKimN)mi> B)m 

a[n[ bh& j B)r& an[ B(Wk jNiyi[.a[nimi> kS) k\*rti j kyi> C[ ?a[ni hiYmi> p[li[ m)qi>ni 

piN)mi> zbi[Liy[li[ ki[rDi[ kyi> C[? 

B)m ! aRy>t mZd&, miyiL&, m)N j[vi[ miNs, a[nimi> p[li sih(skn) krDik) kyi>Y) 

hi[y ?[a[n) amin&P)ti Sin) hi[y ?..........pN ti[ pC) kyi> C[ sici[ srdir?..j[ p)q pr 

ki[rDi> v)>z) v)>z)n[ s&>dr)ai[n[ vS kr[?"" 68 

Ryirbid nvlkYimi> a[vi b[ p\s>gi[ bn[ C[ jyir[ k>k&n[ pi[tini ssri d[vS)mi> j a[ 

's)tmgr srdir"ni dS Bviyi aiv[ C[.a[ Bvie dr(myin Bviyi jyir[ 

kji[Di>ni[ v[S FirN kr[ C[ Ryir[ gimni[ vÃlB B)m-k>k&ni> kji[Di>n) mÆkr) kr[ C[ an[ a[mn) 

q[kD) uDiv[ C[. t[ smy[ p[\xkgNmi> b[q[li[ d[vS) a[ qÎi-mÆkr) shn kr) Skti[ nY). t[ 

vÃlBn[ bi[c)mi>Y) zil) sir) p[q[ mir mir[ C[. d[vS)ni prik\mY) k>k& a[ni p\Ry[ a[k 

aji·yi[ ahi[Biv an&Bv[ C[ an[ VS&r a[n[ pi[tini S*ri rK[viL smi Bis[ C[. 

an[ b)j[ j (dvs[ Grni aºy s¿yi[ kimmi> ri[kiy[li hi[viY) d[vS)n[ K[tr[ BiY&> 

phi[>ciDvin&>> kim k>k&ni miY[ aiv[ C[.an[ k>k& jyir[ K[tr[ phi[>c[ C[ Ryir[; 

''Ki[D)bir[Y) st)mini Yink nJk phi[>cti a[N[ d(rni Fi[(ryimi> Ki[dkim krti 

d[vS)n[ ji[yi[.Kri> bpi[rni tDkimi> uGiD[ (dl[ Fi[(ryimi> ki[diL)ni Gi pr Gi z)>k) rh[l a[ 

mh[ntkS miNs prs[v[ r[bz[b Ye gyi[ hti[.k>k&n[ a[mi> p(r~m siY[ pi]r&Pn&> pN p\(tk 

jNiy&>.......pi[tini aigmnn) kS) jiN kyi< (vni c*pcip UB) rh)n[ a[ pi]r&P) p\(tkn[ 

n)rK) rh).atZ¼t a(nm[P ai>K[ kyi>y s&F) a[ n)rK) j rh).aRyir[ a[n) njrmi> d[vS) 

VS&r nhi[ti[ rHi[; a[ ti[ hti[ mi#i p&r&P. sib*t, mi>sl bivDi>viLi[, ki[diL)ni Gi pr Gi 

294

z)>k) rh[l, nr) S(ktni[ A#ii[t. an[ a[ S(ktni p\(tkn[ b)J a[k S(kt Cin)min) avli[k) 

rh).ni, mi#i avli[k)n[ j n aTk); a[ni upr ai[LGi[L kr), a[ni c]tºy upr vir) 

ge."" 69 

d[vS) jyir[ m)Nni p*tLi> sm) k>k&n[ avli[k[ C[ Ryir[ a[n) an&Bv) njr a[ 

p(r(AY(tni[ tig pim) jiy C[. sv< s>b>Fi[, s>b>Fi[n) myi s&F) k[ a[ ØÆy ji[e jnir (ndi[ (ptini hiY[ (ndk& d[vS)n[ 

j[ r)t[ aid[Si[ kr[ C[ a[mi> a[nimi> rh[l) (nOq&rti an[ pS&ti prikiOqia[ phi[>c[ C[ : 

''zilji[ a[n[ jivi n d[ti. zilji[...Kbrdir K[trni[ S[Qi[ vLi[Tyi[ C[ 

ti[....Kbrdir jivi d)Fi[ C[ ti[ ....hv[ Jvti[ m[liy j n(h."" 70 

k>k& j[v) kimi>F A#i) an[ d[vS) j[vi[ kimi>F p&$P k[Tl) hd[ k\*r bn) Sk[ a[ vitni[ 

²yil aipNn[ a(h> aiv[ C[.ai bibt[ bLv>t jin) jNiv[ C[ : 

''p&#i d[vS) a[n) p&#ivF* k>k& siY[ jit)y AKln s&F) phi[>c[, a[mi> p&#ivF*n) p\[rNi 

hi[y, a[Tl&> j n(h p&#i B)mn) hRyi s&F) d[vS) s(k\y Yiy, a[mi> p&#ivF*ni[shkir m[Lv[, 

a[v&> viAtvvid) ail[Kn aRy>t sci[T, tkgi[n[ ai[Y[ ah)> Yy&> 

hi[e tYi a[ g\imJvnn) Kr)-nr) viAtvvid) sZ(OT m(Dyia[ Bir[ k&SLtiY) ail[K) hi[e 

nvlkYi s(vS[P aiAviw Ye pD[ C[. "" 71 

m(Dyi a(h> A#i)-p&$Pni s>b>Fi[mi> rh[l) tmim Skytiai[ aipN) smx rj* kr[ 

C[.A#i)-p&$pn) prAprn) visni (vkZ(tn&> ky&> Av$p FirN kr[ C[ a[n&> viAt(vk (c#i aikZ(tmi> 

aikir pim[ C[. m(Dyini jit)ys>b>Fi[ni (n$pN bibt[ Diƒ.B*p[ºW (mA#i) lK[ C[ : 

295

''kYikir m(Dyi minvmnni> vlNi[mi> s*ÈmtiY) rs l[ C[. Kis kr)n[ t[mn) 

JvnØ(OT mn&Oyni AvBivmi> pD[l) sir)-nrs) vZ(_iai[ni an[k(vF vLi>ki[, a[n) 

g(t(v(Fai[ upr stt k[(ºWt rh[l) jNiy C[.mn&Oymi> AvBi(vk rh[l) s>t(t-virsi 

m[Lvvin) aiki>xi k[ vZ(_ini> an[k (c#ii>kni[ l[Kk[ ai¼yi> C[, ti[ av]F jit)y s>b>Fi[n&> 

(n$pN pN t[mN[ an[k p\s>gi[a[ ky&& C[."" 72 

'l)l&D) Frt)"mi> a[ mi>DN C[ j[ s>t&n&> Jvn kDv&> z[r j[v&> kr) niK[ C[.s>t&ni l³n 

gi[br siY[ Ye gyi hi[vi Cti> t[n) njr s>t& pr m>Driy[l) rh[ C[ an[ a[[ s>t&n[ pi[tin) 

krvini spnimi> ric[ C[. s>t& p(r(Nt hi[vi Cti> a[n) C[Dt) krvi s&F)n) a[ c[OTi kr[ C[. 

gi[br gr)b)n[ l)F[ s>t&n&> aiN&> kr) Skti[ nY)> Ryir[ mi>DN gi[brn[ a[ bibt[ Ti[Ni[ mir[ C[ : 

'vh&n[ t[Dvin) tvDy&> n hi[y ti[ mi[T[ upiD[ prNi[ C[[i S&> kim[ t[ ?" 73 an[ s>t&n[ len[ gi[br 

an[ mi>DN vμc[ p\Ym JBiji[D) an[ mirimir) Yiy C[. ji[ k[ div aiÄy[ si[gq) mirvin) 

m[l) m&rid siY[ mi>DN gi[br siY[ smiFin kr) l[ C[. ni(Ly[rn) rmtmi> (F>giN&> Yti> mi>DN 

gi[br pr ugimvimi> aiv[li[ Gi pi[tini hiY pr z)l[ C[ an[ pi[tini[ hiY g&miv[ C[.pr>t& 

Ryirbid pi[t[ diKv[li a[ DhipN bdl mni[mn pAtiy C[.a[ (vcir[ C[ k[ ji[ a[N[ aiDi[ Gi 

z)Ãyi[ n hi[t ti[ gi[brni rim rm) gyi hi[t an[ a[ni[ s>t&n[ m[Lvvini[ mig< m[ikLi[ Ye 

gyi[ hi[t.rGi[ an[ Sid*L pN a[n[ g[rmig[< di[rti kh[ C[ k[ j[ miNs ninpNmi> j tiri 

mig aiDi[ aiÄyi[ an[ s>t&n[ prN) gyi[, a[n) rxi tir[ S&> kim krv) ji[ea[.mi>DN[ 

gi[brn[ Jvndin bÈy&, t[Y) gi[br an[ s>t&ni[ a[ni p\Ry[ni[ ahi[Biv vF) jiy C[.pr>t& 

gi[br pN a[ nÊ) kr) Skti[ nhti[ k[ mi>DN[ a[n[ Si miT[ bciÄyi[ ? a[n) njr sim[ 

mi>DNni b[ (c#ii[ aiv) UBi rh[ C[.a[k (c#i ht&> ap>g bn[li q*>qi miNsn&>, aji·yi[ pN 

