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<strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong><br />

Tbilisi<br />

2006

<strong>American</strong> <strong>Academy</strong> Studies in Global Security<br />

Carl Kaysen, John Steinbruner, <strong>and</strong> Martin B. Malin, editors<br />

Robert Legvold, ed. Thinking Strategically: The Major Powers, Kazakhstan, <strong>and</strong> the<br />

Central Asian Nexus<br />

Robert Legvold <strong>and</strong> Celeste A. Wall<strong>and</strong>er, eds., Swords <strong>and</strong> Sustenance: The<br />

Economics <strong>of</strong> Security in Belarus <strong>and</strong> Ukraine<br />

Steven E. Miller <strong>and</strong> Dmitri V. Trenin, eds., The Russian Military: Power <strong>and</strong> Policy<br />

Bruno Coppieters <strong>and</strong> Robert Legvold, eds., Statehood <strong>and</strong> Security: Georgia after the<br />

Rose Revolution<br />

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ Àìåðèêàíñêîé àêàäåìèè ïî ïðîáëåìàì ãëîáàëüíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè<br />

Ðåäàêòîðû Êàðë Êåéçåí, Äæîí Ñòåéíáðþíåð è Ìàðòèí Á. Ìåéëèí<br />

Ñòðàòåãè÷åñêèå ïåðñïåêòèâû: âåäóùèå äåðæàâû, Êàçàõñòàí è öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèé óçåë<br />

Ïîä ðåäàêöèåé Ðîáåðòà Ëåãâîëäà<br />

Ìå÷è è îðàëà: ýêîíîìèêà íàöèîíàëüíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè Áåëàðóñè è Óêðàèíû<br />

Ïîä ðåäàêöèåé Ðîáåðòà Ëåãâîëäà è Ñåëåñòû À. Óîëëàíäåð<br />

Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòü è áåçîïàñíîñòü: Ãðóçèÿ ïîñëå “ðåâîëþöèè ðîç”<br />

Ïîä ðåäàêöèåé Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñà è Ðîáåðòà Ëåãâîëäà<br />

globaluri usafrTxoebis problemebis amerikuli akademiis<br />

gamokvlevebis wignebis seria gamoica humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> zusti<br />

mecnierebebis amerikuli akademiis mier <strong>da</strong> gamouSva masaCusetsis<br />

teqnologiurma institutma. wignis rusuli Targmani SegiZliaT naxoT<br />

humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademiis veb<br />

gverdze: http://www.amacad.org/publications/books.aspx . wignis qarTuli<br />

Targmani gamoica mSvidobis, demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis kavkasiuri<br />

institutis mier.<br />

humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademiis misamarTi:<br />

136 Irving Street<br />

Cambridge, MA 02138-1996<br />

tel.: (617) 576-5000<br />

faqsi: (617) 576 5050<br />

eleqtronuli fosta: ciss@amacad.org<br />

veb gverdi: www.amacad.org

<strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>:<br />

saqarTvelo “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg<br />

bruno kopitersis <strong>da</strong> robert legvoldis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT<br />

humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademia<br />

kembriji, masaCusetsi<br />

mSvidobis, demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti<br />

Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad gamoica MIT Press-is mier Semdegi saTauriT: “Statehood<br />

<strong>and</strong> Security: Georgia after the Rose Revolution” (“<strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

uSiSroeba: saqarTvelo vardebis revoluciis Semdeg”).<br />

© humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademia, 2005<br />

kembriji, masaCusetsis Stati<br />

© humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademia, 2006<br />

kembriji, masaCusetsis Stati<br />

yvela ufleba <strong>da</strong>culia. ra formiTac un<strong>da</strong> iyos eleqtronuli Tu<br />

meqanikuri saSualebebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, fotoaslebis <strong>da</strong>mzadebiT,<br />

CaweriTa Tu informaciis moZiebisa <strong>da</strong> Senaxvis CaTvliT _<br />

gamomcemlis werilobiTi Tanxmobis gareSe. mocemuli wignis romelime<br />

nawilis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba.<br />

am wignSi gamoTqmuli azrebi ekuTvniT statiebis avtorebs <strong>da</strong><br />

aucileblad ar asaxaven humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> zusti mecnierebebis<br />

amerikuli akademiis Tanamdebobis pirebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnier muSakebis<br />

poziciebs.<br />

ISBN 99928-37-05-5

sarCevi<br />

winasityvaoba ...................................................................................................... vi<br />

Sesavali<br />

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

robert legvoldi ................................................................................................... 1<br />

Tavi 1<br />

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

gia nodia ................................................................................................................... 53<br />

Tavi 2<br />

1989-1993 wlebi. siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri ............................................................................................... 110<br />

Tavi 3<br />

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili ............................................................................................... 155<br />

Tavi 4<br />

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani .................................................................................................... 203<br />

Tavi 5<br />

gayinuli gaurkvevloba:<br />

ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

oqsana antonenko ................................................................................................. 270<br />

Tavi 6<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia ............................................................................... 356<br />

Tavi 7<br />

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

Tomas de vaali ...................................................................................................... 403<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvna<br />

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia”<br />

bruno kopitersi .................................................................................................. 445<br />

avtorTa Sesaxeb .............................................................................................. 509<br />

saZiebeli ............................................................................................................. 514

vi<br />

winasityvaoba<br />

am monografiaSi gaanalizebulia usafrTxoebis problema,<br />

romlis winaSec dgas saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis regioni. agreTve<br />

aRwerilia saqarTvelos susti saxelmwifo, romelic moucavs<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> konfliqtebs, xolo regionebSi aRzevebul Zaladobas<br />

veRar akavebs qveynis sazRvrebi. avtorTa azriT, saqarTvelos<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare problemebi qmnis iseT dilemas usafrTxoebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, romelic gamoiares yvelaze ufro saxifaTo<br />

mdgomareobaSi my<strong>of</strong>ma qveynebma. wignSi mocemulia msjeloba<br />

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeuZliaT gaakeTon, an ra un<strong>da</strong> gaakeTon<br />

saqarTvelom, ruseTma, garemomcvelma regionebma <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

qveynebma imisaTvis, rom <strong>da</strong>culi iyos saqarTvelos<br />

axalaRmocenebuli demokratia <strong>da</strong> gaZlierdes saerTaSoriso<br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>.<br />

wigni warmoadgens y<strong>of</strong>il sabWoTa kavSirSi usafrTxoebis<br />

problemebze gamoqveynebuli oTxtomeulis bolo tomis<br />

Targmans. TiToeuli am tomTagani exeba am problemis gamovlenas<br />

romelime erT regionSi. am seriis pirveli tomi eZRvnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

centralur azias: “strategiuli azrovneba: mTavari<br />

Zalebi, yazaxeTi <strong>da</strong> centraluri aziis kavSirebi” (“Thinking<br />

Strategically: The Major Powers, Kazakhstan, <strong>and</strong> the Central Asian Nexus”)<br />

gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> 2003 wels. 2004 wels mas mohyva Semdegi ori tomi,<br />

romelTagan erTi eZRvnebo<strong>da</strong> im ekonomikur faqtorebs,<br />

romlebic gansazRvravs erovnuli usafrTxoebis dRis wesrigs:<br />

“xmali <strong>da</strong> sakvebi: usafrTxoebis ekonomika belorusiasa <strong>da</strong><br />

ukrainaSi” (“Swords <strong>and</strong> Sustenance: The Economics <strong>of</strong> Security in Belarus<br />

<strong>and</strong> Ukraine”), xolo meore ruseTis samxedroebs: “ruseTis<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebi: Zala <strong>da</strong> politika” (“The Russian Military:<br />

Power <strong>and</strong> Policy”). seriis TiToeuli tomi gamoica inglisur enaze<br />

masaCusetsis teqnologiuri institutis gamomcemlobis mier<br />

<strong>da</strong> oTxive tomi iTargmna rusul enaze. am gamocemebis eleqtronuli<br />

versiebi gamoqveynebulia akademiis vebsaitze Semdeg<br />

misamarTze: http://www.amacad.org/projects/postsoviet.aspx.

winasityvaoba<br />

es seria gamoica amerikis mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis<br />

akademiasTan arsebuli saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis problemebis<br />

Seswavlis komitetis egidiT. am monografiis <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

sami winamorbedis gamocema ver moxerxdebo<strong>da</strong> proeqtis mTavari<br />

sponsoris, niu iorkis karnegis korporaciis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

gareSe. saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis sferoSi<br />

programis xelmZRvaneli diana arseniani warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

proeqtis gansakuTrebiT yuradRebian, gulisxmier <strong>da</strong> kvalificiur<br />

mrCevels. proeqtze muSaoba mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> amerikis<br />

mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis akademiis saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis<br />

sakiTxebis Seswavlis komitetSi. es, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Zalze<br />

mniSvnelovani garemoeba iyo, magram gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani<br />

iyo is didi <strong>da</strong>xmareba, romelic gagviwies komitetis<br />

TanamSromlebma. programis direqtori martin malini iseTive<br />

gulisxmierebiT <strong>da</strong> keTilganwyobiT xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> am tomis<br />

gamocemas, rogorc proeqtis sxva <strong>da</strong>narCen tomebs. martinis<br />

ori kolega, lei nolani <strong>da</strong> Semdeg, misi Semcvleli helen kuri<br />

koordinacias uwevdnen Cvens saqmianobas <strong>da</strong> iazrebdnen<br />

samuSaos yovel wvrilmans. agreTve, gvin<strong>da</strong> madliereba<br />

gamovxatoT akademiis aRmasrulebeli <strong>of</strong>icris lesli berlovicis<br />

mimarT proeqtisadmi didi interesisa <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>-<br />

WerisaTvis. proeqtis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>sasrulamde mxarSi<br />

gvedgnen komitetis TanaTavmjdomareebi karl keiseni <strong>da</strong> jon<br />

steinbruneri, romelTa erudiciam <strong>da</strong> Tanadgomam maT saxelebTan<br />

erTad bevri ram Semata proeqts.<br />

am wignis Targmna SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> kolumbiis universitetis<br />

harimanis institutis, briuselis Tavisufali universitetisa <strong>da</strong><br />

evraziis fondis grantis saSualebiT. Cven gansakuTrebiT<br />

madlierni varT evraziis fondis TanamSromlebis, juli giorgaZisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ana jobavas mimarT maT mier gaweuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebisaTvis.<br />

agreTve gvin<strong>da</strong> gamovxatoT madliereba nino <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>lauris, nana<br />

janaSias, lali gabunias, lela nanuaSvilis, efemia lorias <strong>da</strong><br />

naTia nemsaZis mimarT, romelTac Targmnes <strong>da</strong>savlel avtorTa<br />

monografiebis Tavebi, agreTve aleqs<strong>and</strong>re kuxianiZis mimarT,<br />

romelmac izruna qarTuli tomis gamocemaze.<br />

vii

winasityvaoba<br />

uaRresad madlierni varT Cveni avtorebis mimarT, romelTa<br />

mier gaweuli samuSaoc Seadgens am wignis safuZvels. maT ara<br />

mxolod gagviziares TavianTi codna <strong>da</strong> unari, aramed didi<br />

moTminebiT it<strong>and</strong>nen Cveni mxri<strong>da</strong>n wayenebul <strong>da</strong>usrulebel<br />

moTxovnebs. 2004 wlis TebervalSi avtorTan Sexvedras brugsSi<br />

maspinZlob<strong>da</strong> UNU-CRIS - gaerTianebuli erebis universitetis<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi regionuli integraciis Seswavlis programa <strong>da</strong> Cven<br />

madlierni varT misi direqtorebis, luk van langenhovis <strong>da</strong><br />

paskal vantores mimarT, romelTac SemogvTavazes aseTi<br />

sasiamovno garemo. bren<strong>da</strong> Saferma <strong>da</strong> oqsana antonenkom<br />

moamzades komentarebi am Sexvedraze warmodgenili Tavebis<br />

Sesaxeb, Semdeg ki proeqtis monawileni gaxdnen <strong>da</strong> TiToeul<br />

Cvengans di<strong>da</strong>d exmarebo<strong>da</strong> maTi intuicia <strong>da</strong> maxvili azrovneba.<br />

viaCeslav Cirikbam, jorj hiuitma <strong>da</strong> megali rodrigas garsiam<br />

waikiTxes <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebi moamzades ramdenime Tavis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong><br />

Cven madlierni varT maT mier gaweuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebisTvis.<br />

xelnaweri gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT waikiTxa orma<br />

anonimurma recenzentma <strong>da</strong> Cven yvelas, proeqtis TiToeul<br />

monawiles di<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>gvexmara maTi Tanmimdevruli <strong>da</strong> gonivruli<br />

rCevebi. agreTve gvin<strong>da</strong>, madloba vuTxraT ala raCkovas,<br />

romelmac didi rudunebiT Seamowma wignis sqolioebis siswore.<br />

<strong>da</strong> bolos, gvin<strong>da</strong> gamovxatoT gansakuTrebuli madliereba jon<br />

grenanis mimarT, romelmac udidesi ostatobiT Seasrula<br />

wignis re<strong>da</strong>qtirebis samuSao. misi Sesworebebi agreTve<br />

gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo iyo rusuli <strong>da</strong> qarTuli TargmanebisaTvis.<br />

viii<br />

bruno kopitersi<br />

robert legvoldi<br />

2006 wlis ianvari

uka 1. saqarTvelos administraciuli ruka<br />

Map courtesy <strong>of</strong> the International Crisis Group (www.crisisgroup.org).<br />

ix

uka 2 . saqarTveloSi gaeros samxedro <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa misiis ruka<br />

x<br />

Map courtesy <strong>of</strong> the United Nations.<br />

UNOMIG, no. 3837 Rev. 43E, January 2005, The United Nations Cartographic Section,<br />

http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/htmain.htm.

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

robert legvoldi<br />

Sesavali<br />

cnobilia, rom ruseTs problemuri mezoblebi hyavs.<br />

arsebobs imisi saSiSroeba, rom misi mosazRvre susti <strong>da</strong><br />

arastabiluri saxelmwifoebi ruseTis teritoriaze an sakuTar<br />

problemebs ga<strong>da</strong>itanen, an avRaneTSi, iranSi, eraysa <strong>da</strong> axlo<br />

aRmosavleTSi aRmocenebul safrTxes. sxva postsabWouri<br />

qveynebic aranakleb SemaSfoTebel garemocvaSi cxovroben,<br />

romlis did nawilzec ruseTi mdebareobs. postsabWoTa<br />

saxelmwifoebi<strong>da</strong>n arc erTs ara aqvs usafrTxo garemo.<br />

gamonakliss amJamad ukve evrokavSiris <strong>da</strong>cvis qveS my<strong>of</strong>i<br />

baltiispireTis sami respublika warmoadgens. magram safrTxe<br />

ara mxolod qveynis sazRvrebze, aramed xSirad TviT am<br />

qveynebis SigniTac aRmocendeba xolme. es qveynebi arastabiluria,<br />

maTi ekonomika vardnas ganicdis, maT aqvT sxva<br />

seriozuli problemebic, romlebic sabWoTa kavSiris nangrevebze<br />

maTi saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas ukavSirdeba; bevr am<br />

qveyanaSi feTqebadi Si<strong>da</strong> konfliqtebi Rvivis, xolo oTx<br />

qveyanaSi meamboxe regionebi Tavs am saxelmwifoebis nawilad<br />

ar cnoben.<br />

zemoxsenebuli mxolod ramdenime postsabWour qveyanas<br />

rom exebodes, es ase Zlier ar SeaSfoTeb<strong>da</strong> ms<strong>of</strong>lio sazogadoebriobas.<br />

magram y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nawilSi<br />

_ Sua aziaSi, kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> “axal Si<strong>da</strong> miwebze” (belorusi,<br />

moldova <strong>da</strong> ukraina) _ ganlagebuli am qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n arc erTi<br />

ar aris <strong>da</strong>zRveuli Si<strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebiT gamowveuli safrTxis,<br />

SesaZlo samoqalaqo konfliqtebisa <strong>da</strong> regionaluri Zala-<br />

1

obert legvoldi<br />

dobisagan. 1 amas gar<strong>da</strong>, erT-erTi qveregioni an yvela maTgani<br />

(ufro sworad, mTeli postsabWouri sivrce, rogorc aseTi)<br />

saerTaSoriso sistemis periferiaze rom iyos ganlagebuli, sxva<br />

qveynebi, maT Soris zesaxelmwifoebic, Tavs uflebas miscemdnen,<br />

yuradReba ar mieqciaT am problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris warumatebeli<br />

mcdelobebisaTvis. magram postsabWoTa sivrce<br />

warmoadgens Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemis ori yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani strategiuli regionis _ aRmosavleT aziisa <strong>da</strong><br />

evropis Si<strong>da</strong> nawils <strong>da</strong> musulmanuri samxreTi<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli<br />

saSiSroebis wyaros. <strong>da</strong> bolos, postsabWoTa sivrceSi ganlagebuli<br />

yvela es qveregioni, ase Tu ise, eqceva ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi<br />

arsebuli udidesi arastabilurobis ama Tu im zonebis gavlenis<br />

sferoSi.<br />

amrigad, saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis udidesi nawilisa <strong>da</strong><br />

misi wamyvani saxelmwifoebisaTvis problemas warmoadgens (es<br />

yovelTvis ase iyo) ara ruseTi, rogorc aseTi, aramed ruseTi<br />

Tavisi geografiuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. magram<br />

mTlianad arc amiT aixsneba qveynis am nawilSi arsebuli<br />

situacia. yoveli qveregioni SeiZleba areulobis wyaro gaxdes<br />

<strong>da</strong> safrTxe Seuqmnas momijnave regionebs an maT stabilurobas.<br />

yvela regionSi SeimCneva liberalizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli<br />

faruli Si<strong>da</strong> politikuri tendenciebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>savleTs<br />

imeds ukargavs, rom postsabWouri qveynebi Semdgomi demokratiuli<br />

talRis adgili gaxdeba. yvela es qveregioni iqca<br />

narkotikebis, iaraRisa <strong>da</strong> kontrab<strong>and</strong>uli saqonlis derefnad,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>mianebiT vaWrobasac aqvs adgili; SesaZloa, momavalSi<br />

am derefnebiT masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis <strong>da</strong>samzadebeli<br />

elementebis ga<strong>da</strong>tanac gaxdes SesaZlebeli.<br />

arc erT qveregionSi ar xdeba am safrTxeebis iseTi aSkara<br />

demonstrireba, rogorc kavkasiaSi; arc erTi qveyana ise ar aris<br />

1 belorusTan, ukrainasa <strong>da</strong> moldovasTan mimarTebiT termini “Si<strong>da</strong><br />

miwebi” mocemulia naSromSi: Robert Legvold <strong>and</strong> Celeste A. Wall<strong>and</strong>er, eds. Swords<br />

<strong>and</strong> Sustenance: The Economics <strong>of</strong> National Security in Belarus <strong>and</strong> Ukraine (Cambridge,<br />

MA: The MIT Press, 2004).<br />

2

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

Sewuxebuli am safrTxiT, rogorc saqarTvelo. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />

saqarTvelos am safrTxis gansazRvraSi gacilebiT mniSvnelovani<br />

roli akisria, vidre qveregionis sxva qveynebs. swored<br />

es aris am wignis <strong>da</strong>weris mizezi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos arsebobis mTeli istoriis<br />

manZilze qveynis mSvidoba <strong>da</strong> keTildReoba yovelTvis<br />

safrTxis winaSe idga. separatistebTan arsebuli konfliqtebi<br />

xSirad Zalis gamoyenebamdec midio<strong>da</strong>. afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

oseTis mudmivi problemebi pir<strong>da</strong>pir exeba erovnul <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s<br />

<strong>da</strong> saSiSroebas uqmnis saxelmwifos teritoriul<br />

mTlianobas. situacia imanac gaarTula, rom qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />

pirveli liderebi meryevi nabijebiT uZRodnen qveyanas<br />

sabWoTa warsuli<strong>da</strong>n ufro Tanamedrove politikuri <strong>da</strong><br />

ekonomikuri wyobisaken, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c qveyana Zalze susti <strong>da</strong><br />

moumzadebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis sferoSi mis win<br />

wamoWrili problemebis winaSe. saqarTvelos Si<strong>da</strong> problemebs<br />

mis sazRvrebze arsebuli arastabilurobac emateba: samxre-<br />

TiT, somxeTi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijani, faqtobrivad, saomar mdgomareobaSi<br />

imy<strong>of</strong>ebian erTmaneTTan mTiani yarabaRis ga<strong>da</strong>uWreli<br />

problemis gamo; CrdiloeTiT, CeCneTSi meamboxeTa<br />

mudmivi moqmedebebiT ruseTi, romelsac Tbilisi ise<strong>da</strong>c<br />

agresiulad <strong>da</strong> arakeTilganwyobilad miiCnevs, sul ufro<br />

gaRizianebuli <strong>da</strong> zedmetad TviT<strong>da</strong>jerebuli xdeba.<br />

yvela es faqtori uaRresad rTul <strong>da</strong> Znelad ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvet<br />

problemebs uqmnis saqarTvelos axal mTavrobas usafrTxoebis<br />

uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad. erT weliwadze meti gavi<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg, rac<br />

aSkarad gayalbebuli arCevnebis Semdeg politikuri opozicia<br />

quCaSi gamovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> eduard SevardnaZis mTavroba xelisuflebas<br />

CamoaSora. 2003 wlis noembris “vardebis revoluciisa” <strong>da</strong> mas<br />

Semdeg Catarebuli saprezidento <strong>da</strong> saparlamento arCevnebis<br />

Sedegad xelisuflebaSi axali liderebi movidnen, romlebmac<br />

marTvis warsul gamocdilebaze uari Tqves <strong>da</strong> sruliad axali<br />

gezi aiRes. qveynis axali prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

mTavari partniorebi, y<strong>of</strong>ili premier-ministri zurab Jvania<br />

<strong>da</strong> parlamentis Tavmjdomare nino burjanaZe umalve Seudgnen<br />

3

obert legvoldi<br />

saxelmwifos gajansaRebas, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />

gaZlierebas, mTavrobaSi arsebul korufciasTan brZolas,<br />

kriminaluri qselebis saqmianobis aRkveTas, urC provinciaSi<br />

_ aWaraSi – centraluri mmarTvelobis aRdgenas, xalxis<br />

ndobiT aRWurvili Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis akrefas, rac ase sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos.<br />

magram axali mTavroba am amocanebis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad iseT<br />

meTodebs iyeneb<strong>da</strong>, romlebsac am wignis erT-erTi avtori<br />

“gaxangrZlivebul revoluciur sindroms” uwodebs; mTavrobis<br />

mier gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> iseTi taqtika, romelmac “vardebis<br />

revoluciis” wlisTavze samoqalaqo sazogadoebis liderebi,<br />

romelTa umravlesobac Tavi<strong>da</strong>n mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> axal xelisuflebas,<br />

<strong>da</strong>afiqra imaze, Tu ramdenad iqnebo<strong>da</strong> misaRebi axali<br />

mTavrobisaTvis Ria <strong>da</strong> pluralistuli sazogadoeba. 2 metic,<br />

afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis sakiTxebSi progresis misaRwevad,<br />

2004 wlis gazafxulsa <strong>da</strong> zafxulSi axali liderebi<br />

mTeli rigi naCqarevi iniciativebiT gamovidnen: am iniciativebma<br />

gamoiwvia konfliqtebis xelaxali gaRviveba, ruseTTan<br />

urTierTobebis gauareseba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis zoga<strong>da</strong>d keTilganwyobili<br />

saxelmwifoebis wyroma. “vardebis revolucii<strong>da</strong>n”<br />

erTi wlis Semdeg erTi sakiTxi kvlav Riad rCebo<strong>da</strong>: ra<br />

imedismomcemic ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos axali mTavrobis ganzraxva <strong>da</strong><br />

pirveli nabijebi, mainc rCeba upasuxo kiTxvebi: Seswevs Tu ara<br />

mTavrobas Zala, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos saxelmwifos winaSe mdgari<br />

urTulesi problemebi? SeZlebs Tu ara igi saxelmwifosaTvis<br />

esoden mniSvnelovani usafrTxoebis mopovebas?<br />

rogorc Cans, gare Zalebi saRad ver afaseben TavianT rols<br />

saqarTvelos ganviTarebaSi (es ruseTs exeba) an ar SeuZliaT,<br />

es roli ufro mniSvnelovani gaxadon (aq igulisxmeba evropelebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> amerikelebi). qarTuli mxarisaTvis ki misi sisuste<br />

konceptualuria: gaurkvevelia, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> iyos ganxi-<br />

2 es mosazreba ekuTvnis gia nodias <strong>da</strong> mocemulia jaba dev<strong>da</strong>rianis<br />

statiaSi: “Georgia’s Rose Revolution Grapples with Dilemma: Do Ends Justify Means?”<br />

Eurasia Insight, 26 October, 2004 w.)<br />

4

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

luli saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problema sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

aspeqtSi ise, rom gaTvaliswinebuli iyos misi rTuli urTierTkavSirebi.<br />

saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaze<br />

sakmaod cota azria gamoTqmuli, yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

<strong>of</strong>icialur wreebSi, Tumca saubari y<strong>of</strong>ila iseT sakiTxebze,<br />

rogorebicaa: <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Sinagani ganc<strong>da</strong>, eTnikur nia<strong>da</strong>gze<br />

aRmocenebuli regionaluri konfliqtebiT gamowveuli safrTxe,<br />

wina mTavrobebis uunaroba qveynis problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad,<br />

muqara ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n (yvela es faqtori sakmaod<br />

realuria). 2000 wlis bolos eduard SevardnaZis mTavrobam<br />

moamza<strong>da</strong> <strong>of</strong>icialuri dokumenti saTauriT “saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong><br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lio: samomavlo xedva <strong>da</strong> strategia”, rac warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos<br />

Sexedulebis Camoyalibebis mcdelobas. magram rTuli<br />

konceptualuri sakiTxebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis magivrad dokumentis<br />

avtorebi zogadi sabaziso principebisa <strong>da</strong> samomavlo survilebis<br />

formulirebiT Semoifarglnen, gansakuTrebiT evropasa <strong>da</strong><br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan saqarTvelos urTierTobis<br />

sferoSi. <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili mis mier <strong>da</strong>weril nawilSi aRniSnavs,<br />

rom mixeil saakaSvilis mTavrobam samxedro reformas axali<br />

impulsi Semata <strong>da</strong> 2005 wlis gazafxulisaTvis igi mzad iyo,<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia parlamentisTvisac gaecno<br />

<strong>da</strong> farTo sajaro ganxilvazec gamoetana. momavali gviCvenebs,<br />

SeZles Tu ara avtorebma qveynis winaSe arsebul safrTxeTa<br />

sirTulis aRqma <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>saZlevad realisturi, sistemuri <strong>da</strong><br />

konkretuli gzebis <strong>da</strong>saxva.<br />

winamdebare naSromis Seqmnis meore mizezi saqarTvelos<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoebis problematikis ganxilvis survilia.<br />

avtorebi ecadnen, ufro naTlad ganesazRvraT saqarTvelos<br />

winaSe mdgari safrTxis mTavari faqtorebi <strong>da</strong> maTi rTuli<br />

urTierTqmedeba. saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problemas<br />

xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc mravalSrian sakiTxs, romelSic<br />

Sedis separatizmis saSiSroeba, saxelmwifo institutebis<br />

ngreva <strong>da</strong> ruseTis intrigebi. bevri aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, magram xmamaRla<br />

ar ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom arsebob<strong>da</strong> kavSiri saqarTvelos Si<strong>da</strong> sisustesa<br />

5

obert legvoldi<br />

<strong>da</strong> regionis arastabilurobas Sorisac. magram Tu mxolod<br />

usafrTxoebis problemis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva aspeqtebis CamoTvliT<br />

SemovifarglebiT, ar ganvixilavT maTi urTierTgavlenis<br />

faqtorebs <strong>da</strong> ar SeviswavliT uSualo urTierTkavSirs arastabilurobis<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare faqtorebs Soris, maSin rTuli iqneba<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoebis iseTi koncefciis SemuSaveba, romelic<br />

saSualebas mogvcems, srulad SevafasoT problemis sirTule.<br />

meore, <strong>da</strong> ufro mTavari, isaa, rom rodesac saubari Camovardeba<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>liosaTvis saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> misi usafrTxoebis problemebis<br />

mniSvnelobis Sefasebaze, vaSingtonis, briuselisa <strong>da</strong>,<br />

albaT, moskovis politikosebi ver ganixilaven saqarTvelos<br />

problemebs ufro farTo regionalur konteqstSi. amis gamo<br />

isini jerovnad ver afaseben TavianT rols <strong>da</strong> arasworad esmiT<br />

sakuTari interesebi saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari problemebis<br />

saboloo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi. is faqti, rom isini yuradRebiT<br />

akvirdebian saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul movlenebs, radganac<br />

am regionSi TavianTi interesebi gaaCniaT, ar niSnavs imis gagebas,<br />

Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben regionSi moqmedi Zalebi. aseve<br />

maTi gulwrfeli, magram zogadi survilebi, rom saakaSvilis<br />

axalma mTavrobam demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> evropasTan <strong>da</strong>axloebis<br />

kursiT iaros, ar aris imis garantia, rom isini gaatareben im<br />

CaxlarTuli Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare realobis Sesabamis politikas,<br />

romelSic saqarTvelo imy<strong>of</strong>eba.<br />

ase rom, winamdebare naSromSi sami amocana <strong>da</strong>vsaxeT: pirveli,<br />

gvsur<strong>da</strong>, gveCvenebina saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

Sirebuli problemebi, romlebic warmoiSveba mravali Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

gare faqtoriT <strong>da</strong> gangvexila maTi urTierTga<strong>da</strong>kveTis gzebi <strong>da</strong><br />

urTierTzegavlena. meore, gvindo<strong>da</strong> agvexsna, Tu ratom un<strong>da</strong><br />

iyos am qveynis winaSe arsebuli problemebi mniSvnelovani ara<br />

marto saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> misi uSualo mezoblebisaTvis; ratom<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRiqvan seriozulad es problemebi <strong>da</strong>savleTis wamyvanma<br />

qveynebma <strong>da</strong> maTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulma <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebma; ratom<br />

aris saWiro am problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad ufro meti ram, vidre<br />

materialuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba, romelic axl<strong>and</strong>eli urTierTobebis<br />

birTvs warmoadgens. mesame, gvindo<strong>da</strong>, gagvego, Tu ra un<strong>da</strong><br />

6

gaakeTon am problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad qarTvelebma, maTma<br />

uSualo mezoblebma <strong>da</strong>, saboloo jamSi, mTelma <strong>da</strong>savlurma<br />

samyarom. mokled rom vTqvaT, gvsur<strong>da</strong>, gagverkvia, Tu rogor<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gamoasworon arsebuli situacia qarTvelebma, rusebma,<br />

evropelebma <strong>da</strong> amerikelebma – amis Sedegad gaZlierdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

TiToeuli zemoCamoTvlili qveynis erovnuli <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>,<br />

rac, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvely<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>sac; <strong>da</strong><br />

bolos, ra realuri politikuri nabijebis ga<strong>da</strong>dgma SeiZleba am<br />

mimarTulebiT.<br />

problemis arsi<br />

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> yvela postsabWoTa saxelmwifosaTvis, gamonakliss,<br />

albaT, baltiispireTis qveynebi warmoadgens, <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong><br />

sakuTari saxli<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba _ es qveynebi seriozulad wuxan<br />

imis gamo, rom, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi Zalisxmevisa, sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

<strong>da</strong>cemis Semdeg Zveli Tu axali Rirebulebebi politikurekonomikur<br />

sistemebad Camoayalibon, Sedegebi gaurkveveli <strong>da</strong><br />

bundovania. saqarTvelos liderebs didi imedi aqvT TavianTi<br />

qveynis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis, magram sanam isini urTules amocanebs<br />

ganaxorcieleben, qveyana SeiZleba mTlianobis <strong>da</strong>kargvis<br />

safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndes. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, maTTvis<br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> ufro realuri amocanis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetiT iwyeba – es<br />

aris qveynis teritoriuli usafrTxoebis SenarCuneba an,<br />

Tun<strong>da</strong>c, centraluri xelisuflebis aRdgena im farTo teritoriebze,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c amJamad es xelisufleba ar vrceldeba.<br />

magram zemonaxsenebi miznis Sesruleba mxolod pirveli<br />

etapia saqarTveloSi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad.<br />

qarTvelebs, visac kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli am problemis<br />

seriozuloba, awuxebT ara mxolod separatizmis saSiSroeba,<br />

aramed isic, Tu ramdenad ey<strong>of</strong>a qarTul saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />

sazogadoebas am saSiSroebasTan gamklavebis neba <strong>da</strong> unari. maT<br />

aRelvebT, rom institutebi, maT Soris, iseTebic, romlebic<br />

specialurad usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad Seiqmna,<br />

7

obert legvoldi<br />

naTesavebis, klanebisa <strong>da</strong> “gansakuTrebuli interesebis mqone<br />

jgufebis” zegavlenis qveS imy<strong>of</strong>eba <strong>da</strong> imdenad susti <strong>da</strong><br />

korumpirebulia, rom ver SeZleben qveynisa <strong>da</strong> misi moqalaqeebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvas. qarTvelebi ukve im azrsac uSveben, rom<br />

problemis mizezi, SesaZloa, TviTonve iyvnen: is, rasac<br />

qarTvelebis erovnuli TviTSegneba hqvia, ufro farTo<br />

sazogadoebriobis rRvevis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos. aqe<strong>da</strong>n naTeli<br />

xdeba, Tu ratom iyo “vardebis revolucia” aseTi mniSvnelovani<br />

– igi iyo qarTvelebis imedi, rom qveyana Tavs <strong>da</strong>aRwevs am<br />

marwuxebs <strong>da</strong> SeaCerebs vardnas.<br />

raoden seriozulic ar un<strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>iliyo saqarTvelos<br />

arastabilurobis Si<strong>da</strong> mizezebi, xelsayreli garemocvis<br />

SemTxvevaSi problema gacilebiT martivi (Tumca ara ioli)<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. magram saqarTvelos mezoblebi mas mxolod problemebs<br />

uqmnian. qveyanas aSkarad Tu farulad emuqreba gare<strong>da</strong>n<br />

momavali safrTxe. saqarTvelos SigniT arsebuli araregionaluri<br />

konfliqtebi qveynis y<strong>of</strong>as arTulebs, xolo<br />

regionaluri _ mezoblebTan urTierTobas gansazRvravs.<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi dialogisa <strong>da</strong>, metic, saqmiani <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri<br />

urTierTobebis ararsebobis gamo saqarTvelos ara aqvs misi<br />

mezoblebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, ara aqvs saSualeba,<br />

koncentrireba moaxdinos sakuTar problemebze. es iwvevs<br />

konfliqtebis erTi teritorii<strong>da</strong>n meoreze gavrcelebis<br />

saSiSroebas, mezoblebs Soris ki, romelTac uwevT <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul<br />

mxareTa Soris arCevanis gakeTeba _ <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas.<br />

kerZod, CeCneTSi arsebuli Zaladobis gamo ruseTi ufro<br />

agresiulia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>undobeli sxva mezoblebis mimarTac. Tumca<br />

CeCneTSi rom mSvidoba y<strong>of</strong>iliyo <strong>da</strong> arc CrdiloeT kavkasiis<br />

<strong>da</strong>narCeni nawili<strong>da</strong>n wamosuliyo safrTxe, saqarTvelo ruseTis<br />

xels mainc igrZnob<strong>da</strong>, radgan moskovi Zalian nela <strong>da</strong> mtkivneulad<br />

egueba Tavisi kontrolis <strong>da</strong>kargvas regionze, romelic<br />

ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi mis strategiul plac<strong>da</strong>rms warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

zemoaRwerili faqtorebi saqarTvelos arastabiluri<br />

mdgomareobis uSualo <strong>da</strong> aSkara mizezebia. problemas ufro<br />

8

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

kargad rom <strong>da</strong>vakvirdeT, vnaxavT, rom istoriulma <strong>da</strong> geografiulma<br />

garemoebebma Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve gansazRvra is <strong>da</strong>brkolebebi,<br />

romelic saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis sferoSi eqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saqarTvelo Savi zRvis auzis regionSi mdebareobs; am regionis<br />

qveynebis bedi saukuneebis manZilze, jer kidev berZnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

skviTebis droi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli, imperiaTa aRmocenebasa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>cemaze iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, iqnebo<strong>da</strong> es romis, bizantiis,<br />

sparseTisa Tu TurqeTis imperiebi. xSirad ki regionis beds am<br />

imperiebis urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebac gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>, magaliTad:<br />

sparseT-TurqeTis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi, ruseT-<br />

TurqeTisa _ XIX saukuneSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi momcro<br />

saxelmwifoebs an didi imperiebi STanTqavdnen, an, rac<br />

kavkasiis SemTxvevaSi mox<strong>da</strong>, isini buferul zonebad gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnebodnen<br />

(romsa <strong>da</strong> parTias, bizantiasa <strong>da</strong> arabeTs,<br />

sparseTsa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis imperias Soris). 3 saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

saxelmwifo mxolod erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />

gaxl<strong>da</strong>T – bagratovanTa dinastiis “oqros xanaSi”, romelic<br />

1122 wels Tbilisis seljukebisagan gaTavisuflebiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong><br />

1220 wels saqarTveloSi monRolebis SeWriT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. bolo<br />

ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi qveyana ruseTis, Semdeg ki sabWoTa<br />

imperiis SemadgenlobaSi imy<strong>of</strong>ebo<strong>da</strong>. Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi Tavisuflebis<br />

periodebSi saqarTvelos mwiri arCevani hqon<strong>da</strong>: mas<br />

an <strong>da</strong>mcveli un<strong>da</strong> moeZebna <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba <strong>da</strong>ekarga<br />

(rogorc es XVIII saukunis bolos mox<strong>da</strong>, rodesac erekle II<br />

ruseTs mimarTa), an TviTon qveyana un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Sliliyo (XV<br />

saukuneSi, aleqs<strong>and</strong>re I Svilebis dros) an gay<strong>of</strong>iliyo (rogorc<br />

XVI saukuneSi, TurqeTis mmarTvelobis dros).<br />

dRes, rodesac saqarTvelom kvlav moipova <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba,<br />

igi seriozul <strong>da</strong>brkolebebs awydeba, rac Cveulebrivi<br />

ambavia im patara qveynebisaTvis, romlebic uzarmazari<br />

<strong>da</strong> naklebad keTilganwyobili mezoblis gverdigverd cxovroben,<br />

“gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac istoriul mexsierebas<br />

3 mwyobrad Camoyalibebuli es istoriuli Teoria ixileT: Charles King,<br />

The Black Sea: A. History (New York: Oxfors University Press, 2004)<br />

9

obert legvoldi<br />

or qveyanas Soris konfliqtamde mivyavarT”, – aRniSnavs jaba<br />

dev<strong>da</strong>riani am wignis erT-erT TavSi. saqarTvelo axal epoqaSi<br />

s<strong>and</strong>o mokavSireebisa <strong>da</strong> kavSirebis gareSe Sedis. Tomas de<br />

vaali, romelsac ekuTvnis erT-erTi Tavi am wignSi, aRniSnavs,<br />

rom uzarmazar, moqiSpe qveynebs Soris mdebare saqarTvelos<br />

TiTqmis arasdros hqonia saSualeba, kavkasiel mezoblebTan<br />

erTad erTiani fronti Seeqmna. kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>qsaqsulobis<br />

xelSemwyob Setakebebsa <strong>da</strong> uTanxmoebebs didi xnis istoria<br />

aqvs. Tu de vaalis gamoTqmas moviSveliebT, saqarTvelos ar<br />

SeuZlia, hqondes “regionaluri usafrTxoebis s<strong>and</strong>o sistema.”<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad istoriuli memkvidreobisa, es kidev ar niSnavs<br />

imas, rom ar SeiZleba am situacii<strong>da</strong>n gamosavlis povna. mTavaria<br />

arCevani: is arCevani, romelsac akeTeben saqarTvelos xelmZ-<br />

Rvanelebi Si<strong>da</strong> problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad, separatistul<br />

regionebTan urTierTobis gansasazRvrad, regionSi Tanam-<br />

Sromlobis gasaZliereblad <strong>da</strong> gare Zalebis politikaze<br />

reagirebisaTvis – dRev<strong>and</strong>eli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

samwuxarod, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> misi partniorebis mier <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

periodis bolo TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

gakeTebuli arCevani Sors iyo optimalurisagan. rogorc Cans,<br />

dRemde istoriuli warsulis inercia sZalavs Tanamedrove<br />

tendenciebs. isev Riad rCeba kiTxva, SeZlebs Tu ara saakaSvilis<br />

mTavroba am tendenciebis gamijvnas.<br />

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problema masStaburi, dramatuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa, romelic ori ZiriTadi nawilisagan<br />

Sedgeba: <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> saqarTvelosaTvis, pirvel rigSi,<br />

misi saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebas niSnavs, xolo es <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />

arausafrTxo qveynebis garemocvaSi arsebobis usiamovno<br />

realobaze. saxelmwifoebriobis simyife <strong>da</strong> arastabiluri<br />

garemocva usafrTxoebis im dilemas warmoSobs, romelic<br />

ukiduresad rTul mdgomareobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i qveynebis winaSe dgas.<br />

imis mtkiceba, rom <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> saqarTvelosaTvis misi<br />

saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebas niSnavs, ver asaxavs am<br />

sakiTxs mTeli masStaburobiTa <strong>da</strong> siRrmiT. gareSe <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebels<br />

(albaT, mkiTxvelic miaqcevs amas yuradRebas) yvelaze<br />

10

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

metad aocebs, Tu raoden gansazRvravs saqarTvelos sinamdvile<br />

qarTvelebis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul Sexedulebebs.<br />

saqme is ki ar aris, rom qarTvel politikosebsa <strong>da</strong> politologebs<br />

ar esmiT Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi politikis mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong> ver<br />

iTvaliswineben am regionSi Zaladobis warmoSobis saSiSroebas,<br />

an ar ZaluZT, ganWvriton, Tu ra SeiZleba mohyves saxelmwifo-<br />

TaSoris <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas <strong>da</strong> ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>uregulirebel urTierTobas,<br />

aramed saqme isaa, rom yvela es sakiTxi aqtualobas<br />

kargavs, roca saqme saqarTvelos momavals exeba afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTTan mimarTebaSi, radgan wuxili saxelmwifos<br />

uunarobaze, aRadginos saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba,<br />

Zalian didia.<br />

qveynebis umravlesoba, maT Soris, amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi, ruseTi <strong>da</strong> evropis saxelmwifoebi, erovnuli usafrTxoebis<br />

sakiTxze muSaobisas, pirvel rigSi, maT winaSe arsebuli<br />

safrTxeebis xasiaTsa <strong>da</strong> xarisxs aanalizeben. saqarTvelo<br />

sruliad sxvagvarad iqceva: igi safrTxis Temi<strong>da</strong>n ki ar iwyebs<br />

muSaobas, aramed usafrTxoebis Temi<strong>da</strong>n – anu gansazRvravs<br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s, rogorc aseTs. 1998 wlis noemberSi strategiuli<br />

kvlevis centris (Tbilisi) mier SemoTavazebuli<br />

“saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis” avtorebi<br />

koncefciis umTavres sakiTxad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

arastabilurobis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs miiCneven. 4<br />

isini amodian im debulebi<strong>da</strong>n, rom saqarTveloSi safrTxe<br />

arsebobs, radganac <strong>da</strong>sustebulia misi saxelmwifo institutebi,<br />

sazogadoebam <strong>da</strong>karga saerTo miznebis arsebobis<br />

4 National Security Concept <strong>of</strong> Georgia (Tbilisi: Strategic Research Center, November<br />

1998) http://www.src.ge/policy_papers/national_security.html. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />

naSromis avtorebi miTiTebulni ar arian, cnobilia, rom centris<br />

<strong>da</strong>mfuZnebelTa rigebSi Sedian finansTa y<strong>of</strong>ili ministri <strong>da</strong>viT iakobiZe,<br />

sagareo saqmeTa y<strong>of</strong>ili ministri irakli menaRariSvili, centris<br />

aRmasrulebeli direqtori niko meliqaZe <strong>da</strong> centris direqtori naTela<br />

saxokia. aq es naSromi misi politikuri Sedegebis gamo momyavs – Cemi<br />

azriT, man Zalze mcire gavlena moaxdina politikaze an saerTo<strong>da</strong>c ar<br />

mouxdenia – rogorc saqarTvelos azrovnebis stilis nimuSi.<br />

11

obert legvoldi<br />

SegrZneba, xolo erma ver moZebna sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nacionaluri<br />

saTvistomoebis gamaerTianebeli idea. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />

yvela <strong>of</strong>icialuri Tu ara<strong>of</strong>icialuri Sexeduleba amgvarad ar<br />

aris Camoyalibebuli, umravlesoba, met-naklebad mainc,<br />

iziarebs am Sexedulebebs.<br />

zemoxsenebuli centris mier SemuSavebuli koncefciis<br />

Tanaxmad, <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia ara imdenad imaze, aqvs<br />

Tu ara saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis strategiis SemuSavebis<br />

unari, aramed mis SesaZleblobaze, Seqmnas ganviTarebis<br />

strategia. <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s, rogorc Sedegs, Segnebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

nay<strong>of</strong>ieri Sroma moitans, romelic mimarTuli iqneba qveyanaSi<br />

kanonmorCilebisa <strong>da</strong> konstruqciuli moZraobis <strong>da</strong>myarebisaken<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTul kulturul TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobasTan erTad<br />

globalizaciis gzaze my<strong>of</strong>i ms<strong>of</strong>lio sazogadoebriobis<br />

cvalebad moTxovnebsac gaiTvaliswinebs. magram amisaTvis<br />

saqarTvelo suverenuli saxelmwifo un<strong>da</strong> iyos – anu man<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblad un<strong>da</strong> SeZlos arCevanis gakeTeba <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong><br />

gaTavisufldes gareSe Zalebis Carevisagan. msjelobaTa am<br />

jaWvSi rgolebi Semdegnaira<strong>da</strong>a ganawilebuli: “erovnuli<br />

ganviTarebis strategia” – <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong> – suvereniteti<br />

– <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>. aSkaraa, rom am argumentacias cikluroba<br />

axasiaTebs, radganac <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> suverenitetis saSualebiT<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis safuZvels un<strong>da</strong> warmoadgendes; Tumca<br />

aSkaraa urTierTkavSiri <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s<br />

Soris: <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong> uswrebs <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s.<br />

winamdebare naSromis im nawilSi, romlis avtoric gia<br />

nodiaa, analogiuri argumentebia warmodgenili. misi azriT,<br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> aris xalxis Tavisufleba, ixelmZRvanelos<br />

warmodgeniT imis Sesaxeb, “Tu rad un<strong>da</strong>T y<strong>of</strong>na”. igi amas<br />

“erovnul proeqts” uwodebs <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi, ramac SeiZleba<br />

CaSalos igi an gzi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>axvevinos mas, iwvevs usafrTxoebis<br />

problemas. gia nodia miiCnevs, rom proeqtis asamuSaveblad<br />

saWiroa, igi gamoxatavdes pativiscemas _ “erTgvar unikalur<br />

erovnul TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobas” – <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuls enaze, kulturasa<br />

Tu “sulierebaze”, imavdroulad, igi metisaken un<strong>da</strong> iswra-<br />

12

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

fodes. avtoris azriT, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi “meti” aris<br />

evropuli saxelmwifoebis liberalur-demokratiuli modelisaken<br />

swrafva, magram avtori imasac aRniSnavs, rogor un<strong>da</strong><br />

vicodeT zustad, ra aris erovnuli proeqti <strong>da</strong> vin uWers mas<br />

mxars? ramdenime erovnuli proeqtis arsebobis pirobebSi<br />

romels aqvs kanonieri Zala? es SekiTxvebi problemis siRrmeebs<br />

exeba <strong>da</strong> cvlis urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong>s Soris.<br />

saqarTveloSi erovnuli proeqtis Seqmnas seriozuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>brkolebebi eRobeba. gia nodias azriT, es <strong>da</strong>brkolebebia:<br />

TviT qarTvelebis mier TavianTi Tavis “gansakuTrebul<br />

eTnikur” xalxad aRqma, sabWoTa institucionaluri sistemis<br />

memkvidreoba, romelic <strong>da</strong>qsaqsulobas uwyobs xels, gavleniani<br />

“alternatiuli erovnuli proeqtebi” <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis sxva<br />

mTeli rigi potenciuri wyaro – somxur <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanul<br />

saTvistomoebSi arsebuli iredentistuli ganwyobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli,<br />

araintegrirebuli eTnikuri jgufebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli. es<br />

<strong>da</strong>brkolebebi erovnuli usafrTxoebis problemis Sinagan<br />

aspeqts Seadgens <strong>da</strong> safrTxes uqmnis erovnul proeqtsa <strong>da</strong><br />

saxelwifoebriobas. magram, gia nodias azriT, problemas ara<br />

mxolod es <strong>da</strong>brkolebebi qmnis. Tu sakiTxs ufro Rrmad<br />

ganvixilavT, vnaxavT, rom qarTuli erovnuli proeqtis Seqmnas<br />

politikuri institutebis gaube<strong>da</strong>oba uSlis xels <strong>da</strong> ara<br />

piriqiT. institutebis warumatebloba ar SeiZleba am <strong>da</strong>brkolebebiT<br />

aixsnas, piriqiT, am <strong>da</strong>brkolebebis masStabs institutebis<br />

sisuste gansazRvravs.<br />

Sesabamisad, gia nodias azriT, saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis<br />

problemis arsis gasacnobiereblad saWiroa saxelmwifos<br />

sisustis mizezebis axsna. igi Tvlis, rom mizezs is Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli<br />

ormagi Rirebulebebi warmoadgens, romlebic saqarTvelos<br />

mosaxleobas gaaCnia: erTi mxriv, isini simpaTiiT uyureben<br />

liberalur-demokratiul models, meore mxriv ki, eWvi SeaqvT<br />

masSi, radgan antipaTiurad arian ganwyobili TviT saxelmwifos<br />

mimarT <strong>da</strong> cdiloben, igi sakuTari interesebisaTvis gamoiyenon.<br />

Tu ufro CavuRrmavdebiT, problema Semdegnairad<br />

13

obert legvoldi<br />

SeiZleba aixsnas: qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebia<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis demokratiuli modeli, mas surs, <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

nawili iyos, radganac <strong>da</strong>savleTis nawilad y<strong>of</strong>na mas ruseTisgan<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobas ganumtkicebs. swored amitom, <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />

liberaluri modelisadmi swrafva usafrTxoebis mizezebiTaa<br />

ganpirobebuli <strong>da</strong> ara am modelis Rirebulebebisadmi Rrma<br />

simpaTiiT. 5 Tu <strong>da</strong>vumatebT amas qarTveli xalxis instinqtur<br />

undoblobas zoga<strong>da</strong>d saxelmwifosadmi, rogori tipisac ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

iyos igi (demokratiuli Tu sxva), rac sabWoTa saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

gamocdilebi<strong>da</strong>n modis, vnaxavT, rom demokratiis <strong>da</strong>nergvis<br />

gziT saxelmwifos sisustis <strong>da</strong>Zleva, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia,<br />

gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, rodesac bevri qarTvelisaTvis<br />

demokratiuli Rirebulebebi qarTuli sazogadoebis<br />

mier memkvidreobad miRebul Rirebulebebs ewinaaRmdegeba,<br />

rasac dro<strong>da</strong>dro qarTuli eklesiac uWers mxars.<br />

amgvar sakiTxebSi kargad gaTviTcnobierebuli qarTvelebis<br />

Sexedulebebic, faqtobrivad, igivea. am wignis erT-erTi Tavis<br />

avtori, <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvilic miiCnevs, rom qarTuli “vardebis<br />

revoluciis’’ momavali <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia mis unarze, “gaaerTianos<br />

xalxi erovnuli ideis garSemo”, rac miuRwevelia mxolod<br />

samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze gaTvliT. 6 am amocanis ganxorcielebas<br />

esaWiroeba “emociuroba <strong>da</strong> romantizmic” ki. amitomac,<br />

misi azriT, warmatebis misaRwevad saqarTvelos “demokratiulma<br />

Zalebma” Tavisi gegmis gansaxorcieleblad qarTuli<br />

nacionalizmi un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyenon, magram im pirobiT, rom – <strong>da</strong><br />

zustad amaSi mdgomareobs mTavari sirTule – mas moscildeba<br />

“saSiSi eTnikuri elferi”. amisaTvis aucilebelia, <strong>da</strong>irRves<br />

5 es Cemi interpretaciaa. gia nodia amtkicebs, rom qarTvelebis<br />

umravlesoba namdvilad iswrafvis liberaluri Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

demokratiuli modelisaken, romelic maTTvis mxolod saSualeba araa –<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tanac bevrad ufro metad, vidre umetes postsabWour qveynebSi.<br />

6 David Darchiashvili, ‘’Georgian Security Problems <strong>and</strong> Policies” in Dov Lynch, ed.,<br />

The South Caucasus, A Challenge for the EU, Chaillor Papers no 65 (Paris: Institute for<br />

Security Studies, European Union, December 2003) p. 126, http://www.iss-eu.org/public/<br />

content/chaile.html<br />

14

mankieri kavSiri qarTul nacionalizms, korumpirebul <strong>of</strong>icialur<br />

wreebsa <strong>da</strong> kriminalur elementebs Soris, xolo demokratiulma<br />

Zalebma qarTuli nacionalizmi iseTi saxelmwifos<br />

<strong>da</strong>samkvidreblad gamoiyenon, romelic misgan gaucxoebuli<br />

moqalaqeebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras moipovebs.<br />

amrigad, <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili imaT ricxvs miekuTvneba, vinc<br />

miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problemis Tavi <strong>da</strong><br />

Tavi saxelmwifoebriobis simyifea, rac Tavis yvelaze saSiS<br />

gamoxatulebas saxelmwifo institutebis araefeqturobaSi<br />

povebs. mis koncefciaSi institutebis <strong>da</strong>knineba masStaburi<br />

korufciiT aixsneba, rasac sami saxis Sedegi moaqvs: pirvel<br />

rigSi, es aris “usafrTxoebis privatizacia”, rodesac korumpirebul<br />

saxelmwifo Cinovnikebs emorCileba erovnul <strong>da</strong><br />

sazogadoebriv <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>ze pasuxismgebeli saxelmwifo<br />

organoebi <strong>da</strong> isini maT pirad interesebs emsaxureba; meore,<br />

SeiaraRebuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis gavlenis aRdgena, romelTa<br />

moqmedebac TiTqos ukve aRkveTili iyo ramdenime wlis win;<br />

mesame – “politikis, <strong>da</strong>naSaulisa <strong>da</strong> klanurobis” Serwyma. 7<br />

saqarTvelos yvela donis <strong>of</strong>icialuri pirebi “aqtiurad arian<br />

CarTulni saeWvo komerciul maqinaciebSi, romliTac saxelmwifo<br />

sakuTrebis Ria Tu farul privatizacias axdenen”; amis gamo<br />

sazogadoeba kriminalur qmedebebs ukve normad aRiqvams.<br />

saqarTvelos problemebisadmi miZRvnil bevr analitikur<br />

naSromSi farTo<strong>da</strong>a gaSuqebuli urTierTkavSiri korufcias<br />

(maT Soris, misi yvelaze uaresi gamovlinebebiT), kriminalizebul<br />

saxelmwifos, institutebis sisustesa <strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />

usafrTxoebis sistemis ngrevas Soris. magram <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvilisaTvis<br />

es problema yvelaze aqtualuria. pavel baevi ufro<br />

Sors midis <strong>da</strong> amtkicebs, rom “saqarTvelos yvela ubedurebis”<br />

mizezi, rarig mavnec ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos gareTa Zalebis zemoqmedeba,<br />

pirvel rigSi, mainc “TviT sazogadoebis, politikur institutebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> elitebs SigniT arsebuli anomalia <strong>da</strong> deformaciaa”;<br />

es “ubedurebebi” ufro “gamowveulia yovlismomcveli Crdilo-<br />

7 David Darchiashvili, ‚“Georgian Security Problems <strong>and</strong> Policies“, p. 113.<br />

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

15

obert legvoldi<br />

vani ekonomikiTa <strong>da</strong> korufciiT, vidre erovnuli wyeniT,<br />

warsulSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri usamarTlobiTa Tu komunisturi warsulis<br />

memkvidreobiT.” 8 amgvarad, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gariJraJze<br />

gasamxedroebuli formirebebis (erovnuli gvardia <strong>da</strong> “mxedrioni”)<br />

zegavlenis gaZlierebas, 1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis<br />

samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis omebs avtori sabWoTa periodSi Rrmad<br />

fesvgamdgar “klanur korufcias” ukavSirebs. sabWoTa epoqaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebuli saqme ufro saSiSi formiT sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis<br />

Semdeg gamovlin<strong>da</strong> _ ekonomikis ngrevis, normaluri ekonomikuri<br />

urTierTobebis moSlisa <strong>da</strong> Crdilovani ekonomikis<br />

ayvavebis Sedegad.<br />

winamdebare naSromSi <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili gansakuTrebul<br />

yuradRebas uTmobs <strong>da</strong>sustebul saxelmwifos, korufciasa <strong>da</strong><br />

SeiaraRebul Zalebs Soris arsebul destruqciul urTierTkavSirs.<br />

sxva y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa respublikebisagan, iseTebis,<br />

rogoricaa ukraina, belorusi <strong>da</strong> yazaxeTi, gansxvavebiT,<br />

saqarTvelom ver moaxerxa mis teritoriaze ganlagebuli<br />

sabWoTa armiis Zalebis ubralo nacionalizacia <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

saqarTvelos axali armiis safuZvlad gamoyeneba. amis magivrad<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg pirveli prezidentis,<br />

zviad gamsaxurdias, mmarTvelobis periodSi arsebuli vakuumi<br />

am sferoSi mTeli rigi gasamxedroebuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebiT amoivso.<br />

am <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi<strong>da</strong>n mxolod ramdenime Tu iyo prezidentis<br />

erTguli, samagierod, yvela maTgani erTguli iyo sakuTari,<br />

umetes SemTxvevaSi, kriminali meTaurisa. amitomac eduard<br />

SevardnaZisaTvis, romelmac prezidentis postze zviad<br />

gamsaxurdia Secvala, umTavres amocanas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> am<br />

TiTqmis ukontrolo SeiaraRebuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis <strong>da</strong>morCileba<br />

<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo kontrols <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba. <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvilis<br />

azriT, eduard SevardnaZem am amocanis Sesruleba strategiis<br />

8 Pavel K. Baev, “Civil Wars in Georgia: Corruption Breeds Violence,” in Jan Koehler <strong>and</strong><br />

Christoph Zurcher, eds., Potentials <strong>of</strong> Disorde (Manchester, UK: Manchester University<br />

Press, 2003), p. 128 (baevi aRiarebs, rom korufcia <strong>da</strong> Crdilovani ekonomikac<br />

komunisturi memkvidreobis nawilebia).<br />

16

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

– “<strong>da</strong>yavi <strong>da</strong> ibatone”-s gamoyenebiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo: igi TiTo-TiTod<br />

iSoreb<strong>da</strong> am gasamxedroebuli formirebebis liderebs. magram<br />

amgvari strategia, Tavisi mxriv, xels uSli<strong>da</strong> axali qarTuli<br />

armiis sruly<strong>of</strong>as, mwyobri centralizebuli samxedro<br />

mmarTvelobis Camoyalibebas.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT ganixilavs im mtkivneul<br />

<strong>da</strong> usistemo zomebs, romelTa saSualebiTac jer zviad<br />

gamsaxurdia <strong>da</strong> Semdeg eduard SevardnaZe cdilobdnen, wesrigi<br />

<strong>da</strong>emyarebinaT im kriminalur <strong>da</strong>jgufebebSi, romlebic monawileobdnen<br />

saqarTveloSi warmoebul brZolebSi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>eqciaT<br />

isini saxelmwifo Zalauflebas <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul, samoqalaqo<br />

mmarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli kontrolis qveS my<strong>of</strong><br />

namdvil armiad. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad uamravi komisiisa, aTobiT “reformisa”<br />

<strong>da</strong> aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis wevri sxva<br />

qveynebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>xmarebisa, eduard SevardnaZis<br />

epoqis bolo wuTebamde saqarTvelom ver SeZlo, odnav<br />

mainc waewia win samxedro reformis TvalsazrisiT. <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili amaSi saqarTvelos mmarTvelobasa <strong>da</strong>, pirvel<br />

rigSi, eduard SevardnaZes a<strong>da</strong>naSaulebs, radganac igi ar<br />

endobo<strong>da</strong> armiasa <strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis Zalebs <strong>da</strong> maT mimarT, rogorc<br />

aRvniSneT, strategias “<strong>da</strong>yavi <strong>da</strong> ibatone” iyeneb<strong>da</strong>; gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />

prezidenti Tvals xuWav<strong>da</strong> korufciis faqtebze yvela im<br />

sferoSi, romlis mesveurTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Werac sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>. metic,<br />

eduard SevardnaZes ar Seswev<strong>da</strong> unari an ar sur<strong>da</strong>, yvelaferi<br />

gaekeTebina reformirebuli <strong>da</strong> kargad organizebuli armiis<br />

Sesaqmnelad; amas ematebo<strong>da</strong> im masStaburi strategiuli<br />

koncefciis ararsebobac, romelic saWiro mimarTulebas<br />

miscem<strong>da</strong> mis qmedebebs. yovelive ki ganapiroba qveynis<br />

samxedro strategiis arasworma <strong>da</strong> viwro xedvam, moqmedebaTa<br />

araTanmimdevrulobam <strong>da</strong> avantiurizmma.<br />

ra gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedvac ar un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT qarTvel<br />

analitikosebs, TiTqmis yvela maTgani erTsulovnad miiCnevs,<br />

rom erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis problemis arsi TviT<br />

arasruly<strong>of</strong>il <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong>Si mdgomareobs. saqmes<br />

arTulebs is garemoeba, rom es problema mravali kompo-<br />

17

obert legvoldi<br />

nentisurTierTkavSirs warmoadgens. analitikosebi, romlebic<br />

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis sferoSi arsebuli konkretuli<br />

problemebis gamovlenas cdiloben, xSirad Caketil wreSi<br />

moZraoben, ise, rogorc zemoT naxsenebi strategiuli kvlevis<br />

centris TanamSromlebi. es aris klasikuri problema, romelic<br />

qaTmisa <strong>da</strong> kvercxis dilemas warmoadgens _ ra un<strong>da</strong> gakeTdes<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad: Seiqmnas institutebi, romlebic SeZleben,<br />

moipovon ndoba sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zlion nacionalizmis<br />

odiozuri formebi Tu jer gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnas nacionalizmi <strong>da</strong> amiT<br />

xeli Seewyos sayovelTao ndobiT gamsWvaluli institutebis<br />

Seqmnas? saxelmwifos aRdgena korufciasTan sabrZolvelad Tu<br />

korufciasTan brZola saxelmwifos aRdgenis mizniT? “erovnuli<br />

programis” an “ganviTarebis erovnuli strategiis”<br />

SemuSaveba saxelmwifoebriobis suverenitetisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

gaZlierebisaTvis Tu suverenitetisaTvis brZola<br />

erovnuli proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad?<br />

amas gar<strong>da</strong>, arsebobs Si<strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebi: qarTvelebi,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki, pro<strong>da</strong>savluri sagareo kursis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri<br />

inteligencia <strong>da</strong> politikosebi, rogorc wesi, im ideas emxrobian,<br />

rom mizani aucileblad miRweuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes liberaluri<br />

demokratiuli sistemis SeqmniT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>icavs<br />

saqarTvelos unikalur kulturul, socialur <strong>da</strong> istoriul<br />

TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobas. magram liberaluri demokratiuli sistema<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebul mxareTa Serigebasac gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong> saWiroebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi dominanti erovnebebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Tmobebze<br />

wasvlasac. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, xSirad gamoiTqmis mowodeba, <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong>s<br />

safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edos <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul erovnebaTa<br />

Serigebis faqti, Tumca sakiTxi ver ga<strong>da</strong>wydeba, Tu romelime<br />

jgufi uars ityvis morigebaze.<br />

swored am sakiTxze zegavlenis gamo erevian gare Zalebi<br />

saqarTvelos saqmeebSi <strong>da</strong>, rogorc wesi, erevian Zalian cu<strong>da</strong>d.<br />

keTilmosurneTa survili survilad rCeba. Tuki saqarTvelos<br />

usafrTxoebis problemis arsi <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong>Sia, saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

yvelaze mtkivneuli forma Sekvecili suverenitetia<br />

– <strong>da</strong>kargul regionebSi ar xorcieldeba nacionaluri<br />

18

mmarTveloba <strong>da</strong>, rogorc <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili aRniSnavs, arc maT<br />

mimdebare teritoriebze. 9 erovnuli usafrTxoebis problema<br />

yvelaze naTlad samxreT oseTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis magaliTebze<br />

Cans. isini dRes saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi mdebare minisaxelmwifoebs<br />

warmoadgenen, romlebic saqarTvelos mTavrobis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs ar asruleben, qveynis mmarTvelobas<br />

ki situaciis Secvla ar ZaluZs.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, ruseTi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad afxazeTis<br />

separatizmis momxred gvevlinebo<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg ki _ problemad<br />

qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>regulirebisas. bolo<br />

dros igi rusul-afxazur urTierTobebs Tbilisze zewolisaTvis<br />

iyenebs, amitom saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problemis<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> aspeqts TavisTavad eZleva saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong> sakmaod<br />

feTqebadi xasiaTi. saqarTvelosaTvis ruseTi saerTaSoriso<br />

garemocvaSi yvelaze saSiS faqtors warmoadgens. amis mizezi<br />

araerTia: saqarTvelo Tvlis, rom ruseTi ar Cqarobs Tavisi<br />

samxedro bazebis saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n gayvanas, raTa <strong>da</strong>aSinos<br />

qarTveli liderebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, cdilobs, bazebis<br />

teritoriebi <strong>da</strong> infrastruqtura aSS-s an Crdiloatlantikur<br />

kavSirs ar Cauvardes xelSi; igi pativs ar scems arc saqarTvelos<br />

suverenitets <strong>da</strong> mzad aris, <strong>da</strong>arRvios kidec igi,<br />

Tu amas CeCneTSi mimdinare omi moiTxovs; amboben, rom<br />

saqarTvelos y<strong>of</strong>ili prezidentis, eduard SevardnaZis<br />

winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebis ukanac ruseTi dgas;<br />

ruseTi yvelaferze wamsvlelia – gazis miwodebis SewyvetiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebuli, amJamindeli mmarTvelobis mowinaaRmdegeTa<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli – oRond ki saqarTvelos Tavisi<br />

survilebi moaxvios Tavze. yvela zemonaxseneb Sexedulebas<br />

amtkicebs <strong>da</strong> maT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasac aniWebs<br />

ruseTis savaraudo mzady<strong>of</strong>na, xeli Seuwyos afxazur <strong>da</strong> osur<br />

separatizms, sul mcire, es konfliqtebi saqarTvelos mmarTvelobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sasusteblad an masze zewolisaTvis gamoiyenos.<br />

9 David Darchiashvili, “Georgian Security Problems <strong>and</strong> Policies“, p.109<br />

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

19

obert legvoldi<br />

20<br />

regionSi arsebuli konfliqti <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos erovnuli <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong><br />

saqarTveloSi my<strong>of</strong>i <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebi ar SeiZleba, ar<br />

amCnevdnen im niuansebs, romlebiTac ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare<br />

safrTxe iniRbeba. maT esmiT, rom dro<strong>da</strong>dro ruseTTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi garkveul TavzexelaRebul pirebs<br />

ukavSirdeba <strong>da</strong> ara moskovis mTavrobas. Tumca imasac amboben,<br />

rom arakeTilganwyobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas mxolod ruseTis mxare<br />

ar un<strong>da</strong> iCendes. 10 <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebma ician, rom rusebs SeuZliaT<br />

iseTi sakiTxi, rogoric saerTaSoriso terorizmia, romliTac<br />

isini marTlac SeSfoTebulebi arian, saqarTvelos saxelis<br />

gasatexad gamoiyenon. miT ufro, rom am sakiTxSi igi (ruseTi)<br />

sxva qveynebis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriTac sargeblobs, magaliTad, amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis, romlis keTilganwyobac saqarTvelosTvis<br />

esoden mniSvnelovania.<br />

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>mamZimebeli garemoebebis<br />

ufro siRrmiseul Sefasebas gvaZlevs jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

am wignis erT-erT nawilSi. 11 igi saqarTvelos erovnuli<br />

usafrTxoebis problemis rusul aspeqts rTul movlenad<br />

miiCnevs, romlis fesvebic qarTul erovnul fsiqologiaSia<br />

saZiebeli. misi ganmartebiT, arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi<br />

gacilebiT did rezonanss iwvevs (vidre es SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />

gamoewvia) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva “erovnuli miTebis” gamo <strong>da</strong> Tanac maSin,<br />

rodesac orive qveyana miiswrafvis axleburad gaazrebuli<br />

erovnuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis <strong>da</strong>samkvidreblad. is Sefaseba, rom<br />

saqarTvelo didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis imperializmis<br />

Cagvris qveS iyo, qarTvelebze emociur gavlenas axdens, rusebs<br />

ki Seuracxy<strong>of</strong>as ayenebs. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo ar<br />

gansxvavdeba sxva y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa respublikebisagan. magali-<br />

10 See the interview with Tedo Japaridze, “Georgia’s Interin Foreign Minister: Russian Security<br />

Depends on Georgian Stabilization, ’’ by Giga Chilhladze, Eurasianet, January 6, 2004<br />

w. http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav010604.shtml<br />

11 See Also Jaba Dev<strong>da</strong>riani, ”Georgia on a Fault Line”, Prespective, vol.13, no.3 (January-<br />

February 2003), pp.1,6-8.

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

Tad, gansxvaveba saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ukrainas Soris mxolod imaSi<br />

SeiZleba gamoixatebodes, Tu ramdenad erTgvarovani Sexeduleba<br />

aqvs TiToeulis mosaxleobas am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. 12<br />

ukrainis mosaxleobis nawils, gansakuTrebiT qveynis <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />

nawilSi, qarTvelebis msgavsi Sexeduleba aqvs; magram sxva<br />

regionebSi, ufro metad qveynis aRmosavleTiT, am azrs ar<br />

iziareben. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ruseTTan mimarTebaSi arsebuli<br />

pozicia politikuri kursis erTianobis garanti ki ara, piriqiT,<br />

ukrainis Si<strong>da</strong> politikis gaxleCis mizezi gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli erovnuli miTebi gansazRvravs<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris arsebul <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas, Tumca<br />

TviTon es miTebi <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas ar qmnis. <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba garkveul<br />

garemoebebs ukavSirdeba, magaliTad, iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa:<br />

samxedro bazebis gayvana, axali savizo reJimi <strong>da</strong> sxva imgvari<br />

qmedebebi, romelic ruseTis arakeTilganwyobil ganzraxvas<br />

gamoxatavs _ magaliTad, afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> CeCneTis konfliqtebi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c erTi mxare meorisadmi sruliad mtrula<strong>da</strong>a ganwyobili.<br />

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis gafuWebas<br />

mxolod ruseTs ar abralebs. igi miiCnevs, rom rodesac ruseTi<br />

agresiulad moqmedebs, es nawilobriv saqarTvelos bralicaa.<br />

misi azriT, rodesac saqarTvelo konkretul sakiTxSi myar<br />

pozicias ikavebs <strong>da</strong> gaazrebulad moqmedebs, ruseTi Tav-<br />

Sekavebulad iqceva. amis aSkara magaliTia 2004 wlis aprilis<br />

krizisi aWaraSi, rodesac saakaSvilis mTavrobam ruseTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT xelisuflebas CamoaSora centrisgan g<strong>and</strong>gomili<br />

adgilobrivi politikuri lideri. amrigad, jaba dev<strong>da</strong>rianic<br />

ubrundeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis problemas. isic<br />

miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> – am SemTxvevaSi ukve<br />

ruseTTan misi urTierTobis aspeqtSi <strong>da</strong>naxuli – gauares<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTuli mxaris ususurobis gamo: arastabiluri sagareo<br />

politika; liderebis mier ruseTis qmedebebis sakuTari<br />

12 aq vgulisxmob umravlesobaSi my<strong>of</strong> eTnikur jgufs. saqarTveloSi<br />

mcxovrebi zogi erovnuli umciresoba ar iziarebs qarTvelebis am azrs<br />

ruseTis Sesaxeb im saxiT, ra saxiTac igi dev<strong>da</strong>rians aqvs warmodgenili.<br />

21

obert legvoldi<br />

warumateblobebis SesaniRbad gamoyeneba; mTavrobis korumpirebuloba;<br />

mTavrobaSi mtkice poziciis ararseboba _ es is<br />

sisusteebia, rasac ruseTi Tavis sasargeblod iyenebs.<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvniT nawilSi jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani, rogorc qarTvelebis<br />

umravlesoba, wuxs imis gamo, rom ruseTi bolomde mainc ver<br />

Seegua Tavisi imperiuli Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>kargvas <strong>da</strong> cdilobs,<br />

rac SeiZleba meti gavlena SeinarCunos saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong><br />

kavkasiaze. saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli arc<br />

erTi sakiTxi ar aris iseTi mwvave <strong>da</strong> mtkivneuli, rogoric<br />

separatistebis mier mitacebuli teritoriebis problema,<br />

gansakuTrebiT es exeba afxazeTs. qarTvelebs esmiT, rom<br />

afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis <strong>da</strong>umorCileblobis fesvebi<br />

eTnikur, kulturul <strong>da</strong> politikur gansxvavebaTa siRrmeebSi<br />

Zevs. isini acnobiereben, rom saqarTvelos liderebis mier<br />

gatarebulma politikam _ gansakuTrebiT ki zviad gamsaxurdias<br />

moqmedebebma 1990-1991 wlebSi – kidev ufro gaamwvava<br />

es uTanxmoebebi. isic marTalia, rom movlenaTa spirali,<br />

rogorc amas gia nodia <strong>da</strong> qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri weren, romelmac<br />

centralur mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong> regionebs Soris Ria ganxeTqileba<br />

gamoiwvia, orive mxaris qmedebebma ganapiroba. SeuZlebelia<br />

<strong>da</strong>vadginoT, Tu ram misca biZgi regionSi Zaladobis eskalacias:<br />

1988 wels afxazeTis liderebis mier TavianTi teritoriis<br />

saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gayvanis mcdelobam Tu 1989 wels qarTuli mxaris mier<br />

miRebulma mkacrma zomebma. magram rac un<strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>iliyo amis<br />

mizezi, erTi mxriv, Tbilissa <strong>da</strong>, meore mxriv, soxum-cxinvals<br />

Soris urTierTobebi imdenad swrafad <strong>da</strong>iZaba, rom ramdenime<br />

TveSi situacia kontrols ukve aRar eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong> (es<br />

procesebi detalurad aris aRwerili ciurxeris mier amave<br />

naSromis Sesabamis nawilSi). qarTvel liderebs iseve Zlier<br />

aSineb<strong>da</strong>T afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis “arakeTilganwyoba”,<br />

rogorc afxazebsa <strong>da</strong> osebs _ qarTuli represiebi. afxazeTisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> oseTis elitas ki eSino<strong>da</strong> regionebSi privilegirebuli<br />

mdgomareobis <strong>da</strong>kargvis. magram samxedro moqmedebebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, afxazeTSi, ciurxeris azriT, sul<br />

22

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

sxva ramem gamoiwvia: qarTuli dramis saTaveSi is samxedroebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> mebrZolebi idgnen, romlebic sargeblobdnen saxelmwifos<br />

sisustiT <strong>da</strong> Zaladobas sCadiodnen TavianTi momgebiani<br />

kriminaluri saqmianobis <strong>da</strong>sacavad. ciurxeri am jgufebs<br />

“Zaladobis sulisCamdgmelebs” uwodebs.<br />

ruseTis roli saomari moqmedebebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>nve Zalian<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo. saqarTveloSi TiTqmis yvela <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulia,<br />

rom 1992-1993 wlebis omSi ruseTi afxazebs uWer<strong>da</strong><br />

mxars. qarTvelebi dRemde fiqroben, rom swored aman ganapiroba<br />

movlenebis saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Semotrialeba.<br />

maTTvis mxolod erTia gaugebari: miTiTebebi moskovi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

modio<strong>da</strong> Tu es rusuli samxedro meTaurobisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi<br />

dislocirebuli nawilebis TviTneburi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi iyo.<br />

oqsana antonenko Tavis naSromSi gacilebiT rTul istorias<br />

mogviTxrobs, romlisac arc qarTvelebs sjeraT, rasac<br />

saocrad emociurad gamoxataven <strong>da</strong> arc winamdebare wignis<br />

avtorebs. konfliqtSi namdvilad monawileobdnen rusi<br />

samxedroebi, magram, antonenkos azriT, ara erTiani frontiT.<br />

zogi samxedro piri afxazeTis meamboxeebs iaraRs<br />

awvdi<strong>da</strong> an hyid<strong>da</strong>, xolo samxedro sahaero Zalebi sahaero<br />

Setevebs axorcielebdnen qarTuli jaris winaaRmdeg.<br />

imavdroulad, 1992 wlis agvistoSi, saqarTvelos afxazeTze<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis win amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis (romelic<br />

ruseTs memkvidreobiT ergo sabWoTa periodi<strong>da</strong>n) me-<br />

Taurobam qarTvel meomrebs didZali iaraRi, maT Soris,<br />

sakmao raodenobiT tanki ga<strong>da</strong>sca. samxedro moqmedebebis<br />

sawyis etapze saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul jarebs Sav zRvaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebas ruseTis samxedro sazRvao flotic uwev<strong>da</strong>.<br />

niS<strong>and</strong>oblivia, aRniSnavs antonenko, rom moskovis elitis<br />

politikuri simpaTiebi orad gaiyo: misi nawili (maT Soris,<br />

prezidenti, sagareo saqmeTa <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrebi) mxars<br />

“Zlieri <strong>da</strong> erTiani saqarTvelos” ideas uWerdnen, sxvebs<br />

(jarisa <strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis Zalebis nawils, Crdilokavkasiis<br />

regionalur liderebsa <strong>da</strong> politikosebs) “promoskovuri<br />

ganwyobis” afxazeTis arseboba sur<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

23

obert legvoldi<br />

antonenkos azriT, ruseTi afxazeTis problemas arTulebs<br />

ara avi zraxvebiT, aramed misi saSuamavlo rolis saTanadod<br />

Seusruleblobis gamo. <strong>da</strong>moukidebel qveyanaTa Tanamegobrobis<br />

(sa<strong>da</strong>c ruseTs lideris roli akisria) Zalebze<br />

afxazeTSi samSvidobo misiis <strong>da</strong>kisrebiT, moskovma, pirvel<br />

rigSi, miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxa, ar <strong>da</strong>uSvas Zaladobis afeTqeba, ramac<br />

saqarTvelosaTvis esoden arasasurveli Sedegebi gamoiwvia _<br />

afxazeTis sazRvrebis gaZliereba <strong>da</strong> misi avtonomia. isic<br />

marTalia, rom ruseT-CeCneTis meore omis gamo ruseTis roli<br />

saqarTveloSi 1999 wli<strong>da</strong>n ufro uary<strong>of</strong>iTi gax<strong>da</strong>. rusebi,<br />

putini<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli, miiCneven, rom qarTvelebi zedmet<br />

TanagrZnobas iCenen CeCneTis mimarT <strong>da</strong>, sul mcire, ar TanamSromloben<br />

ruseTTan CeCeni mebrZolebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

arxebis ga<strong>da</strong>ketvaSi. amis gamo ruseTi qarTvel liderebs mwvaved<br />

akritikeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> CeCnuri safrTxis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad prevenciuli<br />

zomebiT imuqrebo<strong>da</strong> sazRvris qarTuli mxri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

xan<strong>da</strong>xan ruseTis samxedro aviacia Tavs uflebas aZlev<strong>da</strong>,<br />

demonstratiulad mietana ieriSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />

arsebul samizneebze. 1999 wli<strong>da</strong>n ruseTma afxazeTTan Tavisi<br />

kavSirebis ganmtkiceba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. man gaxsna sazRvari, moxsna 1992<br />

wli<strong>da</strong>n sakmaod pirobiTad moqmedi bloka<strong>da</strong>, afxazeTis<br />

mcxovrebTaTvis ruseTis moqalaqeobis miniWebasTan erTad<br />

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs savizo reJimi <strong>da</strong>uwesa. Tumca Zneli<br />

saTqmelia, risi gamoxatuleba iyo es aqciebi: Tbilisze zewolis<br />

survilis Tu ruseTis Si<strong>da</strong>politikuri konfliqtebis arsebobis.<br />

yovelive aman kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>arwmuna qarTvelebi, rom ruseTs<br />

ar ZaluZs an ar surs, saqarTveloSi arsebul eTnokonfliqtebSi<br />

miukerZoebeli momrigeblis roli iTamaSos. mis saxelze aseve<br />

cu<strong>da</strong>d moqmedebs is faqti, rom man xeli ar Seuwyo sxva mxareebis,<br />

maT Soris, arc saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rolis gaZlierebas<br />

mSvidobis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>samkvidreblad.<br />

Tu antonenkos mier gamoTqmul azrs ganvavrcobT, ruseTis<br />

mier saqarTvelosaTvis Seqmnili problema imaze bevrad Rrma<br />

<strong>da</strong> rTulia, vidre es saqarTveloSi warmoudgeniaT. es problema<br />

imdenad ruseTis aSkara agresiuli miznebisaken swrafvaSi ki<br />

24

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

ar gamoixateba, aramed misi surviliT, erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave mdinareSi<br />

orjer Sevides. afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi ruseTis mizani ara<br />

romelime mxarisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, aramed orive<br />

maTganze gavlenis SenarCunebaa. <strong>of</strong>icialurad (<strong>da</strong>, albaT,<br />

gulwrfela<strong>da</strong>c) igi mzad aris, <strong>da</strong>icvas saqarTvelos teritoriuli<br />

mTlianoba, magram, imavdroulad, yvelafers akeTebs<br />

afxazeTTan kavSirebis gansamtkicebla<strong>da</strong>c. cxadia, mas surs,<br />

rom stabiluri saqarTvelo stabiluri amierkavkasiis nawilad<br />

ixilos, magram amave dros Zalze zrunavs sakuTar zegavlenaze<br />

regionSi <strong>da</strong> ukuagdebs sxva mxareebis (iseTebis, rogorebicaa:<br />

aSS, TurqeTi, Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi, gaero, euTo) Carevis<br />

ideas im sferoSi, romelsac igi Tavisi usafrTxoebis sferod<br />

miiCnevs. metic, antonenko ambobs, rom ruseTis erTi SexedviT<br />

mtrul <strong>da</strong> arakeTilganwyobil qmedebebs _ saqarTvelos<br />

moqalaqeebisaTvis savizo reJimis SemoRebas; afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTis mosaxleobisaTvis ruseTis moqalaqeobis<br />

miniWebas <strong>da</strong> maTTvis savizo moTxovnebis moxsnas; afxazeTTan<br />

sarkinigzo mimosvlis aRdgenasa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo-afxazeTis<br />

urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>saregulireblad saerTaSoriso iniciativebis<br />

arasaTanado mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras – ufro rTuli safuZveli aqvs.<br />

Tumca antonenko <strong>da</strong> dev<strong>da</strong>riani imis niSnebsac xe<strong>da</strong>ven, rom<br />

saakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg ruseTica <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTveloc mzad arian, <strong>da</strong>iviwyon warsulSi arsebuli zogi<br />

uTanxmoeba. dev<strong>da</strong>riani im mniSvnelovan pragmatul miznebzec<br />

(ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, ekonomikuri xasiaTis) saubrobs, romlebic orive<br />

mxares warsuli uTanxmoebebis <strong>da</strong>viwyebisa <strong>da</strong> ufro stabiluri<br />

urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>myarebisaken ubiZgebs. antonenko eTanxmeba<br />

am azrs <strong>da</strong> miuTiTebs, Tu romel sferoebSia SesaZlebeli<br />

ekonomikuri TanamSromloba. igi miiCnevs, agreTve, rom 2004<br />

wlis gazafxulze afxazeTTan <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTTan <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis<br />

gamwvavebisas moskovi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />

kavkasiaSi ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> natos TanamSromlobas <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi<br />

dsT-s samSvidobo Zalebsa <strong>da</strong> gaeros <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs Soris<br />

TanamSromlobis gafarToebas. Tumca, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad saimedo<br />

niSnebisa, ori qveynis mmarTvelebs Soris arsebuli undobloba<br />

25

obert legvoldi<br />

momdevno TveebSi ki ar Semcir<strong>da</strong>, piriqiT, gaizar<strong>da</strong> kidec. 2005<br />

wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi saakaSvili ukve sakmaod <strong>da</strong>ufaravad miuTi-<br />

Teb<strong>da</strong>, rom saqarTvelos saqme aqvs “ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi yvelaze Zlier<br />

<strong>da</strong> yvelaze agresiul – SesaZloa, ara yvelaze Zlier, magram<br />

u<strong>da</strong>vod yvelaze agresiul – ZalasTan”. 13 drois TiTqmis imave<br />

periodSi putinis garemocvasTan <strong>da</strong>axloebuli piri aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom saakaSvili putinSi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT igive mtrul ganwyobas<br />

aRZravs, rasac “fidel kastro aRZrav<strong>da</strong> amerikel politikosebSi.”<br />

14<br />

26<br />

sagareo situacia: cxovrebiseuli morevi<br />

<strong>da</strong> koncentruli wreebi<br />

qarTvelebs, raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ar sjeraT saswaulis, rom<br />

odesme maTi geografiuli mdebareoba Seicvleba <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwis sxva kuTxeSi aRmoCndeba, amitom isini acnobiereben<br />

Crdiloel mezobelTan Tanacxovrebis aucileblobas. qarTvelebs<br />

imedi aqvT, rom rusebsac esmiT an droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />

gaigeben, rom maTi <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> “saqarTveloSi arsebuli<br />

situaciis stabilurobazecaa <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli” 15 , – aRniSna<br />

erTxel sagareo saqmeTa y<strong>of</strong>ilma ministrma, Tedo jafariZem.<br />

magram am or qveyanas Soris arsebuli rTuli urTierTkavSiri<br />

Semdeg dilemas warmoSobs: SesaZloa Tu ara arsebuli <strong>da</strong>brkolebebis<br />

fonze ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>regulireba<br />

Tu amisaTvis saWiro gaxdeba ufro farTo struqturuli<br />

erTeulis Seqmna? jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani am ukanasknel azrs<br />

iziarebs <strong>da</strong> saubrobs aSS-is monawileobiT konstruqciuli<br />

13 mixeil saakaSvilis es gancxadeba mocemulia mis yovelwliur<br />

moxsenebaSi qveynis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, romelic man 2005 wlis 10<br />

Tebervals parlamentSi gaakeTa.<br />

http://www.kvali.com/kvali/index.asp?obiektivi=show&n=126<br />

14 2005 wlis 24 marts moskovSi aRebuli interviu.<br />

15 Chikhladze, ’’Georgia’s Interim Foreign Minister: Russian Security Depends on Georgian<br />

Stabilization.”