296

an&k>pi p\[r[ a[vi dyimNi> d)dirviL&>. b)j& (c#i ht&> a[ j miNsni p*v. krDi[ n[ 

kpT), z[r)li[, ai>Kmi> B[d) sip[(lyi> rmiDti[ mi>DN - ai b[mi>Y) kyi[ mi>DN sici[ gNvi[? 

b)J bij&, mi>DNni (c_imi> s>t& miT[ni[ rig u_iri[_ir vF) rHi[ hti[ : ''s>t&n[ m[> Si 

miT[ Grmi> n b[siD)?ninpNY) j a[n) ji[D[ l³n k[m n kyi? gi[br ji[[D[ a[ni[ (vvih j 

Si miT[ Yvi d)Fi[?a[ bF&> Yti> ti[ Ye gy&>. pN pC) h&> Sid*LBini hiYmi> Si miT[ rm) 

gyi[?s>t& upr ph[li[ divi[ miri[ hti[ k[ Sid*LBini[ ?"" 74 mi>DNni mnmi> upri[kt mni[m>Yn 

cilt&> j hi[y C[ an[ a[k aj&gt) GTni bn[ C[. drbirn) D[l)a[ lid l[vi gy[l) s>t& 

smj&bi siY[ s&Kd&:Kn) viti[mi> ri[kiy C[ an[ Gr[ aivti mi[D&> Yiy C[. pr>t& li[km&K[ ai 

vit (vkZt Av$p FirN kr[ C[ k[ drbirn) D[l)a[ Sid*LBia[ GN)vir s&F) s>t&n[ ri[k) 

riK).ai vit mi>DNni kin[ pDti a[n) S*ºy ai>Ki[mi> K&ºns UBrie aiv[ C[. Sid*L p\Ry[ 

a[n[ ri[m[ri[m ePi mn Yiy C[.an[ 

t[Y) j di$ni nSimi> k*vimi> gi[br n(h pN Sid*L C[ a[vi B\mmi> pl)ti[ ci>p) d[ C[ an[ 

Ti[Ti[ f*Tti gi[brni Sr)rni l)r[l)ri uD) jiy C[. aim s>t&ni Jvnmi> j[ a>Fkir Äyip) 

jiy C[ a[ni miT[ mi>DNn) s>t& miT[n) ais(kt jvibdir C[.mi>DN s>t&n[ ÄyYi an[ v[dnin) 

U>D) Kiemi> Fk[l) d[ C[.a[ kimi>F p&$P s>t& p[tini (ptrie Bie gi[brn) p(Rn C[ an[ a[ni 

upr a[ni[ ki[e hk-divi[ nY) a[Tl) pN sBinti diKv) Skti[ nY).s>t& miT[n) a[n) 

visni a[n[ (vv[kh)n bniv) m*k[ C[ an[ a[ (vv[kh)nti j s>t&-gi[brni s&K) 

diÀpRyJvnn[ brbid kr) m*k[ C[.ji[ gi[br Jvti[ rh[vi piÀyi[ hi[t ti[ s>t& siY[ t[ a[k 

p[\miL an[ aiRm)y diÀpRyJvn Jv) Skyi[ hi[t an[ ai bibtni[ ²yil aipNn[ 

nvlkYini 'piCl) rit[" p\krNmi> aiv[ C[ jyir[ gi[br a[mn) s*vin) ai[rD)mi> s>t& smx 

ni(Ly[rn) rmtni[ ai>K[ d[²yi[ ah[vil rj* kr[ C[ an[ s>t& pi[tini p(tn) bihi[mi> s*ti s*ti 

297

a[n[ rsp*vBL[ C[ an[ miN[ C[. 75 gi[br-s>t&n&> diÀpRyJvn aÃpJv) rh[vi pim[ C[ 

pr>t& a[ T*>ki giLimi> pN a[mni a[kb)ji p\Ry[ni p[\m, ligN), h*>f an[ aiRm)ytin) zlk 

mÇyi> (vni rh[t) nY). 

'Äyijni[ virs"mi> k[Tk[Tl) biFi, aiKD), di[ri-Figi> m>tr-j>tr pC) aiBiSin[ Ryi> 

minv>t)a[ k>di[rib>F d)krin[ jºm ai¼yi[[-(rKvni jºmixr an[ hAtr[Ki ji[en[ (vmls&(rni 

Si>t minsjL pN Dhi[Lie gyi>.a[ biLkn[ Br y&vinvy[ a[k g\h nDtr krti[ a[mn[ 

jNiyi[.amrtni[ d)kri[ dl&, ctrBjni[ d)kri[ ai[(Fyi[, li(Krirn) d)kr) a[m)-ai bFi> 

a[ni biLpNni B[r&> Yyi. (rKv vh& vh&n) rmtmi> pN li(Kyirn) a[m)n[ j pi[tin) vh& 

bnivvin) Jd l[ti[. (rKvni jºmY) p&#i(vhi[N&> aiBiSin&> Gr ujL&> Yy&>. pr>t& ai liDcig 

an[ liln-pilnmi> uCr[li[ (rKv mnAv)ti, t&miK), mi[jSi[K, uDiupN&> an[ aiCklie 

j[vi a(nOTi[ni[ Bi[g bnti[ gyi[-ai bFi> a(nOTi[n) ti(lm a[n[ dl& an[ ai[(Fyia[ aip). 

a[m)n&> l³n Ye jiy C[.a[kvir a[m) sisr[Y) (pyr aiv[ C[. lig ji[en[ Fmli[ 

a[m)n[ (bÃl) pg[ m[D) upr (rKvni ai[rDi>mi> G*siD) d[ C[.acink aiBiSin[ Gr[ aivvin&> 

Yiy C[, n[ t[ai[ a[m) tYi (rKvn[ ji[en[ u>Di[ aiGit an&Bv[ C[ n[ t[ai[ (rKvn&> l³n 

lÆkr) S[qn) s&l[Ki siY[ gi[qv) d[vin&> nkk) kr[ C[.k[s(ryi>Jn) ji#iimi> aiBiSi tYi 

lÆkr) S[qni k&T&>bi[ B[gi> Ye jiy C[.ah)> (rKv an[ s&l[Kin) p\Nyr>g) m&likit Yiy C[ 

an[ a>t[ prApr (vri[F) Äy(ktRv Frivti> rsli[l&p (rKv rssmi(Fmi> rmmiN s&l[Ki 

l³ng\>(YY) vijt[gijt[ ji[Diy jiy C[. 

'(p\yim&Ki[μCvis-(vk>(pt mF&" p\krNmi> b[un) ain>dri(#in&> l[Kk[ (n$pN ky& C[. 

Tki[rKini>ni ci[G(Dyi> vigti> jiy C[. (rKvn) (stirni[ z>kir b>F Yiy C[ an[ a[n) 

j³yiai[ S)Si an[ ¼yil)ai[ni[ KNKNiT s>BLiy C[. s&l[Ki ci[>k) uq[ C[- a[ DGie jiy 

298

C[-a[niY) di$n) g>F pN Kmit) nY).(rKv a[n[ amZt gN[ C[ an[ s&l[Ki a[n[ z[r min[ 

C[. (rKv a[ z[r s&l[Kin[ pN pivi mi>g[ C[. s&l[Kini hi[qni[ mF& a[mi> ai[gL[ ti[ j a[ 

sici[ mF& bn[. Jvnn[ kiÄy tr)k[ Jvvi mi>gti[ (rKv '(p\yim&Ki[μCvis-(vk>(pt mF&" p)vi 

mi>g[ C[. ri(#ini p\hr gNiti jiy C[. s&l[Ki a[n[ di$(Dyi[ kh[ t[n) a[n[ prvi nY). pN 

a[n) yicni ti[ a[Tl) j C[ k[ s&l[Ki a[ni uμCvis vD[ a[ ¼yil)n[ (vk>(pt kr) aip[. pC) 

Bl[ a[ a[n[ di$(Dyi[ kh[, (vlis) kh[, l>pT kh[ a[n) a[n[ prvi nY). s&l[Ki ØQ avij[ kh[ 

C[ : 

''ai tir) r(skti nY), pN ki[e vkr[l) visniai[n) (vkZ(t C[.""hiYmi>n) ¼yil)n[ 

bLp*vt pr f[>k)n[ a>t[ a[ kh[ C[ : ''ki[e vkr[l) visniai[ni[ t&> virs bºyi[ C[, 

tir) ai (vkZ(tai[ virsigt C[."" 76 

aim, kh)n[ mÊm pgl[ piCL hq) an[ aniyis[ j u>bri[ ai[L>g) s&l[Ki birNi 

bhir (nkL) jiy C[. aF*ri[ S)Si[ gTgTiv), b_i) b&ziv) (rKv Bf krti[ pl>g pr pD) 

jiy C[. Cjimi> s&l[Ki aiK) rit jigt) UB) rh[ C[. 

pC) ti[ (rKv (dÃh)-aig\in) ginir)ai[, nicnir)ai[ni si(n>¹ymi> mdmAt bn) 

b[fim mh[(fli[ miNti[ Yiy C[.a>t[ 'grniLn[ (#iB[T[" p\krNmi> m)>gi[Li gimn) Frt) upr 

Briy[li m[Limi> tviyfi[ni nicginn) mzi l*>Tti mi[D) ri#i[ nSimi> ckc*r Yen[ rit[ n[ rit[ 

j piCi pi[tin[ gim jvin) (rKv Jd l[ C[.ginir)ni g)tn) a[k p>(kt a[n[ b[c[n bniv) 

d[ C[. a[ pVitip an&Bv[ C[.s&l[Kini p(v#i crNkmLmi> miY&> z*kiv)n[ mif) mi>gvin&> a[n[ 

mn Yiy C[.piCi> frti mig a[n&> K*n Yiy C[. 

aigL jti ApOT Yiy C[ k[ amrt an[ ctrBjni kivtri>ni[ j (rKv Bi[g bºyi[ 

hti[. kdic a[m)ni sis(ryi>ai[n) shiyY) ai K*n krivvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. a[m)ni[ p&#i g&l& 

299

(rKvn&> j ani]rs s>tin C[, ai vit a[m)ni sis(ryi> jiN) gyi hti>.(rKv-s&l[Kini 

s>b>Fi[ upr p\kiS piDti ySv>t S&kl kh[ C[ : 

''d&Bit AY*L 

hi[vin) Cip uq[ C[.C[k K*n Yiy C[ t[ ri#i[ a[n[ s&l[Ki trf vLvin) uRk>qi jig[ C[ t[ 

Bi[gi(tSyti pC)ni[ avsid C[ k[ ãdyp(rvtk l[ C[."" 77 

aim, (rKvn&> aik(Amk ãdyp(rvt nY).s&l[Ki j[v) 

s>Akir) Ci[kr) (rKvmi> 's&$pk&mir"n) r[Kiai[ (nhiL)n[ a[ni pr mi[h) pD[ a[ pN aipNn[ 

p\t)(tkr jNit&> nY).mi#i l³nn) ain>dri(#ia[ j a[n[ (rKvn) (vkZ(tai[n) Kbr pD)-ai 

bibt aAviBi(vk lig[ C[. 

'aili FiFln&> z)>zivdr"mi> m(Dyi a[k ani[Ki p\kirn) p[\mkhin) ail[K[ C[.ai 

nvlkYimi> Sirdini[ p[\m) an[ kYini[ niyk e³n[z stt n[p¸ymi> rh[ C[. nvlkYimi> j[ ki[e 

GTni bn[ C[ a[mi> e³n[zn&> pi#i Big l[t&> nY) an[ t[ni nimni[ mi#i uÃl[K krvimi> aiv[ 

C[. a[n&> smg\ pi#i Sirdini mni[jgtmi> (vkis pim[ C[. Sirdin&> mn a[kbij&, 

'viskSÁyi"ni a>(tmY) le b)J bij&, '(vr(ktn&> a(sFiriv\t"s&F)ni[ mig< k>Dir[ C[. 

Sirdini Bivjgtn[ smjvi miT[ a[n[ a[ mig aigL vFvi miT[ p[\rkbL p*$> piDt) 

k[Tl)k GTniai[n&> avli[kn krvin) j$(ryit UB) Yiy C[. 

ai nvlkYimi> j[Tl) p[\mkYiai[ rj* krvimi> aiv) C[ t[ k$Ni>(tkimi> j p(rNm) 

C[.nvlkYin) S$aitmi> j d[viBiBi an[ c>pi S[qiN)n) vit aiv[ C[. d[viBiBini[ Jv j[ 

xN[ sm(QyiLini BidiKicrni pTirimi> p*rien[ gyi[, a[ j GD)a[ z)>zivdrmi> miY&> 

ai[Livvi b[q[li c>pi S[qiN)n[ t[lni kci[Limi> S[qn&> m&K d[Kiy&> an[ 'gyi" a[vi shji[d`gir 

300

siY[ S[qiN)a[ pN p\iN RyJ d)Fi. d[viBiBin&> pTirimi> p*rien[ mZRy& Yy&> a[ni krti pN 

c>pi S[qiN)n&> mZRy& vFir[ ãdyApS)< C[.ai kYi mZRy&mi> p(rNm[ C[ a[ni m*Lmi> ti[ p[[\m j 

rh[li[ C[. 

ai nvlkYimi> ail[Kvimi> aiv[l) aºy a[k aiDkYi pN mZRy&mi> p(rNm[ C[.a[mi> 

pN mZRy&n&> p\(tk p[\m j bn[ C[. sj&bini[ (vvih Gi>(TyivDni Jv&Bi siY[ Yyi[ hti[. pr>t& 

t[ai[ z)>zivdrni qiki[r hrs&rn[ p[\m krti hti>.hrs&r sj&bin[ Jv&Bin) c&>gilmi>Y) uqiv) 

liv)n[ pi[tin) ki[q)mi> b[siD) d[ C[.p(rNim[ Jv&Bi an[ hrs&r vμc[ v[r b>Fiy C[. Ryirbid 

a[ v[rz[rmi> (ndi[zivdrni pidr[ giykviD) mi[sl b[s[ C[, 

(spieai[ gimn) a[k m[riN) upr jbrdAt) kr[ C[.sj&bini hrs&r siY[ni p[\ml³n bid 

gimmi> j[ ki[e aNCijt) GTni bn[ C[ a[n[ miT[ sj&bi pi[tin[ di[(Pt min[ C[. p[\mn) v[d) 

pr apiti b(ldini[ ji[e a[mni[ Jv kkL) uq[ C[.pi[t[ Ks) jiy ti[ bFi> j 'hi[biLi"ni[ 

a>t aiv) jS[, a[m min) t[ai[ miYini lmNi>mi> b>d*k fi[D) p\iNRyig kr[ C[. 

z)>zivdrmi> a[k (nvZ_i eTi(lyn s](nk ri[z[(ryi[ rh[ti[ hi[y C[.a[kvir y&¹Fmi> 

Gviy[l ri[z(ryi[n) S&~&Pi rim) nimn) a[k at)t y&vt) kr[ C[.an[ t[ siji[ Yiy C[.t[ 

rim)ni p[\mmi> pD[ C[ an[ t[n) siY[ l³n pN kr[ C[.a[ rim) siY[ni t[ni p[\ml³nn&> s>tin t[ 

e³n[z. rim)ni mZRy& pC) pN rim) Jv[ C[ a[v) B\mNimi> ri[z[(ryi[ Jvn (vtiv) rHi[ hi[y 

C[, t[Y) gimni li[ki[ t[n[ 'gi>Di siybi" tr)k[ ai[LK[ C[. 

z)>zivdr gimn) ai tmim p[\mkYiai[n) K*b G[r) asr Sirdini mins upr pD[ 

C[.gimmi> j[ ki[e F)>giNi, K*n, gi[L)bir, aiRmhRyi Yiy C[ a[ tmim GTniai[Y) Sirdin&> 

mn Dhi[Liy C[ an[ a[n[ p[\m an[ p\Nyn) ligN)ai[ zi>zvini jL smin Bis[ C[.a[ni 

mnmi> rig an[ Ryig vμc[ K[>ctiN cil[ C[.a[k bij& a[ni mnmi> e³n[z miT[ni[ p[\m 

301

Frbiy[li[ C[, ti[ b)J bij& a[ p\Nyn) (nrYjs (AY(tmi> a[ um[dliln[ prN[ ti[ C[ pr>t& t[ tn-mnY) pi[tin[ um[dliln[ sm(p a[k mi#i Fm< 

j anAt FZ\v j[vi[ jNiti[ hti[.aim, Fmt(rk 

j$(ryit pN bn) rh) ht). Cti> a[ni mnmi> stt a[k (vkÃp rh[ C[ :'Frmn[ nim[ Jvnn[ 

j jikiri[ ti[ nY) de b[q) n[?" 78 

'CblBin&n) Sird)" hv[ pi[tini si¹v)Jvnmi> ~) s&Xi~)J bn[ C[.t[ p\Ymvir 

z)>zivdrni upi~ymi> Äyi²yin aip) rh) hi[y C[.n[ b)J bij& gimmi> F)>giN&> Yiy C[. 

b>d*k fi[Dvini aviji[ s>BLiy C[.gim upr j¼t) b[siDvi a[jºs)n) fi[jn&> aigmn Yiy C[ 

n[ ri[z[(ryi[ a[ fi[jn[ aiDi[ UBi[ rh[ C[.bip-d)kri[ simsim[ aiv) jiy C[. an[ bip a[ 

F)>giNimi> p&#i e³n[zn[ gi[L)Y) v)>F[ C[.ai smicir Sirdin[ kin[ pDti 'a(rhºtd[v!" 