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

samkuTxedis Seqmnis SesaZleblobaze Tu evrokavSiris rolis<br />

gaaqtiurebaze an suamis msgavsi gaerTianebis (romlis wevrebic<br />

arian saqarTvelo, ukraina, azerbaijani <strong>da</strong> moldova, xolo 2005<br />

wlis gazafxulisaTvis mis SemadgenlobaSi uzbekeTic Seva)<br />

Seqmnaze. Tumca jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani miiCnevs, rom arc erT<br />

zemoCamoTvlil variants raime farTo perspeqtiva ar gaaCnia.<br />

swored amaSi mdgomareobs dilemac: ruseT-saqarTvelos<br />

urTierTobebi, SesaZloa, waagavdes sxva qveynebis urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebasac,<br />

magaliTad: israel-palestinis;<br />

samxreT <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT koreis; bolo dromde _ indoeTpakistanis.<br />

es is SemTxvevebia, rodesac or qveyanas Seqmnili<br />

situacii<strong>da</strong>n gamosavlis povna <strong>da</strong>moukideblad ar ZaluZs. jaba<br />

dev<strong>da</strong>rianis sityvebiT, “mravalSrian” ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs<br />

struqturuli sirTuleebic emateba, ris gamoc isini naklebad<br />

ganxorcielebadia.<br />

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebis Cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamosayvanad<br />

aSS-is, ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos sammxriv molaparakebebs<br />

warmatebis Teoriuli Sansi gaaCnia, magram realurad aSSruseTis<br />

strategiuli urTierTqmedeba kavkasiaSi bolo aTi<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi ufro Sejibrs hgavs, vidre TanamSromlobas. 16<br />

amrigad, imis magivrad, rom saqarTvelos esargebla am regionSi<br />

amerika-ruseTis qmediTi urTierTobebiT, igi am urTierTobebs<br />

msxverplad Seewira. <strong>da</strong>Zabuli momentebis dros, magaliTad,<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis SeWrasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

2002 wlis seqtemberSi putinma sruliad usafuZvlo gancxadeba<br />

gaakeTa saqarTveloSi ruseTis uflebebis Sesaxeb; is, aseve<br />

aWianurebs saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n samxedro bazebis gayvanas. orive am<br />

faqtis gamo vaSingtoni moskovs TavSekavebisaken mouwodeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

magram aSS-is amgvari Careva ufro Sejibrs hgav<strong>da</strong>, vidre<br />

TanamSromlobas, amitom ruseTs sulac ar gasCenia survili,<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>efasebina saqarTvelosTan urTierToba. piriqiT, ruseTis<br />

16 ruseTs dRemde aqvs postsabWoTa sivrceSi aSS-is samxedro rolis<br />

gaZlierebis SiSi. amis Sesaxeb saubaria statiaSi: Svetlana Babaeva, Ekaterina<br />

Grigoreva <strong>and</strong> Nikolai Khorunzhii, ”oni Uzhe nikog<strong>da</strong> ne uydut ottu<strong>da</strong>,” Izvestiya,<br />

January 25, 2004<br />

27

obert legvoldi<br />

im politikosebma, romlebic kavkasiaSi aSS-is qmedebebs<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir safrTxed miiCneven, ufro Seupovrad <strong>da</strong>iwyes<br />

TavianTi Sexedulebis mtkiceba.<br />

realurad ki saqarTvelo amerika-ruseTis urTierTobebis<br />

orbitaSi moeqca, magram am urTierTobebs Tavisi interesebisTvis<br />

ver iyenebs. es usiamovno faqti saqarTvelos<br />

garTulebuli strategiuli mdgomareobis erT-erTi magaliTia.<br />

am problemis arsi ori metaforiT SeiZleba gamoixatos –<br />

cxovrebiseuli morevi <strong>da</strong> koncentruli wreebi. es ori metafora<br />

imis gagebaSic gvexmareba, Tu ratomaa fsonebi ase maRali<br />

ara mxolod saqarTvelosTvis, aramed sxva qveynebisTvisac.<br />

pirveli metaforis arsi isaa, rom konfliqti kavkasiis<br />

CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n – samxreTis, aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n ki <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

mimarTulebiT seriozul <strong>da</strong>brkolebebs uqmnis konstruqciul<br />

TanamSromlobas regionSi. bruno kopitersi aRniSnavs, rom<br />

mTiani yarabaRis, afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis konfliqtebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Wramde SeuZlebelia regionaluri integraciis miRweva. 17<br />

metic, y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva regionebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

am konfliqtebs ara mxolod politikuri gaxleCisa <strong>da</strong><br />

satuaciis <strong>da</strong>Zabvisaken mivyavarT, aramed igi regionis qveynebs<br />

Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis yvela mxares gansazRvravs.<br />

sxva avtorebis azriT, amierkavkasiis urTierTobebisaTvis<br />

amorfuloba, <strong>da</strong>qsaqsuloba <strong>da</strong> arakeTilganwyobaa <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli.<br />

dov linCis sityviT, amierkavkasia politikurad<br />

sakmaod amowurulia. 18 sazRvrebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli uTanxmoebebi,<br />

ekonomikuri bloka<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>rRveuli sarkinigzo <strong>da</strong><br />

saavtomobilo mimosvla <strong>da</strong> sasjelis mizniT amuSavebuli savizo<br />

reJimi aramcTu xels uwyobs konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>maregulirebel<br />

savaWro Tu sxva tipis kontaqtebs, aramed TviTonve warmoadgens<br />

regionSi <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis zrdis wyarosa <strong>da</strong> mizezs. Tqma<br />

17 Bruno Coppieters, EU Policy on the Southern Caucasus, Policy Paper for the<br />

committee on Foreign Affairs, Human Rights, Common Security, <strong>and</strong> Defense Policy <strong>of</strong><br />

the European Parliament (January 20, 2004), p.7,. http://www.europarl.eu.int/meetdocs/<br />

committees/afet/20040120/wider%20europe%20caucasus.pdf.<br />

18 Dov Lynch, ”A Regional Insecurity Dynamic,” in Lynch, The South Caucasus, pp.9-21.<br />

28

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

mxolod imisa, rom regioni moklebulia im instituciebs,<br />

romlebic arsebobs ms<strong>of</strong>lios sxva nawilebSi – samxreTaRmosavleT<br />

azii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli <strong>da</strong>savleT evropiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli<br />

_ warmoadgens araswor Sefasebas imisas, Tu ramdenad<br />

ararsebulia institucionalizebuli Tu arainstucionalizebuli<br />

sazogadeobis nebismieri forma somxeTSi, azerbaijansa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi. sxva postsabWouri qveynebis msgavsad, am<br />

regionis samive saxelmwifo ibrZvis, raTa <strong>da</strong>mkvidrdes axal<br />

politikur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> erovnul erTeulad <strong>da</strong> warmatebis<br />

miRwevas samive am mimarTulebiT cdilobs. magram sxva qveynebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, am saxelmwifoebs metad axasiaTebT politikuri<br />

institutebis sisuste <strong>da</strong> korumpirebuloba, rac maT<br />

seriozul problemebs uqmnis. aSkaraa, rom Si<strong>da</strong> stabilurobis<br />

arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki saqarTvelos mainc Seeqmnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

safrTxe konfliqtur garemocvaSi my<strong>of</strong>i erTnairad susti<br />

saxelmwifoebisagan. magram ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mdgomareoba saqarTvelos<br />

SigniTac arastabiluria, garefaqtorebi masze gacilebiT<br />

did gavlenas axdens <strong>da</strong> arsebuli kataklizmebi qveyanas<br />

SeiZleba did safrTxed moevlinos.<br />

de vaali aRniSnavs, rom yovelive zemoTqmulis mizezi ara<br />

marto kavkasiaSi arsebuli politikuri <strong>da</strong>qsaqsulobaa, aramed<br />

isic, rom saqarTvelo bevrs arafers akeTebs mdgomareobis<br />

gamosasworeblad. avtoris azriT, saqarTvelo, somxeTi <strong>da</strong><br />

azerbaijani ise arian erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>Sorebulni <strong>da</strong> imdenad<br />

ara aqvT ekonomikuri urTierTkavSiri, rom Znelad Tu SeiZleba<br />

maTi aRqma erTian regionad. de vaali wers, rom “amierkavkasiis<br />

es sami respublika bevri sakiTxis gamo Zalian mtkivneula<strong>da</strong>a<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sorebuli erTmaneTs”. maT ara aqvT ekonomikuri kavSirebi,<br />

risi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezic “mmarTveli wreebis<br />

maRali kriminalizaciaa”, swored amis gamo ver xerxdeba<br />

“kavkasiuri saerTo bazris” magvari erTobis Seqmna. mTeli am<br />

xnis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelom cota ram gaakeTa situaciis<br />

gamosasworeblad. de vaalis sityvebiT, gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis<br />

periodSi fexs ikideb<strong>da</strong> azri _ “am gamorCeul evropul<br />

qveyanas mesianuri <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba gaaCnia”. maSin igi Zalze Sors<br />

29

obert legvoldi<br />

iyo regionis dramatizmiT aRsavse cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ruseTisagan<br />

distanciaze y<strong>of</strong>nas cdilob<strong>da</strong>. eduard SevardnaZem, romelmac<br />

prezidentis postze gamsaxurdia Secvala, Zalisxmeva aSS-sTan<br />

ufro mWidro urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad mimarTa <strong>da</strong>, de<br />

vaalis azriT, igi “TiTqmis ar iCen<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mezoblebTan<br />

politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri integraciis gaZlierebis interess.”<br />

amgvarad, imis magivrad, rom Tavis mezoblebs, somxeTsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> azerbaijans, mTiani yarabaRis problemis <strong>da</strong>regulirebaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Suamavlis roli Seesrulebina, saqarTvelom<br />

am mimarTulebiT erTi nabijic ki ar ga<strong>da</strong>dga <strong>da</strong> es roli euTosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ruseTis mTavrobas mi<strong>and</strong>o.<br />

saqarTvelo uaRresad <strong>da</strong>Zabuli regionis centrSi mdebareobs<br />

<strong>da</strong> imis magivrad, rom stabilurobis birTvad iqces,<br />

rac misi bunebrivi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis Sesabamisi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, igi,<br />

garkveulwilad gamiznula<strong>da</strong>c, SeiZleba arastabilurobis<br />

moreva<strong>da</strong>c ga<strong>da</strong>iqces. Tuki stabilurobis procesi Seferx<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> areuloba <strong>da</strong>iwyo, maSin “saqarTvelos krizisSi” SeiZleba<br />

misi mezoblebic aRmoCndnen CarTulni, Tun<strong>da</strong>c im mizeziT, rom<br />

<strong>da</strong>icvan TavianTi Tanamemamuleebi <strong>da</strong> materialuri interesebi<br />

an Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilon am krizisis negatiuri gavlena TavianT Si<strong>da</strong><br />

problemebze. meore mxriv, qveynis <strong>da</strong>Sla ara marto saqarTvelos<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> politikaSi arsebuli warumateblobebiT SeiZleba<br />

iyos gamowveuli; saqarTvelos sazRvrebze arsebuli areuloba,<br />

SesaZloa, qveynis Si<strong>da</strong> teritoriebzec gavrceldes – aseT<br />

faqts adgili aqvs ruseTis CrdiloeT sazRvarze. amgvarad, isev<br />

rCeba saSiSroeba imisa, rom saqarTvelo am regionSi stabilurobis<br />

ganmsazRvrelad ki ar mogvevlineba, piriqiT, sruliad<br />

sapirispiro rols Seasrulebs. amas gar<strong>da</strong>, Tu kavkasiis<br />

romelime regionSi, maT Soris CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic, movlenaTa<br />

ganviTarebam feTqebadi saxe miiRo, maSin qveynis SigniT<br />

situaciis gauaresebis yvelaze didi safrTxe saqarTvelos<br />

emuqreba.<br />

mixeil saakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi mosvli<strong>da</strong>n am weliwadnaxevris<br />

Semdegac yvela es safrTxe isev aqtualuria. mTiani<br />

yarabaRis konfliqtSi zogjer gaielveb<strong>da</strong> xolme imedi imisa,<br />

30

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

rom somxebsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanelebs ormxriv molaparakebebze<br />

progresisTvis mieRwiaT, rac euTos minskis jgufs axali<br />

iniciativebiT gamosvlis saSualebas aZlev<strong>da</strong>. Tumca xan<strong>da</strong>xan<br />

imis niSnebic Cndebo<strong>da</strong>, rom baqoSi am problemis mosagvareblad<br />

Zalis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobasac ixilavdnen. CeCneTSi omi<br />

gaxangrZliv<strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, misi Tanmdevi problemebic<br />

SenarCun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sakiTxavia, Tu sad iCens igi SemdgomSi Tavs, ra<br />

Tanmdev movlenebs gamoiwvevs <strong>da</strong> ras moimoqmedebs ruseTi<br />

sapasuxod. 2004 wlis zafxulSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebam<br />

samxreT oseTSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Secvlis warumatebeli<br />

mcdeloba ganaxorciela. 2005 wlis ianvarSi evrosabWos<br />

saparlamento asambleaze mixeil saakaSvilis mier wardgenili<br />

axali <strong>da</strong>, bevris azriT, sakmaod loialuri samSvidobo gegma<br />

erTmniSvnelovnad iqna uary<strong>of</strong>ili oseTis liderebis mier,<br />

romelTac zurgs moskovis pozicia umagreb<strong>da</strong>T. am faqtma kidev<br />

ufro gaamZafra arsebuli imedgacrueba.<br />

arastabiluri kavkasia <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo potenciurad areulobis<br />

morevs ufro warmoadgens, vidre stabilurobis centrs<br />

<strong>da</strong> qmnis sruli regionaluri suraTis mxolod nawils. isini<br />

gamoxataven regionSi Semaval qveyanaTa Soris arsebul<br />

<strong>da</strong>nawevrebul <strong>da</strong> arastabilur urTierTobebs. magram yvelaferi<br />

regionis politikuri geografiiT ar Semoifargleba,<br />

radgan kavkasiis problema sxvaTa teritoriuli mmarTvelobis<br />

garemocvaSi y<strong>of</strong>na ki ar aris, aramed is, rom igi aris arena sxva<br />

saxelmwifoebis moqmedebisaTvis; amas ki meore metaforamde<br />

mivyavarT: saqarTvelo, rogorc koncentruli wreebis centri.<br />

istoriulad kavkasia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva imperiaTa Sejaxebis mizezs<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. es imperiebi (sparseTis, osmaleTis, ruseTis)<br />

axla aRar arsebobs, magram maT adgilas aRmocenebuli<br />

memkvidre-saxelmwifoebi – irani, TurqeTi <strong>da</strong> ruseTi – kvlavac<br />

eqiSpebian am teritoriebisaTvis erTmaneTs, zogjer Riad,<br />

xSirad ki – farulad. ruseTi ufro metad ewinaaRmdegeba<br />

kavkasiis saqmeebSi iranisa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis Carevas, vidre irani<br />

<strong>da</strong> TurqeTi – ruseTis dominirebas regionSi; magram, rogorc<br />

wesi, Teirani <strong>da</strong> ankara fxizlad adevneben Tvalyurs ruseTis<br />

31

obert legvoldi<br />

moqmedebebs kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki energetikis sferoSi<br />

arsebul politikas <strong>da</strong> xSirad garkveul berketebsac iyeneben<br />

moskovis zegavlenis Sesasusteblad.<br />

TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> iranis realur gavlenas kavkasiaSi ufro<br />

konkretuli xasiaTi aqvs. igi erTdroulad <strong>da</strong>debiTicaa <strong>da</strong><br />

uary<strong>of</strong>iTic, Tumca aris safuZveli, vifiqroT, rom negatiuri<br />

gavlena Warbobs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, orive saxelmwifo kavkasiis<br />

zogierT qveyanas garkveul perspeqtivebs usaxavs: TurqeTi<br />

exmareba azerbaijans <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos garkveul ekonomikur<br />

TanamSromlobas sTavazobs; irani ki somxeTis politikuri <strong>da</strong><br />

fizikuri izolaciis dones amcirebs. magram iranisa <strong>da</strong><br />

TurqeTis mniSvnelovani gavlena kavkasiaSi gamowveulia imiT,<br />

rom am qveynebs garkveuli problemebi aqvT sxva saxelmwifoebTan<br />

urTierTobebSi. ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis Semdeg irani<br />

mesame qveyanaa, romelic azerbaijanis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s emuqreba.<br />

arif iunusovis azriT, arsebobs potenciuri <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis<br />

ramdenime wyaro: iranis mravalricxovani azerbaijanuli<br />

mosaxleobis vnebaTaRelva, kaspiis zRvis gazis sabadoebze<br />

xelmisawvdomoba <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis Siitebis (umravlesobaSi<br />

my<strong>of</strong>i religiuri jgufi 19 ) mimarT iranis mier gatarebuli<br />

politika, Tumca irani ar cdilob<strong>da</strong>, regionSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

areuloba, maT Soris, mTian yarabaRSic, Tavis sasargeblod<br />

gamoeyenebina <strong>da</strong> 1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi somxeT-azerbaijanis<br />

konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>regulirebaSic ki monawileob<strong>da</strong>. 20 magram<br />

azerbaijanelebs imdeni problema aqvT, rom iranelebis es<br />

TavSekavebuloba bevrs arafers niSnavs.<br />

somxeTisaTvis amgvari aforiaqebis mizezs TurqeTi<br />

warmoadgens: misi roli yarabaRis konfliqtSi umniSvnelo<br />

19 Arif Yunusov, ”Azerbaijan’s Security Problems <strong>and</strong> Policies, ” in Lynch, The South<br />

Caucasus, p.146<br />

20 mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis mizniT iranma erTaderTxel<br />

ganaxorciela warumatebeli mcdeloba, konfliqtis monawile<br />

ori mxare molaparakebis magi<strong>da</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>esva 1992 wlis maisSi. ixileT:<br />

Thomas de Waal, Black Garden: Armenia <strong>and</strong> Azerbaijan through Peace <strong>and</strong> War (New<br />

York: New York University Press, 2003), p. 180<br />

32

gavleniT ar Semoifargleba; TurqeTi azerbaijanis mokavSirea,<br />

somxeTis bloka<strong>da</strong>Si mTavar rgols warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>JinebiT<br />

amtkicebs, rom yarabaRis problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta mxolod<br />

TurqeT-somxeTis urTierTobebis normalizebis Sedegad<br />

gaxdeba SesaZlebeli. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis<br />

pirvel wlebSi somxeTis mcdelobisa, <strong>da</strong>eviwyebina mZime<br />

istoriuli warsuli (1915 wels Turqebis mier somxebis<br />

masobrivi Jletac ki), mTiani yarabaRis Semdeg somxeTis<br />

aRSfoTeba kvlav gaZlier<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xelaxali ZaliT wamoiWra azri,<br />

rom TurqeTs kavkasiaSi Tavisi batonobis aRdgena surs <strong>da</strong><br />

somxeTis ganadgurebazec ar ityvis uars, Tuki amiT Tavis<br />

mizans miaRwevs. 21<br />

situacias arTulebs im qveynebis mtruli urTierTobebi,<br />

romlebic kavkasiaSi arsebul masStabur konfliqtebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebebSi monawileoben. saqme is ki ar aris, rom<br />

azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTs Soris mWidro urTierToba amZimebs<br />

maT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas iranTan <strong>da</strong> iwvevs iransa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTs<br />

Soris uTanxmoebas, arc is, rom somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> irans Soris<br />

urTierTobebi ganapirobebs TurqeTTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas,<br />

aramed is, rom samxreTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTSi mdebare ise<strong>da</strong>c<br />

arastabiluri regionebi maTi gavlenis qveS eqcevian. azerbaijan-TurqeTis<br />

kavSirebi moqmedebs israelze, iran-somxeTis<br />

urTierTobebi ki _ saberZneTze. amgvar dinamikas kavkasiis<br />

saerTaSoriso politika saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Semdgom<br />

koncentrul wreSi Sehyavs <strong>da</strong> Cndeba saSiSroeba, rom axlo<br />

aRmosavleTisa <strong>da</strong> balkaneTis politika, SesaZloa, kavkasiasac<br />

moedos. Sesabamisad, kavkasiis sisuste <strong>da</strong> arastabiluroba<br />

mimdebare regionebis arastabilurobas erwymis.<br />

ukanaskneli gare koncentruli wre ufro politikuri<br />

xasiaTisaa, vidre geografiuli. es aris kavkasiis saqmeebSi<br />

udidesi saxelmwifoebis monawileobis xarisxi. aSS, evropuli<br />

saxelmwifoebic <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiric miiCneven, rom regionSi maTac<br />

aqvT TavianTi interesebi. <strong>da</strong>interesebis yvelaze did mizezs<br />

21 De Waal, Black Garden, pp.274-75.<br />

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

33

obert legvoldi<br />

kaspiis zRvasa <strong>da</strong> mis sanapiroze arsebuli navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazis<br />

maragi warmoadgens. evropul bazrebze am maragis gatanis<br />

gzebis SerCeva ki qmnis garepolitikur <strong>da</strong> savaWro problemebs.<br />

kaspiis navTobsa <strong>da</strong> gazTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli politika umTavresad<br />

maT transportirebas exeba <strong>da</strong> ara warmoebas, amitomac<br />

am politikis Sedegebi yvelaze metad ainteresebs aSS-s, Tu ar<br />

CavTvliT ruseTs, es faqti ki am or qveyanas Soris qiSpobis<br />

kidev erT mizezi xdeba. ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n Sesabamisi reaqcia<br />

gamoiwvia bil klintonis prezidentobis dros aSS-is mTavrobis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebam, uzrunveleyoT navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazis transportireba<br />

aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT – TurqeTis gavliT <strong>da</strong><br />

ara samxreTiT (radganac es iranis reJimis ganmtkicebas<br />

Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> xels) an<strong>da</strong> CrdiloeTiT (amis Sedegad moskovs am<br />

regionis energomwarmoebel qveynebze zegavlenis Zlieri<br />

berketebi Seeqmnebo<strong>da</strong>). Sedegad, baqo<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelos gavliT<br />

TurqeTis port jeihanSi mimavali axali navTobsadenis<br />

mSenebloba (riskenac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ase iswrafo<strong>da</strong> aSS)<br />

vaSingtonsa <strong>da</strong> moskovs Soris <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis sagnad iqca <strong>da</strong><br />

ara TanamSromlobis safuZvlad.<br />

kaspiis zRvis regionis navTobsa <strong>da</strong> gazTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />

saerTaSoriso politika ganxilulia am wignis <strong>da</strong>mien helisa <strong>da</strong><br />

giorgi gogias mier Sedgenil nawilSi; Cvens amocanas ar<br />

warmoadgens am sakiTxis ufro Rrma kvleva, aRvniSnavT mxolod<br />

erTs, rom saTamaSo moe<strong>da</strong>ni aq ufro farToa <strong>da</strong> centralur<br />

aziasa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiasac moicavs. am moe<strong>da</strong>nze mesame mxaris yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovan moTamaSeebs evropuli qveynebi, irani, TurqeTi,<br />

CineTi <strong>da</strong> navTobis yvelaze didi mwarmoeblebi warmoadgenen,<br />

xolo TamaSis dros iyeneben rogorc konkurenciis, ise<br />

TanamSromlobis wesebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad politikuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT winaaRmdegobriv sakiTxs navTobsadenis gayvanis<br />

Taobaze Tavisi <strong>da</strong>debiTi mxarec gaaCnia, xolo xan<strong>da</strong>xan, kaspiis<br />

navTobsadenis konsorciumis SemTxvevaSi, amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi <strong>da</strong> ruseTi SeTanxmebula<strong>da</strong>c ki moqmedebdnen. magram<br />

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis, saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamavali<br />

umsxvilesi navTobsadenis, SemTxvevaSi saqmis viTareba sul<br />

34

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

sxvagvarad iyo: es navTobsadeni Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve aRizianeb<strong>da</strong> ruseTs,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki qveynis sagareo saqmeTa saministros, rac<br />

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis gauaresebis kidev erTi<br />

sababi gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

bunebrivia, kavkasiaSi aSS-is interesTa sferoSi ara mxolod<br />

navTobi Sedis <strong>da</strong> bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi es sfero mniSvnelovnad<br />

gafarTov<strong>da</strong> kidec. bren<strong>da</strong> Saferi <strong>da</strong> sxva mkvlevrebi<br />

aRniSnaven, rom 11 seqtembris Semdeg saqarTvelom <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanma<br />

(ufro metad, am ukanasknelma) gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />

SeiZines vaSingtonisaTvis terorizmTan brZolis<br />

konteqstSi. 22 amrigad, buSis administraciis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />

brZola, gaeuqmebinaT kongresis mier <strong>da</strong>wesebuli<br />

SezRudvebi azerbaijanisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>is Taobaze,<br />

gamowveuli iyo ara navTobTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli interesebiT,<br />

aramed saerTaSoriso terorizmis problemiT; amave mizezis<br />

gamo pentagonma ufro yuradRebiT ganixila am qveynebis roli<br />

aSS-is strategiul gegmebSi. magram, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom aSS<br />

<strong>da</strong> ruseTi erTnairad arian Sewuxebuli saerTaSoriso terorizmis<br />

problemiT <strong>da</strong> masTan brZolis sferoSi bevri mimarTulebiT<br />

TanamSromloben kidec, maTi warmodgenebi kavkasiaSi<br />

arsebuli safrTxis faqtorebsa <strong>da</strong> maTTan brZolis meTodebze<br />

naklebad emTxveva erTmaneTs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad xsenebul sakiTxze<br />

aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis msgavsi poziciebisa, maT aqvT gansxvavebuli<br />

Sexeduleba terorizmis wyaroebsa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis konfliqtebze,<br />

rac saqarTvelos ar aZlevs saSualebas, garkveuli urTierToba<br />

Camoayalibos erT-erTTan ise, rom Tavi aaridos meoris<br />

zewolas. Sedegad, terorizmTan brZola ar uqmnis saqarTvelos<br />

arc aSS-sTan urTierTobebis ganmtkicebis myar safuZvels <strong>da</strong><br />

arc ruseTTan saqmis <strong>da</strong>Weris xelsayrel pirobebs.<br />

rogorc wesi, saqarTveloc, azerbaijanica <strong>da</strong> somxeTic<br />

ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> SeerTebul Statebs regionSi mTavar figurebad<br />

Tvlian. regionSi arsebuli krizisuli situaciis, mosaxleobis<br />

gaRizianebisa <strong>da</strong> arsebuli qaosis gamo bunebrivi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

22 Bren<strong>da</strong> Shaffer, ’’U.S. Policy, ” in Lynch, The South Caucasus, pp. 58-59.<br />

35

obert legvoldi<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong> civ gonebaze miRebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi gare<br />

pirebisgan modiodes. magram radganac arc moskovi <strong>da</strong> arc<br />

vaSingtoni ar aRiqmeba erTnairad keTilganwyobil partniorad,<br />

Tbilisi, baqo <strong>da</strong> erevani iZulebulni arian, maT Soris arCevani<br />

gaakeTon <strong>da</strong> Semdeg arCeuli qveynis keTilganwyoba moipovon.<br />

magram is faqti, rom aSS-sTan sruly<strong>of</strong>ili aliansi SeuZlebelia,<br />

xolo analogiuri aliansi ruseTTan _ arasasurveli<br />

(somxeTisTvisac ki), amierkavkasiis am qveynebs aiZulebs,<br />

SeinarCunon urTierTobebi orive ZalasTan. vimeorebT: realoba<br />

mkacria <strong>da</strong> sifrTxiles moiTxovs.<br />

amgvarad, saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari usafrTxoebis problemis<br />

ormag bunebas _ “saxelmwifoebriobis simyife” <strong>da</strong><br />

“arastabiluri garemocva” _ urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul sakiTxTa<br />

urTulesi kompleqsi udevs safuZvlad. imis gamo, rom saxezea<br />

saxelmwifoebriobis problemis mravali CaxlarTuli aspeqti<br />

_ rTulia, magram ara SeuZlebeli _ aixsnas, Tu ratom gaakeTa<br />

saqarTvelom ase cota ram mis winaSe mdgari problemis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad saWiro strategiuli doqtrinis gaazrebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

formulirebisaTvis. mis mier <strong>da</strong>muSavebul nawilSi <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili ganixilavs am mimarTulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>dgmul ramdenime<br />

warumatebel nabijs – Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis doqtrinis msgavsi dokumentis<br />

SemuSavebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar mcdelobas. arc erT maTgans – 1997<br />

wels saqarTvelos parlamentis mier miRebuli e. w. “samxedro<br />

doqtriniT” <strong>da</strong>wyebuli, 2003 wels mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />

unay<strong>of</strong>o mcdelobiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli – praqtikuli<br />

Sedegi ar mohyolia. yvela es dokumenti, maT Soris, 2002 wels<br />

samxedroebis mier gamocemuli “TeTri wigni” <strong>da</strong> 2000 wlis<br />

<strong>of</strong>icialuri dokumenti “momavlis xedva <strong>da</strong> strategia” an ar<br />

iyo saTanadod momzadebuli politikuri maRali wreebis mier<br />

imisaTvis, rom maT sayovelTao aRiareba moepovebinaT, an<br />

sakmaod arazusti iyo <strong>da</strong> ar miesa<strong>da</strong>gebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mkacr<br />

realiebs.<br />

2000 wlis dokumentSi “momavlis xedva <strong>da</strong> strategia”<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>a saubari saqarTvelos moqalaqeebSi “konstituciis<br />

erTgulebisa <strong>da</strong> saerTo moqalaqeobis” grZnobis ganmtkicebaze<br />

36

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

<strong>da</strong> “regionebsa <strong>da</strong> xalxSi erovnuli erTianobis grZnobis<br />

gaZlierebiT saxelmwifos konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciaze”. 23 am dokumentSi<br />

miTiTebulia, agreTve, rom aucilebelia “grZelvadiani<br />

erovnuli programis” miReba. yovelive es problemas ki<br />

ayeneb<strong>da</strong>, magram ar aanalizeb<strong>da</strong> mas; gamoy<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong> amocanas,<br />

magram ar aRwer<strong>da</strong> mis Semadgenel nawilebs. zogadi principebis<br />

_ teritoriuli mTlianobis pativiscema, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cva, blokadebis moxsna <strong>da</strong> garemos <strong>da</strong>cva – Camoyalibeba<br />

kargia, magram es, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, mxolod orientiria<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara safrTxis analizisa <strong>da</strong> masze reagirebis strategiis<br />

SemuSavebisaTvis saWiro amosavali wertili<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili aRniSnavs, rom prezidenti saakaSvili<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi gundi Seudgnen usafrTxoebis erovnuli koncefciis<br />

SemuSavebas, romelic ganixilavs saqarTvelos winaSe mdgar<br />

konkretul problemebs. 2005 wlis gazafxulisaTvis igi<br />

TiTqmis <strong>da</strong>srulebuli iyo. SeZleben Tu ara qveynis liderebi<br />

TavianTi winamorbedebis SezRudulobis <strong>da</strong>Zlevas, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />

imaze, Tu ramdenad moaxerxeben isini miznis miRwevas<br />

<strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>suli wlebis apaTiisa Tu biurokratiuli indiferentulobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zlevas. <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili miiCnevs, rom am sferoSi<br />

ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli principebis ararsebobis pirobebSi<br />

Zalze Znelia qmediTi samxedro strategiis SemuSaveba,<br />

samxedro Zalebis aucilebeli raodenobis <strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong> amocanebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba. 2000 wlis koncefcia “momavlis xedva <strong>da</strong><br />

strategia” strategiis sakiTxebs calke nawilSi ganixilavs,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c ufro naTla<strong>da</strong>a naCvenebi kavSiri moTxovnilebasa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>kmay<strong>of</strong>ilebas Soris. dokumentSi weria, rom saqarTvelos<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gaaCndes unari, <strong>da</strong>icvas mis teritoriaze arsebuli<br />

milsadenebi, “gansazRvruli ZalebiT gaumklavdes Setevas”,<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilos “sasazRvro zonebSi mcire jgufebis SeRweva”<br />

<strong>da</strong> aRm<strong>of</strong>xvras “mezobel qveynebSi Zaladobis afeTqebis<br />

Sedegad warmoSobili SesaZlo areulobebi <strong>da</strong> vnebaTaRelva<br />

sasazRvro zonebSi”. dokumentSi gakvriTaa naxsenebi, rom<br />

23 Georgia <strong>and</strong> the World: A Vision <strong>and</strong> a Strategy for the Future”, October 10, 2000.<br />

37

obert legvoldi<br />

qveyanas aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> hyavdes iseTi jari, romelic “win<br />

aRudgeba nebismieri saxis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Setevas,<br />

romlis mizansac saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>y<strong>of</strong>a, misi politikuri<br />

sistemis an mmarTvelobis formis Zalismieri gziT Secvla<br />

warmoadgens”; magram dokumentis sxva nawilebSi ufro realisturi<br />

saubaria: qveyanas un<strong>da</strong> “SeeZlos, gaumklavdes<br />

safrTxes saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobisagan <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

miRebamde.” 24 Tumca <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili aRniSnavs, rom jer kidev<br />

bevria gasakeTebeli Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi praqtikuli <strong>da</strong> kargad<br />

Camoyalibebuli poziciebis SesamuSaveblad.<br />

38<br />

garesamyaro<br />

Tuki qarTvelebis mcdeloba, garkveuliyvnen maTi qveynis<br />

winaSe mdgari usafrTxoebis rTul amocanebSi, marcxiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, SeZles Tu ara gare Zalebma, <strong>da</strong>edginaT saqarTvelosadmi<br />

TavianTi interesi <strong>da</strong> epovaT optimaluri gzebi mis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sacavad? _ rogorc <strong>da</strong>mien heli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia TavianT<br />

nawilSi amtkiceben, bolo dromde maT bevri veraferi SeZles.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Sli<strong>da</strong>n karga xnis manZilze evropelebma<br />

<strong>da</strong> amerikelebma araTu mTeli sisruliT ver aRiqves saqarTvelosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> regionis problemebi, aramed, qarTvelebisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi jerovnad verc ki<br />

afasebdnen aq arsebul interesebs.<br />

amerikelebisa <strong>da</strong> evropelebis gasamarTleblad un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas,<br />

am interesebis Sefaseba sakmaod Zneli iyo. erTi SexedviT,<br />

navTobi rom ara, gare ZalebisaTvis upriani iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, gasclodnen<br />

regionSi arsebul qaoss, <strong>da</strong>Zabulobasa <strong>da</strong> CamorCenilobas<br />

<strong>da</strong> rogorc es Cernobilis reaqtorTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

mox<strong>da</strong>, politikuri “sark<strong>of</strong>agi” aeSenebinaT. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />

rom irani <strong>da</strong> TurqeTi kavkasias esazRvreba, maT aqvT mizezi,<br />

yuradReba am regionis gareT mdebare, sxva, ufro mniSvnelovan<br />

24 “Georgia <strong>and</strong> the World”.

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

politikur sakiTxebze ga<strong>da</strong>itanon. evropelebs ki sakmao<br />

problemebi aqvT TavianT saxlTan axlos Tu TviT saxlSi. aSS-s<br />

naklebad sWirdeba, ms<strong>of</strong>lios kidev erT regionSi gaataros<br />

cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amyaros wesrigi. iqneb, arc rusebisTvis<br />

y<strong>of</strong>iliyo cudi, gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i kavkasiisagan<br />

Sors <strong>da</strong>eWiraT Tavi <strong>da</strong> yuradReba sxva qveynebsa <strong>da</strong> regionebze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>etanaT, iseTebze, rogoricaa: ukraina, belorusi <strong>da</strong><br />

centraluri azia _ es regionebi ekonomikuri, strategiuli <strong>da</strong><br />

politikuri TvalsazrisiT bevrad mniSvnelovania maTTvis.<br />

faqtia, rom arc erTi es qveyana msgavss arafers gaakeTebs,<br />

upirveles yovlisa, warsuli umoqmedobis gamo – sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

varaudis, araswori midgomisa Tu miswrafebis, simx<strong>da</strong>lis <strong>da</strong> im<br />

moqmedebebis gamo, romlebmac isini am situaciamde miiyvana.<br />

ase rom, savaraudoa, moqmed pirTa umravlesoba <strong>da</strong>, maT Soris,<br />

ruseTic, momavalSic igive politikas gaatarebs kavkasiasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi, rasac adre – Tu, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, regionSi ganviTarebuli<br />

movlenebi radikalurad ar Seicvala an, rogorc es<br />

ruseTSi mox<strong>da</strong>, 2004 wlis zafxulsa <strong>da</strong> Semodgomaze CeCneTis<br />

omTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli terorizmis axali talRa ar aiZulebs<br />

putinis administracias, uecrad ufro mkacr politikaze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vides. amas mowmobs putinis axleburi gancxadeba, saWiroebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi CeCen an sxva qveynis teroristebTan<br />

brZolis ruseTis sazRvrebs gareT warmoebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTis politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebis gaufrTxilebeli<br />

gancxadebebi afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi ruseTis<br />

poziciebis gaZlierebis Taobaze am teritoriebis de faqto<br />

statusis <strong>of</strong>icialuri aRiarebiT. magram <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom kavkasiis regionis gareT my<strong>of</strong>i arc erTi qveyana,<br />

maT Soris, ruseTic, ar aris dResdReobiT mzad, mkveTri zomebi<br />

miiRos kavkasiaSi Tavisi interesebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad. imavdroulad,<br />

Cans, rom arc erTi maTgani arc kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>tovebas apirebs.<br />

amgvarad, erTi mxriv, maT ar SeswevT Zala, Secvalon dRev<strong>and</strong>eli<br />

urTierTobebi, <strong>da</strong>aCqaron cvlilebebi an xeli Seuwyon<br />

mSvidobis <strong>da</strong>myarebas. meore mxriv, isini imisTvis ar arian mzad,<br />

rom riskze wavidnen <strong>da</strong> arsebuli arastabiluroba TavianT<br />

39

obert legvoldi<br />

sasargeblod gamoiyenon: gaaZevon konkurentebi <strong>da</strong> Seqmnan<br />

strategiuli sayrdeni punqtebi.<br />

meore mizezi, Tu ratom ver <strong>da</strong>iviwyeben sxva qveynebi<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> kavkasias – rac, TavisTavad, <strong>da</strong>debiTi faqtia<br />

– aris politikosebisa <strong>da</strong> analitikosebis argumentebi, riTac<br />

isini cdiloben, TavianTi mTavrobebi <strong>da</strong>arwmunon, yuradReba<br />

miaqcion am regions. ra adgilic un<strong>da</strong> eWiros kavkasias ms<strong>of</strong>lios<br />

saerTo sistemaSi, iq ganviTarebulma movlenebma – <strong>da</strong>debiTmac<br />

<strong>da</strong> uary<strong>of</strong>iTmac – SeiZleba iseTi masStabebi miiRos, rom<br />

briuselis, berlinis, parizis, vaSingtonisa <strong>da</strong> sxvebis interesi<br />

namdvilad gaamarTlos. Cveulebriv, interesTa siis saTaveSi<br />

navTobi <strong>da</strong> gazi dgas. gazi ufro evropelebisTvisaa mniSvnelovani,<br />

navTobi – amerikisTvis, iranis, TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTisaTvis ki – orive erTad. 25 siaSi Semdgom ukve SeSfoTebis<br />

mizezebia CamoTvlili: narkotikebis, iaraRisa <strong>da</strong> sxva msgavsi<br />

nakadebi, gansakuTrebiT g<strong>and</strong>gomil teritoriebze <strong>da</strong> maT<br />

garSemo; afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis ga<strong>da</strong>uWreli konfliqtebis<br />

ganaxlebis riski <strong>da</strong> teroristebis mier am teritoriebis<br />

plac<strong>da</strong>rmad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. irans, TurqeTsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ruseTs saSualeba aqvT, Tvalyuri adevnon, Tu rogor<br />

SeaRwevs regionSi aRmocenebuli arastabiluroba maT saerTo<br />

sazRvrebSi, xolo 2007 wels bulgareTisa <strong>da</strong> rumineTis<br />

evrokavSirSi Sesvlis Semdeg evropelebic kavkasiis uSualo<br />

mezoblebi gaxdebian. rogorc <strong>da</strong>mien heli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

aRniSnaven, evropa arasdros igrZnobs sruliad usafrTxod<br />

Tavs, Tu kavkasia misi usafrTxoebis zonis miRma aRmoCndeba.<br />

amerikelebs 11 seqtembris Semdeg sxva safiqrali gauCn<strong>da</strong>T:<br />

isini am regions, gansakuTrebiT ki azerbaijans, terorizmis<br />

25 xSirad amtkiceben, rom aSS sinamdvileSi di<strong>da</strong>d ar aris am regioniT<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebuli, mas arc misi navTobi ainteresebs, radganac amerikis<br />

bazarze am regioni<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli navTobis raodenoba amerikis mier<br />

importirebuli navTobis mTliani raodenobis Zalze mcire nawils<br />

Seadgens. magram am dros yuradRebis miRma rCeba is faqti, rom realurad<br />

aSS-s ainteresebs, ms<strong>of</strong>lio bazars navTobis maqsimaluri raodenoba<br />

miewodebodes.<br />

40

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

winaaRmdeg warmoebul axal omSi bastionis rols aniWeben. aSS-s<br />

arcTu ise bevri saxelmwifo hyavs mokavSired, sa<strong>da</strong>c mosaxleobis<br />

umravlesoba musulmania. aseT saxelmwifoebs<br />

vaSingtoni did mniSvnelobas ara mxolod maTi plac<strong>da</strong>rmad<br />

gamoyenebisaTvis aniWebs, aramed sxva qveynebisaTvis magaliTis<br />

misacemad. cxadia, ruseTi am regions Tavisi Si<strong>da</strong> interesebis<br />

ganuy<strong>of</strong>el nawilad miiCnevs – CeCneTis omiT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli, misi<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ganTavsebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli; ruseTisaTvis<br />

es regioni misi saxelmwifo monopoliebis, telekomunikaciaSi,<br />

energetikasa <strong>da</strong> sxva sferoebSi moqmedebis korporaciebis<br />

potenciuri arealia.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mien helisa <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogias miaCniaT, rom mTeli rigi<br />

iniciativebisa <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>xmarebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, bolo aTi<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi arc evropelebi <strong>da</strong> arc amerikelebi saTanadod<br />

ar afasebdnen saqarTvelos problemebs. marTalia, aSS <strong>da</strong> evropa<br />

saqarTvelos ufro met <strong>da</strong>xmarebas uwevdnen (erT sul mosaxleze<br />

gaangariSebiT), vidre romelime postsabWoTaqveyanas, magram isini<br />

ar Cqarobdnen, mtkiced <strong>da</strong>eyenebinaT sakiTxi, es <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

uSualod institucionalur gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebsa <strong>da</strong> korufciasTan<br />

seriozul brZolas moxmarebo<strong>da</strong>. isini TanaugrZnobdnen saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>da</strong>karguli teritoriebis gamo, magram ar sur<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

Tavis Tavze aeRoT <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa saerTaSoriso jgufis Seqmnis<br />

iniciativa, romelic saqarTvelos ruseTze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas<br />

Seamcireb<strong>da</strong>. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi <strong>da</strong>, maT Soris, xelaxali<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zabulobis warmoqmnisas 2004 wels, isini cdilobdnen, ekontrolebinaT<br />

samxreT oseTis feTqebadi situacia, magram ar<br />

sur<strong>da</strong>T, konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi ufro aqtiurad CasarTavad<br />

euTos iniciativebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>eWiraT mxari. evrokavSirSi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

“amierkavkasiisaTvis strategiis” SemuSavebis Taobaze saubrobdnen,<br />

magram Semdeg es sakiTxi Riadve <strong>da</strong>toves. aSS mxars<br />

uWer<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos moskovsa <strong>da</strong> Tbiliss Soris urTierTobebis<br />

gamwvavebis momentebSi, magram ar cdilob<strong>da</strong>, Suamavlis roli<br />

ekisra am ori qveynis samomavlo urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>regulirebaSi.<br />

“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg sagrZnoblad gaizar<strong>da</strong> aSS-is,<br />

evrokavSirisa <strong>da</strong> Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis aqtivoba.<br />

41

obert legvoldi<br />

SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis bolo periodisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />

“donorebis <strong>da</strong>Rlilobis” sindromi ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

axalma talRam Secvala: ase magaliTad, 2004 wels briuselSi<br />

gamarTul donorebis konferenciaze saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobam<br />

saqarTvelosaTvis 1 miliardi aSS dolaris<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis valdebuleba ikisra. amas gar<strong>da</strong>, Crdiloatlantikurma<br />

aliansma <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirma ufro aqtiuri qmedebebi <strong>da</strong>iwyo am<br />

qveyanasTan mimarTebaSi. am orive organizaciam <strong>da</strong>Cqarebul<br />

reJimSi SeimuSava Tanmimdevruli samoqmedo gegma, romlis<br />

ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos maTi organizaciebis moTxovnebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

praqtikul saqmianobas miuaxloeb<strong>da</strong>. 2005 wlis maisSi prezident<br />

jorj buSis (pirveli amerikeli prezidenti, romelic saqarTvelos<br />

estumra) vizitma naTlad gausva xazi vaSingtonis<br />

survils, gamoxatos simpaTia axali reJimisadmi <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad<br />

_ Tavisi SeSfoTeba Tbilisisadmi moskovis mkacri poziciis gamo.<br />

masStaburia samomavlo amocanebi <strong>da</strong> Tu evropasa <strong>da</strong> aSS-s<br />

namdvilad surT cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba, maT mouwevT<br />

bevrad metis gakeTeba, vidre gaakeTes. <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>xmareba,<br />

upirveles yovlisa, un<strong>da</strong> moxmardes saxelmwifoebriobis Senebasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> iseTi institutebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic SeZleben<br />

korufciasTan brZolas <strong>da</strong> mTavrobisadmi xalxis ndobis aRdgenas;<br />

magram aseve saWiroa, afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis gayinuli<br />

konfliqtebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisaken swrafvac. <strong>da</strong>mien helisa <strong>da</strong> giorgi<br />

gogias azriT, <strong>da</strong>savleTi acnobierebs: garesamyaros aq raimes<br />

Secvla mxolod mravalmxrivi ZalisxmeviT Tu SeuZlia – anu Tu<br />

yvela mxaris, maT Soris, ruseTis, resursebi <strong>da</strong> gavlena iqneba<br />

gamoyenebuli. isini aRniSnaven, rom, samwuxarod, ruseTi,<br />

faqtobrivad, arasdros uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars aseT mravalmxriv midgomas,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTma ki Zalze cota ram gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom mravalmxrivi<br />

midgomis efeqturoba <strong>da</strong>emtkicebina. situaciis gamosworeba ver<br />

SeZlo 2005 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier SeTavazebulma<br />

samxreT oseTis konfliqtis mSvidobiani <strong>da</strong>regulirebis,<br />

uprecedento <strong>da</strong>Tmobebis Semcvelma gegmamac. am<br />

gegmas <strong>da</strong>debiTad Sexvdnen evropac <strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebic, magram moskovSi vizitiT my<strong>of</strong>ma samxreT oseTis<br />

42

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

liderma eduard kokoiTma es gegma calsaxad uaryo <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

moskoveli maspinZlebi arc ki Seecadnen mis ga<strong>da</strong>rwmunebas.<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>savleTTan urTierTobisas kvlav rCeba<br />

erTi mtkivneuli momenti, razec am wignis bevri avtori<br />

amaxvilebs yuradRebas: saqarTvelo meryeobs <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />

samyaroSi integraciis imedsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis (romelsac ver<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>uwyvetia, mtkiced aRuTqvas saqarTvelos, rom es namdvilad<br />

moxdeba) arausafuZvlo yoymans Soris. <strong>da</strong>savleTze<br />

orientirebul saqarTvelos axal xelisuflebas araTu mxolod<br />

surs, saqarTvelo natosa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiris wevri gaxdes, aramed<br />

imedi aqvs, rom es uaxloes momavalSi moxdeba. vaSingtonsa <strong>da</strong><br />

briusels ar surT, civi wyali ga<strong>da</strong>asxan saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong><br />

Seumciron reformebis gatarebis stimuli, magram isini jer<br />

kidev ar arian mzad, sabolood gansazRvron saqarTvelos<br />

momavali. amgvari ormagi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba aisaxeba iseT<br />

pozitiur wamowyebebSic, rogoricaa saqarTvelo-natos<br />

urTierTTanamSromlobis gegma <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiris mier SemuSavebuli<br />

keTilmezoblobis axali evropuli politika. es<br />

dokumentebi <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis Si<strong>da</strong> gaorebaze<br />

metyvelebs. amgvar <strong>da</strong>urwmuneblobas is riskic axlavs, rom<br />

saqarTvelo aRmoCndeba uSedegod momlodine – im mdgomareobaSi,<br />

romelSic imy<strong>of</strong>ebo<strong>da</strong> ukraina didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />

natosa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirTan mimarTebaSi <strong>da</strong> romelmac mxolod<br />

“narinjisferi revoluciis” Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iwyo Secvla.<br />

ra mniSvnelovanic un<strong>da</strong> iyos yvela es Sexeduleba, maTSi<br />

jerovnad ar aris Sefasebuli garesamyaros, maT Soris aSS-isa<br />

<strong>da</strong> evropis, <strong>da</strong>intereseba saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> misi mezoblebis<br />

bediT. maTi <strong>da</strong>interesebulobis xarisxis Sesafaseblad<br />

mxedvelobaSi un<strong>da</strong> miviRoT postsabWoTa sivrceSi mimdinare<br />

procesebi. is, rac odesRac sabWoTa kavSirs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, axla<br />

aRar aris erTiani organizmi. es aris mudmivad <strong>da</strong>Slis procesSi<br />

my<strong>of</strong>i sivrce, sa<strong>da</strong>c saxelmwifoebs TavianTi qveregionebi<br />

problemebs uqmnian, Sordebian ruseTis birTvs <strong>da</strong> xSirad<br />

mSfoTvare samezoblos erwymian. postsabWoTa sivrceSi<br />

arsebuli tendenciebi Zalze hgavs erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong> amgvari<br />

43

obert legvoldi<br />

<strong>da</strong>Slis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad es nawilebi urTierTqmedeben <strong>da</strong> saerTa-<br />

Soriso sazogadoebriobisaTvis erTian rTul SenaerTs qmnian.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> misi mezoblebis problemebs<br />

ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvT, vidre es gareSe <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebis<br />

umravlesobas hgonia; es mniSvneloba sam rameSi gamoixateba:<br />

pirvel rigSi, sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg evropasa <strong>da</strong> aSS-<br />

Si usafuZvlod miiCnies, rom axla<strong>da</strong>Rmocenebuli saxelmwifoebis<br />

umravlesoba male “demokratizaciis mesame talRas<br />

Seerwymebo<strong>da</strong>”, anu maT sabazro ekonomikaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli Ria,<br />

demokratiuli politikuri reJimebis Seqmnis survili gauCndebo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi gare <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs TiTqos<br />

Tvali aexilaT postsabWoTa qveynebis Secdomebsa <strong>da</strong> merye<br />

obebze. magram verc erTma mZlavrma saxelmwifom, postsabWoTa<br />

sivrcesTan yvelaze axlos mdebaremac ki, ver gaacnobiera is<br />

safrTxe, rom axladwarmoqmnili saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba<br />

am axali saukunis mijnaze ara WeSmariti (Tun<strong>da</strong>c arasruly<strong>of</strong>ili)<br />

demokratiis formebs irCev<strong>da</strong>, aramed mis araliberalur<br />

<strong>da</strong> yalb variants. vaSingtonSi, briuselsa Tu tokioSi<br />

(<strong>da</strong>, gasakviri arcaa, rom arc pekinsa <strong>da</strong> moskovSi) bevri<br />

politikosi arc <strong>da</strong>fiqrebula imaze, Tu ra safrTxe SeiZleba<br />

moutanos maT qveynebs postsabWouri qveynebis demokratiul<br />

relsebze ga<strong>da</strong>svlis warumatebelma mcdelobebma.<br />

“vardebisa” Tu “narinjisfer” revoluciebamde <strong>da</strong> 2005 wlis<br />

martSi yirgizeTSi momx<strong>da</strong>r areulobamde suraTi naklebad<br />

saimedo iyo. qveynebma, romlebmac Zveli politikuri saxe<br />

SeinarCunes – belorusma, TurqmeneTma <strong>da</strong> uzbekeTma – aranairi<br />

reforma ar gaatares, magram amis gamo isini ara Tu warsulis<br />

gadmonaSTebiT savse izolirebul wreSi aRmoCndnen, piriqiT, maT<br />

bevri sxva saxelmwifoc SeuerT<strong>da</strong>, romelTac mTlianad Tu ara,<br />

nawilobriv mainc sur<strong>da</strong>T maTi mibaZva. praqtikulad, mTeli<br />

centraluri azia, maT Soris yirgizeTic, romlis saxelmwifo<br />

meTauric Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad demokratiis gulwrfeli mimdevari iyo,<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT CamoSor<strong>da</strong> am gzas: uaryo Ria politikuri<br />

konkurencia, qmediTi politikuri partiebi; politikuri<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebisas gamWvirvaloba <strong>da</strong> sityvis Tavi-<br />

44

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

sufleba. 2004 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirveli turis<br />

Catarebisas ukraina araTu miuaxlov<strong>da</strong>, aramed kidev ufro<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sor<strong>da</strong> demokratias. xelisufleba yovelgvar zRvars ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>,<br />

ramac sazogadoebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelos 2003 wlis msgavsi<br />

reaqcia gamoiwvia, magram kidev ufro dramatuli SedegebiT.<br />

ruseTis SemTxvevaSi cota Tu SeeZlo aexsna, Tu rogor SeZles<br />

rusebma “marTuli demokratiis” <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba liberaluri<br />

demokratiis niRbis qveS. kavkasiaSi _ somxeTSi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanSi<br />

(<strong>da</strong> ara saqarTveloSi) _ 2003 wels Catarebuli saprezidento <strong>da</strong><br />

saparlamento arCevnebi araswori mimarTulebiT warimarTa.<br />

SesaZlebelia, saqarTvelos, ukrainisa <strong>da</strong> yirgizeTis revoluciebi<br />

im istoriul tendencias warmoadgendnen, romelsac SeuZlia,<br />

SeaCeros an Semoatrialos demokratiuli reformebisagan <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli<br />

procesebi. magram amisaTvis am revoluciebis meTaurebma<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amtkicon, rom isini kvlav adganan demokratizaciis gzas<br />

<strong>da</strong> maT ZaluZT maT qveyanaSi arsebuli problemebis nawilobrivi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Wra mainc. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom jer kidev ar viciT, moaxerxebs<br />

Tu ara saakaSvilis mTavroba mis winaSe mdgari kolosaluri<br />

sirTuleebis <strong>da</strong>Zlevas <strong>da</strong> SeZlebs Tu ara igi, SeinarCunos<br />

pluralizmi, Ria politika, gamWvirvaloba <strong>da</strong> konkurentuli<br />

ekonomikuri garemo – xelisuflebaSi iseTi liderebis mosvla,<br />

romelTac swamT, rom aseTi RirebulebebiT un<strong>da</strong> ixelmZRvanelon,<br />

angrevs postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel zogad<br />

aramarTebul tendenciebs.<br />

gulubryviloba iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, gveTqva, rom saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong><br />

ukrainaSi ganviTarebul movlenebs (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT<br />

yirgizeTze) ZaluZs, suli STaberos sxva qveynebis sazogadoebriobas<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>afrTxos maTi avtoritari liderebi. Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />

imitom, rom jer kidev ar viciT, ramdenad myaria ama Tu im<br />

qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi. 26 <strong>da</strong> mainc, Tuki<br />

26 Tu belorusis, yazaxeTis, tajikeTis, azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

liderebs surT, Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilon movlenaTa ganviTarebis qarTuli<br />

varianti, maT un<strong>da</strong> izrunon, rom opoziciam ver SeZlos quCis<br />

demonstraciebis organizeba, Tumca, aman ar gaamarTla yirgizeTSi<br />

politikuri qaosisas, biSkekSi 2005 wlis martis movlenebis dros.<br />

45

obert legvoldi<br />

postsabWoTa sivrceSi progresuli cvlilebebi xorcieldeba,<br />

amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs stabilurobis SenarCunebisaTvis<br />

rogorc am teritoriaze, ise mTel ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi. maSin imedis<br />

yoveli gamobrwyineba – pozitivizmis yoveli gamomJRavnebuli<br />

elementi – gare<strong>da</strong>n Zalian Zlier mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras saWiroebs. kidev<br />

imitomac, rom postsabWoTa sivrceSi Si<strong>da</strong> kavSirebis moSlis<br />

gamo erT saxelmwifos meoreze zegavlena SeuZlia moxdinos<br />

mxolod uSualo mezoblobaSi. am sivrceSi cvlilebebi,<br />

metwilad, qveregionebis doneze mimdinareobs <strong>da</strong> yoveli<br />

qveregionisaTvis Tavisi sakuTari saxelmwifos konstruqciulobis<br />

magaliTi mniSvnelovani iqnebo<strong>da</strong> – iseTi saxelmwifosi,<br />

romelmac ar ga<strong>da</strong>uxvia liberalizmis gzi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />

gaagrZela svla WeSmariti demokratiisaken. idealur SemTxvevaSi,<br />

centralur aziaSi aseTi saxelmwifo, SesaZloa, yazaxeTi<br />

(<strong>da</strong> ara yirgizeTi) y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, <strong>da</strong>savleTSi – ukraina, kavkasiaSi<br />

ki – saqarTvelo. magram ms<strong>of</strong>lios udidesi qveynebis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqebSi<br />

amgvari SesaZlo variantic ki jer ar ganxilula.<br />

meore, postsabWoTa sivrceSi arsebobs centri<strong>da</strong>nuli<br />

Zalebis Semaferxebeli mniSvnelovani faqtori – es aris<br />

ruseTi. ruseTi kvlavac rCeba im gare Zalad, romelic udides<br />

zegavlenas axdens yoveli postsabWoTaqveynis politikur <strong>da</strong><br />

ekonomikur cxovrebaze – baltiispireTis qveynebis gar<strong>da</strong>.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ruseTi y<strong>of</strong>il sabWoTa kavSirTan (rom<br />

aRaraferi vTqvaT sxva wamyvan saxelmwifoebze) Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

susti saxelmwifoa, mas Tavisi axladqmnili mezoblebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebisa Tu xelis SeSlis gacilebiT meti ekonomikuri,<br />

politikuri Tu samxedro saSualeba aqvs, vidre sxva saxelmwifoebs.<br />

igi kvlavindeburad miiCnevs, rom mas y<strong>of</strong>il<br />

postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebSi meti interesi aqvs, vidre<br />

romelime sxva qveyanas. amitomac, rodesac CineTi, indoeTi,<br />

pakistani <strong>da</strong> aSS TavianT interesebs axorcieleben centralur<br />

aziaSi (<strong>da</strong> maT es interesi namdvilad aqvT), irani, TurqeTi,<br />

evrokavSiri <strong>da</strong> aSS _ kavkasiaSi, xolo aSS <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiri –<br />

ukrainaSi, moldovasa <strong>da</strong> belorusSi – maT aucileblad un<strong>da</strong><br />

gaiTvaliswinon ruseTis faqtori, Tuki surT, rom ganaxor-<br />

46

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

cielon efeqturi politika. arc erT <strong>da</strong>interesebul mxares ar<br />

SeuZlia, ignorireba gaukeTos ruseTis TvalTaxedvas an<br />

miiCnios, rom esa Tu is sakiTxi TavisTavad ga<strong>da</strong>wydeba.<br />

aranakleb mniSvnelovania meore mxarec: miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />

rom axali <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifoebis arsebobas ruseTi<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad ugulebely<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong>, aSkara iyo, rom misi politika<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba maT mimarT gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> ruseTis sagareo<br />

politikis zogad mimarTulebebs <strong>da</strong> aucileblad iqonieb<strong>da</strong><br />

zegavlenas ruseTis urTierTobebze sxva wamyvan saxelmwifoebTan.<br />

“civi omis” droindeli sayovelTao metoqeobis<br />

dros sabWoTa kavSiris aSS-sTan, evropasTan, CineTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

iaponiasTan <strong>da</strong>pirispireba elbaze, axlo aRmosavleTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

birTvul SeiaraRebaze gadio<strong>da</strong>. “civis omis” <strong>da</strong>srulebis<br />

Semdeg, didi areulobis dros, zemoxsenebuli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />

iribma konfliqtebma Secvala, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo<br />

ruseTis survilTan, SeenarCunebina gavlena <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

mezoblebze, <strong>da</strong>savleTs ki am qveynebTan sakuTari miznebi<br />

gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. amitomacaa, rom Tu aSS-s, evropas, CineTs an iaponias<br />

ruseTTan winaaRmdegobebis <strong>da</strong>regulireba <strong>da</strong> farTo TanamSromloba<br />

surT, maSin maT mxedvelobaSi un<strong>da</strong> miiRon, rom<br />

zemoxsenebuli regionebis gamo maT ruseTTan rTuli urTierToba<br />

eqnebaT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ruseTis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaze<br />

sxva saxelmwifoebis mimarT.<br />

1990-ian wlebSi izrdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />

samyaros, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-s, Soris. Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />

postsabWour sivrceSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma strategiuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebis xasiaTi miiRo. es <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />

exebo<strong>da</strong> milsadenebs, natos programis “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis”<br />

farglebSi ganxorcielebul samxedro wvrTnebs,<br />

ormxrivi urTierTobebis ZiriTad sakiTxebsa <strong>da</strong> natos<br />

politikis saerTo mimarTulebas. 11 seqtembris Semdeg putinis<br />

mSvidi reaqciis gamo, romliTac igi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad Sexv<strong>da</strong> aSSisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebis samxedro Zalebis ganlagebas centralur<br />

aziaSi <strong>da</strong> aSS-is specialuri <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis Zalebis ganlagebas<br />

saqarTveloSi, iseTi STabeWdileba Seiqmna, TiTqos <strong>da</strong>pi-<br />

47

obert legvoldi<br />

rispireba <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. magram dRev<strong>and</strong>eli gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

sxvagvarad Cans. putini <strong>da</strong> misi gundi bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

migvaniSneben, rom isini ar apireben, <strong>da</strong>uTmon aSS-s an<br />

romelime sxva gaerTianebul Zalebs Tavisi gabatonebuli<br />

poziciebi kavkasiaSi, centralur aziaSi an sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTiT mdebare y<strong>of</strong>il saxelmwifoebSi. xan<strong>da</strong>xan samxedro<br />

Zalis an mkacri diplomatiis saSualebiT, ufro xSirad ki<br />

ekonomikuri berketebis gamoyenebiT moskovi gviCveneb<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

mza<strong>da</strong>a, konkurencia gauwios nebismier gare moTamaSes,<br />

gansakuTrebiT aSS-s, romelic, rogorc miCneulia, ruseTs am<br />

teritoriaze gavlenasa <strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>nas ecileba.<br />

amrigad, Tu aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> evropas surT, ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs<br />

Soris saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli problema ga<strong>da</strong>iWras,<br />

xolo ruseTi <strong>da</strong>savleTis samyaroSi integrirebul saxelmwifod<br />

ixilon (Tu ruseTi amas Tava<strong>da</strong>c moisurvebs), am or<br />

mxares postsabWouri sivrcis konstruqciuli (<strong>da</strong> ara destruqciuli)<br />

urTierTqmedebis zonad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis gzebis Zieba<br />

mouwevs. arsad postsabWoTasivrceSi ar dgas es sakiTxi ise<br />

mwvaved, rogorc kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong> arc erT qveyanaSi ar miuRia mas<br />

iseTi mtkivneuli forma, rogorc saqarTveloSi. ukraina,<br />

uzbekeTi <strong>da</strong> yazaxeTi, albaT, ufro sasurvel monapovrad<br />

aRiqmeba, magram aSS-is SesaZlo y<strong>of</strong>na arc erT am qveyanaSi<br />

(ukrainis gar<strong>da</strong>) ar iwvevs moskovis iseT Zlier gaRizianebas,<br />

rogorc saqarTveloSi. ruseTis zraxvebi kavkasiis regionSi,<br />

sxva regionebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, yvelaze <strong>da</strong>mafiqrebelia vaSingtonisaTvis.<br />

arc erTi sxva qveyana ar iwvevs ruseTis iseT<br />

gaRizianebasa <strong>da</strong> mkacr qmedebebs, rogorc saqarTvelo. aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare, imis <strong>da</strong>dgena, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> iTanamSromlon (<strong>da</strong><br />

ara piriqiT) amerikam <strong>da</strong> ruseTma saqarTveloSi, mniSvnelovania<br />

ara marto saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari usafrTxoebis problemis<br />

mosagvareblad, aramed im umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad,<br />

Tu rogori tipis urTierToba SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>myardes<br />

moskovsa <strong>da</strong> vaSingtons Soris. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ruseTisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> evrokavSiris urTierTobebi ufro mravalmxriv <strong>da</strong> Rrma<br />

Sinaarsisad gvesaxeba, es problema garkveulwilad aqac dgas.<br />

48

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

mesame, postsabWoTa sivrceSi arsebuli bevri qveynis<br />

momavali jer kidev kiTxvis niSnis qveS rCeba. jerjerobiT<br />

Znelia, viwinaswarmetyveloT, SeZlebs Tu ara am axali qveynebis<br />

umravlesoba an Tun<strong>da</strong>c zogierTi maTgani Tavis teritoriaze<br />

stabiluri politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri wesrigis <strong>da</strong>myarebas,<br />

eqnebaT Tu ara qveyanaSi Tu mis gareT aRmocenebuli mtrobis<br />

kerebis CaxSobis unari, <strong>da</strong>Zleven Tu ara sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva problemebs,<br />

moaxerxeben Tu ara <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis periodSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli<br />

Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> institutebis rRvevis SeCerebas, aarideben<br />

Tu ara Tavs araswor politikas, ris gamoc bevri regioni qaossa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ngrevaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. bunebrivia, rom zogierT qveyanas am<br />

safrTxeebTan gamklavebis ukeTesi Sansi aqvs; mTeli postsabWoTa<br />

regionisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom ruseTi iyos<br />

amgvari qveyana, Tumca, rogorc Cans, isic araTanmimdevrulad<br />

viTardeba. Tu postsabWoTa sivrceSi aris kidec iseTi regioni,<br />

romlis momavalic Rrma SeSfoTebas iwvevs, es isev kavkasiaa. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi saqme Zalze mZime<strong>da</strong>a.<br />

amrigad, Tuki wamyvani saxelmwifoebi, ara mxolod aSS <strong>da</strong><br />

evropa, aramed CineTi, iaponia <strong>da</strong>, am SemTxvevaSi, ruseTic,<br />

aRiareben im gaurkveveli situaciis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis mniSvnelobas,<br />

romelSic postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebi imy<strong>of</strong>ebian (am<br />

<strong>da</strong>regulirebiT xeli Seewyoba mTeli ms<strong>of</strong>lios sicocxlisunarianobasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> stabilurobas), maSin maT ms<strong>of</strong>lios am nawilSi<br />

TavianT <strong>da</strong>qsaqsul, araTanmimdevrul <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>usrulebel<br />

moqmedebebs Tanamimdevruloba, Zala <strong>da</strong> intensivoba un<strong>da</strong><br />

Sematon. 27 Tu isini gaacnobiereben (wesiT, asec un<strong>da</strong> iyos),<br />

postsabWoTa sivrceSi arsebuli <strong>da</strong>Zabulobisa <strong>da</strong> konfliq-<br />

27 evropis, CineTisa <strong>da</strong> iaponiis politikisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia is, rom<br />

arc erTi am qveyanaTagani ar miiCnevs, rom misi interesebi postsabWoTa<br />

sivrcis yvela nawilze vrceldeba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, CineTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

iaponiisaTvis kavkasia gamosulia maTi interesebis sfero<strong>da</strong>n. am seriiT<br />

gamosul erT-erT wina wignSi me <strong>da</strong>vasabuTe, Tu ratom aris araSorsmWvreteluri<br />

amgvari midgoma. ix. Robert Legvold, ed., Thinking Strategically:<br />

The Majot Powers, Kazakhstan, <strong>and</strong> the Central Asian Nexus (Cambridge, MA: The MIT<br />

Press, 2003), ixileT, pirvel rigSi, Sesavali.<br />

49

obert legvoldi<br />

tebis likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis aucileblobas, maSin aseTi muSaoba kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyos. am teritoriaze yvelaze meti ubedureba<br />

<strong>da</strong>trial<strong>da</strong>: omebiT gaxleCili sazogadoebebi <strong>da</strong> gay<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

qveynebi, eTnikuri qiSpoba, korumpirebuli politikuri<br />

reJimebi, reformebis mkveTri kritika, ekonomikis ngreva,<br />

narkotikebisa <strong>da</strong> iaraRis ukanono brunva, teroristebi;<br />

kavkasiaSi arsebul bunebriv resursebze sxva regionebsac<br />

uWiravT Tvali, magram vinc flobs am resursebs, mza<strong>da</strong>a,<br />

mimarTos igi maT winaaRmdeg, vinc ar flobs mas.<br />

aseT rTul saqmeSi progresis miRweva problemaTa mogvarebis<br />

swavlis yvelaze kargi saSualebaa. es garesamyaros<br />

saSualebas miscems, yuradReba saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiisaken<br />

mimarTos, rac oden regionis mniSvnelovnobaze metia. axla ar<br />

SevudgebiT im sakamaTo argumentis ganxilvas, rom saqarTvelos<br />

usafrTxoebis problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra _ kerZod, kavkasiaSi<br />

mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> stabilurobisaTvis separatizmis problemis<br />

mogvareba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre mTian yarabaRSi<br />

arsebuli situacii<strong>da</strong>n gamosavlis Zieba. orive es sakiTxi<br />

realurad warmoadgens am regionSi arsebuli arastabilurobis<br />

birTvs. saerTaSoriso politika am regionTan mimarTebaSi ar<br />

Seicvleba iqamde, vidre ar ga<strong>da</strong>iWreba es ori sakiTxi; am kvanZis<br />

gasaxsnelad saWiroa misi jer erTi bolos gamoweva, Semdeg ki<br />

_ meoresi. kavkasiaSic igive meTodis gamoyeneba SegviZlia.<br />

magram arc erTi meTodi ar iqneba sakmarisad Sedegiani, Tu<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve ar ganvmartavT, raoden rTuli <strong>da</strong> mravalmxrivia<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> misi mezoblebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is<br />

sferoSi arsebuli situacia.<br />

amisaTvis mkiTxvels vTavazobT avtorTa koleqtivis mier<br />

Sedgenil am wigns. pirveli Tavis avtori gia nodia am problemis<br />

ufro Rrma, “Si<strong>da</strong>” ganzomilebas gviCvenebs: kavSirs warsulis<br />

tvirTsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobas, reformebis<br />

gzaze arsebul problemebsa <strong>da</strong> Cavardnebs Soris; ras iTvaliswineben<br />

erTmaneTis Semcvleli reJimebi erovnuli usafrTxoebis<br />

problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisas. avtorisaTvis mTavar koncefcias<br />

warmoadgens “erovnuli proeqtis” koncefcia, rac misTvis<br />

50

problemis <strong>da</strong>sma<br />

normatiuli idealia, romelic gansazRvravs saxelmwifo<br />

suverenitetisa <strong>da</strong> sasurveli politikuri wyobis wyaroebs. igi<br />

miiCnevs, rom “saqarTveloSi usafrTxoebis ararsebobis”<br />

mTavari mizezebia: <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli erovnuli samoqmedo<br />

gegmebis gaerTianebis uunaroba, ekonomikis kriminalizacia <strong>da</strong><br />

araefeqturi konstituciuri <strong>da</strong> institucionaluri reforma.<br />

naSromis meore Tavis avtori, qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri, ganixilavs<br />

saqarTvelos mTavrobis warumatebel mcdelobas, xeli<br />

SeeSala Zaladobis aRmocenebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

Camoyalibebis dros, rac, pirvel rigSi, 1991 wels samxreT<br />

oseTisa <strong>da</strong> 1993 wels afxazeTis <strong>da</strong>kargviT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. Semdeg<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili aanalizebs saqarTvelos samxedro strategiis<br />

SemuSavebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapebs. igi, upirvelesad,<br />

ganixilavs erovnuli usafrTxoebis problemis samxedro<br />

aspeqts – maT Soris, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mSeneblobas,<br />

strategiuli doqtrinis SemuSavebas, samxedro <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />

struqturebs Soris urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>regulirebas <strong>da</strong> meamboxe<br />

samxedro pirebis <strong>da</strong>mSvidebas. naSromis meoTxe TavSi jaba<br />

dev<strong>da</strong>riani ganixilavs saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problemis<br />

rusul aspeqts; mexuTe Tavis avtori, oqsana antonenko,<br />

qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi ruseTis rols aSuqebs.<br />

meeqvse Tavis avtorebi <strong>da</strong>mien heli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

aanalizeben aSS-isa <strong>da</strong> evropis politikas saqarTvelosTan<br />

mimarTebaSi, rogorc maTi kavkasiis usafrTxoebis problemis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Wrisadmi midgomis erT nawils, maT Soris saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

Senebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saqmeSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis gawevas. naSromis meSvide TavSi tom de vaali<br />

saubrobs imaze, rasac SeiZleba iribi regionaluri faqtorebi<br />

ewodos. es faqtorebi arTulebs saqarTvelos erovnuli<br />

usafrTxoebis problemas: saqarTveloSi navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazsadenebis<br />

mSeneblobis proeqtebSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva monawileTa<br />

interesebi devs <strong>da</strong> es ganxilulia energetikisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis<br />

aspeqtSi; regionaluri konfliqtebi, romelSic saqarTvelo<br />

SeiZleba pir<strong>da</strong>pir arc monawileobdes, magram romelTa<br />

Sedegic masze aisaxeba (mTiani yarabaRi, somxeT-TurqeTi <strong>da</strong><br />

51

obert legvoldi<br />

azerbaijan-irani); usafrTxoebis problemasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />

regionaluri organizaciebi – iseTebi, rogoricaa, saqarTvelos,<br />

ukrainas, azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> moldovas Soris arsebuli<br />

meryevi kavSiri (suami). 28 <strong>da</strong> bolos, winamdebare wignis <strong>da</strong>skvniT<br />

nawilSi Cemi Tanaavtori bruno kopitersi saqarTvelos<br />

usafrTxoebis problemas axali kuTxiT ganixilavs – im WrilSi,<br />

romelic centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferias Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis<br />

cvalebad dinamikas asaxavs, Semdeg ki avtori<br />

momavlis miseul xedvas gvTavazobs.<br />

28 suuami isev suamad mas Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>keT<strong>da</strong>, rac saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ukrainaSi<br />

momx<strong>da</strong>ri revoluciebis gamo uzbekeTi aRar ganixilavs am qveynebs<br />

sasurvel partniorebad.<br />

52

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis<br />

ganzomilebebi<br />

gia nodia<br />

Tavi 1<br />

saqarTvelo faTerakian <strong>da</strong> arastabilur qveynad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />

mas Semdeg, rac 1991 wels <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba moipova. man ori<br />

sisxliani <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi secesionisturi omi gamoiara <strong>da</strong> orive<br />

centraluri xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>marcxebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. amis<br />

Sedegad Seiqmna ga<strong>da</strong>uwyveteli konfliqtis ori zona afxazeTisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis TviTgamocxadebuli respublikebis<br />

saxiT, romlebic erTad qveynis teritoriis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 15<br />

procentamde Seadgens. es zonebi politikuri gaurkvevlobis,<br />

safrTxisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>naSaulis inkubatorebad iqca, xolo maTi<br />

omamdeli mosaxleobis didma nawilma “iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul<br />

pirTa” statusi miiRo. 1 2004 wlis maisamde aWarac qveynis SigniT<br />

gaurkveveli iurisdiqciis zonas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. Tumca <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba<br />

arasodes gamoucxadebia, is arc saqarTvelos konstituciur<br />

wesrigs emorCilebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amas emateba is, rom mas Semdeg, rac komunistebma 1990 wlis<br />

arCevnebi waages, saqarTveloSi Zalauflebis konstituciuri<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cema ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra. samagierod, qveyanam gamoiara ori<br />

ajanyeba, revolucia Tu saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba (terminis<br />

arCevani pirovnebazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli): pirveli sisxliani, meore<br />

ki mSvidobiani <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mowesrigebuli. pirvelma epizodma<br />

qveyanaSi ramdenime wliT lamis anarqia moitana; meorem<br />

Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> aWaras Soris krizisi gamoiwvia. im regionebSic ki,<br />

1 saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis aRweriT, saqarTveloSi 264 aTasi<br />

iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli piri iyo, Tumca zog komentators es monacemi<br />

gazviadebuli hgonia.<br />

53

gia nodia<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c xelisuflebis politikur kontrols aSkarad ar upirispirdebian,<br />

misi unari, elementaruli wesrigi <strong>da</strong>amyaros <strong>da</strong><br />

usafrxoeba uzrunvelyos, eWvqveSaa. magaliTad, pankisis<br />

xeobam garkveul periodSi teroristebisa <strong>da</strong> kriminalebis<br />

namdvili TavSesafris reputacia SeiZina. saqarTvelos yvelaze<br />

Zlier mezobelTan <strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>il imperiul batonTan, ruseTTan<br />

urTierToba uaRresad arastabiluri rCeba <strong>da</strong> ramdenjerme<br />

miaRwia samxedro konfrontaciis zRvars. saqarTvelos<br />

saxelmwifo xazinis Semosavali metad mcirea (Tun<strong>da</strong>c misi<br />

arsebiTad disfunqciuri ekonomikis fonze), xolo xelfasebi<br />

saxelmwifo seqtorSi, rogorc wesi, sasicocxlo minimumze<br />

<strong>da</strong>balia. raRa gasakviria, Tu saqarTvelos xSirad “sust” an<br />

“arSemdgar” saxelmwifos uwodebdnen.<br />

am TavSi CamoTvlilia saqarTvelos arastabilurobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mowyvladobis ZiriTadi wyaroebi, maT Soris “obieqturi”<br />

muqarebi <strong>da</strong> gamowvevebi. am obieqtur safrTxeebSi is realobebi<br />

igulisxmeba, romelTac saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

nangrevebze saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi Seejaxa. am<br />

realobaTa arseboba ar iyo qarTuli saxelmwifos, misi<br />

politikuri elitis an sazogadoebis mier gakeTebul arCevanze<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli _ aq igulisxmeba iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa<br />

saqarTvelos geografia, qveynis sidide <strong>da</strong> resursebi, misi<br />

eTnikuri mravalferovneba, eTnikur umciresobaTa gansaxlebis<br />

Taviseburebebi, sabWoTa eTnikuri kvazi-federalizmis<br />

memkvidreoba. magaliTad, eTnikuri secesionisturi konfliqtebis<br />

mizezi iseT winaswar arsebul faqtorTa kombinacia<br />

iyo, rogoricaa eTnikuri umciresobebis arseboba, romlebic<br />

ara mxolod sasazRvro regionebSi iyvnen Tavmoyrilni, aramed<br />

TavianTi nacionalisturi politikuri programebis ganxorcielebisas<br />

eTnikuri principiT Seqmnili institutebis<br />

gamoyeneba SeeZloT <strong>da</strong> mezobeli ruseTisgan seriozuli<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Werac hqon<strong>da</strong>T. magram aq Sevecdebi “subieqtur”<br />

faqtorebsac gavuwio angariSi – imas, Tu rogori reaqcia<br />

moaxdina saqarTvelom am safrTxeebsa <strong>da</strong> gamowvevebze. aq<br />

igulisxmeba rogorc politikuri strategia, ise am strategiis<br />

safuZvelze moqmedebis unari: mokled, swored is sfero, raSic<br />

54

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

saqarTvelom “susti” Tu “arSemdgari” saxelmwifos iarliyi<br />

<strong>da</strong>imsaxura. am SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis centrSi eqceva ara<br />

winaswar arsebuli viTarebebis analizi, aramed is, Tu rogor<br />

miudgnen maT saqarTvelos moqmedi pirebi.<br />

saqarTvelos winaSe mdgomi safrTxeebis analizi SeiZleba<br />

sagareod <strong>da</strong> saSinaod gaiyos. sagareo safrTxeTagan yvelaze<br />

TvalsaCino saqarTvelosTvis mis y<strong>of</strong>il imperiul batonTan,<br />

ruseTTan urTierTobaa. saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

Semdeg gasuli wlebis manZilze es urTierTobebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

cudi, xolo raRac periodebSi metad mwvave iyo. raki saqarTvelo-ruseTis<br />

urTierToba am gamocemis sxva nawilebSia<br />

ganxiluli, 2 aq ruseTis faqtors mxolod imdenad ganvixilav,<br />

ramdena<strong>da</strong>c is saqarTvelos saSinao safrTxeebs ukavSirdeba.<br />

saqarTvelos erovnuli proeqti<br />

rodesac safrTxeebsa Tu <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>ze vsaubrobT,<br />

yovelTvis romelime subieqtis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s vgulisxmobT: es<br />

SeiZleba iyos individi, jgufi an politikuri erTeuli.<br />

politikuri analizisas <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>ze ufro xSirad saxelmwifosTan<br />

mimarTebaSi saubroben. Ceulebriv igulisxmeba, rom<br />

saxelmwifoebs met-naklebad msgavsi insteresebi aqvT, xolo<br />

maTi gansxvaveba am mxriv metwilad obieqtur faqtorebzea<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli: iseTze, rogoricaa saxelmwifos sidide,<br />

geografiuli mdebareoba an resursebi.<br />

Tumc am faqtorebs garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvT saxelmwifos<br />

usafrTxoebis problematikis ganxilvisas, isini maT<br />

bolomde mainc ver gansazRvraven. saxelmwifoebi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />

erTobliobebs – “erebs”, “xalxebs”, “mosaxleobebs” (an maT<br />

“elitebs”) ekuTvnis. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xalxebma an elitebma SeiZleba<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad gansazRvron, Tu rogori sazogadoebrivi<br />

wesrigi un<strong>da</strong>T an ra Seadgens maTi qveynis “erovnul interess”.<br />

erovnuli interesis gansazRvris am procesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

2 ix. jaba dev<strong>da</strong>rianis <strong>da</strong> oqsana antonenkos mier <strong>da</strong>werili Tavebi amave<br />

wignSi.<br />

55

gia nodia<br />

Semovitan “erovnuli proeqtis” cnebas _ normatul ideas,<br />

romelic im sazogadoebrivi wesrigis bunebas gamoxatavs, romlis<br />

gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvac saxelmwifo institutebs evaleba; igi<br />

agreTve adgens, Tu vin marTavs zemoxsenebul institutebs. is,<br />

rasac Cveulebriv erovnul interesebs uwodeben, swored am<br />

proeqtis garkveuli gagebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs.<br />

erovnuli proeqti gamoxatavs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianis (an maTi<br />

saxeliT moqmedi elitebis) warmodgenebs, iseve rogorc<br />

sazogadoebaSi an mis romeliRac nawilSi gavrcelebul<br />

Rirebulebebs, ideologiebsa Tu orientaciebs. a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />

SeiZleba imgvari saxelmwifos Seqmna undodeT, romelic<br />

cdilobs, aqtiuri gavlena moaxdinos maTi qveynis sazRvrebs<br />

gareT arsebul samyaroze, an maT SeiZleba erCivnoT, saerTa-<br />

Soriso wesrigis, rogorc erTgvari faseulobis, pasiuri<br />

momxmareblebi iyvnen. maT SeiZleba surdeT Seqmnan “erovnuli<br />

saxelmwifo” garkveuli xalxisTvis (anu erisTvis) – an maTi<br />

saxelmwifos amocanad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eris gaerTianebas saxavdnen;<br />

SeiZleba undodeT, maTi saxelmwifo liberalur <strong>da</strong> demokratiul,<br />

an patriarqalur, komunitarul an sulac romelime sxva<br />

Rirebulebebze iyos <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli.<br />

maTi arCevani<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebs <strong>da</strong> maT<br />

qvemdebare sazogadoebebs metad gansxvavebuli problemebi<br />

eqmnebaT usafrTxoebis <strong>da</strong>rgSi: garkveuli faqtorebi, romlebsac<br />

esa Tu is eri erovnul safrTxed aRiqvams, aseTad iqneb<br />

arc CaTvliliyo, erovnuli proeqti sxvagvarad rom iyos<br />

formulirebuli. magaliTad, Tu a<strong>da</strong>mianTa jgufis mizani<br />

eTnikuri TviTga<strong>da</strong>rCena, anu sakuTari identobis SenarCunebaa,<br />

sulac araa aucilebeli, mas igive prioritetebi hqondes,<br />

rac sxva mxriv msgavs jgufs, romlis survilic srulfasovani,<br />

gaero-Si wevrobis mqone erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnaa; amitom<br />

mas safrTxeebisa <strong>da</strong> gamowvevebis sxva erToblioba eqneba. eri,<br />

romelsac zesaxelmwifos ambicia aqvs, “erovnul safrTxed”<br />

aRiqvams iseT procesebs, romelTa am niSniT moxsenieba TavSic<br />

ar mouva nakleb ambiciur saxelmwifos (magaliTad, ruseTi<br />

nato-s gafarToebas erovnul safrTxed ganixilavs, magram<br />

imaves Tqma ar SeiZleba ukrainaze). ers, romelic demokratiuli<br />

56

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

wesrigis Seqmnas apirebs, safrTxeTa sxva wyeba eqneba, vidre<br />

ers, romelsac tradiculi Tu modernizirebuli avtokratiis<br />

Seqmna surs. sapirispirod imisa, rasac lordi palmerstoni<br />

ambob<strong>da</strong>, britaneTs (iseve rogorc nebismier sxva qveyanas) ara<br />

marto mudmivi mtrebi <strong>da</strong> megobrebi ara hyavs: arc misi (Tu<br />

nebismieri sxva qveynis) interesebia maradiuli. 3<br />

bunebrivia SekiTxva: es erovnuli proeqtebi sai<strong>da</strong>n modis?<br />

erebi Sedgebian individebisagan, romelTac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva azri<br />

aqvT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze <strong>da</strong> romelnic – gansakuTrebiT,<br />

demokratiebSi – TavianT uTanxmoebebs xmamaRla gamoxataven.<br />

cxadia, erovnuli proeqtebi xeebze ar izrdeba <strong>da</strong> arc<br />

“erovnuli nia<strong>da</strong>gi<strong>da</strong>n” jejiliviT ar amobibindeba. maT qmnian<br />

– an ageben, rogorc postomodernisti sociologebi ityodnen<br />

– a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, vinc sakuTar Tavze iReben erovnuli proeqtebis<br />

Camoyalibebas, Cveulebriv, elitebs ganekuTvnebian – ufro<br />

metad, politikurs <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualurs. 4 Tumca, erovnuli<br />

proeqtis Camoyalibeba inteleqtualTa TviTnebobaze rodia<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. ideaTa bazarze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva koncefcia manamde<br />

ejaxeba erTmaneTs, vidre normatiul mosazrebaTa raRac<br />

erToblioba aRiarebis kritikul zomas ar miaRwevs.<br />

isic marTalia, rom eris SigniT arasodes aris sruli<br />

konsensusi imaze, Tu raSi un<strong>da</strong> mdgomareobdes erovnuli<br />

proeqti, magram misi ZiriTadi ideebis garSemo, Cveulebriv,<br />

xalxis didi umravlesoba irazmeba. politikosebs, gansakuTrebiT,<br />

Tu isini xelisuflebaSi arian, uyvarT mravali<br />

sakiTxis usafrTxoebis WrilSi warmoCena, radgan iseT sakiTxebze,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c Zireuli erovnuli interesebia CaTreuli, xalxis<br />

mobilizeba (<strong>da</strong> masTan erTad xelisuflebis popularobis <strong>da</strong><br />

gavlenis gazr<strong>da</strong>) ufro advilia.<br />

3 am Temaze metad sayuradRebo mosazrebebisTvis ix. Robert Cooper, The<br />

Breaking <strong>of</strong> Nations (London: Atlantic Books, 2003), gv. 127-138.<br />

4 kuperi wers: “politikur liderTa amocanaa <strong>da</strong>adginon, ra un<strong>da</strong> xalxs,<br />

jer kidev manamde, vidre xalxi Tavad gaigebdes amas: magaliTad, [uinston]<br />

CerCilis politika interesTa gaTvlas ki ar emyarebo<strong>da</strong>, aramed<br />

britaneli xalxisa <strong>da</strong> misi istoriis Rrma gaazrebas (The Breaking <strong>of</strong> Nations,<br />

gv. 133). mraval qveyanaSi aseT liderebad inteleqtualebi gvevlinebian.<br />

57

gia nodia<br />

erovnuli proeqtis formulirebaze mravali faqtori axdens<br />

gavlenas, magram erT-erTi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania: esaa<br />

misabaZi modeli. erTa umravlesoba gvian ganviTarebulTa ricxvs<br />

miekuTvneba: maT Tanamedrove erebad Tavis ageba <strong>da</strong>iwyes mas<br />

Semdeg, rac sxva erebs ukve <strong>da</strong>dgenili hqon<strong>da</strong>T, ras niSnavs iyo<br />

ganviTarebuli <strong>da</strong> mowinave, <strong>da</strong> ms<strong>of</strong>lio wesrigis ZiriTadi<br />

parametrebic ukve ganmtkicebuli iyo. gvian ganviTarebulTa<br />

erovnuli proeqtebi, rogorc wesi, ufro win wasuli erebis<br />

miRwevebs baZaven, Tumca amave dros cdiloben, ipovon niSa,<br />

romelic maT politikur Taviseburebas Seesabameba.<br />

misabaZ modelebs Cveulebriv eZeben (1) im saxelmwifoTa Soris,<br />

romlebic globaluri masStabiT yvelaze warmatebulia (Tanamedrove<br />

samyaroSi aseTi e. w. “<strong>da</strong>savleTia”), (2) y<strong>of</strong>il imperiul<br />

batonebSi, romlebmac garkveuli modernizaciuli siaxleebi<br />

Semoitanes, Tun<strong>da</strong>c ZalmomreobiT (xan<strong>da</strong>xan es isev <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

qveynebia, xan<strong>da</strong>xan ki – ara); (3) “Cvennair” qveynebSi, romlebTanac<br />

kulturulad <strong>da</strong>/an geografiulad axlos varT, magram romlebic<br />

mniSvnelovan sferoebSi Cvenze win arian wasulebi (aseTia,<br />

magaliTad, espaneTi <strong>da</strong> portugalia laTinuri amerikis qveynebisTvis).<br />

misabaZi modelebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs avsebdnen an<br />

upirispirdebodnen. evropisa <strong>da</strong> Crdilo amerikis ganviTarebuli<br />

qveynebi SeiZleba ganviTarebis zogad modelebs gvawvdidnen, magram,<br />

Tu isini kulturulad Sors arian Cvengan, <strong>da</strong>gvianebul modernizatorTa<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n maTi bibaZvis mcdeloba SeiZleba sakmarisad<br />

legitimuri ar aRmoCndes, radgan xalxisTvis faseulia ara mxolod<br />

ganviTareba, aramed maTi kulturuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobac. amitom, Tu<br />

misabaZi modeli kulturulad relevanturia, anu Tu is “Cvennairi<br />

qveyanaa”, misi mibaZvac ufro advili xdeba.<br />

qarTvelebis misabaZi magaliTi erTaderTi araa: ar arsebobs<br />

konkretuli kulturulad axlobeli qveyana, romelic aseT<br />

modelad gamodgebo<strong>da</strong> (magaliTad, azerbaijanisTvis aseTad<br />

SeiZleba TurqeTi miviCnioT). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelosTvis<br />

misabaZ modelad zoga<strong>da</strong>d evropa warmodgeba,<br />

Tumca, aq isic un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vsZinoT, rom modeli evropuli erovnuli<br />

saxelmwifoa <strong>da</strong> ara evrokavSiri. ufro axlobel modelebad<br />

SegviZlia CavTvaloT aRmosavleT evropis warmatebuli<br />

58

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

postkomunisturi qveynebi, rogoricaa baltiis saxelmwifoebi,<br />

poloneTi, Tun<strong>da</strong>c serbeTi (roca 2003 wlis noemberSi saqarTveloSi<br />

politikuri reJimi Seicvala, qarTvelebi Segnebulad<br />

baZavdnen serbeTi<strong>da</strong>n slobo<strong>da</strong>n miloSeviCis gaZevebas). es<br />

zogadi orientacia imas niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos didi proeqti<br />

“normalur” evropul qveynad qceva <strong>da</strong> aseTad aRiarebaa.<br />

erovnuli proeqtis am martivi <strong>da</strong> arcTu originaluri<br />

normatiuli modelis ganxorcieleba moiTxovs ramdenime<br />

winapirobas, romelTa uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a sulac araa ioli. upirveles<br />

yovlisa, eri un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes _ maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes<br />

politikuri erTeuli, romelic erovnuli proeqtis met-naklebad<br />

erTiani xedvis irgvliv aris gaerTianebuli. meore, is un<strong>da</strong><br />

arsebobdes rogorc aRiarebuli <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong><br />

metnaklebi pativiscemiT sargeblobs erTa TanamegobrobaSi.<br />

mesame, mas un<strong>da</strong> hqondes normaluri evropuli qveynis Sesabamisi<br />

politikuri wesrigi, – martivad rom vTqvaT, is liberaluri<br />

demokratia un<strong>da</strong> iyos. meoTxe, mas un<strong>da</strong> hqondes ekonomikuri<br />

wesrigi, romelic misi moqalaqeebis keTildReobis met-naklebad<br />

misaReb dones uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s <strong>da</strong> saSualebas aZlevs qveyanas,<br />

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis nawili iyos; amave dros, man<br />

un<strong>da</strong> SeinarCunos is, rac misi erovnuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobisTvisaa<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli: ena, erovnuli kultura, Tun<strong>da</strong>c “suliereba”.<br />

kanonieri iqneba, vikiTxoT: “sai<strong>da</strong>n viciT, rom marTlac<br />

swored es ideebi gansazRvravs qarTveli xalxis miswrafebebs?<br />

ramdenad farTo<strong>da</strong>a gaziarebuli es prioritetebi? xom ar aris<br />

es mxolod elitis fantazia?” marTlac<strong>da</strong>, namdvilad araswori<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> imis Tqma, rom qarTvelebs eWvic ar eparebaT Tavis<br />

“evropulobasa” Tu “<strong>da</strong>savlurobaSi”. sazogadoebis raRac<br />

nawilSi sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT nostalgiasac wavawydebiT,<br />

garkveuli movlenebis Tu incidentebis ukan anti-<strong>da</strong>savluri<br />

ganwyobebi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT. amas emateba isic, rom eTnikuri<br />

umciresobebi 5 aucileblobiT sulac ar iziareben qarTvelTa<br />

5 mosaxleobis 1989 wlis aRweriT, eTnikuri umciresobebi saqarTvelos<br />

mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 30 procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. 2002 wlis aRweriT<br />

(romelic afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxeT oseTis did nawils ar moicavs)<br />

umciresobebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 16.3 procentia.<br />

59

gia nodia<br />

Soris gavrcelebul ZiriTad ideebs. magram, Tun<strong>da</strong>c Tu<br />

CavTvliT, rom arsebobs alternatiuli xedvebi: vTqvaT,<br />

ruseTTan mWidro integracia Tu marTlamadideblobaze an<br />

raime sxvaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli ganumeorebeli “qarTuli gza”, <strong>da</strong> maT<br />

momxreebic hyavT, am ideebma veranairad ver <strong>da</strong>ikaves metnaklebad<br />

mniSvnelovani adgili qarTul politikur cxovrebasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv diskursSi.<br />

saqarTvelos problemebi erovnuli usafrTxoebis sferoSi<br />

am fonis gaTvaliswinebiT un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT. safrTxeebi am<br />

SemTxvevaSi is tendenciebi <strong>da</strong> Zalebia, romlebic erovnuli<br />

proeqtis ganxorcielebas emuqreba. yovelive is, rac seriozulad<br />

aferxebs proeqtisaTvis arsebiTi miznebis miRwevas,<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovani problemaa. saqarTvelos<br />

mowyvladobis kidev erTi sagulisxmo wyaroa <strong>da</strong>Zabulobac,<br />

romelic qveynis normatiul modelsa <strong>da</strong> arsebul<br />

realobebs Soris arsebobs.<br />

60<br />

erTian erad Camoyalibeba:<br />

eTnikuroba, avtonomia <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebi<br />

erTian erad Camoyalibeba yvelaze didi gamowvevaa,<br />

romelic saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis dRi<strong>da</strong>n win <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>.<br />

aseTi gamowveva tipiuria erebisTvis, romlebic eris mSeneblobas<br />

mravalerovani imperiebis nangrevebze iwyeben. erebi<br />

cariel adgilze ar igeba: maTi sawyisi wertilia Zveli reJimi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

memkvidreobiT miRebuli Sereuli mosaxleoba <strong>da</strong> instituciuri<br />

wyoba. magram Camoyalibebis procesSi my<strong>of</strong>i erebi erTmaneTisgan<br />

gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu ramdenad rTuli problemebi<br />

xvdebaT <strong>da</strong> imiTac, ramdenad SeswevT unari, gaumklavdnen maT.<br />

saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi problemebi ufro meti iyo, vidre<br />

sxva postkomunistur qveynebSi; amave dros, samwuxarod,<br />

qarTuli sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri elitis qmedebebi<br />

arcTu adekvaturi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT _ <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

pirvel wlebSi.