Sirdini m&Kmi>Y) ud`gir sr) pD[ C[.Äyi²yinn) piT upr j a[ni[ d[h QL) pD[ C[. 

aim, Sirdin) rig an[ Ryig vμc[n) g(tni a[k C[D[ c>pi S[qiN)-d[vi BiBi, 

sj&bi-hrs&r, rim)-ri[z[(ryi[ j[vi pi#ii[ an[ a[mn) p\NykYiai[ C[ ti[ b)ji C[D[ pi[tini 

(pti K[tS) adi an[ t[ni hbs) A#i) riS[l siY[ni an](tk s>b>Fi[ pN C[.K[tS) adi tYi 

302

t[mni p(Rn CblBiB& b\Mcy v\t piL[ C[. pr>t& K[tS) adi miT[ a[ v\tn&> piln aikr&> 

bn[ C[.t[ riS[l siY[[ aiDi s>b>F Friv[ C[. a[ hbs) A#i)n[ t[ z)>zivdrmi> smitiL) viD) pr 

riK[ C[ an[ h>m[Si k)D)yir&> p*rvin[ bhin[ t[n[ mLti rh[ C[. nvlkYini p\ir>Bmi> j m(Dyi 

ai vitni[ s>k[t aip[ C[. 

''{K[tS) adi} mi#i pi[ri[ Kiti> a[Tl&> j n(h, pi[tin&> Gr j smJn[ k[D[Y) ai(Dy&> 

Ci[D)n[ bibib>F) a>grKin) ks Q)l) kr)n[, miY[Y) ai>(TyiL) utir)n[ ah)> tnmnni[ Yik 

hLvi[ krti."" 79 

aim, Sirdin) m&²y kYin) siY[ siY[ nvlkYikir an[k aiDkYiai[ vNv si]riOT^ni d[S) 

rjviDini[ p)Li[ an[ j]ns>ymni[ Åv[t a[ b[ m&²y r>gi[ (nhiL) Skiy C[.aim Cti>, ai kZ(t 

k[vL Fmp\di(yk kYi bn)n[ aTk) jt) nY). a(h> K[tS) adi an[ CblBiB&n&> 

diÀpRyJvn, a[mn) rh[N)-krN), a[mn) miºytiai[ an[ a[mni an](tk s>b>Fi[ an[ a>t[ 

K[tS) adin&> p\iy(Vt ai bF&> a[k g\iÀyp(rv[Sn) pN rcni krvimi> mh_vn) B*(mki p*r) 

piD[ C[. 

'v[Li v[Lin) Ci>yD)"mi> m(Dyi ki[e a[mn) aºy nvlkYia[imi> ji[vi mL[ C[ a[vi 

an](tk s>b>Fi[n&> (n$pN krti nY) an[ a[ kZ(tn) kYivAt& an[ pi#ii[n) p\kZ(t n[ an&$p 

a[k>dr[ simiºy Ap$pn&> diÀpRyJvn ail[K[ C[. ai kZ(tmi> an[k d>p(tai[ AYin piÀyi C[. 

j[mi> si]Y) u_im diÀpRyJvnn&> udihrN ai[tmc>d an[ liDki[rn&> aip) Skiy. Grn) s&K k[ 

d&:Kn) p(r(AY(tmi> pN a[mni diÀpRyJvnmi> s&m[L an[ a[kri(gti an[ s>vid)ti jLviy 

rh[ C[, kirN k[ ai[tmc>d gm[ t[v) kpr) p(R(AY(tmi> pN liDki[rn[ Kitr pN yi[g)n) 

(AYtp\Xti FirN kr[ C[. ti[ sim[ px[ liDki[r pN gm[t[v) (vPm p(r(AY(tmi> pN p(tni 

303

pDK[ UB) rh[vi tRpr hi[y C[. k&T&>bn) kYLt) jt) (AY(tn[ l)F[ an[ pRn)ni aig\hn[ vS 

Yen[, (vvS ai[tmc>d dk&Bien[ Ryi> eV(ryi aiv[ C[. a(h> t[n&> apmin Yiy C[ an[ a[ni 

pr ci[r)n&> aiL pN aiv[ C[. pr>t& ai[tmc>d aimi>n&> kS&> pRn) liDki[rn[ jNivti nY). pr>t& 

jyir[ eV(ryi Kit[ l³np\s>g[ liDki[r an[ smrY mLti ai[tmc>d aiv[li aiL an[ a[n[ 

pD[li mirni[ rhAyfi[T Yiy C[ Ryir[ liDki[rn[ s>BiLv) m&Æk[l bn[ C[. t[ pi[tini p(tn&> 

aiTl) (nÀn kxin&> apmin shn kr) Skt) nY).a[n) ai>Kmi>Y) a>giri Kr[ C[ an[ $>v[ 

$>v[ aig BDk[ C[.an[ 'aijY) ai Grni gi[Lin&> piN) j mir[ hrim!aºnni[ a[k diNi[y mn[ 

j kLp[" a[v) T[k le pi[tini dk&Bien&> Gr Ci[D) jt) rh[ C[. 80 ti[ b)J bij&, (AYtp\Xsmi 

ai[tmc>d ti[ aiv&> (vcir)n[ j pi[tin&> ai(BjiRy p\gT kr[ - ''ni, k&drt j aiv) B*l kriv[ 

C[. miNs ti[ k&drtni hiYmi> rmkDi> j[vi[ C[.""ai[tmc>d an[ liDki[r upri>t ai nvlkYimi> 

b)ji an[k d>p(tai[ dSi aiÄyi C[ an[ a[mni s>b>Fi[mi> Birt)y diÀpRyJvnni 

an[k(vF r>gi[ ji[vi mL[ C[. j[mk[, kp&rc>d an[ s>k[itni diÀpRyJvnmi> p&$Pp\iFiºy ji[vi 

mL[ C[. kp*rc>d s>ti[k upr gm[ Ryir[ g&Asi[ qilv[ C[ an[ a[n[ apmin)t kr[ C[.ainiY) 

(vr&¹F (c#i dk&Bie an[ smrYni s>sirmi> ji[vi mL[ C[. t[ai[[n) ai(Ym[Si dbiy[li ji[vi mL[ C[. an[ t[mni s>sirmi> j[ k>ek klh Yiy C[ t[n[ miT[ 

jvibdir smrYn) k&T&>bmi> svi[g[ zGDi[ Yti> smrY pi[tini p(t dk&Bien[ pN a[ S&B p\s>gmi> hijr Yvi d[t) 

nY).ah)> aipN[ smrYn) svi[FN ai[Ci> pDyi"mi> l)l& S[q an[ t[n&> k&T&>b g&>(dyi gim Ci[D) m&>be j[vi 

mhingrmi> AYie Yiy C[.mhingrni 'mi[Dn< kÃcr"n[ an&$p t[ai[n) rh[N)-krN) an[ 

Äyvhiri[mi> Frm*L p(rvt

C[.g&>(dyin) kb&, ki(lºd) bn[ C[.an[ a[n) miti s*rj, sri[jbh[n bn[ C[.ki(lºd) hv[ 

m&>ben) a[k aiF&(nk y&vt)ni Av$pmi> (vhrt) ji[vi mL[ C[ an[ a[nimi> a[k p\²yit 

smijs[(vki bnvini aBrKi> jig[ C[.a[m krti t[ b[(rATr h(rnni s>pk aiv[ C[ an[ 

a[ni oiri k&>vir) sgBi< bn[ C[.b)J bij&, a[ j b[(rATr h(rn p\Ry[ sri[j bh[n pN jit)y 

aikP pxpit) vlN 

pN jvibdir C[.(nhi(rki S$aitmi> (S(xki tr)k[ l)l& S[qni k&T&>bmi> p\v[S[ C[. an[ a[n) 

siY[ Sh[r)Jvnni tmim a(nOTi[ pN a[mni k&T&>bmi> p\v[S[ C[. d)kr) an[ mitin&> a[k j 

p&r&P p\Ry[ aikPb>Fi[, K*n, klb kÃcr vg[r[mi> m(Dyia[ 

mn&Oymi> rh[l) ai(dmvZ(_in&> sci[T ail[Kn ky& C[. 

'kYili[k"- m(Dyini (vv[cn s>g\hni 'nvlkYin) S(kt" l[Kmi> l[Kk jNiv[ C[ 81 k[ 

l[Kkn) Diyr)mi> a[k j nim hi[y C[ an[ t[ C[ an&k>pi. viti< Bl[ at)tn) hi[y, si>p\tn) 

hi[y k[ pC) aivt) kiln) d&(nyini[ kÃpni(vhir hi[y, a[n&> AYL g\imJvn hi[y k[ 

ngrJvn hi[y, gm[ t[ pi#isZ(OT hi[y a[ni GTnis*#imi> ki[ek n[ ki[ek p\kirn) ai(dmti 

(vni kYimi> p\iN Fbk) Skti[ nY).a[ ai(dmti vfidir)ai[n) (oFin) hi[y, s>GPpri sim[ pDkirn) hi[y, b[vfien) hi[y k[ p(rtipn) hi[y.m(Dyin) viti< - nvlkYiai[mi>, 

a[mn) ai (vBivniai[n[ kirN[ j AY*L kYit_vn&> p\Fiºy jNiy C[ an[ a[mi> pN minv)n) 

ai(dmvZ(_iai[ j[v) k[ jit)yti an[ (h>sin&> Brp*r (c#iN m&²yRv[ Yy[l&> ji[vi mL[ C[. a[Tl[ 

k[ m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> av]F jit)y s>b>F, k&drt)-ak&drt), (vkZt jit)y s>b>Fi[n&>, hRyi, 

aiRmhRyi, bLiRkir ai(d minv)n) ai(dmv(_in&>, Frt) pr miNs y&gi[ ph[li> jºÀyi[ 

RyirY) j a[nimi> rh[li> ai(dm a>Si[n&> m(Dyia[ sci[T an[ ci[Tdir (c#iN ky& C[. 

305

miNs gm[ a[Tli[ s>AkZt bºyi[, gm[[ a[Tli[ s¿y Yyi[, pN a[nimi> rh[li> ai(dmtini 

a>Si[ kd)pN x)N Yvini nY).ai(dmti miNsni li[h)mi> j BL) ge C[. an[ t[ s>Akir, 

s>AkZ(t, s¿yti, Bivni, aidSi[< vg[r[ni YDn[ B[d)n[ pN aniyis[ minv)mi> f*Tt) j rh[ 

C[.l[Kk[ a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> a[ a>Si[n&> sfL (c#iN ky&>< C[.m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[n) 

li[k(p\yti pN am&k a>S[ minv)ai[mi>-vicki[mi> rh[li> ai ai(dmtini t_vn[ j aiBir) 

C[.miNsi[n[ b&(nyid) ai(dm t_vi[n&> (c#iN krt) kYiai[ vi>cvini[ Kis Si[K hi[y C[, kirN 

k[ t[mnimi> pN ai t_v hi[y j C[. 

5. simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> p(rvt p(rvtk ci[Ês mipd>Di[ hi[y C[. ai mipd>Di[ (s¹F krvi 

miT[ Kis kr)n[ smij, si(hRy an[ Fm< oiri k[Tli>k m*Ãyi[ nkk) krvimi> aiv[ C[.pi[tini 

Jvnn) g&Nv_ii s&Firvi dr[k Äy(kt a[ m*Ãyi[n[ an&srvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[. smijni[ ki[e a[k 

Äy(kt a[ m*Ãyi[n&> k[v&> piln kr[ C[ a[n) s)F) k[ aiDktr) asr j[ t[ smijn) Cb) upr 

pN pDt) hi[y C[.aiY) j dr[k Äy(kt a[ m*Ãyi[n&> jtn kr[ a[v) smij ap[xi riK[ C[.an[ 

jyir[ a[ m*Ãyi[n&> jih[rmi> K>Dn Yiy C[ Ryir[ simi(jk (vri[F an[ v>Ti[Ln&> vitivrN sjiprigt m*Ãyi[ pr k[v) asr Ye a[n&> 

p\(t(b>b piDvimi> aiÄy&> C[. 

'jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r"n) S$ait j ai]wi[(gkrNY) e>³l[>Dni gimDi>ai[mi> aiv) rh[li 

p(rvt vN 

pr>t& a[ni B*tkiLn) AmZ(t tr)k[ mi#i a[k k*vi[ j bik) rHi[ hti[. mi[TiBigni j*n) 

306

i>FN)ni Gri[ ti[D) piDvimi> aiÄyi hti.gimni p\i(cn ccK[ kyir[y 

n ji[y[l) hi[y a[v) bi>FN)n&> aiF&(nk cc< UB&> krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>>. g\iÀy(vAtirmi> aiv[l&> 

aºy p(rvt r[Ãv[n&> aigmn.ai kZ(tmi> r[Ãv[ni GNi> uÃl[Ki[ ji[vi mL[ C[ kirN k[ a[ 

smy[ e>³l[>Dni GNi> (vAtiri[mi> r[Ãv[ni piTi piYrvimi> aiv) rHi hti>. 

ai ai]wi[(gkrNn[ l)F[ e>³l[>Dni biH jgtmi> aiv) rh[li AY*L f[rfiri[n) asr t[ 

smyni minv)n) min(skti an[ m*Ãyi[ pr k[v) pD[ C[ a[n) p\(tt) aipNn[ Ay&ni pi#imi> 

Yiy C[.Ay& a[ a>g\[J nvlkYin) ph[l) bi](Fk an[ nir)vid) ni(yki C[.Bivkni (c_imi> 

Ay&n) Cb) a[k 'New Woman"n) k>Diriy C[ j[ l³np\Yin[ an&srvimi> mint) 

nY).simi(jk ÄyvAYi an[ (s¹Fi>ti[ bibt[ (vcirv&> an[ p\Åni[ krvi a[ a[n) aidt C[.t[ 

Fm m*(tmt nY). a[n) Ø(OTa[ 

l³n 'clumsy and sordid contract"C[. Ay&ni ai (vciri[ upr p\kiS piDti> s>ti[P 

ck\bt)< lK[ C[ : 

''With her revulsion to sex arid marriage Sue may appear as a stereo- 

type of sexually reppressed woman. Her bitter experience of wedded life 

with Phillotson provides her with sufficient ammunition for airing anti 

marriage veiws : 'What tortures me so much is the necessity of being 

responsive to this man whenever he wishes ."" 82 

jyir[ jy&D a[ni upr l³n miT[ dbiN kr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ S>ki Äykt kr[ C[ k[ l³n bid 

pN t[ a[n[ a[Tli[ p[\m krS[ j[Tli[ p[\m t[ a[n[ hilmi> kr[ C[. t[ min[ C[ k[ l³n(v(F minv)y 

s>b>Fi[ miT[ (vniSk si(bt Yiy C[. an[ t[Y) j t[ jy&D siY[ a(vvi(ht avAYimi> Jvn 

Jvvin&> nkk) kr[ C[, j[n[ aipN[ aij[ 'live in relationship" kh)a[ C)a[. a[Tl&> j n(h, 

307

pr>t& t[ simi(jk m*Ãyi[ an[ aidSi[vir) miti bn[ 

C[.a[ni ai (bnpr>prigt aicir-(vcirmi> aipNn[ a[k sih(sk aiF&(nk y&v(tni dS pN aiF&(nkti diKv[ C[. j[m k[ a[ min[ C[ 

k[ a[ (dvsi[ v)t) gyi jyir[ d[vLi[ ngrni k[ºWmi> hti.hv[ a[n&> AYin r[Ãv[ AT[Sn[ l)F&> C[.t[ 

Fi(m a[>jl kl[rn&> pi#i S$aitmi> aiF&(nk (vcirFiri Frivt&> 

hi[vini[ Bis Yiy C[. t[ a[k pidr)ni[ d)kri[ C[.a[ni (pti a[v) eμCi riK[ C[ k[ t[ pN 

(ptini[ Äyvsiy apniv[ an[ a[ (dSimi> aigL vF[, pr>t& a[>jln[ a[k pidr) tr)k[ Jvn 

308

Jvvimi> ki[e rs nY). flAv$p S]x(Nk kir(kd) aigL vFvini[ avkiS an[ a[mi> an[k 

liBi[ hi[vi Cti> a[ mhi(vwilyni pg(Yyi> pN cQti[ nY). t[n[ K\)At) Fmti[ an[ 

j*nviN) (vcirFirimi> (vVis nY). an[ a[ r)t[ a[ pi[tini (ptiY) v]ci(rk B*(mki upr 

a>(tm (b>d&a[ C[. a[ siri>-nrsi>ni pr>prigt mipd>Di[mi> minti[ nY). a[ aiRm(nr)xNmi> 

min[ C[ pr>t& pi[tini airi¹yd[vmi> ~¹Fi Frivti[ nY).ai bibt[ a[ S>kiS)l vlN diKv[ 

C[.T[s a[ni aiv) aiF&(nk (vcirSrN)Y) p\Bi(vt Ye a[ni p\[mmi> pD[ C[, pr>t& l³n bid 

jyir[ T[s a[n) smx pi[tini kl>(kt B*tkiLn) vit kr[ C[ Ryir[ a[>jl T[sni an[ aipNi 

aiVy< vμc[ acink T[sn) p(v#iti bibt[ pi[tin) (vcirSrN)Y) (vr&¹F simi(jk mipd>Di[ 

lig& piD[ C[.aim, a[>jl a[ b[vDi> FiriFi[rNi[ Frivti[ Äy(kt C[. ai upri>t 'F r)Tn< ai[f 

F n[T)v"mi> kl)m jyir[ pi[tin) (p\y A#i)n[ prNvi pi[tin) mitiY) C*Ti[ Ye alg Gr 

vsiv[ C[. a[mi> ti[ sij C[lbTiu Äy(ktai[ j[ r)t[ l³n j[v) 

g>B)r smijÄyvAYi siY[ rmt rm[ C[ an[ a[n) siY[ j[ c[Di> kr[ C[ a[mi> simi(jk m*Ãyi[ni[ 