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis periodisTvis saqarTvelos sazogadoeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>serili iyo gammijnavi xazebis mTeli qseliT, romelic<br />

eTnoss, religias <strong>da</strong> sub-eTnikur regionul identobebs eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

xSirad ki teritoriul-administraciuli struqturebiTac<br />

iyo gaZlierebuli. yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc<br />

eTnikuri sakiTxi gamodga: saqarTveloSi eTnikur umciresobaTa<br />

ramdenime jgufia, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba<br />

raodenobiT, gansaxlebis TaviseburebebiT <strong>da</strong> qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />

proeqtis mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT. yvelaze mniSvnelovania<br />

is, rom saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis momentisTvis<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong> ori eTnikuri principiT Camoyalibebuli (afxazeTi <strong>da</strong><br />

samxeT oseTi) <strong>da</strong> erTi religiuri principiT Seqmnili (aWara)<br />

avtonomiuri teritoria. sabWoTa periodSi maT garkveuli<br />

administraciuli privilegiebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

Tu ramdenad problemuria saqarTvelos eTnikuri siWrele,<br />

didwilad erovnuli proeqtis centralur ideazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli;<br />

kerZod imaze, Tu rogor ganvsazRvravT cnebas<br />

“qarTveli”. sxva aRmosavleT evropelebis msgavsad, qarTvelebic<br />

erisadmi kuTvnilebas gamorCeviT eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis<br />

wesiT adgenen. 6 qarTvelTa didi umravlesobisTvis<br />

6 nacionalizmis samoqalaqo anu politikur (inkluziur) <strong>da</strong> eTnikur<br />

(eqskluziur) versiebs Soris gansxvavebaze didZali literatura<br />

arsebobs, magram avtorTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba, rom safrangeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

aRmosavleTisken rom mivdivarT, nacionalizmi ufro eqskluziuri xdeba.<br />

magram aRsaniSnavia, rom lord eqtonma mijna did britaneTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

safrangeTs Soris gaavlo <strong>da</strong> amtkiceb<strong>da</strong> (Tanamedrove terminebi rom<br />

vixmaroT), eris franguli koncefcia eTnikuria, xolo britanuli – ufro<br />

samoqalaqoo. aqe<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom Tumca or idealur tips Soris gansxvaveba<br />

met-naklebad cxadia, konkretuli SemTxvevebisadmi maTi miyeneba<br />

SeiZleba saproblemoc iyos. ix. John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, Essays on<br />

Freedom <strong>and</strong> Power (Boston, MA: The Beacon Press, 1948); Eugene Kamenka, “Political<br />

Nationalism—The Evolution <strong>of</strong> the Idea,” in Eugene Kamenka <strong>and</strong> John Plomenatz, eds.,<br />

Nationalism: The Nature <strong>and</strong> Evolution <strong>of</strong> the Idea (London: Edward Arnold, 1973), gv. 2−<br />

20; <strong>da</strong> Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship <strong>and</strong> Nationhood in France <strong>and</strong> Germany (Cambridge,<br />

MA: Harvard University Press, 1992). sagulisxmoa jek snaideris azri, rom<br />

eTnikuri nacionalizmis samoqalaqoze mZlavroba <strong>da</strong>gvianebul<br />

ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba. ix., Jack Snyder, From Voting to Violence: Democratization<br />

<strong>and</strong> Nationalist Conflict (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000), gv. 77<br />

61

gia nodia<br />

“qarTveli” imas hqvia, vinc saerTo (miTosur) warmomavlobas<br />

atarebs (anu “sisxliTaa” qarTveli), <strong>da</strong> amave dros qarTul<br />

kulturas (gansakuTrebiT, qarTul enas) aris naziarebi. bevri<br />

(magram ara yvela) qarTvelisTvis es cneba marTlmadidebel<br />

qristianobasac moicavs. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, qarTuli politikuri<br />

nacionalizmi amave dros eTnikuricaa: is gulisxmobs, rom,<br />

qarTvelebi, rogorc eri, sakuTar erTian <strong>da</strong> ganuy<strong>of</strong>el<br />

saxelmwifos imsaxureben, magram am eris srulfasovani wevrebi<br />

mxolod eTnikuri qarTvelebi arian.<br />

es, bunebrivia, saqarTveloSi eTnikuri umciresobebis<br />

statusis sakiTxs wamowevs. qarTvelebis umravlesobas sjera,<br />

rom maTi eri gamorCeulad tolerantulia, <strong>da</strong> arcTu usafuZvlod.<br />

marTalia, zogierTi radikali umciresobebs samSobloSi<br />

gamgzavrebas urCev<strong>da</strong>, qarTvelTa umravlesobas eWvqveS ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>uyenebia umciresobaTa ufleba, maT qveyanaSi ecxovraT.<br />

latviisa Tu estoneTisgan gansxvavebiT, eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis<br />

saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis uflebis miniWeba<br />

seriozuli eWvis qveS arasodes <strong>da</strong>mdgara <strong>da</strong> yvela is, vinc<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis momentisTvis saqarTveloSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>,<br />

uproblemod gax<strong>da</strong> misi moqalaqe. 7 qarTvelTa umravlesoba<br />

ar aris imis <strong>da</strong>kanonebis winaaRmdegi, rasac <strong>da</strong>savleTSi<br />

“umciresobis uflebebs” uwodeben. magaliTad, aravin ewinaaRmdegeba<br />

imas, rom saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi<br />

umciresobis enebs aswavlian. magram demokratiis<br />

epoqaSi, Sua saukuneebisgan ganxvavebiT, sxvisi Sewynareba aRar<br />

aris sakmarisi; saxelmwifom un<strong>da</strong> SeZlos “sxvisi” integracia,<br />

anu is erovnuli proeqtis nebay<strong>of</strong>lobiT monawiled un<strong>da</strong><br />

aqcios. sanam umciresobebi am azriT integrirebulebi ar arian,<br />

TviT maTi arseboba saxelmwifos mimarT gamowvevad rCeba.<br />

yovelive es gvexmareba gavigoT eTnikuri problemebisadmi<br />

is sakmaod gaurkveveli <strong>da</strong> araTanmimdevruli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba,<br />

rac qarTuli politikisTvis dResacaa <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli. Tumca<br />

eTnikuri nacionalistis ideali eTnikurad wmin<strong>da</strong> eria,<br />

7 samagierod, problemebi SeeqmnaT eTnikur qarTvelebs, romlebic<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis droisTvis sabWoTa kavSiris sxva nawilebSi aRmoCndnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> Semdeg saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>brundnen.<br />

62

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

yvelaze radikalur qarTvel nacionalistebsac ki aseTi ramis<br />

SeuZlebloba imTaviTve esmo<strong>da</strong>T. umravlesoba amodio<strong>da</strong><br />

iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom eTnikur umciresobebs ufleba aqvT, saqarTveloSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCnen <strong>da</strong> kulturuli TavisTavadoba SeinarCunon, magram im<br />

pirobiT, rom erovnuli proeqtis erTguli <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi<br />

iqnebian. am logikiT, umcirebobaTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n orgulobis<br />

nebismieri gamovlena sakmarisi gamarTleba iyo maT mimarT<br />

<strong>da</strong>msjeli RonisZiebebis, maT Soris gaZevebis, gasatareblad.<br />

raki umciresobaTa umetesi nawilis erTguleba eWvis qveS idga,<br />

isini mudmivi zewolis qveS grZnobdnen Tavs, rom Tavisi<br />

s<strong>and</strong>ooba <strong>da</strong>e<strong>da</strong>sturebinaT.<br />

amgvari ganwyoba sazogadod tipiuria postkomunisturi<br />

samyaros eTnikuri nacionalizmebisTvis, xolo balkaneTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

kavkasiaSi, cvlilebebis adreul periodSi, is gansakuTrebiT<br />

dominanturi iyo. saqarTvelos SemTxevaSi es midgoma <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

saqarTvelos pirveli lideris (1990-92 ww.), zviad<br />

gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis periodTanaa asocirebuli. 8 mis<br />

politikur leqsikonSi umciresobebi xSirad “stumrebad”<br />

moixseniebodnen. Tu wesierad moiqceodnen, maT <strong>da</strong>rCena<br />

SeeZloT, magram, rogorc ki qarTuli erovnuli proeqtis<br />

ZiriTad principebSi Seit<strong>and</strong>nen eWvs, an sakuTar nacionalistur<br />

midrekilebebs gamoavlendnen, maSinve wamoaZaxebdnen: Sens<br />

“istoriul samSobloSi” <strong>da</strong>brundi <strong>da</strong> eg azrebi m<strong>and</strong> ganaviTareo.<br />

Tu romelime eTnikuri umciresobis elitebi sakuTar eqskluzivistur<br />

nacionalistur ideologiebs <strong>da</strong>icaven <strong>da</strong> maT garSemo<br />

xalxis <strong>da</strong>razmvasac SeZleben, es ukve centralur xelisuflebasTan<br />

maTi ZalmomreobiTi konfliqtis sawin<strong>da</strong>ria.<br />

saqarTvelos ori aseTi konfliqti hqon<strong>da</strong> (afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

oseTSi), <strong>da</strong> qarTuli mxare orive am SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong>.<br />

samxedro marcxma <strong>da</strong> saerTo <strong>da</strong>qcevam, rac mas saqarTveloSi<br />

mohyva, 1990-iani wlebis SuaxanebisTvis gamsaxurdias<br />

stilis agresiuli eTnikuri nacionalizmis diskreditacia<br />

8 gamsaxurdia 1990 wlis noemberSi gax<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos<br />

Tavmjdomare, ramac mas erovnuli lideris statusi mianiWa. prezidentad<br />

is mxolod 1991 wlis maisSi iqna arCeuli, magram amas misi realuri<br />

Zalauflebis xarisxi arsebiTad ar Seucvlia.<br />

63

gia nodia<br />

gamoiwvia. eduard SevardnaZis reJimis ideologebma <strong>da</strong>gmes<br />

gamsaxurdia, rogorc “provincieli faSisti”. eTnikur umciresobebs<br />

moscil<strong>da</strong>T “stumrebis” iarliyi, rac maTi gaZevebis<br />

SesaZleblobas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>. aman <strong>da</strong>asrula aSkara eTnikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebis periodi, magram es jer kidev ar niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

qarTuli nacionalizmis ufro inkluziurma, samoqalaqo versiam<br />

saboloo gamarjveba izeima eTnikuri yaidis nacionalizmze.<br />

ufro zusti iqneba imis Tqma, rom am mtkivneuli sakiTxis ganxilva<br />

ukeTesi droisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>ido. SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis sawyis<br />

periodSi aravis Seutevia eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis <strong>da</strong> arc<br />

eWvis qveS <strong>da</strong>uyenebia maTi erTguleba, magram arc is ucdia vinmes,<br />

isini samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi SemoeyvanaT <strong>da</strong> maTi realuri<br />

samoqalaqo monawileobis gasazrdelad pirobebi SeeqmnaT. rac<br />

Seexeba afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTs, isini “gayinuli konfliqtis”<br />

zonebad iqcnen – omi gaCer<strong>da</strong>, magram arc myari mSvidobis<br />

momtani ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta Can<strong>da</strong> Tvalsawierze.<br />

metic, sajaro diskusiebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi gaimarTa<br />

garkveuli kanonproeqtebis garSemo – magaliTad, saqarTvelos<br />

moqalaqeTa piradobis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebel sabuTebSi “erovnebis”<br />

grafis Setanis sakiTxze – sakmaod naTlad aCveneb<strong>da</strong>, rom eris<br />

eTnikuri gageba kvlavac dominanturi rCebo<strong>da</strong>. 2000 wels,<br />

rodesac xelisuflebis “reformatoruli” nawilis iniciativiT<br />

SemoRebulma axalma kanonmdeblobam gaauqma sabWouri stilis<br />

“erovnebis grafa” pirovnebis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebel <strong>of</strong>icialur<br />

dokumentebSi, amas farTo ukmay<strong>of</strong>ileba mohyva. pro<strong>da</strong>savluri<br />

elita, romelic eris araeTnikuri gagebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong>, Setevis qveS aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. 9 magram man, mcirericxov-<br />

9 amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ix. Oliver Reissner, “‘Testground for Cosmopolitanism’ or<br />

‘Ethnic Zoo’?: The Debate about the Item ‘Ethnicity’ in the IDs for Georgia’s Citizens”<br />

(statia, warmodgenili komferenciaze “Potentials <strong>of</strong> (Dis-)Order: Former<br />

Yugoslavia <strong>and</strong> Caucasus in Comparison,” berlini, 1999 wlis 11-13 ivnisi). ix.<br />

agreTve David Losaberidze, “Citizenship Regimes in the South Caucasus,” wignSi<br />

Carine Bachmann, Christian StaerklÁ, <strong>and</strong> William Doise, eds., Reinventing Citizenship in<br />

the South Caucasus: Exploring Dynamics <strong>and</strong> Contradictions between Formal Definitions<br />

<strong>and</strong> Popular Conceptions (Zurich: Scientific Cooperation between Eastern Europe <strong>and</strong><br />

Switzerl<strong>and</strong> (SCOPES), Swiss National Science Foun<strong>da</strong>tion, 2003), gv. 50, http://<br />

www.cimera.org/en/research/citizenship.htm.<br />

64

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

nobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, mainc moaxerxa, eris gamokveTilad eTnikur<br />

gagebaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli kanonmdeblobis miReba ga<strong>da</strong>edo.<br />

rodesac SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi misi<br />

popularoba <strong>da</strong>eca, xelisuflebam sca<strong>da</strong>, eTno-nacionalisturi<br />

grZnobebi sakuTar interesebSi gamoeyenebina. kerZod, 2003<br />

wlis saparlamento saarCevno kampaniis dros mmarTveli partiis<br />

<strong>of</strong>icialuri warmomadgenlebi xSirad miuTiTebdnen ZiriTadi<br />

opoziciuri liderebis farul somxur Zirebze: amiT isini<br />

calsaxad mianiSnebdnen, rom somxuri warmomavlobis SemTxevaSi<br />

pirovneba ar un<strong>da</strong> acxadebdes pretenzias, politikuri<br />

lideri iyos saqarTveloSi. 10<br />

problemebi, rasac saqarTvelos erTianobas eTnokulturuli<br />

faqtorebi uqmnis, mis erT-erT ZiriTad gamowvevad<br />

rCeba. eris eTnikurad eqskluzivisturi gageba kvlavac am<br />

problemis gulisgulia. amas emateba isic, rom aseTi eqskluzivisturi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba umciresobebs aranakleb, an iqneb<br />

kidev ufro metad axasiaTebs, vidre qarTul umravlesobas. ase<br />

rom, Tun<strong>da</strong>c Tu dominant qarTul mosaxleobaSi eris samoqalaqo<br />

gageba gaimarjvebs, es TavisTavad jer kidev ar mogvcems<br />

sazogadoebis warmatebuli politikuri integraciis garantias.<br />

magram raki eris aseTi gageba tipiuria postkomunisturi erebis<br />

umetesobisTvis, saWiroa <strong>da</strong>vaxasiaToT is eTnonacionaluri<br />

faqtorebic (rogoricaa warmoSobis miTi, ena, religia an<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>xva jgufis formaluri statusi politikur sivreSi),<br />

romlebic specifikuria saqarTvelosTvis <strong>da</strong> gagvagebinebs,<br />

ratom gaurTul<strong>da</strong> mas ase Zalian erTianobis miRweva.<br />

pirveli relevanturi faqtoria kavSiri eTnikur siWrelesa<br />

<strong>da</strong> instituciur memkvidreobas Soris _ saxeldobr, saqarTveloSi<br />

avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebis arseboba. sabWoTa kavSiri<br />

10 magaliTad, irine sariSvili, pro-SevardnaZiseuli “erTiani saqarTvelos”<br />

blokis spikeri, zurab Jvaniasa <strong>da</strong> mixeil saakaSvilis somxur<br />

warmomavlobaze saubrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> imasac ki ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom riCard mailzi, aSS<br />

elCi saqarTveloSi, SeerTebul StatebSi arsebuli somxuri lobis<br />

interesebs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. ix. “Georgian Government-backed Bloc Spokeswoman<br />

Takes Swipe at U.S. Envoy,” BBC Monitoring Former Soviet Union, August 12, 2003.<br />

65

gia nodia<br />

agebuli iyo, rogorc samdoniani eTnikuri federacia (ufro<br />

swored, kvazi-federacia) - bevri mas rusul matrioSkas<br />

a<strong>da</strong>reb<strong>da</strong>. umaRlesi, sakavSiro done formalurad zeerovnuli<br />

iyo, Tumca gare samyaroc <strong>da</strong> ararusi mosaxleobac mas “rusulad”<br />

aRiqvam<strong>da</strong>. meore doneze idga sakavSiro respublikebi, anu<br />

zeerovnuli struqturis SigniT my<strong>of</strong>i kvazi-eri-saxelmwifoebi.<br />

mesame dones Seadgen<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri niSniT Seqmnili<br />

avtonomiuri respublikebi, anu meore rangis kvazi-erisaxelmwifoebi,<br />

romlebic ukve sakavSiro respublikebSi<br />

Sediodnen. es avtonomiuri respublikebi Tavis mxriv rangiT<br />

aRematebodnen avtonomiur “oblastebs” (olqebs), am ukanasknelebze<br />

<strong>da</strong>bla idgnen nacionaluri “okrugebi”. amdenad, zog<br />

eTnikuri principiT Seqmnil avtonomiur warmonaqmns sxvaze<br />

meti formaluri Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo struqturebis<br />

ufro ganviTarebuli sistema hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

terminebze (“federalizmi” <strong>da</strong> “eri-saxelmwifo”) “kvazi”-s<br />

<strong>da</strong>mateba ukeT gamoxatavs saqmis arss, radgan gansxvaveba<br />

fasads (anu formalur instituciur struqturasa) <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis<br />

realur meqanizmebs Soris sabWouri politikuri<br />

sistemis arsebiT <strong>da</strong> (<strong>da</strong>savleTSi) saTanadod Seufasebel<br />

elements warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. 11 fasads Seadgen<strong>da</strong> konstitucia –<br />

kvazi-federaluri, kvazi-demokratiuli dokumenti, romelic<br />

umaRles Zalauflebas arCeul parlamentebs (umaRles sab-<br />

Woebs) aniWeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa respublikebs gamoy<strong>of</strong>is uflebasac<br />

ki utoveb<strong>da</strong>, rasac namdvili federaciebi naklebad uSveben.<br />

amasobaSi, realur xelisuflebas axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> komunisturi<br />

11 am gansxvavebis <strong>da</strong>fiqsireba arsebiTia agreTve postkomunisturi<br />

politikuri sistemis funqciobisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis mier mis<strong>da</strong>mi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis gasagebad. sxva yvelaferTan erTad, komunisturi<br />

sistemis memkvidreobas Seadgens farTed gaziarebuli warmodgena, rom<br />

sxvaoba saCvenebel fasadsa <strong>da</strong> politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri Zalauflebis<br />

realur meqanizmebs Soris sruliad normaluria. sakvirveli araa, rom<br />

bevri <strong>da</strong>savleli politologi laparakobs “fasadur demokratiebze” an<br />

“potiomkinis demokratiebze” post-sabWoTa qveynebSi. ix., magaliTad,<br />

Charles King, “Potemkin Democracy: Four Myths about Post-Soviet Georgia,” The<br />

National Interest, no. 64 (summer 2001), gv. 93–104.<br />

66

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

partia <strong>da</strong> misi iZulebis aparati, romelic moicav<strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis<br />

samsaxurs, armiasa <strong>da</strong> policias. eseni ki mkacrad centralizebulni<br />

iyvnen <strong>da</strong> emyarebodnen ara demokratiul wesebs,<br />

aramed represias. konstitucia Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT demokratiulad<br />

gamoiyurebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan komunistur partias ganusazRvreli<br />

vadiT SeeZlo Zalauflebis SenarCuneba.<br />

sabWoTa kavSirSic ki fasads sinamdvilisgan mTlianad ver<br />

gamoy<strong>of</strong>di. dRev<strong>and</strong>eli ga<strong>da</strong>saxedi<strong>da</strong>n aSkarad Cans, rom<br />

sabWourma konstituciurma struqturam didwilad gansazRvra<br />

is, Tu ra saxiT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> nacionalisturi moZraobebi <strong>da</strong><br />

maTi programebi sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis momentisTvis. rac<br />

gin<strong>da</strong> fiqtiuri yifiliyo sabWoTa federalizmi Zalauflebrivi<br />

struqturebis realuri funqciobis TvalsazrisiT, man<br />

xeli Seuwyo erovnuli biurokratiuli <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualuri<br />

elitebis, iseve rogorc erovnuli saganmanaTleblo, samecniero<br />

<strong>da</strong> kulturuli institutebis Camoyalibebas – yovelive<br />

aman ki udidesi gavlena moazdina post-sabWoTa erebis mSeneblobaze.<br />

amgvarad, sabWourma kvazi-federalurma fasadma<br />

gacilebiT metad Seuwyo xeli nacionalizmis ganviTarebas,<br />

vidre misi Semoqmedebi gegmavdnen. 12<br />

amitomac, rogorc ki sabWoTa sistemis <strong>da</strong>susteba <strong>da</strong>iwyo,<br />

axalma politikurma moZraobebma swored sabWoTa konstituciaSi<br />

ipoves myaro iuridiuli safuZveli, am kvazi-erovnulisaxelmwifoebisTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli qveynebis statusi<br />

moeTxovaT. saqarTvelos saubedurod, igive Seexo meore rigis<br />

qvazi-saxelmwifoebsac: avtonomiur warmonaqmnebsac aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong>T<br />

instituciuri nia<strong>da</strong>gi secesionisturi moZraobis<br />

12 ix. Rogers Brubaker, “Nationhood <strong>and</strong> National Question in the Soviet Union <strong>and</strong><br />

Post-Soviet Eurasia: An Institutionalism Account,” Theory <strong>and</strong> Society, vol. 23, no. 1<br />

(1994), gv. 47−78; Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed: Nationalism <strong>and</strong> the National<br />

Question in the New Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Yuri Slezkine,<br />

“The USSR as a Communal Apartment, Or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic<br />

Particularism,” Slavic Review, vol. 53, no. 2 (summer 1994), gv. 414−452. es avtorebi<br />

Zalian kargad gviCveneben, faqtobrivad rogor waaxalisa nacionalizmis<br />

ganviTareba sabWourma institutebma, magram ver gvixsnian, ratom Seqmnes<br />

saxelmwifos komunistma mamebma maTi interesebisa <strong>da</strong> ideologiis aSkarad<br />

sawinaaRmdego sistema.<br />

67

gia nodia<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyebad. im dros saqarTveloSi sami amgvari erTeuli<br />

gaxl<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> or maTganSi, afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi, saqme<br />

gamoy<strong>of</strong>is moTxovnamde mivi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

eTnikuri principiT Seqmnili avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebi<br />

metad mosaxerxebeli instituciuri formebi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> saimisod,<br />

rom eTno-nacionalisturi programebi arsebuli<br />

teritoriuli erTeulebis <strong>da</strong> ara amorfuli eTnikuri jgufebis<br />

saxeliT aefrialebinaT. isic un<strong>da</strong> gvaxsovdes, rom sabWoTa<br />

sistemaSi avtonomia (sityvis pirveladi mniSvnelobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad)<br />

Tavisuflebas ki ara, privilegias gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>. is<br />

rogorc adgilobriv biurokratiul <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualur elitas,<br />

ise xalxs gansakuTrebuli statusis SegrZnebas aRuZrav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

magram, amave dros, igive statusi <strong>da</strong>Cagrulobis Segnebas<br />

aRviveb<strong>da</strong> im eris mimarT, visac sakuTari sakavSiro respublika<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>. ase rom, rogorc ki sabWoTa kavSiris es ierarqiuli<br />

struqtura moiSala, konfliqtebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba SeuZlebelic<br />

ki iyo: avtonomiur respublikebs TavianTi statusis<br />

amaRleba moun<strong>da</strong>T, magram sakavSiro respublikebi amas maTgan<br />

gamoy<strong>of</strong>is survilad aRiqvamdnen.<br />

68<br />

alternatiuli erovnuli proeqtebi:<br />

afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTi<br />

sabWoTa eTnikurma federalizmma Seqmna konfliqtebis<br />

winapiroba, Tumca TavisTavad es jer kidev ar iyo sakmarisi.<br />

Ria konfliqtebis gasaCaReblad saWiro iyo alternatiuli<br />

eTno-nacionalisturi programebic. isini wamoayenes afxazebma<br />

<strong>da</strong> osebma (Tumca, aWaraSi es ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra). afxazebi <strong>da</strong> osebi<br />

calke eTnikuri jgufebia, romlebic enobrivad ar enaTesavebian<br />

qarTvelebs, maSin rodesac aWarlebi qarTulad<br />

metyveleben <strong>da</strong> eTnikurad qarTvelebad miiCneven Tavs.<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom afxazebi <strong>da</strong> osebi Crdilokavkasiel<br />

xalxebs enaTesavebian, romlebsac agreTve<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T avtonomia. magaliTad, osebis umravlesoba ruseTis

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

federaciis SemadgenlobaSi my<strong>of</strong> Crdilo-oseTis avtonomiur<br />

respublikaSi cxovrobs. 13 afxazebi enobrivad axlos dganan<br />

Crdilokavkasiel xalxebTan, rogorebic adiReleebi, Cerqezebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> yabardoelebi arian. ase rom, osebis <strong>da</strong> afxazebis erovnuli<br />

proeqtebis postulatebi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT ase JRer<strong>da</strong>: “Cven<br />

qarTvelebi ara varT <strong>da</strong> erTaderTi avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba<br />

varT sakuTar teritoriebze. sxvebi _ maT Soris qarTvelebic<br />

_ CvenTan “Camosaxlebulebi” arian (an uaresi _ “okupantebis”<br />

statusi aqvT); Sesabamisad, es teritoriebi saqarTvelos ar<br />

ekuTvnis <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> gamoeyos mas, xolo Cvens TanamoZme Crdilokavkasiel<br />

xalxebTan erTianoba ki swore<strong>da</strong>c rom sasurvelia”. 14<br />

yvela es debuleba, pirvelis gamoklebiT, zustad imis<br />

sapirispiroa, rasac qarTvelebi fiqroben. maTTvis es regionebi<br />

mSobliuri miwaa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari Tavic mis ZirZvel mosaxleobad<br />

miaCniaT. 15 jer kidev 1918-21, qarTvelebis mier <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

respublikis Seqmnis wlebSi, orive es mxare sisxliani konfliqtebis<br />

arenad iqca. Tumca, es imas rodi niSnavs, TiTqos<br />

qarTvelebis, afxazebisa <strong>da</strong> osebis erovnul proeqtebs<br />

uciloblad amgvar konfliqtebamde mivyavdeT. vTqvaT,<br />

afxazebis SemTxvevaSi, Zalismieri Sexlis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba<br />

savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo. 16 magram omi mainc orivegan aty<strong>da</strong>,<br />

13 samxreT oseTs ki avtonomiis ufro <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi – avtonomiuri<br />

“oblasti” anu olqi hqon<strong>da</strong>. es gansxvaveba, qarTvelebisaTvis mainc, imas<br />

usvam<strong>da</strong> xazs, rom osebis “namdvili” samSoblo CrdiloeTi oseTia.<br />

14 osebis SemTxvevaSi es, ubralod, CrdiloeT oseTTan mierTebas<br />

gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>, maSin roca afxazebs Crdilokavkasiuri konfederaciis<br />

Camoyalibeba sur<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

15 qarTvelebs swored osebi miaCniaT “stumrebad” _ amitomacaa, rom<br />

cneba “samxreT oseTi” maTTvis miuRebeli iyo. rac Seexeba afxazebs, aq<br />

viTareba ufro rTula<strong>da</strong>a: qarTvelebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom isinic<br />

am kuTxis avtoqtonuri mosaxleobaa; Tumca erovnuli moZraobis dros<br />

sxva Teoriam moipova popularoba, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c afxazebi Crdilo<br />

kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT axali Camosaxlebulebi arian.<br />

16 Ghia Nodia, “The Conflict in Abkhazia: National Projects <strong>and</strong> Political Circumstances,”<br />

in Bruno Coppieters, Ghia Nodia, <strong>and</strong> Yuri Anchabadze, eds., Georgians <strong>and</strong> Abkhazians:<br />

.. ..<br />

The Search for a Peace Settlement (Koln: Sonderver<strong>of</strong>fentlichung des Bundersinstituts<br />

..<br />

fur Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, 1998), gv. 14−48, agreTve http:/<br />

/poli.vub.ac.be.<br />

69

gia nodia<br />

qarTvelebis samxedro marcxiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg ki situacia<br />

“gayinuli konfliqtebis” rangSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

dResdReobiT, es viTareba umZimesi strategiuli gamowvevaa<br />

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisaTvis. mas Semdeg, rac 90-iani<br />

wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi zemoxsenebulma regionebma kvazi<strong>da</strong>moukideblobas<br />

miaRwies, iq saqarTvelosagan gamijnuli sazogadoebebi<br />

Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maTi reintegraciis perspeqtiva<br />

yovel wels sul ufro saTuo xdeba. magram, meores mxriv,<br />

qarTvelebi mZimed gamicdian teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>kargvas <strong>da</strong> maTze<br />

xelis Caqnevas ar fiqroben. iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul pirTa<br />

simravle mZime tvirTad awevs qveynis ekonomikas <strong>da</strong> destabilizaciiT<br />

emuqreba xelisuflebas, xolo sanam konfliqtebi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mwy<strong>da</strong>ra, Zaladoba nebismier dros SeiZleba ganaxldes _<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam warmatebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>ado tabu adgilobrivi politikosebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n omis enaze<br />

saubars.<br />

am problemebis gar<strong>da</strong>, gayinuli konfliqtebi saqarTvelos<br />

saerTaSoriso imijsac did zians ayenebs. maTi arseboba<br />

garkveuli (Tumca ara erTaderTi, <strong>da</strong> iqneb sulac aramTavari)<br />

argumentia saqarTvelos nato-sa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis<br />

sawinaaRmdegod. ga<strong>da</strong>uwyveteli problemebi ruseTTan urTierTobasac<br />

gansakuTrebiT amwvavebs: maT gamo saqarTvelos<br />

praqtikulad <strong>da</strong>blokili aqvs satransporto gzebi ruseTTan,<br />

romelic bunebriva<strong>da</strong>a misi mTavari ekonomikuri partniori:<br />

kerZod, afxazeTTan mosazRvre regionebs gasaRebis bazarze<br />

gasasvleli aRara aqvT. <strong>da</strong>bolos, sa<strong>da</strong>vo teritoriebi kriminalebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kontrab<strong>and</strong>istebis saTareSo gamx<strong>da</strong>ra, rac<br />

gansakuTebiT aferxebs saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo institutebis<br />

gamyarebas. afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samegrelos sazRvarze<br />

qarTuli partizanuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi, anu kerZo samxedro<br />

SenaerTebi moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>, romlebic kontrab<strong>and</strong>isa <strong>da</strong> gamo-<br />

ZalvisaTvis gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> problemebs ara marto afxazur,<br />

aramed qarTul mxaresac uqmni<strong>da</strong>. gasakviri ar aris, rom<br />

prezidentma saakaSvilma imTaviTve maTi aRkveTa sca<strong>da</strong>. igive<br />

suraTia samxreT oseTSic, romelic kontrab<strong>and</strong>is buded iqca.<br />

70

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

orivegan _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, vidre saakaSvilis xelisuflebam<br />

xeli ar gamoiRo amgvar <strong>da</strong>naSaulebaTa aRsakveTad,<br />

korumpirebul qarTvel samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavebs gvariani wili edoT<br />

am saqmianobaSi.<br />

saakaSvilma ramdenimegzis mianiSna, rom amgvari viTareba<br />

sruliad Seuwynarebeli iyo <strong>da</strong> is yovel Rones ixmar<strong>da</strong><br />

konfliqtebis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad. 2004 wlis maisSi, rogorc ki aWaris<br />

krizisi moTav<strong>da</strong> (ix. qvemoT), xelisuflebis yuradReba samxreT<br />

oseTze ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> (raki, saerTo azriT, es ufro ioli mosavleli<br />

iyo, vinem afxazeTis sakiTxi). saqarTvelos xelisuflebis<br />

strategia aq ramdenime komponentisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>:<br />

1. keTili nebis gamoxatva osebis mimarT iseTi Ronis-<br />

ZiebebiT, rogoricaa maTTvis pensiebis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis <strong>da</strong>wyeba, osur<br />

enaze ga<strong>da</strong>cemebis momzadeba, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqvelmoqmedo<br />

aqciebis Catareba; aseve, wina xelisuflebis zogierTi nabijis<br />

gakritikeba, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, 1990 wels samxreT oseTis<br />

avtonomiis gauqmeba. 17<br />

2. separatistuli xelisuflebisaTvis ekonomikuri sayrdenis<br />

gamocla kontrab<strong>and</strong>is aRkveTis meSveobiT.<br />

3. Zalis demonstrireba regionSi samxedro kontingentis<br />

SeyvaniT; Tumca xelisufleba acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom is formalurad<br />

jdebo<strong>da</strong> qarTvel mSvidobis<strong>da</strong>mcvelTaTvis gacemul kvotaSi.<br />

4. rusebTan <strong>da</strong> sxva saerTaSoriso subieqtebTan diplomatiuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi arxebiT urTierTobis gaaqtiureba.<br />

18<br />

samwuxarod, yvelaferma aman mxolod regionSi saerTo<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zabuloba, calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki msxverplic gamoiwvia,<br />

rasac Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> moskovs Soris ormxrivi braldebebis gacvlagamocvla<br />

mohyva. Tumca saqarTvelos xelisufleba sakmaod<br />

17 ix. “Georgian Leader Says It was ‘Mistake’ to Abolish Breakaway Region’s Autonomy,”<br />

ITAR-TASS, June 12, 2004.<br />

18 saqarTvelos strategiaze am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ix interviu<br />

parlamentis gavlenian wevr giga bokeriasTan: “Tbilisi Wants to Regain South<br />

Ossetia through Pro-Georgian Campaigning,” Civil Georgia, UNA-Georgia Online<br />

Magazine, http://www.civil.ge/eng/detail.php?id=7489.<br />

71

gia nodia<br />

moqnili aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> saimisod, rom viTareba axal, srulmasStabian<br />

samxedro konfliqtSi ar ga<strong>da</strong>zrdiliyo, es mainc pirveli<br />

aSkara Cavardna aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> misTvis.<br />

72<br />

aWaris sakiTxi:<br />

avtonomiuri magram ara Tavisufali<br />

aWaris sakiTxi sakmaod uCveuloa. garegani <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblis<br />

TvaliT, es TiTqos waagavs afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis<br />

problemebs, magram es Se<strong>da</strong>reba qarTvelebs sakmaod aRizianebT.<br />

erTis SexedviT, saerTo bevria: aWara avtonomiuri<br />

respublika iyo saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, xolo 2004 wlis<br />

maisamde centralur xelisuflebas mcire roli Tu hqon<strong>da</strong> mis<br />

marTvaSi. magram aWarlebi, afxazebisa <strong>da</strong> osebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

Tavs qarTvelebad Tvlian. arc calke aWaris erovnuli<br />

proeqtis sakiTxi wamoWrila odesme. maSinac ki, roca aWaris<br />

xelmZRvaneloba kriWaSi Caudga Tbiliss, separatistuli<br />

lozungebi mas arasodes aufrialebia. piriqiT _ aslan abaSiZe<br />

Tavs saqarTvelos erTianobis mebairaxtre<strong>da</strong>c ki saxav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

aWaris avtonomia pirvelad saqarTvelos 1921 w. konstituciiT<br />

gamocxad<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> imave wels erTi mxriv TurqeTs, meore<br />

mxriv ki – bolSevikebis mier marTul saqarTvelos, somxeTsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> azerbaijans Soris <strong>da</strong>debul yarsis SeTanxmebaSic aisaxa. amis<br />

mizani qarTvel muslimTa sarwmunoebrivi uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva iyo:<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis periodSi (1918-21) aWaras<br />

xSirad “samahmadiano saqarTvelosac” uwodebdnen. Tumca,<br />

komunistur saxelmwifoSi sarwmunoebriv nia<strong>da</strong>gze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli<br />

avtonomiis arseboba aSkara winaaRmdegobaSi modio<strong>da</strong><br />

gabatonebul ideologiasTan.<br />

1991 wlis Semdgom, rac saqarTvelom <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba<br />

moipova, religiur faqtors arasodes hqonia raime zegavlena<br />

Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> aWaras Soris urTierTobebze. maSinac ki, roca<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zabulobam piks miaRwia, am kartis gaTamaSeba aslan abaSiZes<br />

arasodes ucdia. Tu mis sasargeblod raimis Tqma SeiZleba, es

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

isaa, rom religiuri Semwynareblobis TvalsazrisiT aWaraSi<br />

ukeTesi mdgomareoba iyo, vidre saqarTvelos bevr sxva regionSi.<br />

isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom 2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT,<br />

muslimanebi aWaris mosaxleobis umciresobas Seadgendnen. 19<br />

ase rom, aWaris konfliqti politikuri <strong>da</strong> instituciuri<br />

gaxl<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> ara eTnikuri. afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis<br />

msgavsad, konfliqtis fesvebi aqac avtonomiuri erTeulebis<br />

sabWour sistemaSi un<strong>da</strong> veZioT. aWaris SemTxvevaSi, abaSiZem<br />

avtonomiuri erTeulebis sistemis bundovaneba sakuTari<br />

safaSos Sesaqmnelad gamoiyena. centraluri xelisuflebis<br />

mimarT misi <strong>da</strong>umorCilebloba gansakuTrebiT sabaJosa <strong>da</strong><br />

baTumis portis erTpirovnuli kontroliT gamoixata (rac misi<br />

reJimis Semosavlebis ZiriTad wyaros Seadgen<strong>da</strong>). is saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />

Semosavlebs ar uricxav<strong>da</strong> centralur xelisuflebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> nelnela pirad armiasac ageb<strong>da</strong>. SevardnaZis dros saxelmwifo<br />

susti iyo, rasac samxreT oseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi samxedro<br />

kampaniebis katastr<strong>of</strong>uli SedegebiT gaCenili sindromi<br />

ematebo<strong>da</strong>. “aWaris lomi” mSvenivrad sargeblob<strong>da</strong> amiT <strong>da</strong><br />

separatistuli blefis TamaSs TamaSob<strong>da</strong>: is TiTqos aSineb<strong>da</strong><br />

Tbiliss, Tu aWaris saqmeebSi cxvirs Cay<strong>of</strong>T, namdvil separatistad<br />

viqcevio.<br />

raki aWara ugulebely<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong> centralur xelisuflebas,<br />

qveyanaSi ori sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari politikuri reJimis Tanaarseboba<br />

seriozulad aferxeb<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos mSeneblobas <strong>da</strong><br />

konfliqtis kidev erT keras warmoSob<strong>da</strong>. Tumca saqarTvelo<br />

myari demokratiuli institutebiT ver <strong>da</strong>ikvexni<strong>da</strong>, magram<br />

politikuri pluralizmiTa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis<br />

xarisxiT gacilebiT win iyo wasuli. aWara ki erTpirovnuli<br />

avtokratiuli mmarTvelobis nimuSs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

politikur pluralizms aravin gaaWaWaneb<strong>da</strong>. maSin roca<br />

saqarTveloSi arCevnebi mu<strong>da</strong>m konkurenciis (Tumca ara<br />

yovelTvis patiosani konkurenciis) pirobebSi tardebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

19 am aRweris mixedviT aWaris mosaxleobis mxolod 30.6%-ia mahmadiani,<br />

xolo 54.0% marTlmadideblebs akuTvneben Tavs.<br />

73

gia nodia<br />

baTumis reJimis mier Catarebuli arCevnebi, ubralod, fiqcia<br />

gaxl<strong>da</strong>T: mosaxleobis aqtivoba 99%-s uaxlovdebo<strong>da</strong> xolme,<br />

xolo maTgan 95-98% abaSiZis partias aZlev<strong>da</strong> xmas.<br />

amgvari viTareba mxolod samoqalaqo uflebebis kuTxiT<br />

rodi aCen<strong>da</strong> problemas. raki saqarTvelos saparlamento<br />

arCevnebi proporciuli wesiT tardebo<strong>da</strong>, is adgilobrivi<br />

lideri, visac SeeZlo amomrCevelTa ricxvis, maTi gamocxadebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> xmis micemis monacemTa totaluri gayalbeba, saerToerovnul<br />

donezec araproporciulad mniSvnelovan moTamaSed<br />

iqceo<strong>da</strong>. 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis dros abaSiZe<br />

mTavar opoziciur koalicias edga saTaveSi (sa<strong>da</strong>c TbilisSi<br />

Seqmnili partiebic Sedio<strong>da</strong>) <strong>da</strong> gamarjvebis k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>ta<strong>da</strong>c ki<br />

iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. aman SevardnaZis “moqalaqeTa kavSirs” saSualeba<br />

misca, Tavisi saarCeno kampania xalxis <strong>da</strong>Sinebaze aego: Tu<br />

abaSiZem gaimarjva, mmarTvelobis aWaruli stili sruliad<br />

saqarTveloze gavrceldebao. argumentma gaWra. 2003 wlis<br />

arCevnebSi aWaris faqtori (saerTo gayalbebebis fonze) krizisis<br />

erTi umTavres mizezTagani Seiqmna, uromliso<strong>da</strong>c “vardebis<br />

revolucia”, SesaZloa, arc momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. arCevnebis <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />

Sedegebis Tanaxmad abaSiZis “aRorZinebis partiam” xmebis 20%<br />

miiRo, 20 riTac is SevardnaZis aucilebel partniorad iqceo<strong>da</strong><br />

saparlamento umravlesobis misaRwevad. abaSiZis TbilisSi<br />

mzardi gavlenis garduvaloba mTeli saqarTvelos politikuri<br />

“aWarizaciis” perspeqtivas qmni<strong>da</strong>, ramac cecxlze navTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sxmis efeqti gamoiwvia <strong>da</strong> gaaZliera saprotesto moZraoba,<br />

rac, sabolood, SevardnaZis ga<strong>da</strong>dgomiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rogorc saqarTvelos yvela sxva krizisul regionSi,<br />

ruseTis faqtorma aWaraSic iTamaSa mniSvnelovani roli.<br />

ruseTs sakuTari samxedro baza gaaCn<strong>da</strong> iq <strong>da</strong> abaSiZes Tavis<br />

sakvanZo mokavSired miiCnev<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT<br />

samxeT kavkasiaSi mimdinare movlenebis paranoidul<br />

aRqmas rusi geostrategosebis mier, maTTvis aWara saqarT-<br />

20 aRsaniSnavia, rom es xmebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d aWaraze modio<strong>da</strong>, Tumca, 2002 wlis<br />

aRweris mixedviT, misi mosaxleoba saqarTvelos mxolod 8.6% Seadgens.<br />

74

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

veloze zewolis mTavari instrumenti iyo, raTa am ukanasknels<br />

TurqeTisken ar gaqceo<strong>da</strong> Tvali. meore mxriv, Tavad abaSiZes<br />

ruseTis samxedro baza sakuTari politikuri reJimis usafrTxoebis<br />

garantad miaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saakaSvilma imTaviTve ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom abaSiZis amgvar<br />

gamowvevebs ver moiTmen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moqmedeba or frontze <strong>da</strong>iwyo:<br />

abaSiZis mimarT adgilobrivi opoziciis gaZlierebas <strong>da</strong>exmara,<br />

meore mxriv ki centraluri xelisuflebis yvela SesaZlebloba<br />

gamoiyena masze ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri zewolis mosaxdenad.<br />

saakaSvilis xelisufleba SiSob<strong>da</strong>, rom abaSiZe SevardnaZeze<br />

ufro Sors wavido<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc samxedro Zalis gamoyenebas<br />

<strong>da</strong>eridebo<strong>da</strong> sakuTari taxtis <strong>da</strong>sacavad. 2004 wlis 2<br />

maiss, abaSiZem aWaris <strong>da</strong>narCen saqarTvelosTan <strong>da</strong>makav-<br />

Sirebeli xidebis afeTqebis brZaneba gasca. savaraudod, igi<br />

imedovneb<strong>da</strong>, rom amgvari qmedeba TbilisTan samxedro<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebas gamoiwveva, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c ruseTi Caereo<strong>da</strong><br />

aWaris <strong>da</strong>sacavad. Tu es marTlac ase iyo, misi imedebi ar gamar-<br />

Tl<strong>da</strong>. igi qveyni<strong>da</strong>n Tavad aWaris macxovreblebma g<strong>and</strong>evnes <strong>da</strong><br />

ara Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n Casulma jariskacebma. bedis ironiiT, swored<br />

ruseTis despanma, igor ivanovma <strong>da</strong>arwmuna abaSiZe imaSi, rom<br />

saboloo nabiji ga<strong>da</strong>edga <strong>da</strong> aWara <strong>da</strong>etovebina.<br />

rogorc ki krizisma ga<strong>da</strong>iara, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam<br />

piroba <strong>da</strong>do, rom SeinarCuneb<strong>da</strong> aWaris avtonomiur statuss,<br />

Tumca opoziciuri partiebis nawili mis gauqmebas iTxov<strong>da</strong>. 21<br />

magram, faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos konstituciis cvlilebebma<br />

<strong>da</strong> 2004 wlis pirvel ivliss ZalaSi Sesulma kanonma aWaris<br />

avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb arsebiTad Sekveca<br />

avtonomiis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> is arsebiTad centralur xelisuflebas<br />

<strong>da</strong>uqvemdebara. 22 imave wlis ivnisSi, aWaris umaRlesi<br />

21 aRsaniSnavia, rom statusis Secvlas isini Tavad aWaris mosaxleobaSi<br />

Catarebuli plebiscitis gziT iTxovdnen <strong>da</strong> ara centraluri xelisuflebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT. ix.: “Party <strong>of</strong> New Rights Started Gathering <strong>of</strong><br />

Signatures among Achara Residents for Plebiscite on Status <strong>of</strong> Achara,” Black Sea Press,<br />

June 14, 2004.<br />

22 “Georgian Parliament Defines Autonomous Status <strong>of</strong> Ajara,” Prime-News, July 1, 2004.<br />

75

gia nodia<br />

sabWos arCevnebSi, saprezidento partiam didi upiratesobiT<br />

(72.1%) gaimarjva. axla<strong>da</strong>rCeulma sabWom “prezidentis kaci” _<br />

levan vaSalomiZe airCia aWaris premierad <strong>da</strong> avtonomiuri<br />

respublikis konstituciaSic Seitana cvlilebebi saqarTvelos<br />

kanonmdeblobasTan mis srul SesabamisobaSi mosayvanad.<br />

SeiZleba, aWaris avtonomiis axleburi gansazRvra metismetad<br />

centralisturad CavTvaloT. magram Tun<strong>da</strong>c ase iyos,<br />

mTavari isaa, rom Tavad aWaris mosaxleobas amis gamo protesti<br />

ar gamouTqvams. maT SeiZleba ar moswondeT, rom xelisuflebas<br />

Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n uniSnaven – magram es saqarTvelos nebismier<br />

regions exeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu aWaris sakiTxi safrTxes<br />

uqmni<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos erTianobas, dRes is erTxel <strong>da</strong> samu<strong>da</strong>mod<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Wrili Cans. es ar niSnavs, rom aranairi kiTxvis<br />

niSnebi ar arsebobs imis Taobaze, Tu praqtikulad rogor<br />

imuSavebs avtonomiis axali reJimi. zogi Tvlis, rom momaval,<br />

ufro demokratiul aWaraSi sarwmunoebis faqtorma SeiZleba<br />

ufro metad iCinos Tavi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba gamoiwvios. saqarTveloSi<br />

iseTebic arian, visTvisac qarTvel mahmadianTa<br />

arseboba TavisTavad miuRebelia, radgan qarTveloba marTlmadidebeli<br />

eklesiis gareT ver warmoudgeniaT. es aWareli<br />

mahmadianebis yursac wvdeba <strong>da</strong> samomavlod garkveuli<br />

usiamovnebebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios.<br />

76<br />

javaxeli somxebi <strong>da</strong> qvemo qarTlis<br />

azerbaijanelebi: politikuri<br />

iredentizmis axali safrTxe?<br />

arc afxazebi <strong>da</strong> arc osebi saqarTveloSi yvelaze didi<br />

eTnikuri umciresobani arasodes y<strong>of</strong>ilan: rodesac ssrk<br />

<strong>da</strong>iSala, yvelaze mravalricxovan eTnikur umciresobas aq<br />

somxebi (8.1%), rusebi (6.3%) <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanelebi (5.7%)<br />

Seadgendnen. 2002 wlisaTvis viTareba Seicvala: rusebis<br />

migraciisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis de faqto gamoy<strong>of</strong>is Sedegad (aq ki<br />

bevri rusi <strong>da</strong> somexi saxlob<strong>da</strong>) azerbaijanelebi yvelaze did

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

eTnikur umciresobad iqcnen (saerTo mosaxleobis 6.5%). Semdeg<br />

modian somxebi (5.7%). TiToeuli am jgufis didi wili azerbaijanisa<br />

(qvemo qarTli) <strong>da</strong> somxeTis (samcxe-javaxeTi) mosazRvre<br />

teritoriebzea Tavmoyrili. maTgan Zalze mcire nawili Tu<br />

metyvelebs qarTulad. maT sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli<br />

saqarTvelosadmi kuTvnilebis grZnoba <strong>da</strong> emociurad ufro<br />

Tavis eTnikur samSoblosTan aigiveben Tavs.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, arsebobs Teoriuli SesaZlebloba, rom<br />

es ori regioni mTiani yarabaRis msgavsi konfliqtebis zonad<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>iqces. saqarTveloSi xan<strong>da</strong>xan SfoTavdnen amis gamo, Tumca,<br />

raki yvelaferi mSvidobianad midis, SiSic Senel<strong>da</strong>. ratomaa,<br />

rom SesaZlebeli konfliqtebi aq ar ganviTarebula? mizezi<br />

ramdenimea. upirveles yovlisa, avtonomiebis mqone eTnikuri<br />

jgufebisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos somxebsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanelebs<br />

administraciuli sayrdeni ar hqoniaT sakuTari eTnonacionalisturi<br />

proeqtebis gansaviTareblad. meore mxriv,<br />

afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis gamocdilebam qarTvelebi<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d ufro frTxili gaxa<strong>da</strong> eTnikur umciresobebTan<br />

mimarTebaSi; <strong>da</strong> mesame _ Tun<strong>da</strong>c mTiani yarabaRis sisxliani<br />

konfliqtis gamo, somxeTica <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanic eridebian<br />

saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis gafuWebas <strong>da</strong> aq separatistul<br />

moZraobebs ver <strong>da</strong>uWeren mxars.<br />

Tumca viTareba javaxeTsa Tu qvemo qarTlSi erTmaneTis<br />

msgavsia, somxuri umravlesobis mqone javaxeTi mainc met<br />

yuradRebas iqcevs, vidre azerbaijanelebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli<br />

qvemo qarTli. javaxeTi patara regionia, romelic axalqalaqisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ninowmindis raionebs moicavs, mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 95%<br />

aq eTnikurad somexia. 23 saqarTveloSi ar aris sxva kuTxe, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

eTnikuri umciresoba amdenad dominirebdes. qarTuls aq<br />

23 javaxeTi Sedis samcxe-javaxeTSi, samxreT saqarTvelos administraciul<br />

regionSi, romelic eqvs raions moicavs. misi mosaxleobis 54.6%<br />

somexia, xolo 43.4% - qarTveli. saxeli “javaxeTi” Cveulebriv mieyeneba<br />

or raions, axalqalaqsa <strong>da</strong> ninowmin<strong>da</strong>s, sa<strong>da</strong>c somxuri mosaxleoba<br />

srulad dominirebs, magram formalurad aseTi administraciuli<br />

erTeuli ar arsebobs.<br />

77

gia nodia<br />

Znelad gaigonebT, xolo 2004 wlamde aq, qveynis kanonmdeblobis<br />

sapirispirod, rusuli rubli jabni<strong>da</strong> mimoqcevaSi<br />

qarTul lars. qarTuli nacionalizmis talRis agorebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

1992-Si prezident gamsaxurdias gaZevebis Semdgomi areulobis<br />

sapasuxod, adgilobrivi nacionalisturi organizaciis,<br />

“javaxkis” TaosnobiT, somxuri laSqaric ki Seiqmna javaxeTSi.<br />

1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi qarTvel xelisufalT Zalze<br />

uWir<strong>da</strong>T regionSi SeRweva, Tumca aTwleulis SuaxanebisTvis<br />

maT es moaxerxes imiT, rom biznesis yvelaze momgebian<br />

seqtorebSi gabatonebul adgilobriv klanebs gaurigdnen.<br />

organizacia “javaxkic” ramdenime nawilad gaiyo (maTgan erTerTia<br />

araregistrirebuli partia “virqi”) <strong>da</strong> misi gavlena<br />

sagrZnoblad Sesust<strong>da</strong>. “javaxkis” programa _ javaxeTis<br />

somexTa teritoriuli avtonomia _ avtonomiur erTeulebTan<br />

warsuli gamocdilebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sruliad miuRebelia<br />

qarTvelebisaTvis. amgvari moTxovna dro <strong>da</strong> dro isev gaismis<br />

xolme, magram masobrivi mobilizaciis safuZvlad is ar qceula.<br />

rac Seexeba azerbaijanelebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul kuTxeebs, iq<br />

msgavsi aqtivoba ar SeiniSneba <strong>da</strong> avtonomiis moTxovnac arasodes<br />

gaJRerebula. or regions Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba aixsnas<br />

rogorc eTnikur Temebs Soris gansxvavebiT, ise imiTac, rom<br />

javaxeTi geografiulad ufro mowyvetilia qveynis sxva nawilebs,<br />

vidre qvemo qarTli. gare geopolitikuri faqtorebic TamaSobs<br />

garkveul rols: adgilobriv somexTa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanelTa qceva<br />

bevra<strong>da</strong>a ganpirobebuli maTi eTnikuri samSobloebis moqmedebiT.<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijans bevri saerTo interesi aqvs, orives<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zabuli urTierToba aqvs ruseTTan, xolo TurqeTsa <strong>da</strong> amerikis<br />

SeerTebul Statebs strategiul partniorebad miiCneven. amis<br />

sawinaaRmdegod, somxeTi ruseTTanaa <strong>da</strong>axloebuli, xolo<br />

TurqeTs “istoriul mtrad” racxavs. sagareo politikis sakiTxebSi<br />

aseTi Zireuli gansxvaveba garkveul undoblobas iwvevs<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> somxeTs Soris, rac saqarTveloSi mcxovreb<br />

somxobasac garkveul <strong>da</strong>Rs aCens.<br />

am konteqstSi, axalqalaqis rusuli samxedro bazis<br />

arseboba gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxi gax<strong>da</strong>. javaxeli<br />

78

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

somxobisaTvis es baza Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaroa: 2004<br />

wlamde mainc, bevri maTgani msaxurob<strong>da</strong> iq, xolo rus samxedroebs<br />

sxva mxrivac udevT wili adgilobriv ekonomikaSi. kidev<br />

ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom somxebi am bazas uyureben, rogorc<br />

erTgvar fars, romelic <strong>da</strong>icavs maT rogorc TurqeTis<br />

eqspansiisagan, ise qarTuli nacionalizmis SesaZlo Semotevisagan.<br />

amis sawinaaRmdegod, qarTvelebis umravlesoba <strong>da</strong><br />

maTi xelisufleba amgvari bazis arsebobas maTi saxelmwifosTvis<br />

safrTxed miiCnevs. ase rom, baza xels uwyobs somex<br />

mosaxleobasa <strong>da</strong> qarTul saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zabvas.<br />

pankisis xeoba: importirebuli konfliqti<br />

pankisi momcro xeobaa saqarTvelos Crdilo mTianeTSi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 7,000 qistia kompaqturad <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli.<br />

isini mahmadianebi arian <strong>da</strong> CeCnebs enaTesavebian. amave dros,<br />

isini Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT kargad arian integrirebulni qarTul mosaxleobasTan,<br />

Tavisuflad laparakoben qarTuls, <strong>da</strong> maTi gvarsaxelebic<br />

qarTulad JRers.<br />

sanam CeCneTSi omebi <strong>da</strong>iwyebo<strong>da</strong>, bevr qarTvels arc ki<br />

smenia pankisis xeobaze. sayovelTaod cnobili is 1999 wels<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>, roca oms gamoqceuli aTasobiT CeCeni ltolvili miawy<strong>da</strong><br />

iqaurobas. 24 Cveulebriv ltolvilebTan erTad <strong>da</strong>ucvel<br />

sazRvars iolad kveTdnen CeCeni mebrZolebic. aman saqar-<br />

Tvelosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris urTierToba mkveTrad <strong>da</strong>Zaba:<br />

moskovma Tbiliss teroristebis mfarveloba <strong>da</strong>abrala. 25 gar<strong>da</strong><br />

amisa, qveyanas Seeqmna mwvave saSinao problemac: sul male<br />

pankisis xeoba faqtobrivad xelisuflebis kontroli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iaraRiT aralegaluri vaWrobis, narkotikebis<br />

24 CeCneTis pirveli omis dros, 1994 wels, ltolvilTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Wril<br />

mebrZolTa raodenoba Seu<strong>da</strong>reblad naklebi iyo.<br />

25 ix. jaba dev<strong>da</strong>rianis Tavi amave wignSi.<br />

79

gia nodia<br />

tranzitisa <strong>da</strong> gamosasyidis mizniT gatacebebis kerad iqca.<br />

pankisis xeoba, SeiZleba iTqvas, saqarTvelos arSemdgari<br />

saxelmwifoebriobis Tu misi rRvevis Taviseburi simbolo<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>. 26 arsebiTad, qarTvel samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavebs iqaurobis<br />

gakontrolebis mcdelobazec ki aRebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T xeli <strong>da</strong><br />

politikosebic acxadebdnen _ pankisis xeobaSi wesrigis<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebas saqarTvelos CeCneT-ruseTis omSi CaTreva SeiZleba<br />

mohyveso; jobs, jer-jerobiT mainc, yvelaferi TviTdinebaze<br />

mivuSvaT <strong>da</strong> xeoba izolirebul arealad vaqcioTo.<br />

magram, Tun<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>mianTa gaxSirebuli gatacebebis gamo,<br />

pankisis <strong>da</strong>narCeni saqarTvelosagan izolacia SeuZlebeli<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>: mezobel axmetis raionSi sakuTari laSqari Camoayalibes<br />

<strong>da</strong> imuqrebodnen, Cven Tavad <strong>da</strong>vamyarebT wesrigso.<br />

es laSqaric TavisTavad iqca problemad. 2001 wlis oqtomberSi<br />

CeCen mebrZolTa mTeli SenaerTi, raRac idumali gzebiT (maSin<br />

ambobdnen, rom es qarTveli samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavebis xelSewyobiT<br />

mox<strong>da</strong>) pankisi<strong>da</strong>n afxazeTSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> warumateblad sca<strong>da</strong>,<br />

brZoliT Sesuliyo afxazeTSi. pankisSi Seqmnili viTareba<br />

nawilobriv aixsnebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis<br />

uunarobiT, magram gamoikveTa korumpirebul<br />

samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavTa interesic, SeenarCunebinaT ukontrolo<br />

viTareba, rom regionSi ganviTarebuli kriminaluri biznesi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Tavisi wili mieRoT.<br />

2001 wlis 9 seqtembers SeerTebul StatebSi ganxorcielebuli<br />

terorostuli aqtebis Semdeg terorizmTan<br />

globaluri omis konteqstma pankisis xeobisa Tu misi msgavsi<br />

regionebis mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba mkveTrad Secvala. arastabilur<br />

qveynebSi amgvari ukontrolo anklavebis arsebobac ki<br />

(gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini muslimanebiT arian <strong>da</strong>saxlebulni)<br />

imTaviTve terorizmis savaraudo wyarod ganixileba. rodesac<br />

saqarTveloSi aSS-s saelCos warmomadgenelma filip remlerma<br />

26 aman <strong>da</strong>savlur mediaSi iseTi gamoxmaurebebic ki gamoiwvia, rogoric<br />

mag.: Patrick Cockburn, “Collapse <strong>of</strong> Georgia is Ignored by the World,” (“ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />

ugulvebely<strong>of</strong>s saqarTvelos kolafss”), The Independent, January 14, 2002.<br />

80

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, al-qai<strong>da</strong>s fesvi aqvs pankisSi gadgmulio, saqarTvelo<br />

erdoulad SeerTebuli Statebisa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis zewolis<br />

qveS aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, ramac sul male moitana Sedegi. 27 qarTveli<br />

samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavebis formirebebma ramdenime operacia ganaxorcieles<br />

xeobaSi <strong>da</strong> garkveul warmatebebsac miaRwies, oRond<br />

mxolod mas Semdeg, rac Sinagan saqmeTa <strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis<br />

saministroTa korumpirebuli xelmZRvaneloba Seicvala.<br />

swored pankisis problemam ga<strong>da</strong>awyvetina SeerTebul Statebs,<br />

saqarTveloSi wvrTnisa <strong>da</strong> aRWurvis programa ganexorcielebina,<br />

ris farglebSic man Tavisi specnawilebis orasamde<br />

<strong>of</strong>iceri gaagzavna qarTuli jaris qve<strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>ebis ga<strong>da</strong>samzadeblad.<br />

politikuri integraciis problema<br />

pankisSi, saqarTvelos sxva konfliqturi zonebis msgavsad,<br />

mTavari safiqrali erTiani saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>nawevrebis safrTxea.<br />

yvela am wertilSi eTnikuri Tu sarwmunoebrivi<br />

faqtori iCens Tavs, oRond TavisTavad eTnikuri siWrele<br />

problemis mizezebs ver xsnis: konfliqtebis winapirobad<br />

ufro metad sabWoTa periodis instituciuri struqturebi <strong>da</strong><br />

am mravalsafexuriani kvazifederalizmi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

erovnul saxelmwifoTa sistemaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlis procesi iqca.<br />

<strong>da</strong>nawevrebis xifaTi aseve Zlier korelaciaSia rusi samxedroebis<br />

y<strong>of</strong>nasTan rogorc uSualod (afxazeTi, samxreT oseTi,<br />

aWara, javaxeTi), ise arapir<strong>da</strong>pir (pankisis xeoba). iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c ar<br />

arsebobs <strong>da</strong>nawevrebis instituciuri safuZveli an negatiuri<br />

garegani zegavlena (qvemo qarTli), safrTxec proporciulad<br />

klebulobs.<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n ar un<strong>da</strong> gamovitanoT martivi <strong>da</strong>skvna,<br />

TiTqos saqarTvelos yvela Si<strong>da</strong> problemis gasaRebi mxolod<br />

27 ix.: Ariel Cohen, “Moscow, Washington, <strong>and</strong> Tbilisi Wrestle with Instability in the<br />

Pankisi,” Eurasia Insight, February 19, 2002, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/<br />

insight/articles/eav021902.shtml.<br />

81

gia nodia<br />

<strong>da</strong> mxolod ruseTsa Tu sxva gare faqtorebSi un<strong>da</strong> veZioT.<br />

arsebobs sxva, nakleb TvalSisacemi problemebi, rac safrTxes<br />

uqmnis saqarTvelos an mas ufro mowyvlads xdis. amaTgan<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani eTnikuri sakiTxebia. faqtobrivad<br />

gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTic rom ar CavTvaloT,<br />

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 16.3%-s eTnikuri umciresobebi<br />

Seadgens. maT Soris yvelaze did jgufebs somxebi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanelebi<br />

Seadgenen. 28 marTalia, maTgan iredentobis realuri<br />

safrTxe ar Cans, maTi marginaluroba qarTul sazogadoebaSi<br />

mainc problemad rCeba. umetesi maTgani ver flobs qarTuls<br />

_ qveynis erTaderT saxelmwifo enas. 29 aseve, maTi umravlesoba<br />

sakuTari, adgilobrivi interesebiTaa <strong>da</strong>kavebuli <strong>da</strong> qveynis<br />

saerTo problemebs naklebad aRiqvams. marTalia, isini<br />

warmomadgenili arian parlamentSi, magram amas ufro ceremoniuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs; sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva politikur partiaSi<br />

umciresobaTa aqtiur wevrebs Znelad Tu ipoviT.<br />

saxelmwifo enis verfloba somxebisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanelebis<br />

pasiurobisa <strong>da</strong> marginalurobis mxolod erTi mizezTagania _<br />

umTavresi mainc qarTul sazogadoebaSi maTi statusis gaurkvevlobaa.<br />

mainc, ris safuZvelze SeiZleba moxdes maTi<br />

integracia? saWiroa maTi gvartomobis sruli ignorireba,<br />

<strong>of</strong>icialuri Tu araformaluri eTnikuri qvotebis <strong>da</strong>weseba, Tu<br />

raime sxva? afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> oseTis konfliqtebis Semdeg<br />

saxelmwifo liderebica <strong>da</strong> farTo sazogadoebac problemis<br />

wayruebas cdilobs, TiTqos is sakuTar Tavs Tavadve mouvlides.<br />

magram ase albaT ar moxdeba...<br />

bolo wlebis viTareba rom SevajamoT, erTis mxriv, saxelmwifo<br />

ufro “qarTuli” gax<strong>da</strong>, meore mxriv ki inerciiT gagrZel<strong>da</strong><br />

sabWoTa drois eTnikuri politika. eTnikur umciresobebs<br />

ueWvelad aqvT TavianTi kulturuli identobis SenarCunebis<br />

28 es 2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT, romelSic afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis<br />

mosaxleoba araa gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />

29 afxazur enas afxazeTis teritoriaze agreTve eniWeba saxelmwifo enis<br />

statusi, oRond konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetamde amas wmin<strong>da</strong>d simboluri<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs.<br />

82

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

meqanizmebi – magaliTad, mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis<br />

saSualeba – magram swored es meqnizmebia, rac maT “eTnikur<br />

getoSi” gamoketvas uwyobs xels. integraciis adekvaturi<br />

formulis moZiebas xels uSlis rogorc umravlesobis moumzadebloba,<br />

umciresobani eris srulfasovan nawilad miiRos, ise<br />

integraciis SiSi umciresobebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, radgan isini mas<br />

asimilaciis pirvel safexurad Tvlian. kidev erTi Teoriuli<br />

SesaZleblobaa arsebuli eTnikuri anklavebis institucionalizacia<br />

eTnikuri federalizmis safuZvelze. magram es<br />

politikurad SeuZlebelia, radgan qarTvelebis TvalSi aseTi<br />

eTno-federaluri erTeulebis Seqmna separatizmis pirveli<br />

safexuria. aseTi gza albaT integraciis imedzec ki xelis aReba<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. sanam raRac formula moinaxeba, gariyuli eTnikuri<br />

umciresobebis arseboba qveynisTvis potenciuri safrTxis<br />

Semcvelad <strong>da</strong>rCeba.<br />

saakaSvilis xelisuflebis mier ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli zogierTi<br />

nabiji mianiSnebs, rom mTavrobas gaazrebuli aqvs saqarTveloSi<br />

eTnikur umciresobaTa problemebis arseboba <strong>da</strong><br />

cdilobs kidec raRac nabijebis ga<strong>da</strong>dgmas. male maTi mosvlis<br />

Semdeg aRdga ga<strong>da</strong>cemebi umciresobaTa enebze. 2005 wlis<br />

Tebervals, saqarTvelos parlamentisadmi yovelwliur<br />

mimarTvaSi prezidentma umciresobaTa integracia qveynisTvis<br />

erT-erT umTavres problemad CaTvala <strong>da</strong> gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyeb<strong>da</strong> umciresobis samasi warmomadgenlis qarTul universitetebSi<br />

wvrTnis programas im angariSiT, rom isini saxelmwifo<br />

<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi imuSavebdnen. 30 es ar niSnavs, rom am<br />

problemebs marTlac prioriteti mieniWeba, an rom xelisuflebas<br />

mwyobri gegma aqvs maT ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad. magram axal<br />

xelisuflebas problemis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>ac ar SeuZlia. sakuTar<br />

gamokvlevebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiTac SemiZlia vTqva, rom eTnostabilurobis<br />

misaRwevad SevardnaZis xelisuflebis ZiriTadi<br />

meTodi eTnikur umciresobaTa elitebis (“klanebis”) korum-<br />

30 “Georgian President Delivers Annual Address to Parliament,” BBC Monitoring Newslife,<br />

February 10, 2005.<br />

83

gia nodia<br />

pirebul patronaJul qselebSi CarTva iyo. amgvari midgomis<br />

SenarCuneba SeewinaaRmdegeba axali xelisuflebis mier<br />

deklarirebul reformistul miswrafebebs, magram xelis erTi<br />

mosmiT maTze uaris Tqma _ ise, rom isini arc aqtiuri, umciresobaTa<br />

wuxilebze pasuxebis Semcveli saintegracio politikiT<br />

Secvalo _ destabilizaciis winapirobad SeiZleba iqces.<br />

<strong>da</strong>qucmacebis kidev erTi tradiciuli faqtori saqarTveloSi<br />

TviT eTnikur qarTvelTa Soris kuTxuroba <strong>da</strong> enobriv<br />

umciresobaTa arsebobaa. kuTxurobas saqarTveloSi xangrZlivi<br />

istoria aqvs. XI-XII saukuneebis “oqros xanasa” <strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

imperiaSi Sesvlas Soris periodSi, qarTvelebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

samTavroebsa <strong>da</strong> samefoebSi cxovrobdnen, romelTac zogadi<br />

erTobis met-naklebad bundovani Segneba hqon<strong>da</strong>T, magram arc<br />

erTmaneTTan konfliqti akl<strong>da</strong>T. XIX saukuneSi, roca liberalurad<br />

ganwyobilma inteligenciam saerTo-erovnuli mikuTvnebulobis<br />

idea wamowia win, eris mSeneblobis ZiriTad<br />

winaRobad mas swored kuTxuroba miaCn<strong>da</strong>. paradoqsia, magram<br />

saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> is<br />

instituti, romelmac qarTvelebSi erTiani erovnuli kuTvnilebis<br />

SegrZneba ganamtkica. kuTxurobis arseboba dResac ki<br />

iwvevs garkveul SfoTvas. Tumca amaze sajarod laparaki karg<br />

tonad ar iTvleba, bevri fiqrobs, rom garkveul pirobebSi,<br />

kuTxurobam vinZlo erovnul erTianobasac ki gauCinos bzari. 31<br />

magaliTad, es qveteqsti aqvs diskusiebs imis Sesaxeb, gaxdes<br />

Tu ara saqarTvelo federaluri mowyobis qveyana. 1993-94<br />

wlebSi prezidentma SevardnaZem Seqmna axali msxvili administraciuli<br />

regionebi _ mxareebi, <strong>da</strong> es statusi saqarTvelos<br />

istoriul provinciebs mianiWa, rogoricaa kaxeTi, imereTi,<br />

guria, samegrelo <strong>da</strong> sxv. magram am ideam sakmaod bevri<br />

winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia. 1995 wlis sakonstitucio diskusiis<br />

31 magaliTad, qarTveli analitikosebi weren kuTxurobis gavlenaze<br />

biurokratiul sistemaSi patronaJuli qselebis Seqmnisas. ix.: koba<br />

kikabiZe <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT losaberiZe, “institucionalizmi <strong>da</strong> klientelizmi<br />

saqarTveloSi”, sadiskusio naSromi, (Tbilisi, sadiskusio naSromebis<br />

seria, 2000), gv. 40-41.<br />

84

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

dros qveynis axleburi teritoriuli mowyobis Taobaze<br />

SeTanxmeba ver iqna miRweuli. saxelmwifo mowyobis es<br />

umniSvnelovanesi komponenti jerac Ria<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>tovebuli<br />

saqarTvelos konstituciaSi, xolo samxareo administracia<br />

mxolod saprezidento brZanebulebiT funqciobs. 32 bevrs isev<br />

eSinia, rom istoriuli mxareebis administraciul erTeulebad<br />

qceva kuTxurobas aaRorZinebs <strong>da</strong> erTian erovnul TviT-<br />

Segnebas gamouTxris Zirs.<br />

am kuTxeebi<strong>da</strong>n ori _ samegrelo <strong>da</strong> svaneTi gansakuTrebul<br />

yuradRebas iqcevs, radgan mosaxleobis es ori jgufi sakuTar,<br />

qarTulis monaTesave, magram sxva qarTvelebisTvis gaugebar<br />

enebze metyvelebs. megrelebi bevrad mravalricxovanni arian 33<br />

<strong>da</strong> zog <strong>da</strong>savlel mimomxilvels isic ki ukvirs, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas<br />

ratom ar iTxoveno. 34 magram saqme piriqiTaa: rogorc 1918-21<br />

wlebis, ise post-sabWoTa <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis periodebSi qarTuli<br />

nacionalizmi swored samegreloSi iyo gansakuTrebiT Zlieri.<br />

zviad gamsaxurdia, saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti, warmoSobiT<br />

samegrelo<strong>da</strong>n iyo. gamsaxurdias Camogdebis mere SevardnaZis<br />

reJimisaTvis erT-erT sakvanZo problemad swored samegrelo<br />

iqca: gamsaxurdias momxreebi aq gamagrdnen, am mxareze kontrolis<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebis mcdeloba ki adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>msjelo operaciebSi ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, afxazeTSi<br />

mcxovreb qarTvelTa umetesoba, vinc konfliqtis Sedegad Tavisi<br />

saxlebi<strong>da</strong>n g<strong>and</strong>evnes, swored megrelia. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />

megrelebs miaCniaT, rom yvelaze didi <strong>da</strong>rtyma miiRes 1990-iani<br />

wlebis samoqalaqo omebis Sedegad, <strong>da</strong>, rac kidev uaresia, maTi es<br />

gansacdeli qveynis <strong>da</strong>narCenma nawilma sakmarisad gulTan axlos<br />

32 teritoriuli mowyobis konstituciur gansazRvraze droebiT uaris<br />

Tqmis <strong>of</strong>icialuri axsna is iyo, rom jer afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> moegvarebinaT konfliqti; sinamdvileSi, Tavad qarTvelebs Soris<br />

am sakiTxze erTiani azris Camoyalibeba qmni<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ulaxav problemas.<br />

33 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxuri identobis matareblebze mosaxleobis aRwera<br />

arafers ambobs, Tumca varaudoben, rom megrelebi naxevar milionamde<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen, maSin rodesac svanebis ricxvi 40,000-s ar aRemateba.<br />

34 Neal Ascherson, Black Sea (New York: Hill <strong>and</strong> Wang, 1995).<br />

85

gia nodia<br />

ar miitana. es ar niSnavs, rom megrelebs raime separatistuli<br />

ideebi gauCn<strong>da</strong>T, magram am konfliqtebma, garkveulwilad, xazi<br />

gausves maT gansakuTrebul adgils saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>narCen<br />

mosaxleobasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom “vardebis revoluciam” di<strong>da</strong>d<br />

Seuwyo xeli aiarebis gamTelebas. saakaSvilma swored samegreloze<br />

gaakeTa aqcenti prezident SevardnaZis reJimis sawinaaRmdego<br />

kampaniis agorebisas, <strong>da</strong> swored am mxarisgan miiRo<br />

gansakuTrebuli mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera noembris dReebSi. revoluciis<br />

Semdeg saakaSvilma garkveuli nabijebi ga<strong>da</strong>dga gamsaxurdias<br />

reabilitaciis mimarTulebiT, rac megrelTa umravlesobisTvis<br />

sasiamovno iyo. saakaSvilTan <strong>da</strong>axloebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mowmobiT,<br />

samegrelos aqtiuri “CarTva” politikur procesebSi<br />

imTaviTve Seadgen<strong>da</strong> eris gamTlianebis saakaSviliseuli<br />

strategiuli Canafiqris nawils.<br />

Tanamedrove erebisTvis savsebiT bunebrivia, arsebobdnen<br />

Zlieri regionuli identobebi, romlebic garkveul konkurencias<br />

uweven saerTo-erovnul TviTSegnebas: es TavisTavad<br />

sulac ar uTxris Zirs erovnul erTianobas. 1990-iani wlebis<br />

areulobis gamocdileba yvelaze naTlad aCvenebs, rom<br />

kuTxurobis gamovlineba (maT Soris megrelebis SemTxvevaSi)<br />

saqarTvelos erTianobas aranairad ar emuqreba. Tu sadme<br />

arsebobdnen centraluri xelisuflebisagan gamoy<strong>of</strong>is<br />

mosurne jgufebi, saxelisuflebo struqturebis sruli kraxi<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis miRwevis periodSi saamisod saukeTeso dro<br />

iyo. swored maSin gaxl<strong>da</strong>T saqarTvelos politikuri institutebi<br />

yvelaze myife <strong>da</strong> aramdgradi.<br />

maSin rodesac SevardnaZis mcdeloba iqiTken iyo mimar-<br />

Tuli, 1990-iani wlebis eTno-politikuri konfliqtebis<br />

Sedegebi gaeneitralebina <strong>da</strong> qveyana Semdgomi rRvevisagan<br />

exsna, saakaSvilma saqarTvelos sruli gaerTianeba gamoacxa<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavisi politikuri programis qvakuTxe<strong>da</strong>d. jer-jerobiT man<br />

TiTqos moaxerxa megrelebis erTgvari gaucxoebiT gamowveuli<br />

fsiqologiuri tramvis <strong>da</strong>Zleva <strong>da</strong> aWaris problemis pirovnuladministraciuli<br />

problemebis moxsna. magram separatistuli<br />

86

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

regionebis SemoerTeba <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri umciresobebis realuri<br />

integracia kvlavac rTul gamowvevad rCeba.<br />

axali saxelmwifo wesrigi: anarqiuli<br />

Tavisufleba, neo-patrimonializmi <strong>da</strong><br />

socialuri kontraqti<br />

saxelmwifos sisustes ori ganzomileba SeiZleba hqondes:<br />

instituciuri uunaroba <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis ukmarisi legitimuroba.<br />

imis garkveva, Tu romelia maTgan umTavresi, kvercxisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qaTmis sakiTxs hgavs. 35 Znelia qmediTunariani saxelmwifo<br />

institutebis mSenebloba, Tuki jer ar gagirkvevia, ra tipis<br />

saxelmwifos aSeneb, an vis ekuTvnis igi (vin aris politikuri<br />

eri?). gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, rogor un<strong>da</strong> moxdes eris mSenebloba, Tu amas<br />

ar ikisrebs politikuri elita, <strong>da</strong> isev saxelmwifo institutebs<br />

ar gamoiyenebs? saxelmwifo institutebis efeqturi<br />

moqmedeba TavisTavad zrdis misi legitimurobis xarisxs.<br />

meore mxriv, saxelmwifoobis moSlaa sisxlian omebSi ga<strong>da</strong>zrdili<br />

secesionisturi konfliqtebis mizezi <strong>da</strong> ara piriqiT.<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos simyare orgvarad SeiZleba<br />

SevafasoT: 1) misi institutebis stabilurobisa <strong>da</strong> mdgradobis<br />

mixedviT <strong>da</strong> 2) am institutebis produqtiulobiT, anu maTi<br />

unariT, maTze <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli funqciebi Seasrulon. 36 orive am<br />

35 <strong>da</strong>v linCi, samxreTkavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi, swored am or aspeqtze<br />

amaxvilebs yuradRebas. ix.: Dov Lynch, “A Regional Insecurity Dynamic,” The<br />

South Caucasus: A Challenge for the EU, Chaillot Papers no. 65, (Paris: Institute for<br />

Security Studies, European Union, December 2003), gv. 12−15.<br />

36 saxelmwifos sisustis gansazRvris ori gza arsebobs: legitimuri<br />

Zaladobis gamoyenebaze monopoliis veberiseuli kriteriumi minimalistur<br />

moTxovnad SegviZlia CavTvaloT. joel mig<strong>da</strong>li, mis xSirad<br />

citirebul wignSi, saxelmwifos unarTa ufro farTo sias gvTavazobs,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c Sedis: “unari, mTlianad moicvas sazogadoeba, sazogadoebriv<br />

urTierTobaTa mowesrigebis unari, saxsrebis mopovebis unari <strong>da</strong> imave<br />

saxsrebis saTanadod anu gamarTulad gamoyenebis unari”. ix.: Joel S. Mig<strong>da</strong>l,<br />

Strong Societies <strong>and</strong> Weak States: State-Society Relations <strong>and</strong> State Capabilities in the<br />

Third World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), gv. 4.<br />

87

gia nodia<br />

kriteriumiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sustia _ Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />

imitom, rom qveynis mTlian teritorias ver akontrolebs.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, centralurma xelisuflebam ver uzrunvelyo Zalis<br />

legitimuri gamoyenebis monopolia qveynis SigniT _ anu<br />

saxelmwifos minimalur veberiseul moTxovnasac ver akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs.<br />

es sisuste yvelaze mZafrad gamovlin<strong>da</strong> periodSi,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1991-92 ww. ga<strong>da</strong>trialebiT <strong>da</strong> gagrZel<strong>da</strong> 1995<br />

wlamde, roca xelisuflebam “mxedrionis” TareSs mouRo bolo.<br />

Tumca, 1995 wlis Semdegac saxelmwifo igueb<strong>da</strong> paramilitaruli<br />

<strong>da</strong>jgufebebis arsebobas _ amis magaliTia samegreloafxazeTis<br />

regionSi moqmedi partizanuli jgufebi, an pankisis<br />

xeobis problemis konteqstSi Seqmnili “saxalxo laSqari.”<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sisustes mxolod Zalis legitimur<br />

gamoyenebaze monopoliis ver<strong>da</strong>myareba rodi warmoaCens.<br />

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani indikatoria xelisuflebis<br />

konstituciuri gziT ga<strong>da</strong>cemis uunaroba. gamsaxurdiac <strong>da</strong><br />

SevardnaZec ZaliT ga<strong>da</strong>ayenes <strong>da</strong> ara legitimuri saarCevno<br />

procesis gziT. sisusteze mianiSnebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebis<br />

sakuTar samxedro formirebebze arasakmarisi<br />

kontrolic. 1991 wels swored samxedro formirebebma<br />

gaaZeves gamsaxurdia, xolo erovnuli gvardiis sar<strong>da</strong>ls,<br />

Tengiz kitovans bralad sdeben 1992 wlis agvistoSi afxazeTSi<br />

samxedro moqmedebebis wamowyebas. 1994 wlis aprilSi,<br />

roca saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrad y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa<br />

generali <strong>da</strong>iniSna, jari gverdze gadga politikisagan, oRond<br />

1998-2001 wlebSi sazogadoeba seriozulad SeaSfoTa Seiara-<br />

Rebul ZalebSi momx<strong>da</strong>rma ramdenime janyma. rac Seexeba<br />

policiasa <strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis samsaxurebs, isini saxelmwifos<br />

winaaRmdeg gamoxdomebSi arasodes SemCneulan, magram,<br />

sayovelTao azriT, CarTulni iyvnen sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kanonsawinaaRmdego<br />

qmedebebSi, rogoricaa kontraban<strong>da</strong>, narkotikebiT<br />

vaWroba Tu a<strong>da</strong>mianTa gatacebebi. aqve <strong>da</strong>vamatebT,<br />

rom SevardnaZis periodSi samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcav organoebs uyurebdnen<br />

rogorc biznesisgan <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeebisgan fulis<br />

gamoZalvis awyobil meqanizmebs.<br />

88

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

sisustis Semdgomi ganzomilebaa saxelmwifos uunaroba,<br />

mokribos saxazino Semosavlebi <strong>da</strong> jerovnad <strong>da</strong>afinansos<br />

saxelmwifo institutebi. miCneulia, rom saqarTveloSi<br />

Crdilovan ekonomikas yvelaze didi wili uWiravs postsabWoTa<br />

qveynebs Soris (sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva SefasebiT, 40-70%). 37 Sedegad,<br />

saxelwifo xazinis Semosavlebi Zalian mcirea. 2003 wels maT<br />

saerTo erovnuli produqtis mxolod 11,2% Seadgines (evrokavSiris<br />

qveynebSi maTi wili <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 50%-s udris). 38 amis<br />