C[d uD) jti[ d[Kiy C[. a[mni viN), vt a[k p\kirn) b[(fkrie an[ 

b[jvibdir)pNini (n$pN oiri hiD)< bdlit) jt) simi(jk p(r(AY(tn[ ai(Fn simi(jk 

m*Ãyi[mi> aiv) rh[li p(rvt simi(jkm*Ãyi[ 

an[ min(sktimi> aiv) rh[li> p(rvt

fastidious.........The craze for refinement and sophistication had made many 

villagers forsake their native habits. They were mad after city life."" 83 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> p(rvt k[vi an[ k[Tli> aidSi[< (s¹F kr[ C[ a[ni[ mipd>D a[ni 

m*Ãyi[ C[, j[ a[ bibt dSi hi[v&> ji[ea[. Jvnmi> simi(jk m*Ãyi[n[ 

Av)kirvimi> j Jvnn) siYB C[. an[ m*Ãyi[n) avgNniY) minv)n&> 

Jvn an[ simi(jk ÄyvAYi (Cºn(Bºn Ye Sk[ C[, ti[ b)J bij&, a[ j m*Ãyi[n[ ai(Fn 

Jvn JvviY) a[k s&r[K an[ AvμC smijn&> (nmi 

minv)ni Jvnni[ uRkP< smiy[li[ C[.pr>t& ai (vVmi> a[vi[ ki[e smij nY) j[ni m*Ãyi[mi> 

smy, AYL an[ s>ji[g p\miN[ p(rvt hi[y.simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> aivti p(rvt stt p(rvtni[> m[> yh 

p(rvt (S(Yl ti[ kh)> g(tS)l rhti h], (jsk[ kirN minvsmijki $p p(rv(tb>Fi[, unk[ (k\yi-Äyipiri[>, unk[ si[cn[-(vcirn[k[ ti]>r-t(rki[>, 

unk) miºytiai[ a[vm (vVisi[ tYi unk) r)(t-n)(tai[ ai(dki p\Ryx s>b>F J)vnk) a[k 

(v(SOT p\Nil)s[ hi[ti h], J)ss[ unk[ Äyvhir (ny>(#it a[vm (ny(mt hi[t[ h].yh J)vnp\Nil) 

k&C (v(SOT (s¹Fi>ti[ pr aiFi(rt hi[t) h], J)ºh[ J)vn-m*Ãy khi jiti h].smki(ln 

J)vn-(AY(tai[m[> pr>prigt ai]r p&²ti m*Ãyi[k[ simn[ an[k p\Ån(cºh h].ai(Rmy s>b>Fi[m[ 

aiyi bdliv B) m*Ãy-s>k\mNk[ p)C[ s(k\y h].yh bdliv ngr yi mhingr-J)vnm[ h) nh)> 

aiyi h], a(pt& esn[ kZPk-J)vnki[ B) zkzi[r (dyi h]."" 84 

310

an[ ai bdliv aivvi miT[n&> si]Y) agRyn&> kirN hi[y ti[ t[ C[ ai]wi[(gkrN. kirN 

k[ a[n) s)F) asr Äy(kt an[ smijn) JvnS]l) upr pD[ C[. an[ bdliy[l) JvnS]l)n) 

asr miNsn) min(skti upr pD[ C[. Sid*Ln) hi[k) AT)k a[ gimDi>ni simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> 

aiv[li p(rvt p\(tk C[. gimn) vh&-d)kr)ai[n[ pi[tin) bh[n smjv) Birt)y smijn) 

s¿yti C[, pr>t& Sid*L an[ gimni C[lbTiu y&vini[ rAt[ psir Yt) y&vt)ai[n) C[Dt) kr[ 

C[, Ryi> s&F) k[ hi[k) AT)k vD[ s>t&ni pgmi> ai>T) mir[ C[. Sr)rn&> smti[ln jiLvvi jti 

Brbjirmi> a[ni vA#ii[ u>c[ cQ) jti a[ni siYL uGiDi Ye jiy C[. Sid*L an[ (m#ii[ upr 

ApOTpN[ Sh[r)krNn) asr vtiDN mi smin BiB) s>t& pis[ pi[tini Grni ri[Tli> 

GDivvini mni[rY s[v[ C[. a[mi> pN simi(jk m*Ãyi[ni[ C[d uD) jti[ d[Kiy C[. cl(c#ii[n&> 

jgt jDivn&> Jvn brbid kr) niK[ C[ an[ a[N[ v[Æyi bnv&> pD[ C[ ti[ a[ j cl(c#i k>k&n) 

(vkZt min(sktini (vkiri[mi> vFiri[ kr[ C[ an[ ssri d[vS) siY[ Sr)rs>b>F bi>Fvi p\[r[ C[ 

an[ a[ pip C*pivvi pRn) oiri p(tn) ti[ (pti oiri p&#in) hRyi krvimi> aiv[ C[. ti[ b)J 

bij&, nY& si[n) j[vi[ nriFm pi[tin) sg) p&#i)n[ pi[tin) visnini[ (Skir bniv[ C[ an[ q>D[ 

kl[j[ a[ni oiri jºm[l ani]rs s>tinn[ sg[vg[ kr[ C[. 

g&>(dyiY) m&>bemi> AYie Yy[li l)l& S[qni k&T&>bmi> g\iÀysmijni m*Ãyi[ an[ aidSi[ 

Fi[L[ (dvs[ K*n Yiy C[.a(h> vF& aiGitjnk bibt a[ C[ k[ pi[t[ j[ d&OkZRyi[ aicyi C[ a[ 

bdl t[ai[ ki[e g&ni(ht ligN) an&Bvti nY). bFi> j k&kmi[< pN ki[epN p\kirni xi[B 

vgr shjpN[ Yiy C[.Birt)y smijmi> aiv) rh[li> p(rvt

diverse people have made their contribution its development in different 

ages which had quickened the pace of social change in that particular period 

of Indian history. "" 86 

simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> k[Tli>k nkiriRmk p(rvtk hkiriRmk 

p(rvtY) Sh[rmi> BNvi miT[ gy[li[ B*pt 

pi[tini m*L s>Akiri[ Ci[D)n[ nvi s>Akiri[ apniv[ C[; a[n) tLpd) (vS[Ptiai[ l&¼t Ye jiy 

C[.l[Kk pi[t[ kh[ C[ :'a[ gyi[ Ryir[ gimDi>n[ a[k K*N[ UB[li[ a[ ri[p hti[.pi[t[ ãdyY) p*j[li 

am&k aidSi[< len[ bhir n)kL[li[ a[ (kSi[r aij[ piCi[ aiÄyi[ Ryir[ a[ aidSi[q[ bi>Fti[ aiÄyi[ hti[....p(rvt

n[tiai[ akLiyi. pr>t& gi>F)a[ p)C[hq kr) nh).a[mN[ smg\ d[Sn) jntin[ Avit>#y lDtmi> 

ji[Divin) hi>kl kr).a[mni oiri smg\ Birtmi> d[SB(ktni[ j&viL f*>kiyi[. Sh[r an[ 

gimDi>mi> jih[rsBin&> aiyi[jn Yvi li³y&>.a>g\[j srkir smx (h>d Ci[Di[ an[ Avrijn) 

ApOT n)(t jih[r krvimi> aiv). j[mj[m gi>F)n) Avit>#ys>g\imn) lDt aigL vFvi lig) 

a[ lDt smi>tr k[Tli>k li[ki[a[ (h>siRmk vlN pN apniÄy&>. gi>F)n[ a[mni ai vlNY) 

aiGit li³yi[.jyir[ li[ki[n[i riOT^)y lDtni[ j&Asi[ prikiOqia[ phi[>μyi[ Ryir[ j t[ai[a[ Yi[Di> 

smy miT[ a[ cLvL mi[k*f riK). Birtni Avit>#yn) lDtni[ j[ mig< a[mN[ nÊ) kyi[< hti[ 

a[ miT[[ d[Sni li[ki[ hj& min(sk r)t[ t]yir nY) a[v&> a[mn[ li³y&>>. aiY) a[ smygiLi 

dr(myin Birtvis)ai[n[ Avit>#ys>g\imn) Bi(v lDt miT[ sjj krvi miT[ a[mN[ 

smijs&FirNin&> kiy< hiY pr l)F&>. a[ kiy a[mN[ Birt)y smijni tmim vgi[ an[ a[mni ai(Yni (vkismi> j Birt d[Sni[ (vkis smiy[li[ C[.aiY) 

gi>F)a[ g\iÀysmijn) uºn(t miT[ gr)b), (nrxrti, a>F~¹Fi, aApZÆyti j[vi simi(jk 

d*PNi[n) nib*d) upr (vS[P Bir m*kyi[.an[ pi[tin&> ai lÈy (s¹F krvi miT[ gi>F) pi[t[ an[ 

a[mni kiy K*>d) vÇyi>. an[ t[Y) j gi>F)n&> nim Birt d[Sni 

a(t a>t(ryiL gimDi>ai[mi> pN g*>jvi li³y&>. a[ni[ pDGi[ 'pivkjviLi", 'e>FN ai[Ci> 

pDyi>" j[v) p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[mi> pN pDyi[. B*pt, B*d[v kiS)rim j[vi> pi#ii[ni aicir- 

(vcirmi> j[ simi(jk m*Ãyi[mi> aiv) rh[li hkiriRmk p(rvt

S[ks(parni niTki[mi> j[ kiy< ki[rs kr[ C[ a[ kiy< hiD) g\imjni[ 

kr[ C[.t[ai[ kyir[k nvlkYimi> aivt) GTni an[ pi#ii[ (vP[ T)ki-(T¼pN) kr[ C[, 

nvlkYikirni (vciri[ Bivk s&F) phi[>ciDvin>& kiy< pN kr[ C[, ti[ kyir[k nvlkYin) viti< 

ke (dSimi> aigL vFvin) C[ a[ni[ (nd[>g k\iuD"mi> ji[s[f p&arg\[s, h[n\)f\[, 

b)l) Ami[lbr), j[n ki[gn j[vi yidgir g\imjni[ni[ B[Ti[ Yiy C[.t[ai[n) kYimi> k[ºWAYin[ 

rh[li> pi#ii[ siY[ t&lni Sky nY) kirN k[ t[ai[ h>m[Si n[p¸ymi> rh[li> hi[y C[ an[ 

nvlkYimi> g\iÀyp(rv[Sn&> (nmi rμyipμyi rh[ C[.t[ai[ hiD)B)r 

kYivAt&n[ minvJvnni p(rp[Èymi> rj* krvi miT[ pN mdd$p n)vD[ C[.t[ai[ minvJvnni 

GTnick\mi> Jvti> an[ mrti> simiºy minv)ai[n&> p\(t(n(FRv kr[ C[.t[a[i gm[t[v) aifti[n) 

vμc[ pN Jvnck\n[ cil& riKvi mi>gti minv)ai[ C[.h[ºciDt& ai g\imjni[n) 

g(t(v(Fmi> avri[F uRpºn Yti nY).a[ g\imjni[ j C[ j[ai[ biLkn[ jºm aip[ C[, l³nmi> 

nZRy kr[ C[, kb\Atinmi> a>(tm (v(F miT[ B[gi> Yiy C[ an[ kbr upr Si[ki>j(l ap[< 

C[.niyk-ni(ykini Jvnmi> bdliv aivti[ rh[ C[ pr>t& t[ai[ SiVt C[.t[ai[ Bivkn[ simiºy 

Jvnni mipd>Di[ p*ri> piD[ C[ j[ni an&s>Finmi> Bivk m&²y pi#ii[ni Jvnmi> aivti cQivutirn) 

t)v\tin[ ckis) Sk[ C[. hiD) g\imjni[ni[ a[k piV hiAyrs (nOpºn krvin&> kiy< pN kr[ C[.a[ li[ki[ oiri 

uRpºn Yti> hiAymi> kTix hi[ti[ nY).pr>t& a[ li[ki[ni T*cki> an[ T)kiai[ nvlkYini 

vitivrNn[ Jv>t bniv[ C[.a[ li[ki[n) s)F)-srL viti[mi>Y) (nB[

li[ki[n) ki[e AvBivgt Kim), viti[(LyipN&>, p*v>>> Jvnn) 

viAt(vktiai[ p\Ry[n&>> aXin vg[r[ srL an[ shj bibti[ hiAy p[\r[ C[.hiD) #iN p\kirni pi#i[i aiv[ C[ : p\Ym kYini niyk-ni(yki, b)ji a[mni s>pk 

aivti an[ a[mn) bibti[mi> dKlg)r) krti mh_vni> pi#ii[ an[ #i)ji piV aivti 

g\imjni[ j[ai[ gi]N hi[vi Cti> GN) vKt nvlkYini smg\ miLKimi> mh_vn) kimg)r) 

bjiv[ C[.t[ai[ nvlkYimi> bnt) GTniai[n&> z)NvTBy& avli[kn kr[ C[ an[ nvlkYikir 

vt) a[ni (vP[ sci[T T)ki-(T¼pN) pN kr[ C[, j[n&> u_im udihrN D)gi[r) v[n C[.nvlkYimi> 

t[ lgBg jis*s j[v&> kiy< kr[ C[.t[ nvlkYimi> bnt) tmim GTniai[ an[ pi#ii[n) g(t(v(F 

upr njr riK[ C[.a[ni oiri Bivkn[ pN piV bnt) GN) GTniai[n) mi(ht) si>pD[ 

C[.aim, hiD) aivti gi]N g\imjni[ biH r)t[ gmir an[ ab&F lig[ C[, 

kirN k[ t[ai[n) min(sktin&> aipN) smx pZ¸YkrN krvimi> aivt&> nY).pr>t& hk)ktmi> t[ai[ 

smijmi> aipN) aispis frti> b&(¹FSiL) an[ ligN)S)l Äy(ktai[ j C[.ai a[ li[ki[ j 

C[ j[ai[ g\iÀysmijn) pr>pri an[ s>AkZ(tn[ Jv>t riKvimi> aigv) B*(mki adi kr[ C[. 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> g\imjni[ : 

si]riOT^ni Fi[riJ gim[ jºm[li> c&n)lil m(Dyi si]riOT^ni g\iÀysmijni (v(vF 

Atrni minv)ai[ni giQ s>pk aiÄyi hi[viY)> t[ai[ a[ p\d[Sni li[ki[n) (v(vF 

lix(Nktia[iY) s&p[r[ p(r(ct hti>. a[mn&> g\iÀysmijn&> s&Èm (nr)xN an[ (n$pN a[mn) 

kZ(tai[mi> uD)n[ ai>K[ vLg[ C[. 

gimDi>ni vitivrNmi> pi#ii[ an[ a[mn) g(t(v(F gimDi>n[ Fbkt&> riK[ C[.a[mn) 

r)tBit, bi[l), tLpdi s>Akiri[viL) C[.a[mni hlncln an[ viN)-vtgiy[li C[.t[ai[ m*LkYini p\vihmi> p*rk p(rbL si(bt Yiy C[. m(Dyini 

315

smijni[ n)cli[ vgai[, mj*ri[ni (n$pNmi> a[mn) a[ vg< p\Ry[n) 

shin&B*(t an[ an&k>pi p\gT Yiy C[.ai s>dB Diƒ. amZt ri(N>gi lK[ C[ : 

“'pivk jviLi"mi> t[mj p\At&t kYimi> m(Dyini[ dl)ti[-p)(Dti[ p\Ry[ni[ 

shin&B*(tByi[< a(Bgm p\gT Yiy C[.(nkisn[ kirN[ anijni[ kZ(#im d&kiL sjisi[ Kiy C[ a[ ail[Kn ai s>dB ni[>Fpi#i C[."" 

vF&mi> ri(N>gi jNiv[ C[ : 

''d(lti[,p)(Dti[ an[ Si[(Pti[ p\Ry[ m(Dyin&> shin&B*(tBy& vlN C[. Si[PNKi[r) sim[ 

m(Dyin) nirijg) j&d) j&d) nvlkYiai[mi> p\gT Yiy C[."" 88 

p>ciN BiBi[, (grji[, Bi>ki[, BcDi[ vid), F(nyi gi[viL, jD), vKt) Di[S), zmk& 

j[vi pi#i[i g\iÀyp(rv[Sn[ Jv>t an[ hyi[disrni g\imjni[n) 

lix(Nkti dSi ht) a[v) j m)qiS a(h>ni miNsi[mi> ht). Frt)mi> 

rsks hti[ t[Y) a[ni Ci[r&>ai[ni> mn pN miyi mmtiY) hyi>.alb_i, kv(ct kyi>k 

kyi>k k*DkpT d[Kit&>.pN a[kd>r[ a(h>ni[ minv sm&diy sdicir), pipB)r&> an[ Fm (vv[cki[n[ m(Dyini upri[kt g\imjni[ a>g[ni (nv[dn an[ a[mN[ g\imjni[n&> j[ 

pi#iil[Kn ky& C[ a[n) vμc[ s&s>gttini[ aBiv d[Kiy C[.t[a[i min[ C[ k[ g&>disrni g\imjni[ 

j[vi p\p>c), prp)DnvZ(_iviLi, ePiy j[ivi n mL[.pr>t& aipN[ 

a(h> ni[Fv&> ji[ea[ k[ upri[kt tmim vZ(_iai[ g\iÀysmijmi> j[ apvid$p pi#ii[ C[ a[mi> 

ji[vi mL[ C[.a[ upri>t ai apvid$p pi#ii[ pN jyir[ gimDi>n) 'mass mentality"ni 

Big$p[ aiv[ C[ Ryir[ am&k nkiriRmk vZ(_iai[ni (Skir Yiy C[. a[Tl[ k[ s>t&n) a(³npr)xi 