Sedegi iyo uaRresad <strong>da</strong>bali xelfasebi <strong>da</strong> pensiebi, romlebic,<br />

rogorc wesi, bevrad CamorCebo<strong>da</strong> sacxovrebel minimums. 39<br />

saxelmwifo organizaciebi ver izi<strong>da</strong>vdnen patiosan <strong>da</strong><br />

kompetentur personals: SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis bolo<br />

wlebSi ministris xelfasic ki nebismieri saerTaSoriso<br />

arasamTavrobo organizaciis ubralo mdivnis xelfass ver<br />

gautoldebo<strong>da</strong>. amis gamo, Zalian bevri Tanamdebobas mxolod<br />

piradi gamorCenisTvis iyeneb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>bolos, saxelmwifos<br />

sisustis yvelaze TvalsaCino maCveneblad <strong>da</strong> farTo ganxilvis<br />

sagnad iqca korufcia, romelsac zogierTi saqarTvelos<br />

mravali sxva warumateblobis ZiriTad mizezad Tvlis. 2003<br />

wels, organizacia “saerTaSoriso gamWvirvalobis” mier Seqmnil<br />

37 statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis <strong>of</strong>icialuri monacemebis<br />

mixedviT, Crdilovani (aRunusxavi) ekonomikis wili 2000 wli<strong>da</strong>n 2003<br />

wlamde 32-sa <strong>da</strong> 34% Soris meryeob<strong>da</strong>. ix.: (Georgian Economic Trends, Quarterly<br />

Review, no. 2-3, 2003, p. 10). nikolai hajiiski, evropuli bankis rekonstruqciisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis eqsperti miiCnevs, rom “es cifri aSkarad 50%ze<br />

naklebi ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos”. ix.: Daan van der Schriek, “Illicit Traders Work the<br />

Georgia–Turkey Shuttle,” Eurasia Insight, August 6, 2003, www.eurasia.net.<br />

38 ix.: Galt <strong>and</strong> Taggart Securities, Georgia: Weekly Stock Market Commentary, January<br />

26, 2004. isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom es cifrebi mainc Crdilovani ekonomikis<br />

wilis <strong>of</strong>icialur (savaraudod, Semcirebul) monacemebs eyrdnoba. Tu<br />

CavTvliT, rom Crdilovani ekonomikis wili sinamdvileSi metia,<br />

saxelmwifo xazinis Semosavlebis procentuli Sefardeba erTian<br />

erovnul produqtTan mimarTebaSi kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>bali gamova.<br />

39 saq. statistikis sax. departamentis monacemebiT, 2002 wels saxelmwifo<br />

moxelis saSualo Tviuri anazRaureba 104,9 lari iyo, maSin roca<br />

sasicocxlo minimumi 127,9 lariT iyo gansazRvruli. ix.: Georgian Economic<br />

Trends, Quarterly Review, no. 2-3 (2003), gv. 50−51.<br />

89

gia nodia<br />

korufciis aRqmis indeqsSi saqarTvelos 133 qveyni<strong>da</strong>n 124-e<br />

adgili ekava. 40<br />

oRond aq un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vZinoT, rom korufciis maRali done <strong>da</strong><br />

saxelmwifos sisuste avtomaturad ar ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs.<br />

bevr qveyanaSi korufcia yvavis, magram saxelmwifo kontrolic<br />

mtkicea. patiosani xelisufleba rom korumpirebuls sjobs,<br />

amaze aravin <strong>da</strong>vobs, Tumca zogan qrTami saxelmwifo meqanizmis<br />

“SezeTvis” efeqturi saSualebaa. saqme Tavad korufciis<br />

xasiaTSia: SevardnaZis dros xelisufleba korufciul Semosavlebze<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, magram ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> erTiani<br />

centri, romelic maT nakadebs gaakontroleb<strong>da</strong>. anu, erTi<br />

qarTveli eqspertis TqmiT, “ekonomikuri kapitali saqarTveloSi<br />

ar aris struqturirebuli erTian patrimonialur<br />

pirami<strong>da</strong>d”. 41 faqtobrivad, Tanamdebobebis saxiT xelisufleba<br />

Tavis moxeleebs korufciuli qmedebebisTvis licenziebs<br />

urigeb<strong>da</strong>. maRalCinosnebi yiddnen Tanamdebobebs pirebze, vinc<br />

maT fulis gamosaZalad gamoiyeneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mere wils gauy<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong>.<br />

aseTi korufciuli piramidebis mTeli qseli gaCn<strong>da</strong>, magram maT<br />

Soris koordinacia ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. prezidenti SevardnaZe<br />

Suamavlis rols asruleb<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva interesTa jgufs Soris,<br />

raTa sazogado stabiloba SeenarCunebina, magram raime<br />

sayovelTao wesebis gatarebas ar cdilob<strong>da</strong>. araformaluri<br />

wyaroebis mowmobiT, amgvari korufciuli sistema gansakuTrebiT<br />

arawinaswarmetyvelebadi <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, destruqciulic<br />

gaxl<strong>da</strong>T. metic, calkeuli mcdelobebi korufciis<br />

winaaRmdeg araTu uSedego iyo, aramed sistemas kidev ufro<br />

<strong>da</strong>xlarTulad <strong>da</strong> arawinaswarmetyveleba<strong>da</strong>d aqcev<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mainc ratomaa saxelmwifo ase susti saqarTveloSi?<br />

qarTveli inteleqtualebi xan<strong>da</strong>xan “arasaxelmwifoebriv<br />

mentalitetsa” <strong>da</strong> individis saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT<br />

40 am mxriv mxolod maianmari, paragvai, haiti, nigeria <strong>da</strong> bangladeSi idga<br />

saqarTveloze <strong>da</strong>bla ix.: http://www.transparency.org/cpi/2003/cpi2003.en.html.<br />

41 ix.: marina musxeliSvili, ana axvlediani, demokratizacia ekonomikuri<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis fonze, sadiskusio masala 8, (stokholmi: saerTaSoriso<br />

ideas gamocema, 2003 wlis maisi, gv. 40..<br />

90

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

gaucxoebaze saubroben. 42 zogis azriT, raki modernuli<br />

saxelmwifos institutebi saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiam<br />

moaxvia Tavs, maT imTaviTve “ucxos” iarliyi <strong>da</strong>edo. komunisturi<br />

mmarTvelobis xanam es gaucxoeba kidev ufro gaaRrmava.<br />

saxelmwifo aRiqmeba rogorc akrZalvebis, represiis <strong>da</strong><br />

tyuilis sawyisi <strong>da</strong> ara moqalaqeTa <strong>da</strong>cvis meqanizmi. am<br />

gamocdilebis fonze qarTvelisaTvis “saxelmwifo” isaa, rasac<br />

Tavi un<strong>da</strong> aarido. saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>dgenili wesebisTvis Tavis<br />

aridebis erT-erTi meqanizmia pirovnul urTierTobebze<br />

agebuli qselebis ganviTareba, es ki klientilizmis, korufciis<br />

<strong>da</strong> neopatrimonializmis Ziria.<br />

Tumca yovelive zemoTqmuli SeiZleba swori iyos, es<br />

argumentebi saqarTvelosTvis specifikuri ver iqneba. modernul<br />

wesrigs ara<strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros did nawilSi ucxoobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mRa adevs, radgan is gare Zalebis Tavmoxveulia <strong>da</strong> tradiciul<br />

Rirebulebebsa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wess arRvevs. Tu es asea,<br />

arsebobs korelacia modernulobis gamaucxoebel efeqtsa <strong>da</strong><br />

saxelmwifos sisustes Soris. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saxelmwifos<br />

sisuste zogadi problemaa ganviTarebad qveyanaTa umetesobisaTvis.<br />

43 gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, saqarTvelosnair qveynebSi antipolitikur<br />

ganwyobas aZlierebs komunisturi reJimis istoriuli<br />

gamocdileba, romelic korufciaze, represiasa <strong>da</strong><br />

sicrueze iyo <strong>da</strong>myarebuli. 44<br />

magram saqarTvelos politikuri institutebi gansakuTrebiT<br />

aramdgradia sxva postsabWoTa qveynebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTac<br />

ki. ratom? martivi pasuxi SeiZleba is iyos, rom<br />

saqarTvelo, ubralod, ufro mravalgvari gamowvevebis winaSe<br />

42 ix., mag: mamuka biWaSvili, “krizisi <strong>da</strong> misi cnobierebis modifikaciebi<br />

(krebulSi “Wkua vaisagan”, gia WumburiZis SedgeniTa <strong>da</strong> re<strong>da</strong>qciiT);<br />

Tbilisi, mSvidobis, demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti,<br />

1994, gv. 23-108.<br />

43 ix.: Mark R. Beissinger <strong>and</strong> Crawford Young, eds., Beyond State Crisis?: Postcolonial<br />

Africa <strong>and</strong> Post-Soviet Eurasia in Comparative Perspective (Washington, DC: Woodrow<br />

Wilson Center Press, 2002).<br />

44 ix.: George Konrad, Antipolitics (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984).<br />

91

gia nodia<br />

idga, vidre sabWoeTis nangrevebze Seqmnili sxva qveynebi. iqneb<br />

asec iyos, oRond sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva savaraudo gamowvevis gazomva <strong>da</strong><br />

urTierTSe<strong>da</strong>reba umaduri saqmea. SegviZlia vi<strong>da</strong>voT, rom<br />

baltiis sam saxelmwifoSi aranaklebi safuZveli iyo eTnikuri<br />

konfliqtebisTvis, magram isini ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra, radgan politikuri<br />

liderebi ufro moqnilad moqmedebdnen.<br />

ufro <strong>da</strong>majerebeli meCveneba, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

mouwesrigebloba <strong>da</strong>gvekavSirebina im gansvlasTan,<br />

rac arsebobs, erTis mxriv, qarTvelebis mier aRiarebul<br />

liberaluri demokratiis normatiul models, meore mxriv ki,<br />

realur socialur gamocdilebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT Camoyalibebul<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis strategiebs Soris. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos<br />

arCevani <strong>da</strong>savluri liberalur-demokratiuli modelis<br />

sasargeblod arsebiTad mis identobas ukavSirdeba: qarTvelebi<br />

Tvlian, rom evalebaT, demokratia hqondeT, radgan<br />

sxvagvarad <strong>da</strong>savleTis nawilad ver iqnebian aRiarebuli. amave<br />

dros, saqarTvelos realur socialur <strong>da</strong> istoriul gamocdilebaSi<br />

“<strong>da</strong>savlurobis” komponenti sakmaod mcirea: <strong>da</strong>savleTTan<br />

axlo kontaqtSi saqarTvelo arasodes y<strong>of</strong>ila. Sua<br />

saukuneebSi misi socializaciis sfero ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d bizantiasTan<br />

kavSirebiT ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong> (xolo Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savleTi<br />

bizantiis memkvidreobas naklebad iCemebs), mogvianebiT ki<br />

otomanTa imperiasa <strong>da</strong> sparseTTan urTierTobiT. <strong>da</strong>savlurma<br />

modernulobam mxolod XIX saukuneSi, isic ruseTis gavliT<br />

Semoabija saqarTveloSi. modernulobis rusuli versia ki<br />

TavisTavad meoradi iyo. raRa gasakviria, Tuki qarTvelebi<br />

dRes “naRdi,” sakuTrivi <strong>da</strong>savleTisken, anu uSualod evropisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> SeerTebuli Statebisken xidis gadebas cdiloben. qarTuli<br />

erovnuli proeqtic swored <strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciasTan<br />

mierTebis survili<strong>da</strong>n modis.<br />

1917 w. ruseTis imperiis kolafsma <strong>da</strong> 1991-Si ssrk-is rRvevam<br />

saqarTvelos orjer misca Sansi, uSualod <strong>da</strong>savluri modernizaciis<br />

gzaze gasuliyo. magram vesternizaciis proeqtis<br />

ganxorcielebas socialuri kapitalic sWirdeba, romelic<br />

saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi SezRudulia, kerZod, Tavisuflebis<br />

92

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

rogorc gare SezRudvebis ararsebobis anarqiuli gagebiT,<br />

saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT undoblobiTa Tu saqmis<br />

pirovnul urTierTobebze agebis CveviT. es ganwyoba <strong>da</strong>exmara<br />

qarTvelebs, avtokratul mmarTvelebs ar Seguebo<strong>da</strong> (aq<br />

gamsaxurdias personalistur-populisturi variantic <strong>da</strong><br />

SevardnaZis oligarqiuli versiac igulisxmeba); oRond mdgradi<br />

<strong>da</strong> efeqturi saxelmwifos asaSeneblad es mentaliteti<br />

naklebad aris gamosadegi.<br />

“vardebis revoluciis” mTavari maxasiaTebeli is araa, rom<br />

qarTvelebma kidev erTi arademokratiuli xelisufleba moiciles<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n. misi yvelaze didi miRwevaa misi araZaladobrivi,<br />

mowesrigebuli, usisxlo buneba, is faqti, rom am movlenam<br />

minimaluri ziani miayena konstituciur wesrigs. xelisufleba iyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara opozicia, vinc pirvelma xelyo demokratiuli institutebi,<br />

xolo xalxma, piriqiT, <strong>da</strong>icva konstituciuri wesrigi<br />

imiT, rom prezidenti aiZula, ga<strong>da</strong>mdgariyo. SevardnaZis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>dgomis Semdgom procesebi maleve <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong> konstituciis<br />

CarCoebs. swored revoluciis araZaladobrivi <strong>da</strong> mowesrigebuli<br />

xasiaTi iyo, ramac qarTvelebsac <strong>da</strong> ucxo <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebsac<br />

afiqrebina _ vinZlo am qveynis evropuli ambiciebi arc ise<br />

usafuZvloao. farTod gavrcelebuli azriT, vardebis revoluciam<br />

ubiZga evrokavSirs 2004 wels ga<strong>da</strong>esinja Tavisive 2003<br />

wlis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba <strong>da</strong> CaerTo samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi<br />

evropis samezoblo politikaSi. qarTulma sazogadoebam gamoiyena<br />

periodi 1992-<strong>da</strong>n 2003 wlamde xelisuflebis or arakonstituciur<br />

Secvlas Soris imisTvis, rom gaeZlierebina Tavisi<br />

socialuri kapitali, romelic saWiroa samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />

institutebis mSeneblobisTvis.<br />

axla, <strong>da</strong>agrova Tu ara saqarTvelom sakmarisi sazogadoebrivi<br />

kapitali im myari <strong>da</strong> qmediTunariani saxelmwifo<br />

institutebis Sesaqmnelad, romelTa wyalobiT momavalSi arc<br />

xaverdovani <strong>da</strong> arc raime sxva saxis revoluciebi aRar<br />

<strong>da</strong>sWirdeba _ jer kidev sakiTxavia. pasuxi am kiTxvaze bevra<strong>da</strong>a<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad moaxerxebs qarTuli<br />

politikuri elita iseTi socialuri kontraqtis<br />

93

gia nodia<br />

formulirebas, romelic misaRebi iqneba saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa<br />

umravlesobisTvis. “korufciasTan brZolas”, axali<br />

xelisuflebis safirmo niSans, mxolod am ufro didi sakiTxis<br />

konteqstSi aqvs azri. is, rasac <strong>da</strong>savleli mrCevlebi Tu<br />

adgilobrivi demokratiuli aqtivistebi <strong>da</strong> politikosebi<br />

“korufcias” eZaxian, qarTvelTa umetesobisTvis saqmis keTebis<br />

Cveuli xerxia. aseTi midgoma emyareba im wanamZRvars, rom<br />

saxelmwifo moqalaqis mowinaaRdegea. bevri sxva postsabWoTa<br />

lideris msgavsad SevardnaZec cdilob<strong>da</strong>, axali viTarebisaTvis<br />

moergo is, rasac zogi amerikeli sovetologi “breJneviseul<br />

socialur kontraqts” uwodeb<strong>da</strong>: 45 xelisufleba Tvals<br />

xuWav<strong>da</strong> masobriv korufciaze sakuTar moxeleTa Tu moqalaqeTa<br />

Soris, sanacvlod ki maTgan politikur loialobas<br />

iTxov<strong>da</strong>. misi mmarTveloba myari iyo, sanam amgvari faruli<br />

SeTanxmeba ZalaSi rCebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong> piriqiT, am breJnev-SevardnaZiseul<br />

sazogadoebrivi kontraqtis uary<strong>of</strong>a Seadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

`vardebis revoluciis” ideologiur safuZvels.<br />

saakaSvilis xelisuflebam Tavisi pirveli nabijebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>gvanaxa, rom saxelmwifos gaZliereba <strong>da</strong> korufciis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvra<br />

misi upirvelesi amocanaa. ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebebi<br />

– partizanebi samegreloSi <strong>da</strong> Tu aslan abaSiZis piradi<br />

gvardia aWaraSi _ <strong>da</strong>Slilia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, Tu ar<br />

CavTvliT separatistul regionebs, saqarTvelo ukve akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs<br />

saxelmwifoobis veberiseul kriteriums _ Zalis<br />

legitimur gamoyenebaze monopolias. mas Semdeg, rac saakaSvili<br />

xelisuflebaSi movi<strong>da</strong>, araerTi maRalCinosani Casves cixeSi<br />

korufciis braldebiT, xolo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis akrefam saxelmwifo<br />

Semosavali, sul raRac ramdenime TveSi, naxevarze metiT<br />

gazar<strong>da</strong>. 46 saxelmwifo moxeleTa Soris meqrTameobis aRmo-<br />

45 ix. George Breslauer, Five Images <strong>of</strong> the Soviet Future: A Critical Review <strong>and</strong> Synthesis<br />

(Berkeley, CA: University <strong>of</strong> California Institute <strong>of</strong> International Studies, 1978); <strong>and</strong><br />

Lin<strong>da</strong> Cook, The Soviet Social Contract <strong>and</strong> Why it Failed (Cambridge, MA: Harvard<br />

University Press, 1993).<br />

46 Galt <strong>and</strong> Taggart Securities, Georgia: Weekly Stock Market Commentary, October 11,<br />

2004.<br />

94

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

safxvrelad mTavrobam Seqmna fondi, sai<strong>da</strong>nac <strong>da</strong>matebiT<br />

xelfass uxdis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 11,000 sajaro moxeles. fondma<br />

Semowirulebani miiRo rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve saerTaSoriso<br />

sponsorebisagan. am ukanasknelTa Sorisaa gaero-s ganviTarebis<br />

proeqti <strong>da</strong> amerikeli filantropi jorj sorosi. <strong>da</strong>gegmilia,<br />

rom sami wlis va<strong>da</strong>Si am xarjebis gaRebis pasuxismgebloba<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo xazinaze ga<strong>da</strong>va. 47 axalma mTavrobam<br />

saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi mosamsaxureTa mkveTri Semcirebac<br />

iwyo. es aCens imeds, rom is, vinc ramdenime wlis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>rCeba,<br />

saxelmwifo biujeti<strong>da</strong>n adeqvatur anazRaurebas miiRebs.<br />

gansakuTrebiT STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi iyo Semcirebebi policiaSi<br />

(SevardnaZis dros es struqtura xelSeuxebeli gaxl<strong>da</strong>T). amave<br />

strategiaSi jdeba privatizaciis metad Tamami programa,<br />

romelic “sindisis gar<strong>da</strong> yvelafris” gayidvas iTvaliswinebs. 48<br />

jerjerobiT naadrevia imis winaswarmetyveleba, es yvelaferi<br />

ramdenad warmatebul Sedegs gamoiRebs saqarTvelos<br />

moqalaqeTa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Soris axali urTierTobebis<br />

Camosayalibeblad. moklevadiani gaTvliT, aseTma Ronis-<br />

Ziebebma iqneb destabilizaciac ki gamoiwvios, radgan korufciasTan<br />

brZola im socialur wesrigs uTxris safuZvels,<br />

romelsac qarTvelebi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi SeeCvivnen.<br />

tradiciuli wesrigis imgvari socialuri urTierTobebiT<br />

Secvlis mcdeloba, gamWvirvalobisa <strong>da</strong> angariSvaldebulebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>savlur moTxovnebs rom akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs, sxvebsac hqon<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

magram xSir SemTxvevaSi aqe<strong>da</strong>n araferi gamosula destabilizaciis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>. aseT SemTxvevebSi gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi<br />

xelisufleba gansakuTrebiT rTuli dilemis winaSe dgeba:<br />

garkveulwilad Seiwynaros Tu ara korufciis misaRebi done _<br />

oRond ise, rom Tavad ar Caeflos masSi. meore mxriv, erovnuli<br />

ganwmendis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo institutebis nuli<strong>da</strong>n Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

aSenebis revoluciur-iakobinuri enTuziazmic aranakleb<br />

47 fondis direqtor kote kublaSvilTan intervius Canaweri, 2004 w. ivlisi.<br />

48 es programa axalma ministrma, kaxa benduqiZem gaaxmovana. masze ix.: “A<br />

Different Sort <strong>of</strong> Oligarch,” The Economist, July 27, 2004.<br />

95

gia nodia<br />

safrTxes Seicavs. 49 xelisuflebas uCndeba cTuneba, liberaluri<br />

demokratiis <strong>da</strong>myarebis mizniT avtokratiuli modernizaciis<br />

meTodebi gamoiyenos. am SemTxvevaSi demokratiuli<br />

politikuri institutebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebriv interess<br />

Soris wonasworobas ki ar emyareba, aramed ganaTlebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

“progresuli” elita cdilobs, sazogadoebas sakuTari wesebi<br />

moaxvios Tavs. swored am struqturul problemas asaxavs<br />

farTod gavrclebuli braldebebi saakaSvilis mTavrobis<br />

winaaRmdeg, rom man <strong>da</strong>arRvia ZalTa balansi aqtivisturi<br />

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sasargeblod, riTac sxva<br />

saxelisuflebo Stoebi <strong>da</strong> politikuri Zalebi <strong>da</strong>asusta, <strong>da</strong><br />

xSirad midis miRebuli demokratiuli procedurebis <strong>da</strong>Rvevebze.<br />

50 problema ver ga<strong>da</strong>wydeba, Tu ar moinaxa raRac “oqros<br />

Sualedi” a<strong>da</strong>mianebisTvis misaReb sazogadoebriv praqtikebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> liberaluri saxelmwifos Tanamedrove idealur tips Soris.<br />

96<br />

“kulturis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>”: erovnuli<br />

tradiciebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri Rirebulebebi<br />

axali sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis warmatebiT <strong>da</strong>samkvidreblad<br />

<strong>da</strong> masze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT Tanamedrove liberaluri<br />

49 sainteresoa, rom 1998 wlis Catarebuli gamokiTxvis analizis Sedegad,<br />

germanelma sociologma Teodor hanfma qarTuli sazogadoebis<br />

demokratiuli Rirebulebebis mimarT erTguli nawili “RvTismosav<br />

iakobinelebad” monaTla (radgan isini religiurobis uCveulod maRal<br />

xarisxs amJRavnebdnen); ix.: Theodor Hanf <strong>and</strong> Ghia Nodia, Lurching to Democracy:<br />

From Agnostic Tolerance to Pious Jacobinism: Societal Change <strong>and</strong> People’s Reactions<br />

(Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000).<br />

50 ix. amaze, magaliTad: Honouring <strong>of</strong> Obligations <strong>and</strong> Commitments <strong>of</strong> Georgia,<br />

Resolution 1415 (2005) <strong>of</strong> the Parliamentary Assembly <strong>of</strong> the Council <strong>of</strong> Europe, http:/<br />

/assembly.coe.int/Mainf.asp?link=http://assembly.coe.int/documents/adoptedtext/ta05/<br />

eres1415.htm, nanaxia 2005 wlis 10 maiss; Tinatin Khi<strong>da</strong>sheli, “The Rose Revolution<br />

Has Wilted Georgia,” International Herald Tribune, December 8, 2004; gia nodia,<br />

“avtoritaruli modernizacia laiT Tu demokratiuli institutebi?” 24<br />

saaTi, 2005 w. 28 ianvari; Irakly Areshidze, “Bush <strong>and</strong> Georgia’s Faded ‘Rose,’” Christian<br />

Science Monitor, May 9, 2005.

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

demokratiis institutebis asaSeneblad sxva yvelaferTan erTad<br />

aucilebelia, es xelSekruleba erovnuli identobis gagebasTan<br />

iyos ideologiurad Tavsebadi. igulisxmeba tradiciul RirebulebebTan<br />

garkveuli kavSiri, radgan aseTi Rirebulebebis<br />

aRiarebis gareSe erovnuli identobebi ver Sendeba. Tun<strong>da</strong>c is<br />

faqti, rom demokratia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva civilizaciaSi araTanabra<strong>da</strong>a<br />

fesvgamdgari (mahmadianur qveynebSi misi nakleboba gansakuTrebiT<br />

mtkivneuli <strong>da</strong> farTo diskusiis sagnad gamx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

magaliTia), gvaCvenebs, rom liberaluri demokratiis gasamarjvelad<br />

ar aris sakmarisi imis racionaluri argumentebiT<br />

mtkiceba, rom misi institutebi ukeTesia (an, uinston CerCils<br />

Tu <strong>da</strong>vesesxebiT, nakleb cudia), vidre nebismieri sxva. xalxma<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ijeros, rom es institutebi SeiZleba misi gaxdes, anu rom<br />

isini misi kulturis normebTan Tavsebadia.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT niS<strong>and</strong>oblivia garkveuli <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba<br />

qarTuli erovnuli proeqtis or sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ganzomilebas<br />

Soris. erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos miswrafeba liberaluri<br />

demokratiisaken didwilad misi erovnuli TviTSegnebiTaa<br />

gapirobebuli, anu mas surs, liberalur demokratiad iqces,<br />

raTa yvelas <strong>da</strong>umtkicos, rom <strong>da</strong>savluri qveyanaa <strong>da</strong> ZaluZs,<br />

ruseTze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis gareSe Camoayalibos Tanamedrove<br />

tipis erovnuli saxelmwifo. meoris mxriv, aq Zalze Znelia ise<br />

ganaxorcielo liberaluri demokratiis proeqti, rom winaaRmdegobaSi<br />

ar moxvide <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul sazogadoebriv praqtikebTan,<br />

romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ucxo <strong>da</strong> represiul reJimTan<br />

mravalwliani urTierTobi<strong>da</strong>n amoizar<strong>da</strong>. am procesSi saWiroa,<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvidrdes axali normebi <strong>da</strong> institutebi, raSic wamyvani<br />

roli ganaTlebulma elitebma un<strong>da</strong> Seasrulon. magram Tu es<br />

asea, igive elitebi aseT gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi Tavis oponentebs<br />

maTzeve ideologiur ieriSs uadvileben: oponentebs saSualeba<br />

eZlevaT, Zveli socialuri praqtikebi erovnuli Rirebulebebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> tradiciebis gamoxatulebad warmoadginon, rasac<br />

ucxo modernizaciuli proeqti amoZirkviT emuqreba.<br />

amitomacaa, rom modernizaciul proeqtebs xSirad adgilobrivi<br />

nativistebis winaaRdegoba mohyveba xolme. sakuTari<br />

97

gia nodia<br />

poziciebis gasaZliereblad “modernistebs” marTebT yvelas<br />

<strong>da</strong>umtkicon, rom isini ki ar asusteben, piriqiT, icaven <strong>da</strong><br />

aduRabeben erovnul TviTSegnebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />

modernizaciis proeqti ideologiurad Cafesvebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

adgilobriv politikur tradiciaSi. modernizaciulma elitebma<br />

maTi proeqti adgilobrivi politikuri tradiciis<br />

gagrZelebad <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebad un<strong>da</strong> warmoaCinon – an, rogorc<br />

minimumi, <strong>da</strong>arwmunon sazogadoeba, rom is safrTxes ar uqmnis<br />

erovnul Rirebulebebs.<br />

es problema agreTve sociologuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri kuTxi-<br />

Tac SegviZlia ganvixiloT. normatiul modelsa <strong>da</strong> mocemul<br />

sazogadoebriv kapitals Soris disbalansi Tavs iCens im<br />

socialur-kulturul napralSi, rac erTmaneTs aSorebs, erTi<br />

mxriv, Tanamedrove yai<strong>da</strong>ze ganaTlebul axalgazr<strong>da</strong> modernizaciul<br />

elitebsa <strong>da</strong>, meore mxiv, “CamorCenil” mosaxleobas<br />

<strong>da</strong> Zvel elitebs. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, am axal elitebs<br />

miekuTvneba politikuri jgufebi (rogoricaa, vTqvaT, mixeil<br />

saakaSvilisa <strong>da</strong> zurab Jvanias jgufebi, romelnic Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />

Camoyalibdnen rogorc “axalgazr<strong>da</strong> reformatorebi”<br />

SevardnaZis “moqalaqeTa kavSiris” SigniT), arasamTavrobo<br />

organizaciebi, media, zogierTi mecnieri, xelovnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

kulturis warmomadgeneli, axali Taobis biznesmenebi. swored<br />

es xalxi iyo “vardebis revoluciis” ideologiis Semoqmedi, misi<br />

STamagonebeli <strong>da</strong> maorganizebeli Zala, Tumca maTma umciresobam<br />

uaryo revolucia liberaluri konstitucionalizmis<br />

mkacri interpretaciis moSveliebiT. TavianT mowinaaRmdeged<br />

maT miaCn<strong>da</strong>T saxelmwifo biurokratiis <strong>da</strong> Zveli yaidis<br />

saqmosnebis is elituri qselebi, visac reformatorebis mier<br />

“korucfiulad” Seracxuli praqtikebis SenarCunebis interesi<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ideologiuri brZola am “modernistul” <strong>da</strong> “konservatul”<br />

elitebs Soris, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, swored zemoxsenebuli socialurkulturuli<br />

ganxeTqilebis garSemo mimdinareobs. rogor un<strong>da</strong><br />

gavigoT qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri brZolebi <strong>da</strong> reformatoruli<br />

nabijebi: aris Tu ara maTi mizani koruciis winaaR-<br />

98

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

mdeg brZola, anu ucxo qveynis mier Tavsmoxveuli komunisturi<br />

reJimisgan SemorCenili gadmonaSTebis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvris mcdeloba?<br />

Tu es sinamdvileSi qarTuli identobisa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolaa, romelic emyareba <strong>da</strong>savleTis farul<br />

Canafiqrs, marTlmadidebluri kultura <strong>da</strong>asamaros? vin arian<br />

es “reformatorebi”: axali erovnuli liderebi, visac sakuTari<br />

qveynis gaZliereba un<strong>da</strong>, Tu ucxo gavlenis agentebi, visac,<br />

nebsiT Tu uneblied, qarTuli erovnuli sulierebis <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />

(Tu globaluri) RirebulebebiT Canacvlebisken mihyavT<br />

saqme?<br />

saqarTvelos Tavisebureba isaa, rom am or TvalTaxedvas<br />

reformatorul <strong>da</strong> konservatul banakebad ar Camouyalibebia<br />

politikuri partiebi. qveyanaSi ar Seqmnila arc ultramemarjvene<br />

eTno-nacionalisturi partiebi modernizaciis<br />

sawinaaRmdego nativisturi reaqciis gamosaxatavad. es<br />

SeiZleba nawilobriv avxsnaT imiT, rom saqarTveloSi politikuri<br />

partiebi RirebulebaTa garkveuli sistemis, anu<br />

ideologiis mixedviT ki ar iqmneba, aramed ufro garkveuli<br />

pirebisa Tu mcire jgufebis interesTa gasatareblad. 51 sxva<br />

axsna SeiZleba isic iyos, rom demokratiul reformebze<br />

orientacia saqarTveloSi metad Zlieria. es ukanaskneli<br />

debuleba SeiZleba gaizomos sociologiuri kvlevebis monacemebiT,<br />

romlebic a<strong>da</strong>stureben ara mxolod demokratiuli<br />

principebis farTo mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras, aramed – rac gansakuTrebiT<br />

mniSvelovania – mniSvnelovani antidemokratiuli diskursebis<br />

ararsebobas. es ganasxvavebs kidec saqarTvelos sxva postkomunisturi<br />

qveynebisagan, romlebic ganviTarebis msgavs doneze<br />

imy<strong>of</strong>ebian. 52 ultra-memarjvene orientaciis moRvaweebma ver<br />

SeZles sicocxlisunariani politikuri moZraobebis Seqmna <strong>da</strong><br />

verc evropul Rirebulebebze saqarTvelos orientacias<br />

51 gia nodia, “politikuri partiebi saqarTveloSi”, sadiskusio masala7<br />

(stokholmi: saerTaSoriso ideas gamocema, 2003 wlis maisi, gv. 45-53.<br />

52 ix.: John S. Dryzek <strong>and</strong> Leslie T. Holmes, Post-Communist Democratization: Political<br />

Discourses across Thirteen Countries (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002),<br />

gv. 147-157.<br />

99

gia nodia<br />

Seuqmnes realuri alternativa. 53 msgavsi ram ufro prorusuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> neokomunisturi <strong>da</strong>jgufebebisagan iyo mosalodneli, vidre<br />

eTno-nacionalizmis mqa<strong>da</strong>gebelTagan, oRond pirvelni aranair<br />

angariSgasawev politikur Zalas ar warmoadgenen.<br />

es yvelaferi ar niSnavs, TiTqos saqarTveloSi modernizaciis<br />

mimarT gansxvavebuli diskursebi ar arsebobdes.<br />

ubralod, ZiriTadi politikuri jgufebi cdiloben, orive<br />

zemoTaRwerili midgoma erTmaneTs Seuxamon. is azri, rom<br />

liberaluri demokratia <strong>da</strong> sabazro ekonomika safrTxes uqmnis<br />

tradiciul Rirebulebebsa <strong>da</strong> erovnul TviTobas, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

gziT araerTxel gamoxatula sajaro diskusiebSi. magaliTad,<br />

“erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis” Seqmnis Taobaze<br />

gamarTuli diskusiebisas 54 xSirad dgebo<strong>da</strong> sakiTxi, saWiro iyo<br />

Tu ara am dokumentSi erovnuli kulturisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciebisaTvis<br />

mosalodneli safrTxeebis <strong>da</strong> maTi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

acilebis gzebis asaxva. isini, vinc ufro metad usafrTxoebis<br />

sakiTxebisadmi <strong>da</strong>savlur midgomebs eyrdnobodnen, ambobdnen,<br />

ram amgvari msjeloba zedmetad ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTav<strong>da</strong> dokuments,<br />

sxvebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom erovnuli <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> erovnuli<br />

TviTobis <strong>da</strong>cvis gareSe warmoudgenelia.<br />

kidev ufro farTo diskusiis sagnad iqca saqarTveloSi<br />

“erovnuli ideologiis” koncefciis Seqmnis sakiTxi. misi<br />

momxreni amtkiceben, gamokveTili ideologiis arqona dRev<strong>and</strong>eli<br />

saqarTvelos umTavresi problemaao. aseTi “ideologiis”<br />

53 Cems werilSi _ “rogor gavigoT, aris Tu ara guram SaraZe ruseTis<br />

specsamsaxurebis agenti <strong>da</strong> aqvs Tu ara amas mniSvneloba” (24 saaTi, 10<br />

ivlisi, 2002) sxva yvelaferTan erTad vamtkicebdi, rom am pirovnebis<br />

moRvaweoba saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>savleTTan integraciisTvis xels SeSlaze<br />

iyo mimarTuli. aRsaniSnia, rom es erTaderTi braldeba gaxl<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

romelic b-nma guramma Tavga<strong>da</strong>debiT uaryo Tavis sapasuxo satelevizio<br />

gamosvlaSi.<br />

54 mTeli am diskusiebis Sedegi mxolod is gaxl<strong>da</strong>T, rom gaCn<strong>da</strong> dokumenti<br />

saTauriT “saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCeni samyaro: momavlis strategiuli xedva<br />

“, romelic, s<strong>and</strong>o wyaroebs Tu <strong>da</strong>vujerebT, ucxoeli mrCevlebis mier iyo<br />

<strong>da</strong>werili. saqarTvelos xelisuflebas is farTod arasodes gauvrcelebia<br />

– is nato-s veb-saitze gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong>: http://www.nato.int/pfp/ge/d001010.htm.<br />

100

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

qveS isini gulisxmoben konceftualur dokuments, romelSic<br />

moxdebo<strong>da</strong> erisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosaTvis imperatiuli Rirebulebebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> strategiebis formulireba. maTi azriT, aseTi<br />

koncefcia saxelmwifos mier xelT<strong>da</strong>sxmul <strong>of</strong>icialur<br />

dokumentad un<strong>da</strong> iqces <strong>da</strong> yvela saxelmwifo institutisa <strong>da</strong><br />

moqalaqisTvis savaldebulo iyos. mowinaaRmdegeebi amboben,<br />

rom amgvari dokumenti ukve arsebobs _ mas saqarTvelos<br />

konstitucia hqvia <strong>da</strong> raRac axlis gamogoneba saWiro aRar aris.<br />

Tumca erovnuli ideologiis apologetebs naTlad arasodes<br />

uTqvamT, Tu ra Sinaarsi <strong>da</strong> struqtura un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong> aseT<br />

dokuments, is mainc cxadi iyo, rom “erovnuli ideologiis” qveS,<br />

arsebiTad, erovnuli TviTobis SenarCuneba-gamyarebis strategia<br />

moiazrebo<strong>da</strong>. 55<br />

erTi SexedviT, TiTqos advilia saerTod yuradReba ar<br />

miaqcio <strong>of</strong>icialur dokumentebSi erovnuli ideologiis<br />

<strong>da</strong>fiqsirebis moTxovnas, rogorc sabWoTa azrovnebis erTgvar<br />

recidivs, magram am moTxovnis ukan ufro Rrma problemac<br />

imaleba. erovnuli idologiis moTxovna, rac gin<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT<br />

mis formaze, gamoxatavs im mosazrebas, rom qveyanas jer<br />

mkafiod ver aurCevia, ra mimarTulebiT un<strong>da</strong> ganviTardes.<br />

liberaluri demokratiis Rirebulebebi metismetad abstraqtuli<br />

Cans, rom mimarTulebis <strong>da</strong>msaxvelad iyos aRqmuli.<br />

politikurma elitebma jer ver moaxerxes, es Rirebulebebi<br />

myarad CaenergaT qarTul politikur praqtikaSi, amitom bevrs<br />

rCeba STabeWdileba, rom Tavad es elitebi liberaluri<br />

demokratiis ideebs ufro farad iyeneb<strong>da</strong>, vidre realur<br />

samoqmedo programad.<br />

nativisturi reaqcia yvelaze dramatulad religiuri<br />

umciresobebis mimarT Seuwynareblobisa <strong>da</strong> Zaladobis saxiT<br />

gamovlin<strong>da</strong>. es “sarwmunoebrivi nacionalizmi” ukiduresi<br />

memarjvene ideologiis qarTul versiad SegviZlia warmovisaxoT.<br />

saqarTvelos religiuri eqstremistebi amodian iqi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

55 es diskusiebi mimoxiluli maqvs statiaSi “ideologia: erovnuli <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva”, afra, 5, 1998, gv. 157-169.<br />

101

gia nodia<br />

rom marTlmadidebloba istoriulad qarTuli identobis<br />

Ziria. aqe<strong>da</strong>n isini askvnian, rom nebismieri sxva eklesiis _<br />

kerZod, ieRovas mowmeebis, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva protestantuli<br />

eklesiebis Tu kaTolikeebis _ prozelituri saqmianoba<br />

qarTuli identobis morRvevas isaxavs miznad. religiuri<br />

nacionalistebis azriT, qarTulma sazogadoebam <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifom<br />

marTlmadideblobis gar<strong>da</strong> nebismieri sxva sarwmunoebis<br />

gavrceleba un<strong>da</strong> ganixilos, rogorc principuli gamowveva misi<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis. amgvarma <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebam<br />

yvelaze metad 1999-2003 wlebSi iCina Tavi, rodesac saqarTvelos<br />

religiuri Zaladobis talRam ga<strong>da</strong>uara. a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

uflebaTa xely<strong>of</strong>as rom Tavi <strong>da</strong>vaneboT, <strong>da</strong>usjeli Zaladobis<br />

faqtebis momravlebam saxelmwifos sisustesac gausva xazi.<br />

marTalia, xelisufleba ver <strong>da</strong>iTanxmes formaluri akrZalvebi<br />

SemoeRo religiuri umciresobebis mimarT, magram mas arc<br />

fanatikosebis Zaladobrivi gamoxdomebi aRukveTia. metic,<br />

bevr SemTxvevaSi policia xelsac ki afareb<strong>da</strong> maT.<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, araviTari farTomasStabiani sarwmunoebrivi<br />

konfliqti saqarTvelos ar emuqreba _ Seuwynareblobis<br />

talRa mxolod mcire mrevlis myoli eklesiebisken iyo<br />

mimarTuli <strong>da</strong> ara mahmadianuri an, vTqvaT, somxuri gregorianuli<br />

eklesiis winaaRmdeg, visac saqarTveloSi gacilebiT<br />

meti mimdevari hyavs. magram Tavad es <strong>da</strong>usjelad <strong>da</strong>rCenili<br />

kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebebi saxelmwifos legitimurobas<br />

uTxri<strong>da</strong> Zirs. niS<strong>and</strong>oblivi is iyo, rom religiuri fanatizmis<br />

es gamovlinebebi yvelaze metad <strong>da</strong>savleTTan gaigivebul<br />

eklesiebs umizneb<strong>da</strong>: es arapir<strong>da</strong>pir migvaniSnebs, rom saqarTvelos<br />

mosaxleobis nawili <strong>da</strong>savleTs marTla aRiqvams, rogorc<br />

realur safrTxes qarTuli erovnuli identurobisaTvis.<br />

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiam formalurad <strong>da</strong>gmo es<br />

Zaladobrivi aqtebi, romelTa umravlesobas gankveTili<br />

marTlmadidebeli mRvdeli edga saTaveSi. magram igive eklesia<br />

Tavis dokumentebSi “liberalur ideologias” marTlmadideblobis<br />

sawinaaRmdego movlenad ixsenieb<strong>da</strong>. es metad<br />

mniSvnelovania, radgan marTlmadidebeli eklesia yvelaze<br />

102

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

meti ndobisa <strong>da</strong> pativsacemis mqone institutia saqarTveloSi.<br />

sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili amarTleb<strong>da</strong> am Zaladobas,<br />

sxvebi ki Zaladobriv meTodebs ar iwonebdnen, oRond SeSfo-<br />

Tebas gamoxatavdnen religiuri umciresobebis aqtivobis<br />

mimarT <strong>da</strong> maT winaaRmdeg SezRudvebis SemoRebas moiTxovdnen.<br />

56 2003 wels, saakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdgom,<br />

Zaladobis am talRam ga<strong>da</strong>iara, xolo agresiuli aqtebis<br />

ramdenime Semsrulebels cixeSi ukres Tavi.<br />

postSevardnaZiseuli periodis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSive gamoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

nativisturi reaqcia ki arsebobs, magram imdenad Zlieri ar aris,<br />

rom saqarTvelos pro<strong>da</strong>savlur erovnul proeqts seriozuli<br />

safrTxe Seuqmnas. magaliTad, reformatorebis “arasakmaris<br />

qarTvelobaSi” <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>naSauleba maTi diskreditaciisTvis<br />

sakmarisi ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. 2003 wlis noembris revoluciis Semdeg<br />

xelisuflebaSi swored pro<strong>da</strong>savleli modernizatorebi<br />

movidnen <strong>da</strong> rogorc saparlamento, ise saprezidento arCevnebma<br />

maTi popularobis maRali done cxadyo. 57 bevri maTgani,<br />

vinc Tavis droze liberaluri reformebs, maT Soris rwmenis<br />

Tavisuflebis nakleb popularul moTxovnebs uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars,<br />

56 2004 wlis gamokiTxvis mixedviT, 37.7% eTanxmebo<strong>da</strong> religiuri<br />

“seqtebis” Sekrebebis <strong>da</strong>rbevas <strong>da</strong> 46.9% maTi literaturis <strong>da</strong>wvas<br />

miesalmebo<strong>da</strong>; aseve, 43.6% baptistebisa <strong>da</strong> ieRovas mowmeebis aqtivobis<br />

kanoniT akrZalvas iTxov<strong>da</strong>, xolo 34.4% _ maT g<strong>and</strong>evnas. rac Seexeba<br />

“tradiciul” aRmsareblobebs, rogoric kaTolicizmi <strong>da</strong> islamia, maT<br />

winaaRmdeg “galaSqrebas”, Sesabamisad, 20.6 <strong>da</strong> 38.%-ma misca xma. (ix.: giorgi<br />

niJaraZe, iago kaWkaWiSvili, rusu<strong>da</strong>n mSvidobaZe, giorgi xuciSvili <strong>da</strong><br />

emzar jgerenaia, “qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia <strong>da</strong> religiuri<br />

umciresobebi sazogadoebrivi azris WrilSi: sociologiuri kvlevis<br />

Sedegebi” saerTaSoriso konferencia: ‘religia <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba _ rwmena<br />

Cvens cxovrebaSi’. moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 11-<br />

14. ix. agreTve <strong>da</strong>viT zurabiSvili, aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba <strong>da</strong><br />

religiuri uflebebi saqarTveloSi, sadiskusio masala 8 (stokholmi:<br />

saerTaSoriso ideas gamocema, 2003 wlis maisi, gv. 68-72, <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>r la<strong>da</strong>ria,<br />

“religiozni ekstremizm v gruzii”, http://www.pankisi.info/analitic/<br />

?page=ge&id=43.<br />

57 2004 w. ianvris saprezidento arCevnebi mixeil saakaSvilma 96.27%-iT<br />

moigo, xolo misma gaerTianebam nacionaluri moZraoba-demokratebi<br />

saparlamento arCevnebSi xmebis 66.24%. moipova.<br />

103

gia nodia<br />

axla Tava<strong>da</strong>a xelisuflebaSi. magram saakaSvili <strong>da</strong> misi gundi<br />

kargad xvdeba, rom, dRev<strong>and</strong>eli popularobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />

liberalur-demokratiul programasa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul<br />

sazogadoebriv praqtikebs Soris mainc sakmaod didi<br />

gansvlaa, rac saqarTvelos mowyvla<strong>da</strong>d aqcevs nativisturi<br />

reaqciis SesaZleblobis winaSe. amitom, maT nacionalizmis<br />

gansxvavebuli, alternatuli xedvis Camoyalibeba sWirdebaT.<br />

demokrat modernizatorTa nacionalizmi Zlieri <strong>da</strong><br />

qmediTunariani saxelmwifo meqanizmis awyobas gulisxmobs.<br />

aRmosavleT evropis yvela sxva postkomunisturi qveynis<br />

msgavsad, maTTvisac nato-sa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba<br />

politikuri programis centraluri komponentia; magram es ar<br />

niSnavs, rom isini uars amboben erovnul Tavmoyvareobaze an<br />

erovnuli saxelmwifos modelze. piriqiT, <strong>da</strong>savluri institutebis<br />

wevroba saqarTvelos, rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifos<br />

<strong>da</strong> erovnuli TviTobis SenarCunebis saukeTeso <strong>da</strong>mcav<br />

meqanizma<strong>da</strong>a CaTvlili. xolo raki marTlmadidebeli eklesia<br />

saqarTvelos TviTmy<strong>of</strong>obis yvelaze mZlavr simbolod rCeba,<br />

pro<strong>da</strong>savleli modernizatorebi frTxiloben, maTi eklesiisadmi<br />

loialoba eWvqveS aravin <strong>da</strong>ayenos. jer kidev 2002 wlis<br />

oqtomberSi, SevardnaZesTan TanamSromlobis periodSi, maTi<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT <strong>da</strong>ido metad sakamaTo “konkor<strong>da</strong>ti”, anu saqarTvelos<br />

marTlmadidebel eklesiasa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Soris<br />

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba. “konkor<strong>da</strong>tma” marTlmadidebel<br />

eklesias faqtobrivad upiratesi religiuri institutis<br />

statusi mianiWa, Tumca es marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo<br />

religiad gamocxadebas ar niSnavs. am aqtma liberali demokratebis<br />

kritika <strong>da</strong>imsaxura, maT Soris maTi, vinc Semdgom Tavad<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> saakaSvilis mTavrobaSi.<br />

Tumca konkor<strong>da</strong>ti garkveul winaaRmdegobaSi modis<br />

liberaluri demokratiis modelTan, reformatorebisTvis is<br />

mainc Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ioli <strong>da</strong> uxifaTo gza gaxl<strong>da</strong>T imisa, rom<br />

erovnuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis ideisadmi Tavisi erTguleba<br />

eCvenebinaT <strong>da</strong> aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis principi uSualod<br />

<strong>da</strong>rtymis qveS ar <strong>da</strong>eyenebinaT. 2004 wlis 24 ianvars, sapre-<br />

104

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

zidento inauguraciis ceremonialze, saakaSvilma fici<br />

quTaisSi gelaTis taZarSi <strong>da</strong>do 58 <strong>da</strong> amas ormagad simboluri<br />

mniSvneloba mianiWa: erTi mxriv, man eklesiisagan kurTxeva<br />

miiRo (Suasaukuneebis xelmwifis msgavsad); meore mxriv,<br />

swored gelaTSia <strong>da</strong>saflavebuli <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli, saqarTvelos<br />

yvelaze warmatebuli mefe. aq miRebuli <strong>da</strong>locviT<br />

saakaSvilma, Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifos momxrem, simboluri<br />

xidi gado saqarTvelos istoriis im periodTan, rodesac<br />

saxelmwifo Tavisi Zlierebis zenitSi iyo.<br />

sazogadod, saakaSvili simboloebs did (zogis TqmiT,<br />

zedmet) mniSvnelobas aniWebs. “vardebis revoluciis” Semdgom,<br />

jer kidev prezidentad inauguraciamde, misi pirveli nabiji<br />

is iyo, rom saxelmwifo droSis Secvlis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />

miaRebina parlaments. manamde arsebuli droSa saqarTvelos<br />

social-demokratiulma mTavrobam 1918 wels SemoiRo. ferebi<br />

imdroindeli germaniis droSis msgavsi gaxl<strong>da</strong>T, oRond<br />

Rvinomuqi wiTlis dominantiT _ social-demokratebis<br />

ideologiaze misaniSneblad. 59 axal saxelmwifo droSas, jer<br />

kidev opoziciaSi y<strong>of</strong>nisas “nacionaluri moZraobis” mier<br />

atacebuls, erTi didi wiTeli jvari gasdevs TeTr fonze, <strong>da</strong><br />

oTxic – momcro. mowinaaRmdegeni amtkicebdnen _ eg kaTolikuri<br />

droSaao, Tumca mas qarTuli marTlmadidebeli<br />

eklesiac iyeneb<strong>da</strong>. zogi istorikosis mtkicebiT, es droSa<br />

saqarTvelos oqros xani<strong>da</strong>n, me-XI-XII saukuneebi<strong>da</strong>n modis: es<br />

ki kidev erTi gzaa Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifos ideis<br />

simboluri aRorZinebisa.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom am drois saqarTvelo, Sua saukuneebis<br />

sazomebiT, Zlieri saxelmwifo gaxl<strong>da</strong>T, qarTveli mefeebi<br />

jvarosnebTanac iWerdnen saqmes. maSin rodesac <strong>da</strong>savleli<br />

mimomxilvelebi xSirad eWvqveS ayeneben saqarTvelos evropulobas<br />

_ es qveyana evropul istoriul gamocdilebas<br />

58 “kaTolikos patriarqma prezidentad akurTxa mixeil saakaSvili”<br />

(InterPress, 24, 2004).<br />

59 <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos respublika 1918 wels Seiqmna germaniis<br />

patronaJiT.<br />

105

gia nodia<br />

arasodes ziarebiao 60 _ jvarosnebTan TanamSromlobis epizodi<br />

is iSviaTi gamonaklisia, rodesac saqarTvelos SeuZlia,<br />

evropasTan raimenairi istoriuli kavSiris arseboba <strong>da</strong>iCemos. 61<br />

ramdenad Seesabameba jvarosnuli omebi Tanamedrove evropulobis<br />

ideas _ es kidev sxva sakiTxia, magram saakaSvilis<br />

amocana am SemTxvevaSi imaze miniSnebaa, rom erT dros saqarTvelo<br />

uSualod iReb<strong>da</strong> evropul proeqtebSi monawileobas.<br />

Tavis sainauguracio sityvaSi prezidentma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>: “Cven<br />

ubralod evropelebi ki ara, ZirZveli evropelebi varT!” 62 es<br />

naTqvami narTaulad ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong> donald ramsfeldis<br />

gansxvavebas “Zvel” <strong>da</strong> “axal” evropas Soris (am ukanasknelSi<br />

aRmosavleT evropis postkomunisturi qveynebi igulisxmeba):<br />

aq saakaSvilma kargi gamosavali moZebna, radgan mas amerikelebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> evropelebs Soris uwevs balansireba. magram aq ufro<br />

mniSvnelovani imis xazgasmaa, rom qarTvelebis pretenzia<br />

evropulobaze uZveles Zirebs eyrdnoba. inauguraciaze ori<br />

droSa frialeb<strong>da</strong> _ saqarTvelos uZvelesi simboloebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli axali droSa <strong>da</strong> evropis droSa _ romelsac<br />

evrokavSiri <strong>da</strong> evropis sabWo aRmarTaven xolme, <strong>da</strong> romlis<br />

simbolika mTlianad Tanamedroveobaze mianiSnebs.<br />

60 ix. mag.: William Pfaff, “‘Europe’ Has Historical Limits: The Baltics vs. the Caucasus,”<br />

The International Herald Tribune, February 28, 2004. pfafi wers: “axali prezidenti<br />

[saakaSvili] ambobs, rom saqarTvelo evro-atlantikur arealSi un<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>abrunos. magram ras hqvia – ‘<strong>da</strong>abrunos?’ saqarTvelo me-16 _ me-17<br />

saukuneebSi xan sparseTis, xanac TurqeTis qveS iyo, Semdgom _ ruseTis<br />

koloniad iqca mTeli orasi wliT, xolo 1921-1991 ww. sabWoTa respublika<br />

gaxl<strong>da</strong>T...” saqmec isaa, rom sakaSvili evropaSi “<strong>da</strong>brunebis” gasamarTleblad<br />

bevrad ufro Zvel ambebs ixsenebs.<br />

61 jvarosnebis motivma xelaxla “amoyvinTa” 2005 wels, rodesac<br />

saakaSvilma, Tavis ukrainel kolega viqtor iuSenkosTan erTad, wamoiwyo<br />

qarTveli <strong>da</strong> ukraineli axalgazrdebisaTvis sazafxulo banakebis<br />

programa, romelsac “axalgazr<strong>da</strong> jvarosnebi” <strong>da</strong>erqva.<br />

62 “Georgian President Optimistic about Future in Inauguration Speech,” BBC Monitoring<br />

Former Soviet Union, January 25, 2004.<br />

106

<strong>da</strong>skvna<br />

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

gamowvevebi saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisadmi mravalSriania.<br />

ori maTgani, yvelaze dramatuli <strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli _<br />

afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis ga<strong>da</strong>uwyveteli teritoriuli<br />

konfliqtebi <strong>da</strong> ruseTTan mouwesrigebeli urTierToba _<br />

gamowvevaTa am sistemis gare Srea. maT ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad saqarTvelos<br />

metad mwiri arCevani aqvs. 2004 wels samxreT oseTSi<br />

gancdilma warumateblobam kargad <strong>da</strong>gvanaxa saqarTvelos<br />

poziciis sisuste: adgilze situaciis Secvlisa <strong>da</strong> problemis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis mcdelobam, SesaZloa, situacia kidev<br />

ufro gaauaresa – magram amis alternativa status kvos pasiuri<br />

miRebaa. saqarTvelos, ubralod, resursebi ar gaaCnia am<br />

problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad. saerTaSoriso gamocdileba ki<br />

gviCvenebs, rom teritoriuli konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

gansakuTrebiT Tu isini “gayinuli konfliqtebis” stadias<br />

miaRweven, roca arc erT mxares ar un<strong>da</strong> erTxel miRebuli<br />

poziciis <strong>da</strong>Tmoba, ori gamosavali arsebobs: an saqmeSi gare Zala<br />

ereva <strong>da</strong> mxareeebs uxeSi samxedro an politikuri zewoliT<br />

aiZulebs, mis mier SemoTavazebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta miiRon, an<br />

viTareba aTwleulobiT ucvleli rCeba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />

qarTvelebs aqvT safuZvliani SiSi, rom maT kidev didxans<br />

mouwevT, icxovron ori ga<strong>da</strong>uwyveteli konfliqtis <strong>da</strong> ruseT-<br />

Tan gamwvavebuli urTierTobis pirobebSi, rac mudmiv <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas<br />

niSnavs.<br />

qveynis mTlianobis TemasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sxva sakiTxebi<br />

_ aWaris avtonomiis sakiTxi, kuTxuroba, araintegrirebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> potenciurad gamoy<strong>of</strong>is mosurne eTnikuri umciresobebi –<br />

gamowvevaTa Semdeg Sres Seadgens. saqarTvelos SeuZlia,<br />

sakuTari resursebiT mixedos am sakiTxebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

miRwevis Semdeg dinamikac, kacma rom Tqvas, <strong>da</strong>debiTia.<br />

abaSiZis represiuli reJimis usisxlo <strong>da</strong>mxoba <strong>da</strong> aWaris<br />

saqarTvelos politikur sivrceSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba, albaT, yvelaze<br />

didi warmatebaa saxelmwifoebriobis Senebis gzaze, rasac<br />

qveyanam <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom miaRwia. samegre-<br />

107

gia nodia<br />

lomac TiTqos moiSuSa 90-iani wlebis konfliqtebisagan<br />

mowevnili travma. magram somxuri <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanuli eTnikuri<br />

umciresobebi mxolod ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad miekuTvnebian qarTul<br />

politikur ers <strong>da</strong> maTi integracia SesaZloa arc ise ioli<br />

aRmoCndes. pozitiuri TvalsazrisiT am problemebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelom, rogorc<br />

Cans, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d moixa<strong>da</strong> agresiuli eTnikuri nacionalizmis<br />

saymawvilo seni, maSin roca somxur <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanul umciresobebs<br />

– miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad kerZo sakiTxebis gamo ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebisa –<br />

yvelaze rTul periodSic ki separatistuli programebis<br />

garSemo mobilizacia ar ucdiaT.<br />

qmediTi, mdgradi, legitimuri saxelmwifo institutebis<br />

Seqmna saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis amocanaTa gulisgulia.<br />

es sakiTxi centraluria, radgan amiT ganisazRvreba qveynis<br />

unari, ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta upovos zemoTaRweril problemebs. saqarTvelos<br />

gamocdileba saSualebas ar gvaZlevs, calsaxa pasuxi<br />

gavceT am sakiTxs. xalxma ki mkafiod gamoxata Tavisi miswrafeba<br />

demokratiisaken, magram verafriT Caabara mdgradi demokratiis<br />

yvelaze elementaruli gamoc<strong>da</strong>: Zalauflebis Secvla konstituciiT<br />

gansazRvruli wesiT. “korufcia” yvelas pirze akeria<br />

saqarTveloSi – iseve, rogorc ms<strong>of</strong>lios mraval sxva qveyanaSi.<br />

magram is, rasac is saqarTvelos konteqstSi realurad niSnavs,<br />

aris naprali, erTi mxriv, Tanamedrove saxelmwifos normatiul<br />

veberiseul ideasa <strong>da</strong>, meores mxriv, im <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul praqtikebsa<br />

Tu ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis strategiebs Soris, rac modernulobis ideas<br />

nagvianevad ziarebuli sazogadoebebisTvis aris tipiuri. mixeil<br />

saakaSvilis xelisufleba gulwrfelad cdilobs, korufcia<br />

<strong>da</strong>amarcxos. magram masTan mxolod represiul-revoluciuri<br />

meTodebiT brZola <strong>da</strong> arsebuli saxelmwifo biurokratiis sruli<br />

undobloba Sedegs naklebad moitans <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba sazianoc<br />

aRmoCndes, Tu am kampanias sajaro moxeleebis axali <strong>da</strong> mdgradi<br />

institutis Seqmnaze mimarTuli ufro prozauli muSaoba ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>erTo zed.<br />

is faqti, rom saqarTvelo jiutad inarCunebs liberalur<br />

demokratiad qcevis “erovnuli proeqtis” erTgulebas, vinZlo<br />

108

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi<br />

yvelaze imedismomcemi elementi iyos misi evoluciisa <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

Semdeg. gamsaxurdiasa <strong>da</strong> SevardnaZis politikis<br />

warumateblobas anti<strong>da</strong>savluri reaqcia ar moutania miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

imisa, rom orive politikosi, ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad mainc,<br />

pro<strong>da</strong>savluri orientaciisa iyo. aSkarad antiliberaluri<br />

ideologiebi – neokomunizmi, nativisturi eTno-nacionalizmi,<br />

antimodernistuli religiuri fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmi – ki aRmocen<strong>da</strong>,<br />

magram gamsaxurdias gaZevebis Semdgom isini politikur<br />

sivcrceSi marginalurni rCebodnen. marTalia, qarTvelebma<br />

jer ver SeZles ZiriTadi demokratiuli procedurebis<br />

aTviseba, magram – rogorc “vardebis revoluciam” TvalnaTliv<br />

<strong>da</strong>gvanaxa, – Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> moqalaqeTa kritikuli masa, visac<br />

gaTavisebuli aqvs demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis<br />

Zireuli Rirebulebebi. liberalizmis mkacr mimdevars SeiZleba<br />

gulze ar exatebodes marTlmadidebeli eklesiis privilegirebuli<br />

statusi an Zlieri erovnuli saxelmwifos agebaze<br />

mimarTuli ritorika, rac dRes xelisuflebaSi my<strong>of</strong> pro<strong>da</strong>savlel<br />

modernistebs axasiaTebT. magram am ukanasknelT kargad<br />

esmiT, rom maTi reformebis warmateba imazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli,<br />

Tu rogor SeZleben isini tradiciuli erovnuli Rirebulebebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> identobis Sexamebas modernul liberalur<br />

ideebTan. marTalia, kvlav arsebobs principuli SesaZlebloba<br />

imisa, rom aRmocendes mZlavri antiliberaluri nativisturi<br />

moZraoba, romelic saqarTvelos erovnul proeqts safrTxes<br />

Seuqmnis. magram is gamocdileba, romelic qveyanam aqamde<br />

<strong>da</strong>agrova, erT rames gviCvenebs: gza <strong>da</strong>culi <strong>da</strong> stabiluri<br />

saxelmwifos asaSeneblad gadis axali sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis<br />

Camoyalibebaze, romelic erTmaneTs Seuxamebs axali<br />

drois <strong>da</strong>savlur Rirebulebebs <strong>da</strong> erovnuli identobis<br />

SenarCunebis garantiebs.<br />

109

Tavi 2<br />

110<br />

1989-1993 wlebi<br />

siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos<br />

istoriaSi<br />

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

sabWoTa kavSirSi komunisturi reJimis krizisma, 1991 wels<br />

ki sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slam kavkasiaSi samoqalaqo omebis seria<br />

gamoiwvia. 1 1987 wels mixeil gorbaCovma reformis ambiciuri<br />

proeqti wamoiwyo. misi “perestroikisa” <strong>da</strong> “glastnostis”<br />

politikis safuZvelze pirvelad sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi<br />

*winamdebare Tavis Sedgenisas TavianTi komentarebiTa <strong>da</strong> mosazrebebiT<br />

didi <strong>da</strong>xmareba gagviwies jonaTan kohenma, jorj hiuitma, robert<br />

legvoldma, bruno kopitersma, gia nodiam, viaCeslav Cirikbam <strong>da</strong> jonaTan<br />

uiTlim.<br />

1 es Tavi eyrdnoba Cems wina naSromebs, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d: Institutionen und<br />

organisierte Gewalt. Konflikt und Stabilitätsdynamiken im (post-)sowjetischen Kaukasus<br />

(Berlin: Habilitationsschrift, Free U Berlin, 2003), <strong>and</strong> Christoph Zürcher, Jan Koehler,<br />

<strong>and</strong> Pavel Baev, “Internal Violence in the Caucasus,” The Economics <strong>of</strong> Political <strong>and</strong><br />

Common Violence (Washington, DC: The World Bank Development Economic Research<br />

Group, 2002).aseve naxeT: Svante Cornell, “Autonomy in the South Caucasus: A Catalyst<br />

for Conflict” (paper presented at the ASN Fifth Annual World Convention, New York,<br />

NY, April 12–15, 2000); Nikola Cvetkovski, “The Georgian–South Ossetian Conflict,”<br />

(PhD diss., Aalborg University, n.d.), chapter 4, http://www.caucasus.dk/publication5.htm;<br />

Stephen F. Jones, “Georgia: A Failed Democratic Transition,” in Ian Bremmer, <strong>and</strong><br />

Raymond Taras, eds., Nation <strong>and</strong> Politics in the Soviet Successor States (Cambridge:<br />

Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 288–310; Darrell Slider, “Democratization in<br />

Georgia,” in Karen Dawisha <strong>and</strong> Bruce Parrott, eds., Conflict, Cleavage, <strong>and</strong> Change in<br />

Central Asia <strong>and</strong> the Caucasus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp.<br />

156–200. Jonathan Wheatley’s forthcoming book Georgia from National Awakening to<br />

Rose Revolution: A Story <strong>of</strong> Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union (Ashgate) -<br />

es Zalian Rirebuli wyaroa.

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

ruqa 3. avtonomiuri respublikebi <strong>da</strong> avtonomiuri olqebi<br />

saqarTveloSi (1991).<br />

Central Intelligence Agency Map, courtesy <strong>of</strong> the University <strong>of</strong> Texas Libraries,<br />

The University <strong>of</strong> Texas at Austin,<br />

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/commonwealth/georgia.gif<br />

111

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

Seiqmna is sazogadoebrivi sivrce, sa<strong>da</strong>c SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />

ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebis sajarod gamoxatva. es sazogadoebrivi<br />

sivrce Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenlebma<br />

gamoiyenes. 1989 wlisaTvis erovnuli mo-<br />

Zraobebis umravlesoba radikalurad iyo ganwyobili <strong>da</strong><br />

sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n gasvlas uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars.<br />

procesi baltiispireTis respublikebis saxalxo organizaciebma<br />

wamoiwyes <strong>da</strong> maT kvals maleve mihyvnen somxeTis,<br />

azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis jgufebi;<br />

maTi moqmedeba aranaklebi vnebaTaRelviT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>, am<br />

moqmedebis Sedegebi ki gacilebiT dramatuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiri <strong>da</strong>iSala <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tova 15 memkvidresaxelmwifo,<br />

romelTac gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T Zalze mcire saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

SesaZleblobebi. am qveynebSi ZalauflebisaTvis gamudmebuli<br />

brZola mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>il elitasa <strong>da</strong> erovnuldemokratiul<br />

moZraobebs Tu nacionalisturad ganwyobil<br />

pirebs Soris. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, zogierT am axladwarmoqmnil<br />

saxelmwifoSi mZlavrob<strong>da</strong> separatistuli moZraobebi. sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg warmoebuli Si<strong>da</strong> omebis arsis gasagebad<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>Slis am<br />

uprecedento SemTxvevis gacnobierebas.<br />

1989 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1993 wlamde saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli<br />

Zalismieri moqmedebis sami faqti aRiniSna. pirveli _ samxreT<br />

oseTis separatistul regionTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli eTnopolitikuri<br />

konfliqti, romelic 1989 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo, piks 1991 wlis<br />

ianvarSi miaRwia <strong>da</strong> Semdeg isev gaRviv<strong>da</strong> 1992 wels. 1992 wlis<br />

ivlisSi samxreT oseTSi ganalages samSvidobo Zalebi, romelTa<br />

SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen rusi, qarTveli <strong>da</strong> osi mSvidobismy<strong>of</strong>elebi.<br />

meore omi iyo TbilisSi _ sisxlismRvreli<br />

brZola <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul politikur jgufebs Soris saxelmwifo<br />

ZalauflebisaTvis. es Zalismieri qmedebebi 1991 wlis dekemberSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong> 1993 wlis noemberSi <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. maTi gamomwvevi<br />

mizezi ki prezident zviad gamsaxurdias Zaladobrivi gziT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>yeneba iyo, romelic opozicionerma politikosebma <strong>da</strong> am<br />

“Zaladobis sulisCamdgmelebma” 2 erToblivad ganaxorcieles.<br />

112

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

TbilisSi es konfliqti mxolod ramdenime kviras gagrZel<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> 1992 wlis ianvarSi gamsaxurdias g<strong>and</strong>evniT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. magram<br />

1992 wlis martSi eduard SevardnaZis xelisuflebaSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis<br />

droi<strong>da</strong>n imave wlis noembramde g<strong>and</strong>evnili prezidentis<br />

momxreebi <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi SeiaraRebul winaaRmdegobas<br />

uwevdnen axal mTavrobas. organizebuli Zaladobrivi<br />

aqtis mesame SemTxveva iyo separatistuli afxazeTis avtonomiuri<br />

respublikis gamo gaCaRebuli omi. igi 1992 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> 1993 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelos jaris <strong>da</strong>marcxebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. faqtobrivad, samxreT oseTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

konfliqtebi dRemde mougvarebelia. orive SemTxvevaSi<br />

separatistulma kuTxeebma samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT Tavi<br />

<strong>da</strong>imkvidres, rogorc de faqto erTeulebma, magram saerTa-<br />

Soriso aRiareba ver hpoves.<br />

naSromis am nawilSi mocemulia saqarTveloSi warmoebuli<br />

am sami omis analizi: <strong>da</strong>wyebuli samxreT oseTSi 1988 wlis<br />

masobrivi mobilizacii<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi<br />

politikuri Zalauflebis mosapoveblad warmoebuli<br />

omebiT. aqcenti keTdeba saqarTveloSi spiralurad ganvi-<br />

Tarebad eTnoerovnul mobilizaciaze. meore nawilSi saubaria<br />

faqtorTa im oTx jgufze, romelmac saqarTveloSi Zaladobis<br />

warmoSoba ganapiroba: (1) sabWoTa eTn<strong>of</strong>ederalizmis meqanizmi,<br />

(2) Si<strong>da</strong> postkomunisturi elitis <strong>da</strong>Sla, (3) “Zaladobis<br />

inscenireba” <strong>da</strong> (4) regionaluri garemocva. naSromis mesame,<br />

bolo nawilSi miRebuli Sedegebi TanamedroveobasTan kavSir-<br />

Sia ganxiluli, Sefasebulia saqarTveloSi 1993 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gatarebuli struqturuli cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>smulia kiTxva, ras<br />

niSnavs es dRes saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> regionaluri usafrTxoebisaTvis.<br />

2 rodesac vambobT “Zaladobis sulisCamdgmelebi”, vgulisxmobT im<br />

xalxs, romelic saomar saqmianobas piradi, materialuri keTildReobisaken<br />

swrafvas uTavsebs. es survili xSirad “Zaladobis<br />

sulisCamdgmelTa” mamoZravebel Zalad iqceva xolme.<br />

113

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

114<br />

erovnuli mobilizaciis spirali<br />

saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebis mimarTuleba <strong>da</strong> logika<br />

ver aRiqmeba, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT sabWoTa eTn<strong>of</strong>ederaluri<br />

sistemisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel institutebs,<br />

romlebic ganviTarebuli dramis scenas warmoadgendnen. am<br />

naSromisaTvis <strong>da</strong>werili Tavis komentarebSi gia nodia aRniSnavs,<br />

rom sabWoTa kavSiri sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva statusis mqone teritoriuli<br />

erTeulebisagan Semdgar asimetriul federacias<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. pirvel doneze iyo TxuTmeti mokavSire<br />

respublika, Semdeg modio<strong>da</strong> avtonomiuri respublikebi <strong>da</strong><br />

bolos _ avtonomiuri olqebi. qarTuli drama eTn<strong>of</strong>ederaluri<br />

struqturis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis Sedegad ganviTar<strong>da</strong>; am<br />

struqturaSi mmarTvelobis TiToeuli done ierarqiulad<br />

imarTebo<strong>da</strong> – ze<strong>da</strong> done iyo kavSiris centri (moskovi), SuaSi<br />

mdebareob<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mokavSire respublika, bolos _<br />

afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri<br />

olqi. movlenebis ganviTarebasTan erTad am ierarqiulma<br />

kavSirebma <strong>da</strong>karga simWidrove, ierarqiuli struqturis ufro<br />

<strong>da</strong>bal doneebze ki Zalas ikreb<strong>da</strong> separatistuli moZraoba.<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebasTan erTad samxreT<br />

oseTi <strong>da</strong> afxazeTi sul ufro metad Zlierdebodnen sakuTari<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis misaRwevad.<br />

“perestroikis” adreul etapze saqarTvelo Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

mSvidobiani respublika iyo, romelsac eTnikurad erTgvarovani<br />

xelmZRvaneloba marTav<strong>da</strong>. igi mWidrod iyo Sekav-<br />

Sirebuli proteqcionizmiTa <strong>da</strong> patronaJiT <strong>da</strong> kargad ico<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Tu rogor gamoeyenebina qarTuli Crdilovani ekonomikis<br />

momgebiani SesaZleblobebi. 1970-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n qarTuli<br />

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenlebma<br />

sabWouri asimilirebis winaaRmdeg TavianTi azris gamoxatva<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyes, magram es xdebo<strong>da</strong> calkeul SemTxvevebSi <strong>da</strong> realuri<br />

opoziciuri moZraoba jer kidev ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. saqarTveloSi<br />

mxolod 1988 wels Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> baltiispireTsa Tu somxeTSi<br />

arsebuli opoziciuri erovnuli diskursi, romelic religiur,

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

kulturul <strong>da</strong> politikur problemebs exebo<strong>da</strong>. pirveli jgufi,<br />

romelsac aSkarad separatistuli programa hqon<strong>da</strong>, giorgi<br />

Wanturias mier <strong>da</strong>arsebuli erovnul-demokratiuli partia<br />

iyo. nacionalisturi talRa uswrafesad Zlierdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

amuSaveb<strong>da</strong> sayovelTao TemaTa variaciebs: “saqarTvelos<br />

msxverplad Sewirva”; “saqarTvelos istoriis Secvla <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>maxinjeba”; “erovnuli mexsierebis amoSla”; “saqarTveloSi<br />

rusul-sabWoTa ucxo mmarTvelobis ZaliT <strong>da</strong>weseba”. erovnuli<br />

diskursis mTavari elementebi (<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis moTxovnis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>) prokomunisturad ganwyobilma “rusTavelis sazogadoebamac”<br />

ki aitaca. 3 1989 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n yvela sazogadoebriv<br />

sferoSi radikali qarTveli nacionalistebi<br />

dominirebdnen – gansjiTac <strong>da</strong> fizikuri qmedebebiTac: quCis<br />

demonstraciebiT Tu SimSilobis aqciebiT Tbilisis centrSi.<br />

erovnuli mobilizacia afxazeTSi saqarTvelos erovnuli<br />

moZraobis pir<strong>da</strong>piri asaxvaa. 1989 wels afxazeTi avtonomiuri<br />

respublikis statusiT (avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi<br />

respublika) moiazrebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. misi<br />

mosaxleoba 525000 kacs Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, romelTagan 45.7 procenti<br />

_ qarTveli, 14.3 procenti _ rusi, 14.6 procenti ki somexi<br />

iyo. afxazebi mosaxleobis 17.8 procents Seadgendnen. 4<br />

afxazur-adiReuri enebis jgufi Crdilokavkasiur enaTa<br />

ojaxSi Sedis. igi enaTesaveba CeCnur-<strong>da</strong>Restnur jgufs <strong>da</strong> ara<br />

enaTa qarTvelur ojaxs, romelsac qarTuli ena miekuTvneba.<br />

afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi arian rogorc marTlmadidebeli<br />

qristianebi, ise musulmanebi. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobebs<br />

3 Jürgen Gerber, Georgien: Nationale Opposition und kommunistische Herrschaft, seit<br />

1965 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1997).<br />

4 es monacemebi motanilia ssrk-Si 1989 wels Catarebuli mosaxleobis<br />

aRweris angariSi<strong>da</strong>n; es iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi mosaxleobis bolo <strong>da</strong><br />

yvelaze farTomasStabiani aRwera. ixileT: 1989 wlis mosaxleobis<br />

sakavSiro aRweris Sedegebi (Itogi vsesoyuznoi perepisi naseleniya 1989 go<strong>da</strong>,<br />

(Minneapolis, MN: East View Publications, 1989). am cifrebTan sifrTxile<br />

gvmarTebs, radganac es aRwera arc zustia <strong>da</strong> arc Tavisufali politikuri<br />

manipulaciebisagan. demografiuli sakiTxi Zalze mwvave diskusiebis<br />

Temaa qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> afxazebs Soris.<br />

115

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

arc sabWoTa periodSi akl<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba. stalinis mmarTvelobis<br />

sastiki represiebis qveS afxazebs eSino<strong>da</strong>T qarTvelebis<br />

demografiuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri batonobis. Tbilisi <strong>da</strong><br />

soxumi mudmiv WidilSi iyvnen resursebis _ umTavresad<br />

moskovi<strong>da</strong>n gadmoricxuli fuladi saxsrebis, afxazeTSi<br />

sakadro politikisa <strong>da</strong> Crdilovani ekonomikis Semosavlebze<br />

kontrolis mosapoveblad. swored es iwvev<strong>da</strong> maT Soris mudmiv<br />

politikur uTanxmoebas. imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c am regionSi jer<br />

kidev myari iyo sabWoTa mmarTveloba, politikuri <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />

qarTul <strong>da</strong> afxaz mosaxleobas Soris Zalismieri<br />

konfliqtis mizezi ar gamx<strong>da</strong>ra. 1957, 1967 <strong>da</strong> 1977 wlebSi<br />

afxazeTis kulturis muSakebi <strong>da</strong> inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi<br />

(1977 wels ki maTTan erTad komunisturi partiis<br />

zogierTi maRalCinosani) moskovs afxazeTis ruseTis sabWoTa<br />

federaciuli socialisturi respublikis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

Seyvanas sTxovdnen. sabWoTa mTavrobam yovel jerze uaryo<br />

afxazebis es moTxovna, magram kompensaciis mizniT mTel rig<br />

<strong>da</strong>Tmobebze wavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> regionSi investiciebic gazar<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Sedegad, afxazebs xeli miuwv<strong>da</strong>T Seusabamod didi raodenobiT<br />

resursebsa <strong>da</strong> mTavar politikur Tanamdebobebze. es gansakuTrebiT<br />

exeba 1980-iani wlebis bolo periods, rodesac<br />

Tbilisi kargav<strong>da</strong> Tavis gavlenas adgilobriv afxazur saqmianobaze.<br />

1990 wels afxazeTis mTavrobis ministrebis 67 procenti<br />

afxazi iyo. 5 radgan sabWoTa sistemaSi ekonomikur marTvasac<br />

administraciuli xelisufleba axorcieleb<strong>da</strong>, afxazebi<br />

TiTqmis mTel adgilobriv ekonomikas akontrolebdnen.<br />

1988 wels afxazeTSi “perestroikis” Sedegad Seqmnili<br />

sazogadoebrivi sivrce umalve <strong>da</strong>ikava orma diametrulad<br />

sawinaaRmdego azrma, romelic cdilob<strong>da</strong> istoriuli usamarTlobis<br />

axsnas. afxazebi wuxdnen maT respublikaSi demografiuli<br />

SefardebiTobis mkveTri cvlilebis gamo. sabWoTa<br />

periodSi megreli (<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelo) glexebis afxazeTSi<br />

CasvliT (aseve mTavrobis mier mosaxleobis xelaxali gansax-<br />

5 ixileT: http://freedomhouse.org/survey99/relterr/abkhazia.html.<br />

116

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

lebiT) avtonomiuri respublikis qarTuli mosaxleoba 1914<br />

wlis maCvenebel 28%-Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT sagrZnoblad gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

1989 wels igi ukve 45.5%-s Seadgen<strong>da</strong>: aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />

gaizar<strong>da</strong> konkurencia ise<strong>da</strong>c mwir miwebze. 6 afxazebi aseve<br />

ukmay<strong>of</strong>iloni iyvnen afxazeTSi erT sul mosaxleze gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

fuladi saxsrebiT, rac saqarTvelos sxva teritoriaze<br />

erT sul mosaxleze gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili Tanxis mxolod 40 procents<br />

Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. es marTalac ase iyo, magram arasworad xdebo<strong>da</strong> am<br />

faqtis interpretireba eTnikur diskriminaciad – radgan<br />

afxazeTis mosaxleobis umravlesobas qarTvelebi warmoadgendnen,<br />

am diskriminaciuli politikis mTavar msxverpla<strong>da</strong>c<br />

isini gvevlinebodnen. metic, afxazeTi – es “sabWoTa riviera”<br />

_ aSkarad iyo sabWoTa kavSiris erT-erTi yvelaze mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

regioni <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis donec iq bevrad ufro maRali iyo, vidre<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>narCen mxareebSi.<br />

imavdroulad, afxazeTis qarTuli mosaxleoba ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebas<br />

gamoTqvam<strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi mTavari Tanamdebobebis<br />

araproporciuli ganawilebis gamo. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani<br />

iyo kontroli miwis ganawilebaze, radganac afxazeTis<br />

sas<strong>of</strong>lo-sameurneo produqcias _ Cais, Tambaqos, Rvinosa <strong>da</strong><br />

xils _ uzarmazari mogeba mohqon<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa bazarze. Tbiliseli<br />

qarTvelebi afxazebs moskovel avtoritetebTan gansakuTrebul<br />

kavSirebSi a<strong>da</strong>naSaulebdnen <strong>da</strong> miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, rom<br />

afxazuri erovnuli moZraoba safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaken swrafvas.<br />

1988 wlis ivnisSi 58 afxazma komunistma saqarTvelos ssris<br />

Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n afxazeTis gasvlis moTxovniT werili<br />

6 mosaxleobis am moZraobaTa didi nawilis sulisCamdgmeli sabWoTa<br />

mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. ix.: Giorgi M. Derluguian, “The Tale <strong>of</strong> Two<br />

Resorts: Abkhazia <strong>and</strong> Ajaria before <strong>and</strong> Since the Soviet Collapse” in Beverly Crawford<br />

<strong>and</strong> Ronnie D. Lipschutz, eds., The Myth <strong>of</strong> ”Ethnic Conflict”: Politics, Economics, <strong>and</strong><br />

Cultural Violence (Berkeley, CA: International <strong>and</strong> Area Studies, University <strong>of</strong> California<br />

Press, 1998) pp.261-292 at p.267,<br />

http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=uciaspubs/<br />

research.<br />

117

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

gaagzavna moskovSi, komunisturi partiis me-19 konferenciaze.<br />

am moTxovnam qarTvelebSi “yarabaRis scenaris” gameorebis SiSi<br />

aRZra – am scenaris mixedviT erT-erTi y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa<br />

respublikis SemadgenlobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i avtonomiuri erTeuli<br />

meore respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. 1989<br />

wlis martSi gaimarTa masobrivi demonstracia soxumis maxloblad,<br />

lixnis teritoriaze – am adgils gansakuTrebuli roli<br />

eniWeba afxazeTis istoriasa <strong>da</strong> miTologiaSi, radganac iq dgas<br />

“wmin<strong>da</strong>” xe <strong>da</strong> istoriulad igi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

mmarTvelebis rezidencias. oci aTasma a<strong>da</strong>mianma, am respublikis<br />

komunisturi elitis afxazi warmomadgenlebis CaTvliT,<br />

xeli moawera e.w. “lixnis deklaracias”, sa<strong>da</strong>c iTxovdnen<br />

afxazeTisaTvis mokavSire respublikis statusis miniWebas, rac<br />

saqarTvelos Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n gasvlas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>. deklaracia<br />

afxazeTis gazeTebSi 24 marts gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong>. 1989 wlis<br />

ivlisSi am or eTnikur jgufs Soris mox<strong>da</strong> Zalismieri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />

pirveli faqtebi, ris Sedegad <strong>da</strong>iRupa 16 <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iWra<br />

asobiT a<strong>da</strong>miani. 7 magram, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, ufro masStaburi<br />

ZaladobisaTvis arc afxazebi <strong>da</strong> arc qarTvelebi jer mzad ar<br />

iyvnen.<br />

afxazeTis mobilizacias qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba<br />

gamoexmaura. mTeli qveynis masStabiT Catar<strong>da</strong> masobrivi<br />

demonstraciebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c antikomunisturi <strong>da</strong> antiafxazuri<br />

lozungebi erTmaneTs erwymo<strong>da</strong>. Zlierdebo<strong>da</strong> antiafxazuri<br />

ganwyoba, gansakuTrebiT afxazeTis qarTul mosaxleobas<br />

Soris. cnobas afxazebis mier mowyobili masobrivi demonstraciis<br />

Sesaxeb, sa<strong>da</strong>c wamoyenebuli iyo moTxovna saqarTvelos<br />

Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n afxazeTis gasvlis Taobaze, 1989 wlis<br />

martSi Tbilisis istoriaSi arnaxuli saprotesto aqcia mohyva.<br />

saqarTvelos komunistur mmarTvelobas eSino<strong>da</strong>, rom de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi<br />

Seqmnil situaciaze kontrols <strong>da</strong>kargav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa<br />

jarebs demonstrantebis winaaRmdeg zomebis miReba sTxova. 9<br />

7 Ronald G. Suny, The Making <strong>of</strong> the Georgian Nation (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University<br />

Press, 1994), p.323<br />

118

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

aprilis dilas armiam demonstracia Zalis gamoyenebiT <strong>da</strong>Sala,<br />

ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>iWra asobiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iRupa cxrameti a<strong>da</strong>miani. am<br />

sisxlisRvris winaswarmetyveleba advili SesaZlebeli iyo:<br />

qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba ufro radikaluri gax<strong>da</strong>, saqarTvelos<br />

komunisturma reJimma ki legitimuroba <strong>da</strong>karga.<br />

moskovis reaqcia igive iyo, rac ramdenime Tvis win yarabaRis<br />

krizisis dros – ga<strong>da</strong>yenebuli iqnen adgilobrivi mmarTveli<br />

pirebi. am SemTxvevaSi Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>ayenes saqarTvelos<br />

komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivani<br />

jumber patiaSvili <strong>da</strong> mis magivrad saqarTvelos saxelmwifo<br />

uSiSroebis komitetis Tavmjdomare givi gumbariZe <strong>da</strong>niSnes. 9<br />

aprilis movlenebiT gamowveuli Soki imdenad didi iyo, rom<br />

axalma komunisturma mmarTvelobam erovnuli opoziciis<br />

moTxovnebi miiRo <strong>da</strong> erovnul moZraobasTan did <strong>da</strong>Tmobebze<br />

wavi<strong>da</strong>. pirvel rigSi, cixi<strong>da</strong>n gaaTavisufles erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli<br />

moZraobis liderebi – zviad gamsaxurdia,<br />

merab kostava <strong>da</strong> giorgi Wanturia. 1989 wlis agvistoSi<br />

saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom, romlis wevrTa umravlesobac<br />

komunisturi partiis wevri iyo, miiRo kanoni saxelmwifo enis<br />

Sesaxeb. kanonis mixedviT savaldebulo iyo qarTuli enis<br />

sajaro seqtorSi gamoyeneba mTeli respublikis masStabiT; am<br />

faqts uary<strong>of</strong>iTad Sexvdnen afxazeTSi (sa<strong>da</strong>c araqarTuli<br />

mosaxleobis umravlesobam qarTuli ar ico<strong>da</strong>) <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

oseTSi.<br />

1989 wlis seqtemberSi moskovSi gamarTul partiis centraluri<br />

komitetis plenumze givi gumbariZem moiTxova, miecaT<br />

saqarTvelosaTvis ufleba, Tavad moegvarebina Tavisi Si<strong>da</strong><br />

eTnikuri sakiTxebi <strong>da</strong> am mizniT sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />

Seqmnis uflebac ki iTxova. noemberSi saqarTvelos uzenaesma<br />

sabWom gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom igi aRar cnob<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kanonmdeblobas,<br />

romelic saqarTvelos interesebs ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1990 wlis martSi ki gamocxad<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos suvereniteti,<br />

riTac sabWoTa mTavrobis mier 1921 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>debuli<br />

yvela xelSekruleba gauqmebulad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. givi gumbariZem<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRdgena partiis<br />

119

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

mizans warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. komunisturi partiis axali liderebis<br />

sul ufro mzard erovnul ritorikas sabediswerod aRiqvamdnen<br />

sabWoTa saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i avtonomiebis<br />

erovnuli umciresobebi _ osebi <strong>da</strong> afxazebi <strong>da</strong> kidev ufro<br />

umwvavdebo<strong>da</strong>T qarTvelebis dominirebiT gamowveuli SiSi.<br />

meore cxeli wertili aRmocen<strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi. saqarTvelos<br />

SemadgenlobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i am avtonomiuri regionis mosaxleoba<br />

100000-s aWarbeb<strong>da</strong>, romlis 66.2 procents _ osebi, 29<br />

procents ki qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. 8 samxreT oseTSi<br />

mcxovrebi ojaxebis umravlesoba Sereuli – qarTul-osuri<br />

iyo 9 . osuri ena miekuTvneba iranuli enebis CrdiloaRmosavlur<br />

jgufs. osebis umravlesoba marTlmadidebeli qristiania,<br />

xolo mosaxleobis umciresoba ki – suniti musulmani. 1918 <strong>da</strong><br />

1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos menSevikurma mTavrobam sastikad<br />

CaaxSo osebis bolSevikuri ajanyeba. am movlenis gamo oseTis<br />

mosaxleobaSi Warbob<strong>da</strong> azri, rom maT istoriulad usamarTlod<br />

eqceodnen. saerTod, 1988 wlis <strong>da</strong>srulebamde urTierToba<br />

Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> cxinvals Soris, iseve, rogorc samxreT oseTSi<br />

mcxovreb qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> osebs Soris, umTavresad ar iyo<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zabuli. <strong>da</strong>Zabulobam am or eTnikur jgufs Soris 1989 wels<br />

iCina Tavi. maSin naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom samxreT oseTi afxazeTis<br />

gzas <strong>da</strong>adga – gzas, romelic miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> sul ufro metad<br />

nacionalisturad ganwyobili saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n gamoy<strong>of</strong>as.<br />

samxreT oseTs sur<strong>da</strong>, SeerTebo<strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT oseTs, romelsac<br />

ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiuri respublikis<br />

statusi hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

am periodSi gamwvav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispireba kanonmdeblebs<br />

Sorisac: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos mier 1989 wlis agvistoSi<br />

miRebul kanons qarTuli enis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebis<br />

Sesaxeb osebma sakuTari kanoni <strong>da</strong>upirispires <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

8 ixileT: Itogi vsesoyuznoi perepisi naseleniya 1989 go<strong>da</strong>.<br />

9 Alexei Zverev, “Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988–1994,” in Bruno Coppieters,<br />

ed., Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: VUB Press, 1996), p. 39, http://<br />

poli.vub.ac.be/publi/ContBorders/eng/ch0103.htm.<br />

120

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

oseTis teritoriaze <strong>of</strong>icialur enad osuri ena gamoacxades.<br />

1989 wlis noemberSi samxreT oseTis umaRlesma sakanonmdeblo<br />

organom, saolqo sabWom, TxovniT mimarTa saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong><br />

sabWoTa kavSiris uzenaes sabWoebs samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri<br />

olqis statusis avtonomiuri respublikis statusiT<br />

Secvlis Taobaze. am mimarTvaSi araferi iyo konstituciis<br />

sawinaaRmdego <strong>da</strong> arc gamonakliss warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>,<br />

radganac “perestroikis” bolo periodSi yvela avtonomiur<br />

olqsa Tu avtonomiur respublikas Tavisi statusis amaRleba<br />

sur<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, qarTulma komunisturma mmarTvelobam<br />

<strong>da</strong> erovnulma opoziciam oseTis es mimarTva saqarTvelos<br />

Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n misi gamosvlisaken mimarTul nabijad<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnad<br />

aRiqva.<br />

saqarTvelos erovnulma moZraobam, romlis yvelaze<br />

popularuli lideri zviad gamsaxurdia iyo, samxreT oseTTan<br />

Seqmnili mzardi <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena. 1989<br />

wlis 23 noembers samxreT oseTis sakanonmdeblo organos<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis sapasuxod (SeecvalaT olqis statusi ufro<br />

maRali, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli respublikis statusiT) mobilizebuli<br />

iqna 30000 qarTveli demonstranti, romelic saprotesto aqciis<br />

Casatareblad samxreT oseTis de<strong>da</strong>qalaq cxinvalSi avtobusebiT<br />

gaemarTa. qalaqSi SesvlisTanave maT gza sabWoTa<br />

uSiSroebis Zalebma ga<strong>da</strong>uketes. am faqts Setakebebi mohyva,<br />

rac, pirvel rigSi, zviad gamsaxurdias aZlev<strong>da</strong> xels, romelmac<br />

naTlad <strong>da</strong>anaxa yvelas, rom Zala Seswev<strong>da</strong>, Seekriba 30000 kaci<br />

<strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, SeZleb<strong>da</strong>, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis<br />

liderebisaTvis sakuTari samoqmedo gegma moexvia Tavze.<br />

qarTveli nacionalistebis am demonstraciis sapasuxod<br />

“a<strong>da</strong>mon nixasis” 10 liderebma saxalxo laSqris pirveli SenaerTebis<br />

Seqmna <strong>da</strong>iwyes samxreT oseTSi. samxreT oseTis<br />

qarTulma mosaxleobam Tavisi piradi nivTebis usafrTxo<br />

10 a<strong>da</strong>mon nixasi (“xalxis kreba”) samxreT oseTSi saxalxo moZraobas<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

121

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

adgilas ga<strong>da</strong>tana <strong>da</strong> saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gasaqcevad mzadeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />

1990 wlis martSi saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom kanonierad<br />

cno yvela akrZaluli opoziciuri partia <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo<br />

aneqsirebul <strong>da</strong> okupirebul saxelmwifod gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, riTac<br />

kidev ufro gaamZafra moskovTan arsebuli konfliqti.<br />

saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSiri<strong>da</strong>n gasvlis mcdelobis sapasuxod<br />

afxazebmac, Tavis mxriv, aseTive nabijebi ga<strong>da</strong>dges saqarTvelos<br />

Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n gamosasvlelad. afxazeTis uzenaesma<br />

sabWom calmxrivad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> afxazeTis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba <strong>da</strong><br />

moskovs misi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi mokavSire<br />

respublikad Seyvana sTxova. es qmedeba saqarTvelos uzenaesma<br />

sabWom ukanonod gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1990 wlis agvistoSi, pirveli Tavisufali saparlamento<br />

arCevnebisaTvis mzadebisas, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom<br />

miiRo saarCevno kanoni, romelic krZalav<strong>da</strong> arCevnebSi mxolod<br />

regionalur doneze moqmedi jgufebis monawileobas, riTac<br />

arCevnebSi nebismieri osuri partiis monawileoba gamoiricxebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amis sapasuxod 1990 wlis 20 seqtembers samxreT<br />

oseTis saolqo sabWom samxreT oseTi samxreT oseTis demokratiul<br />

sabWoTa respublikad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moskovs sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi pir<strong>da</strong>piri gziT Sesvla sTxova. 9<br />

dekembers samxreT oseTSi arCevnebi Catar<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos<br />

axla<strong>da</strong>rCeulma parlamentma, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamsaxurdias momxreebma<br />

adgilebis umravlesoba moipoves, samxreT oseTis arCevnebi<br />

ukanonod cno <strong>da</strong> avtonomiuri olqis statusi gaauqma. samxreT<br />

oseTSi gamocxad<strong>da</strong> sagangebo mdgomareoba, xolo cxinvalSi<br />

Sinagan saqmeTa uSiSroebis Zalebi ganlag<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1991 wlis 5 ianvars 5000-kaciani qarTuli samxedro formireba,<br />

romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen adgilobrivi saxalxo<br />

laSqrisa <strong>da</strong> axladSeqmnili qarTuli erovnuli gvardiis<br />

wevrebi, cxinvalSi Sevi<strong>da</strong>. isini arbevdnen <strong>da</strong> Tavs esxmodnen<br />

adgilobriv mosaxleobas. samxreT oseTis saxalxo laSqarma maT<br />

sastiki winaaRmdegoba gauwia. ianvris bolos qarTulma jarma<br />

es teritoria <strong>da</strong>tova, poziciebi qalaqis garSemo amaRlebul<br />

122

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

adgilebze <strong>da</strong>ikava <strong>da</strong> qalaqis bloka<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyo; es bloka<strong>da</strong> 1992<br />

wlis ivlisamde gagrZel<strong>da</strong>, sanam samxreT oseTis teritoriaze<br />

rusul-qarTul-osuri samSvidobo jarebi ar Sevidnen.<br />

samxreT oseTis omi iyo pirveli omi saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> man<br />

garkveulwilad ganapiroba momdevno oric. saqarTvelos mTel<br />

teritoriaze Seiqmna SeiaraRebuli formirebebi, romlebic<br />

saxelmwifo kontrols ar emorCilebodnen, Tumca ki maT<br />

Camoyalibebas garkveulwilad saxelmwifomve Seuwyo xeli.<br />

Semdgomi omebi saqarTveloSi iyo: samoqalaqo omi, romelic<br />

1991 wlis dekemberSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong> 1992 wlis agvistoSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />

afxazeTis omi. am omebSi mTavari roli SeiaraRebulma formirebebma<br />

iTamaSes.<br />

saqarTveloSi 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers Catarebuli pirveli<br />

Tavisufali saparlamento arCevnebi zviad gamsaxurdias<br />

gamarjvebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. eWvgareSe iyo, rom axal mTavrobas<br />

saqarTvelos sruli <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba sur<strong>da</strong>. magram gamsaxurdias<br />

gamarjvebam ver <strong>da</strong>fara is faqti, rom gamarjvebulebs<br />

ar Seswev<strong>da</strong>T Zala sabolood gaxleCili erovnuli moZraobis<br />

gaerTianebisa. erovnul-demokratiulma <strong>da</strong> erovnuli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

partiebma boikoti gamoucxades uzenaesi sabWos<br />

arCevnebs <strong>da</strong> sanacvlod 1990 wlis 30 seqtembers sakuTari<br />

parlamentis – erovnuli kongresis – asarCevad alternatiuli<br />

arCevnebi Caatares. uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebis Sedegad<br />

xelisuflebaSi movi<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mosaxleobis axali fena –<br />

fena, romelsac nomenklatura <strong>da</strong> qalaqis inteligencia<br />

miiCnev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bali ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> susti pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli kvalifikaciis<br />

mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianebad, romlebsac qveynis marTva ar<br />

SeeZloT. es azri <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong> pirveli parlamentis mier<br />

Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb angariSis Seswavlis Sedegad.<br />

1990 wlis SemodgomisaTvis saqarTvelo nawilebad iSlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sami avtonomiuri erTeuli<strong>da</strong>n ori – samxreT oseTi <strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTi – Tbilisis kontrols ar eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos<br />

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gaxleCili iyo,<br />

xolo parlamentis “promamuliSviluri” jgufebi umetesad<br />

gaukontroleblad moqmedebdnen. 1991 wlis 9 aprils, sabWoTa<br />

123

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

jaris mier TbilisSi demonstraciis mTeli sisastikiT <strong>da</strong>rbevi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

zustad ori wlis Semdeg, saqarTvelos parlamentma<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, xolo 26 maiss ki<br />

gamsaxurdia saqarTvelos prezidentad xmaTa 86 procentiT<br />

airCies. am arCevnebs boikoti gamoucxa<strong>da</strong> afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTis araqarTulma mosaxleobam.<br />

gamsaxurdiam am Tanamdebobaze weliwadze naklebi xani<br />

<strong>da</strong>hyo. saqarTvelom samoqalaqo omisaken svla 1991 wlis<br />

agvistoSi moskovSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri putCis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iwyo. moskovis<br />

am movlenebiT gakvirvebulma gamsaxurdiam ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis mimarT<br />

igi neitraluri iyo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eTanxma sabWoTa samxedro meTauris<br />

moTxovnas, saqarTvelos erovnuli gvardia sabWoTa Sinagan<br />

saqmeTa saministros struqturaSi Seeyvana. am brZanebas ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>emorCila erovnuli gvardiis meTauri Tengiz kitovani,<br />

radganac es “misi” gvardiis <strong>da</strong>Slas niSnav<strong>da</strong>; 1991 wlis<br />

seqtemberSi man Tavisi jari Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n gaiyvana <strong>da</strong> prezidenti<br />

moqmedi samxedro Zalis gareSe <strong>da</strong>tova.<br />

es niSnav<strong>da</strong> imasac, rom gamsaxurdias aRar gaaCn<strong>da</strong> Zlieri<br />

sayrdeni Tavisi reJimis SesanarCuneblad. Tumca 1991 wlis<br />

TebervalSi man moaxerxa imJamad g<strong>and</strong>gomili “mxedrionis”<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sla; agvistoSi Tengiz kitovani, misi momxreebi <strong>da</strong> premierministri<br />

Tengiz sigua prezidents ganudgnen, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />

gamsaxurdias Zalze cota <strong>da</strong>rCa iseTi SeiaraRebuli piri,<br />

romelTa ndobac SeeZlo. Tengiz kitovani <strong>da</strong> Tengiz sigua<br />

gauwonasworebel mdgomareobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i zviad gamsaxurdias<br />

winaaRmdeg gamovidnen. gamsaxurdias mZlavri antisabWoTa <strong>da</strong><br />

nacionalisturi politika veRar malav<strong>da</strong> im faqts, rom<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo nawilebad iSlebo<strong>da</strong>, saerTaSoriso<br />

masStabiT ki qveyana izolaciaSi rCebo<strong>da</strong>. 1991 wlis dekemberSi,<br />

cixi<strong>da</strong>n gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, jaba ioselianma “mxedrioni”<br />

aRadgina <strong>da</strong> meamboxeebs SeuerT<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1991 wlis 22 dekembers erovnuli gvardiis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 500<br />

jariskaci TbilisSi Semovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mcire xniT parlamentis<br />

Senobis alyaSi moqcevis Semdeg kanonierad arCeuli prezi-<br />

124

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

denti Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n gaaZeva. 1992 wlis 6 ianvars gamsaxurdia<br />

somxeTSi gaiqca <strong>da</strong> opoziciamac Tavi gamarjvebulad CaTvala.<br />

magram samoqalaqo omi amiT ar <strong>da</strong>mTavrebula. g<strong>and</strong>evnilma<br />

prezidentma Tbilisis axali mTavrobis winaaRmdeg Seiara-<br />

Rebuli moZraoba <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi, Tavis mSobliur<br />

regionSi wamoiwyo.<br />

gamsaxurdias Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n gaqcevis Semdeg asparezi ukve mzad<br />

iyo axal <strong>da</strong> ufro Zlier moqmed pirTaTvis. axalma gar<strong>da</strong>mavalma<br />

mTavrobam – jaba ioselianma (“mxedrionis” lideri), Tengiz<br />

kitovanma (erovnuli gvardiis meTauri) <strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>ilma premierministrma<br />

Tengiz siguam (romelic 1991 wlis agvistoSi gamsaxurdiam<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ayena) – eduard SevardnaZes samSobloSi mouxmes.<br />

eduard SevardnaZe, romelic gorbaCovis inovaciuri mmarTvelobis<br />

periodSi sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministri iyo,<br />

didi avtoritetiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong> ucxoeTSic <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSic.<br />

igi im rangis saxelmwifo moxeled moiazrebo<strong>da</strong>, romelsac<br />

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo omis qarcecxli<strong>da</strong>n gamoyvana SeeZlo.<br />

1992 wlis 7 marts eduard SevardnaZis <strong>da</strong>brunebis Semdeg, e.w.<br />

“saxelmwifo sabWom” igi gar<strong>da</strong>mavali mTavrobis Tavmjdomared<br />

<strong>da</strong>asaxela <strong>da</strong> qveynis samoqalaqo omi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyvana mi<strong>and</strong>o. Tu<br />

arsebul garemoebas gaviTvaliswinebT, es amocana Zalze rTuli<br />

iyo: samxreT oseTSi gamarjveba ukve SeuZlebeli Can<strong>da</strong>; afxazeT-<br />

Tan arsebuli konfliqti yovel wuTs SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> gamwvavebuliyo;<br />

gaZevebuli prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia Tavis erTgul xalxTan<br />

erTad <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, ruseTi,<br />

rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidre-qveyana, saqarTvelos<br />

aiZuleb<strong>da</strong>, axladSeqmnil <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobas<br />

(dsT) SeerTebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi ruseTis samxedro bazebis<br />

arsebobaze <strong>da</strong>Tanxmebuliyo. am dros eduard SevardnaZis<br />

erTaderTi (<strong>da</strong> Zalian aras<strong>and</strong>o) mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerebi “Zaladobis<br />

sulisCamdgmelebi” – jaba ioseliani <strong>da</strong> Tengiz kitovani iyvnen.<br />

samxreT oseTTan arsebul konfliqtSi ruseTi axla mTavar<br />

faqtorad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. moskovi<strong>da</strong>n wamosulma politikurma zewolam<br />

– osebis aSkara samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmarebam <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saSinebelma manevrebma<br />

_ SveulmfrenebiT saqarTvelos s<strong>of</strong>lebze dro<strong>da</strong>dro ganxor-<br />

125

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

cielebulma Setevebma – SevardnaZe aiZula, cecxlis Sewyvetaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>Tanxmebuliyo. 1992 wlis ivlisSi ruseTis meTaurobis qveS<br />

my<strong>of</strong>i rusul-qarTul-osuri samSvidobo Zalebi cecxlis<br />

Sewyvetis ganxorcielebaze kontrols Seudgnen.<br />

samxreT oseTSi konfliqtis deeskalaciis Semdeg afxazeTSi<br />

kvlav imZlavra Zaladobam. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

saqarTvelo-afxazeTis konfliqti mxolod kanonmdeblobis<br />

(Sesabamisi parlamentebis mier miRebuli kanonebis) <strong>da</strong><br />

arCevnebis omi iyo. 11 1990 wlis 25 agvistos afxazeTis uzenaesma<br />

sabWom afxazeTi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi my<strong>of</strong><br />

mokavSire respublikad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos uzenaesma<br />

sabWom es ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba umalve ukanonod cno. 1991 wlis<br />

agvistoSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> konsensusis miRwevis erTi seriozuli<br />

mcdeloba – zviad gamsaxurdiam afxazeTis mTavrobasTan<br />

miaRwia SeTanxmebas Zalauflebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis Sesaxeb; es<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba gamoixata saarCevno kodeqsis miRebiT, romlis<br />

Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c saarCevno olqebis demarkacia eTnikuri principiT<br />

un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo; ase rom, yovel eTnikur jgufs afxazeTis<br />

axal 65-kacian parlamentSi garkveuli kvota eZleo<strong>da</strong>: qarTuli<br />

mosaxleoba (romelic 1989 wels afxazeTis mosaxleobis 45.7<br />

procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>) miiReb<strong>da</strong> 26 adgils, afxazebs (17.8<br />

procenti) eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T 28 adgili, xolo sxva eTnikuri jgufebi<br />

(umTavresad, somxebi (14.6 procenti) <strong>da</strong> rusebi (14.3 procenti)<br />

miiRebdnen <strong>da</strong>rCenil 11 adgils. konstituciuri sakiTxebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad saWiro iqnebo<strong>da</strong> xmaTa ori mesamedis miReba –<br />

amis gamo verc erTi eTnikuri jgufi ver gaatareb<strong>da</strong> konstituciur<br />

cvlilebebs sxva jgufTan SeuTanxmeblad. 12 1991 wlis<br />

11 ”Human Rights Watch”, “Georgia/Abkhazia: Violance <strong>of</strong> the Laws <strong>of</strong> War <strong>and</strong> Russia’s<br />

Role in the Conflict, “ March 1. 1995 http://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Georgia2.htm.<br />

12 ixiliT: Ghia Nodia, “The Conflict in Abkhazia: National Projects <strong>and</strong> Political<br />

Circumstances,” in Bruno Coppieters, Ghia Nodia, <strong>and</strong> Yuri Anchabadze, eds., Georgians<br />

<strong>and</strong> Abkhazians: The Search for a Peace Settlement (Koeln: Bundesinstitut für<br />

Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, 1998), pp. 14–48, http://poli.vub.ac.be./<br />

publi/Georgians/chp0201.html; Revaz Gachechiladze, The New Georgia: Space, Society,<br />

Politics (London: Routledge, 1995), p.41 <strong>and</strong> p. 84.<br />

126

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

29 seqtembers am kanonis Tanaxmad afxazeTis uzenaesma sabWom<br />

Caatara arCevnebi, romlis Semdegi ori turi 13 oqtombersa <strong>da</strong><br />

1 dekembers gaimarTa. sabolood, 1991 wlis xelSekruleba<br />

ZalaSi ar Sesula. amis erT-erTi mizezi iyo zviad gamsaxurdias<br />

mTavrobis marcxi, ramac, Tavis mxriv, Semdegi movlenebi<br />

gamoiwvia: SevardnaZis administracia yvelafers akeTeb<strong>da</strong><br />

zviad gamsaxurdias delegitimizaciisaTvis, amitomac mas<br />

aranairi survili ar hqon<strong>da</strong>, gamsaxurdias proeqtisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>eWira mxari.<br />

zviad gamsaxurdias momxreebi eduard SevardnaZis mTavrobas<br />

“moskovis marionetad” saxavdnen. Tavis mxriv, axali<br />

mTavroba cdilob<strong>da</strong>, erovnuli interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvaSi gamsaxurdiaze<br />

metad warmoeCina Tavi. am mizezTa gamo mTavrobisaTvis<br />

xelsayreli iyo 1991 wlis xelSekrulebis “erovnuli<br />

interesebis Semlaxvel” dokumentad gamocxadeba. <strong>da</strong> bolos,<br />

afxazeTis mTavroba saqarTveloSi mmarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong> legitimurobis<br />

rRvevis procesSi Tavisi Sansis gamoyenebas<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong>: 1992 wlis 23 ivliss afxazeTis uzenaesma sabWom,<br />

romelic arc ki eca<strong>da</strong> xmebis ori mesamedis mopovebas, rogorc<br />

es 1991 wlis agvistos Zalauflebis ga<strong>da</strong>manawilebeli xelSekrulebiT<br />

iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, ise miiRo kanoni, romliTac<br />

1925 wlis afxazeTis konstituciis proeqtis aRdgena xdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c afxazeTi suverenul saxelmwifod iyo gamocxadebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> romelic Tavis droze sruliad afxazeTis sabWoebis<br />

kongresma miiRo.<br />

1992 wels zviad gamsaxurdias mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerma jarebma<br />

gaitaces saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministri <strong>da</strong> parlamentis<br />

erTi wevri. rogorc ambobdnen, mZevlebi afxazeTis teritoriaze,<br />

galis raionSi ga<strong>da</strong>iyvanes. qarTulma mxarem es faqti<br />

afxazeTSi Sesvlis sababad gamoiyena. 1992 wlis 14 agvistos<br />

saqarTvelos erovnuli gvardia afxazeTisaken <strong>da</strong>iZra, <strong>da</strong>ikava<br />

soxumi <strong>da</strong> gaaRviva konfliqti, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />

mwifdebo<strong>da</strong>. afxazebs mxars uWerdnen Crdilokavkasielebi <strong>da</strong><br />

maT teritoriaze ganlagebuli ruseTis jarebi. amitomac,<br />

qarTvelebisaTvis moulodnelad, maT maSinve SeZles Zlieri<br />

127

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis gaweva. im droisaTvis <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />

saqarTveloSi zviad gamsaxurdias jarebi sakuTar samxedro<br />

kampanias awarmoebdnen. qarTul jars or frontze omis<br />

saSiSroeba emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>. aseT SemTxvevaSi isini SeiZleba alyaSi<br />

moqceuliyvnen – CrdiloeTiT afxazebisa, xolo samxreTiT _<br />

zviad gamsaxurdias Zalebis garemocvaSi. aseTi ram erTi wlis<br />

Semdeg marTlac mox<strong>da</strong>. 1993 wlis seqtemberSi zviad gamsaxurdias<br />

samxedro SenaerTebma <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi qarTul<br />

jars Seuties, xolo afxazebma, ruseTis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris Sedegad,<br />

soxumis <strong>da</strong>bruneba SeZles. afxazeTis qarTuli mosaxleoba<br />

afxazeTi<strong>da</strong>n gamoiqca.<br />

<strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg ukiduresad <strong>da</strong>mcirebuli eduard<br />

SevardnaZe iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong>, ruseTisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmareba eTxova,<br />

raTa gamsaxurdias gasworebo<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis jarma zviad gamsaxurdias<br />

Zalebi or kviraSi <strong>da</strong>amarcxa. saqarTvelom ki winaaRmdegoba<br />

veRar gauwia dsT-s moTxovnas, misi sruluflebiani<br />

wevri gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo <strong>da</strong> xeli moewera mTel rig xelSekrulebebze<br />

usafrTxoebis sferoSi. 1994 wlis ivnisSi afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos mTavrobebi SeTanxmdnen, rom afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>narCen teritorias Soris arsebul sazRvarze<br />

rusi samSvidobo Zalebi ganlagdebodnen. Tbilisma <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

molaparakebebi moskovTan vazianSi, gu<strong>da</strong>uTaSi, axalqalaqsa <strong>da</strong><br />

baTumSi ganlagebuli rusuli samxedro bazebis momavali bedis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

axali qarTuli parlamenti maSin airCies, rodesac afxazeTSi<br />

jer kidev omi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> – 1992 wlis 11 oqtombers.<br />

imavdroulad, Catar<strong>da</strong> parlamentis Tavmjdomaris pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />

wesiT arCevnebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c SevardnaZes konkurenti ar hyolia.<br />

amomrCevelTa aqtivobam 74% Seadgina <strong>da</strong> eduard SevardnaZem<br />

maTi xmebis 96% moipova. 1992 wlis 6 noembers axalma parlamentma<br />

<strong>da</strong>amtkica kanoni saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesaxeb,<br />

romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c eduard SevardnaZe xdebo<strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebeli<br />

xelisuflebis xelmZRvaneli, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />

umaRlesi mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos meTauri. mas Semdeg,<br />

rac 1995 wlis 24 agvistos mox<strong>da</strong> axali konstituciis rati-<br />

128

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

ficireba, eduard SevardnaZe 1995 wlis 5 noembers xmaTa 74<br />

procentiT (<strong>of</strong>icialuri monacemebiT) qveynis prezidentad<br />

airCies.<br />

am arCevnebiT eduard SevardnaZem moipova demokratiuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> konstituciuri legitimuroba, rac mas xelisuflebaSi<br />

mosvlisas ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. mas Semdeg, rac SevardnaZem ver SeZlo<br />

kontrolis aRdgena samxreT oseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTze, igi jaba<br />

ioseliansa <strong>da</strong> Tengiz kitovans <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> – liderebs,<br />

romlebmac 1992 wels is saqarTveloSi Camoiyvanes im imediT,<br />

rom TavianTi SeiaraRebuli formirebebiT SeZlebdnen mis<br />

marTvas. upirveles yovlisa, eduard SevardnaZem erovnuli<br />

gvardiis neitralizacia ganaxorciela <strong>da</strong> etapobrivad gaaer-<br />

Tiana igi saxelmwifo struqturaSi. 1993 wlis maisSi man Tengiz<br />

kitovani Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrobi<strong>da</strong>n gaaTavisufla, 1994 wlis<br />

TebervalSi ki amave Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>dga Tengiz kitovanis<br />

proteJe, giorgi yaryaraSvili, romelic am postze eduard<br />

Sevar<strong>da</strong>Zisadmi keTilganwyobilma vardiko nadibaiZem Secvala.<br />

1995 wlis ianvarSi ZalauflebisaTvis ukanasknelad uimedod<br />

gaibrZoles _ Tengiz kitovani (Tengiz siguas <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT) 700mde<br />

msubuqad SeiaraRebul momxresTan erTad kvlav Seeca<strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTze ieriSis mitanas, magram isini qarTulma policiam<br />

SeaCera <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>apatimra. jer kidev 1993 wlis Semodgomaze<br />

prezident gamsaxurdias momxreTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad<br />

eduard SevardnaZis <strong>da</strong>sayrdeni jaba ioseliani <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

“mxedrioni” iyo. mxolod 1995 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi SeZlo man,<br />

ebrZanebina Sinagan saqmeTa ministrisaTvis saministros<br />

jarebis meSveobiT “mxedrionis” SenaerTebis <strong>da</strong>patimreba,<br />

Tumca 1995 wlis zafxulamde jaba ioselianis moadgile <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa y<strong>of</strong>ili ministri, Temur xaCiSvili,<br />

jer kidev saxelmwifo uSiSroebis ministris moadgiled<br />

rCebo<strong>da</strong>. mxolod 1995 wlis agvistoSi prezident SevardnaZeze<br />

ganxorcielebuli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis Semdeg mox<strong>da</strong> jaba ioselianisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> Temur xaCiSvilis <strong>da</strong>patimreba.<br />

movlenaTa am mokle mimoxilvi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom postsabWoTa<br />

periodis pirveli xuTi weli saqarTvelosaTvis umZimesi<br />

129

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. 1988-1993 wlebSi saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong> or separatistul<br />

regionTan mimdinare omebSi, gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, iyo ZalauflebisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>undobeli brZola TbilisSi. winamdebare<br />

naSromis Semdgom nawilSi mocemulia movlenaTa amgvari<br />

ganviTarebis axsna-ganmarteba.<br />

qarTvelebis, afxazebisa <strong>da</strong> osebis eTnoerovnuli mobilizaciis<br />

istoria sam mniSvnelovan sakiTxs wamoWris: pirvel<br />

rigSi, am sami jgufis mobilizacia urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebul<br />

process warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c yovel qmedebas ukuqmedeba<br />

mohyvebo<strong>da</strong>. Si<strong>da</strong>sazogadoebrivi organizebuli Zaladoba<br />

spiralis mxolod bolo iyo. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi eTnoerovnuli<br />

sakiTxebis gansja mxolod sityvebis oms warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Semdgom amas kanonmdeblobaTa omi mohyva: 1989<br />

wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> Semdgom periodSi gamococxlebulma sabWoTa<br />

sakanonmdeblo organoebma erovnuli ideebi kanonebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

gancxadebebSi ga<strong>da</strong>iyvanes, sa<strong>da</strong>c saxelmwifos meTaurebi<br />

suverenitets acxadebdnen. afxazeTis or sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikur<br />

jgufs Soris arsebuli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba Zalismier konfliqtSi<br />

mxolod gare Zalebis intervenciis Sedegad ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>.<br />

meore, aRsaniSnavia, rom erovnuli programebi Zalian<br />

swrafad miiRo saqarTvelos, samxreT oseTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

komunisturma nomenklaturam <strong>da</strong> Semdeg isini sabWoTa sistemis<br />

politikur institutebSi Seitana. am samive saxelmwifoSi<br />

sabWoTa kanonmdeblebma erovnuli suvereniteti Tu <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba<br />

kanonmdeblobiT ganamtkices. mas Semdeg, rac<br />

komunisturi partiis mesveurebma nacionaluri moZraobis<br />

xelmZRvanelebs ga<strong>da</strong>sces partiisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos mobilizebis<br />

potenciali, mobilizaciis procesi sagrZnoblad<br />

<strong>da</strong>Cqar<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mesame, organizebuli Zaladoba gacilebiT gvian <strong>da</strong>iwyo,<br />

vidre nacionalisturi mobilizacia. zviad gamsaxurdias mier<br />

erovnul grZnobebze apelireba sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis<br />

mizniT samxreT oseTis SemTxvevaSi organizebuli<br />

Zaladobis warmoSobis mizezi gax<strong>da</strong> – man gasaqani misca<br />

axladSeqmnil erovnul gvardias, romelic gamorCenis mZebnel<br />

130

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

meTaurTa <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi my<strong>of</strong> ara<strong>of</strong>icialur formirebas<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. mogvianebiT am gasamxedroebuli jgufebis<br />

gakontroleba SeuZlebeli Seiqna. saxelmwifo kontrols<br />

<strong>da</strong>uqvemdebarebel gasamxedroebul jgufebs ukavSirdeba<br />

organizebuli Zaladobis eskalacia saqarTvelos sxva omebSic.<br />

sabWoTa eTn<strong>of</strong>ederalizmis meqanizmi<br />

mobilizaciis zemoaRwerili procesi aSkarad ganapiroba<br />

sabWoTa federaluri sistemis institutebma. osebi <strong>da</strong> afxazebi<br />

saqarTveloSi arc erTaderT <strong>da</strong> arc yvelaze didi raodenobis<br />

erovnul umciresobas ar warmoadgendnen. 1989 wels somxebi<br />

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 8 procents Seadgendnen, xolo<br />

azerbaijanelebi – 5.7 procents. orive jgufis warmomadgenlebi<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT kompaqturad iyvnen <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli samxreT saqar-<br />

Tvelos regionebSi, somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis sazRvrebis<br />

gaswvriv. faqtorebis es kompleqsi qmnis “triadul garemos”,<br />

romelsac rojer brubeikeri gansakuTrebiT sariskod miiCnevs<br />

13 . eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebis aRmocenebis meti<br />

albaTobaa maSin, rodesac nacionalistur saxelmwifoSi<br />

eTnikuri umciresobis kompaqturad <strong>da</strong>saxlebul jgufs<br />

mezobel qveyanaSi “ufrosi eTnikuri Zma” hyavs. xorvatiasa <strong>da</strong>,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki, bosnia-hercegovinaSi warmoebulma omebma<br />

aSkarad gviCvena, Tu ramdenad feTqebadia aseTi mezobloba.<br />

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxebsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanelebs mobilizacia<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>uwyiaT <strong>da</strong>, osebisa <strong>da</strong> afxazebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

arc separatistuli tendenciebi gamouvleniaT. am gansxvavebis<br />

mTavari mizezi isaa, rom afxazebsa <strong>da</strong> osebs sakuTari avtonomia<br />

gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T, hqon<strong>da</strong>T politikuri institutebi <strong>da</strong> simbolika, ramac<br />

xeli Seuwyo maT mobilizaciasa <strong>da</strong> gamoy<strong>of</strong>as. somxebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

azerbaijanelebs ki saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi arc avtono-<br />

13 Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood <strong>and</strong> the National Question in<br />

the New Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp.55-76.<br />

131

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

miuri olqi <strong>da</strong> arc avtonomiuri respublika ar hqoniaT. ase rom,<br />

samxreT oseTi <strong>da</strong> afxazeTi saukeTeso magaliTia sabWoTa<br />

eTn<strong>of</strong>ederalizmSi 14 Cadebuli Senelebuli moqmedebis naRmisa.<br />

Semdegi sami faqtoriT aixsneba is, Tu ratom Seuwyo xeli<br />

avtonomiur regionebSi mobilizaciasa <strong>da</strong> separatizms sabWoTa<br />

eTn<strong>of</strong>ederalizmma. pirveli <strong>da</strong> yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom<br />

saqarTvelos mier <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>dgmulma nabijebma<br />

safrTxis winaSe <strong>da</strong>ayena is didi privilegiebi, romlebic<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris avtonomiuri olqebis rCeul erebs gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

es gansakuTrebiT naTlad afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi gamoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sabWoTa periodis dramatuli demografiuli cvlilebebis<br />

Sedegad afxazebi 1989 wels afxazeTis mTeli mosaxleobis<br />

mxolod 17.8 procents Seadgendnen, xolo qarTvelebi ki – 45.7<br />

procents, magram im dros afxazuri elitisaTvis araproporciulad<br />

farTod xelmisawvdomi iyo politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri<br />

resursebi, radganac yvela mTavari biurokratiuli<br />

Tanamdeboba afxazebs ekavaT. 15 moskovis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi <strong>da</strong>susteba,<br />

politikur ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobasa <strong>da</strong> sakuTrebis uflebebze<br />

kontrolis <strong>da</strong>kargva sistemas ngreviT emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>, racafxazebs<br />

privilegirebul mdgomareobas akargvineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ase rom, orive jgufma mobilizacia axali garemoebebis<br />

sapasuxod <strong>da</strong>iwyo: qarTvelebi imedovnebdnen, rom SeZlebdnen<br />

TavianTi ricxobrivi upiratesobis gamoyenebas <strong>da</strong> miznad<br />

isaxavdnen, <strong>da</strong>engriaT sistema, romliTac afxazebs resursebze<br />

araproporciulad farTod miuwvdebo<strong>da</strong>T xeli. moskovis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis imedis mqone afxazebs ki sur<strong>da</strong>T status-kvos<br />

14 is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma somxebma mobilizacia ar<br />

wamoiwyes, SeiZleba aixsnas agreTve somxebis Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi reaqciiT.<br />

somxeTis liderebma saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxuri diasporis<br />

liderebTan erTad SeZles aseTi mobilizaciis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba.<br />

yvelanairi amgvari mobilizacia erTmniSvnelovnad arasasurveli iyo<br />

somxeTisaTvis, romelic ukve iyo CarTuli mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtSi.<br />

aseT axsnas xSirad ver SexvdebiT literaturaSi, magram am regionSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis mimRebi pirebi xSirad wamowevdnen xolme win am sakiTxs<br />

naSromis avtorTan saubrisas (ivlisi, 2002 w.).<br />

15 Derluguian, ,,The Tale <strong>of</strong> Two Resorts”, p..262<br />

132

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

SenarCuneba <strong>da</strong>, metic, TavianTi politikuri poziciebis<br />

gaumjobesebac ki. am situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, savaraudo iyo,<br />

rom afxazebi Seecdebodnen, TavianTi avtonomiuri respublika<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi SeeyvanaT. <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

moTxovna sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg gaCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />

radgan am dros afxazebma potenciuri TavSesafari <strong>da</strong>karges. rac<br />

Seexeba saqarTvelos erovnul moZraobas, maTTvis afxazebis<br />

moskovisadmi erTguleba, romelic Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad mxolod<br />

ekonomikuri interesebiT iyo gamowveuli, sabWoTa imperiisadmi<br />

maT samsaxurs a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong>. ase rom, resursebis gamo aRmocenebuli<br />

konfliqti eTnikur konfliqtad gar<strong>da</strong>iqmna, ramac,<br />

Tavis mxriv, mobilizacias Seuwyo xeli.<br />

meore, separatizmis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad mimarTul mobilizacias<br />

xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> is faqtic, rom avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebis<br />

SigniT arsebul jgufebs, sakuTari teritoriis armqone<br />

nacionaluri jgufebisagan gansxvavebiT, gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari<br />

politikuri institutebi, romliTac sargeblob<strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />

elita. sabWoTa politikuri sistemis krizisis pirobebSi<br />

afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis erovnuli moZraobebi swrafad<br />

Zlierdebo<strong>da</strong>. orive teritoriaze nacionalur elitebs Soris<br />

mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>undobeli konkurencia adgilobriv saxelmwifo<br />

struqturebze kontrolis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad. komunisturi<br />

partiis <strong>of</strong>icialuri pirebi afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi<br />

gamarTul mitingebSi monawileobdnen <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong><br />

partiul resursebs gansakargavad erovnul moZraobebs<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>scemdnen. Sesabamisad, afxazuri <strong>da</strong> osuri elitebi<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> erovnuli inteligenciisa <strong>da</strong> komunisti Tanamdebobis<br />

pirebis “personalur kavSirs”. orive SemTxvevaSi<br />

separatistuli moZraobebi swrafad gavrcel<strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo<br />

organoebSic (sabWoebSi). samxreT oseTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

sabWoebi mudmivad mimarTavdnen moskovs maTi sabWoTa centrisadmi<br />

uSualo <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebis moTxovniT. orive sakanonmdeblo<br />

organo Tavi<strong>da</strong>n sabWoTa procedurebs mimarTav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

amiT garkveul formalur legitimurobas aRwev<strong>da</strong>, risi<br />

gaprotestebac uWir<strong>da</strong> TbilisSi my<strong>of</strong> mTavrobas, gansa-<br />

133

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

kuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac saqarTvelos ukve TviTon hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

Sewyvetili sabWoTa kanonebis mixedviT TamaSi.<br />

mesame, centraluri sabWoTa mTavroba zogjer gamiznulad,<br />

zogjer ki uneblieTac xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mokavSire<br />

respublikebis SemadgenlobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i avtonomiuri erTeulebis<br />

separatistul ganwyobas. stalinis epoqi<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli sabWoTa<br />

erovnuli politikis Zireuli elementi iyo principi: “<strong>da</strong>yavi<br />

<strong>da</strong> ibatone”. zogierT SemTxvevaSi mokavSire respublikebis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i avtonomiuri erTeulebi amave respublikebis<br />

erTa nacionalisturi survilebis <strong>da</strong>sabalanseblad<br />

gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul avtonomiaTa rCeulma erebma<br />

gansakuTrebuli sargebeli miiRes amgvari mdgomareobis gamo<br />

– maT Seusabamod farTod miuwvdebo<strong>da</strong>T xeli yovelgvar<br />

resursze, yovel SemTxvevaSi iqamde, vidre kiTxvis niSnis qveS<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>dgebo<strong>da</strong> maTi moskovisadmi erTguleba. “perestroikis”<br />

gvi<strong>and</strong>el periodSi moskovi amgvar praqtikas kvlav <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTsac <strong>da</strong> afxazeTsac farTo politikur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />

uwev<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg; sabrZolo moqmedebebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebis Semdeg am <strong>da</strong>xmarebas samxedro xasiaTic mieca. Tavisi<br />

ori sabrZolo marcxis asaxsnelad qarTuli mxare xSirad<br />

azviadebs am <strong>da</strong>xmarebas. sabrZolo moqmedebebis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde<br />

samxreT oseTSic <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSic aSkarad ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli<br />

warmodgena hqon<strong>da</strong>T moskovis xelT arsebuli zewolis realuri<br />

berketebis Sesaxeb. arasworma Sefasebebma, eWvgareSea,<br />

ganapiroba separatistebis samoqmedo gegmis Camoyalibebac<br />

samxreT oseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi.<br />

134<br />

postkomunisturi elitis Si<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>qsaqsuloba<br />

eTnonacionalur mobilizaciasa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa eTn<strong>of</strong>ederalizmis<br />

institutebTan erTad organizebul Zaladobas<br />

axali qarTuli elitis <strong>da</strong>qsaqsulobac ukvalav<strong>da</strong> gzas, rac<br />

axladmopovebuli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis ganmtkicebas uSli<strong>da</strong>

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

xels. 16 es saxelmwifoebrivi sisuste <strong>da</strong> mmarTvel struqturebSi<br />

arsebuli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba garkveuli institucionaluri<br />

mizezebiT aixsneba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia mTeli kavkasiisaTvis,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki niS<strong>and</strong>oblivia saqarTvelosTvis.<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sisuste gar<strong>da</strong>mavali postkomunisturi<br />

epoqis Sedegi ar y<strong>of</strong>ila. es sisuste ufro adre<br />

warmoiSva, rogorc sabWoTa sistemis institucionaluri<br />

memkvidreoba. kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> centralur aziaSi arsebuli<br />

proteqcionizmisa <strong>da</strong> klientelizmis qseli erT-erT yvelaze<br />

efeqtur araformalur instituts warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa<br />

periodSi <strong>da</strong> igi sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdegac SenarCun<strong>da</strong>. 17<br />

samxreT kavkasiis problemebisadmi miZRvnil naSromSi jerald<br />

isteri aRwers, Tu rogor cdilob<strong>da</strong> stalinis droi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli<br />

sabWoTa saxelmwifo sakuTari mmarTvelobis simtkicis<br />

uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad adgilobrivi proteqciuli sistemis gamoyenebas.<br />

18 amis Sedegad miRebuli socialisturi saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

sisuste kompensirdebo<strong>da</strong> personificirebuli<br />

mmarTvelobiT. sabWoTa ekonomikis ga<strong>da</strong>manawilebeli giganturi<br />

meqanizmi im nay<strong>of</strong>ier nia<strong>da</strong>gs qmni<strong>da</strong>, romelzec kargad xarob<strong>da</strong><br />

proteqcionizmis sistema; amitom arcaa gasakviri, rom es sistema<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdegac SenarCun<strong>da</strong>.<br />

axalma qarTvelma nacionalistebma ver SeZles pirad<br />

ndobaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli proteqcionizmis Rrmad fesvgamdgari<br />

sistemis ufro Tanamedrove, arapiradulze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli<br />

saxelmwifo biurokratiis Camoyalibeba. 19 saqarTveloSi<br />

16 Jones, “Georgia: A Failed Democratic Transition, “pp. 288-310.<br />

17 Pavel K. Baev, “Civil Wars in Georgia: Corruption Breeds Violence,” in Jan Koehler<br />

<strong>and</strong> Christoph Zürcher, eds., Potentials <strong>of</strong> Dis/Order: Explaining Conflict <strong>and</strong> Stability in<br />

the Caucasus <strong>and</strong> in the Former Yugoslavia (Manchester:<br />

Manchester University Press, 2003), pp. 127–144; Zürcher, Koehler, <strong>and</strong> Baev, “Internal<br />

Violence in the Caucasus”; Derluguian, “The Tale <strong>of</strong> Two Resorts,” pp. 261–292.<br />

18 Gerald Easter, “Personal Networks <strong>and</strong> Post-Revolutionary State-Building:<br />

Soviet Russia Reexamined,” World Politics, vol. 48 (1996), pp. 551–578.<br />

19 es aris ZiriTadi Tezisi statiis: Barbara Christophe, “Bringing Culture Back<br />

into a Concept <strong>of</strong> Rationality: State–Society Relations <strong>and</strong> Conflict in Post-Socialist<br />

Transcaucasia,” in Koehler <strong>and</strong> Zürcher, Potentials <strong>of</strong> Dis/Order, 193–207.<br />

135

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

aRzevebuli erovnuli moZraoba, romelmac zviad gamsaxurdia<br />

xelisuflebaSi moiyvana, SeeTvisa am kargad Camoyalibebul <strong>da</strong><br />

Rrmad fesvgamdgar struqturas, romelic kvlavac akontroleb<strong>da</strong><br />

yovelgvar SesaZleblobaTa ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas. amas gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />

sakanonmdeblo organoSi ar iyvnen warmodgenilni proteqcionizmis<br />

qselis gavleniani warmomadgenlebi, Zveli kadrebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> qalaqis inteligencia – amis gamo parlaments sakmaod<br />

moakl<strong>da</strong> politikuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera. amgvarad, gamoucdelma<br />

parlamentma ver SeaCera saxelmwifos rRveva, kerZod: man ver<br />

SeZlo Zveli kadrebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi mfarvelebis ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />

politikuri SesaZleblobebis mobilizeba.<br />

prezident zviad gamsaxurdiasa <strong>da</strong> misi axali parlamentisaTvis<br />

eTnonacionaluri mobilizacia Zalauflebis SenarCunebis<br />

saSualebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, rasac katastr<strong>of</strong>uli Sedegebi<br />

mohyva. nacionalizmi zviad gamsaxurdias erTaderTi sayrdeni<br />

iyo. igi xelisuflebaSi quCis zewolisa <strong>da</strong> erovnul-patriotuli<br />

emociebis Sedegad movi<strong>da</strong>. 1990 wlis Semodgomis<br />

arCevnebze man <strong>da</strong> misma koaliciam _ “mrgvali magi<strong>da</strong> –<br />

Tavisufali saqarTvelo” parlamentSi 250 adgili<strong>da</strong>n 155<br />

moipova. erovnulma moZraobam mas arCevnebSi gamarjveba ki<br />

moutana, magram saxelmwifos erTianobis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a ver<br />

SeZlo.<br />

postkomunisturi periodis samive konfliqtisas organizebuli<br />

Zaladobis zr<strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSia saqarTvelos Si<strong>da</strong><br />

uTanxmoebasa <strong>da</strong> Camouyalibel <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong>sTan.<br />

pirveli konfliqti – sabrZolo moqmedebebi samxreT oseTSi –<br />

im patriotul ZalTa konsoli<strong>da</strong>cias mohyva, romelmac di<strong>da</strong>d<br />

Seuwyo xeli zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebaSi mosvlas. am<br />

moZraobam gamsaxurdias 1991 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi<br />

xmaTa didi umravlesobiT gaamarjvebina, magram samxreT oseTis<br />

omSi gamarjveba ver moutana. mxolod nacionalisturi ritorikiT<br />

omebs verc awarmoeben <strong>da</strong> verc igeben.<br />

zviad gamsaxurdias ga<strong>da</strong>sayeneblad wamowyebuli saomari<br />

moqmedebac Si<strong>da</strong> uTanxmoebebisa <strong>da</strong> susti saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

Sedegad <strong>da</strong>iwyo. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom saprezidento arCev-<br />

136

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

nebze zviad gamsaxurdiam gaimarjva, qarTul politikur<br />

arenaze, gansakuTrebiT ki erovnuli moZraobis SigniT, ar<br />

wydebo<strong>da</strong> piradi <strong>da</strong>pirispireba <strong>da</strong> qiSpi. zviad gamsaxurdia,<br />

rogorc pirovneba, ver gamodgebo<strong>da</strong> ukve gaxleCili erovnuli<br />

moZraobis gamaerTianeblad. igi mtrebs advilad iZen<strong>da</strong>,<br />

garSemo ki umetesad iseTi xalxi exvia, romelTa erTaderTi<br />

Rirsebac mis<strong>da</strong>mi erTguleba iyo. 20 am pirobebSi arcaa gasakviri,<br />

rom pirad ambiciebs ayolilma gaxleCilma erovnulma moZraobam<br />

gaerTianeba ver SeZlo. gamsaxurdiam ver <strong>da</strong>imorCila<br />

“Zaladobis sulisCamdgmelni”. erovnuli gvardia zviad<br />

gamsaxurdias ganudga <strong>da</strong> mis Camosagdebad <strong>da</strong>iwyo moqmedeba.<br />

<strong>da</strong> bolos, afxazeTSi 1992 wels <strong>da</strong>wyebuli omic Sedegi iyo<br />

eduard SevardnaZis saqarTveloSi Camosvlis Semdgomi<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebebisa <strong>da</strong> gaumarTavi saxelmwifoebriobisa.<br />

imdroindeli garemoebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, erovnuli gvardiis<br />

afxazeTSi SeWra <strong>da</strong>rbevis msurvel kerZo jaris manevrs<br />

hgav<strong>da</strong>. 21<br />

zviad gamsaxurdias <strong>da</strong>marcxebis mizezebi gasagebi gaxdeba,<br />

Tu <strong>da</strong>vakvirdebiT, ra auCqareblad <strong>da</strong> ostaturad aZliereb<strong>da</strong><br />

eduard SevardnaZe Tavis Zalauflebas, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad saqarTvelos<br />

teritoriis mniSvnelovan nawilze kontrolis <strong>da</strong>kargvisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> rogor akowiweb<strong>da</strong> igi saqarTvelos <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong>s<br />

1992-1995 wlebSi. eduard SevardnaZem Tavisi udidesi<br />

piradi avtoritetiT, <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n saxsrebis mozidvis<br />

unariTa <strong>da</strong> Suamavlobis niWiT SeZlo sicocxlisunariani<br />

kavSiris Seqmna, romelSic Sediodnen y<strong>of</strong>ili funqcionerebi,<br />

proteqcionizmis sistemis gavleniani pirebi <strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />

moZraobis calkeuli erTeulebi. afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong>marcxebis<br />

Semdeg eduard SevardnaZe <strong>da</strong>morCil<strong>da</strong> moskovis Zlier<br />

zewolas <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos dsT-is SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlaze<br />

Tanxmoba ganacxa<strong>da</strong>. kmay<strong>of</strong>ilebis niSnad moskovi mas gamsa-<br />

20 Suzanne Goldenberg, Pride <strong>of</strong> Small Nations: The Caucasus <strong>and</strong> Post-Soviet Disorder<br />

(London: Zed Books, 1994), p. 92.<br />

21 Zürcher, Koehler, <strong>and</strong> Baev, “Internal Violence in the Caucasus”; Baev, “Civil Wars in<br />

Georgia,” pp. 127–145.<br />

137

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

xurdias momxreTa gamosvlebis CaxSobaSi <strong>da</strong>exmara. amis Semdeg<br />

ki SevardnaZem Zaladobis ori mTavari sulisCamdgmelis –<br />

kitovanisa <strong>da</strong> ioselianis izolirebac moaxerxa.<br />

nacionalizmma saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkiceba saqarTvelosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> postsabWoTa sivrcis sxva qveynebSi ver SeZlo; es<br />

mxolod somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> baltiispireTis qveynebSi gax<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli.<br />

somxeTma Tavisi <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong> samxedro<br />

nacionalizmis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong>amkvidra, romelic udides safrTxesTan<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. CeCneTSi CeCnurma nacionalurma<br />

moZraobam ki, araTu <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong> ver Camoayaliba,<br />

aramed qveyana anarqiamdec ki miiyvana, ramac gza misca 1994 wlis<br />

katastr<strong>of</strong>ul rusul samxedro kampanias. Tavisi poziciebis<br />

Sejereba verc azerbaijanis nacional-demokratebma SeZles.<br />

138<br />

saxelmwifoebriobis sisuste <strong>da</strong> Zaladobis<br />

sulisCamdgmelni 22<br />

postkomunistur gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi saqarTveloSi<br />

momx<strong>da</strong>ri organizebuli Zaladobis bevr SemTxvevaSi Zaladobis<br />

sulisCamdgmelni ukve nangrevebad qceuli saxelmwifos narCen<br />

SesaZleblobebs iyenebdnen. am a<strong>da</strong>mianTa umravlesoba warsulSi<br />

saxelmwifo postebze iyo <strong>da</strong>niSnuli im elitis mier,<br />

romelsac Tavisi politikuri miznebis misaRwevad Zala<br />

esaWiroebo<strong>da</strong>. qarTuli omebis yvelaze <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSani<br />

iyo zRvris moSla saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> kerZo Zaladobas Soris,<br />

amitom saWiroa, gavarkvioT, Tu ras SeiZleba ewodos “saxelmwifos<br />

privatizacia” <strong>da</strong> “kerZo saqmianobis saxelmwifo<br />

organoebad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis” ormagi procesi.<br />

saqarTveloSi moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> ori udidesi organizebuli<br />

jgufi, romelsac Zalis gamoyenebis saSualeba hqon<strong>da</strong> _ es iyo<br />

“mxedrioni” <strong>da</strong> erovnuli gvardia. “mxedrioni” iyo Tbilisis<br />

22 es nawili <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia naSromze: Zürcher, Koehler, <strong>and</strong> Baev, “Internal<br />

Violence in the Caucasus.”

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

kriminaluri <strong>da</strong>jgufebebisa <strong>da</strong> axalgazrduli b<strong>and</strong>ebis<br />

amorfuli erToba, romelic 1989 wels sabWoTa periodis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mnaSaveTa samyaros mfarvelma, jaba ioselianma Seqmna.<br />

finansebis mosapoveblad es <strong>da</strong>jgufeba kriminalur saqmianobas<br />

eweo<strong>da</strong> – maT Soris reketsa <strong>da</strong> gamoZalvasac. 1992 wels man<br />

SeZlo Semosavlian sferoebze Tavisi kontrolis <strong>da</strong>weseba,<br />

magaliTad, benziniT vaWrobaze. 23 “mxedrions” Tavi saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>da</strong>mcvel patriotul sazogadoebad miaCn<strong>da</strong>, misi wevrebi<br />

farTod iyenebdnen patriotul <strong>da</strong> religiur simbolikas. bevri<br />

maTgani mkerdze atareb<strong>da</strong> me<strong>da</strong>lions wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgis gamosaxulebiT.<br />

principSi, “mxedrioni” iyo warmatebuli saqmosanpatriotTa<br />

SeiaraRebuli SenaerTi, romlebmac TavianTi kerZo<br />

jari saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Caayenes <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis<br />

mebrZoli nacionaluri umciresobebis winaaRmdeg omis dros.<br />

erovnuli gvardia 1990 wlis noemberSi Seiqmna <strong>da</strong> igi<br />

qarTuli jaris birTvi un<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo. imis gamo, rom am dros<br />

jer kidev ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> qarTuli saxelmwifo, jaris <strong>da</strong>kompleqteba<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi SeiaraReba TiTqmis mTlianad kerZo pirebis<br />

mier xdebo<strong>da</strong>. gvardia saxelmwifos TiTqmis ararsebuli<br />

biujeti<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> Savi bazris warmatebul pirTa SemowirulobebiT<br />

finansdebo<strong>da</strong>. gvardiis meTaurad <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrad<br />

gamsaxurdias axlo megobari <strong>da</strong> TanamebrZoli Tengiz kitovani<br />

<strong>da</strong>iniSna. mas arc samxedro momzadeba hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc Sesabamisi<br />

gamocdileba, samagierod, igi finansebis kargi mSovneli<br />

gamodga.<br />

erovnulma gvardiamac <strong>da</strong> “mxedrionmac” SeiaraReba sabWoTa<br />

(SemdgomSi ki, ruseTis) jarisagan miiRo – faqtobrivad, im<br />

saxelmwifos jarisagan, romelic, qarTveli nacionalistebis<br />

azriT, gamiznulad aferxeb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas.<br />

1992 wlis ivlisSi, im periodSi, rodesac sabWoTa jari swrafad<br />

iSlebo<strong>da</strong>, am gasamxedroebulma formirebebma sabWoTa arse-<br />

23 Georgii Nizharadze, “The Institutional Framework <strong>of</strong> Caucasian <strong>and</strong> Central Asian<br />

Transitional Societies: Georgia, Abkhazia, <strong>and</strong> South-Ossetia,” The Economics <strong>of</strong> Political<br />

<strong>and</strong> Common Violence (Tbilisi: World Bank Development Economic Research Group,<br />

2002), typescript.<br />

139

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

nali<strong>da</strong>n 50 tanki miiRes. 24 tankebis miRebi<strong>da</strong>n erT TveSi<br />

kitovanma afxazuri kampania wamoiwyo.<br />

arc erTi am jgufTagani saxelmwifo kontrols ar eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

jaba ioselianis “mxedrioni” prezident zviad<br />

gamsaxurdias <strong>da</strong>arsebis dRi<strong>da</strong>nve upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong>, mogvianebiT<br />

erovnuli gvardiac SeewinaaRmdega saxelmwifo struqturebSi<br />

integracias <strong>da</strong> uari Tqva prezidentisadmi erTgulebis<br />

ficis <strong>da</strong>debaze. 1991 wlis Semodgomaze kitovanma <strong>da</strong><br />

erovnulma gvardiam prezidents zurgi Seaqcies <strong>da</strong> amiT<br />

gamsaxurdias bedi ukve ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

TbilisSi Zalauflebis mosapoveblad gaCaRebuli brZola<br />

swrafad ganviTar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> prezident gamsaxurdias qveyni<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gaZevebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom sabrZolo moqmedebebSi<br />

500-ze meti kaci ar monawileob<strong>da</strong>, samoqalaqo omis es<br />

Zaladoba namdvilad iyo gasamxedroebuli jgufis mier<br />

organizebul saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba. ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis<br />

warmatebiT <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg orive <strong>da</strong>jgufebam ga<strong>da</strong>inawila<br />

gavlenis sferoebi: “mxedrionma” SeinarCuna kontroli<br />

benziniTa <strong>da</strong> sigaretebiT vaWrobaze, xolo erovnuli gvardia<br />

sul ufro metad Caeflo iaraRiT vaWrobaSi. 1992 wlis martSi<br />

saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebulma eduard SevardnaZem, romelsac<br />

saocrad sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> Tanamdgomebi, “mxedrions” mianiWa Sinagan<br />

saqmeTa saministros <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli usafrTxoebis Zalebis<br />

24 1992 wlis 15 maiss azerbaijanis respublikam, somxeTis respublikam,<br />

belorusis respublikam, yazaxeTis respublikam, moldovas respublikam,<br />

ruseTis federaciam, ukrainam <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos respublikam, rogorc<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidre-saxelmwifoebma, xeli moaweres e.w. taSkentis<br />

xelSekrulebas, romlis mixedviT xelmomwer qveynebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari<br />

jaris Seqmnis ufleba, romelic Sesabamis saministroebs <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>;<br />

xolo ministrebsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos meTaurebs ki pativi un<strong>da</strong><br />

ecaT evropis tradiciuli SeiaraRebis xelSekrulebiT (CFE) gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>dgenili ze<strong>da</strong> zRvrisaTvis.<br />

taSkentis xelSekrulebiT, saqarTvelos sabWoTa armiis sawyobebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

100 tanki <strong>da</strong> 200 javSan-sabrZolo manqana ga<strong>da</strong>eca; saqarTvelom<br />

ignorireba gaukeTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis im pirobas, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c ikrZalebo<strong>da</strong><br />

am SeiaraRebis Si<strong>da</strong> konfliqtebSi gamoyeneba.<br />

140

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

statusi <strong>da</strong> igi sabWoTa arsenalSi arsebuli iaraRiT aRWurva.<br />

“mxedrionis” erT-erTi lideri, Temur xaCiSvili, Sinagan<br />

saqmeTa ministri gax<strong>da</strong>. erovnuli gvardiis liderma Tengiz<br />

kitovanma Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministris posti SeinarCuna. SevardnaZem<br />

“mxedrions” gamsaxurdias momxreebis winaaRmdeg brZola<br />

<strong>da</strong>avala <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi. am sabrZolo kampanias ufro<br />

Zarcva-rbevis saxe hqon<strong>da</strong>. am brZolaSi moxaliseebis CarTvis<br />

mizniT jaba ioselianma <strong>da</strong> “mxedrionis” mebrZolebma televiziiT<br />

gancxadeba gaakeTes, ris Semdegac maT moxalise “SabaTkviris”<br />

mebrZolebic SeuerTdnen. isini Cveulebriv samezoblosagan<br />

Semdgar patara-patara jgufebSi erTi<strong>and</strong>ebodnen,<br />

romelTac “mxedrionis” punqtebSi iaraRs urigebdnen. samoqalaqo<br />

omis es nawili <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi bevrad ufro<br />

sisxlismRvreli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> TbilisSi momx<strong>da</strong>r ga<strong>da</strong>trialebasTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. sabrZolo moqmedebebis TiToeul mxares<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 3000 mebrZoli monawileob<strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n 2000-mde<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rupulad iTvleba.<br />

samxreT oseTSi Zaladobrivi qmedebebisaTvis aqtiuri<br />

mzadeba 1990-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo. 1990 wlis bolosaTvis osebs<br />

TavianT gankargulebaSi 4000 – 5000 kaci hyav<strong>da</strong>T, maTgan didi<br />

umravlesoba saxalxo laSqris wevri iyo. 25 iaraRs isini umTavresad<br />

cxinvalSi ganlagebul Sveulmfrenebis sabWoTa polkSi<br />

Soulobdnen. am polkSi momsaxure jariskacebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>of</strong>icrebis<br />

umravlesoba eTnikur osebs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maTi didi<br />

raodenoba am brZolebis monawile gaxl<strong>da</strong>T. am sabrZolo<br />

moqmedebebSi monawile osuri mxare metwilad CrdiloeT<br />

oseTi<strong>da</strong>n (ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i avtonomiuri<br />

respublika, romelic samxreT oseTze bevrad mdi<strong>da</strong>ria)<br />

Semosuli SemowirulobebiT finansdebo<strong>da</strong>. 26<br />

Setakebebis pikis dros qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg CrdiloeT<br />

oseTi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli ramdenime aseuli moxalise ibrZo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

25 Nizharadze, “The Institutional Framework <strong>of</strong> Caucasian <strong>and</strong> Central Asian Transiitional<br />

Societies.<br />

26 Zurcher, Koehler, <strong>and</strong> Baev, “Internal Violence in the Caucasus”.<br />

141

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

samxreT oseTis omis monawile orive mxares araorganizebuli<br />

gasamxedroebuli formirebebi ibrZodnen; maT ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T<br />

erTiani sameTauro struqturebi, brZolebSi dros ki mxolod<br />

msubuq SeiaraRebas iyenebdnen. osuri <strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>ebi Zalebs<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xarjze ikrebdnen, xolo<br />

qarTul <strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>ebSi umTavresad samxreT oseTis qarTuli<br />

mosaxleoba monawileob<strong>da</strong>. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad qarTvelebis<br />

mxareze Sinagan saqmeTa saministros jarebi <strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />

gvardiis jariskacebi ibrZodnen. sabrZolo moqmedebebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>srulebisaTvis am omSi mTeli rigi patriotuli suliskveTebiT<br />

gamsWvaluli jgufebi CaerTnen. “TeTri Sevardnebi”,<br />

“merab kostavas sazogadoeba,” “mxedrioni” <strong>da</strong> “saqarTvelos<br />

erovnuli fronti” am omSi <strong>da</strong>qiravebul pirTagan Semdgar<br />

araorganizebul jgufebs agzavnidnen, romlebic xSirad<br />

mSvidobian mosaxleobas esxmodnen Tavs <strong>da</strong> mZevleba<strong>da</strong>c ki<br />

ahyav<strong>da</strong>T. samxreT oseTis konfliqtis msxverplis Sesaxeb<br />

arsebobs Zalze mwiri <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobrivi monacemebi. qarTuli<br />

wyaroebis cnobiT, orive mxarem <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 500-600 a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />

<strong>da</strong>karga. 27 1990-1992 wlebSi olqis teritoria etapobrivad<br />

<strong>da</strong>tova <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 12000 qarTvelma (samxreT oseTis mTliani<br />

mosaxleoba <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 30000 a<strong>da</strong>mians Seadgens). imavdroulad,<br />

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osi erovnebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

30000 a<strong>da</strong>miani CrdiloeT oseTSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> sacxovreblad zviad<br />

gamsaxurdias nacionalisturi reJimis mier maT winaaRmdeg<br />

ganxorcielebuli devnis gamo.<br />

1992 wlis agvistoSi Tengiz kitovanis erovnulma gvardiam,<br />

eduard SevardnaZis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, afxazeTis samxedro<br />

kampania wamoiwyo. erovnuli gvardiis 5000 wevri afxazeTSi<br />

SeiWra, 1000 jariskaci gagris portSi ga<strong>da</strong>isroles ruseTSi<br />

mimavali gzis ga<strong>da</strong>saketad. gu<strong>da</strong>uTaSi gaqceulma afxazeTis<br />

mTavrobam sayovelTao mobilizacia gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. afxazeTis<br />

27 Nizharadze, “The Institutional Framework <strong>of</strong> Caucasian <strong>and</strong> Central Asian Transitional<br />

Societies.” Other sources speak <strong>of</strong> 3,000 casualties on the Ossetian side (see<br />

www.geocities.com/vienna/strasse/5262/South.html).<br />

142

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

erovnulma gvardiam, romelsac im dros 1000 jariskaci hyav<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d msubuqi SeiaraRebiT iyo aRWurvili, poziciebi<br />

mdinare gumisTas napiris gaswvriv, ruseTis samxedro-sahaero<br />

bazis maxloblad, <strong>da</strong>ikava. afxazebs CrdiloeT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n mTis<br />

bilikebiT Camosuli asobiT moxalise SeuerT<strong>da</strong>. TiTqmis mTel<br />

iaraRs isini CeCneTi<strong>da</strong>n iRebdnen. sabrZolo moqmedebebSi am<br />

moxaliseTa CarTvaSi mTavari roli kavkasiis mTis xalxTa<br />

konfederaciam iTamaSa. es pannacionalisturi moZraoba 1989<br />

wels <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> adiRei-yaraCai-CerqezeTis (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi<br />

ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i avtonomiuri<br />

olqebi) <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis aqtivistebis mier. 1990-iani wlebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi kavkasiis mTis xalxTa konfederacia meamboxe<br />

politikur moZraobad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiis<br />

saxelmwifoebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas iTxov<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />

rom ruseTisagan gamoy<strong>of</strong>a miuRwevel ocnebad rCebo<strong>da</strong>, konfederaciam<br />

mainc SeZlo moxalise samxedro Zalebis Camoyalibeba,<br />

romlebmac afxazeTis omSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani<br />

roli Seasrules. mogvianebiT, 1994 wels, am Zalebis erTma<br />

nawilma CeCneTis winaaRmdegobis frontis birTvi Seadgina. 28<br />

ricxobriv umciresobaSi my<strong>of</strong> afxazebs ruseTis jari<br />

<strong>da</strong>exmara. <strong>of</strong>icialurad ruseTi afxazeTis sakiTxis mSvidobiani<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis gzebs eZeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> omSi ar monawileob<strong>da</strong>, magram misi<br />

politika, romelic princips – “<strong>da</strong>yavi <strong>da</strong> ibatone” efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> konfliqtis monawile orive mxarisaTvis samxedro<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis gawevas; magram konfliqtis periodSi am<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebas afxazebi sul ufro metad <strong>da</strong> metad iRebdnen.<br />

afxazeTis erovnuli gvardia soxumSi ganlagebuli ruseTis<br />

jaris batalionisagan iaraRiT maragdebo<strong>da</strong>, xolo rusi<br />

instruqtorebi moxaliseebis mosamzadebel banakebs xelmZRvanelobdnen.<br />

29 gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, ruseTi afxazebis frontis zurgsac<br />

28 1992 wlis oqtomberSi am organizaciam saxelwodeba Seicvala _ mas<br />

kavkasiis xalxTa konfederacia <strong>da</strong>erqva.<br />

29 Nizharadze, “The Institutional Framework <strong>of</strong> Caucasian <strong>and</strong> Central Asian<br />

Transitional Societies.”<br />

143

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

amagreb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi ganlagebuli sahaero bazi<strong>da</strong>n ganxorcielebuli<br />

calkeuli sahaero <strong>da</strong>rtymebiTac exmarebo<strong>da</strong> maT.<br />

erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi CrdiloeT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Semosuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis wyalobiT dRiTidRe izrdebo<strong>da</strong> afxazebis<br />

brZolisunarianoba, rasac ver vityviT qarTvelebze.<br />

“boevikebisa” <strong>da</strong> mZarcvelebisagan Semdgarma qarTulma armiam<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sla iwyo. 1993 wlis 27 seqtembers afxazeTis mebrZolebma<br />

sabolood gaaZeves qarTuli jari soxumi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ukve ramdenime<br />

dReSi afxazeTis mTel teritorias akontrolebdnen. afxazeT-<br />

Si <strong>da</strong>rCenilma 200000 qarTvelma regioni <strong>da</strong>tova.<br />

organizebul Zaladobas yovelTvis ganapirobebs garkveuli<br />

motivacia <strong>da</strong> arsebuli SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis survili.<br />

pol kolieri <strong>da</strong> anke hefleri sixarbisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />

ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebisadmi miZRvnil naSromSi amtkiceben, rom sixarbe<br />

(anu “Zaladobis sulisCamdgmelTa” angareba) <strong>da</strong> garemoebaTa<br />

xelsayreli <strong>da</strong>mTxveva (magaliTad, iaf iaraRze xelmisawvdomoba,<br />

mowinaaRmdegis aSkara sisuste, mesame Zalis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

imedi <strong>da</strong> a.S.) ufro xSirad warmoSobs Zaladobas, vidre amas<br />

iwvevs sazogadoebrivi ukmay<strong>of</strong>ileba (magaliTad, ekonomikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> politikuri diskriminacia). 30 saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi,<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad nacionalisturi jgufebis mier sazogadoebriv<br />

ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebaze saubrisa (Cagvra, ekonomikuri diskriminacia<br />

<strong>da</strong> a.S.), Si<strong>da</strong> Zaladobebis umetes mizezad angarebiT Sepyrobili<br />

gasamxedroebuli formirebebis qmedebebi un<strong>da</strong> CavTvaloT.<br />

iafi <strong>da</strong> advilad xelmisawvdomi sabWoTa iaraRis mopoveba<br />

gacilebiT aiolebs aseTi jgufebis moqmedebas. zviad gamsaxurdia<br />

aseT Zalebs Tavisi politikuri poziciebis gasamyareblad<br />

iyeneb<strong>da</strong>, magram saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sisustem<br />

mas am jgufebis kontrolisa Tu SeCerebis SesaZlebloba aRar<br />

30 Paul Collier <strong>and</strong> Anke Hoeffler, “Greed <strong>and</strong> Grievance in Civil War,” (Washington, DC:<br />

The World Bank Group, October 2001), http://econ.worldbank.org/programs/conflict/<br />

library/doc?id=12205; James D. Fearon <strong>and</strong> David. D. Laitin, “Ethnicity, Insurgency, <strong>and</strong><br />

Civil War” (paper presented at the 2001 Annual Meeting <strong>of</strong> the <strong>American</strong> Political<br />

Science Association, San Francisco, CA, August 30–September 2, 2001), http://<br />

www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/workingpapers/apsa011.pdf.<br />

144

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

misca. qarTuli, osuri <strong>da</strong> afxazuri Zalebis mobilizacias Soris<br />

aSkara gansxvaveba arsebobs. qarTuli razmebis – “mxedrionisa”<br />

<strong>da</strong> “erovnuli gvardiis” – mamoZravebeli Zala “Zaladobis<br />

sulisCamdgmeli” calkeuli pirovnebebi iyvnen; es ase ar iyo<br />

afxazebisa <strong>da</strong> osebis <strong>da</strong>jgufebaTa SemTxvevaSi. TiTqos<strong>da</strong><br />

sabWoTa Cagvris (gansakuTrebiT ki, 1989 wlis 9 aprils TbilisSi<br />

momx<strong>da</strong>ri Zaladobrivi faqtis Semdeg) winaaRmdeg Seqmnili<br />

“mxedrioni” Zalian swrafad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca angarebis surviliT<br />

Sepyrobil kriminalur organizaciad, romelmac moaxdina<br />

Tavisi moqmedebebis legitimizacia <strong>da</strong> Tavis rigebSi axali<br />

wevrebi patriotuli lozungebiT miizi<strong>da</strong>. 1992-1993 wlebisaTvis<br />

“mxedrionad” wodebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>jgufebis mizans<br />

Zarcva-yaCaRoba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gaugebaric ki iyo, iyvnen Tu<br />

ara am jgufebis wevrebi Zveleburad jaba ioselianis erTgulni.<br />

erovnuli gvardia “mxedrionisagan” gansxvavebulad warmoiSva.<br />

igi <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> “zevi<strong>da</strong>n” garkveuli politikuri miznebiT.<br />

es organizaciac akisreb<strong>da</strong> xarks Crdilovan ekonomikaSi<br />

moRvaweT <strong>da</strong> iaraRiT vaWrobis sarfian saqmes akontroleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

bevri mebrZoli erovnul gvardiaSi Zarcvis perspeqtiviT<br />

Sedio<strong>da</strong>. afxazeTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kampaniis wamowyeba<br />

erovnuli gvardiis ekonomikuri interesebiT iyo nakarnaxevi<br />

_ regionis Crdilovani ekonomikis mTavari seqtorebis<br />

gakontrolebis surviliT.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom omma afxazeTis resursebi swrafad<br />

amowura. Zaladobis eskalaciasTan erTad ingreo<strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

turistuli industria, paralizebuli iyo satransporto<br />

infrastruqtura, adgilobrivma s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobam bazrebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>karga. sabrZolo moqmedebebis efeqturoba yovelTviurad<br />

klebulob<strong>da</strong>, mcirdebo<strong>da</strong> gasamxedroebuli formirebebis<br />

momarageba. SemdgomSi eduard SevardnaZem ostaturad gamoiyena<br />

am organizaciebis resursebis Semcireba maTi meTaurebis<br />

politikuri areni<strong>da</strong>n g<strong>and</strong>evnis mizniT.<br />

afxazi <strong>da</strong> osi mebrZolebis mier samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba<br />

umTavresad nakarnaxevi iyo ara piradi gamorCenis surviliT,<br />

aramed im safrTxis arsebobiT, romelsac maT <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

145

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

<strong>da</strong> nacionalisturi saqarTvelo uqmni<strong>da</strong>. qarTuli nacionalizmis<br />

talRa aZliereb<strong>da</strong> momavali diskriminaciis SiSs,<br />

ramac adgilobriv nacionalistebs ufro iolad ga<strong>da</strong>awyvetina<br />

sakuTari Zaladobrivi meqanizmis SemuSaveba. qarTuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis<br />

maT teritoriaze SeWrisTanave <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong> osebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> afxazebis SiSi, organizebuli Zaladoba ki gar<strong>da</strong>uvali<br />

Seiqna.<br />

146<br />

mezoblobis faqtori<br />

qveynis SigniT arsebuli konfliqtis ganviTarebaze<br />

ramdenime garefaqtori moqmedebs. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania<br />

Semdegi sami: diasporis mier meamboxeTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera;<br />

geostrategiuli mdebareoba <strong>da</strong> konfliqtSi sxva saxelmwifos<br />

Careva. 31 TiToeulma am faqtorma garkveuli roli iTamaSa 1988-<br />

1993 wlebSi saqarTveloSi, Tumca maTi moqmedeba xSirad<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebulad iyo Sefasebuli.<br />

adgilobrivma diasporam <strong>da</strong> naTesaurma eTnikurma jgufebma,<br />

raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>xmareba gauwies afxazebsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

osebs <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi. osebi kavkasionis mTavari<br />

qedis ga<strong>da</strong>Rma 32 , CrdiloeT oseTSi mcxovrebi eTnikurad<br />

monaTesave xalxisagan mniSvnelovan finansur <strong>da</strong> yovelgvar<br />

materialur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas iRebdnen; isini maT cocxali ZaliTac<br />

exmarebodnen. afxaz mebrZolebs CrdiloeT kavkasiis moxalise<br />

razmebi <strong>da</strong> TurqeTSi mcxovrebi afxazuri diasporac exmarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

yvelaze Zlieri <strong>da</strong> brZolisunariani SenaerTebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

aRsaniSnavia e.w. “afxazuri batalioni”, romelsac meamboxe<br />

CeCeni lideri Samil basaevi xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong>. Samil basaevma<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 300 misma TanamebrZolma, romlebic Semdgom<br />

CeCeni separatistebis mTavar Zalad ga<strong>da</strong>iqcnen, faqtobrivad,<br />

31 Collier <strong>and</strong> Hoeffler, “Greed <strong>and</strong> Grievance in Civil War”; Fearon <strong>and</strong> Laitin, “Ethnicity,<br />

Insurgency, <strong>and</strong> Civil War.”<br />

32 Zürcher, Koehler, <strong>and</strong> Baev, “Internal Violence in the Caucasus.”

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

afxazeTSi, qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg warmoebul omSi, miiRes<br />

pirveli sabrZolo gamocdileba.<br />

miiCneven, rom urTierTmowinaaRmdege Zlieri saxelmwifoebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>kveTaze mdebare saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>wyevlilia Tavisi<br />

arasaxarbielo geopolitikuri mdebareobiTa <strong>da</strong> mZime geomorfologiuri<br />

situaciiT. sparseTs, osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> mefis ruseTis<br />

imperiebs Soris arsebulma qiSpobam <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

politikurma modelma kavkasiis sociopolitikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul<br />

saxes Rrma <strong>da</strong>Ri <strong>da</strong>asva. yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom am<br />

istoriulma memkvidreobam <strong>da</strong>gvianebuli <strong>da</strong> instituciurad<br />

susti <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong> ganapiroba. amas ematebo<strong>da</strong> isic, rom<br />

kavkasiis bevri regionis mTagorianobis gamo adgilobriv<br />

elitasac <strong>da</strong> kolonialur saxelmwifoebsac uZneldebo<strong>da</strong>T<br />

sasurveli mmarTvelobis <strong>da</strong>myareba. ase rom, ver uarvy<strong>of</strong>T,<br />

geopolitikam <strong>da</strong> geomorfologiam kavkasiis mTel istoriaze<br />

didi zegavlena rom moaxdina. magram rodesac saqme exeba<br />

sabWoTa imperiis ngrevasa <strong>da</strong> axali, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos<br />

Seqmnas Soris arsebul drois mcire, boboqar <strong>da</strong><br />

konfliqtebian periods, maSin zemoaRwerili orive faqtori<br />

mniSvnelobas moklebulia. piriqiT, am periodSi Si<strong>da</strong> politika<br />

gacilebiT did rols TamaSob<strong>da</strong>. movlenebs adgilobrivi<br />

institucionaluri struqturebi <strong>da</strong> maTi moskovTan urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />

gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>. 1988-1993 wlebSi saqarTvelos<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> konfliqtebze seriozuli gavlena arc erT<br />

politikur erTeuls ar mouxdenia, Tumca ki iTvleba, rom maT<br />

– TurqeTs, irans, somxeTs, azerbaijans, aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirs<br />

_ samxreT kavkasiaSi TavianTi interesebi gaaCniaT.<br />

aq upriani iqneba, aRiniSnos ori ram, pirveli: mark<br />

beisinjeri Tavis mniSvnelovan naSromSi asabuTebs sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris memkvidre-saxelmwifoebSi mimdinare movlenebis<br />

urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas, rac emyarebo<strong>da</strong> “warmatebuli<br />

nacionalisturi mobilizaciis demonstrirebis efeqts”. 33<br />

33 Mark R. Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization <strong>and</strong> the Collapse <strong>of</strong> the Soviet State<br />

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).<br />

147

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris yvela respublikis sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> elita<br />

gulisyuriT adevneb<strong>da</strong> Tvals nacionaluri moZraobebis<br />

ganviTarebas. am moZraobis yoveli talRa, romelze<strong>da</strong>c moskovi<br />

Tvals xuWav<strong>da</strong>, sxva nacionalur moZraobebs axali energiiT<br />

avseb<strong>da</strong>, anu eTnonacionaluri mobilizaciis spirali ara marto<br />

saqarTvelos SigniT qarTvelebis, osebisa <strong>da</strong> afxazebis<br />

erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli moZraobebiT imuxtebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

aramed baltiispireTis qveynebisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis nacionaluri<br />

moZraobebiTac.<br />

meore exeba sabWoTa kavSirs <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg _<br />

ruseTs. Secdoma iqnebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul<br />

movlenebze ruseTis zegavlenis uary<strong>of</strong>a, magram aseTive<br />

Secdoma iqnebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos yvela ubedurebis mzakvruli<br />

<strong>da</strong> kargad <strong>da</strong>gegmili imperiuli politikisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>braleba.<br />

sinamdvileSi, sul mcire, 1990 wlis zafxuli<strong>da</strong>n moskovs aRar<br />

Seswev<strong>da</strong> Zala saTanado politikis Camoyalibebis <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

koordinirebisa, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mis ganxorcielebaze.<br />

es yvelaferi mzardi ekonomikuri ngreviTa <strong>da</strong> kremlSi<br />

ZalauflebisaTvis mimdinare brZoliT aixsneba. kavkasiaSi<br />

“mSvidobis aRsadgenad” sul ufro meti cu<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>gegmili <strong>da</strong><br />

cu<strong>da</strong>d Catarebuli operacia mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. magaliTad, 1988<br />

wlis ivlisSi erevnis aeroportSi demonstrantebis winaaRmdeg<br />

miRebuli zomebi; 1989 wlis aprilSi TbilisSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

movlenebi an “sisxliani kvira” baqoSi 1990 wlis ianvarSi.<br />

saboloo jamSi, am operaciebma sabWoTa kavSiris Zaladobriobis<br />

unaric Seasusta <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong>aCqara;<br />

imavdroulad, am operaciebma impulsi Semates erovnul<br />

moZraobebs. am yvelaferma ki, Tavis mxriv, rogorc cecxlze<br />

navTma, ise imoqme<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Si<strong>da</strong> teritoriaze mimdinare<br />

konfliqtebze.<br />

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa centraluri<br />

mTavroba avtonomiuri respublikebisa <strong>da</strong> olqebis erovnul<br />

moZraobebTan taqtikuri kavSiris <strong>da</strong>myarebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>. 1990<br />

wlis aprilSi umaRlesma sabWom miiRo kanoni, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c,<br />

Tu mokavSire respublika sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgen-<br />

148

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

lobi<strong>da</strong>n gavido<strong>da</strong>, maSin masSi Semaval avtonomiur olqebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

respublikebs, referendumis Catarebis Semdeg, un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>T<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi <strong>da</strong>rCenis ufleba aSkaraa, rom<br />

am kanons un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ebrkolebina mokavSire respublikebis ssrk<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gasvla. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, man ver SeZlo sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> afeTqebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba <strong>da</strong> mxolod motivacia Semata<br />

avtonomiuri olqebisa <strong>da</strong> respublikebis brZolas gamoy<strong>of</strong>isaTvis.<br />

samxreT oseTi <strong>da</strong> afxazeTi amisi kargi magaliTia. ase<br />

rom, es kanoni (Tumca, sxva mxriv, gamiznuli) mkafio niSani<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i avtonomiuri<br />

erTeulebis erovnuli moZraobebisaTvis: maT TiTqos aRuTqves,<br />

rom Tuki saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gavido<strong>da</strong>, moskovi maT “iSvileb<strong>da</strong>”. mTlianobaSi, sabWoTa<br />

ierarqiis <strong>da</strong>Sla is mniSvnelovani faqtori aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, romelmac<br />

dramatulad Secvala moqmed ZalTa mamoZravebeli motivebi.<br />

saboloo jamSi, zustad amiT aixsneba Zaladobis warmoSoba <strong>da</strong><br />

ganviTareba saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi arsebul samive SemTxvevaSi.<br />

sabWoTa struqturebis sisustis gamo saqarTveloSi<br />

SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> erovnuli moZraobis aRmoceneba, am<br />

moZraobam ki swrafad <strong>da</strong>ikava mTavari poziciebi. azerbaijanisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> CeCneTisagan gansxvavebiT, magram somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> baltiispireTis<br />

qveynebis msgavsad, saqarTvelos komunisturma<br />

nomenklaturam swrafad aiTvisa erovnuli moZraobebis<br />

politikuri (Tumca ara ideologiuri) programa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos<br />

institutebi maT samsaxurSi Caayena. sabWoTa kavSiris Tan<strong>da</strong>-<br />

TanobiTma <strong>da</strong>sustebam gaaadvila saqarTvelosaTvis Tavisuflebis<br />

mopoveba. 1990 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n erovnulma moZraobam<br />

<strong>da</strong> nomenklaturam mTavar miznad qveynis sruli suvereniteti<br />

<strong>da</strong>isaxa.<br />

movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam, Tavis mxriv, stimuli<br />

misca samxreT oseTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis separatistul moZraobebs.<br />

saqarTvelos eTnonacionalurma moZraobam avtonomiur<br />

erTeulTa gamorCeul erebSi sakmaod safuZvlianad gamoiwvia<br />

imis SiSi, rom <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saqarTvelSi maT SeiZleba aRar<br />

hqono<strong>da</strong>T privilegiebi. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

149

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

azerbaijanelebisagan gansxvavebiT, osebi <strong>da</strong> afxazebi flobdnen<br />

im politikur berketebs, riTac SesaZlebeli iyo separatistuli<br />

politikis gatareba. avtonomiur erTeulebSi mcxovreb<br />

yvela erovnuli saTvistomos komunist funqcioners<br />

saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> partiuli resursebis erovnuli saqmisaken<br />

mimarTva SeeZlo _ isini am SesaZleblobas iyenebdnen kidec.<br />

kerZod, Tuki 1988 wlamde umaRlesi sabWoebi mxolod simbolurad<br />

iTvlebodnen warmomadgenlobiT organod, SemdgomSi<br />

isini WeSmariti politikuri xelisuflebis centrebad gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnen.<br />

radikalurma nacionalisturma ritorikam, Zaladobis<br />

marTvaze saxelmwifos gavlenis <strong>da</strong>kargvam <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

mTavrobis aSkara survilma, gamoeyenebina “Zaladobis sulis-<br />

Camdgmelebi”, xeli Seuwyo ekonomikur-kriminaluri interesebis<br />

mqone gasamxedroebuli formirebebis warmoqmnas. zviad<br />

gamsaxurdias garSemo arsebulma axalma elitam ver SeZlo verc<br />

reJimis ga<strong>da</strong>rCena <strong>da</strong> verc saxelmwifos konsolidireba, ramac<br />

sagrZnoblad gauadvila saqme “Zaladobis sulisCamdgmelebs”.<br />

150<br />

axali siZneleebi siZneleebis xanis Semdeg?<br />

sabWoTa eTn<strong>of</strong>ederalizmi amJamad aRar iyenebs Tavis<br />

destruqciul energias, Tumca man Ria Wrilobebi mainc <strong>da</strong>tova.<br />

aTwlianma gaWianurebulma molaparakebebma oseTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

problema ver ga<strong>da</strong>Wra. 2003 wlis seqtemberSi afxazeTma<br />

“<strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis omSi” gamarjvebis meaTe wlisTavi<br />

aRniSna. am “gamarjvebis” fasi ruseTze mZime politikurekonomikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso izolacia<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. afxazebis umravlesobam ruseTis moqalaqeoba miiRo,<br />

rac maTTvis garkveuli socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri usafrTxoebis<br />

garantiaa. omis Semdeg periodulad mainc xdeba<br />

Zaladobrivi afeTqeba, <strong>da</strong>xoces ruseTis samSvidobo jarSi<br />

momsaxure aTobiT jariskaci, afxazi Tanamdebobis pirebi <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva erovnuli saTvistomos warmomadgenlebi.