316

vKt[ B[gi> Yy[li m*k g\imjni[mi> 'h&>" an[ 'tm[" pN hi[e Sk)a[ an[ ti[ b)J bij& 

Äy(ktgt Fi[rN[ s>t& miT[ aipN[ shin&B*(t an&Bv)a[.a(h> aipN[ B*lv&> n ji[ea[ k[ 

gimni y&vini[ ji[D[ j*Ymi> mi>DN s>t&n) qÎi-mÆkr) kr[ C[. pr>t& Äy(ktgt Fi[rN[ a[ j mi>DN 

g\imjni[n[ mdd$p Yvi h>m[Si tRpr rh[ C[. a[ Sid*L j C[ j[ jD)n[ m&>beni 

v[Æyibjirmi>Y) u>ck)n[ g&>disr piCi[ le aiv[ C[. jyir[ rGi[ a[k vKt a[k j*Yni Big 

tr)k[ Sid*L an[ mi>DNn[ s>t&n[ pjvvi miT[ p\i[Rsihn p*$> piD[ C[, pr>t& a[ j rGi[ s>t& upr 

aifti[ni[ phiD t*T) pD[ C[ Ryir[ Äy(ktgt Fi[rN[ a[n) vhir[ Yiy C[. a[Tl&> j n(h a[m 

krti pi[tini p\iNn&> b(ldin aip[ C[.aim, GN) j³yia[ g\imjni[ prApr shkir an[ s>pY) 

vtyD)"mi> g\imjni[n) B*(mki (vP[ ri(N>gi lK[ C[ : 

''aXin an[ p>ci(tyi a[vi> gimDi>ni jnsm*hn) vZ(_i nmt[ CibD[ b[svin) C[.j&d[ 

j&d[ p\s>g[ g\)k niTkni 'ki[rs" j[v) li[kcci< yi[Jn[ l[Kk[ gimDi>ni li[k sm&diyni> vZ(_ivlNi[n&> 

sci[T (c#iN ky& C[."" 90 

t[a[i nvlkYimi> bnt) GTniai[ upr T)ki-(T¼pN) kr[ C[. a[k Gr[Y) b)j[ Gr[ 

gimmi> bnt) GTni-d&Gd[Siai[n) aip-l[ kr[ C[.jºm-mZRy& j[vi> s&K-d&:Kni p\s>g[ 

B[gi> Yiy C[, th[vir[i ujv[ C[, ti[ kyir[k hiAy pN (nOpºn kr[ C[.j[m k[ ajviL) kik)n) 

mi>DN siY[ (sn[miGr an[ m&>ben) m&likit. Sh[r) p(rv[Sn) piV a[n) p\id[(Skti 

Bivkni (c_imi> hiAy p[\r[ C[.an[ a[ hiAyn[ l)F[ j gimDi>n) hdmi> KTpT) an[ p\p>c) 

ligti g\imjni[ gimDi>n) bhirn) d&(nyimi> td`n shj, minv)y an[ Bli>-Bi[Li> lig[ C[. 

317

pidT)p : 

1. rivl, p\(dp :'m[GiN)-m(Dyin) nvlkYimi> smijJvn": p\v)N p&Atk B>Dir, rijki[T, 

p\Ym aivZ(_i. pZ.132 

2. Hardy, Thomas : 'Tess of D'Urbervilles' : Penguin Books , 1988 p.75 

3. Hardy, Thomas : 'Far From The Madding Crowd' : Oxford University 

Press, Delhi , 1984 p.41 

4. hiD)sib[n s) pT[l : 'F v&Dl[ºDs(dr, amdivid, dsm) aivZ(_i , 

2002. pZ. 21 

8. m(Dyi, c&n)lil :'e>FN ai[Ci> pDyi>": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, b)J aivZ(_i, 

1991. pZ. 98 

9. a[jn. 115-116 

10.a[jn. 101 

11.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'v[Li> v[Li>n) Ci>yD)" : nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, birm) 

aivZ(_i , 2008. pZ.12 

12.Kishor, Usha Walters : ed.Rama Kundu : 'Thomas Hardy : A Critical 

Spectrum' ; Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi , 2002. p.24 

13.Hardy, Thomas : 'The Mayor of Casterbridge' : Rohan Book Company, 

Delhi, 2003 p.312 

318

14.Hardy, Thomas : 'Tess of D'Urbervilles': p.119 

15.Ibid., p.293 

16.Ibid., p.302 

17.Ibid., p.39 

18.Kishor, Usha Walters : ed.Rama Kundu : 'Thomas Hardy : A Critical 

Spectrum' : p.33. 

19.Hardy, Thomas :'Jude The Obscure' : Oxford University Press, 1985 p.86 

20. Ibid., p. 345 

21.Hardy, Thomas :'The Return of The Native': Wordsworth Edtions 

Limited , Heartfordshire, 2000 p.168-169 

22. Ibid., p. 170 

23. Jan, K.M.-Firdaus, Shabnam :'A Guide to Enlish Literature' : Atlantic 

Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi , 2003 p.31 

24.Maheshwari, Vinod Kumar :ed.Rama Kundu :'Thomas Hardy : A Critical 

Spectrum' : p.40 

25.Cecil, David :'Hardy The Novelist' : Constable & Company Ltd.,London, 

1969 p. 26-27 

26. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'v[Li> v[Li>n) Ci>yD)": pZ. 30 

27. a[jn. 32 

28. a[jn. 35 

29. a[jn. 68 

30. a[jn. 69 

319

31.a[jn. 413 

32.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-2" : nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, #i)J 

aivZ(_i, 2007. pZ.19 

33.a[jn. 104 

34.a[jn. 144 

35.a[jn. 145 

36.a[jn. 188 

37.a[jn. 54 

38.m(Dyi, c&n)lil: 'S[viLni> Stdl": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, 1991.pZ.125 

39.a[jn. 132 

40.a[jn. 292 

41.rivl, p\(dp : 'm[GiN)-m(Dyin) nvlkYimi> smijJvn": pZ. 128 

42.vDgimi, n)(tn : 'c&n)lil m(Dyi": si(hRy akiD[m), nv) (dÃl), 1999. pZ.14 

43.Hardy, Thomas : 'Tess of D'Urbervilles': p.302 

44.Hardy, Thomas : 'Jude The Obscure' : p.27 

45.Dak, T. M. :ed.T.M.Dak :'Social Transfomation in India': Ajanta 

Publications, Delhi, 1990 . p. 7 

46.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : ' l)l&D) Frt) Big-1": pZ.55-56 

47.a[jn. 149 

48.a[jn. 160 

49.m(Dyi, c&n)lil: 'S[viLni> Stdl": pZ. 302 

50.a[jn. 307 

320

51.m(Dyi, c&n)lil :'Äyijni[ virs": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, a(gyirm) 

aivZ(_i, 2002. pZ. 108 

52.Hardy, Thomas : 'Jude The Obscure' : p.12 

53. Ibid., p.256 

54. Ibid., p.275 

55. Ibid., p.308 

56. Jan, K.M.-Firdaus, Shabnam : 'A Guide to Enlish Literature' : p.16 

57.Hardy, Thomas : 'Tess of D'Urbervilles' : p. 125 

58.Eagleton, Terry : 'The English Novel : An Introduction’: Blackwell 

Publishing , U.S.A. 2004. p.196 

59.Hardy, Thomas : 'Far From The Madding Crowd' : p.320 

60.Ibid., p. 446 

61.Hardy, Thomas : 'The Return of The Native' : p. 167 

62.Ibid., p. 271 

63.Hardy, Thomas : 'The Mayor of Casterbridge' : p. 74-75 . 

64.Ibid., p. 309 

65.Dusseau, John L. : ed. Robert Hudson, Edwin Arnold : ' Thomas Hardy : 

A Critical Study': Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi , 2005. p. 

171 

66.Eagleton, Terry : 'The English Novel : An Introduction’: p. 212 

67. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-2": pZ. 84 

68. m(Dyi, c&n)lil: 'S[viLni> Stdl": pZ. 172-173 

321

69.a[jn. 204 

70.a[jn. 205 

71.jin), bLv>t : 'c&n)lil m(Dyi: 'g*jYrRn kiyi v[Li>n) Ci>yD)": pZ.405 

81.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'kYili[k": p\-nvlkYin) S(kt 

82.Chakrabarti, Santosh : ed.Rama Kundu :'Thomas Hardy : A Critical 

Spectrum': p.134 

83.Rai, Ganpat :‘Thomas Hardy’s Realism and Pessimism’: Shipra 

Publiction, 1996. p. 45-46 

322

84.pT[l, Digi, Diƒ.amZt : 'nvlkYikir m(Dyi": p\(vN p&Atk B>Dir, rijki[T, p|\Ym aivZ(_i : 

1990, pZ. 21,28 

89.m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-1": pZ.2 

90.ri(N>gi, Diƒ.amZt : 'nvlkYikir m(Dyi": pZ. 37 

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323

'Yi[ms hiD)< an[ c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> g\iĀyp(rv[S : a[k ...

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