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

afxazeTis mmarTveloba mixeil saakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi<br />

mosvlas gaZlierebuli samxedro mzady<strong>of</strong>niT Sexv<strong>da</strong>. dResdReobiT<br />

moskovi afxazeTSi Seqmnil situacias Tavisi samxedro<br />

Zalis iq y<strong>of</strong>niTa <strong>da</strong> politikur-ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

gaweviT akontrolebs, risi ganxorcielebac saqarTvelos ar<br />

ZaluZs. eduard SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis bolos kriminaluri<br />

gasamxedroebuli formirebebi jer kidev axdendnen zegavlenas<br />

mosazRvre regionis politikur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur cxovrebaze.<br />

zogierTi maTgani kvlav mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli egreTwodebul<br />

partizanul SenaerTebTan, iseTebTan, rogoricaa<br />

“TeTri legioni” zurab samuSias meTaurobiT, “tyis Zmebi” <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

Sengelias xelmZRvanelobiT <strong>da</strong> ruzgen gogoxias formireba 34 .<br />

afxazeTis mTavrobis winaaRmdeg brZolis motiviT isini xSirad<br />

<strong>da</strong>erevian xolme erTmaneTs benzinis, sigaretisa <strong>da</strong> Txilis<br />

kontraban<strong>da</strong>ze kontrolis mosapoveblad. 2003 wlis noemberSi<br />

xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg mixeil saakaSvilma brZaneba<br />

gasca, bolo moeRoT am formirebebis moqmedebebisaTvis.<br />

afxazeTTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT samxreT oseTSi arsebuli situacia<br />

ufro myifea. iseve, rogorc afxazeTi, es pawawina saxelmwifoc<br />

ukanono vaWrobis, umTavresad alkoholuri sasmelebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

Tambaqos yidva-gayidvis centri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. ori Zlieri politikuri<br />

klanis irgvliv koncentrirebuli politikuri elita<br />

Tavisi interesebisaTvis iyenebs am viTom Tavisufal ekonomikur<br />

zonas. 2004 wels konfliqtis eskalaciis drosac ar<br />

Sewyvetila vaWroba <strong>da</strong>narCen saqarTvelosTan, Tumca ki am<br />

vaWrobisaTvis cxinvali<strong>da</strong>n Tbilisamde mimaval mTel gzaze<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva “ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi” iyo <strong>da</strong>wesebuli, romlebsac <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara<strong>of</strong>icialuri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi<br />

krebdnen.<br />

afxazeTSi Seqmnili situaciisagan gansxvavebiT, 1992 wlis<br />

Semdeg saqarTvelo, SevardnaZis meTaurobiT <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTi<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva praqtikul nabijebs dgamdnen TavianTi urTi-<br />

34 International Crisis Group, “Georgia: What Now?” Europe Report no. 151, December 3,<br />

2003, www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2003/icg-geo-3dec.pdf.<br />

151

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

erTobebis gasaumjobeseblad. magram konfliqti araTu<br />

<strong>da</strong>regulirebuli ar aris, aramed gaurkvevelia, sruli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> ra politikuri statusi iyo misaRebi samxreT<br />

oseTisaTvis <strong>da</strong> suverenitetis ra nawilis <strong>da</strong>Tmoba SeeZlo<br />

saqarTvelos.<br />

eduard SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis bolo wlebSi samxreT<br />

oseTis saboloo statusis Sesaxeb mimdinare molaparakebebi<br />

praqtikulad SeCer<strong>da</strong>.<br />

2004 wlisaTvis mixeil saakaSvilis mier gatarebulma Zalis<br />

demonstrirebis politikam <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis axali etapi warmoSva.<br />

man naTlad gamoxata, rom samxreT oseTs misi prioritetebis<br />

siaSi erT-erTi pirveli adgili ukavia. aWaraSi miRweuli<br />

warmatebis Semdeg, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi adgilobriv mmarTvels, aslan<br />

abaSiZes, gauswor<strong>da</strong>, yvela elo<strong>da</strong>, rom prezidenti samxreT<br />

oseTis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi reintegracias Seecdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

2004 wlis maisSi saqarTvelom samxreT oseTSi mdebare<br />

uzarmazari <strong>da</strong> cnobili ergneTis bazroba <strong>da</strong>xura. am bazrobaze<br />

yvela saxis, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli kontrab<strong>and</strong>uli<br />

saqoneli iyidebo<strong>da</strong>. zogi analitikosi miiCnevs, rom ergneTis<br />

bazroba Tavisi arsiT warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> ukanono Tavisufal<br />

ekonomikur zonas, romelsac weliwadSi 35 milioni aSS-is<br />

dolaris Semosavali mohqon<strong>da</strong>. am Tanxis mniSvnelovani nawili<br />

eduard kokoiTis garSemo Semokrebili samxreT oseTis<br />

politikuri elitis jibeebSi ileqebo<strong>da</strong>. 35 bazrobis <strong>da</strong>xurvis<br />

es ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba imis erTmniSvnelovani signali iyo, rom<br />

saqarTvelo aRar apirebs status-kvos moTmenas. 2004 wlis<br />

ivlisSi saqarTvelom samxreT oseTSi gamSvebi punqtebi<br />

gaaZliera <strong>da</strong> rokis ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelze saqarTvelo-ruseTis<br />

sasazRvro kontroli <strong>da</strong>awesa, raTa saqarTveloSi uaqcizo<br />

saqonlis importi Seemcirebina. mixeil saakaSvilis axali<br />

mTavroba energiuli kampaniiT Seeca<strong>da</strong> am regionSi ZalTa<br />

balansis Secvlas. am kampaniis mizani osuri mosaxleobis ndobis<br />

35 M. Alkhazashvili, “South Ossetia’s Reliance on Contrab<strong>and</strong>,” The Messenger, July 15,<br />

2004, http://www.messenger.com.ge/issues/0655_july_15,2004/economy_0655_1.htm.<br />

152

1989-1993 wlebi siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

mopoveba <strong>da</strong> separatistuli mTavrobis samxedro zomebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sineba iyo, magram aman Sedegad regionSi samxedro <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />

<strong>da</strong> ruseTTan politikuri krizisi moitana.<br />

mokled, samxreT oseTica <strong>da</strong> afxazeTic ga<strong>da</strong>uWreli<br />

problemaa. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTvelos separatistuli<br />

regionebisaTvis politikur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur<br />

sferoSi cota ramis SeTavazeba SeuZlia, samxedro sferoSi ki<br />

igi Zalze sustia saimisod, rom situacia Zalis gamoyenebiT<br />

Secvalos, konfliqtebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta isev momavlis saqmed<br />

rCeba. Tavis mxriv, ruseTi <strong>da</strong>interesebulia, regionSi Senar-<br />

Cundes status-kvo, TviTon ki vetos ufleba <strong>da</strong>rCes.<br />

reformatorebis meore Taobis winaSe mdgari amocana<br />

SeiZleba im amocanaze aranakleb rTuli aRmoCndes, romelic<br />

sabWoTa saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelosken<br />

gr<strong>and</strong>iozuli ga<strong>da</strong>svlis periodSi idga. es sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />

amocanaa. areulobis xanaSi mowinaaRmdege <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi<br />

im qveynis ZalauflebisaTvis ibrZodnen, romelic,<br />

faqtobrivad, ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. dRes sameuli _ saakaSvilisa <strong>da</strong><br />

misi kolegebis saxiT – Rrmad fesvgamdgari <strong>da</strong> korumpirebuli<br />

saxelmwifo sistemis Secvlas cdilobs, magram warmatebis<br />

garantia, cxadia, ar arsebobs. mokled rom vTqvaT, zviad<br />

gamsaxurdia politikur mowinaaRmdegeebs ebrZo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mixeil saakaSvili Rrmad korumpirebul, magram maRalinstitucionalizebul<br />

sistemas ebrZvis <strong>da</strong>, SesaZloa, isic<br />

<strong>da</strong>marcxdes. misi yvelaze saSiSi mteri ara esa Tu is politikuri<br />

lideri an romelime politikuri partiaa, aramed is, rasac<br />

SeiZleba “SevardnaZis sistema” vuwodoT.<br />

eduard SevardnaZem Zalis uxeSi gamoyenebiT nawil-nawil<br />

<strong>da</strong>Slili qarTuli saxelmwifos Sekowiweba <strong>da</strong> aRdgena SeZlo,<br />

magram amisaTvis man garkveuli safasuri gaiRo. imisaTvis, rom<br />

<strong>da</strong>qsaqsuli elita Semoekriba, igi moTminebiT ekidebo<strong>da</strong> Rrmad<br />

korumpirebul sistemasa <strong>da</strong> kadrebis monacvleobas. dRes es<br />

sistema imdenad Rrma<strong>da</strong>a fesvgamdgari, rom igi gacilebiT<br />

metia, vidre sustadganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebriobis oden<br />

<strong>da</strong>mRupveli Sedegi. es aris saxelmwifoebriobis axali<br />

153

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri<br />

alternatiuli varianti, romelic sakmaod gafarTov<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

Caenacvla jansaR saxelmwifoebriv formas, iseTs, rogoricaa<br />

pirovnebebze ara<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, sazogadoebaze mzrunveli<br />

biurokratia. am sistemis Secvlas ramdenime korumpirebuli<br />

Tanamdebobis piris <strong>da</strong>patimreba ar ey<strong>of</strong>a, saWiroa mTeli<br />

politikuri sistemis xelaxla, praqtikulad, nuli<strong>da</strong>n Seneba.<br />

es rTuli gzaa <strong>da</strong> erT-erT mTavar saSiSroebas is warmoadgens,<br />

rom axali elita mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras eTnonacionaluri mobilizaciis<br />

meSveobiT Seecdeba. uaxlesi istoria, gansakuTrebiT ki,<br />

qarTuli, gvaswavlis, rom amgvari strategia Zalze sariskoa.<br />

154

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

Tavi 3<br />

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis seqtoris mdgomareoba, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki samxedro reformis bedi, mniSvnelovna<strong>da</strong>a<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli politikuri sistemis SigniT mimdinare movlenebis<br />

dinamikaze. samxedro reformis aRqma, Sefaseba Tu<br />

warmatebuli ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia qveynis erTian<br />

socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri ganviTarebisagan mowyvetiT. erTi<br />

sityviT, e.w efeqturi marTvis praqtikis <strong>da</strong>nergvis gareSe,<br />

efeqturi Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sistema, mwyobri usafrTxoebis politika<br />

<strong>da</strong> saRi samxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobebi warmoudgenelia.<br />

es principi yvela qveyanaze vrceldeba, saqarTveloSi ki igi<br />

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens.<br />

samxedro reformasTan uSualo kavSirSia <strong>da</strong>finansebis<br />

sakiTxic. Tavisi SezRuduli materialuri resursebis gamo,<br />

saqarTvelo kvlav Ratak qveynad rCeba, rac yovelmxriv<br />

zRu<strong>da</strong>vs reformebs, gansakuTrebiT ki usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi. jarebis restruqturizacia, Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />

ricxovnobis Semcireba, ganaxleba an kontrolis efeqturi<br />

saSualebebis Seqmna, finansebs moiTxovs. samxedro pirs<br />

biznesSi CarTvis - gansakuTrebiT ukanono komerciis - ufleba<br />

ar eZleva. amis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad saxelmwifom un<strong>da</strong> SesZlos<br />

Tavisi <strong>of</strong>icrebisa <strong>da</strong> jariskacebis adeqvaturi xelfasebiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sacxovrebeli pirobebiT uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a, rac saqarTvelom<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis pirvel aTwleulSi ver ganaxorciela.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politikaze<br />

gavlenas axdens saqarTvelos ideologiuri <strong>da</strong> socialur-<br />

155

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

politikur orientacia. erovnuli usafrTxoebis politika <strong>da</strong><br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi sistema momdinareobs erovnuli interesebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />

safrTxeebi<strong>da</strong>n, rac erovnuli stereotipebis <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebis<br />

TemasTan gvabrunebs. Rirebulebebi gansazRvraven<br />

safrTxeebs, romelTac erovnuli usafrTxoebis politika<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>upirispirdes. erovnuli interesebi, safrTxeebis<br />

aRqma, romelnic pir<strong>da</strong>pir Tu arapir<strong>da</strong>pir sazogadoebrivi<br />

Rirebulebebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinarea, gavlenas axdens usafrTxoebis<br />

seqtoris Si<strong>da</strong> struqturaze, sakadro politikaze, masSi<br />

arsebuli urToerTobebis Taviseburebebze. meorec, ama Tu im<br />

eris mier strategiul mokavSireTa <strong>da</strong> megobarTa arCeva<br />

mniSvnelovanwila<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli masSi arsebul RirebulebaTa<br />

sistemaze. TanamSromlobiTi aliansebis formirebisas<br />

Tanxvedri Rirebulebebi iseve arsebiTia, rogorc pragmatuli<br />

ekonomikuri interesebi Tu saerTo geostrategiuli xedvebi.<br />

bolo dromde qarTuli sazogadoebis sabazo Rirebulebebis<br />

sistema, qveynis winaSe arsebul safrTxeTa definicia (rac<br />

usafrTxoebis seqtoris reformirebis fun<strong>da</strong>mentia) <strong>da</strong><br />

usafrTxoebis sferoSi adgilobrivi eqspertizis done ar<br />

Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur stan<strong>da</strong>rtebsa <strong>da</strong> evroatlantikuri<br />

Tanamegobrobis praqtikas. amave dros, saqarTvelo xelisufleba<br />

swored evroatlantikur TanamegobrobasTan integracias<br />

isaxavs miznad. Sesabamisad, uaxloes wlebSi, saxelmwifosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> eris mSenebloba qveynis politikuri amocanebis mTavar<br />

prioritetad <strong>da</strong>rCeba.<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis pirvel aTwleulSi saqarTvelo sust, <strong>da</strong><br />

egeb e.w. arSemdgar saxelmwifo<strong>da</strong>c Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

miswrafebebisa Tu pretenziebisa, qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli<br />

politikuri praqtika <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobis stili sagrZnoblad<br />

CamorCebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis Tanamedrove stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs. erisa <strong>da</strong><br />

saxelmwifos aRmSenebloba xSirad me-19 saukunis midgomiT -<br />

erovnuli poeziis, istoriuli gmirebis miTologizirebuli<br />

saxeebis Tu marTmadidebluri eklesiis Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

simboloebis wina planze wamoweviT - gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelebma<br />

<strong>da</strong> qveynis erovnulma umciresobebma ver SeZles erTiani<br />

156

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

erovnuli identobis Seqmna. eTnikuri kuTvnileba xSirad ufro<br />

mniSvnelovnad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, vidre individualuri ekonomikuri<br />

keTildReoba. 1 Sesabamisad, prezident eduard SevardnaZis<br />

reJimisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli gax<strong>da</strong> liberalur-demokratiuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> eTno-nacionalisturi ideebiT gajerebuli winaaRmdegobrivi<br />

proeqtebi. maT formirebaze komunisturi nomenklaturis<br />

tradiciebic axden<strong>da</strong> gavlenas. Sesabamisad, reformebi<br />

neli <strong>da</strong> meryevi xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

SevardnaZis reJimi mxolod ritorikulad gmob<strong>da</strong> korufciasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qsen<strong>of</strong>obias. Zalian xSirad es ori movlena qarTuli<br />

kulturis maxasiaTeblad moiazrebo<strong>da</strong>. qarTuli samuSao<br />

jgufi, romelsac prezidentma SevardnaZem anti-korufciuli<br />

strategiis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong>avala, aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom korufcia<br />

cxovrebis wesad iqca garkveul sferoebSi. korufciuli<br />

azrovneba ise Rrma<strong>da</strong>a sazogadoebriv azrovnebaSi, rom didi<br />

sifrTxilea saWiro erovnuli Taviseburebebis saTaveebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

korufciuli Cveulebebis gamijvnis dros. antikorufciuli<br />

rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi 2 mxolod qaRaldze rCebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> araferi hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

saerTo mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis, biznesmenebis <strong>da</strong><br />

kriminalebis mier Seqmnil korufciul piramidebTan. ritorikuli<br />

kritika ki reJimis winaaRmdegobrivi midgomis nawils<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>: ganexorcielebina balansi erTi mxriv axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />

reformator politikosebsa <strong>da</strong> moxeleebs, meore mxriv<br />

ki, y<strong>of</strong>il komunistur nomenklaturas Soris.<br />

mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi SevardnaZis mTavroba uunaro<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, aRekveTa religiur nia<strong>da</strong>gze warmoSobili Zaladobis<br />

faqtebi. naTqvamis <strong>da</strong>sturia eklesiisgan gankveTili mRvdlis<br />

basil mkalaviSvilis <strong>da</strong>usjeli Zaladobrivi qmedebebi religiuri<br />

umciresobis mimarT.<br />

1 Theodor Hanf <strong>and</strong> Ghia Nodia, Georgia Lurching to Democracy (Baden-Baden:<br />

Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000), pp. 92-102<br />

2 erovnuli antikorufciuli strategiis SemmuSavebeli jgufi,<br />

saqarTvelos erovnuli antikorufciuli programis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi,<br />

kerZo gamocema, 31 oqtomberi,2000 w., gv.9 (jgufi Seqmnili iyo<br />

prezidentis mier)<br />

157

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

gasakviri ar aris, rom qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri<br />

cxovrebis SuqCrdilebi farTod aireklebo<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

politikasa <strong>da</strong> samxedro reformis procesze. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong><br />

usafrTxoebis politikisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo sagareo<br />

politikis mudmivi cvla, araadekvaturi <strong>da</strong>finanseba <strong>da</strong><br />

SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi korufcia. naTeli strategiuli orientirebi Tu<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia arasodes y<strong>of</strong>ila bolomde<br />

artikulirebuli. xSirad evro-atlantikur sivrceSi integrireba<br />

qveynis mTavar prioritetad cxaddebo<strong>da</strong>. 3 magram qveynis<br />

politikuri elita prorusuli strategiis arCevansac ar<br />

gamoricxav<strong>da</strong>. samxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobebi arademokratiuli<br />

iyo. ise<strong>da</strong>c mwiri resursebis aramiznobrivi xarjva<br />

kidev ufro arTuleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>finansebas. usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxedro uwyebebSi xelfasebi droulad ar gaicemo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

samxedro <strong>da</strong> parasamxedro struqturebi ver eqceo<strong>da</strong> adeqvaturi<br />

samoqalaqo ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis qveS.<br />

arsebuli kanonmdebloba progresuli iyo, magram detalizacias<br />

moklebuli <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobrivi. “Zalovani” ministrebi,<br />

rogorc wesi, sazogadoebrivi undoblobiT sargeblobdnen.<br />

saboloo jamSi, 2003 wels SevardnaZis xelisuflebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cemaSi yvela am xarvezma Seitana Tavisi wvlili. saqarTvelos<br />

axalma mTavrobam prezident mixeil saakaSvilis xelmZ-<br />

RvanelobiT uprecendento neba aCvena korufciuli saqmianobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> organizebuli <strong>da</strong>naSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>savluri orientaciis mqone inteleqtualebi, romlebis<br />

xelmZRvanel postebze <strong>da</strong>winaurdnen, acnobiereben globalizaciis<br />

mniSvnelobas <strong>da</strong> iyeneben postmodernistul politikur<br />

diskurss, romelic naklebad hguobs nacionalizms, unitaruli<br />

saxelmwifoebis ideas, saerTaSoriso arenaze saxelmwifo<br />

aqtiorTa tradiciul eqskluziurobas. axalma mTavrobam<br />

jvarosnuli omi gamoucxa<strong>da</strong> korufciasa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />

3 1990-iani wlebis miwuruls SevardnaZem sajarod ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom 2005<br />

wlisaTvis saqarTvelo natos karze <strong>da</strong>akakunebs. ix. “svobodnaia gruzia”,<br />

26 oqtomberi, 1999 w.<br />

158

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

saxsrebis aramiznobriv xarjvas. pasuxisgebaSi mieca ramodenime<br />

maRalCinosani. 2005 wlis ianvarSi moZalade mRvdels -<br />

mkalaviSvils 6 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miesaja. 4<br />

<strong>da</strong> mainc, saqarTvelos saqarTvelos ganviTarebis axal<br />

mimarTulebebSi yvelaferi ar Seesabameba evro-atlantikur<br />

erTobaSi gaerTianebis kurss. 5 axali elita jer kidev ibrZvis<br />

popularuli tradiciuli nacionalisturi sentimentebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

liberalur-demokratiuli imperativebis Sesajereblad.<br />

mravalkulturulobis, decentralizaciis, Tavisufal erTa<br />

erTobaSi integraciisa <strong>da</strong> kooperatiuli usafrTxoebis ideaTa<br />

moxmobis paralelurad, axali xelmZRvaneloba centralizmis<br />

meTodebs ver iviwyebs <strong>da</strong> regionalur Tu adgilobriv organoebs<br />

uxalisod uziarebs samTavrobo movaleobebs.<br />

warmatebis misaRwevad, axalma xelisuflebam un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>laxos<br />

reformebis bedis individualur, subieqtur nebaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong> xeli Seuwyos efeqturi<br />

mmarTvelobis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri farTo socialuri bazis Seqmnas.<br />

naTqvami exeba Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sferosac.<br />

saqarTvelos mTavrobas naTlad aqvs gansazRvruli korufciasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> organizebul <strong>da</strong>naSaulTan brZolis aucilebloba. man<br />

mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis, iseve rogorc<br />

samarTal<strong>da</strong>cvis uwyebebSi axali reformatoruli jgufebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo mrCevelTa sabWoebis Seqmnis ideas. zogma<br />

maTganma ukve <strong>da</strong>iwyo praqtikuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis SemuSaveba,<br />

rac xelaxal Sanss aZlevs SevardnaZis reJimis ganuxorcielebel<br />

antikorufciul politikas. magram metia gasake-<br />

Tebeli <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>ze pasuxismgebeli uwyebebis struqturuli<br />

4 IWPR, Caucasus Reporting Service, No 272, February 3, 2005, http://www.iwpr.net/<br />

home_index_new.html<br />

5 arsebiTad, es kursi deklarirebuli iqna Tanamedrove qarTuli<br />

saxelmwifoebriobis SeqmnisTanave. saqarTvelos pirvelma prezidentma<br />

zviad gamsaxurdiam Tavis saprezidento programaSi xazi gausva, rom<br />

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis doqtrina evropuli usafrTxoebis sistemis<br />

Tanadgomaze aiReb<strong>da</strong> orientacias. es Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> mis ideas, rom<br />

saqarTvelo gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo evropasa <strong>da</strong> azias Soris <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli xidi.<br />

ix. saqarTvelos respublika 253, 27 dekemberi, 1991 w.<br />

159

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

reformirebis, moqmedebis wesisa <strong>da</strong> misiebisaTvis saWiro axali<br />

kanonebisa <strong>da</strong> strategiuli diskursis SesamuSaveblad.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis reformas saqarTveloSi mougvarebeli eTnikuri<br />

konfliqtebic eRobeba win. es konfliqtebi <strong>da</strong> xelaxali Seiara-<br />

Rebuli Setakebebis potenciali arcTu saukeTeso fons qmnis<br />

qarTuli samxedro sistemis restruqturizaciisaTvis. marTlac,<br />

xelisuflebaSi mosvli<strong>da</strong>n ramodenime TveSi, axali<br />

xelmZRvaneloba samxreT oseTis konfliqtis eqskalaciaSi<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> Cabmuli, rasac konfliqtis zonaSi Sinagan saqmeTa<br />

saministros <strong>da</strong>matebiTi jarebis Seyvana <strong>da</strong> Sinagan saqmeTa<br />

axali ministris mier <strong>da</strong>gegmili reformis Seferxeba mohyva<br />

erTerT Sedegad.<br />

winamdebare TavSi gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politikis warumatebloba <strong>da</strong> axali<br />

mTavrobis winaSe mdgomi gamowvevebi. 6 igi oTx nawilad aris<br />

<strong>da</strong>y<strong>of</strong>ili. pirveli nawili ikvlevs qarTuli armiis aRmSeneblobis<br />

istoriis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapebs 1980-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

6 winamdebare Tavi efuZneba adre Catarebul gamokvlevebs usafrTxoebis<br />

sakiTxebisa <strong>da</strong> samxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. ix. David<br />

Darchiashvili, “Georgia: The Search for the State Security,” Caucasus Working Papers<br />

(Stanford, CA: Center for International Security <strong>and</strong> Cooperation, 1997), http://<br />

cisac.stanford.edu/publications/10255/; David Darchiashvili, “Trends <strong>of</strong> Strategic Thinking<br />

in Georgia: Achievements, Problems, <strong>and</strong> Prospects,” in Gary K. Bertsch, Cassady Craft,<br />

Scott A. Jones, <strong>and</strong> Michael Beck, eds., Crossroads <strong>and</strong> Conflict: Security <strong>and</strong> Foreign<br />

Policy in the Caucasus <strong>and</strong> Central Asia (Routledge: New York, 2000), pp. 66-74; David<br />

Darchiashvili <strong>and</strong> Tamara Pataraia, “Return to Europe? Some Aspects <strong>of</strong> the Security<br />

Orientation <strong>of</strong> Georgia,” Österreichische Militarische Zeitschrift, no. 1 (2001), pp. 43–<br />

55; ix. agreTve <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili politikosebi, jariskacebi, moqalaqeni:<br />

saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis <strong>da</strong> samxedro-samoqalaqo<br />

urTierTobebis analizi (Tbilisi, saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba,<br />

2000 weli) http://www.cipdd.org/en/archive.shtml?lang=eng&detail=1&id=3;<br />

David Darchiashvili, “Power Structures in Georgia,” International Institute for Democracy<br />

<strong>and</strong> Electoral Assistance, Discussion Paper no. 5 (Printinfo: Yerevan, Armenia, 2003);<br />

David Darchiashvili, “Georgian Security Problems <strong>and</strong> Policies,” in Dov Lynch, ed., The<br />

South Caucasus, A Challenge for the EU, Chaillot Papers, no. 65 (December 2003),<br />

p.107–128, http://www.iss-eu.org/public/content/chaile.html; agreTve, me viyavi<br />

biuletenis The Army <strong>and</strong> Society in Georgia re<strong>da</strong>qtori 1996-2000 wlebSi.<br />

1998-2001 wlis nomrebi SeiZleba nanaxi iqnas Semdeg misamarTze: http://<br />

www.cipdd.org/en/publication.shtml?cat_id=6.<br />

160

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

2003 wlis vardebis revoluciamde. masSi gaanalizebulia<br />

procesis sistemuri naklovanebebi <strong>da</strong> axsnilia dramatuli<br />

movlenebi, romlebmac Searyia samxedro-politikuri urTierTobebi.<br />

meore nawilSi ganxilulia samxedro Zalebze<br />

samoqalaqo kontrolis problema: urTierToba mTavrobis<br />

aRmasrulebel <strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo Stoebs Soris, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

biujetis sakiTxi, samxedro sferoSi gamj<strong>da</strong>ri korufcia.<br />

mesame nawili exeba erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis<br />

Camoyalibebis procesSi warmoCenil gamowvevebs. Tavi sruldeba<br />

meoTxe nawiliT, romelSic mokle<strong>da</strong>a mimoxiluli Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

politikis <strong>da</strong> samxedro reformis axali mimarTulebebi<br />

vardebis revoluciis Semdeg.<br />

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi:<br />

istoriuli mimoxilva<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad mravalsaukunovani istoriisa, regularuli<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis formirebaSi saqarTvelos didi gamocdileba<br />

ar gaaCnia. bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg mopovebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mokle periodSi (1918 – 1921) saqarTvelos<br />

gaaCn<strong>da</strong> 20-25 aTasi kacis Semadgenlobis regularuli jari <strong>da</strong><br />

miliciis tipis saxalxo gvardia. qveyanas im dros ruseTis<br />

armii<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli, pr<strong>of</strong>esionali, aristokrati <strong>of</strong>icrebis sakmao<br />

moculobis korpusi hyav<strong>da</strong>. axal socialur - demokratiul<br />

mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>of</strong>icerTa Soris <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli urTierTundobloba<br />

xels uSli<strong>da</strong> qveyanas <strong>da</strong>brkolebebis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvasa <strong>da</strong><br />

efeqturi samxedro sistemis CamoyalibebaSi. qarTul jarSi<br />

aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> disciplinis sisuste <strong>da</strong> cudi momarageba. mTeli es<br />

eqsperimenti mxolod 1921 wlamde gagrZel<strong>da</strong> - bolSevikuri<br />

wiTeli armiis mier qveynis okupaciamde.<br />

gasabWoebis Semdeg moskovi zogjer Tanxmdebo<strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />

samxedro SenaerTebis Seqmnaze. Tumca, es formirebebi<br />

naklebad asruleb<strong>da</strong> realuri erovnuli armiis funqciebs.<br />

msgavsi mcdelobebi sruliad Sewy<strong>da</strong> 1956 wels, rodesac nikita<br />

161

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

xruSCovma sabWoTa armiaSi yvela erovnuli SenaerTi gaauqma.<br />

axali qarTuli samxedro sistema <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis<br />

masobrivi brZolis <strong>da</strong>wyebisa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>SlisTanave<br />

iRebs saTaves. 1980-iani wlebis bolos antisabWoTa politikuri<br />

jgufebis mier <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebuli pirveli qarTuli formirebebis<br />

Seqmna imxanad gaRvivebul eTnokonfliqtebs <strong>da</strong>emTxva.<br />

es formirebebi kanongareSe moqmedebdnen. 1990 wlis miwuruls,<br />

rodesac zviad gamsaxurdia movi<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos saTaveSi, es<br />

formirebebi <strong>da</strong>axlovebiT 6 000 mebrZols iTvli<strong>da</strong>. 7<br />

Tumca, es cifri SesaZloa ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebulic iyos, radgan erTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> imave dros, SeiaraRebul operaciebSi mxolod ramodenime<br />

aseuli mebrZoli monawileob<strong>da</strong>. formirebebi sabWoTa armiis<br />

rigebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Txovnili qarTveli <strong>of</strong>icrebiT, samoqalaqo<br />

aqtivistebiT <strong>da</strong> kriminaluri warsulis mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianebiT iyo<br />

<strong>da</strong>kompleqtebuli.<br />

miuRweveli rCebo<strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebul formirebaTa saerTo<br />

politikuri kontroli. sabWoTa kontroli Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve gamoiricxebo<strong>da</strong><br />

- amgvari formirebebis arsebobas sabWoTa kanonmdebloba<br />

ar iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. garkveul garemoebebSi erovnuli<br />

moZraobis liderebs SeeZloT SeeqmnaT kidec alternatiuli<br />

politikuri ze<strong>da</strong>mxedveloba, magram maT Soris mudmivi qiSpi<br />

sufev<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare ar <strong>da</strong> ver iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> erTiani<br />

sakom<strong>and</strong>o struqtura. yoveli metnaklebad mniSvnelovani<br />

formireba avtonomiur erTeuls warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. mas Sereuli,<br />

samxedro-politikuri misiebi ekisrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> uSualo meTaurs<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli. zog SemTxvevaSi formirebebi emorCilebo<strong>da</strong><br />

romelime anti-sabWour politikur organizacias,<br />

romelTa raodenoba iseve mravalricxovani iyo, rogorc Tavad<br />

Seiararebuli formirebisa. yvelaze Zlieri <strong>da</strong> maravalricxovani<br />

“mxedrioni” loialobas mxolod <strong>da</strong>mfuZneblis, jaba<br />

ioselianis mimarT iCen<strong>da</strong>. igi ganaTlebiT xelovnebaTmcodne,<br />

7 SeiaraRebuli <strong>da</strong> gasamxedroebuli formirebebi sabWoTa kavSirSi<br />

(moskovi, saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong> samxedro-politikuri kvlevebis rusulamerikuli<br />

centri, 1991) gv 8-9 (rusul enaze)<br />

162

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>esori <strong>da</strong>, imavdroulad, kriminaluri samyaros cnobili<br />

avtoriteti iyo. “mxedrions,” romlis birTvs, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d,<br />

kriminaluri romantikis mimdevari axalgazr<strong>da</strong> ubnis biWebi <strong>da</strong><br />

inteligentTa Svilebi warmoadgendnen, sZul<strong>da</strong> gamsaxurdia,<br />

romelic, Tavis mxriv 1990 wlisaTvis erovnuli moZraobis<br />

erTerT yvelaze gavlenian liderad yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>. “mxedrioni”<br />

upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong> gamsaxurdias xelmZRvanelobis avtoritarul<br />

stils, misTvis miuRebel populistur nacionalizms,<br />

mis garemocvas, romelsac “mxedrionis” birTvi socialuri <strong>da</strong><br />

kulturuli TvalsazrisiT “ucxod” moiazreb<strong>da</strong>. mxedrionelebi,<br />

iseve rogorc erovnuli moZraobis zogierTi sxva<br />

<strong>da</strong>jgufeba, gamsaxurdias ar patiobdnen, rom Tavis drozde,<br />

70-ian wlebSi, man sajarod moixa<strong>da</strong> bodiSi antisabWoTa,<br />

disidenturi saqmianobisaTvis.<br />

ioselianma saerTo ena gamonaxa komunistebis lider givi<br />

gumbariZesTan, romelic TviTon cdilob<strong>da</strong> mzard erovnul<br />

moZraobasTan saerTo enis gamonaxvas. amis Sedegad mox<strong>da</strong><br />

ioselianisa <strong>da</strong> “mxedrionis” legalizacia alternatiul<br />

gasamxedroebul institutad, e.w. “maSvelTa korpusad.”<br />

maSvelTa korpuss mTavrobisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmareba un<strong>da</strong> gaewia<br />

stiqiuri ubedurebebis dros.<br />

“mxedrionis” gar<strong>da</strong> funqcionireb<strong>da</strong> merab kostavas<br />

sazogadoebis SeiaraRebuli frTa, romelsac zviad gamsaxurdias<br />

erTguli vaJa a<strong>da</strong>mia edga saTaveSi. sxva ori Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

mniSvnelovani formireba - “qarTvel SevardenTa legioni” <strong>da</strong><br />

saxalxo frontis samxedro frTa “imedi,” neitralitets<br />

inarCuneb<strong>da</strong> gamsaxurdia - ioselianis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi. iSvia-<br />

Tad, magram mainc, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formirebebis calkeuli jgufebi<br />

icvlidnen <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebas. amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa “imedis”<br />

nawilis ga<strong>da</strong>nacvleba “mxedrionSi.” meore magaliTia gia<br />

yaryaraSvili, romelic Tavi<strong>da</strong>n mxedrionSi iricxebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

mogvianebiT ki calke razmi “TeTri arwivi” Camoayaliba. 8<br />

8 yvela monacemi 1995 – 1999 wlebis periodis y<strong>of</strong>ili mebrZolebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

politikosebis piradi interviuebis safuZvelzea mopovebuli<br />

163

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

aRniSnuli formirebebis moqmedeba, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, qarTvel <strong>da</strong><br />

erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenel nacionalistTa<br />

pirvel Setakebebs ukavSirdeba. samxedro TvalsazrisiT<br />

formirebebi mciremasStabiani <strong>da</strong> araorganizebuli iyo.<br />

1990 wlis oqtombris mravalpartiul arCevnebSi antikomunisturi<br />

mrgvali magidis gamarjvebis Semdeg, qarTuli<br />

samxedro sistemis aRmSeneblobaSi axali etapi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. axalma<br />

mTavrobam Camoyaliba erovnuli gvardia, romlis saxelwodeba,<br />

funqcia <strong>da</strong> Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosadmi <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba<br />

misi parasamxedro bunebis gamovlena iyo; igi pasuxs ageb<strong>da</strong><br />

sazogadoebriv wesrigsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos teritoriul mTlianobaze.<br />

9 misi, Jan<strong>da</strong>rmeriis msgavsi, elferi or mizans emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>:<br />

rCebo<strong>da</strong> ra sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi, axali<br />

elita, moskovis mxri<strong>da</strong>n mwvave reaqciis SiSiT, Tavs ikaveb<strong>da</strong><br />

bolomde gaemJRavnebina sruli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis<br />

survili. erovnuli armiis nacvlad Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>ze<br />

pasuxismgebeli uwyebis Seqmna nakleb provokaciuli Can<strong>da</strong>.<br />

meores mxriv, aSkara safrTxe, romlis winaSec saqarTvelos<br />

mTavroba idga, samxreT oseTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis avtonomiuri<br />

regionebis separatistuli moZraobebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareob<strong>da</strong>. am<br />

moZraobis SesaCereblad parasamxedro Zalebi adeqvaturi<br />

Can<strong>da</strong>. imavdroulad sagareo Tav<strong>da</strong>cva sabWoTa centris<br />

pasuxismgeblobad rCebo<strong>da</strong>. 10<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad zemoT naTqvamisa, cxadi iyo, rom erovnuli<br />

gvardia momavali erovnuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis birTvad<br />

moiazrebo<strong>da</strong>. axali mTavroba ar malav<strong>da</strong>, rom adre Tu gvian,<br />

erovnuli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopoveba sur<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am konteqstSi<br />

gvardielebs samSoblos <strong>da</strong>mcvelis rols aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. am ganzraxvam<br />

praqtikuli forma erovnuli gvardiis <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebis <strong>da</strong><br />

wrTvnis wesebiT SeiZina. erovnuli gvardia orwliani savaldebulo<br />

samsaxuris safuZvelze kompleqtdebo<strong>da</strong>. adre<br />

Seqmnili yvela parasamxedro formirebisaTvis savaldebulo<br />

9 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos uwyebani 12, 1990 w.<br />

10 axali saqarTvelo, 10 noemberi, 1990w.<br />

164

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> gvardiaSi Sesvla an <strong>da</strong>Sla. 1991 wlis gazafxulze gvardia<br />

12 000 kacisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. axalgazrdebi savaldebulo<br />

gawvevas didi enTuziazmiT xvdebodnen, rac albaT ar moxdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

sazogadoebas gvardia policiur uwyebad rom ar CaeTvala.<br />

gvardiaSi Caewera qarTuli warmoSobis bevri sabWoTa <strong>of</strong>iceri.<br />

gvardiis rigebSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> “TeTri arwivi” <strong>da</strong> “imedi.” “mxedrionimaSvelTa<br />

korpusi” romelmac uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> gamsaxurdias<br />

mTavrobasTan Serigebaze, gauqmebulad gamocxad<strong>da</strong>, misi bevri<br />

wevri ki <strong>da</strong>apatimres.<br />

am xnis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi kvlav ganlagebuli iyo<br />

sabWoTa armiis didi SenaerTebi. garkveuli garemoebebSi, maT<br />

SesaZloa raRac rolic SeesrulebinaT erovnuli armiis<br />

SeqmnaSi, rogorc es ukrainasa <strong>da</strong> belorusiaSi mox<strong>da</strong>. magram<br />

saqarTveloSi es SeuZlebeli iyo. jer erTi, sabWour SenaerTebSi<br />

qarTvel <strong>of</strong>icerTa raodenoba minimaluri iyo. amis<br />

erTerT mizezs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> is, rom ssrk-s arsebobis bolo<br />

periodSi samxedro karieris prestiJi qarTvelebSi sagrZnoblad<br />

<strong>da</strong>eca. 1978 – 1979 wlebSi Tbilisis saartilerio saswavlebelSi<br />

(erTaderTi samxedro skola sabWoTa saqarTveloSi)<br />

ramodenime aseuli kursanti<strong>da</strong>n mxolod ociode iyo qarTveli.<br />

11 erT-erTi qarTveli generlis SefasebiT, sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis periodSi, qarTvelebi sabWour erovnebebs<br />

Soris 1 000 sul moqalaqeze <strong>of</strong>icrebis raodenobiT 72-eni<br />

iyvnen. nawilobriv am mizezis, iseve rogorc qarTul sazogadoebaSi<br />

mzardi eTnikur-nacionalisturi ganwyobis gamo,<br />

sabWoTa jarebi okupaciur Zalad moiazrebo<strong>da</strong>. gamsaxurdias<br />

mTavrobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna maTi gayvana iyo.<br />

marTlac, isini nel-nela tovebdnen saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong> rodesac<br />

1993 wlis SuaxanebSi es procesi droebiT SeCer<strong>da</strong>, qveynis<br />

teritoriaze rCebo<strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa armiis 15 000 – 25 000<br />

mosamsaxure, romelTac amierkavkasiis rusuli jarebis jgufis<br />

birTvi Seadgines.<br />

11 Tbilisis saartilerio skolis y<strong>of</strong>ili kurs<strong>da</strong>mTavrebulni; interviu<br />

avtorTan, dekemberi 1996 w.<br />

165

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

qarTuli armiis mSeneblobis mesame stadia 1991 wlis<br />

aprilSi, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis deklarirebisa <strong>da</strong> gamsaxurdias<br />

prezidentad arCevis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iwyo. parlamentis Tavmjdomaris<br />

postis prezidentobiT Canacvlebis Semdeg gamsaxurdia<br />

Seeca<strong>da</strong> gavleniani samxedro-samoqalaqo liderebis Camocilebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> samxedro Zalebze piradi kontrolis <strong>da</strong>wesebas. 1991<br />

wlis 19 agvistos saprezidento gankargulebiT erovnuli<br />

gvardiis statusi miliciis specialur qve<strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>amde iqna<br />

<strong>da</strong>yvanili, xolo gvardiis sardlis Tanamdeboba gauqm<strong>da</strong>.<br />

imavdroulad, jer kidev sabWoTa respublikebSi avtonomiuri<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gauqmebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />

miRebul iqna moskovSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri 1991 wlis agvistos putCis<br />

mcdelobisas, sagangebo mdgomareobis saxelmwifo komitetis<br />

mier. gamsaxurdias saqcieli nawilobriv motivirebuli iyo<br />

moskovi<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli muqaris SiSiT, ramac, TavisTavad,<br />

sagrZnoblad Searyia gamsaxurdias avtoriteti mis momxreTa<br />

Soris. magram imavdroulad, moskovis moTxovna gamsaxurdiasaTvis<br />

kargi sababic iyo erovnuli gvardiis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

xelmZRvanelobis gzi<strong>da</strong>n Camosacileblad. moskovis saxelmwifo<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis mcdelobis CaSlisa <strong>da</strong> centrisadmi Tavad<br />

ruseTis respublikuri xelmZRvanelobis urCobis fonze,<br />

gamsaxurdiam 1991 wlis 9 seqtembers gamosca brZanebuleba<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros Seqmnis Sesaxeb. gvardias <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong><br />

pirv<strong>and</strong>eli statusi, magram axla igi uSualod prezidentis<br />

<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. misi materialur-teqnikuri<br />

uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a ki Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros <strong>da</strong>evala. 12 paralelurad<br />

iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Sinagani jari,<br />

romelze<strong>da</strong>c ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> gvardiis policiuri funqciebi.<br />

saxelmwifos Senebis gamsaxurdiaseuli strategiis cvlileba<br />

am istoriuli periodis konteqstSi un<strong>da</strong> iyos gagebuli.<br />

sabWouri mmarTvelobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaken gar<strong>da</strong>mavali<br />

periodi <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRar moqme-<br />

12 general-maiori guram nikolaiSvili, interviu avtorTan, oqtomberi<br />

1996 w.<br />

166

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

deb<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kanonebi <strong>da</strong> struqturebi. magram saxelmwifosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> armiis aRmSenebloba umtkivneulod ar mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

mogvianebiT SeiaraRebuli ajanyebiTa <strong>da</strong> gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mxobiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. movlenaTa aseTi ganviTarebis<br />

mizezTa Soris erTerTi iyo gamsaxurdias marcxi samxedro<br />

aRmSeneblobis sferoSi. mTavrobis meryevma <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebam<br />

erovnuli gvardiis mimarT mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli<br />

samxedro reformis procesis arastabilurobas. rogorc male<br />

gairkva, gvardielebma prezidents ar apaties 19 agvistos<br />

brZanebulebiT maTi statusis Selaxva, ramac saTave <strong>da</strong>udo<br />

1991 wlis zamTris SeiaraRebul ajanyebas.<br />

qarTuli samxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobis qaosSi sxva<br />

aspeqtebic ikveTebo<strong>da</strong>. aRsaniSnavia, rom ramodenime parasamxedro<br />

formireba arasodes y<strong>of</strong>ila integrirebuli erovnul<br />

gvardiaSi. gamsaxurdias mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri merab kostavas<br />

sazogadoeba avtonomiasa <strong>da</strong> iaraRs inarCuneb<strong>da</strong>. misi lideri<br />

vaJa a<strong>da</strong>mia parlamentSi arsebul Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis, erovnuli uSiSroebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> marTlwesrigis komisias Tavmjdomareob<strong>da</strong>. igi<br />

iTavseb<strong>da</strong> partiis lideris, formirebis sardlisa <strong>da</strong> kanonmdeblis<br />

funqciebs. igive SieZleba iTqvas Tengiz kitovanis<br />

Sesaxeb. is erTdroulad iyo parlamentis deputati, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

samTavrobo komisiis Tavmjdomare <strong>da</strong> erovnuli gvardiis<br />

sar<strong>da</strong>li. kitovanis Tanamdebobis fonze gvardiis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba<br />

Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosadmi ubralo formalobas<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. igi pirovnul loialobas aRviveb<strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

samoqalaqo pirebisagan <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebul gvardiis <strong>of</strong>icrebSi,<br />

romelnic Tava<strong>da</strong>c, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, y<strong>of</strong>ili samoqalaqo pirebi<br />

iyvnen <strong>da</strong> naklebad icnobdnen pr<strong>of</strong>esionali samxedroebis<br />

eTikas. amrigad, formaluri iarliyebis safarqveS, qarTul<br />

SeiaraRebul ZalebSi isev klanur-feo<strong>da</strong>luri suliskveTeba<br />

dominireb<strong>da</strong>. erisadmi erTgulebis popularuli lozungi ver<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo institutebisadmi loialobaSi.<br />

1991 wlis agvistoSi a<strong>da</strong>miasa <strong>da</strong> kitovanis Tanamdebobebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong>Txovis Semdeg, romlebsac Tavi<strong>da</strong>n arc ise TanamSromlobiTi<br />

urTierTobebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T, gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg gaerTian<strong>da</strong>.<br />

167

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

1991 wlis dekemberSi gamsaxurdias momxreebsa <strong>da</strong> mowinaaRmdegeebs<br />

Soris gamarTul Tbilisis omSi kitovansa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mias<br />

xelaxla Sekrebili “mxedrionic” SeuerT<strong>da</strong>. am suraTs isic<br />

arTuleb<strong>da</strong>, rom orive mxare rusi samxedroebisgan elo<strong>da</strong><br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras, zogi maRal politikur doneze, sxvebi ki adgilobrivad<br />

ganlagebuli sabWoTa jarebis meTaurebisagan. gasakviri<br />

araa, rom rusebis frTxili simpatiebi ajanyebulebisaken<br />

ixrebo<strong>da</strong>. nacionalisturma ritorikam gamsaxurdias kargi<br />

samsaxuri ver gauwia ruseTTan urTierTobaSi.<br />

1992 – 1993 w.w. saqarTvelos samxedro aRmSeneblobis meoTxe<br />

stadias warmoadgens. es yvelaze qaoturi <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli periodia saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi. Sesabamisad,<br />

samxedro Zalebi sagangebo viTarebaSi, <strong>da</strong>ugegmavad<br />

iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> - konceptualuri orientiris gareSe. 13 qaRaldze<br />

yvelaferi metnaklebad organizebuli Can<strong>da</strong>, Tumca xSiri<br />

cvlilebebiT <strong>da</strong>R<strong>da</strong>smuli. 1992 w. ianvarSi umaRlesi xelisufleba<br />

amboxebulTa mier Seqmnil samxedro sabWos xelSi<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, Tumca mokle vadiT. oriod TveSi mas Caenacvla<br />

saxelmwifo sabWo eduard SevardnaZis xelmZRvanelobiT,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros organizeba<br />

SevardnaZem TiTqmis nuli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo. ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong> jarebis<br />

saarmio korpusebad organizeba. 1992 wlis aprilSi Seiqmna<br />

pirveli namdvili saarmio nawilis - meTerTmete briga<strong>da</strong>.<br />

zafxulSi rusma samxedro moxeleebma saqarTveloSi ganlagebuli<br />

sabWoTa sawyobebi<strong>da</strong>n Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis didi<br />

raodenoba ga<strong>da</strong>sces Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis axal saministros. imave wels<br />

<strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> sasazRvro jari. erovnul gvardias Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros<br />

“swrafi reagirebis korpusi” ewo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

saministros <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong>. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros<br />

kvlavindeburad SeunarCun<strong>da</strong> Sinagani jarebis kontroli.<br />

1993 wels mTavroba Seudga maSvelTa korpusis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

departamentis formirebas, romelSic “mxedrionelTa”<br />

13 Richard Wolff, “The Armed Forces <strong>of</strong> Georgia-An Up<strong>da</strong>te”, Jane’s Intelligence Review,<br />

Europe tomi 6, #12, dekemberi 1994 w., gb 559-561<br />

168

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

didi nawili un<strong>da</strong> Sesuliyo. <strong>da</strong>narCenebs ki SeiaraRebul<br />

jarebSi gaerTianeba <strong>da</strong>evalaT. Tumca, realurad, rogorc<br />

erovnuli gvardia ise “mxedrionic” <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas inarCuneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ioseliani, romelic 1992 wlis Semodgomaze parlamentis<br />

wevri <strong>da</strong> uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis 14 erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomare<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>, isev “mxedrionis” Seucvlel sardlad rCebo<strong>da</strong>. gia<br />

yaryaraSvili iyo erTaderTi pirovneba, visac gvardielebi<br />

emorCilebodnen, rodesac man kitovani Secvala gvardiis<br />

sardlis Tanamdebobaze. 1993 wlis maisSi, rodesac SevardnaZe<br />

kitovans <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong>, am ukanasknelis posti - Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

ministroba - yaryaraSvils ergo. amieri<strong>da</strong>n yaryaraSvili<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis integraciiT <strong>da</strong>interes<strong>da</strong>. SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zalebis axali, 1993 wlis maisSi SemuSavebuli struqtura aRar<br />

axseneb<strong>da</strong> swrafi reagirebis korpussa Tu erovnul gvardias.<br />

gvardiis batalionebi meTerTmete armiis briga<strong>da</strong>Si gaerTian<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>da</strong>Cqar<strong>da</strong> pirveli <strong>da</strong> meore korpusebis formireba. Tumca<br />

mxedrioni am procesSi ar monawileob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1992 – 1993 wlebis afxazeTis konfliqtis dros qarTuli<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sakadro <strong>da</strong> organizaciuli cvlilebebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, realuri progresi ar SeimCneo<strong>da</strong>. batalionebi<br />

mxolod ramodenime aTeuli kaciT iyo <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebuli. rig<br />

SemTxvevebSi isini TviTon irCendnen meTaurs. mebrZolTa did<br />

nawils uWir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxeleba, Tu romel SenaerTs ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> misi<br />

razmi. rigi formirebebi e.w. ubnebis saZmoebiT iyo <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebuli.<br />

iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac jariskacebi <strong>da</strong> axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>of</strong>icrebi frontis xazze y<strong>of</strong>nis vadebs Tavad gansazRvravdnen;<br />

rig SemTxvevebSi erTi <strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>i<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi<br />

inacvlebdnen. TviT Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministric ki zogjer arsebiTad,<br />

batalionis meTauris funqcias asruleb<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />

rom Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros 1993 wlis maisSi miRebuli axali<br />

struqturiT, erovnuli gvardia gauqmebulad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rogorc maRali rangis erTerTi meTauri ixseneb<strong>da</strong>, mas<br />

14 1995 wels, konstituciis miRebis Semdeg, aRniSnul struqturis<br />

nacvlad erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo Seiqmna.<br />

169

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

arasodes Seuwyvetia funqcionireba. 15 1993 wlis oqtomberSi<br />

ki SevardnaZem gvardiis formaluri aRdgenis brZaneba gamosca.<br />

samxedro xelmZRvanelebi faqtiurad e.w. savele meTaurebis<br />

kategorias ganekuTvnebodnen <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo xelisuflebis<br />

mimarT garkveul indifirentobas iCendnen. samxedro<br />

Zalebze saparlamento kontroli mxolod qaRaldze rCebo<strong>da</strong><br />

an saerTod ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. ministris postze <strong>da</strong>niSnuli kitovani<br />

rig SemTxvevebSi SevardnaZes ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

sakiTxebSi, miaCn<strong>da</strong> ra, rom saxelmwifos meTaurs mxolod<br />

sagareo politikis mogvareba ekisrebo<strong>da</strong>. erT-erT preskonferenciaze<br />

man ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom parlamentsa <strong>da</strong> SevardnaZes ki<br />

ara, “xalxsa” <strong>da</strong> armias un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita vin iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

ministri.<br />

naxevrad avtonomiuri formirebebis gar<strong>da</strong> arsebobdnen<br />

xelisuflebas sruliad <strong>da</strong>umorCilebeli razmebic. <strong>da</strong>mxobili<br />

prezidentis, gamsaxurdias SeiaraRebuli momxreebi periodulad<br />

axerxebdnen <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos raionebis gakontrolebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi ganlagebuli jarebis Tbilisisgan<br />

mowyvetas. imave periodSi aWaris lideri aslan abaSiZe sakuTar<br />

laSqars ayalibeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gamsaxurdiasgan gansxvavebiT, SevardnaZem mainc SesZlo<br />

garkveuli kontrolis SenarCuneba rTul <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qucmacebul<br />

samxedro-politikur garemoze. misi popularobis mTavari<br />

iaraRi pirovnuli gavlena iyo, radgan qarTuli politikuri<br />

scenis TiTqmis yvela moTamaSe Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom mxolod SevardnaZes<br />

SeeZlo sarTaSoriso Tanadgomis mopoveba. amasTan erTad<br />

igi “<strong>da</strong>hyavi <strong>da</strong> ibatones” misTvis kargad Cveul meTodsac<br />

iyeneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> erTdroulad arasodes upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong> yvela<br />

SeiaraRebul liders. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi SevardnaZe<br />

gamsaxurdias momxreebTan saerTo enis gamonaxvasac ar<br />

Takilob<strong>da</strong>. aseTi meTodebiT man Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan CamoiSora gzi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

kitovani, ioseliani <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli jgufebis nakleb cnobili<br />

15 maiori koba liklikaZe, saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros<br />

prescentris ufrosi, interviu avtorTan, 27 seqtemberi, 1999 w.<br />

170

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

liderebi. Tavisi Zalauflebis konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciisaTvis man<br />

mSvenivrad gamoiyena ucxouri Tanadgoma <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, rac gamsaxurdias arasodes qon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1994 – 1995 wlebi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti periodi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> SevardnaZis<br />

pirovnuli Zalauflebis konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciisaTvis. es wlebi<br />

SeiZleba CaiTvalos saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmnis<br />

mexuTe etapad. afxazeTSi gancdili marcxis Semdeg, SevardnaZem<br />

1993 wlis oqtomberSi <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifoebis<br />

TanamegobrobaSi gawevrianebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miiRo <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTveloSi rusuli jarebis y<strong>of</strong>nac <strong>da</strong>akanona. am nabijiT<br />

igi gamsaxurdias momxreTa winaaRmdeg ruseTis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

mopovebas Seeca<strong>da</strong>; gamsaxurdiam isargebla SevardnaZis<br />

marcxiT afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos did nawilze<br />

sakuTari kontrolis <strong>da</strong>myareba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. SevardnaZis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa<br />

Sedegad saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa, usafrTxoebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministroebi moskovis favaritebis<br />

xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. am politikam saTave <strong>da</strong>udo naxevrad kanonieri<br />

SeiaraRebuli formirebebisa <strong>da</strong> im samxedro liderebis gzi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Camocilebas, romelTa TviTneburi moqmedebebi centralur<br />

xelisuflebas uqmni<strong>da</strong> safrTxes. Tumca amiT samoqalaqo<br />

xelisuflebis winaSe mdgomi problemebi ar amowurula.<br />

uSiSroebis axali ministri igor giorgaZe gamorCeulad<br />

Zlier figurad warmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad SevardnaZis eWvebis<br />

axali obieqtic gax<strong>da</strong>. savaraudod, giorgaZe ukanono iaraRisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sigaretis kontraban<strong>da</strong>Si monawileob<strong>da</strong> Tavisi rusuli<br />

nacnobobis wyalobiT. ruseTis uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong> samxedro<br />

maRalCinosnebi mas ufro ucxadebdnen ndobas vidre SevardnaZes,<br />

romelsac sabWoTa imperiis <strong>da</strong>mangrevlad moiazrebdnen.<br />

SvardnaZisa <strong>da</strong> giorgaZis konfliqti 1995 wels gamoaSkarav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

im periodSi ukve warsuls bardebo<strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebul formirebaTa<br />

ukontrolo TareSi TareSi. qarTvelebi mouTmenlad<br />

elodnen mSvidobis <strong>da</strong>myarebas <strong>da</strong> ekonomiuri pirobebis<br />

gaumjobesebis perspeqtivas, gansakuTrebiT ki mas Semdeg rac<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTma interesi gamoiCina saqarTvelos mimarT. rogorc<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, giorgaZes unari ar Seswev<strong>da</strong> politikurad an Zalis<br />

171

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

gamoyenebiT metoqeoba gaewia SvardnaZisaTvis. samoqalaqo Tu<br />

eTnikuri omebis qartexiliT gatanjuli saqarTvelos mosaxleoba<br />

samxedro formian mmarTvels naklebad Seeguebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> amisa giorgaZes didi samxedro Zalac ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. 1994 wels<br />

ruseTis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT Seqmnili uSiSroebis saministros specialuri<br />

briga<strong>da</strong> ver ajobeb<strong>da</strong> sxva, e.w. Zalovani uwyebebis 16<br />

koleqtiur Zalas, romlis liderebsac Tavisi sakuTari<br />

ambiciebi gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

wina wlebis msgavsad, SevardnaZe kvlav ganagrZob<strong>da</strong><br />

SeiaraRebuli uwyebebis momravlebis <strong>da</strong> maTi erTmaneTiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>balansebis Cveul politikas. 1995 wels am politikam SZedegi<br />

gamoiRo. 1992-1993 wlebis samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri konfliqtebis<br />

dros Seqmnil uwyebebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, axali Zalovani<br />

struqturebi ukeT institucionalizebuli <strong>da</strong> disciplinirebuli<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>. aseT garemoebaSi moskovi veRar <strong>da</strong>uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars<br />

axal ga<strong>da</strong>trialebas - radgan es ukve aSkarad miuRebeli<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> qarTveli <strong>da</strong> evropuli sazogadoebisaTvis. ruseTisaTvis<br />

ufro gonivruli xdebo<strong>da</strong> Tavad SevardnaZesTan<br />

TanamSromloba.<br />

1995 wlis agvistoSi saxelmwifos meTaurze ganxorcielebuli<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis mcdelobis Semdeg, romlis sruly<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

gamoZiebac kvlav momavlis saqmed rCeba, SevardnaZem misi<br />

pirovnuli ZalauflebisaTvis yvelaze saSiSi figurebi -<br />

giorgaZe <strong>da</strong> mxedrionis lideri jaba ioseliani moicila.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis organizeba maT <strong>da</strong>bral<strong>da</strong>T. am droisaTvis momZlavrebuli<br />

policia Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan aniaraReb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sli<strong>da</strong> mxedrions, rac<br />

ioselians Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT izolaciaSi aqcev<strong>da</strong>. 1995 wlis<br />

seqtemberSi saqarTveloSi ganlagebuli ruseTis samxedro<br />

16 Zalovani uwyebebi sityvasityviTi Targmania rusuli cnebisa “ñèëîâûå<br />

ñòðóêòóðû”. es gamoTqma miRebulia postsabWota qveynebSi <strong>da</strong> gulisxmobs<br />

armias, policias, uSiSroebis struqturebs, sasazRvro <strong>da</strong>cvas <strong>da</strong> rig<br />

sxva gasamxedroebul Zalebs, romlebic arasodes y<strong>of</strong>ila sworad <strong>da</strong><br />

bolomde urTierTgamijnuli. <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT<br />

inglisurenovani Jurnali “Zalovani institutebi post. sabWour<br />

institutebSi” http//www.pipss.org/<br />

172

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

bazi<strong>da</strong>n giorgaZe ruseTSi gaiqca, ramac kidev ufro gaaZliera<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis mcdelobaSi misi (<strong>da</strong> rusi Cinosnebis) pirovnuli<br />

monawileobis eWvi. giorgaZis gaqcevam, iseve rogorc ioselianis<br />

<strong>da</strong>patimrebam <strong>da</strong>aCqara Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis reformis<br />

Semdgomi etapi. SevardnaZes meti Tavisufleba mieca piradi<br />

arCevaniT waremarTa samxedro aRmSenebloba, radgan mis<br />

garSemo Semokrebil politikosebsa <strong>da</strong> samxedro maRal-<br />

Cinosnebs Zala <strong>da</strong> gavlena ar ey<strong>of</strong>o<strong>da</strong>T, rom misi survilis<br />

winaaRmdeg wasuliyvnen.<br />

1995 wlis Semodgomi<strong>da</strong>n 1998 w. gazafxulamde samxedro<br />

mSeneblobis axali, rigiT meeqvse etapi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis<br />

armiis qarTuli warmoSobis generali vardiko nadibaiZe,<br />

romelic adre saqarTveloSi ganlagebuli rusuli kontingentis<br />

sardlis moadgile iyo, 1998 wlis gazafxulamde<br />

uZRvebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul Zalebs. 1994 wlis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mdegs, rodesac man Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministris posti <strong>da</strong>ikava,<br />

qarTul armias <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 50 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva zomisa <strong>da</strong> misiis<br />

<strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>i Seadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maTSi 49 000 kaci iricxebo<strong>da</strong>. 17 samxedro<br />

gawveva im periodSi 18 sporadulad an <strong>da</strong>bali masStabiT xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Sesabamisad, armiisa <strong>da</strong> erovnuli gvardiis <strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>ebSi<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d moxaliseebi Sediodnen. samxedro samsaxurSi<br />

Caricxuli bevri <strong>of</strong>iceri <strong>da</strong> jariskaci iSviaTad cxaddebo<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavis nawilSi. aRniSnuli 49 000 kaci<strong>da</strong>n erTdroulad mxolod<br />

ramodenime aTasi jariskaci Tu imy<strong>of</strong>ebo<strong>da</strong> dislokaciis<br />

adgilze.<br />

nadibaiZis ministrobis dros armiis ricxovnoba Semcir<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> samxedro gawvevebis sistema ufro organizebuli gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

bevrma arapr<strong>of</strong>esionalma <strong>of</strong>icerma <strong>da</strong>tova armiis rigebi,<br />

romelsac axla metwilad sabWoTa samxedro gamocdilebis mqone<br />

asakovani generlebi uZRvebodnen. 1996 wels axalma sistemam<br />

met-naklebad <strong>da</strong>srulebuli forma SeiZina. saarmio korpusis<br />

17 sarke, oqtomberi 18, 1995<br />

18 gawveva warmoeb<strong>da</strong> 1992 wels miRebuli kanoniT “Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sayovelTa savaldebulo samsaxuris Sesaxeb” sinamdvileSi kanonmdebloba<br />

naklebad moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

173

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

sistema gauqm<strong>da</strong> im mizeziT, rom igi gamousadegar biurokratiul<br />

rgolad CaTvales brigadebsa <strong>da</strong> umaRles sardlobas<br />

Soris. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zalebi, romelic axla 30 000 kacs iTvli<strong>da</strong>, 7 motomsroleli, 1<br />

Sereuli tipis sazRvao brigadebad, sahaero Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sahaero Zalebis <strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>ebad <strong>da</strong> ramodenime calkeul batalionad<br />

<strong>da</strong>iyo. erovnuli gvardia Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros<br />

departamentad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca <strong>da</strong> misi savele nawilebi erTi brigadis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi gaerTian<strong>da</strong>. 19<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros jarebi mTavrobis erTaderT<br />

samxedro resurss ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. 1994 wels sasazRvro<br />

Zalebi gamoeyo Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros. imave wels SevardnaZem<br />

saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>cvis specialuri samsaxuri Seqmna. 1995 wels<br />

usafrTxoebis saministrosTan arsebuli specialuri briga<strong>da</strong><br />

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros ga<strong>da</strong>eca. 1997 wels, specialuri<br />

saparlamento <strong>da</strong>dgenilebiT, samxedro Zalebis saerTo<br />

raodenoba 42 000 jariskaciTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>of</strong>iceriT ganisazRvra.<br />

samxedro mosamsaxureTa raodenobis parlamentis doneze<br />

gansazRvra erTaderTi sakanonmdeblo siaxle ar y<strong>of</strong>ila. 1995<br />

wels miRebuli konstitucia samxedro reformirebis processac<br />

Seexo, gansakuTrebiT samxedro Zalebze samoqalaqo<br />

kontrolis sferos. axali konstituciiT, saqarTvelo saprezidento<br />

mmarTvelobis sitemaze ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. prezidentive<br />

axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> samxedro Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>lis<br />

funqcias. 1995 w. saparlamento <strong>da</strong> saprezidento arCevnebis<br />

Semdeg, samoqalaqo kontrolis sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebis<br />

xelaxali formireba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. aRsaniSnavia kanonebi Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis,<br />

saxelmwifo saidumloebis, ndobis jgufis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> zogadi<br />

administraciuli kodeqsi. 1998 wels parlamentis sami wevrisgan<br />

Semdgari ndobis jgufi Seiqmna, romelsac monitoringi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ganexorcielebina samxedro <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis saidumlo<br />

programaze.<br />

19 parlamentis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis komitetis wevrebi, interviu<br />

avtorTan oqtomberi, 1996.<br />

174

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

samxedro Zalebis uaxlesi istoriis me-7 etapi 1998 wels<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo. usafrTxoebis y<strong>of</strong>ili ministris jemal gaxokiZis<br />

TqmiT, am wels ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>, rom saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sagareo polikis veqtori erTxel <strong>da</strong> sabolood <strong>da</strong>savleTisken<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> mimarTuli. 20 imave wels evropis sabWom ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita<br />

<strong>da</strong>ekmay<strong>of</strong>ilebina saqarTvelos gawevrianebis survili.<br />

<strong>da</strong>savluri navTobis kompaniebi, iseve rogorc SeerTebuli<br />

Statebisa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis mTavrobebi sabolood <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdnen<br />

didi aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis navTobsadenis mSeneblobas<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT. <strong>da</strong>savleTis mzardi <strong>da</strong>interesebiT<br />

gamxnevebulma SevardnaZem, romlisaTvisac aseve<br />

naTeli xdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>kargul teritoriebs ruseTis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />

veRar <strong>da</strong>ibruneb<strong>da</strong>, dsT-s koleqtiuri uSiSroebis<br />

xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>toveba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. saqarTvelos mTavrobam<br />

ufro aqtiurad <strong>da</strong>iwyo muSaoba qveynis teritorii<strong>da</strong>n rusuli<br />

samxedro bazebis gayvanis mimarTulebiT. dRis wesrigSi<br />

dgebo<strong>da</strong> natoSi gawevrianebis survilis deklarireba.<br />

axali orientaciis simtkiceze mogvianebiT gaCenili eWvebis<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, es cvlilebebi aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobas<br />

meti gaekeTebina samxedro Zalebis marTvisa <strong>da</strong> kontrolis<br />

meqanizmebis <strong>da</strong>savlur stan<strong>da</strong>rtebze ga<strong>da</strong>sayvanad. 1998 wlis<br />

aprilSi nadibaiZe Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministris posti<strong>da</strong>n gaaTavisufles.<br />

igi erTerTi parasamxedro formirebis y<strong>of</strong>ilma<br />

meTaurma <strong>da</strong>viT TevzaZem Secvala. imave periodSi parlamentis<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis komitetis Tavjdomare revaz<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miam <strong>da</strong>arwmuna prezidenti usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi<br />

mrCevelTa saerTaSoriso sabWos (ISAB) Seqmnis saWiroebaSi,<br />

romelic baltiispireTis qveynebSi arsebuli msgavsi institutebis<br />

analogi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. 1999 wels ISAB-ma warmoadgina<br />

rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi, romlebic samxedro Zalebis ricxovnobis<br />

Semcirebas, uwyebaTaSorisi paralelizmis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvras, <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis TeTri<br />

wignis Seqmnas <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministris Tanamdebobaze samo-<br />

20 axali Taoba, oqtomberi 19, 1999<br />

175

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

qalaqo piris <strong>da</strong>niSvnas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>. imavdroulad SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis eqspertebi saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros<br />

exmarebodnen <strong>da</strong>savluri stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis generaluri Stabis,<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis resursebis marTvis centris Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

biujetis SemuSavebaSi. magram, saboloo jamSi, mTavrobam ver<br />

SeZlo am rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciaTa ganxorcieleba.<br />

2001 w. 11 seqtembris cnobili movlenebis Semdeg SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis mier terorizmis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>wyebulma omma<br />

saintereso gverdiTi efeqti iqonia qarTul samxedro Zalebze.<br />

reformatorulad ganwyobil samxedro <strong>da</strong> politikur liderebTan<br />

konsultaciiT, SeerTebulma Statebma wamoiwyo<br />

wvrTnisa <strong>da</strong> aRWurvis programa (GTEP). Sedegad, 2003 wlisaTvis<br />

qarTulma armiam miiRo <strong>da</strong>bali intensivobis konfliqtebSi<br />

samoqmedod gawrTvnili 4 pr<strong>of</strong>esionaluri batalioni. SevardnaZis<br />

mTavrobis winaaRmdegobrivi samxedro saqmianobi<strong>da</strong>n es<br />

iyo bolo <strong>da</strong> albaT yvelaze mizanmimarTuli nabiji.<br />

Tbilisma ver moaxerxa qveyanaSi ganlagebul SeiaraRebul<br />

Zalebze sruli kontrolis <strong>da</strong>weseba. afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> oseTSi<br />

arsebul ukontrolo Zalebs kvlav ematebo<strong>da</strong> aWaris lideris,<br />

aslan abaSiZis razmebi. vardebis revoluciis dros aslan<br />

abaSiZis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi, gadmocemiT, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT oci tanki<br />

<strong>da</strong> javSanmanqana, ramdenime Sveulmfreni <strong>da</strong> sanapiro katerebi<br />

Sedio<strong>da</strong>. misi specialuri <strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>ebi 500 – 1000 kacisgan<br />

Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. SevardnaZes arasodes SeeZlo gaekontrolebia<br />

abaSiZis saqmianoba <strong>da</strong> misi TanamSromloba baTumSi ganlagebuli<br />

samxedro bazis xelmZRvanelobasTan. ufro metic, Tbilisma<br />

ver SesZlo saerTo enis gamonaxva moskovTan am droisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCenili ori rusuli bazis (baTumis <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis) gayvanis<br />

Sesaxeb, ris Taobazec mxareebs un<strong>da</strong> moelaparakaT 1999<br />

noembris euTos samitze miRweuli SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad. 2004<br />

wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi 3000-6000 rusi samxedro kvlav rCebo<strong>da</strong><br />

baTumisa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis bazebze. qveynis <strong>da</strong>savleTSi (afxazeTis<br />

konfliqtis zonis mimdebare) <strong>da</strong> pankisis xeobaSi<br />

moqmedi partizanuli <strong>da</strong> kriminaluri <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi ki gasamxedroebuli<br />

formirebebis mesame saxeoba iyo, romelic saqarT-<br />

176

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

velos mTavrobis kontrols ar eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>. 2002 wels,<br />

ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> SeerTebuli Statebis moTxovniT, qarTulma<br />

samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavma uwyebebma bolos<strong>da</strong>bolos specialuri<br />

operacia ganaxorcieles pankisis xeobaSi. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wyaroebis<br />

Tamaxmad, qarTvelebTan Setakebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad,<br />

CeCnurma SeiaraRebulma formirebebma xeoba <strong>da</strong>toves. 21<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1994 wlis Semdeg<br />

SevardnaZis reJimma warmatebas miaRwia iaraRiani xalxis<br />

TareSis aRkveTaSi. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, samxedro Zalebi SeiZina ufro<br />

disciplinirebuli gax<strong>da</strong>. magram mTavrobam ver SeZlo aucilebeli<br />

reformebis gatareba. man ver moaxerxa efeqturi Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

sistemis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo kontrolisa <strong>da</strong> ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis<br />

qmediTi demokratiuli meqanizmebis <strong>da</strong>nergva. sul<br />

ufro mkvidrdebo<strong>da</strong> azri, rom saqarTvelo susti, metic,<br />

arSemdgari saxelmwifoa. yovelive es gansakuTrebiT naTeli<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong> vardebis revoluciis wina periodSi.<br />

winamdebare Tavis momdevno ori nawili samxedro reformis<br />

im or mniSvnelovan gamowvevas exeba, romlis mimarTac<br />

SevardnaZis administraciam adekvaturi zomebi ver miiRo.<br />

pirveli samxedro Zalebze samoqalaqo kontrolis ganxorcielebaa,<br />

meore ki, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis strategiis<br />

ganviTareba.<br />

samxedro Zalebze samoqalaqo kontroli<br />

“me mesmis, Tu risTvisaa policia - uTxra erTxel SevardnaZem<br />

Tavis erTerT mrCevels - <strong>da</strong> rogor warmarTs igi yoveldRiur<br />

saqmianobas, magram netav es samxedroebi raRaze<br />

fiqroben TavianT yazarmebSi?” 22 am remarkam gamoamJRavna<br />

21 rusuli bazebis sakiTxsa <strong>da</strong> pankisSi ganlagebul CeCenTa gamo<br />

ruseTTan konfliqtis Sesaxeb ixileT jaba dev<strong>da</strong>rianisa <strong>da</strong> oqsana<br />

antonenkos naSromebi winamdebare krebulSi.<br />

22 y<strong>of</strong>ili maRalCinosani saqalaqo piri. konfidencialuri interviu<br />

avtorTan, Tebervali 2003.<br />

177

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

SevardnaZis Rrma eWvi samxedroebis mimarT, iseve rogorc<br />

demokratiuli samxedro - samoqalaqo urTierTobis ucodinaroba.<br />

samuel hantingtonis termini rom gamoviyenoT,<br />

samxedroebze samoqalaqo kontroli saqarTveloSi 1995<br />

wlisaTvis “subieqturobas” inarCuneb<strong>da</strong>. 23 SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zalebis politikuri <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebis xazebi<br />

bundovani iyo. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samTavrobo struqturebi <strong>da</strong><br />

politikuri <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi eqiSpebodnen erTmaneTs samxedro<br />

sistemis gakontrolebasa <strong>da</strong> marTvaSi im<strong>da</strong>gvarad, rom Tavad<br />

samxedroebs sakuTari politikuri Tu pirovnuli interesebiT<br />

moqmedebis SesaZlebloba eZleo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxebSi erTiani xedvis ararseboba mniSvnelovanwilad<br />

1995 wlis konstitucii<strong>da</strong>nac momdinareob<strong>da</strong>. am<br />

dokumentis mixedviT parlaments evalebo<strong>da</strong> saSinao <strong>da</strong> sagareo<br />

politikis mTavari mimarTulebebis gansazRvra, prezidents ki<br />

am politikis warmarTva hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli. 24 qarTul enaSi<br />

terminebis “gansazRvra” <strong>da</strong> “warmarTva” - mniSvneloba Znelad<br />

gasamijnia. es orazrovneba Tavis TavSi gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> imis<br />

SesaZleblobas, rom instituciur CarCoebze maRla piradi<br />

gavlena, qarizma <strong>da</strong>mdgariyo. an, Tun<strong>da</strong>c meore magaliTi:<br />

saqarTvelos konstituciis 98-e muxliT prezidenti ganesazRvrav<strong>da</strong><br />

samxedro Zalebis struqturas, xolo maTi<br />

raodenoba parlaments un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>edgina. Sedegad, Tu prezidenti<br />

<strong>da</strong> parlamenti ver SeTanxmdebodnen armiis Semadgenlobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgenaze, problema iolad ver mogvardebo<strong>da</strong>. arc is iyo<br />

iolad gasagebi, rogor SeeZlo prezidents SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zalebis struqturis gansazRvra Tu ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli,<br />

rom parlamenti uzrunvely<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong> mas saWiro iaraRiTa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxedro mosamsaxureebiT.<br />

23 Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier <strong>and</strong> the State: the Theory <strong>and</strong> Politics <strong>of</strong> Civil-<br />

Military Relations (New York: Vintage Books, 1964) gv. 162-192. hantingtoni exeba<br />

situaciebs, rodesac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva politikur organoebs aqvT ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis<br />

paraleluri rolebi, rac samxedroebs politikur vaWrobaSi<br />

CarTvis Sanss aZlevs.<br />

24 saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxlebi 48, 49.<br />

178

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

ufro metic, rig SemTxvevebSi, parlamentis mier miRebuli<br />

kanonebi ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos konstitucias.<br />

magaliTisaTvis, konstituciis 78-e muxli krZalav<strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis,<br />

sapolicio <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebis nebismier<br />

gaerTianebas. magram 1997 wlis kanoniT Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb<br />

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Sianagani jarebi samxedro Zalebis<br />

nawilad cxaddebo<strong>da</strong>. amasTan, Sinagani jarebis kanonis<br />

Tanaxmad, sagangebo situaciebis SemTxvevaSi maT sar<strong>da</strong>ls<br />

adgilobrivi policiis moqmedebis koordinacia evalebo<strong>da</strong>. 25<br />

saqarTvelos kanonebis winaaRmdegobriobis naTeli ilustraciaa<br />

saxelmwifo saidumloebis sakiTxic. sakmaod liberaluri<br />

zogadi administarciuli kodeqsis Tanaxmad, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

sferoSi saidumlo iyo informacia operatiul gegmebze, moqmed<br />

operaciebsa <strong>da</strong> maT monawileebze. magram saxelmwifo saidumloebebis<br />

nusxa, romelic igive saxelwodebis specialur kanons<br />

erTvo<strong>da</strong>, krZalav<strong>da</strong> informaciis gamJRavnebas samxedro Zalebis<br />

ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> organizaciaze, nawilTa Seqmnaze, jarebis <strong>da</strong><br />

iaraRis raodenobaze, samxedro <strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>ebSi maT ganawilebaze. 26<br />

winaaRmdegobriobaTa CamonaTvali kidev ufro Sors midis.<br />

zogierTi kanoni realurad rom amoqmedebuliyo, prezidentsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> parlaments Soris uamrav, ga<strong>da</strong>uwyvetel gaugebrobas<br />

eqnebo<strong>da</strong> adgili. rigi sxva kanonebisa ki Zalze mcire Sanss<br />

<strong>da</strong>toveb<strong>da</strong> demokratiuli angariSgebisa <strong>da</strong> gamWvirvalobisaTvis.<br />

ase magaliTad, kanoniT saxelmwifo saidumloebis<br />

Sesaxeb SeuZlebeli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> kvalificiuri saparlamento<br />

debatebis Catareba Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros xarjebis Sesaxeb.<br />

Tumca, realurad, aseTi debatebi, marTalia arapr<strong>of</strong>esionalurad<br />

<strong>da</strong> SezRuduli informirebis pirobebSi, mainc<br />

imarTebo<strong>da</strong>. deputatebi ar flobdnen informacias Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

biujetis specifikuri detalebis Sesaxeb, rom aRaraferi<br />

vTqvaT samxedroebis arasabiujeto Semosavlebsa <strong>da</strong> xarjebze.<br />

simptomaturia, rom Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis komitetisa<br />

25 kanoni Sinagani jarebis Sesaxeb, aprili 30, 1998<br />

26 saqarTvelos respublika, Tebervali 4, 1997<br />

179

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

<strong>da</strong> ndobis jgufis Tavjdomarem, romelsac nebismieri saidumlo<br />

informacia un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>, 2000 wlis martSi ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

mas ar miuwvdebo<strong>da</strong> xeli Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros <strong>da</strong>finansebis<br />

detalebze. 27<br />

saerTod, am sferoSi kanoni mudmivad irRveo<strong>da</strong>. politikosebs,<br />

Jurnalistebsa <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />

warmomadgenlebs yazarmebis vizitisas problemebi naklebad<br />

eqmnebo<strong>da</strong>T. <strong>of</strong>icerTa gamokiTxviT, romelTac an ar icodnen<br />

kanonis moTxovnebi, an ar a<strong>da</strong>rdeb<strong>da</strong>T maTi simkacre, isini<br />

sistematurad ecnobodnen nawilebSi arsebul mdgomareobas.<br />

meore mxriv, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministro ugulvebely<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />

kanonier movaleobas ndobis jgufisTvis swori finansuri<br />

informaciis miwodebis Sesaxeb. ase magaliTad, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

saministro asxviseb<strong>da</strong> gamouyenebel qonebas, magram parlamentarebi<br />

verafriT igebdnen amgvarad miRebuli arasabiujeto<br />

Semosavlebis odenobas.<br />

problemis saTave korufciasa <strong>da</strong> saxsrebis aramiznobriv<br />

xarjvaSia saZiebeli, rac farTod iyo gavrcelebuli SevardnaZis<br />

mmarTvelobis yvela sferoSi. TviT prezidents problemis<br />

masStabebze mxolod zogadi warmodgena hqon<strong>da</strong> Seqmnili.<br />

kontrolis palata, romelsac biujetis xarjvis auditireba<br />

evalebo<strong>da</strong>, xan<strong>da</strong>xan amowmeb<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros <strong>da</strong><br />

asobiT aTasi dolaris aramiznobrivi gamoyenebis faqtebs<br />

asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>. 1999 wels, magaliTad saministrom saxelfaso xarji<br />

mxolod 66 procentiT Seasrula, imavdroulad ki samivlinebo<br />

Tanxebi 42 procentiT iyo ga<strong>da</strong>xarjuli. 28 pasuxi aravisTvis<br />

mouTxoviaT, radgan Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis maRalCinosnebi acxadebdnen,<br />

rom ga<strong>da</strong>xarjvebi Tu xelfasebis <strong>da</strong>valianeba xazinis brali<br />

27 saqarTvelos parlamentis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis komitetis<br />

mier Catarebuli seminari Temaze: samxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobebi,<br />

marti 21, 2000<br />

28 saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis angariSi 1999 wlis saxelmwifo<br />

biujetis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb (Tbilisi, gamouqveynebeli masala<br />

saqarTvelos parlamentis kvleviTi departamenti<strong>da</strong>n, 200 weli),<br />

gv. 44-45<br />

180

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

iyo, romelic saWiro Tanxebs xan <strong>da</strong>gvianebiT ricxav<strong>da</strong>, xanac<br />

saerTod ar aZlev<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis mougvarebeli xarjTaRricxva finansuri xasia-<br />

Tis problemebis mxolod erTi mxare iyo. afxazeTSi gancdili<br />

marcxis Semdegac ki, kriminaluri elferis mqone e.w omis<br />

ekonomika kvlav funqcionireb<strong>da</strong>. konfliqtis zonaSi moqmedi<br />

partizanuli razmebi <strong>da</strong> kriminalebi ganagrZobdnen gamoZalvasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kontraban<strong>da</strong>s - xSirad samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavi struqturebis<br />

xelSewyobiT. 1995 wlis Semdeg samxedroebs naklebad eZleo<strong>da</strong>T<br />

aseT saqmianobaSi monawileobis Sansi, magram maT fulis<br />

Sovnis sxva arakanonieri saSualebebi gamonaxes. 2001 wlis<br />

seqtembris samTavrobo mosmenisas, antikorufciuli sakoordinacio<br />

sabWos mdivanma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom yvela “Zalovani<br />

struqtura” seriozulad iyo CarTuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis<br />

korufciasa <strong>da</strong> patronaJuli sistemebis SeqmnaSi; 29 Sesabamisad,<br />

SevardnaZec iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> Sexebo<strong>da</strong> mTavrobaSi fexmokidebuli<br />

korufciisa <strong>da</strong> elitis xelSeuxeblobis sakiTxs.<br />

magram saqme arc amjerad wasula ganacxadis miRma. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

saministros maRali rangis moxeleni ganagrZobdnen<br />

arakanonieri garigebebis <strong>da</strong>debas armiis mommaragebel komerciul<br />

firmebTan. nadibaiZis ministrobisas (1994 – 1998)<br />

armiisaTvis sruliad misaRebi gax<strong>da</strong> momaragebis kontraqtebis<br />

gaformeba im organizaciebTan, sa<strong>da</strong>c generlebis naTesavebi<br />

muSaobdnen. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sistemis maRalCinosnebi biujeti<strong>da</strong>n<br />

moiTxovdnen Tanxebs im iaraRsa <strong>da</strong> aRWurvilobaze, romelic<br />

ise<strong>da</strong>c maT gankargulebaSi iyo. arc finansTa saministro iyo<br />

ucodveli. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministrosaTvis mniSvnelovani Tanxebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ricxvisas, finansTa saministros TanamSromlebi<br />

moelodnen <strong>da</strong> iRebdnen kidec garkveul, sapasuxo wils. 30<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT TevzaZe Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministris postze 1998 wlis<br />

gazafxulze <strong>da</strong>iniSna. <strong>da</strong>savleTis rCevebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

29 saqarTvelos respublika, 6 seqtemberi, 2001 weli<br />

30 saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros Tanamdebobis pirebi. konfidencialuri<br />

interviu avtorTan, 1998-2004<br />

181

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

igi Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve Seeca<strong>da</strong> korufcias SebrZolebo<strong>da</strong>, magram did<br />

warmatebas ver miaRwia. 1998-2003 wlebis mijnaze korufciuli<br />

saqmianoba kvlav rCebo<strong>da</strong> qveynis problemad. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

saministro saWurvlis Sesyidvas rusuli samxedro bazebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

yovelgvari dokumentaciisa <strong>da</strong> gamWvirvalobis gareSe axerxeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

aseTi garigebebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

fulis <strong>da</strong>zogva, magram SeuZlebeli iyo am fulis realuri<br />

xarjvis kontroli. qarTveli <strong>of</strong>icrebi ramodenimejer iyvnen<br />

mxilebulni ukanono iaraRis gayidvaSi.<br />

axalwveulTa saxlSi gaSveba kvlav rCebo<strong>da</strong> qrTamis aRebis<br />

saSualebad. nawilebSi mravlad iyo “mkv<strong>da</strong>ri sulebi”, rac<br />

meTaurTaTvis aralegaluri Semosavlebis wyaro (zedmeti<br />

tansacmeli, sakvebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.) xdebo<strong>da</strong>. nikoloz janjRava, 2001<br />

wlis gazafxulze <strong>da</strong>niSuli saxmeleTo jarebis sar<strong>da</strong>li,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>niSvni<strong>da</strong>n ramodenime kviraSi gaaTavisufles,<br />

mogvianebiT acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros mier<br />

registrirebuli 20 000 kacis nacvlad, jarSi realurad<br />

mxolod 10 000 kaci Tu msaxurob<strong>da</strong>. 31 iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac<br />

<strong>of</strong>icrebi mcvelebad muSaobdnen Ramis klubebSi. es Tavis<br />

gatanis erT-erTi gza iyo, radgan Tveebis ganmavlobaSi isini<br />

xelfasebs ver iRebdnen. rogorc TevzaZis erT-erTma y<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

TanamSromeli ixseneb<strong>da</strong>, nawilebSi jariskacebis gamosakvebad<br />

meTaurebi araregistrirebuli Semosavlebis saerTo salaroebs<br />

qmnidnen. 32<br />

saxelmwifo biujetis araswori gankargvis Sedegad, korufcia<br />

swrafad ikideb<strong>da</strong> fexs. 2000 w. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministrosaTvis<br />

biujeti<strong>da</strong>n gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili 42 milioni lari (21 milioni $), rac,<br />

TavisTavad, araadeqvaturi iyo, ramodenime TveSi isev Semcir<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>xmarebam usafrTxoebis seqtoris<br />

reformirebaSi didi Sedegi ar gamoiRo. erTerTi ucxoel<br />

eqsperti acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom sabiujeto parameterebis mudmivi<br />

31 polkovniki nikoloz janjRava. interviu avtorTan, ivnisi 2001<br />

32 Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros <strong>of</strong>icialuri piri, konfidencialuri interviu<br />

avtorTan, Tebervali 2004<br />

182

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

cvlilebiT SeuZlebeli xdebo<strong>da</strong> samxedro Zalebis misiaTa<br />

zusti gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>da</strong>gegmareba. 33<br />

korufciasTan brZolaSi TviTon SevardnaZe mxolod<br />

ritorikiTa <strong>da</strong> formalizmiT ifarglebo<strong>da</strong>. samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong><br />

samxedro funqcionerebs prezidentisadmi loialobis kriteriumiT<br />

niSnavdnen <strong>da</strong> aTavisuflebdnen. saboloo jamSi,<br />

korufciaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli loialuri qselebi araefeqturi iyo,<br />

radgan SeuZlebeli xdebo<strong>da</strong> am qselebSi yvela <strong>of</strong>icris<br />

inkorporireba. Tavisi mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi, uecrad<br />

SevardnaZe samxedroTa ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebis momswre gax<strong>da</strong>. jarSi<br />

arsebuli gausaZlisi pirobebis momizezebiT, 2001 w. maisSi<br />

erovnuli gvardiis erTma batalionma <strong>da</strong>umorCilebloba<br />

gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. mas ga<strong>da</strong>mdgari samxedroebi <strong>da</strong> kriminaluri<br />

jgufebic SeuerTdnen. prezidentTan intensiuri molaparakebebis<br />

Semdeg, mTavrobis jarebiT garSemortymulma<br />

meamboxeebma <strong>da</strong>Tmoba amjobines. SevardnaZes isini ar <strong>da</strong>usjia,<br />

radgan CaTvala, rom socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebiT ise<strong>da</strong>c<br />

gaRizianebuli sazogadoebis fonze, jarTan urTierTobaSi<br />

sifrTxile un<strong>da</strong> gamoeCina.<br />

usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> samxedro politikaSi mravali arsebiTi<br />

detali aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gankargulebebiT<br />

ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>, rac Zirs uTxri<strong>da</strong> parlamentis funqcias -<br />

Tavisi wvlili Seetana qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoebis<br />

modelis SeqmnaSi. biujetSi cvlilebebis Setana mxolod<br />

prezidents SeeZlo. parlaments isRa rCebo<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>Tanxmebo<strong>da</strong><br />

SeTavazebul cifrebs, an saerTod Caegdo biujetis<br />

kanonproeqti. parlamenti prezidents sust winaaRmdegobas<br />

uwev<strong>da</strong>, radgan SevardnaZes saparlamento umravlesobis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris imedi yovelTvis hqon<strong>da</strong>. parlamenti kidevac rom<br />

SewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> prezidents, misi kursi mainc ucvleli<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong>; aRmasrulebeli <strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo Stoebis urTierToba<br />

CixSi rom momwyvdeuliyo, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba<br />

33 germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis <strong>of</strong>icialuri piri, interviu avtorTan,<br />

agvisto, 2000<br />

183

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

mTavrobas nebas rTav<strong>da</strong> wina wlis sabiujetu cifrebiT<br />

exelmZRvanela. amiT parlamentis roli Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis uwyebis<br />

sabiujeto kontrolis sferoSi, rac demokratiuli saparlamento<br />

kontrolis mTavari iaraRia, sakmaod SezRuduli<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

parlamentis umweoba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino 2002 wlis<br />

biujetis miRebis dros gax<strong>da</strong>. 34 Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministrom sca<strong>da</strong><br />

warmoedgina biujetis proeqti e.w. programuli formiT;<br />

specifikuri struqturuli komponentebis calke gamoy<strong>of</strong>iT.<br />

pirvelad mox<strong>da</strong>, rom Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis biujetis proeqti natos<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis Sesabamisad, sam nawilad iyo <strong>da</strong>y<strong>of</strong>ili: piradi<br />

Semadgenloba, operatiuli mzady<strong>of</strong>na, Sesyidvebi <strong>da</strong> kapitaluri<br />

xarjebi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, proeqti ver cem<strong>da</strong> pasuxs<br />

Semdeg kiTxvebs: ra iyo xarjebis ganawilebis principi, ra<br />

finansuri Sedegebi mohyvebo<strong>da</strong> kadrebis <strong>da</strong>gegmil Semcirebas?<br />

parlamentis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis komiteti mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

biujetis proeqts, romelsac winwadgmul nabijad Tvli<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Tumca, rogorc male gairkva, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministrom Tavisi<br />

biujetis proeqti finansTa saministrosTan ar SeaTanxma <strong>da</strong> ise<br />

gawera 71 mln larze, roca finansTa saministro mxolod 38<br />

milionis gamoy<strong>of</strong>aze iyo Tanaxma. parlamentma Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />

Tavi Seikava Semcirebuli cifris miRebaze, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministromac<br />

uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> Tavi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>eangariSebina warmodgenili<br />

moTxovna.<br />

sabolood, 2002 wlis ianvarSi, parlamentma miiRo saxelmwifo<br />

biujeti Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sferos Semcirebuli wiliT, Tumca<br />

Semdgomi ganxilvis gareSe. finansTa <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministroebs<br />

aRar ganusazRvriaT, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>enawilebinaT<br />

natos stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis Tanaxmad sabolood <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli<br />

biujeti. yovel SemTxvevaSi, parlamentisaTvis es aRaravis<br />

ucnobebia. arsebiTad, parlamentma erTxel kidev gauSva<br />

xeli<strong>da</strong>n samxedro Zalebze samoqalaqo kontrolis ganxorcielebis<br />

mTavari meqanizmi.<br />

34 saqarTveloSi fiskaluri weli kalen<strong>da</strong>ruls emTxveva.<br />

184

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis, usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> samar-<br />

Tal<strong>da</strong>cvis sferoebze saparlamento meTvalyureoba sxva<br />

mxrivac sustad gamoiyurebo<strong>da</strong>. konstituciis <strong>da</strong> parlamentis<br />

reglamentis Tanaxmad Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis, usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> Sinagan<br />

saqmeTa ministrebi angariSvaldebuli iyvnen parlamentis<br />

winaSe, magram igive ar iTqmo<strong>da</strong> sasazRvro Zalebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>cvis specialuri samsaxuris xelmZRvanelebze.<br />

maT prezidenti niSnav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aTavisufleb<strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo<br />

organos Tanxmobis gareSe.<br />

amave dros, parlaments ar SeeZlo undoblobis gamocxadeba<br />

prezidentisa <strong>da</strong> nebismieri ministris winaaRmdeg. maRali<br />

Tanamdebobis samoqalaqo piris impiCmenti konstituciis<br />

<strong>da</strong>rRvevis an sisxlis samarTlis <strong>da</strong>naSaulze <strong>da</strong>kavebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi Teoriulad <strong>da</strong>Svebuli iyo, magram bralis wayenebisaTvis<br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanxmoba iyo saWiro.<br />

parlaments arc erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWos kontroli<br />

SeeZlo. 1996 wlis Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT, sabWo usafrTxoebis<br />

sakiTxebSi prezidentis saTaTbiro organod moiazrebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

am funqciiT igi parlamentis winaSe angariSvaldebulad<br />

ar iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. sinamdvileSi ki sabWo, gansakuTrebiT misi<br />

aparati, gavlenian rols TamaSob<strong>da</strong> samxedro <strong>da</strong> parasamxedro<br />

uwyebebis koordinaciasa <strong>da</strong> sakadro politikaSi. SevardnaZis<br />

mmarTvelobis dros Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi<br />

prezidentTan <strong>da</strong>axlovebuli pirebis wreSi wydebo<strong>da</strong>. uwyebaTSoris<br />

sistemur kooperacias prezidentis kabineti cvli<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rogorc parlamenti, ise uSualod saministroebi naklebad<br />

wyvetdnen raimes usafrTxoebis politikis SemuSavebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

implementaciis sferoSi.<br />

ucxoeli eqspertebis rCevebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 2001 wlis<br />

Semodgomaze parlamentma Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis kanonSi cvlileba Seitana.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros generalur Stabs sagangebo <strong>da</strong> saomari<br />

viTarebis dros yvela SeiaraRebuli uwyebis koordinireba<br />

<strong>da</strong>evala. Tumca, cvlilebaSi araferi iyo naTqvami koordinirebis<br />

procedurebsa <strong>da</strong> masStabebze. kanoni ar gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong><br />

generaluri Stabisa <strong>da</strong> avtonomiuri SeiaraRebuli<br />

185

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

uwyebebis urTierTobebs mSvidobian periodSi. 2002 w. ianvarSi<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministri aSkara ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebas gamoTqvam<strong>da</strong><br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva uwyebebs Soris koordinaciis ararsebobis gamo,<br />

aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> ra, rom koordinacia mxolod sagangebo SemTxvevebSi<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong>, raime winaswari <strong>da</strong>gegmvisa <strong>da</strong> urTierTvaldebulebebis<br />

samarTlebrivi gansazRvris gareSe. rogorc Cans<br />

SevardnaZe <strong>da</strong> erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWo situaciis<br />

gamosworebas ar eSurebodnen. 35<br />

186<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoebis strategiis ZiebaSi<br />

samxedro reforma un<strong>da</strong> efuZnebodes kargad Camoyalibebul<br />

erovnul interesebs <strong>da</strong> strategias, rac Tavis mxriv,<br />

politikis <strong>da</strong>gegmvis procesis ganviTarebas gulisxmobs.<br />

SevardnaZe aSkarad arasodes ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />

usafrTxoebis koncefciis Seqmnas, magram man ver SeZlo amis<br />

ganxorcieleba. jer kidev 1996 wels Seiqmna saxelmwifo komisia<br />

Seiqmna, romelsac aseTi koncefcia un<strong>da</strong> SeemuSavebina. 1997<br />

wels parlamentma miiRo rezolucia samxedro doqtrinis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mtkicebis Sesaxeb.<br />

doqtrina Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministroSi momzad<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis saparlamento komitetSi ga<strong>da</strong>muSav<strong>da</strong>. magram<br />

doqtrina naklebad warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> efeqturi samxedro reformisaTvis<br />

saWiro strategiuli azrovnebis nimuSs. misi teqsti<br />

ubralod baZav<strong>da</strong> 4 wliT adre miRebuli rusuli analogis<br />

stils. doqtrinaSi aRniSnuli iyo yvela saxelmwifoebTan<br />

TanamSromlobis aucilebloba, magram araferi arsebiTi ar iyo<br />

naTqvami saqarTvelos erovnul interesebsa Tu qveynis winaSe<br />

mdgom safrTxeebze. doqtrina gakvriT Tu exebo<strong>da</strong> strategiuli<br />

partniorebis Temas, gverds uvli<strong>da</strong> rusi samxedroebis<br />

35 erTerTi ucxoeli eqsperti 2000 wlis gazafxulze ambon<strong>da</strong> “<strong>da</strong>sanania,<br />

rom, rogorc Cans, erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWo ar aris mzad samxedro<br />

struqturebis konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciisaTvis.” konfidencialuri interviu<br />

avtorTan, gazafxuli 2000 w.

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

qveyanaSi y<strong>of</strong>nis sa<strong>da</strong>o sakiTxebs. dokumentSi bundovnad iyo<br />

naTqvami mezobeli teritoriebis militarizaciis riskis<br />

Sesaxeb. es bundovaneba ki kidev ufro matulob<strong>da</strong> imiT, rom<br />

aRniSnuli pasaJi rusuli analogi<strong>da</strong>n praqtikulad sityvasityviT<br />

iyo gadmowerili. Sesabamisad, iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> STabeWdileba,<br />

TiTqos militarizaciis riskSi saqarTveloc, ruseTis msgavsad,<br />

natos gafarTovebas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>. magram am SemTxvevaSi<br />

saqarTvelos samxedro doqtrina srul SeusabamobaSi eqceo<strong>da</strong><br />

natosTan TanamSromlobis programasTan “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis”.<br />

saubedurod Tu sabednierod, am <strong>da</strong> sxva sakiTxebs<br />

arc dokumenti akonkreteb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, saboloo jamSi, doqtrina<br />

miRebisTanave iqna <strong>da</strong>viwyebuli. am dokuments metad mcire<br />

Sansi hqon<strong>da</strong> saimisod, rom samxedro reformebis orientiri<br />

gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo.<br />

1999 wels erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWom ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

ISAB-is rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong> erovnuli usafrTxoebis<br />

koncefciis formulireba misTvis prioritets warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1996–1999 wlebSi koncefciis mravali proeqti<br />

Seiqmna. zogi maTgani saxelmwifo komisiis egidiT iqna<br />

SemuSavebuli; <strong>da</strong>narCeni parlanetSi <strong>da</strong> calkeul samTavrobo<br />

uwyebebSi iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>. erTad aRebulni, es dokumentebi qmnis<br />

warmodgenas usafrTxoebis qarTul diskursze. proeqtebis<br />

umetesobaSi yuradReba maxvildebo<strong>da</strong> Semdeg problemebze:<br />

saxelmwifos mSenebloba, Si<strong>da</strong> saxelwifoebrivi separatizmi,<br />

gareSe ZalTa Careva qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi, korufcia,<br />

socialuri uTanasworoba, regionaluri konfliqtebis riski,<br />

saqarTvelos susti samxedro potenciali, ekologiuri<br />

safTxeebi. zogierTi proeqti aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom mosaxleobaSi<br />

eTnikuri TviTidentifikacia samoqalaqo, saerTo - saxelwifoebriv<br />

ganc<strong>da</strong>ze ufro Zlieri iyo; rom samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavi<br />

organoebis avtoriteti um<strong>da</strong>bles niSnulze imy<strong>of</strong>ebo<strong>da</strong>; rom<br />

am organoTa warmomadgenlebi pativs ar scemdnen a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

uflebebs. proeqtebis sagrZnobi nawilisaTvis ucxo ar iyo<br />

xazgasma a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis aucileblobaze, samxedro<br />

Zalebze samoqalaqo kontrolis ganmtkicebis saWiroebaze,<br />

187

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

politikuri pluralizmisa <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis<br />

mniSvnelobasa Tu gayinuli eTno-konfliqtebis mSvidobiani<br />

gziT ga<strong>da</strong>Wraze.<br />

<strong>da</strong> mainc, am proeqtTa umetesoba gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> ekleqturobiT,<br />

zogadobiT <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobrivi pasaJebiT. zogjer<br />

avtorebi Tavs aridebdnen mgrZnobiare sakiTxebs. zogierT<br />

proeqtSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> erTa demokratiul TanamegobrobaSi<br />

integraciis mniSvneloba iyo aqcentirebuli, magram<br />

iqve iyo gaJRerebuli globalizaciisa <strong>da</strong> individualizmis<br />

safrTxe. erTerTi dokumenti “ojaxis socialur pasuxismgeblobaze”<br />

saubrob<strong>da</strong>. proeqtTa umetesobas usafrTxoebis<br />

diskursSi ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis sakiTxebic Semohqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />

amave dros ki gakvriT Tu exebo<strong>da</strong> rusuli samxedro bazebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> rusi samxedroebis mier qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis<br />

Temebs. ara <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv diskusiebSi es ukanaskneli<br />

sakiTxebi dominireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1999 wlis zafxulSi, mas Semdeg rac erovnuli uSiSroebis<br />

sabWom ISAB-is rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi miiRo, saxelwifo komisiam<br />

usafrToebis koncefciis axali, saxeSecvlili versia moamza<strong>da</strong>.<br />

winamorbedi proeqtebisagan igi ramodenime punqtiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>:<br />

ufro mkafiod iyo warmoCenili saqarTvelos strategiuli<br />

orientacia: aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom qveynis mizani evroatlantikuri<br />

erTobis ZiriTad institutebSi integrireba iyo. koncefciis<br />

axali versia ganaTlebis sistemisaganac moiTxov<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />

orientaciis Sesabamisi normebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas. Tumca verc axali<br />

proeqti gaTavisufl<strong>da</strong> bundovani <strong>da</strong> saeWvo ganzogadoebebisagan,<br />

rogoric iyo “kulturuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis Sesatyvisi socialuri<br />

organizaciisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri sistemis Seqmnis saWiroeba”.<br />

asaxav<strong>da</strong> ra sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis maqsimalurad farTo<br />

speqtrs, amave dros, dokumenti detalurad ver gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong><br />

qveynis winaSe mgdom konkretul safrTxeebs. wina variantebis<br />

msgavsad <strong>da</strong> evropis qveynebisa Tu SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

analogiuri dokumentebisagan gansxvavebiT, proeqti ar iZleo<strong>da</strong><br />

erovnuli interesebis, safrTxeebisa <strong>da</strong> am safrTxeTa ganeitralebis<br />

gzebis mkafio CamonaTvals.<br />

188

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan ufro naTeli xdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>savleTTan Tanam-<br />

Sromlobis gaRrmavebisaTvis saqarTvelos xelisuflebas un<strong>da</strong><br />

mieRo erovnuli usafrTxoebis mwyobri koncefcia. ISAB, sxva<br />

saerTaSoriso Tu adgilobrivi eqspertebi regularulad<br />

moiTxovdnen amas, magram SevardnaZis reJimi nela moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

koncefciis arseboba ara marto usafrTxoebis mwyobri<br />

politikis SemuSavebas aferxeb<strong>da</strong>, aramed samxedro-samoqalaqo<br />

urTierTobebSi demokratiuli principebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> erovnul <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>ze pasuxismgebeli uwyebebis koordinaciasac<br />

eRobebo<strong>da</strong> win. 2000 wlisaTvis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministri<br />

TavzaZe <strong>da</strong> sasazRvro Zalebis sar<strong>da</strong>li generali valeri CxeiZe<br />

xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen, rom strategiuli orientirebis<br />

amsaxveli dokumentis ararseboba xels uSli<strong>da</strong> maTze <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli<br />

uwyebebis normalur funqcionirebas.<br />

bevri lodinis Semdeg ISAB-ma, sagareo saministrosTan<br />

TanamSromlobiT, usafrToebis koncefciis sakuTari varianti<br />

SeimuSava. dokumentis saTauri iyo “saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ms<strong>of</strong>lio:<br />

momavlis xedva <strong>da</strong> strategia”. 36<br />

axali proeqtis avtorebi naTlad acxadebdnen, rom saqarTvelos<br />

strategiul miznebs natosTan integracia <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirTan<br />

TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. dokumentSi<br />

moTxovnili iyo qveynis teritorii<strong>da</strong>n rusuli bazebis<br />

gayvana, xolo ruseTis gavlenis qveS my<strong>of</strong>i <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis efeqturobaze eWvi iyo gamo-<br />

Tqmuli. erovnuli usafrTxoebis konfepciis axali proeqti<br />

pirvelad aqcev<strong>da</strong> konkretul yuradRebas Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis seqtoris<br />

misiebis gansazRvras. masSi aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom saqarTvelos<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebi ukeT un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen integrirebulni, raTa<br />

Sekavebis funqcia itvirTon: maT un<strong>da</strong> SeswevdeT mtris<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT SezRuduli Zalebis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis, sazRvris gakontrolebis,<br />

teroristuli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebis aRkveTis unari.<br />

dokumentis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos samxedro Zalebs moeTxovebo<strong>da</strong><br />

samoqalaqo xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>xmareba kanonierebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

36 dokumenti <strong>da</strong>ido natos vebsaitze , http://www.nato.int/pfp/ge/d001010.htm<br />

189

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

wesrigis aRdgenaSi sagangebo viTarebaTa dros, stiqiis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mangrevel SedegTa likvi<strong>da</strong>cia <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso samSvidobo<br />

misiebSi monawileoba.<br />

marTalia, aseTi saxis dokumentSi nakleba<strong>da</strong>a mosalodneli<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politikis detalebis ganxilva, magram mainc,<br />

koncefciis aRniSnul proeqtsac survilebis CamonaTvalis<br />

elferi ga<strong>da</strong>hkrav<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ucxoeli eqspertebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT Seqmnil dokumentSi sakmarisad ar <strong>da</strong> ver<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> artikulirebuli qveynis konkretuli wuxilebi<br />

mezobel saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebSi, realistur usafrTxoebis<br />

koncefcias mainc meti moeTxovebo<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis<br />

gamowvevaTa definiciis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, “momavlis<br />

xedvisa <strong>da</strong> stratebiis” ZiriTadi xarvezi misi statusi ufro<br />

iyo, vidre Sinaarsi. proeqtis gamoqveynebamde igi Sesabamis<br />

samTavrobo uwyebebSi ar ganxilula. mis SemuSavebaSi arc<br />

sazogadoebas miuRia raime arsebiTi monawileoba. amave dros,<br />

dokumenti gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> <strong>of</strong>icialuri winasityvaobis gareSe. arc<br />

misi <strong>of</strong>icialurad miRebis raime angariSgasawevi procedura<br />

Semdgara. dokumentis gamoqveynebis Semdeg ki qveynis liderebma<br />

igi erTgvarad miiviwyes. <strong>of</strong>icialuri pirebi acxadebdnen,<br />

rom erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWo ganagrZob<strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />

usafrTxoebis koncefciis teqstze muSaobas.<br />

2002 wels Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministrom Seqmna sakuTari “TeTri<br />

wigni”, Tumca misi <strong>da</strong>niSuleba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mokrZalebuli iyo.<br />

igi ISAB-is rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis pasuxad <strong>da</strong>iwera. “TeTri wigni”<br />

aRwer<strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebis organizaciul satruqturas,<br />

xazs usvam<strong>da</strong> samxedro sakiTxebSi samoqalaqo xelisuflebis<br />

uzenaesobas <strong>da</strong> natosTan TanamSromlobis mniSvnelobas. masSi<br />

gamoxatuli iyo armiis gaZlierebis survili. “TeTri wigni”<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ekonkretebina samxedro Zalebis misiebi, magram<br />

qveynis winaSe mdgomi usafrTxoebis gamowvevebis zusti<br />

suraTis Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> zogadi strategiis artikulirebis gareSe,<br />

aseTi mcdeloba xelSesaxeb Sedegs ver moitan<strong>da</strong>. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> finansTa saministroebs Soris arsebuli <strong>da</strong>vis fonze, “TeTr<br />

wigns” verc <strong>da</strong>finansebis sakiTxSi Seqon<strong>da</strong> raime sinaTle. masSi<br />

190

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

arc sxva SeiaraRebul struqturebTan koordinaciaze iyo<br />

arsebiTi saubari. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis “TeTri wigni” sxva samTavrobo<br />

institutebTan seriozuli konsultaciebis gareSe Seiqmna.<br />

<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> Wori, rom igi Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros erTi Tu ori<br />

saSualo donis TanamSromelis mier <strong>da</strong>iwera <strong>da</strong> rom saministros<br />

wamyvan Si<strong>da</strong> struqturebsac ki “TeTri wignis” SeqmnaSi<br />

araviTari qmediTi monawileoba ar miuRiaT.<br />

2003 wlis Sua periodSi erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWos<br />

aparatma erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis sakuTari proeqti<br />

SeimuSava. masSi ISAB-is varianti<strong>da</strong>n ramodenime idea iyo<br />

nasesxebi, magram mTlianobaSi axali versia gansxvavebuli iyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tanac, arc Tu ukeTesobis mimarTulebiT. erovnuli uSiSroebis<br />

sabWos aparatis versia 37 bevr Temas moicav<strong>da</strong>. amaTgan<br />

zogierTi naklebad Seeferebo<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis Tematikas. ase<br />

magaliTad, avtorebi saubrobdnen mrewvelobisa <strong>da</strong> s<strong>of</strong>lis<br />

meurneobis tradiciuli <strong>da</strong>rgebis aRdgenis saWiroebaze. amasTan,<br />

teqsti ar akonkreteb<strong>da</strong> samxedro misiebs. proeqtSi xazgasmuli<br />

iyo natoSi gawevrianebis ganzraxva, magram sagareo urTierTobebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xasiaTebisas, avtorebi ar iZleodnen qveynis winaSe<br />

mdgomi gamowvevebis <strong>da</strong> maTze reagirebis meqanizmebis realur<br />

Sefasebebs. ruseTTan urTierTobis sakiTxebSi koncefcia<br />

saocar aradiplomatiurobas iCen<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, koncefciis<br />

proeqtSi arsebiTad moviwyebuli iyo a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> demokratizaciis Temebi. sanacvlod, dokumentSi<br />

aRniSnuli iyo, rom saqarTvelos eZleo<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebloba<br />

eSenebina sulieri prioritetebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli identurobis<br />

Sesaferisi saxelmwifo. amas mosdev<strong>da</strong> ambiciuri miznebis mTeli<br />

CamonaTvali, Tum<strong>da</strong>, maTi ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebis<br />

Sefasebis gareSe. ase magaliTad, naTqvami iyo, rom Crdilovani<br />

ekonomikis wili erTobliv Si<strong>da</strong> produqtSi 15-20%-mde un<strong>da</strong><br />

Semcirebuliyo, magram ar Can<strong>da</strong> amis miRwevis gza. aseve araferi<br />

iyo naTqvami imaze, Tu ra efeqti un<strong>da</strong> moexdina msgavs process<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sferos <strong>da</strong>finansebaze.<br />

37 gamouqveynebeli dokumenti<br />

191

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

arsebiTad, axali proeqti ar iZleob<strong>da</strong> erovnuli usafrToebis<br />

prioritetebis, strategiuli arCevanis, riskis<br />

analizis mkafio <strong>da</strong> konkretul suraTs. igi ar ansxvaveb<strong>da</strong><br />

erTmaneTisagan safrTxeebs, riskebsa <strong>da</strong> gamowvevebs.<br />

es iyo erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis bolo proeqti,<br />

romelic SevardnaZis mTavrobam SeimuSava. winamorbedebis<br />

msgavsad, arc igi iqca <strong>of</strong>icialur dokumentad. misi Seqmnis<br />

periodi SevardnaZis reJimis Rrma kriziss <strong>da</strong>emTxva. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis politikaSi perzidenti sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva moqiSpe<br />

Zalebs Soris meryeob<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> politikuri koncefciebis nacvlad<br />

pirovnul ga<strong>da</strong>rCenaze fiqrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi SevardnaZe sakmaod ambivalenturi<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> SeerTebuli Statebisa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiris mimarT.<br />

igi Znelad eguebo<strong>da</strong> demokratiuli opoziciis kritikas,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>savleTSi mzard TanagrZnobas naxulob<strong>da</strong>. paralelurad,<br />

2002 wlis miwurulisaTvis SevardnaZis mTavrobas<br />

ruseTTan urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis gazrdili mondomeba<br />

etyobo<strong>da</strong>. 2002 wlis dekemberSi, euTos sagareo saqmeTa<br />

ministrebis lisabonis Sexvedraze saqarTvelos delegacia<br />

naklebad momTxovni Can<strong>da</strong> rusuli bazebis gayvanis sakiTxSi.<br />

amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT euTos erTerTi maRali Tanamdebobis piri<br />

privatul saubarSi aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom araTanamimdevruloba <strong>da</strong><br />

gamWvirvaleobis nakleboba asusteb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos pozicias. 38<br />

saqarTvelos sagareo politikis es cvalebadoba droSi<br />

emTxveo<strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi moqmedi <strong>da</strong>savleTeli investorebis<br />

saqmianobis Sekvecas, 39 <strong>da</strong> qveynis ekonomikis strategiul<br />

seqtorebSi rusuli saxelmwifo biznesis momZlavrebas.<br />

SevardnaZis saqarTvelo mankier wreSi imy<strong>of</strong>ebo<strong>da</strong>:<br />

samxedro sferoSi arsebuli uwesrigoba aferxeb<strong>da</strong> strategiuli<br />

xedvis formulirebas; erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis<br />

ararseboba ki arTuleb<strong>da</strong> samxedro reformis process.<br />

38 OSCE <strong>of</strong>icialuri piri, konfidencialuri interviu avtorTan, ianvari 2003<br />

39 magaliTad, amerikurli energo-kompania AES , romelmac <strong>da</strong>arsa axlad<br />

privatizirebuli energokompania e.i.s.-Telasi.<br />

192

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

SevardnaZis reJimis bolo wels Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sistemis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis<br />

procesi kvlavac ar misdev<strong>da</strong> ISAB-is rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis qargas.<br />

armiis ricxovneba Semcir<strong>da</strong>, magram 20000 kaci jer kidev<br />

iricxebo<strong>da</strong> saxemwifo biujetis kmay<strong>of</strong>aze - 6000-7000-iT meti<br />

vidre rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. uSiSroebis<br />

saministros y<strong>of</strong>ili specialuri saSturmo briga<strong>da</strong> Sinagan<br />

saqmeTa saministroSi iyo integrirebuli, rac winaaRmdegobaSi<br />

modio<strong>da</strong> ISAB-is rCevebTan Sinagan saqmeTa saministros<br />

samoqalaqo-sapolicio uwyebad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis Taobaze. Sesabamisi<br />

rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, sasazRvro Zalebic samxedro<br />

struqturad rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

SevardnaZe sami mizezis gamo ver arTmev<strong>da</strong> Tavs Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

sistemis demokratiuli reformirebis amocanas:<br />

1. rTuli politikuri garemos samarTavad man kontrolis<br />

paraleluri xazebis korufciuli qseli Seqmna. erovnuli<br />

usafrTxoebis mkafio koncefcia ki xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> gamWvirvaleobas,<br />

riTac safrTxe Seeqmnebo<strong>da</strong> aRniSnul qsels.<br />

2. misi mudmivi meryeoba <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> rusul arCevans<br />

Soris arTuleb<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis starategiis SemuSavebas <strong>da</strong><br />

samxedro reformis usafrTxoebis politikasTan koordinirebas.<br />

erTis mxriv SevardnaZes eSino<strong>da</strong>, rom calsaxad<br />

<strong>da</strong>savluri orientacia ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas gaamwvaveb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

meores mxriv ki igi kvlavac amyareb<strong>da</strong> imedebs ruseTis <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze<br />

qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis saqmeSi.<br />

3. SevardnaZe ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad Tu iziareb<strong>da</strong> demokratiul<br />

Rirebulebebs. es ze<strong>da</strong>piruloba kargad Can<strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi<br />

korufciisadmi, iseve rogorc marTmadidebluri<br />

eklesiisaTvis miniWebul fiskalur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />

privilegiebSi. evropiaSi integracia misTvis ufro instrumentaluri,<br />

vidre Sinagani, ideologiuri amocana iyo. 1999 wlis<br />

miwuruls igi acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom saqme saqarTvelos evropul Tu<br />

rusul orientaciaSi ki ar iyo, aramed imaSi Tu vin ras<br />

mogvcem<strong>da</strong> sanacvlod. 40<br />

40 gaz. “evropa”, dekemberi 25-31, 1999<br />

193

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

aseTi donis progmatizmi araefeqturubis uSualo mizezs<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. nebismieri saxelmwifo, ragind susti <strong>da</strong> patara<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos igi, un<strong>da</strong> mkafio valdebulebebs iRebdes mokav-<br />

Sireebisa <strong>da</strong> keTilismy<strong>of</strong>elebis winaSe. mxolod maSin un<strong>da</strong><br />

elodos igi grZelvadian <strong>da</strong> Tanasworuflebian TanamSromlobas.<br />

SevardnaZem verc erT mxaresTan ver moaxerxa amgvari<br />

urTierTsasargeblo TanamSromlobis awyoba. Sesabamisad, igi<br />

ver akmay<strong>of</strong>ileb<strong>da</strong> qveynis moqalaqeTa Zireul moTxovnilebebs,<br />

ris gareSe<strong>da</strong>c Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa Tu usafrToebis erovnuli<br />

sistemac saxalxo mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras iyo moklebuli.<br />

yovelive amis Sedegad, misive gamozrdilma samxedro <strong>da</strong><br />

sapolicio wreebma uari ganacxades prezidentis <strong>da</strong>cvaze,<br />

rodesac am ukanasknels xalxi <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong>. 2003 wlis<br />

noembris revolucia arademokretiuli <strong>da</strong> gamrudebuli<br />

samxedro-samoqalaqo irTierTobebis logikuri Sedegic iyo.<br />

iseve rogorc mTeli xalxi, armia <strong>da</strong> parasamxedro Zalebic aRar<br />

cem<strong>da</strong> pativs asakovan prezidents. samxedro Zalebis marTvisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kontrolis klientelisturi, korumpirebuli, araefeqturi<br />

sistema uunaro aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> kritikul situaciaSi samoqmedod.<br />

opoziciis liderebs ki, piriqiT, <strong>da</strong>savluri orientaciis mqone<br />

energiul <strong>da</strong> aranakleb ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilo <strong>of</strong>icrebTan molaparakebis<br />

kargi SesaZleblobebi exsnebo<strong>da</strong>T. SevardnaZes rom xalxis<br />

winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita, Sedegi Zalian<br />

bundovani iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, misi piradi bed-iRbali ki albaT ufro<br />

tragikulad warimarTebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

194<br />

samxedro reforma vardebis revoluciis<br />

Semdeg<br />

post SevardnaZiseuli epoqa mxolod axlaxans <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong><br />

winaswar Znelia imis gansja, Tu ramdenad Sors mimavali iqneba<br />

procesebi Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis sferoSi. Tumca axali<br />

mTavrobis rig gancxadebebsa <strong>da</strong> iniciativebSi pozitiuri<br />

Zvrebis perspeqtiva SeiniSneba. axal SesaZleblobebs qmnis

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

SeerTebuli Statebisa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiris <strong>da</strong>xmarebis axali<br />

talRa.<br />

<strong>da</strong>maimedebeli pirveli nabijebi Semdegia: prezidentma<br />

mixeil saakaSvilma ramdenjerme xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom<br />

usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi, maT Soris armiis mSenebloba, saxelmwifo<br />

politikis prioritetia. am gancxadebaTa realuroba ki<br />

male Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>da</strong>finansebis gazrdiT <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />

axalma mTavrobam <strong>da</strong>aarsa specialuri fondi, romlis mizans<br />

ucxouri <strong>da</strong> kerZo donaciebis akumulireba <strong>da</strong> maRali rangis<br />

Tanamdebobis pirTa xelfasebis gazr<strong>da</strong> warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. Sesabamisad,<br />

xelfasebi sagrZnoblad moemataT Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros<br />

xelmZRvanelebsac. mogvianebiT, xelfasebis mateba mTels<br />

<strong>of</strong>icerTa korpussac Seexo. mTavroba Seudga samxedro teqnikis<br />

remontsa <strong>da</strong> ganaxlebas.<br />

amerikisa <strong>da</strong> natos sxva qveynebis teqnikuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />

ganxorcielebulma samxedro reformam axali stimuli SeiZina.<br />

2004 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi SeerTebuli Statebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebis-<br />

Tanave, saakaSvilma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom amerikelebi araTu gaagrZelebdnen<br />

qarTuli armiis jer kidev SevardnaZis dros wamowyebul<br />

materialur <strong>da</strong> teqnikur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas, aramed natos<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtebiT gawvrTnili 5000 kaciani qveiTi brigadis<br />

formirebasac Seuwyobdnen xels. amJamindeli gegmebiT,<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros SeiaraRebul ZalebSi mimdinareobs<br />

sruli Semadgenlobis 4 qveiTi brigadis xelaxali formireba.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros biujetma 2005 wels 300 milion lars<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba, rac TiTqmis aTjer metia SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis<br />

droindel <strong>da</strong>finansebaze.<br />

axali reJimis <strong>da</strong>myarebis pirvel TveebSi kidev ori<br />

mniSvnelovani cvlileba mox<strong>da</strong>. 2004 wlis martSi miRebuli iqna<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministos axali debuleba, romelic Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

uwyebis natos stan<strong>da</strong>rtebiT organizebas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad.<br />

saministros reorganizaciis konkretul gegmebze, samxedro <strong>da</strong><br />

samoqalaqo funqciebis gamijvnis sqemebze qarTvel kolegebTan<br />

erTad pentagonis mier <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli kerZo firma<br />

“kubiki” <strong>da</strong> britaneTis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saminitros gundi muSaob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

195

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

am procesis konkretuli magaliTia erovnuli gvardiis<br />

reformirebac. misi sabrZolo nawilebi armiis SemadgenobaSi<br />

integrir<strong>da</strong>. uSualod gvardia ki amJamad sawrTvneli centebisa<br />

maT bazaze momzadebuli rezervis batalionebisagan Sedgeba.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros wamyvan Tanamdebobebze saakaSvilma<br />

uprecedento raodenobis samoqalaqo piri <strong>da</strong>niSna. samoqalaqo<br />

piri gax<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministric. imavdroulad pensiaze iqna<br />

gaSvebuli bevri generali, romelic an ewinaarmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />

reformas an misi gatarebisaTvis saWiro codnas <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebas<br />

ar flob<strong>da</strong>; ufro axalgazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>of</strong>icrebi <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />

moxeleebi, romlebmac <strong>da</strong>savleTis institutebSi<br />

gaiares wvrTna, sul ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen<br />

samxedro reformis gatarebaSi. ufro metic, reformam axla<br />

sxva SeiaraRebuli uwyebebic moicva <strong>da</strong> mTavrobam rigi<br />

paraleluli struqturebic gaaerTiana. saqarTevlos sazRvris<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvis saxelmwifo departamenti Sinagan saqmeTa saministo<br />

SeerT<strong>da</strong>, ramac safuZveli Cauyara mis samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcav<br />

struqturad Camoyalibebas. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros<br />

Sinagani jarebi ki Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministos ga<strong>da</strong>eca. <strong>da</strong>iwyo fiqri<br />

sazRvris <strong>da</strong>cvis departamentis sanapiro <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

saministros sazRvao Zalebis gaerTianebaze.<br />

usafrTxoebis seqtorSi ukanasknel <strong>da</strong> yvelaze seriozul<br />

siaxles warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturasa <strong>da</strong><br />

saqmianobis wesSi 2004 wlis dekemberSi ganxorcielebuli<br />

sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi. am cvlilebaTa Tanaxmad <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa <strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis saministros<br />

gaerTianeba policiisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis<br />

saministrod. paralelurad, calke gamoiyo <strong>da</strong> uSualod<br />

prezidents <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara sagareo <strong>da</strong>zvervis uwyeba.<br />

navaraudevia, rom amgvari zomebi xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos<br />

TanamSromlobas natosTan <strong>da</strong> gaaumjobesebs usafrTxoebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sistemis marTvisa <strong>da</strong> kontrolis<br />

meqanizmebs. integraciisa <strong>da</strong> jarebis ricxovnobis Semcirebas,<br />

saboloo jamSi finansebis <strong>da</strong>zogvac un<strong>da</strong> mohyves. seqtoris<br />

gamWvirvaleobisa <strong>da</strong> angariSgebis gasazrdelad, demokratiuli<br />

196

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

samxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobebis gansavitareblad 2004<br />

wlis manZilze mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa <strong>da</strong><br />

samoqalaqo organizaciebis dialogi. navaraudevi iyo sazogadoebrivi<br />

sabWoebis Seqmna calkeul Zalovan uwyebebSi.<br />

samxedro <strong>da</strong> parasamxedro Zalebis reformis paralelurad,<br />

saakaSvilma mkafiod <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura qveynis natoSi gawevrianebis<br />

survili. misi azriT, es gawevrianebis procesi sul ramodenime<br />

wels gastans. manve ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom saqarTvelos strategiul<br />

mizans evrokavSirSi gawevrianebac warmoadgens. 2004 wlis<br />

aprilSi uwyebaTaSorisma specialurma jgufma natosTan<br />

indivisualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma (IPAP) SemuSava.<br />

gegma mowonebuli iqna natos Sesabamisi uwyebebis mier. 41 IPAPis<br />

axali, postrevoluciuri versia logikur axsnas uZebnis<br />

samxedro sferoSi zemoTxsenebul reformebs <strong>da</strong> natos<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis misaRwevad iTxovs konkretul teqnikur<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebas. imavdroulad, samoqmedo gegma kidev erTxel<br />

usvams xazs saqarTvelos evroatlantikur erTobaSi integrirebis<br />

survils, regionalur TanamSromlobis mniSvnelobas,<br />

demokratiisamdi <strong>da</strong> sabazro ekonomikis principebisadmi<br />

erTgulebas, eTnikuri konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvarebis<br />

ualternativobas. amrigad, IPAP-ma asaxa erovnuli usafrTxoebis<br />

koncefiis Sesaferisi mTeli rigi sakiTxebi.<br />

amasTan erTad saakaSvilma jvarosnuli omi gamoucxa<strong>da</strong><br />

organizebul <strong>da</strong>naSaulsa <strong>da</strong> korupcias. brZola am, erovnuli<br />

masStabis safrTxeebTan manamde uCveulo energiiT warimarTa.<br />

SevardnaZis epoqisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli maRalCinosnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

organizebuli <strong>da</strong>naSaulis xelmZRvanelTa <strong>da</strong>usjeloba war-<br />

41 am dokumentis erTerTi avtori, saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis<br />

sabWos aparatis TanamSromeli, interviu avtorTan, 2004 wlis aprili.<br />

jer kidev SevardnaZis administracias qon<strong>da</strong> aRebuli amgvari gegmis<br />

SemuSavebis valdebuleba, magram maSin es valdebuleba ganuxorcielebeli<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCa. noembris revoluciis win SevardnaZis mTavrobam<br />

SeimuSava IPAP-is pirveli versia, magram natos eqspertebma igi metad<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad miiCnies. (saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros<br />

warmomadgeneli, interviu avtorTan, 2003 wlis dekemberi).<br />

197

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

suls bardebo<strong>da</strong>. magaliTisaTvis, <strong>da</strong>apatimres rkinigzis<br />

saxelmwifo samsaxuris y<strong>of</strong>ili ufrosi akaki CxaiZe. igive bedi<br />

ewia parlamentis y<strong>of</strong>il wevr giorgi kenWaZes, romelic<br />

kriminalur samyarosTan kavSirebiT iyo cnobili. <strong>da</strong>kavebuli<br />

iqna afrasiZeebis krinimaluri nab<strong>da</strong>, romelic svanTis<br />

maRalmTiani s<strong>of</strong>eli eweri<strong>da</strong>n axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> kriminalur<br />

saqmianobas mTeli saqarTelos masStabiT.<br />

<strong>da</strong> mainc, naadrevia am cvlilebebs Seuqcevad xasiaTze<br />

saubari. amasTan erTad, usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi<br />

kvlav rCeba mniSvnelovani xarvezebi:<br />

samxedro sistemaze samoqalaqo kontroli arasakmarisad<br />

demokratiulia <strong>da</strong> zedmeti paralelizmiT xasiaTdeba. 2004<br />

wlis TebervalSi, axalma mTavrobam, parlamentis TiTqmis<br />

erTsulovani TanxmobiT, konstituciaSi cvlileba Seitana.<br />

SemoRebuli iqna premier-ministris Tanamdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, garkveul<br />

SemTxvevebSi, prezidentis parlamentis <strong>da</strong>Txovnis ufleba<br />

mieniWa. zogierTi mosazrebiT, am cvlilebebma Seasustes<br />

parlamentis roli, maT Soris, samxedro Zalebze samoqalaqo<br />

kontrolis sferoSic. SesaZloa es mosazreba ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebulic<br />

iyos, magram faqtia, rom Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis sferoebSi<br />

politikuri organoebis funqciaTa aRrevi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare<br />

problematika ar amowurula.<br />

magaliTisaTvis, axla parlaments aqvs ufleba undobloba<br />

gamoucxados calkeul ministrs an mTlian kabinets, Tum<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>Txovnis riskad. premier-ministris postis SemoReba ki<br />

aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi marTvisa <strong>da</strong> kontrolis paralelizmis<br />

mizezi xdeba: saministroebs premier-ministri uwevs<br />

kurirebasa <strong>da</strong> koordinirebas, magram prezidenti inarCunebs<br />

uflebas <strong>da</strong>iTxovos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> policiisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />

usafrTxoebis ministrebi premier-ministris Tanxmobis<br />

gareSec. amavdroulad, prezidenti rCeba SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zalebis uzenaes sardlad <strong>da</strong> erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos<br />

Tavmjdomared. sagangebo SemTxvevebSi prezidenti ministrTa<br />

kabinetis sxdomebsac Tavmjdomareobs. aseTi paralelizmi Tu<br />

funqciaTa urTierTga<strong>da</strong>farva qmnis “subieqturi” samoqalaqo<br />

198

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

kontrolis risks, romlis Sesaxebac adre iyo saubari.<br />

metic, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis samistros xelmZRvaneloba ganicdi<strong>da</strong><br />

uCveulod xSir cvlilebebs. 2005 w. TebervalSi Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

ministrma, romelic Tavad iyo rigiT meoTxe ministri revoluciis<br />

Semdeg, generaluri Stabis yvela direqtoratis<br />

xelmZRvanelTa ga<strong>da</strong>dgoma moiTxova. misive moTxovniT ga<strong>da</strong>dga<br />

generaluri Stabis ufrosic. generaluri Stabis axali ufrosad,<br />

agreTve meoTxed revoluciis Semdeg, polkovniki levan<br />

nikolaiSvili <strong>da</strong>iniSna. am SemTxvevasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ori ram<br />

iyo SemaSfoTebeli. jer erTi, aseTi cvlilebebi xelmZRvanelobis<br />

arastabilurobaze mianiSneb<strong>da</strong>. meorec, ministris<br />

moTxovna, savaraudod, arakanonieri iyo, radgan ministrs ar<br />

aqvs ufleba generaluri Stabis ufross ga<strong>da</strong>dgoma aiZulos.<br />

kanonis Tanaxmad, generaluri Stabis ufrosis <strong>da</strong>niSvna <strong>da</strong><br />

gaTavisufleba przidentis prerogativaa. arsebiTad, saqarTvelos<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politikaSi bolo dromde narCundebo<strong>da</strong><br />

revoluciuri qaosisa <strong>da</strong> qvazi-kanonierebis nazavi.<br />

2005 wlis gazafxulze natom individualuri partniorobis<br />

samoqmedo gegmis mimdinareobis pirveladi Sefaseba ganaxorciela.<br />

procesi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d klasificirebulia <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad,<br />

bevri ram ucnobia am Sefasebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb.<br />

mTavroba acxadebs, rom natos eqspertebi gaocebuli arian<br />

reformebis warmatebuli tempebiT <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />

gazrdili brZolisunarianobiT. Tumca, imavdroulad, rigi<br />

konfidencialuri wyaroebis cnobiT, natos eqspertebs bevri<br />

kiTxvebi uCndebaT saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sistemaSi <strong>da</strong>gegmvisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sabrZolo aRWurvilobis Sesyidvebis racionalurobasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />

am viTarebaSi mniSvnelovania erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos<br />

rolis mkafiod gansazRvra. es procesi 2004 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong><br />

imedismomcem pirvel nabijad SeiZleba is garemoeba CeiTvalos,<br />

rom erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWos pirvelma post-revoluciurma<br />

mdivanma - vano merabiSvilms, erovnuli usafrTxoebis<br />

koncefciis SemuSavebaSi rCevisaTvis arasamTavrobo<br />

organizaciebsa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo eqpertTa sazogadoebas mimar-<br />

199

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

Ta. 42 samwuxarod, misi Semcvleli gela beJuaSvili nakleb interess<br />

iCens akademiur wreebsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan<br />

TanamSromlobis mimarT.<br />

manam, sanam samuSao <strong>da</strong>srulebul formas miiRebs <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis <strong>of</strong>icialuri koncefcia<br />

eqneba, 43 prezidentma, premier-ministrma <strong>da</strong> marTveli nacionaluri<br />

moZraoba - demokratebis xelmZRvanelebam pasuxi un<strong>da</strong><br />

gasces Semdeg kiTxvebs: rogor <strong>da</strong> rodis un<strong>da</strong> mogvardes<br />

rusuli bazebis saqarTveloSi y<strong>of</strong>nis sakiTxi; rogor gegmavs<br />

saqarTevlos mTavroba separirebuli, ukontrolo teritoriebis<br />

problemis mogvarebas; rogor apirebs mTavroba<br />

qveynis energetikuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>as; ra<br />

zomebia misaRebi ukiduresi siRaribis, jerac <strong>da</strong>umarcxebeli<br />

korupciisa <strong>da</strong> organizebuli <strong>da</strong>naSaulis winaaRmdeg; ra un<strong>da</strong><br />

gakeTdes religiuri <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri Seuwynareblobis problemebis<br />

mosagvareblad, romelic kvlavac sakmao<strong>da</strong>a gamj<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

saqarTvelos socialur <strong>da</strong> politikur sistemaSi; ra gziT<br />

SeiZleba am yvelafris <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis sxva sakiTxebis<br />

mogvarebisaTvis saWiro resursebis mozidva; ra konkretuli<br />

misiebi ekisreba usafrTxoebis <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis uwyebebs?<br />

Tu sabolood ar gairkva ruseT - saqrTvelos urTierTobebi<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis sferoSi; Tu ar iqna mkafiod<br />

42 erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWos aparatis warmomadgeneli. interviu<br />

avtorTan, aprili, 2004<br />

43 sanam wigni <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d mzaddebo<strong>da</strong>, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam<br />

SeimuSava <strong>da</strong> miiRo didi xnis nanatri erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia.<br />

samuSaos <strong>da</strong>CqarebaSi didi wvlili Seitana parlamentis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong><br />

usafrTxoebis komitetma. aRsaniSnavia, rom koncefciis SemuSavebis<br />

saboloo etapze, avtorebma uSiSroebis sabWos aparati<strong>da</strong>n moawyves<br />

proeqtis ganxilvebi arasamTavrobo seqtoris monawileobiT. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

imisa, rom miRebul dokumentSi kvlav aris sakamaTo adgilebi, romelTa<br />

ganxilvis saSualeba <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d gamzadebul wignSi aRaraa, rogorc<br />

koncefciis SemuSavebis procesi, ise dokumentis Sinaarsi u<strong>da</strong>vod<br />

winga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijia Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis seqtoris reformirebis<br />

gzaze. amave dros, miRweuli iqna progresi molaparakebebSi rusuli<br />

bazebis Taobaze. mTavrobam ga<strong>da</strong>dga axali nabijebi konfliqtebis<br />

mogvarebis gegmaTa SemuSavebis mimarTulebiTac.<br />

200

saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> samxedro reforma<br />

Camoyalibebuli samxedro Zalebis roli qveynis teritoriuli<br />

mTlianobis aRdgenis saqmeSi; <strong>da</strong> Tu swrafi tempiT ar ganxorcieldeba<br />

sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri, samarTlebriv-politikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> kulturuli modernizacia, samxedro<br />

reforma - Tun<strong>da</strong>c saukeTeso eqspertebis xelmZRvanelobiT -<br />

mkvdrad Sobili <strong>da</strong>rCeba. armiaSi, policiasa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis<br />

sxva uwyebebSi wlebis manZilze fexmokidebulma korufciam <strong>da</strong><br />

favoritizmma serozuli <strong>da</strong>rtyma ganica<strong>da</strong>. Tumca gasake-<br />

Tebeli jerac bevria <strong>da</strong> reformis procesSi gaCenili nebismieri<br />

bzari kvlav aaRorZinebs Zvel praqtikas. 44<br />

farTomaStabiani agresiis safrTxe saqarTevlos uaxloes<br />

momavalSi arsai<strong>da</strong>n ar emuqreba. ragind gaRizianebuli ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

iyvnen rusi politikosebi saqarTvelos pro<strong>da</strong>savluri arCevaniT,<br />

farTomaStabiani intervenciis albaTaoba Zalian mcirea.<br />

miTumetes, roca maT SeuZliaT saqarTveloze zewolis nairferi<br />

ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri berketebis amoqmedeba.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, SesaZlebelic rom iyos, saqarTvelosaTvis<br />

mainc ar aqvs azri mravalricxovani tradiciuli armiis<br />

formirebas.<br />

sinamdvileSi qveyanas esaWiroeba msubuqi <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

mcirericxovani pr<strong>of</strong>esionaluri samxedro Zala, romelic<br />

SeZlebs akontrolos mTiani <strong>da</strong> zRvis pira sazRvrebi. amave<br />

dros, saqarTvelos un<strong>da</strong> yavdes gasamxedroebuli formirebebi<br />

organizebul kriminalur jgufebTan sabrZolvelad. samxedro<br />

Zalebis nawili SesaZloa warmatebiT iqnas gamoyenebuli<br />

saerTaSoriso samSvidobo misiebSi, risi magaliTebic ukve<br />

saxezea. amgvar operaciebSi monawileoba saqarTvelos aZlevs<br />

Sanss Tavisi wvlili Seitanos saerTaSoriso stabilurobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

usafrTxoebis saqmeSi. ufro hipoTeturi, farTomaStabiani<br />

safrTxeebisaTvis mosamzadeblad ki upriani iqnebo<strong>da</strong> sarezervo<br />

Zalebis gaZliereba. sarezervo Zalebi, Tavisi moklevadiani<br />

wrTvnebiT, SeiZleba pozitiur faqtorad iqces<br />

44 saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros warmomadgenlebi. interviu<br />

avtorTan, aprili, 2004.<br />

201

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili<br />

saqarTvelos mravaleTnikuri mosaxleobis Tanamedrove<br />

samoqalaqo erad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis saqmeSi.<br />

Tu korufcia sabolood iqna aRm<strong>of</strong>xvrili <strong>da</strong> mox<strong>da</strong><br />

menejmentis sistemis optimizacia, saqarTvelos Tavisi<br />

mokrZalebuli resursebiTac ki SeeZleba 15 000 –20 000<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>esionali jariskacis Senaxva, rasac rezervistTa kontigenti<br />

<strong>da</strong>emateba. Tumca, yovelive es kvlav gvaxsenebs<br />

saqarTvelos ZiriTad saSinao problematikas - maT Soris wina<br />

xelisuflebisagan na<strong>and</strong>erZev <strong>da</strong> jerac <strong>da</strong>saregulirebel<br />

samxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobis problemebs. Tu axali<br />

mTavroba gawonasworebulad <strong>da</strong> mizanmimarTulad imoqmedebs<br />

samoqalaqo demokratiuli kontrolis efeqturi meqanizmebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>samkvidreblad, qveyanas namdvilad eqneba uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi, magram gazrdili <strong>da</strong> adeqvaturi <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>.<br />

202

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi:<br />

rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

Tavi 4<br />

ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis<br />

morigi SesaZlebloba 2004 wlis ianvarSi miecaT, rodesac<br />

axla<strong>da</strong>rCeulma prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma ruseTs<br />

urTierTobebis sufTa furcli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyeba SesTavaza. ruse-<br />

Tisadmi undobloba mis bevr mezobels axasiaTebs, maT Soris<br />

baltiispira qveynebs <strong>da</strong> azerbaijansac. TumcaRa sityvieri Tu<br />

realuri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis doniTa <strong>da</strong> intensivobiT saqarTvelosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris urTierToba mainc gamorCeulia. maS ra<br />

ganapirobebs aseT <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas?<br />

rTuli istoriis mqone mezoblebs Soris jansaRi urTierTobis<br />

Camoyalibebas am qveynebSi sakuTari SesaZleblobebis<br />

rwmenis ganmtkiceba sWirdeba. samwuxarod, sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

rRvevam sakuTari Tavis rwmena orive axladSeqmnil saxelmwifos<br />

gauqarva. 90–iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi ruseTic <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos TviTSegnebis kriziss ganicdi<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos<br />

mmarTvelma elitam Zalaufleba ruseTis imperiuli klanWebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gaTavisuflebis droSis qveS moipova. ruseTis imperiaSi<br />

gaerTianebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, Tanamedrove qarTuli nacionaluri<br />

azroneba ruseTisagan enobrivi, teritoriuli <strong>da</strong><br />

religiuri <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis ideis garSemo yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris periodma ruseTis mimarT jer kidev imperiul<br />

periodSi Camoyalibebuli wyena <strong>da</strong> undobloba kidev ufro<br />

ganamtkica. qarTuli elita Tavis interesebs sul ufro xSirad<br />

ganixilav<strong>da</strong> ruseTis interesebTan SeuTavseblad. ruseTis<br />

elitisaTvis, samxreT kavkasiaze kontrolis <strong>da</strong>kargva mtkiv-<br />

203

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

neuli movlena iyo, xolo ruseTis mimarT radikalurad<br />

ganwyobili qarTuli nacionalizmi <strong>da</strong>matebiT gamRizianebels<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

undoblobis am konteqtSi SeuZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis<br />

umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebis konstruqciuli ganxilva. saqarTvelo<br />

ruseTs safrTxed aRiqvam<strong>da</strong>, xolo ruseTi eWviT<br />

ekidebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos swrafvas natosaken <strong>da</strong> kavSirebis<br />

gaRrmavebas ruseTis istoriul metoqe TurqeTTan. liderebs<br />

Soris piradma mtrobam ki komunikacia SeuZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saqarTvelos susti mmarTvelebi sazogadoebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras<br />

antirusuli propag<strong>and</strong>iT moipovebdnen. arCevnebi ruseTis<br />

mimarT radikaluri gancxadebebis Sejibrad iqca, moskovs<br />

miewerebo<strong>da</strong> yvela arsebuli <strong>da</strong> ararsebuli codva. ekonomikur<br />

<strong>da</strong> politikur warumateblobas saqarTvelos mTavroba ruseTs<br />

miawer<strong>da</strong>, magram ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri sisuste ruseTis<br />

yvelaze agresiul elementebs qveynis Si<strong>da</strong> politikaSi Casarevad<br />

uxsni<strong>da</strong> gzas.<br />

am viTarebaSi, ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Soris pragmatuli<br />

TanamSromlobisaTvis adgili ar <strong>da</strong>rCa. Tumca dRes ori<br />

faqtori mainc aaxloebs or saxelmwifos. pirveli, mmarTveli<br />

fenis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi cvlaa. politikosTa axal Tobas piradi<br />

wyenis naklebi safuZveli gaaCnia. rac ufro mniSvnelovania,<br />

Seicvala regionuli <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso konteqsti. mezobeli <strong>da</strong><br />

ufro Soreuli saxelmwifoebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,<br />

biznesi sul ufro met gavlenas axdens samxreT kavkasiis<br />

regionze. navTobisa <strong>da</strong> sxva energomatareblebis tranzitma<br />

regioni ufro Rirebuli gaxa<strong>da</strong>. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis<br />

sul ufro meti monawilea <strong>da</strong>interesebuli aq stabilurobis<br />

SenarCunebiT. naTelia, rom saerTo problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta<br />

TanamSromlobis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. saerTaSoriso terorizmis<br />

safrTxem usafrTxoebis aRqma Secvala. saqarTvelos<br />

moqalaqeebis mier ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n gadmoricxuli Tanxebis raodenobam<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi ruseTis energetkulma interesebma<br />

<strong>da</strong>aaxloa ori qveynis mTavrobebi. moskovSic <strong>da</strong> TbilisSic<br />

ukanasknel xanebSi cdiloben mcired mainc gaaumjobeson<br />

204

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

urTierToba. TumcaRa, dReisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maSoriSorebeli mizezebi<br />

iseTive Zlieria rogorc <strong>da</strong>maaxloebeli, rac realur progress<br />

xels uSlis.<br />

es Tavi saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris konfliqtis<br />

mizezebis analiziT iwyeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis or dones exeba:<br />

TviTSegnebis kriziss, romelic orive qveyanaSi 90–iani wlebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyiss <strong>da</strong>emTxva <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis Ziebas 90–iani wlebis Sua<br />

xanebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sasruls. Tavis SuawelSi ormxriv urTierTobebSi<br />

axali pragmatizmis Ziebas SevexebiT. Tavis <strong>da</strong>sasruls saerTo<br />

midgomis gamonaxvis or konkretul magaliTze SevCerdebiT.<br />

TviTSegnebis ZiebaSi<br />

ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Soris <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis zr<strong>da</strong> 80–iani<br />

wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyiss ukavSirdeba, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

rRvevis Semdeg orive saxelmwifo Tavis axal, <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

TviTSegnebas ayalibeb<strong>da</strong>. am rTul <strong>da</strong> mtkivneul procesSi<br />

ruseTi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis Zireulad gansxvavebuli<br />

formisaken iswrafvodnen. <strong>da</strong>Zabulobam qveynebs Soris<br />

piks miaRwia 1994 wlisaTvis, magram undobloba <strong>da</strong> masTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli radikaluri (Tumca xSirad araTanmimdevruli)<br />

ritorika arasodes ganelebula. Rirebulebebs Soris amgvari<br />

konfliqtebi metad rTuli ga<strong>da</strong>salaxia, radgan rogorc jefri<br />

rubini aRniSnavs, maTi „ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta mxolod maSin SeiZleba Tuki<br />

erTi mxare meores azris Secvlis aucileblobaSi <strong>da</strong>arwmunebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara molaparakebebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli kompromisebis<br />

gziT.” 1 amave mizeziT rTuldeba konfliqtis aRwera pragmatuli<br />

politikis enaze, radgan erTi SexedviT politikurad<br />

umniSvnelo movlenebi, romlebic „normalur” urTierTobebze<br />

gavlenas ver moaxdendnen, magaliTad erTi calkeuli statia,<br />

gamonaTqvami Tu telega<strong>da</strong>cema, <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli Rirebu-<br />

1 Jeffrey Z. Rubin. Models <strong>of</strong> Conflict Management. – Journal <strong>of</strong> Social Studies, vol. 50,<br />

no. 1 (1994), pp. 33–45.<br />

205

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

lebebisa <strong>da</strong> miznebis konteqstSi ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebul reaqcias iwvevs.<br />

anTropologiaSi miRebuli „koleqtiuri TviTSegnebis”<br />

gansazRvreba am fenomenis aRsawerad gamogvadgeba. „koleqtiuri<br />

TviTSegneba” sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zogad, gaziarebul<br />

koncefcias gulisxmobs anu „koordinatTa uzogades<br />

sistemas romelic warmarTavs socialur qmedebas.” 2 saqarTvelosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ruseTis Tanamedrove „eri–saxelmwifoebis”<br />

TviTSegneba mniSvnelovanwilad imperiuli ruseTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sabWoTa kavSiris farglebSi ziari istoriis Sedegad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>,<br />

magram am erebma gansxvavebuli SinaarsiT <strong>da</strong>tvirTes<br />

Tanacxovrebis es gamocdileba. TviTSegneba, „meoba”, Tavisi<br />

arsiT eris cxovrebis miTologizebuli moTxrobaa romelic<br />

warmarTavs <strong>da</strong> gansazRvravs sazogadoebriv cxovrebas. is<br />

aisaxeba werilobiT istoriaSi, xelovnebaSi, literaturasa <strong>da</strong><br />

sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesSi. am mxriv SegviZlia visaubroT<br />

„mTavar miTze,” romelic yvelaze zogad doneze gansazRvravs<br />

simbolur samyaros, romlis mixedviTac sazogadoeba afasebs,<br />

Tu ra uqmnis safrTxes mis arsebobas <strong>da</strong> ra gziT un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>upirispirdes<br />

is am safrTxes. 3 es mTavari miTi sakmaod mdgradi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos imisaTvis rom saukuneebis manZilze Camoayalibos<br />

<strong>da</strong> SeinarCunos eris „meoba”, misi TviTSegneba, magram amave dros<br />

misi calkeuli nawilebi mudmivad ga<strong>da</strong>sxvaferdeba <strong>da</strong> esa<strong>da</strong>geba<br />

mimdinare realobas. dramatuli istoriuli movlenebi, rogoric<br />

iyo magaliTad sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Sla, xSirad istoriis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>fasebas <strong>da</strong> mTavari miTis safuZvlian modificirebas<br />

iwvevs. 4<br />

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos TviTSegneba ruseTisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

ideis garSemo Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. amitomac, ruseTTan<br />

2 Peter L. Berger <strong>and</strong> Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction <strong>of</strong> Reality: A Treatise<br />

in the Sociology <strong>of</strong> Knowledge (New York: Anchor Books, 1967), p. 62.<br />

3 Berger <strong>and</strong> Luckmann. The Social Construction <strong>of</strong> Reality, p. 62; Margaret R. Somers<br />

<strong>and</strong> Gloria D. Gibson. Dark Thoughts about the Self, in Craig Callhoun, ed. Social<br />

Theory <strong>and</strong> the Politics <strong>of</strong> Identity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), p. 67.<br />

4 Somers <strong>and</strong> Gibson. Dark Thoughts about the Self, p. 67. aseve Manuel Castells. The<br />

Power <strong>of</strong> Identity (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1997), p. 31.<br />

206

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

mimarTebis Tema mTavaria erovnuli cnobierebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> mas<br />

uzarmazari simboluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs politikuri cxovrebisaTvis<br />

imis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, Tu ra gzas adgas Tavad ruseTi. 5<br />

saqarTvelos istoriis ruseTis imperiasTan mimarTebaSi<br />

interpretireba qmnis „winaaRmdegobis TviTSegnebas”, rogorc<br />

mas manuel kastelsi uwodebs. amgvari TviTSegneba erSi maSin<br />

yalibdeba, rodesac is Tavsmoxveul ideologias ewinaaRdegeba,<br />

xolo suverenuli kontroli sazogadoebriv <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />

institutebze <strong>da</strong>kargulia. am pirobebSi sazogadoeba paralelur,<br />

TavsmoxveulTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul <strong>da</strong> avtonomur socialur<br />

sistemas ayalibebs, aSenebs „<strong>da</strong>pirispirebisa <strong>da</strong> TviTga<strong>da</strong>rCenis<br />

sangrebs” romlebiTac koleqtiuri „Cven” eTno–<br />

lingvisturi, religiuri an sxva niSniT emijneba <strong>da</strong>mpyrobel<br />

„imaT.” 6<br />

meTvramete saukuneSi otomanur <strong>da</strong> sparsul safrTxesTan<br />

mebrZoli saqarTvelo politikuri <strong>da</strong> fizikuri ganadgurebis<br />

safrTxis winaSe idga. ver miipyro ra evropis yuradReba,<br />

qarTulma elitam <strong>da</strong>cva ruseTis imperias sTxova. es arCevani<br />

gaziarebulma marTlmadideblobamac gansazRvra, rogorc<br />

saqarTvelos TviTSegnebis erT–erTma elementma. aTwleulebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos samxedro–politikuri<br />

elita rusuli jarebis mxar<strong>da</strong>mxar ibrZo<strong>da</strong> Crdilo kavkasiaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> didi roli Seasrula Tun<strong>da</strong>c imam Samilis legen<strong>da</strong>ruli<br />

ajanyebis CaxSobaSi. amave dros, rusuli poeziis, xelovnebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis wyalobiT qarTuli aristokratia evropul<br />

kulturasa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebs eziara.<br />

kulturulma kavSirebma saukuneebs gauZlo, magram politikur–samxedro<br />

aliansma did xans ver gastana. imperiuli<br />

mmarTvelobis pirveli wlebi<strong>da</strong>nve gamoikveTa ukmay<strong>of</strong>ileba<br />

rogorc ubralo mosaxleobis, ise aristokratiis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, rac<br />

5 Gia Tarkhan-Mouravi. The Georgian–Abkhazian Conflict in a Regional Context, in<br />

Bruno Coppieters, Ghia Nodia, <strong>and</strong> Yuri Anchabadze, eds. Georgia <strong>and</strong> Abkhazia, The<br />

Search for a Settlement (Cologne: Sonderveröffentlichung des BIOst, 1998), pp. 90–<br />

112, http://poli.vub.ac.be.<br />

6 Castells. The Power <strong>of</strong> Identity, p. 8.<br />

207

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

periodul spontanur Tu <strong>da</strong>gegmil ajanyebebSi ga<strong>da</strong>izrdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

xolme. saqarTvelos feo<strong>da</strong>luri sistema ver Seegua bevrad<br />

ufro xist rusul models. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qarTvelma aristokratebma<br />

ruseTis universitetebSi aiTvises Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

liberalizmis evropuli idealebi <strong>da</strong> mamebis Taobis rusuli<br />

arCevanis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres. es konfliqti, romelic<br />

kargad aisaxa im periodis qarTul literaturaSi, SvilTa<br />

gamarvebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. mecxramete saukunis bolosaTvis am<br />

Taobam xelovnebis, literaturisa <strong>da</strong> Jurnalistikis meSveobiT<br />

erovnul TviTSegnebaSi Semoitana ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n „Ralatis”<br />

Tema, Txroba imis Sesaxeb rom imperiuli instinqtebiT moqmedma<br />

ruseTma isargebla saqarTvelos sisustiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvis magivrad<br />

gaauqma <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli qarTuli <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong>.<br />

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis legitimuroba<br />

1918 wels am ideebze gazrdili Taobis Zalisxmevas <strong>da</strong>eyrdno.<br />

rodesac sabWoTa ruseTis jarebma 1921 wels <strong>da</strong>ikaves <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

saqarTvelo, saqarTvelos nacionalistebis TvalSi<br />

sabolood ganmtkic<strong>da</strong> ruseTis saxe – arasaimedo <strong>da</strong> mzakvari<br />

mezobeli, romelic mudmivad Zirs uTxris qarTvel ersa <strong>da</strong><br />

qarTul saxelmwifos. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom qarTuli elita <strong>da</strong><br />

aristokratia 1920–30–ian wlebSi TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgur<strong>da</strong>,<br />

qarTveli mwerlebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi moRvaweebis<br />

axali Taoba 1930–ian, 40–ian Tu 70–ian wlebSi swored mecxramete<br />

saukunis klasikosebis mier Camoyalibebul „qarTvelobis”<br />

gansazRvrebas eydnobo<strong>da</strong>, anu imperiul mCagvrelTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas<br />

qa<strong>da</strong>geb<strong>da</strong>. amgvarad, saqarTvelos mTavari miTi<br />

„winaaRmdegobis TviTSegnebis” nia<strong>da</strong>gze aRmocen<strong>da</strong>. 7<br />

ruseTis mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba sabWoTa periodis mtkivneulma<br />

gamocdilebam kidev ufro gaauaresa. 1956 wels sabWoTa<br />

jarebma cecxli gauxsnes TbilisSi nikita xruSCovis destalinizaciis<br />

politikis mowinaaRmdege demonstrantebs,<br />

7 am sakiTxis ufro detaluri analizisisaTvis, ixileT: Irakli Chkonia.<br />

Remaking the Identity Master Myth in Georgia: The Intellectual <strong>and</strong> Social History <strong>of</strong><br />

Discourse <strong>of</strong> Modern Georgian Nationalism. gamouqveynebeli naSromi.<br />

208

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

romlebic xruSCovis kampaniis qveteqstad „qarTvelobis”<br />

winaaRmdeg Setevas aRiqvamdnen. 1989 wlis 9 aprils sabWoTa<br />

Sinaganma jarebma <strong>da</strong>Sales <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis deviziT gamar-<br />

Tuli demonstracia, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c oci a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong>iRupa,<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qalebi. am movlenam saqarTveloSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis momxreTa rigebi mkveTrad gazar<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saqarTvelos ruseTisagan ganTavisufleba 80–iani wlebis<br />

bolos gaSlili <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis moZraobis mTavari mizani iyo.<br />

moZraobis liderebi xSirad saubrobdnen „srul <strong>da</strong>moukideblobaze,”<br />

Tumca am terminis konkretuli arsi arasodes<br />

ganumartavT. erovnuli moZraoba saZulveli imperiisagan<br />

gaTavisuflebis instinqts eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong>. ruseTisadmi undobloba<br />

paranoiis zRvarze gadio<strong>da</strong>: qarTuli presa, magaliTad,<br />

Tvli<strong>da</strong> rom sabWoTa satelevizio arxebis mier Tbilisis amindis<br />

prognozis gadmocema imperiuli azrovnebis nawili iyo, xolo<br />

<strong>da</strong>mangreveli miwisZvrebi ruseTis saidumlo miwisqveSa<br />

laboratoriebi<strong>da</strong>n imarTebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

am fonze, saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisadmi realuri safrTxe<br />

arasworad iyo interpretirebuli. iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTis<br />

Carevis gareSe eTnikur umciresobebTan – gansakuTrebiT<br />

afxazebTan <strong>da</strong> osebTan – Seqmnili <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba TavisTavad<br />

ganimuxtebo<strong>da</strong>. 8 ekonomikur sakiTxebsac ar eqceo<strong>da</strong> yuradReba.<br />

politikosebi <strong>da</strong> ubralo moqalaqeebi Tvlidnen, rom<br />

maTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta advilad moxerxdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

miRwevis Semdeg. <strong>da</strong>ubrundes qveynis bunebrivi resursebi<br />

qarTvel xalxs <strong>da</strong> qveynis ekonomikuri keTildReoba Tavis-<br />

Tavad uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>ili iqneba, Tvli<strong>da</strong> bevri.<br />

mixeil gorbaCovis reformebis <strong>da</strong>wyebis Semdeg qarTvelebisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba ara mxolod sasurveli, aramed<br />

SesaZlebelic Can<strong>da</strong>. Tuki qarTuli sazogadoeba amas imediT<br />

xvdebo<strong>da</strong>, ruseTis elitisaTvis sabWouri warsulisaTvis<br />

8 am krebulSi Sesul TavSi gia nodia aRniSnavs, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi<br />

safrTxed aRiqvamdnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifos eTnikuri niSnis<br />

mixedviT gansazRvras.<br />

209

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

zurgis Seqceva ufro rTuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis koleqtiuri<br />

TviTSegneba mWidrod iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli imperiuli „diadi<br />

saxelmwifosa” <strong>da</strong> civi omis droindeli „supersaxelmwifos”<br />

statusTan. amgvari TviTSegneba ruseTs evropisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

erTeulad aRivam<strong>da</strong>, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom rusuli<br />

elita tradiciulad iswrafvo<strong>da</strong> evropuli kulturuli<br />

sferosaken. sabWoTa periodSi „mTavari miTi” ruseTs <strong>da</strong>savle-<br />

Tis gamawonasworebel ideologiur <strong>da</strong> samxedro Zalad ganixilav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

boris dubinis azriT sabWoTa TviTaRqmis mTavari<br />

nawilebi 1930–iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli iyo: „misia” (<strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

gavlenis gawonasworeba), „derJava” (diadi, mravali eris<br />

gamaerTianebeli saxelmwifos xatebaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli „meoba”)<br />

<strong>da</strong> „sazRvari” (fizikuri gamy<strong>of</strong>i xazi „Cven”–sa <strong>da</strong> „imaT”<br />

Soris). 9 es koncefciebi jer kidev ruseTis imperiis dros<br />

Caisaxa, magram stalinis mmarTvelobis periodSi „uzenaesi<br />

misiis” imperiuli idea ga<strong>da</strong>ejaWva militaristuli, centralizebuli<br />

saxelmwifos instituts, romelic mudmiv samkvdro–<br />

sasicocxlo brZolaSi iyo kapitalistur <strong>da</strong>savleTTan. 10<br />

gorbaCovi Seeca<strong>da</strong> garidebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis gawonasworebis<br />

ideas <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa ekonomika <strong>da</strong> politikuri institutebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>savlurTan SeTavsebadi gaexa<strong>da</strong>. „mTavari miTi” popularuli<br />

rCebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong> masze „zemo<strong>da</strong>n”Setevam ver<br />

<strong>da</strong>imsaxura saxalxo mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera. konservatiuli elitis<br />

politikuri reaqcia 1991 wlis moskovis putCis saxiT gamoixata.<br />

sabWoTa politikuri institutebic zedmetad xisti aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />

demokratiul Rirebulebebze ga<strong>da</strong>sawyobad. Sedegad, sabWoTa<br />

kavSiri <strong>da</strong>iSala. ase rom, misiis Secvlis mcdelobisas ruseTma<br />

sakuTari „meobis” ganmsazRvreli, mravali eris gamaerTianebeli,<br />

supersaxelmwifos statusiT <strong>da</strong>mSvenebuli derJava <strong>da</strong>karga.<br />

ase rom, ruseTis TviTSegnebis krizisi realurad sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iwyo. boris elcinis administraciam<br />

9 Boris Dubin. Counterweight: Symbolism <strong>of</strong> the West in Contemporary Russia. – Pro et<br />

Contra, vol. 8, no. 3 (2004), p. 24.<br />

10 Dubin. Counterweight, p. 24.<br />

210

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n, 1990–93 wlebSi, ganagrZo <strong>da</strong>savleTTan integraciis<br />

politika. axali rusuli elita acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sla ruseTisaTvis „TviTganTavisuflebis” aqts warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

liberali reformatorebi, egor gai<strong>da</strong>ris meTaurobiT,<br />

Tvlidnen, rom <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli, <strong>da</strong>savleTze orientirebuli<br />

ruseTi wrafad ga<strong>da</strong>ewyobo<strong>da</strong> sabazro ekonomikaze <strong>da</strong> miaRwev<strong>da</strong><br />

keTildReobas. maTi azriT, Tuki ruseTs CamoSordebo<strong>da</strong><br />

CamorCenili, dotaciaze my<strong>of</strong>i sabWoTa respublikebi qveyana<br />

ufro swrafad SeZleb<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri aRmavlobis<br />

xarjze aRidgen<strong>da</strong> supersaxelmwifos statuss. ekonomikuri<br />

liberalizmis es idea ruseTSi ver gabaton<strong>da</strong>. privatizaciis<br />

gaukuRmarTebulma procesma mxolod kargi kavSirebis<br />

mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianebis viwro wre gaamdidra <strong>da</strong> mosaxleoba<br />

reformatorTa ideebis winaaRmdeg ganawyo. ekonomikuri<br />

liberalizmis ideologiam ver Secvala sabWoeTis „mTavari<br />

miTi.”<br />

rus avtorebs Soris azrTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobaa am warumateblobis<br />

mizezebis ZiebaSi. zogierTi Tvlis, rom individualur<br />

aqtivobaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli ekonomikuri keTildReobis<br />

idea ucxoa rusuli, koleqtivisturi sazogadoebisaTvis,<br />

romelic sulier Rirebulebebs materialur keTildReobaze<br />

maRla ayenebs. sxvebi Tvlian, rom <strong>da</strong>savleTTan integrirebis<br />

idea zedmetad radikalurad ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> rusuli<br />

saxelmwifos tradiciul TviTSegnebas, rac <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

gawonasworebas gulisxmobs. sazogadoebrivi azris 1996 wels<br />

Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad, ruseTis gamokiTxuli<br />

moqalaqeebis 20% Tvli<strong>da</strong> rom maTi saxelmwifo sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris msgavsad un<strong>da</strong> aewyos, 47% mxars „tradiciul rusul”<br />

cxovrebis wess uWer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mxolod 11%–s sur<strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>savlur yai<strong>da</strong>ze ga<strong>da</strong>wyoba. amave dros, 1997 wels ruseTis<br />

gamokiTxul moqalaqeTa 51% Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>savleTi „ruseTis<br />

metoqea” romelic „sakuTari problemebis ruseTis xarjze<br />

mogvarebas cdilobs <strong>da</strong> zians ayenebs ruseTis interesebs.” 11<br />

11 Dubin. Counterweight, p. 27<br />

211

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

rodesac axalma ideologiam fexi ver moiki<strong>da</strong>, ruseTis<br />

sazogadoeba imperiuli periodis miTebsa <strong>da</strong> simboloebs<br />

miubrun<strong>da</strong>. aRmosavleT evropis socialisturi saxelmwifoebisaTvis<br />

am periodSi saerTod <strong>da</strong>maxasi 12 aTebeli iyo<br />

sakuTar fesvebTan mibruneba. Tumca, aRmosavleTi evropisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT ruseTis wina–sabWouri warsuli kapitlisturi,<br />

demokratiuli institutebis mqone eri–saxelmwifo ki ara,<br />

mravalerovnuli teritoriuli imperia iyo. Sesabamisad,<br />

fesvebisaken mibruneba imperiuli simboloebis (<strong>da</strong> masTn erTad<br />

derJavnikuli ritorikis) aRorZinebas <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis<br />

evro–integraciul politikas saboloo wertili 1994 wels,<br />

CeCneTis pirveli omis <strong>da</strong>wyebisas <strong>da</strong>esva. <strong>da</strong>savleTma <strong>da</strong>karga<br />

ruseTis swrafi demokratizaciisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri liberalizaciis<br />

imedi.<br />

axali saqarTvelossa <strong>da</strong> axali ruseTis „mTavri miTebi”<br />

erTmaneTs Riad upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelosaTvis, sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Sla xsna iyo, gaTavisufleba „maTgan” vis winaaRmdegac<br />

qarTvelebi sakuTar TviTSegnebas grZnobiTa <strong>da</strong><br />

TiTqmis paranoi<strong>da</strong>luri <strong>da</strong>JinebiT agebdnen. ruseTis elitis<br />

udidesi nawili mZimed ganici<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris kraxs, radgan<br />

aman saxelmwifo TviTSegnebis safuZvlebi Searyia. saqarTvelo<br />

ruseTis „mTavari miTisaTvis” Tavi<strong>da</strong>n mxolod umniSvnelo<br />

elementi iyo, magram TviTSegnebis krizisis periodSi ruseTi<br />

ufro mgrZnobiare gax<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis mimarT.<br />

kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>pyroba <strong>da</strong> Tbili zRvebisaken gafarToeba,<br />

„veluri erebis ganaTleba” rusuli imperiuli misiis ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli<br />

nawili iyo. am ideis garSemo igebo<strong>da</strong> rusuli literaturis<br />

udidesi warmomadgenlebis, puSkinis, lermontovis, tolstois<br />

nawarmoebebis mniSvnelovani nawili. saqarTvlos xisti <strong>da</strong><br />

Seurigebeli TviTgamorkveva Riad upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong> am miTologias.<br />

saqarTvelo uars ambob<strong>da</strong> derJavis nawilad y<strong>of</strong>naze.<br />

metic, is Riad acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom Tavis Tavs „sazRvris” ruseTis<br />

12 Dmitri Trenin. Identity <strong>and</strong> Integration: Russia <strong>and</strong> the West in the 21 st Century. – Pro<br />

et Contra, vol. 8, no. 3 (2004), p. 11.<br />

212

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

sapirispiro, <strong>da</strong>savlur mxareze aRiqvam<strong>da</strong>. kidev uaresi, zviad<br />

gamsaxurdias romantikul–nacionalisturi ritorika samxreT<br />

<strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT kavkasiis erTobas qa<strong>da</strong>geb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ruseTis imperiul<br />

uflebebs ukve TviT ruseTis federaciis SigniT upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rac ar un<strong>da</strong> ararealisturi y<strong>of</strong>iliyo am gegmebis<br />

ganxorcieleba, ruseTSi maT gazviadebuli SiSiT ekidebodnen. 13<br />

„pan–kavkasiur” moZraobaze saubari xom ruseTSi y<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

regionuli metoqis, TurqeTis ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />

gavlenis zr<strong>da</strong>s ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

strategiuli xedvebisa <strong>da</strong> ideologiuri mrwamsis SeuTavsebloba<br />

ar gamoricxav<strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis garkveul dones<br />

gamsaxurdiasa <strong>da</strong> elcinis administraciebs Soris. Tumca,<br />

TviTSegnebis ufro Rrma konfliqti gamoricxav<strong>da</strong> ndobas <strong>da</strong>,<br />

Sesabamisad, realur progress am urTierTobebSi. ruseTTan<br />

konfrontacia qarTuli politikis ZiriTad Temad <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />

gamsaxurdias mTavroba ruseTTan brZolas saxelmwifos<br />

mSeneblobis nebismier sxva amocanaze maRla ayeneb<strong>da</strong>, rac<br />

saziano aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis. magaliTad,<br />

gamsaxurdias mTavrobas metad aSineb<strong>da</strong> ruseTis uSiSroebis<br />

samsaxurisa <strong>da</strong> komunisturi nomenklaturis zegavlena<br />

qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebze. Sedegad, pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli elitisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> inteligenciis didi nawili, romlebsac ruseTTan kulturuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli kavSirebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T, saxifaTo kolaboracionistebad<br />

iracxebodnen. 14 mTavrobis yuradReba konkretuli<br />

ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveti<strong>da</strong>n<br />

kudianebze aseT nadirobaze iyo ga<strong>da</strong>rTuli. amave mizeziT,<br />

gamsaxurdias mTavrobas gaemijna gamocdili administraciuli<br />

kadrebis didi nawili saxelmwifo institutebs SigniT, ramac<br />

politikurad <strong>da</strong>niSnul ministrebsa <strong>da</strong> maT nomenklaturul<br />

1 Liz Fuller. New Geopolitical Alliances on Russia’s Southern Rim. – RFE/RL Newsline,<br />

April 16, 1997, http://www.rferl.org/newsline/1997/04/160497.asp.<br />

2 zviad gamsaxurdia saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> abulfaz elCibei azerbaijanSi<br />

cdilobdnen <strong>da</strong>Sorebodnen “wiTel inteligencias”, risi ukuefeqtic<br />

“elitebis gaucxoeba” gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

213

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

xelqveiTebs Soris mudmivi <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba moitana. elitebis<br />

amgvar gaucxoebas logikurad mohyva gamsaxurdias mTavrobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mxoba. 15<br />

msgavsadve, gamsaxurdia <strong>da</strong> misi administracia afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTs mxolod ruseTis marionetebad aRiqvamdnen.<br />

Sedegad, am avtonomiebis elitebis moTxovnebs yuradReba ar<br />

eqceo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ormxrivi kavSirebi maTTan ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d blokirebuli<br />

iyo. aman <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis eskalacia gamoiwvia <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />

uTanxmoeba SetakebebSi ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvlos xelisuflebam<br />

ver gaiazra, Tu ratom emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>, afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> oseTis<br />

elitebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis nawilis azriT, saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba maT TviTSegnebas. Sesabamisad, <strong>da</strong>ikarga ufro<br />

mWidro, ze–eTnikuri, erovnul–saxelmwifoebrivi TviTSegnebis<br />

Camoyalibebis pirveli Sansi <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saqarTveloSi. 16<br />

rasakvirvelia, garkveul doneze gamsaxurdiasdroindel<br />

anti–rusul ritorikas praqtikuli politikuri ganzomilebac<br />

gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. gare mtris SiSi xelisuflebis konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sazogadoebrivi TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebis erT–erTi gzaa.<br />

Tumca mtris xatis Seqmna ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> sakmarisi qveynis<br />

ganviTarebis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad. amgvarad, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

pirvel wlebSi saqarTvelos sazogadoeba imaze SeTanxm<strong>da</strong> Tu<br />

saiT sur<strong>da</strong> moZraoba, anu miaRwia imas, rasac kia nodia „erovnul<br />

proeqts” uwodebs. saqarTvelos sur<strong>da</strong> gax<strong>da</strong>riyo evropuli<br />

liberaluri demokratiis principebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli erovnuli<br />

saxelmwifo. samwuxarod, „erovnuli proeqti” mxolod imas<br />

wyvet<strong>da</strong> Tu ra sur<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas <strong>da</strong> ara imas Tu rogor<br />

apireb<strong>da</strong> is am miznis miRwevas. 17 sxvagvarad rom vTqaT, qarTuli<br />

elita imdenad aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> koncentrirebuli „winaaRmdegobis<br />

TviTSegnebaze” rom ver SeZlo manuel kastelsis TqmiT<br />

15 sabWoTa elitis saqarTvelos mTavrobisagan gaucxoebis Sedegebze<br />

ixile: Jaba Dev<strong>da</strong>riani. Georgia: Rise <strong>and</strong> Fall <strong>of</strong> Façade Democracy. – Äåìîêðàòèçàöèÿ,<br />

ò. 12, ¹ 1 (çèìà 2003 ã.), ñòð. 87–91.<br />

16 ix. gia nodias avtorobiT am krebulSi gamoqveynebuli Tavi.<br />

17 ix. gia nodias avtorobiT am krebulSi gamoqveynebuli Tavi.<br />

214

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

„saproeqto TviTSegnebis” Camoyalibeba, anu ver <strong>da</strong>saxa<br />

„momavali cxovrebis gegma, <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli <strong>da</strong>Cagrul TviT-<br />

Segnebaze, magram mimarTuli sazogadoebis transformaciisaken.”<br />

18 saqarTvelos gaaCn<strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli,<br />

instinqturi swrafva evropuli sivrcisaken, magram mas<br />

samwuxarod ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong> demokratiul, sabazro sistemaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebul sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis praqtikuli gamocdileba,<br />

romelsac SeeZlo konkretuli gegmis xasiaTi mieca<br />

„erovnuli proeqtisaTvis.” 1918–1921 wlebis demokratiuli<br />

respublikisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saqarTvelos 1991 wels<br />

memkvidreobad evropisaken swrafva ergo <strong>da</strong> ara amgvar<br />

sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis socialuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />

gamocdileba. <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli samwliani arseboba meoce<br />

saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi sakmarisi ar iyo demokratiis moqmedi<br />

institutebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. 19<br />

gamsaxurdias Semcvlelma prezidentis postze, eduard<br />

SevardnaZem aseve ver SeZlo saqarTvelos ganviTarebis<br />

popularuli proeqtis SemuSaveba. isic xSirad iyeneb<strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTis faqtors sakuTari mTavrobis Secdomebisa <strong>da</strong> araefeqturobis<br />

SesaniRbad. 20 gamsaxurdiasagan gansxvavebiT, SevardnaZe<br />

saqarTveloSi pro–rusul politikosad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. igi<br />

xelisuflebaSi 1992 wels ruseTTan urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis<br />

deviziT movi<strong>da</strong>. afxazeTSi mimdinare konfliqtis<br />

ganmavlobaSi SevardnaZe „ori ruseTis” politikas atareb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

misi TqmiT arsebob<strong>da</strong> „imperiuli ruseTi” romelsac samxedroebi<br />

warmoadgendnen <strong>da</strong> „demokratiuli ruseTi” prezident<br />

elcinisa <strong>da</strong> misi gundis meTaurobiT. 90–iani wlebis bolos,<br />

18 Castells. The Power <strong>of</strong> Identity, p. 8.<br />

19 baltiis saxelmwifoebSi, romlebsac saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis<br />

brZolaSi baZav<strong>da</strong>, viTareba sxvagvari iyo. 1918–<strong>da</strong>n 1939<br />

wlamde maT srulfasovnad moqmedi saxelmwifoebi Camoayalibes <strong>da</strong><br />

demokratiuli institutebis mexsiereba SenarCun<strong>da</strong>. Taoba, romelic<br />

cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis periodSi jer kidev cocxali iyo 90–ian<br />

wlebSi.<br />

20 Tarkhan-Mouravi. The Georgian–Abkhazian Conflict in a Regional Context, pp. 90–112.<br />

215

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

maSin rodesac misi popularoba dramatulad Semcir<strong>da</strong>,<br />

SevardnaZe sul ufro xSirad abraleb<strong>da</strong> ruseTs sakuTar<br />

Secdomebs. sinamdvileSi, saqarTvelos sisustem, mdgradi,<br />

sazogadoebrivi mxr<strong>da</strong>Weris mqone institutebis Camouyalibeblobam<br />

gamoiwvia ekonomikuri katastr<strong>of</strong>a, iseve rogorc<br />

ori sisxliani Si<strong>da</strong> konfliqti romelic qveynis 15%–ze<br />

kontrolis <strong>da</strong>kargviT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>.<br />

90–ian wlebSi ruseTis mier kavkasiaSi gatarebuli politikis<br />

mizezebis axsna bevrad ufro rTulia. saqarTveloSi<br />

gavrcelebuli azriT, ruseTi xels uSli<strong>da</strong> saqarTvlosa <strong>da</strong><br />

azerbaijanSi erovnuli xelisuflebebis Camoyalibebas,<br />

exmarebo<strong>da</strong> ra politikur (<strong>da</strong> xSirad SeiaraRebul) opozicias<br />

diplomatiuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro saSualebebiT. Tumca Zalian rTulia<br />

imis <strong>da</strong>rwmunebiT mtkiceba, rom y<strong>of</strong>ili komunisturi liderebis<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>r alievisa <strong>da</strong> eduard SevardnaZis <strong>da</strong>bruneba baqosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> TbilisSi kremlSi <strong>da</strong>igegma. orive qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

Semdeg mosuli erovnuli xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>mxoba imave<br />

warmatebiT SeiZleba aixsnas qveynis Si<strong>da</strong> problemebiTac.<br />

gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg mebrZoli SeiaraRebuli opozicia<br />

iaraRs sabWoTa armiis arsenalebi<strong>da</strong>n iReb<strong>da</strong>, ramac bevri<br />

<strong>da</strong>rwmuna rom reJimis Secvla ruseTis gegmis nawili iyo. arc<br />

isaa gamorixuli rom 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Sedegad<br />

politikur mmarTvel rgols mowyvetili rusi saxedroebi<br />

sakuTari angarebiT moqmedebdnen.<br />

<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia, rom afxazeTSi rusi samxedroebi awvdidnen<br />

iaraRs, aRWurvilobas <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>zvrvo monacemebs afxaz<br />

ajanyebulebs, zogjer ki pir<strong>da</strong>pirac exmarebodnen brZolebSi.<br />

iyo es kremlis Segnebuli nabiji Tu ruseTSi arsebuli zogadi<br />

politikuri areulobis gverdiTi Sedegi? am kiTxvaze ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti<br />

pasuxis gacema jer kidev SeuZlebelia. SesaZloa imaze<br />

msjeloba, ras SeeZlo gamoewvia rusi samxedroebis moqmedeba<br />

saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> ratom ar gaakeTa<br />

araferi ruseTis politikurma xelmZRvanelobam maT Sesakaveblad.<br />

rogorc adreve vTqviT, ruseTis <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi<br />

simpatiiT ganwyobil liberalizms wmin<strong>da</strong>d ekonomikuri saxe<br />

216

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>. privatizacia saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan <strong>da</strong><br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lio bankTan TanamSromlobiT ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>. sagareo<br />

politikaSi ruseTis jarebma <strong>da</strong>toves aRmosavleT evropa <strong>da</strong><br />

cnes baltiis saxelmwifoebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba. am nabijebs<br />

seriozuli Si<strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegoba mohyva ruseTis SigniT, TviT-<br />

Segnebis krizisi pirobebSi, roca bevri cdilob<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosaTvis<br />

derJavnikuli Sinaarsis <strong>da</strong>brunebas. jer kidev 1992<br />

wels ruseTis sagareo ministrma <strong>and</strong>rei kozirevma evropis<br />

uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis konferencias e.w. „gamafrTxilebeli<br />

gamosvliT” mimarTa. man gaaxmovana rusi radikalebis<br />

popularuli pozicia, rom y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa kavSiri post–imperiul<br />

sivrces warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> masSi ruseTs sakuTari interesebis<br />

nebismieri meTodebiT <strong>da</strong>cvis ufleba un<strong>da</strong> mieces. 21 kozirevma<br />

mogvianebiT axsna, rom misi gamosvla mxolod politikuri<br />

radikalizmis safrTxis Taobaze saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis<br />

gasafrTxileblad gakeT<strong>da</strong>, magram ukve 1993 wels ruseTis<br />

usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> sagareopolitikuri doqtrinebi „axlo<br />

sazRvargareTis” koncefcias Seicav<strong>da</strong>. es koncefcia swored<br />

kozirevis mier navaraudev politikur xazs waagav<strong>da</strong>. 22<br />

rasakvirvelia, am etapze ruseTs aRar SeeZlo post–<br />

sabWoTa sivrceze imperiuli Zalauflebis srulfasovani<br />

aRdgena. „istoriuli rolisadmi” emociuri swrafva susti<br />

saxelmwifoebis sagareo politikaze hegemonuri gavlenis<br />

mopovebas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. 23 90–iani wlebis SuaxanebisaTvis<br />

21 Rol<strong>and</strong> Dannreuther Russian Perceptions <strong>of</strong> the Atlantic Alliance: Final Report for<br />

the NATO Fellowship (Brussels <strong>and</strong> Edinburgh: 1997), p. 11, http://www.nato.int/acad/<br />

fellow/95-97/<strong>da</strong>nnreut.pdf.<br />

22 John J. Maresca. Russia’s ‘Near Abroad’—A Dilemma for the West, in Hans-Georg<br />

Ehrhart, Anna Kreikemeyer, <strong>and</strong> Andrei V. Zagorski, eds. Crisis Management in the CIS:<br />

Whither Russia? (Baden Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995), pp. 192–193; Yuri E.<br />

Fedorov. Foreign Policy-Making in the Russian Federation <strong>and</strong> Local Conflicts in the CIS, in<br />

Ehrhart, Kreikemeyer, <strong>and</strong> Zagorski. Crisis Management in the CIS, p. 122 è pp. 126–127.<br />

23 Rajan Menon. The Security Environment in the South Caucasus <strong>and</strong> Central Asia, in<br />

Rajan Menon, Yuri E. Fedorov, <strong>and</strong> Ghia Nodia, eds. Russia, the Caucasus, <strong>and</strong> Central<br />

Asia, The 21 st Century Security Environment (New York: East West Institute, M.E.<br />

Shape Inc., 1999), p. 9.<br />

217

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

gamoikveTa „axlo sazRvargareTis” koncefciis praqtikuli<br />

Sinaarsi, Tumca misi Teoriuli arsi kvlavac bolomde ganumartavi<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCa. am koncefciis mixedviT ruseTi axali, post sabWoTa<br />

saxelmwifoebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas ki aRiareb<strong>da</strong>, magram maT<br />

mainc warmosaxviTi „derJavis,” rogorc politikul–kulturuli<br />

sivrcis Semadgenel nawilebad aRiqvam<strong>da</strong>. „axlo sazRvargareTi”<br />

ruseTSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebisaTvis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

SinaarsiT iyo Sevsebuli, Sesabamisad ver gamoikveTa konkretuli,<br />

Tanmimdevruli politikac. im pirobebSi, rodesac<br />

ruseTis axal sazRvrebTan axlos swored Zalovani uwyebebis<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT agresiuli warmomadgenlebi iyvnen yvelaze axlos,<br />

imarjveb<strong>da</strong> „axlo sazRvargareTis” maTeuli interpretacia.<br />

swored maT hqon<strong>da</strong>T udidesi gavlena samxreT kavkasiis<br />

politikis SemuSavebaze elcinis mmarTvelobis ganmavlobaSi.<br />

is, rom ruseTis warmomadgenlebad samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />

samxedroebi iqcnen SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>ugegmavi, magram savsebiT<br />

logikuri movlena iyo. kavkasiis samxedroebisaTvis mindoba<br />

ruseTis imperiis droi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli politika iyo. praqtikuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT, transkavkasiis samxedro olqi (SemdgomSi<br />

transkavkasiaSi ruseTis jarebis jgufad wodebuli) kavkasiaSi<br />

ruseTis udidesi biurokratiuli intituti iyo, romelic<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slas ga<strong>da</strong>urCa. rus samxedroebs xSirad<br />

axlo urTierToba akavSireb<strong>da</strong>T adgilobriv xelisuflebTan. 24<br />

ase rom, saqarTveloSi mimdinare konfliqtebisa <strong>da</strong> somxeT–<br />

azerbaijanis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis dros rusi samxedroebi molaparakebebze<br />

rusul saxelmwifos warmoadgendnen <strong>da</strong> xSirad<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebul mxareebs Soris Suamavlebad gamodiodnen.<br />

rusi generlebi aseve xSirad akeTebdnen politikur gancxadebebs<br />

ruseTis saxeliT. ruseTis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrma, pavle<br />

graCovma pira<strong>da</strong>d Seuwyo xeli ramodenime SeTanxmebas mxareebs<br />

Soris afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtebisas, rogorc<br />

24 Dmitri Trenin. Russia’s Security Policies <strong>and</strong> Interests in the Caucasus Region, in Bruno<br />

Coppieters, ed. Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: VUB University Press,<br />

1996), p. 98.<br />

218

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

elcinis piradma warmomadgenelma. ase rom samxedroebs rogroc<br />

praqtikuli, ise simboluri wona gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T kavkasiur saqmeebSi.<br />

zogi mkvlevari imasac amtkicebs, rom istoriulad, ruseTSi<br />

samxedroebi gansaRvravdnen saxelmwifos raobas <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad,<br />

maSin roca samoqalaqo xelisufleba krizisSia, samxedroTa<br />

roli avtomaturad izrdeba. 25 rusuli saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

TviTSegnebis <strong>da</strong>mcvelad samxedroebs Tavad rusuli sazogadoebac<br />

aRiqvams, romlis SexedulebiTac armia „ZiriTadi,<br />

samagaliTo institutia”, romelic disciplinasa <strong>da</strong> vertikalur<br />

ierarqias ganasaxierebs. 26<br />

ruseTis mier Suamaval institutad samxedroebis <strong>da</strong>niSvnam<br />

saqarTveloSi metad uary<strong>of</strong>iT gamoZaxili ipova, kidev ufro<br />

ganamtkica ra ruseTis militarisuli zewolis SiSi. viTarebas<br />

isic auareseb<strong>da</strong>, rom rusi samxedroebi inarCunebdnen agresiul,<br />

Seurigebel tons, rac imperiuli <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa qedmaRlobis<br />

gadmonaSTad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi. sabWoTa sistemis<br />

rRvevas samxedroebze politikuri kontrolis Sesusteba<br />

mohyva <strong>da</strong> ruseTis meTaurebic sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr<br />

gankargavdnen SeiaraRebas, maT Soris regionuli konfliqtebisas.<br />

politikuris gar<strong>da</strong> maT, bunebrivia, finansuri<br />

motivaciac amoZraveb<strong>da</strong>T, radgan iaraRiT vaWroba sakmaod<br />

sarfiani biznesi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> kavkasiaSi. 27<br />

90–iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi safrTxe TviT ruseTis<br />

teritoriul mTlianobasac <strong>da</strong>emuqra <strong>da</strong>, pirvel rigSi, Crdilo<br />

kavkasiaSi. kremli Si<strong>da</strong>eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> respublikaTaSorisi<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebis winaSe aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> CeCneTSi, <strong>da</strong>RestanSi, ingu-<br />

SeTsa <strong>da</strong> Crdilo oseTSi. eTnikurad rusul regionebSi<br />

problematuri gax<strong>da</strong> memarjvene, nacionalisturad ganwyobili<br />

radikalebis, maT Soris kazakebis, gakontroleba, romelTac<br />

25 Alex<strong>and</strong>er Golts. Main Obstacle to Military Reform—Russian Militarism. – Pro et<br />

Contra, vol. 8, no. 3 (2004), p. 56.<br />

26 Dubin. Counterweight, p. 30.<br />

27 CeCeni mebrZolebisaTvis iaraRis Crdilokavkasiis samxedro arsenalebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

miyidvaze saubrobdnen rogorc Jurnalistebi, ise ruseTis<br />

<strong>of</strong>icialuri pirebi.<br />

219

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

seriozuli mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerebi gamouCn<strong>da</strong>T ruseTis parlamentSi.<br />

elcinis reJimi cdilob<strong>da</strong> balansis moZiebas, <strong>da</strong> es balansi<br />

xSirad saqarTvelosaTvis arasasurveli meTodebiT miiRweo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

magaliTad, rusi moxaliseebi – rogorc sepratisti CeCnebi, ise<br />

derJavniki kazakebi – monawileobdnen afxazeTis konfliqtSi<br />

saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. maTi monawileoba ruseTs safrTxes<br />

ar uqmni<strong>da</strong>. piriqiT, amiT moxerx<strong>da</strong> „orTqlis gamoSveba”<br />

Crdilo kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> potenciurad <strong>da</strong>mangreveli impulsis<br />

ruseTis miRma mimarTva. 28<br />

am periodSi rus politikur moTamaSeebs kavkasiaSi TiTqmis<br />

aravin abalanseb<strong>da</strong>. samxreT oseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi mimdinare<br />

konfliqtebi praqtikulad <strong>da</strong>savleTis yuradRebis miRma<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCa. saqarTvelos xelisufleba eridebo<strong>da</strong> radikalur<br />

moqmedebebs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad saqarTvelos parlamentis epizoduri<br />

mkacri gancxadebebisa, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba <strong>of</strong>icialurad<br />

mxolod sustad akritikeb<strong>da</strong> ruseTis monawileobas<br />

afxazeTis konfliqtSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eTanxma ruseTis mSvidobismy<strong>of</strong>el<br />

rols. rodesac samxreT oseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi konfliqtebis<br />

samxedro faza <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>savleTma Tavi Seikava<br />

am regionebSi samSvidobo operaciebis warmoebisagan <strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

samSvidobo roli ualternativod iqca. aqe<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli,<br />

ruseTi yoveli saSualebiT icavs Tavis samSvidobo man<strong>da</strong>ts <strong>da</strong><br />

cdilobs ar <strong>da</strong>uSvas saerTaSoriso institutebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong><br />

qmediTi monawileoba konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi, gar<strong>da</strong> im<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT SezRuduli sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo rolisa rac gaeros<br />

28 CeCeni <strong>da</strong> erqezi <strong>da</strong>qiravebulebis, agreTvi memarjvene kazakebis<br />

afxazeTis konfliqtSi monawileoba „kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis”<br />

farglebSi xdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> farTod <strong>da</strong>sturdeba. (ix. “Äîêëàä<br />

îðãàíèçàöèè “Õüþìàí ðàéòñ óîò÷”: Ãðóçèÿ â 1995 ãîäó”, http://www.hrw.org/reports/<br />

1995/Georgia2.htm). angariSSi naTqvamia, rom am monawileobis wyalobiT<br />

moxerx<strong>da</strong> CeCnur–rusuli Setakebebis acileba 90–iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi.<br />

amave dros, <strong>da</strong>qiravebulebis konfliqtSi monawileoba popularuli iyo<br />

rus politikosebsa <strong>da</strong> radikalurad ganwyobil samxedroebs Soris. maTma<br />

monawileobam Seamcira zewola elcinis xelisuflebaze. <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />

miTiTebebi am sakiTxebze ixileT: Tarkhan-Mouravi. Georgians <strong>and</strong> Abkhazians:<br />

The Search for a Peace Settlement, pp. 90–112.<br />

220

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

gaaCnia afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong> euTos samxreT oseTSi. ruseTi imgvari<br />

viTarebis Seqmnas eswrafvo<strong>da</strong>, rodesac „arcerT saerTaSoriso<br />

instituts, gar<strong>da</strong> dsT–si, ar SeuZlia efeqturi samSvidobo<br />

operaciebis warmoeba dsT–s SigniT <strong>da</strong> nebismieri mcdeloba<br />

warumatebelia ruseTis monawileobis gareSe.” 29<br />

afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg, qarTuli saxelmwifo<br />

<strong>da</strong>Slis realuri safrTxis winaSe idga. bevri qarTvelis azriT,<br />

ruseTma jer gaaRviva, mere ki mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira separatistul<br />

konfliqtebs afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi. eduard SevardnaZem<br />

gaaxmovana es versia soxumis <strong>da</strong>cemis Semdeg,<br />

rodesac man ganacxa<strong>da</strong> rom „saqarTvelo ruseTma <strong>da</strong>aCoqa.” 30<br />

saqarTvelos xelisuflebi miiCnevdnen, rom qveyanas ar gaCn<strong>da</strong><br />

sxva arCevani, gar<strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi rusuli<br />

samSvidobo jarebis miRebisa. sinamdvileSi, am jarebis mTavar<br />

funqciad, saqarTvelosgan CamoSorebuli provinciebis<br />

sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>cva, anu maTi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a<br />

iqca. Tumca, amave periodSi, ruseTis axali didebis ocnebebi<br />

Crdilo kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>imsxvra. Zlierebis zrdis nacvlad, ruseTi<br />

CeCneTis konfliqtSi Caeflo. metic, samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />

mimdinare konfliqtebis Sedegad ruseTis samxreT sazRvari<br />

<strong>da</strong>ucveli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> migraciuli nakadebis, araprognozirebadi<br />

separatistuli reJimebis <strong>da</strong> kriminaluri jgufebis winaSe.<br />

usafrTxoebis ZiebaSi<br />

CeCneTis pirveli omis pirobebSi, romelic arapopularuli<br />

iyo qveynis SigniT <strong>da</strong> mis gareT, usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs<br />

ruseTSi upirvelesi yuradReba eqceo<strong>da</strong>. am konfliqtma xazi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>usva evropaSi swrafi integraciis imedebs <strong>da</strong> ruseTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

29 Emilia Krivchikova. Peacekeeping Operations on the Territory <strong>of</strong> the Former Soviet<br />

Union, in Ehrhart, Kreikemeyer, <strong>and</strong> Zagorski. Crisis Management in the CIS, p. 162.<br />

30 es citata farTo<strong>da</strong>a cnobili <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos televiziiT gakeT<strong>da</strong>. is<br />

moixsenieba Semdeg wyaroSi: http://www.philipjohnston.com/centraleurope/chron/<br />

fsu/1993sep.htm.<br />

221

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

evropis Rirebulebebs Soris arsebuli ufskruli warmoaCina.<br />

omma Seasusta ruseTis centraluri mTavroba <strong>da</strong> gaaZliera<br />

rogorc biznes–oligarqebi, ise regionuli liderebi. saqarTvelo<br />

am dros kvlavac qaosSi rCebo<strong>da</strong>. SeiaraRebuli b<strong>and</strong>ebi<br />

akontrolebdnen biznessa <strong>da</strong> politikas. qveynis resursebi<br />

iyidebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iZarcvebo<strong>da</strong>. rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve ubralo<br />

moqalaqeebic dRi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis ibrZodnen.<br />

energokrizisma – gazisa <strong>da</strong> eleqtroenergiis naklebobam –<br />

puris deficitic ki warmoqmna. orive qveyanaSi krizisi<br />

erovnul TviTSegnebas safuZvlianad <strong>da</strong>emuqra. bunebrivia,<br />

maSin rodesac orive saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis ibrZo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>m upirvelesi mniSvneloba SeiZina.<br />

saqarTvelo, usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, or ZirTad<br />

amocanas wyvet<strong>da</strong>. upirvelesad, saWiro iyo qveynis <strong>da</strong>Slis<br />

tendenciis SeCereba. meores mxriv aucilebeli iyo pirveladi<br />

sagareo safrTxis – ruseTis <strong>da</strong>balanseba. pirveli miznis<br />

misaRwevad saqarTvelo manamde warmoudgenel <strong>da</strong>Tmobebze<br />

wavi<strong>da</strong> ruseTis mimarT: qveyana SeuerT<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobas; prezidentma SevardnaZem<br />

politikuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera gamoxata ruseTis CeCnuri kampanisadmi;<br />

ruseTis armiis moqmedi <strong>of</strong>iceri, vardiko nadibaiZe qveynis<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrad <strong>da</strong>iniSna; ruseTisadmi loialurad<br />

ganwyobili kadrebi gamoCn<strong>da</strong> Zalovan saministroebSi. amasTan,<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> stabilurobis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad, prezidenti SevardnaZe<br />

<strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebul b<strong>and</strong>ebs, rac „mxedrionis”<br />

gauqmebiTa <strong>da</strong> misi lideris jaba ioselianisa <strong>da</strong> gvardiis<br />

y<strong>of</strong>ili meTauris Tengiz kitovanis <strong>da</strong>patimrebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>.<br />

policiisa <strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT, uSiSroebis saministros gaZlierebas<br />

mohyva gaxmaurebuli samxedro–policiuri operaciebis<br />

seria qveynis regionebSi. zviad gamsaxurdias momxreTa<br />

moZraoba Zalismierad CaaxSes <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi. 1995<br />

wels eduard SevardnaZem Seqmna „saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa<br />

kavSiri”, romelic 1996 wlis arCevnebis Sedegad mmarTveli<br />

partia gax<strong>da</strong>. zurab Jvanias meTaurobiT am partiaSi Seqmnilma<br />

„axalgazr<strong>da</strong> reformatorTa” araformalurma jgufma <strong>da</strong>sav-<br />

222

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

lel partniorebSi gaaRviva qveynis demokratizaciis imedebi.<br />

axali erovnuli valuta, lari, mimoqcevaSi Semovi<strong>da</strong> 1996 wels<br />

<strong>da</strong> gacvliTi kursis stabilurobis SenarCuneba moaxerxa. es<br />

radikaluri cvlileba iyo 1993 wlis inflaciis samniSna<br />

cifrebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. ramodenimewliani dramatuli vardnis<br />

Semdeg, 1996–97 wlebSi erTobrivi Si<strong>da</strong> produqtis wliuri zr<strong>da</strong><br />

orniSna cifrebSi aRiricxa.<br />

sagareo–politikur arenaze, SevardnaZe cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savle-<br />

Tisagan mieRo usafrTxoebis garantiebi, rac mxolod kaspiis<br />

navTobis mimarT intersis zrdis paralelurad moxerx<strong>da</strong>. kaspiis<br />

auzSi moZiebulma navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazis rezervebma <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

saxelmwifoebis didi interesi gamoiwvia. 1998 wlisavis kaspiis<br />

regionis navTobsabadoebze ukve aTze meti <strong>da</strong>savluri kompania<br />

muSaob<strong>da</strong>. mxolod azerbaijanSi maT 28 miliard dolarze meti<br />

Rirebulebis kontraqtebi moipoves. 31 samxreT kavkasia mniSvnelovani<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c misi<br />

infrastruqtura aucilebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> azerbaijanuli (<strong>da</strong>,<br />

potenciurad, Suaaziuri) navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazis transportirebisaTvis.<br />

aSS monawileobiTa <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT <strong>da</strong>iwyo nav-<br />

Tobsadenis ori – mcire, baqo–sufsisa <strong>da</strong> didi, baqo–Tbilisi–<br />

jeihanis – proeqtis ganxorcieleba. SevardnaZem <strong>da</strong> misma<br />

azerbaijanelma kolega alievma mxari <strong>da</strong>uWires „abreSumis gzis”<br />

proeqts rac aziasa <strong>da</strong> evropas Soris satransporto koridoris<br />

aRorZinebas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. afxazeTSi, samxreT oseTSi <strong>da</strong><br />

CeCneTSi mimdinare konfliqtebma ga<strong>da</strong>Wra saqarTvelos ruseTTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli satransporto arteriebi. Sedegad, qveynis<br />

udides savaWro partniorad TurqeTi iqca.<br />

ruseTi samxreT kavkasias sakuTari Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sagareo<br />

usafrTxoebis problemebis prizmaSi aRiqvam<strong>da</strong>. mravali rusi<br />

analitikosi <strong>da</strong>eTanxmebo<strong>da</strong> dimitri trenins, romlis azriTac<br />

„transkavkasia ganuy<strong>of</strong>la<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli Crdilo kavkasias-<br />

31 Glen E. Howard. NATO <strong>and</strong> the Caucasus: The Caspian Axis, in Stephen J. Blank, ed.<br />

NATO after Enlargement: New Challenges, New Missions, New Forces (Carlisle, PA:<br />

Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1998), p. 157.<br />

223

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

Tan, romelic ruseTis federaciis nawilia.” 32 marTlac, samxreT<br />

kavkasiis qveynebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobam ruseTis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiTi problemebi Seuqmna. axali saxelmwifo sazRvari,<br />

romelsac sabWoTa kavSirSi mxolod administraciuli statusi<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>ucveli <strong>da</strong> gaukontrolebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. upirveles<br />

yovlisa, aman ruseTi ltolvilebis nakadis winaSe <strong>da</strong>ayena.<br />

umTavresi mainc is iyo, rom Tuki 1995 wlamde ruseTis<br />

gavlenas samxreT kavkasiaSi mxolod CeCneTSi mimdinare<br />

konfliqti <strong>da</strong> administrirebis zogadi araefeqturoba zRu<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1995 wlis Semdeg, ruseTs regionSi konkurentebi<br />

gamouCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis saxelmwifoebis saxiT. <strong>da</strong>savleli<br />

momomxilvelebi sul ufro xSirad iyenebdnen me–19 saukunis<br />

„didi TamaSis” analogias kaspiisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis regionebSi<br />

mimdinare movlenebis aRsawerad. britanuli „gardianis” 2001<br />

wlis nomerSi vkiTxulobT „esaa regioni romelzec Tvali<br />

aRmosavleTsac uWiravs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTsac.” 33 rogorc rusi, ise<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleli analitikosebisa <strong>da</strong> Jurnalistebis msjelobaSi<br />

gabaton<strong>da</strong> kavkasiaSi gaCaRebuli strategiuli metoqeobis<br />

azri. is gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong> politikur momoxilvebsa <strong>da</strong> politikosebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze. glen hovardi 1998 wer<strong>da</strong>: „civi<br />

omis <strong>da</strong>sasrulTan erTad kavkasia kvlavac ms<strong>of</strong>lio geopolitikis<br />

wina planzea, radgan kaspiis navTobi natos aRmosavleT<br />

flangs swrafad ucvlis saxes.” 34 rTulia imis <strong>da</strong>zustebiT Tqma,<br />

srulad iziareb<strong>da</strong> Tu ara am azrs <strong>of</strong>icialuri bruseli Tu<br />

vaSingtoni, magram is kargad asaxavs e.w. „realuri politikisaTvis”<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel logikas, romlis mixedviTac energoresursebze<br />

kontroli uSualod ukavSirdeba politikuri<br />

gavlenisaTvis brZolas.<br />

ruseTi, Tavis mxriv, civi omis wesebiT Seeca<strong>da</strong> saerTa-<br />

Soriso urTierTobebis gagrZelebas. <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> rusuli<br />

32 Trenin. Russia’s Security Policies <strong>and</strong> Interests in the Caucasus Region, p. 91.<br />

33 Richard Norton-Taylor. The New Great Game. – The Guardian, March 5, 2001, http:/<br />

/www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4146099,00.html.<br />

34 Howard. NATO <strong>and</strong> the Caucasus, p. 152.<br />

224

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

sagareo politikis bavSvobis xana, romelic „civilizebuli<br />

erebis ojaxSi” re–integrirebisaken iswrafvo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT, aSS–s „<strong>da</strong>balansebis” politika jer kidev<br />

sagareo ministr kozirevis moRvaweobisas aRorZin<strong>da</strong>. Camoyalibebuli<br />

saxe man usafrTxoebis civi omisdroindeli specialistis,<br />

evgeni primakovis sagareo ministris postze 1996 wlis<br />

ianvarSi <strong>da</strong>niSvnis Semdeg miiRo. ruseTis axali sagareo<br />

politikis amocanad aSS–s strategiuli gavlenis gafarToebis<br />

Sekaveba <strong>da</strong> unipolaruli ms<strong>of</strong>lio wesrigis nacvlad multipolaruli<br />

wesrigis ideis <strong>da</strong>cva iqca. <strong>of</strong>icialuri moskovi aSS–<br />

s mtris nacvlad „partniorad” ixsenieb<strong>da</strong>. es partnioroba,<br />

ruseTis azriT ar gamoricxav<strong>da</strong> aSS–sTan metoqeobas saerTa-<br />

Soriso gavlenis mosapoveblad. sinamdvileSi, erTis mxriv<br />

bevri rusi samxedro aSS–s kvlavac mtrad aRiqvam<strong>da</strong>, meores<br />

mxriv ki TviT aSS ukve aRar cnob<strong>da</strong> ruseTs Tanaswor metoqed.<br />

amis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, elcinis administracia cdilob<strong>da</strong> dsT–<br />

s samxedro–politikuri aliansis gaZlierebas. moskovi aseve<br />

emxrobo<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis komponentis gafarToebas evropis<br />

uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTos) farglebSi,<br />

radgan euToSi ruseTs faqtiurad vetos ufleba<br />

gaaCnia. iyo natosa <strong>da</strong> aSS–s moqmedebebis <strong>da</strong>balansebis<br />

mcdeloba balkaneTis konfliqtebSi, primakovis meTaurobiT<br />

ki ruseTi Seeca<strong>da</strong> Suamavlis roli eTamaSa aSS–sa <strong>da</strong> e.w.<br />

„gariyul reJimebs” (erayi, Crdilo korea, irani) Soris. 35 Tumca,<br />

iranTan gafarToebulma TanamSromlobam usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

kaspiis sakiTxebSi aSS–s gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. 36<br />

samxreT kavkasia am didi politikuri manevrebis erT–erTi,<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcire Semadgeneli nawili iyo, xoli saqarTvelo<br />

mxolod erTi elementi am globalur SejibrSi. aSS–s 1998 wlis<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoebis strategia miznad dsT–s ZiriTadi<br />

35 Allen C. Lynch. The Realism <strong>of</strong> Russia’s Foreign Policy. – Europe–Asia Studies, vol.<br />

53, no. 1 (2001), pp. 15–23.<br />

36 Patrick G. Moore. Russia to Sell Iran More Arms. – RFE/RL Newsline, March 13, 2001,<br />

http://www.rferl.org/newsline/ 2001/03/130301.asp.<br />

225

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

nawilebis <strong>da</strong>savlur ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur struqturebSi<br />

srul integracias isaxav<strong>da</strong>. 37 amis sapirispirod, ruseTis 2000<br />

wlis sagareo politikis koncefciis Tanaxmad prioritetulia<br />

„dsT–s wevri qveynebis or– <strong>da</strong> mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobi<br />

SeTavsebadobis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a [ruseTis] erovnuli usafrTxoebis<br />

amocanebTan.” 38 ruseTi sakuTar gavlenaze Setevad<br />

aRiqvam<strong>da</strong> natos gafarToebas, iseve rogorc am organizaciis<br />

programas „partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis”, romelic dsT–s<br />

qveynebic monawileoben. amgvarad, kremlis TvalsazrisiT<br />

saqarTvelos aqtiuri TanamSroloba natosTan programis<br />

„partioroba mSvidobisaTvis” farglebSi, ekonomikuri Tanam-<br />

Sromloba TurqeTTan <strong>da</strong> evrogaerTianebasTan <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

mcdelobis nawili iyo mtruli samxedro <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri<br />

aliansebiT alya Semoertya ruseTisaTvis.<br />

1999 wels ruseTis sagareo ministrma igor ivanovma<br />

ruseTis politikis aRsawerad civi omisdroindeli terminologia<br />

gamoiyena. am periodSi ruseTis mcdeloba SeerTebul<br />

StatebTan usafrTxoebis <strong>da</strong>rgSi paritetisaTvis<br />

mieRwia ukve uimedod gamoiyurebo<strong>da</strong>. ivanovi ruseTis SiSze<br />

saubrobs:<br />

„moskovSi xSirad ismis kiTxva: aris Tu ara kosovo <strong>da</strong><br />

CeCneTi erTi jaWvis rgolebi, romlis mizanic erTganzomilebiani,<br />

natoze koncentrirebuli ms<strong>of</strong>lios Seqmnaa? iqneb<br />

CeCneTi mxolod safaria natosaTvis ms<strong>of</strong>lio policielis<br />

rolis misaniWeblad, strategiuli stabilurobis safuZvlismieri<br />

komponentebis ZirgamosaTxrelad <strong>da</strong> ganiaraRebis<br />

procesis SesaCereblad? CeCneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli anti–<br />

rusuli kampania ruseTis kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> Semdeg Sua azii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gasaZeveblad xom ar agor<strong>da</strong>? es mxolod ramdenime kiTxvaa,<br />

37 William J. Clinton. A National Security Strategy for a New Century (Washington, DC:<br />

The White House, October 1998), pp. 37–40.<br />

38 Êîíöåïöèÿ ðîññèéñêîé âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè. Ìèíèñòåðñòâî èíîñòðàííûõ äåë Ðîññèè â îíëàéíîâîì<br />

ðåæèìå, http://www.ln.mid.ru/ns-osndoc.nsf/0e9272befa34209743256<br />

c630042d1aa/fd86620b371b0cf7432569fb004872a7. am dokuments xeli vladimir<br />

putinma moawera 2000 wlis 28 ivniss.<br />

226

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

romelic ruseTis sazogadoebas <strong>da</strong>savleTis moqmedebis,<br />

zogjer ki umoqmedobis, Semxedvares uCndeba.” 39<br />

90–iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sasrulisaTvis ukve naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

ruseTis mier am wlebSi <strong>da</strong>saxuli strategiuli miznebis miRweva<br />

SeuZlebeli iyo. ruseTma xeli ver SeuSala 1999 wels natos<br />

gafarToebas. metic, <strong>da</strong>igegma natos Semdgomi gafarToeba, axla<br />

ukve baltiis qveynebis xarjzec. amave wels ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

aSS–s <strong>da</strong>balansebis politikam kraxi kosovoSi ganica<strong>da</strong>. amasTan,<br />

eraySi amerikis pirvelma samxedro kampaniam Ziri gamouTxara<br />

am regionSi ruseTis gavlenas. ekonomikuri kolafsisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mudmivi Si<strong>da</strong>omebis pirobebSi, dsT ver iqca ssrk–s Sesa<strong>da</strong>r<br />

politikuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro aliansad.<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis saqmeebi cota<br />

ukeT midio<strong>da</strong>. aq moxerx<strong>da</strong> strategiuli upiratesobis<br />

SenarCuneba. 1994 wlisaTvis, kremls xelSi ekava „gayinuli”<br />

eTnikuri konfliqtebis gasaRebebi <strong>da</strong> regionSi „rusuli<br />

mSvidoba” <strong>da</strong>myar<strong>da</strong>. dominirebis gasamyareblad, ruseTi<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> SeezRu<strong>da</strong> sxva saxelmwifoebis monawileoba mTiani<br />

yarabaRis <strong>da</strong>saregulirebeli euTos minskis jgufis farglebSi.<br />

40 afxazeTis konfliqtSi, ruseTi cdilob<strong>da</strong> euTosa <strong>da</strong><br />

gaeros samSvidobo monawileoba <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa misiis<br />

SezRudul man<strong>da</strong>ts ar gascilebo<strong>da</strong>. 41 amis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis monawileoba kavkasiaSi izrdebo<strong>da</strong>. 1999 wls gaixsna<br />

baqo–sufsas navTobsadeni, saqarTvelo ki Tavis „erovnuli<br />

proeqtTan” erTi nabijiT <strong>da</strong>axlovd <strong>da</strong> evropis sabWos wevri<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

kavkasiaSi ruseTis gavlenis Sesustebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

faqtori CeCneTSi gancdili marcxi iyo. warumateblobam<br />

39 Igor Ivanov. West’s Hypocrisy over Chechnya. – Financial Times, November 16,<br />

1999, p. 19.<br />

40 Maresca. Russia’s ‘Near Abroad’, p. 194.<br />

41 arsebuli monacemebiT, ruseTma Tavisi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera haitiSi aSS<br />

CarevisaTvis aSS–s mier afxazeTSi saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebis<br />

ganTavsebis winaaRmdeg micemul xmaSi gacvala. (ix. Maresca. Russia’s ‘Near<br />

Abroad’, p. 197).<br />

227

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

gamoaaSkarava rusuli samxedro manqanisa <strong>da</strong> administraciis<br />

sisuste. Si<strong>da</strong> krizisis mouxeSavma <strong>da</strong> sastikma marTvam naTeli<br />

gaxa<strong>da</strong> rom rusuli saxelmwifos resursebi ar iyo sakmarisi<br />

samxreTis arastabiluri respublikebis samarTavad. <strong>da</strong>savleli<br />

analitikosebi Tvlidnen, rom ruseTi Seecdebo<strong>da</strong> jer Si<strong>da</strong><br />

problemebisaTvis miexe<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amdenad samxreT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

„strategiul ukan<strong>da</strong>xevas” ganaxorcieleb<strong>da</strong>. 42 marTlac, 1999<br />

wlis noemberSi, stambolSi, elcinis <strong>da</strong>sustebuli <strong>da</strong> mravali<br />

ekonomikuri, politikuri <strong>da</strong> saxedro marcxiT demoralizebuli<br />

administracia <strong>da</strong>hyva aSS–s zewolas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n jarebis gayvanas. 43 euTos stambolis Sexvedraze<br />

ruseTma valdebuleba aiRo <strong>da</strong>exura ori samxedro baza<br />

saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> ewarmoebina molaparakebebi <strong>da</strong>rCenili ori<br />

bazis <strong>da</strong>saxurad. amave wels <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> rusi mesazRvreebis<br />

gayvana saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong> amdenad ruseTma <strong>da</strong>tova y<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

sabWoTa sazRvari natosTan – TurqeTTan.<br />

rogorc ukve vTqviT, 1994–99 wlebSi saqarTvelom SeZlo<br />

qveynis <strong>da</strong>Slis tendenciis SeCereba <strong>da</strong> garkveuli ekonomikuri<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>ibeva. SevardnaZem saocar warmatebas miaRwia 90–iani<br />

wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi gabatonebuli qaosis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvraSi. amave<br />

xanebSi naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom parlamentis mier gatarebul pro–<br />

<strong>da</strong>savlur politikas saqarTveloSi patron–klientelisturi,<br />

korumpirebuli jgufebi aferxebdnen <strong>da</strong> rom swored am<br />

jgufebs gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T Zalaufleba politikur, uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

policiis maRalCinosnebs Soris. ekonomikis aRmavloba ukve<br />

1998 wlisaTvis Seferx<strong>da</strong>. afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis<br />

sakiTxebze molaparakebebi CixSi Sevi<strong>da</strong>. metic, aWara kvazi–<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebel samTavrod ga<strong>da</strong>iqca, romlis lideric Riad<br />

upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong> qveynis xelisuflebas. SevardnaZis adminis-<br />

42 Pavel K. Baev. Challenges <strong>and</strong> Options in the Caucasus <strong>and</strong> Central Asia (Carlisle, PA:<br />

Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, April 22, 1997), p. 17, http://<br />

www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pdffiles/00111.pdf.<br />

43 Stephen J. Blank. U.S. Military Engagement with Transcaucasia <strong>and</strong> Central Asia<br />

(Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, June 2000), p. 6, http:/<br />

/www.milnet.com/pentagon/Russia-2000-assessment-SSI.pdf.<br />

228

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

traciis devizi „stabiluroba upirveles yovlisa” kargav<strong>da</strong><br />

popularobas, radgan socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri problemebi<br />

sul ufro Rrmavdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

prezident SevardnaZis gancxadeba 1999 wels, rom saqarTvelo<br />

ramodenime weliwadSi „natos karebze miakakunebs”<br />

qarTvel amomrCevelze ufro iyo gaTvlili <strong>da</strong> realistur<br />

politikur gegmas naklebad asaxav<strong>da</strong>. 44 amave wels, natos<br />

ormoc<strong>da</strong>meaTe iubiles farglebSi, saqarTvelom, ukrainam,<br />

azerbaijanma <strong>da</strong> moldovam Seqmnes suamis aliansi, magram<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>nve am organizaciis wevrebis SesaZleblobebi<br />

mokrZalebulad gamoiyurebo<strong>da</strong> grZelvadiani samxedro–<br />

politikuri TanamSromlobis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, Tavad<br />

suamis Seqmna sakmarisi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> rusi politikosebis gasaRizianeblad,<br />

romlebmac es aliansi Tavi<strong>da</strong>nme natos inspirirebul<br />

anti–rusul organizaciad aRiqves.<br />

saubedurod, prezident SevardnaZis mier ruseTis regionuli<br />

(TurqeTi) <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso (nato <strong>da</strong> aSS) Zalebis mier<br />

<strong>da</strong>balansebis politikas periodulad eTavsebo<strong>da</strong> gaugebari<br />

<strong>da</strong>Tmobebi <strong>da</strong> morCili <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba kremlis mimarT. am<br />

orsaxovanma politikam SevardnaZis mimarT undobloba ruseTSi<br />

kidev ufro gaamZafra. igi ise<strong>da</strong>c ndobis deficits ganicdi<strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>savleTTan <strong>da</strong>megobrebuli sabWoTa sagareo<br />

ministris saqmianoba mravali politikosis, <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT<br />

samxedros mxri<strong>da</strong>n Ralatad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>. 45 <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1995<br />

wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, prezident SevardnaZes Zalian cudi<br />

piradi urTierTobebi Camouyalib<strong>da</strong> Tavis rus kolegasTan,<br />

ramac gamoricxa realuri TanamSromloba qveynebs Soris.<br />

44 World News: Georgia Plans to Seek NATO Membership FT Interview: Eduard<br />

Shevardnadze. – Financial Times, October 25, 1999, http://globalarchive.ft.com/<br />

globalarchive/articles.html?id=991025016635&query=shevardnadze#docAnchor<br />

991025016635.<br />

45 es wlebi sabWoTa kavSirisadmi nostalgiiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>. sazogadoebrivi<br />

azris gamokiTxvebSi stalini me–4–e adgilze iyo „yvela droisa<br />

<strong>da</strong>eris gamoCenil a<strong>da</strong>mianebs” Soris. sabWoTa moRvaweebi<strong>da</strong>n stalins mxolod<br />

meore adgilze my<strong>of</strong>ma leninma gauswro. ix. Dubin. Counterweight, p. 26.<br />

229

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

90–iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sasrulisaTvis, saqarTvelom SeZlo, mZime<br />

<strong>da</strong>nakargebis fasad, Tvisi „erovnuli proeqtis” ga<strong>da</strong>rCena.<br />

<strong>da</strong>savluri demokratiis aSenebis survili im uzarmazar<br />

sazogadoebriv mxar<strong>da</strong>WeraSi gamoixata rac saqarTvelos<br />

evropis sabWoSi gawevrianebas mohyva. amave dros, SevardnaZis<br />

mTavrobis mimarT ukmay<strong>of</strong>ileba kritikul niSnulamde gaizar<strong>da</strong>,<br />

risi ZiriTadi mizezic mosaxleobis elementaruli<br />

ekonomikuri moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebloba <strong>da</strong> evropuli<br />

kursi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>xvevad aRqmuli korumpirebuli saxelmwifo<br />

institutebi iyo. saqarTvelos evropul miswrafebasa <strong>da</strong><br />

realobas Soris arsebulma ufskrulma xeli Seuwyo fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisturi<br />

organizaciebisa <strong>da</strong> moZraobebis Camoyalibebas,<br />

romlebic uary<strong>of</strong>dnen evropul erovnul proeqts <strong>da</strong> mxars<br />

„unikalur qarTul” ganviTarebis gzas uWerdnen. am mosazrebis<br />

avtorebis azriT, qarTuli Rirebulebebi marTlmadideblobas<br />

<strong>da</strong> TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobas emyareba <strong>da</strong> amdenad winaaRmdegobaSia<br />

evropul RirebulebebTan. rac sainteresoa, ruseTisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa nostalgiam fexi ver<br />

moiki<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelebi warsulisaken <strong>da</strong>brunebas miuReblad<br />

Tvlidnen, radgan mxars uWerdnen <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas. amave<br />

dros ki Si<strong>da</strong> areulobisa <strong>da</strong> dramatuli cvlilebebis ga<strong>da</strong>tanis<br />

Semdeg acnobierebdnen rom ukan <strong>da</strong>bruneba ubralod SeuZlebelic<br />

iyo.<br />

230<br />

pragmatizmis ZiebaSi<br />

mas Semdeg, rac 2000 wels ruseTis prezidenti vladimir<br />

putini gax<strong>da</strong>, ruseTma ganagrZo saerTaSoriso rolis gaZlierebisaken<br />

swrafva, magram Tavisi politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />

samxedro SesaZleblobebis ukve ufro realistur Sefasebas<br />

<strong>da</strong>eyrdno. <strong>da</strong>savleTis „<strong>da</strong>balansebis” idea sabolood Secvala<br />

masTan Tanacxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> urTierTqmedebis misaRebi formis<br />

gamonaxvis survilma, Tumca <strong>da</strong>savlur institutebSi integraciis<br />

gareSe. es cvlileba ar y<strong>of</strong>ila meyseuli. ruseTis axali

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

liderebi periodulad cdidnen saerTaSoriso moTminebis<br />

dones, gansakuTrebiT ruseTis mezobel regionebSi ganxorcielebuli<br />

politikis meSveobiT. misi uSiSroebis sabWos<br />

mdivnobisa <strong>da</strong> premier–ministrobis periodSi putinis uSualo<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT SemuSavebuli sagareo <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis<br />

doqtrinebi ruseTs jer kidev globalur moTamaSed aRiqvam<strong>da</strong>,<br />

romlis mizani „aSS–s gavlenisadmi winaaRmdegoba” iyo. 46<br />

TumcaRa, prezidentad gaxdomis Semdeg putinma Searbila es<br />

xisti midgoma, rac gansakuTrebiT naTeli 2001 wlis Semdeg<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>. aSS–sTan globalur Sejibrs ruseTma sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

<strong>da</strong>savlel partniorTan ms<strong>of</strong>lios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regionSi gansxvavebuli<br />

midgomis SemuSaveba amjobina. metoqeobis arealad ki<br />

ruseTis uSualo samezoblo iqca.<br />

elcinis droindeli strategiuli ukan<strong>da</strong>xevis Semdeg,<br />

bevri mimomxilvli Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTis axalgazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

energiuli lideri Tavisi qveynis gavlenas ekonomikur <strong>da</strong><br />

navTobsadenebis proeqtebSi monawileobiT gaaZliereb<strong>da</strong>. 47<br />

maTi prognozi mxolod nawilobriv gamarTl<strong>da</strong>. putinma<br />

sabWouri <strong>da</strong> imperiuli simboloebis ekleqturi nazavi kidev<br />

ufro gaamZafra, magram sagareo metoqeebis Ziebas man Si<strong>da</strong><br />

mtrebTan brZola amjobina. man zedmetad gaZlierebuli<br />

regionuli liderebi moToka <strong>da</strong> manamde gavleniani federaciis<br />

sabWo, parlamentis ze<strong>da</strong> palata, prezidentis morCil instrumentad<br />

aqcia. xelisuflebis konsolidirebis procesSi man<br />

uSiSroebis samsaxuris erTguli kadrebi sakvanZo politikur<br />

<strong>da</strong> administraciul Tanamdebobebze <strong>da</strong>awinaura. gavleniani<br />

finansuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri figurebi, anu „oligarqebi” iZulebuli<br />

iyvnen an putinis administraciisadmi morCileba aerCiaT,<br />

an<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>etovebinaT qveyana. oligarqebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kerZo<br />

mas-media <strong>da</strong>iTrguna <strong>da</strong> xSir SemTxvevaSi, kremlis kontrols<br />

46 Ariel Cohen. The Russia Bush Faces. – The Heritage Foun<strong>da</strong>tion Online, March 12,<br />

2001, http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed031201.cfm; Ariel Cohen. Russia<br />

<strong>and</strong> Eurasia. – Issues 2000 (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foun<strong>da</strong>tion, 2000), p. 703.<br />

47 Baev. Challenges <strong>and</strong> Options in the Caucasus <strong>and</strong> Central Asia, p. 5.<br />

231

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

qveS aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. kremlis y<strong>of</strong>ilma an mimdinare biurokratebma<br />

xelSi Caigdes udidesi energo kompaniebis – gazpromis, iteras<br />

(gazpromis Svilobili kompania romelic dsT–Si mis aqtivebs<br />

akontrolebs), <strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuli energosistemebis sakontolo<br />

paketi <strong>da</strong> marTva, riTac mtkice kontroli <strong>da</strong>aweses finansur<br />

nakadebze. sagareo mtris saxesac Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba gaaCn<strong>da</strong> –<br />

islamur terorizmTan brZolis bairaRiT putinma CeCnur<br />

separatizmTan Seurigebel brZolas saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba<br />

mouZebna. CeCneTSi ganaxlebulma omma putins ruseTis SigniT<br />

udidesi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera moutana <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>fara omis winaaRmdeg<br />

gamomsvlelTa xmebi. niu–iorkSi 11 seqtembris teroristuli<br />

aqtebis Sedeg Semcir<strong>da</strong> CeCneTis omis saerTaSoriso kritikac.<br />

Sedegad, putinma saxelmwifo rusi xalxis TviTSegnebisaTvis<br />

bevrad ufro misaRebi gaxa<strong>da</strong>. elcinis susti mTavrobis<br />

nacvlad, qveyanas Zlieri, zogjer sastiki magram ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

„gulisxmieri” xelmwife marTavs; uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong> samxedroTa<br />

establiSmenti akontrolebs qveynis marTvas, qveyana ki<br />

ganagrZobs „CamorCenili” kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>samorCileblad brZolas.<br />

sagareo moxmarebisaTvis Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> ruseTis politikis<br />

agresiuli elementebis gamarTlebis <strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis gasagebi<br />

frazeologia – CeCneTis omSi putinma „islamuri terorizmis”<br />

safrTxe gamoiyena Tavis politikis gasamarTleblad. 48 saqarTvelos<br />

SemTxvevaSi, kremlTan <strong>da</strong>axloebuli rusi analitikosebi<br />

„arSemdgari saxelmwifos” terminologias <strong>da</strong>eyrdnen mis<br />

saqmeebSi Carevis asaxsnelad. 49<br />

48 Dmitri Trenin. The Forgotten War: Chechnya <strong>and</strong> Russia’s Future. Policy Brief no. 28<br />

(Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 2003), http:/<br />

/www.ceip.org/files/pdf/Policybrief28.pdf.<br />

49 rusma mimomxilvelma aleqsei malaSenkom aRniSna, rom moskovma<br />

mxedvelobaSic ki ar un<strong>da</strong> miiRos „Sua aziisa <strong>da</strong> transkavkasiis<br />

demokratizaciis hipoTeturi SesaZleblobac ki.” misi TqmiT, am regionis<br />

„demodernizaciis” SeCereba mxolod ruseTis kulturuli gavlenis<br />

gaZlierebiT SeiZleba, romelic istoriulad „[Sua aziisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis<br />

saxelmwifoebis] modernizacias uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels evropul kulturasTan<br />

maTi ziarebis gziT.” ix. Aleksei Malashenko. Post-Soviet States <strong>of</strong> the South <strong>and</strong> the<br />

Interests <strong>of</strong> Moscow. – Pro et Contra, vol. 5, no. 3 (2000), p. 43.<br />

232

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

putinis ruseTi ar aris <strong>da</strong> arc eswrafvis gaxdes evropuli<br />

saxelmwifo an gaiziaros sajaro institutebis, samoqalaqo<br />

uflebebis, kanonis uzenaesobis evropuli gageba. putini<br />

cdilobs ruseTi Zlier <strong>da</strong> marTvad saxelmwifod warmoadginos,<br />

romelsac SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>savluri wesebis gageba <strong>da</strong> maT mixedviT<br />

moqmedeba <strong>da</strong> romelic mza<strong>da</strong>a gaiziaros <strong>da</strong>savleTTan Tanam-<br />

SromlobiT motanili ekonomikuri mogeba. sabWoeTis simbolur<br />

globalur ambiciaze man uari Tqva – miatova sabWoeTis Soreuli<br />

avanpostebi – samxedro bazebi kubaze (lurdesi) <strong>da</strong> vietnamSi<br />

(kamrani); rusulma samSvidobo kontingentma 2003 wlisaTvis<br />

mTlianad <strong>da</strong>tova kosovo <strong>da</strong> bosnia–hercegovina. urTierTobebi<br />

Sesust<strong>da</strong> libiis, siriis <strong>da</strong> kubis reJimebTan. amasTan,<br />

putini miesalma aSS–sTan samxedro TanamSromlobas avRaneTSi.<br />

stiven blanki am politikas „<strong>da</strong>savleTTan konfrontaciis...<br />

mniSvnelovan <strong>da</strong>savlur klubebSi (rogoricaa ,didi rviani’)<br />

gawevrianebis survilTan paradoqsul SeTavsebas” uwodebs. 50<br />

sinamdvileSi, es paradoqsi mxolod iluziaa. ubralod,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTTan konfrontaciam ruseTis sazRvrebTan axlos<br />

gadmoiwia, maT Soris samxreT kavkasiaSi. aqac ki, putinma Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

aicila <strong>da</strong>savleTTan Sejaxeba <strong>da</strong> arCia TviT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> sisusteebis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyeneba.<br />

dro<strong>da</strong>dro ruseTis <strong>of</strong>icialuri pirebi kidev axseneben „axlo<br />

sazRvargareTSi” imperiuli gavlenis „uflebas.” Tumca, sul<br />

ufro xSirad ruseTi sajarod aRiarebs mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras zogadi<br />

principebisadmi, rogoricaa magaliTad sazRvrebis urRveoba,<br />

magram Semdeg ufro moqnili meTodebiT axdens gavlenas<br />

samxreT mezobel qveynebze am principebis sawinaaRmdegod.<br />

putinma SeinarCuna <strong>da</strong> iyenebs 90–ian wlebSi miRweul taqtikur<br />

upiratesobas, rac regionSi gayinuli konfliqtebis – saqarTvelos<br />

SemTxvevaSi, afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreTo oseTis – erTpirovnul<br />

kontrolSi gamoixateba. am kontroliT iqmneba<br />

regionuli wesrigi, romelic ze<strong>da</strong>pirze ki Seesabameba saerTa-<br />

Soriso tendenciebsa <strong>da</strong> stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs, magram sinamdvileSi<br />

50 Blank. U.S. Military Engagement with Transcaucasia <strong>and</strong> Central Asia, p. 6.<br />

233

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

post–sabWoTa periodSi Seqmnili viTarebis ruseTis sasargeblod<br />

gamoynebas gulisxmobs. ruseTis Zveli derJavnikuli<br />

politika, romelic „axlo sazRvareTis” hegemonur kontrols<br />

gulisxmobs Serbil<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur terminologiaSi gaexva,<br />

riTac sabuTdeba ruseTis liderobis aucilebloba mezobeli<br />

„arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis” problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad <strong>da</strong><br />

stabilurobis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad.<br />

saqarTvelos sakiTxi ruseTis politikaSi araa ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti<br />

mniSvnlobisa, magram mas sakmaod xSirad ixilaven. nawilobriv<br />

imitom, rom naTelia paraleli saqarTvelos problemebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTis CeCnur problemas Soris. erTi SexedviT, am msgavsebas<br />

SeeZlo or qveyanas Soris TanamSromloba ganeviTarebina.<br />

prezidenti SevardnaZe xSirad cdiloba rusi kolegebi<br />

TanamSromlobisaken waeqezebina, magram warumateblad.<br />

saqarTvelos sakiTxSi rus politikosbs ramodenime arCevani<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T: 1) <strong>da</strong>xmarebodnen saqarTvelos gaZlierebaSi; 2)<br />

eiZulebinaT saqarTvelos mTavroba <strong>da</strong>morCilebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

survilebs <strong>da</strong> 3) gaenawilebinaT regionSi stabilurobis<br />

SenarCunebis amocana saqarTvelos mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong> saerTa-<br />

Soriso institutebTan. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos sisustem, iseve rogorc SevardnaZis<br />

politikis arasaimedoobam, ruseTi meore variantis upiratesobaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>arwmuna.<br />

<strong>of</strong>icialurma ruseTma saqarTvelos mosTxova misi teritoriis<br />

gamoyeneba CeCneTze Setevebis gansaxorcieleblad <strong>da</strong><br />

qveyanis im nawilSi rusuli spec<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis nawilebis<br />

ganTavseba iTxova, sa<strong>da</strong>c CeCneTi<strong>da</strong>n ltolvilebma ipoves<br />

TavSesafari. 51 amave periodSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo ruseTis aviaciis mier<br />

saqarTvelos sahaero sivrcis <strong>da</strong>rRvevebi, rac CeCnebTan<br />

sabrZolvelad <strong>da</strong> velebis <strong>da</strong>sanaRmad gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong>. 52<br />

51 Âàëåðèé Ðîêîòîâ. Åùå îäèí ôàêòîð âëèÿíèÿ. – Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 16 ÿíâàðÿ<br />

2001 ãîäà, http://ng.ru/cis/2001-01-16/5_factor.html.<br />

52 Liz Fuller. Unknown Fighters Again Violate Georgian Air Space. – RFE/RL Newsline,<br />

August 23, 1999, http://www.rferl.org/newsline/1999/08/2-TCA/tca-230899.asp.<br />

234

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

2000 wlis noemberSi, ruseTis zewolam piks miaRwia.<br />

saqarTvelo dsT-s pirveli qveyana gax<strong>da</strong>, romlis mimarTac<br />

ruseTma savizo reJimi SemoiRo. metic, „gamartivebuli” – Tavisi<br />

arsiT uvizo – reJimi <strong>da</strong>wes<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos separatistul<br />

provinciebTan. 53 amave wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli ruseTma masiurad<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo afxazeTis <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis mosaxleobisaTvis<br />

ruseTis moqalaqeobis miniWeba, riTac kidev ufro ganamtkica<br />

maTTan kavSiri. 54 2000 wlis zamTarSi ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n gazis miwodeba<br />

ramodenimejer Sewy<strong>da</strong>, rac saerTaSoriso mediam energetikuli<br />

zewolis politikur instrumentad gamoyenebad aRiqva. 55 am<br />

versias <strong>of</strong>icialuri saxe mieca 2001 wlis 19 ianvars, rodesac<br />

evrogaerTianebis sagareo saqmeTa komisarma ruseTi Riad<br />

gaakritika gazis miwodebis politikuri zewolisaTvis gamoyenebisaTvis.<br />

56<br />

saqarTvelo–ruseTs Soris incidentebi am periodSi metad<br />

xSirad xdebo<strong>da</strong>. pavel baevi Tvlis, rom es taqtika SesaZloa<br />

„ar ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>Trgunvas.”<br />

misi azriT gazisa <strong>da</strong> eleqtroenergiis miwodebis Sewyveta<br />

SesaZloa gazpromsa <strong>da</strong> iteras Soris Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis Sedegi<br />

SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, ramac sabazro fasebsa <strong>da</strong> mogebaze<br />

gaamaxvila maTi yuradReba. 57 am incidentebSi ruseTis<br />

pasuxismgeblobis donis gansazRvra gansakuTrebiT rTulia im<br />

periodSi prezident SevardnaZis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />

53 Àðìåí Õàíáàáÿí. Ââåäåíèå âèçîâîãî ðåæèìà íåèçáåæíî. – Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 10<br />

íîÿáðÿ 2000 ãîäà, http://ng.ru/cis/2000-11-10/1_vises.html.<br />

54 es teritoriuli mTlianobis principis <strong>da</strong>rRvevas niSnav<strong>da</strong>. <strong>of</strong>icialurad,<br />

ruseTi aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis<br />

mcxovrebni moqalaqeobis gareSe <strong>da</strong>rCnen <strong>da</strong> ruseTma maT moqalaqeoba<br />

mianiWa, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris samarTalmemkvidrem. TumcaRa<br />

politikuri qveteqsti cxadia: magaliTad krasno<strong>da</strong>ris raionSi marTlac<br />

moqalaqeobis gareSe aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mcxovreb mesxeTel<br />

Turqebs uari eTqvaT ruseTis moqalaqeobaze.<br />

55 Michael Lelyveld. Western Press Accuses Moscow <strong>of</strong> Using Energy as a Cudgel. – RFE/<br />

RL Newsline, January 1, 2001, http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2001/01/05012001104106.asp.<br />

56 Andrew Jack. Russia Warned over Attitude to Georgia. – Financial Times, January 19, 2001.<br />

57 Pavel Baev. Russia Refocuses Its Policies in the Southern Caucasus (Cambridge, MA:<br />

Harvard University Caspian Studies Program, 2001), p. 11.<br />

235

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

araTanmimdevruli politikis gamo. SevrdnaZis Zalauflebas<br />

maSin gaZlierebuli opozicia emuqrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> isic ruseTis<br />

safrTxes iyeneb<strong>da</strong> Tavisi mdgomareobis gasamyareblad.<br />

SevardnaZis momxreebi mas ruseTisagan erTaderT xsnad<br />

warmoadgendnen, ixsenebdnen ra 90–iani wlebis travmatul<br />

gamocdilebas. isini acxadebdnen, rom saqarTvelo ruseTis<br />

safrTxis winaSe un<strong>da</strong> gaerTi<strong>and</strong>es (SevardnaZis garSemo) <strong>da</strong> rom<br />

mxolod prezidents SeuZlia evropisa <strong>da</strong> aSS–s <strong>da</strong>rwmuneba,<br />

raTa maT <strong>da</strong>icvan saqarTvelo ruseTisagan. sinamdvileSi,<br />

saqarTvelos mTavrobis SesaZleblobebi am periodSi sul ufro<br />

SeizRu<strong>da</strong>. 2000 wlis arCevnebi saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebma<br />

demokratiis TvalsazrisiT ukanga<strong>da</strong>dgmul nabijad Seafases.<br />

xelisuflebisadmi sazogadoebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera sarekordod<br />

<strong>da</strong>bal doneze iyo, saprotesto eleqtorati ki siRaribis<br />

gafarToebasTan erTad izrdebo<strong>da</strong>. TviT mmarTvel moqalaqeTa<br />

kavSirSi gaxSir<strong>da</strong> konfliqtebi.<br />

yvelafris<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, SevardnaZis taqtikam, rusuli<br />

safrTxis gamo Seenarunebina <strong>da</strong>savluri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, nawilobriv<br />

mainc gaamarTla. xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen ra saqarTvelos sisustes,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebma gaafrTxiles ruseTi, Tavi Seekavebina<br />

avanturebisagan <strong>da</strong> amiT <strong>da</strong>icves sakuTari ekonomikuri<br />

interesebi regionSi. prezident jorj buSis administraciam<br />

Riad gaakritika „axlo sazRvargareTis” politika. 2001 wlis<br />

martSi, aSS saxelmwifo ministrma kolin pauelma <strong>da</strong>arwmuna<br />

saqarTvelos sagareo ministri, rom aSS ganagrZobs saqarTvelos<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras <strong>da</strong> sajarod <strong>da</strong>gmo ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ganxorcielebuli zewola. 58 amave dros, saqarTvelom natos<br />

Stab–binaSi jer pirveli politikuri konsultaciebi gamarTa,<br />

2001 wlis ivnisSi ki programis „partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis”<br />

farglebSi natos samxedro manevrebs umaspinZla. 59<br />

58 Liz Fuller. U.S. Assures Georgia <strong>of</strong> Support. – RFE/RL Newsline, March 21, 2001, http:/<br />

/www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/03/210301.asp.<br />

59 Liz Fuller. Georgia Consults NATO, EU. – RFE/RL Newsline, April 2, 2001, http://<br />

www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/04/020401.asp.<br />

236

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

pankisi: sasinji qva<br />

pankisis xeobis CeCneTis omTan kavSiris sakiTxi 1999 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

moyolebuli mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> ruseTTan<br />

saqarTvelos urTierTobas. es konfliqti ori qveynis Zireuli<br />

erovnuli interesebis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis kargi magaliTia.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom pankisis garSemo <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba kinaRam<br />

saxifaTo <strong>da</strong> Ria eskalaciaSi ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>, saerTaSoriso Zalebis<br />

Carevam pragmatuli Sedegi moitana. krizisi 1999 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> 2001 wlisaTvis piks miaRwia. manve ganapiroba saqarTvelos<br />

politikis taqtikuri cvlileba <strong>da</strong> SesaZloa safuZveli <strong>da</strong>udo<br />

prezident SevardnaZis administraciis <strong>da</strong>mxobas.<br />

rusi samxdroebi CeCneTis sazRvris saqarTvelos monakve-<br />

Tis gakontrolebas 1999 wlis bolo<strong>da</strong>n aqtiurad cdilobdnen.<br />

1999 wlis agvistoSi, rodesac CeCneTis konfliqti <strong>da</strong>RestanSi<br />

gavrcel<strong>da</strong>, prezidentma elcinma eduard SevardnaZes saqarTveloSi<br />

mdebare rusuli bazebis gamoyeneba sTxova CeCneTis<br />

teritoriis <strong>da</strong>sabombad. SevardnaZem uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong>. meore<br />

CeCnuri kampaniis pirvelive TveebSi, saqarTvelos sazRvari<br />

ruqa 3. pankisis xeoba<br />

Central Intelligence Agency map, courtesy <strong>of</strong> the Central Intelligence Agency,<br />

The World Factbook 2005, http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gg.html.<br />

237

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

Svid aTasamde CeCenma ltolvilma gadmokveTa. isini ruseTis<br />

federaluri jarebis Setevas gaurbonen. saqarTvelom, misi<br />

saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesabamisad (1951 wlis gaeros<br />

konvencia ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> misi 1967 wlis<br />

protokoli) CeCen ltolvilebs masiurad, anu individualuri<br />

Semowmebis gareSe, mianiWa ltolvilis statusi. TiTqmis<br />

<strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv, ruseTma masiuri diplomatiuri <strong>da</strong> media<br />

kampania wamoiwyo, romlis mixedviT saqarTvelos Tavi aTasobiT<br />

CeCenma mebrZolma Seafara <strong>da</strong> „teroristTa” sawvrTneli<br />

banakebi Seqmna, romlebic axali ajanyebulebis mosamzadeblad<br />

<strong>da</strong> CeCneTSi gasagzavnad gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, saqarTvelos mTavrobam mtkiced uaryo es<br />

braldebebi <strong>da</strong> yuradReba ltolvilebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saerTaSoriso<br />

valdebulebaze gaamaxvila. male saqarTveloSi gaxSir<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>naSaulisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis gatacebebis SemTxvevebi, rac pankiss<br />

ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>. aman ruseTis gancxadebebs meti wona SesZina.<br />

sinamdvileSi, saqarTvelos xelsuflebis sisustem pankisi<br />

yvela juris <strong>da</strong>mnaSavis, maT Soris y<strong>of</strong>ili CeCeni ajanyebulebis,<br />

TavSesafrad aqcia. <strong>of</strong>icialuri Tbilisi xeobas jer<br />

kidev CeCeni ltolvilebis iq Casvlamde ver akontroleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

pankisis rTuli eTnikuri Semadgenlobisa <strong>da</strong> istoriis gamo, aq<br />

tradiciuli saTemo samarTali yovelTvis ufro gavrcelebuli<br />

iyo vidre <strong>of</strong>icialuri samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavi saqmianoba. 60 samar-<br />

Tal<strong>da</strong>mcavi struqturebis sisustem ki es raioni <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveebisaTvis<br />

oazisad aqcia.<br />

CeCeni ltolvilebis mosvlam ubralod saerTaSoriso<br />

mniSvneloba mianiWa pankiss <strong>da</strong> naTlad gamoavlina ukanonoba<br />

romelic aq batonob<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelosTvis, pankisi mtkivneul<br />

politikur dilemad iqca. mTavrobaca <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebac<br />

miiCnev<strong>da</strong>, rom SeiaraRebuli eskalacia pankisSi sasikvdilo<br />

SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo sepratizmiT, ekonomikuri krizisiTa<br />

60 Jaba Dev<strong>da</strong>riani <strong>and</strong> Blanka Hancilova. Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge: Russian, U.S., <strong>and</strong><br />

European Connections. CEPS Policy Brief no. 23 (Brussels: Centre for European Policy<br />

Studies, June 2002).<br />

238

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

<strong>da</strong> politikuri arastabilurobiT ise<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>sustebuli qveynisaTvis.<br />

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sisuste maT<br />

efeqtur gamoyenebas gamorixav<strong>da</strong>. Sedegad, mTavroba mxolod<br />

simbolurad Seeca<strong>da</strong> pankisis xeobis Caketvas. policiis<br />

erTaderTi blok–posti mis SesasvlelSi ara Tu <strong>da</strong>naSaulis<br />

Semakavebel barierad ar iqca, aramed Jurnalisturi gamo-<br />

Ziebebisa <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi <strong>of</strong>icialuri gamoZiebis Tanaxmad, TviTon<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> narkovaWrobis centri.<br />

ruseTi sul ufro <strong>da</strong>JinebiT iyeneb<strong>da</strong> politikur <strong>da</strong><br />

samxedro zewolas, cdilob<strong>da</strong> ra saqarTvelo eiZulebina<br />

aqtiuri moqmedeba <strong>da</strong>ewyo pankisSi. es zewola talRiseburad<br />

ganviTar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> piks 2000 wels, ltolvilebis Semosvlis<br />

periodSi, 2001 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, 2001 wlis Semodgomaze <strong>da</strong> 2002<br />

wlis zafxulSi miaRwia. logika am zewolis miRma martivi iyo:<br />

ruseTis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministris sergei ivanovisa <strong>da</strong> genStabis<br />

ufrosis anatoli kvaSninis TqmiT, raki saqarTvelos ar SeeZlo<br />

pankisSi wesrigis <strong>da</strong>myareba, „terorizmis budis” ganadgureba<br />

ruseTis samxedro Zalebis CareviT un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. 61 qarTuli<br />

sazogadoeba zizRiT moeki<strong>da</strong> zewolis am samxedro Sinaarss.<br />

radio „Tavisuflebis” samxedro mimomxilvelis, koba liklikaZis<br />

monacemebiT 1999 wlis Semodgomi<strong>da</strong>n 2002 wlis agvistomde<br />

ruseTma 25–jer mainc <strong>da</strong>arRvia saqarTvelos sahaero sivrce<br />

<strong>da</strong>, erTis gar<strong>da</strong>, yvela SemTxvevaSi uaryo <strong>da</strong>rRveva. 62 meores<br />

mxriv, prezident SevardnaZis ucnauri gamosvlebi – xan CeCeni<br />

mebrZolebis pankisSi y<strong>of</strong>nis uary<strong>of</strong>am, xan maTi lideris<br />

„normalur, ganaTlebul a<strong>da</strong>mianad” <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebam, Semdeg ki<br />

teroristebis ganadgurebis moTxovnam – <strong>da</strong>arwmuna mis<strong>da</strong>mi<br />

ukve skeptikurad ganwyobili qarTuli sazogadoeba, rom<br />

xelisuflebas marTlac hqon<strong>da</strong> raRac <strong>da</strong>samali pankisSi.<br />

yovelive amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, saqarTveloSi gabatonebul<br />

Sexedulebas, rom ruseTi pankiss saqarTveloze politikuri<br />

61 Ian Traynor. Russia Angry at U.S. War Plan for Georgia. – The Guardian, February 22,<br />

2002, http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story0,3604,654020,00.html.<br />

62 koba liklikaze, interviu „rusTavi–2" eTerSi, 2002 wlis 29 agvisto.<br />

239

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

zewolisaTvis usamarTlod iyeneb<strong>da</strong> gaaCnia realuri safuZveli.<br />

logikas araa moklebuli <strong>of</strong>icialuri Tbilisis azric, rom<br />

saqarTveloSi samxedro Careva ruseTis CeCnur problemas ki<br />

ar ga<strong>da</strong>wyvet<strong>da</strong> aramed piriqiT, gaauareseb<strong>da</strong>. naTelia, rom rusi<br />

politikosebi azviadebdnen pankisis problemis realur<br />

masStabs. TviT ramodenime rusi eqspertis azriTac, pankisi<br />

CeCneTSi mimdinare movlenebis Sedegia <strong>da</strong> ara mizezi. 63<br />

yovelive amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, pankisis problemis eskalaciis<br />

ganmavlobaSi araferi miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> imaze, rom Tbilisis Zala<br />

Seswev<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita pankisis problema.<br />

<strong>da</strong>uyovnebeli moqmedebis aucilebloba ki dResaviT naTeli<br />

niu–iorkze 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli Setevis Semdeg<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>, ramac pankiss globaluri ganzomileba mianiWa. ruseTi<br />

aSS–ze teroristuli Setevis gamoyenebas Seeca<strong>da</strong> CeCneTSi<br />

Tavisi moqmedebebis gasamarTleblad <strong>da</strong>, SesaZloa, saqarTveloSi<br />

intervenciisaTvis. 11 seqtemberze reagirebisas<br />

presidentma vladimir putinma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom misi saxelmwifo<br />

gaanadgurebs „teroristTa samalavebs” ruseTis saxelmwifos<br />

maxloblad. amiT, mimomxilvelebis SefasebiT, putini narTaulad<br />

sTxov<strong>da</strong> aSS–s pankisSi Carevis uflebas.<br />

saqarTvelos ise<strong>da</strong>c arapopularul mTavrobas axla ukve<br />

saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobac mkacrad sTxov<strong>da</strong> aRmoefxvra<br />

qveyanaSi teroristuli safrTxis warmoSobis SesaZlebloba.<br />

2001 wlis oqtomberSi, saqarTvelom <strong>of</strong>icialurad aRiara<br />

CeCeni mebrZolebis y<strong>of</strong>na pankisSi. mimomxilvelebis cnobiT,<br />

es mas Semdeg mox<strong>da</strong> rac aSS–Si vizitisas SevardnaZes mtkiced<br />

urCies terorizmis winaaRmdeg Seurigeblobis politikis<br />

gatareba. 64<br />

pankisis sakiTxSi mouxeSaobam TiTqmis nulovan donemde<br />

<strong>da</strong>sca SevardnaZis popularoba. 2001 wlis agvistoSi mis<br />

63 radio „Tavisuflebis” mimomxilveli oleg kusovi, radio „exo<br />

moskvisaTvis” micemul interviuSi. 2002 wlis 26 agvisto, http://<br />

www.echo.msk.ru/guests/5754/.<br />

64 Zeyno Baran. Georgia Up<strong>da</strong>te, March 4, 2002, p. 3, http://www.csis.org/ruseura/georgia/<br />

gaup<strong>da</strong>te_0203.htm.<br />

240

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

politikas, gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, mxars moqalaqeTa mxolod<br />

6% uWer<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>moukidebel televiziaze zewoliT gamowveuli<br />

saxalxo saprotesto gamosvlebis fonze, SevardnaZem 2001 wlis<br />

oqtomberSi <strong>da</strong>iTxova mTavroba. moqalaqeTa kavSiri gar<strong>da</strong>uvali<br />

<strong>da</strong>Slisaken mieqanebo<strong>da</strong>. am pirobebSi, saqarTvelos<br />

politikuri elita SiSob<strong>da</strong> rom SevardnaZe radikalurad<br />

Secvli<strong>da</strong> kurss <strong>da</strong> ruseTTan seriozul <strong>da</strong>Tmobebze wavido<strong>da</strong>,<br />

maT Soris pankisis sakiTxSic.<br />

amdenad, saqarTvelos mTavrobis sisuste ruseTTan<br />

urTierTobebSi gaurkvevlobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis SenarCunebis<br />

erT–erTi mizezi iyo. ruseTis liderebis SexedulebiT,<br />

saqarTvelos Tavisuflad SeeZlo CeCeni mebrZolebis Sefareba<br />

Tun<strong>da</strong>c maTi ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolisadmi simpatiis<br />

mizeziT. meores mxriv ruseTs aSfoTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom Tuki movlenebi<br />

cu<strong>da</strong>d ganviTardebo<strong>da</strong>, saqarTvelo ubralod ver SeZleb<strong>da</strong><br />

krizisis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvras policiisa <strong>da</strong> armiis Ronemixdilobis gamo.<br />

<strong>da</strong>savlel liderebsac cu<strong>da</strong>d eniSnaT SevardnaZis araprognozirebadi<br />

politikuri naxtomebi <strong>da</strong> Sinagan saqmeTa, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

<strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis saministroebis winaaRmdegobrivi gancxadebebi<br />

CeCen mebrZolebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. qarTul mediaSi<br />

gavrcel<strong>da</strong> mosazreba, rom saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa<br />

saministro idga CeCeni mebrZolebis pankisi<strong>da</strong>n afxazeTSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>srolis avanturis ukan, rac 2000 wels ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>. 65 aman<br />

kidev ufro gaamZafra rogorc ruseTis, ise <strong>da</strong>savleTis SiSebi.<br />

yvela mxri<strong>da</strong>n zewolis fonze, saqarTvelos politikur<br />

elitaSi mainc ruseTisadmi undoblobam iZala. maTi azriT,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTi (<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT aSS) saqarTveloSi CeCnuri<br />

konfliqtis gadmodinebis SesaCereblad erTaderTi imedi iyo.<br />

saqarTvelom ruseT–aSS–s Soris winaaRmdegobaze iTamaSa. jer<br />

kidev 1999 wli<strong>da</strong>n, ruseT–saqarTvelos sazRvris CeCneTis<br />

65 am gancxadebebs, rogorc Cans realuri safuZveli gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. 2004 wlis<br />

ivnisSi prezident saakaSvilis mTavrobam gankarguleba gasca gamoeZiebinaT<br />

CeCeni mebrZolebis afxazeTSi, 2000 wels ga<strong>da</strong>srolis ambavi.<br />

amasTan, saxelmwifo ministrma giorgi xaindravam <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, rom am<br />

movlenebSi garkveuli roli SevardnaZis administraciam iTamaSa.<br />

241

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

monakveTze euTos <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebi iyvnen ganTavsebuli. isini<br />

a<strong>da</strong>sturebdnen, rom CeCneTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Soris mebrZolTa<br />

aqtiuri mimosvla ar xdebo<strong>da</strong>, rac <strong>da</strong>savleTis yurs malamod<br />

ecxebo<strong>da</strong>. saerTaSoriso konteqsti meyseulad, 2002 wlis<br />

TebervalSi Seicvala rodesac aSS elCis movaleobis Semsrulebelma,<br />

filip remlerma ganacxa<strong>da</strong> rom pankisSi SesaZloa „al–<br />

yai<strong>da</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli pirebi” imalebodnen. es gancxadeba<br />

meore dResve aSS gazeTebis pirvel gverdebze moxv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amas<br />

TiTqmis maSinve mohyva aSS–s mxri<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelosadmi gaweuli<br />

samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmarebis dramatuli zr<strong>da</strong>. gamocxad<strong>da</strong> 64 milioni<br />

aSS dolaris Rirebulebis wvrTnisa <strong>da</strong> aRWurvis programa,<br />

romelic gaRatakebul qarTul armiaSi anti–teroristuli<br />

SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. am programis<br />

farglebSi saqarTveloSi 200–mde amerikeli samxedro instruqtori<br />

Camovi<strong>da</strong>, xolo programis farglebSi savele wvrTnebi<br />

ukve 2002 wlis martSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />

iurgen Smitis mosazrebiT, programis <strong>da</strong>wyebis dros Tu<br />

<strong>da</strong>vakvirdebiT, naTelia rom aSS–s ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba ar <strong>da</strong>yrdnoba<br />

al–yai<strong>da</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli pirebis pankisSi y<strong>of</strong>nis<br />

Sesaxeb miRebul raime axal informacias. ufro savaraudoa, rom<br />

samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmarebis programis <strong>da</strong>uyovnebeli <strong>da</strong>wyeba aucilebeli<br />

iyo ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n gar<strong>da</strong>uvali eskalaciis, SesaZloa<br />

SeiaraRebuli Carevis, Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad. 66 rogorc Cans,<br />

aSS–s pankisSi sisastikiT ganTqmuli rusi generlebis Carevis<br />

ki eSino<strong>da</strong>, magram saqarTvelos samxedro sisustec arwmuneb<strong>da</strong><br />

rom pankisi kidev didi xani SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCeniliko kriminaluri,<br />

maT Soris teroristuli, elementebis TavSesafrad.<br />

aSS samxedroebis saqarTveloSi gamoCenas ruseTis politikuri<br />

wreebis aRSfoTeba mohyva. mravali rusi politikosi<br />

acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom aSS–s mizani samxreT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n ruseTis<br />

gaZeveba iyo. nezavisimaia gazetas samxedro <strong>da</strong>narTi ufro Sors<br />

66 Juergen Schmid. Krieg gegen den Terrorismus im Südkaukasus? Die USA entsenden<br />

Militärberater nach Georgien. – SWP Brennpunkte, http://old.swpberlin.org/produkte/<br />

bparchiv/zentralasien6druck.htm.<br />

242

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

wavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavis mkiTxvelebs arwmuneb<strong>da</strong>, rom aSS CeCneTSi<br />

SeWras gegmav<strong>da</strong>. 67 prezident putinis <strong>of</strong>icialuri pasuxi<br />

bevrad ufro gamozomili aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. ucnobia, gauziara Tu ara<br />

vaSingtonma putins Tavisi gegmebi saqarTvelosaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

programis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde. amis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, putinis gancxadebiT,<br />

Tuki aSS Careva ruseTis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s ganamtkicebs,<br />

moskovs araferi aqvs misi sawinaaRmdego.<br />

rogorc aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, pankisis sakiTxi amiT ar amoiwura. aSS<br />

samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmareba uSualod pankisSi viTarebaze meyseul<br />

gavlenas ar axden<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis saqarTveloze zewola ki ufro<br />

agresiuli gax<strong>da</strong>. yvelaferi politikuri demarSebiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />

2002 wlis 8 agvistos, ruseTis delegacia ar gamocxad<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosTan<br />

CarCo–xelSekrulebis mosamzadebeli komisiis<br />

sxdomaze. <strong>of</strong>icialuri versiiT, ruseTi „mzad ar iyo” xelSekrulebis<br />

gansaxilvelad. saqarTvelos <strong>of</strong>icialuri pirebi<br />

acxadebdnen, rom SeTanxmebis blokirebis moxsnis safasurad<br />

ruseTi pankisSi „erToblivi policiuri aqciis” Catarebas<br />

moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. CarCo–xelSekruleba SevardnaZis sagareo politikis<br />

erT–erTi ZiriTadi mizani iyo, rac im periodSi saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ruseTis jarebis gayvanasa <strong>da</strong> ruseTSi momuSave<br />

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis <strong>da</strong>cvas ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amave dros, ruseTis samxedo zewola sul ufro saxifaTo<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong>. 2002 wlis aprilSi, ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Seiara-<br />

Rebuli Zalebi Setakebis zRvarze iyvnen afxazeTis kodoris<br />

xeobaSi. qarTuli formirebebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze<br />

iq moulodnelad rusi medesanteebi gadmosxdnen. 68<br />

2002 wlis 29 ivlisi<strong>da</strong>n amave wlis agvistos ganmavlobaSi<br />

saqarTvelos sahaero sivrce ruseTis Zalebma xuTjer <strong>da</strong>arRvies<br />

CeCneTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis monakveTebze. sam SemTxvevaSi<br />

rusulma aviaciam cecxli gaxsna. 22 agvistos, samxreT oseTis<br />

regionSi ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis meTaurma, general–<br />

67 Âàäèì Ñîëîâüåâ. Äæè Àé èäóò íà Êàâêàç. – Íåçàâèñèìîå âîåííîå îáîçðåíèå, 30 àâãóñòà<br />

2002 ãîäà.<br />

68 Civil Georgia, August 8, 2002, http://www.civil.ge.<br />

243

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

maiorma vasili prizemlinma erTpirovnulad <strong>da</strong>arRvia pasuxismgeblobis<br />

zonis sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong> goris raionSi sangrebis gaTxra<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo. 69 erTi dRis Semdeg, rusulma samxedro TviTmfrinavebma<br />

CeCneTis mosazRvre saqarTvelos teritoria <strong>da</strong>bombes,<br />

rasac erTi samoqalaqo piris <strong>da</strong>Rupva <strong>da</strong> Svi<strong>da</strong>mde a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Wra mohyva. 70 saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> euTos <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebis<br />

protestis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, ruseTma uaryo Tavisi monawileoba.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrma ganacxa<strong>da</strong> rom <strong>da</strong>bombva saqarTvelos<br />

Zalebma moaxdines <strong>da</strong> incidents „swori mimarTulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli<br />

nabiji” uwo<strong>da</strong> CeCeni mebrZolebis Seviwroebis saqmeSi. 71<br />

viTareba TiTqos samxedro Sejaxebis zRvramde mivi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

am kritikul momentSi moxerx<strong>da</strong> viTarebis krizisi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyvana.<br />

pankisSi ukanonobiT SeSfoTebuli aSS–sa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

erTdrouli zewolis winaSe saqarTvelos mTavroba iZulebuli<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> 2002 wlis 25 agvistos pankisSi anti–kriminaluri operacia<br />

<strong>da</strong>ewyo. Sinagan saqmeTa <strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis saministros 1000–mde<br />

mosamsaxure uSualod xeobaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong>. wvrTnisa <strong>da</strong> aRWurvis<br />

programa swored am dros ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> mesame, uSualod savele wvrTnis<br />

etapze <strong>da</strong> amerikul formebSi gamowyobili 1500–mde samxedro<br />

saCvenebeli manevrebiT zurgs umagreb<strong>da</strong> pankisis operacias.<br />

brZolisunariani SeiaraRebuli Zalebis udidesi nawilis erT<br />

operaciaze ga<strong>da</strong>srola sarisko ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba iyo. Tumca, anti–<br />

kriminaluri operaciis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT warmatebas SeeZlo saqarTvelos<br />

politikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba – aSS–sTan <strong>da</strong>axloebis<br />

gagrZeleba <strong>da</strong> ruseTis SiSebis nawilobrivi gaqarveba.<br />

2002 wlis agvisto–seqtembris operacia aTze meti kriminalis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. rac ufro mniSvnelovania, aRdga<br />

policiis kontroli pankisis xeobis yvela s<strong>of</strong>elsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxlebul<br />

punqtSi, gaixsna Sinagani jarebis aTamde sakontrolo–gamSvebi<br />

punqti. moskovis agresiulobam CeCeni<br />

ltolvilebi <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi qistebi saqarTvelos Zalebis<br />

69 Civil Georgia, April 12, 2002, http://www.civil.ge.<br />

70 Civil Georgia, August 22, 2002, http://www.civil.ge.<br />

71 Civil Georgia, August 23, 2002, http://www.civil.ge.<br />

244

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

operaciisadmi loialurad ganawyo, radgan maTTvis saZulveli<br />

ruseTis jarebis mier operaciebis pankisSi Catareba absoluturad<br />

miuRebeli <strong>da</strong> saSiSi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. uSiSroebis imdroindelma<br />

ministrma, valeri xaburZaniam mogvianebiT, 2003 wlis<br />

ianvarSi, ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom uSiSroebis qarTvelma agentebma<br />

„<strong>da</strong>arwmunes” CeCeni savele meTaurebi mSvidobianad <strong>da</strong>etovebinaT<br />

xeoba. 72 logikuri Cans, rom CeCen mebrZolebs maTi<br />

ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> naTesavebis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong><br />

Semdgomi emigraciis perspeqtiva xeobis <strong>da</strong>tovebad uRir<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

pankisis warmatebuli operaciis Sedegad, saqarTvelos<br />

mosaxleobam aRidgina sakuTri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis rwmena,<br />

nawilobriv aSS–s <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT. SeiaraRebuli CeCnebis didma<br />

nawilma <strong>da</strong>tova xeoba. pro–<strong>da</strong>savluri ganwyoba saqarTveloSi<br />

kidev ufro gaZlier<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> warsulSi ruseTisadmi simpaTiiT<br />

ganwyobili politikurma partiebmac ki ruseTisadmi ufro mkacr<br />

politikas <strong>da</strong>uWires mxari. parlamentma <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa<br />

Tanamegobrobi<strong>da</strong>n gasvla <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n ruseTis<br />

jarebis gayvana moiTxova. pro–rusuli poziciis <strong>da</strong>kaveba<br />

nebismieri partiisaTvis politikur TviTmkvlelobas udri<strong>da</strong>.<br />

pankisze kontrolis faqtiurad sisxlisRvrisa <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />

mosaxleobis protestis gareSe aRdgena saqarTvelos<br />

mTavrobis udides warmatebad iqca. ruseTi aman ar <strong>da</strong>akmay<strong>of</strong>ila<br />

<strong>da</strong> yvela im CeCenis <strong>da</strong>kaveba moiTxova, vinc ruseTis-<br />

Tvis potenciur safrTxes warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. 73 2002 wlis seqtemberSi<br />

putini Seeca<strong>da</strong> miebaZa aSS–s politikisTvis. niu–iorkze<br />

Setevebis wlisTavze man generalur Stabs mosTxova pankisze<br />

prevenciuli sahaero <strong>da</strong> saxmeleTo <strong>da</strong>rtymebis gegmis momzadeba<br />

„teroristebis” gasanadgureblad. putima mosTxova<br />

gaeros ecno ruseTis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ufleba teroristuli safrT-<br />

72 Valeri Khaburdzania. Georgia’s Key Security Concerns: Pankisi <strong>and</strong> Abkhazia. Discussion<br />

at the Nixon Center, Washington DC, January 30, 2003, http://www.civil.ge/eng/<br />

article.php?id=3163.<br />

73 Jaba Dev<strong>da</strong>riani. Georgian Security Operation Proceeds in Pankisi Gorge. – Eurasia<br />

Insight, September 3, 2002, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/<br />

eav090302a.shtml.<br />

245

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

xis winaSe, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 1378 rezoluciisa <strong>da</strong><br />

gaeros qartiis 51 muxlis Sesabamisad.<br />

am muqaras saqarTveloSic <strong>da</strong> mis farglebs gareSec<br />

yuradRebiT moekidnen, magram rusi mimomxilvelebi <strong>da</strong>afiqra<br />

putinis moqmedebam. zogierTma es ubralod viTarebis araswori<br />

SefasebiT axsna. maTi TqmiT putini moelo<strong>da</strong>, rom prezidenti<br />

buSi niu–iorkze Setevis wlisTavze gaeros terorizmis<br />

winaaRmdeg prevenciuli moqmedebis uflebis aRiarebis<br />

moTxovniT mimarTav<strong>da</strong>. samxedro mimomxilvelma pavel<br />

felgenhauerma aRniSna, rom ruseTi ubralod blefs mimar-<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>. sxvebi Tvlidnen, rom ruseTi ubralod ukidures<br />

gaRizianebas gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mimarT kaspiis navTobsadenis<br />

mSeneblobis Sesaferxeblad, an<strong>da</strong> CeCneTSi warumateblobisagan<br />

yuradRebis ga<strong>da</strong>satanad.<br />

ruseTis agresiuli gancxadeba kavkasiis regionisadmi<br />

saerTaSoriso yuradRebisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloze samxedro <strong>da</strong>rtymis<br />

mimarT <strong>da</strong>savleTis SesaZlo reaqciis Semowmebad iqca. aSS<br />

administracia pasuxad anti–teroristul koaliciaSi saqarTvelos<br />

monawileobas miesalma. aSS saxelmwifo departamentma,<br />

evrokavSirma <strong>da</strong> euTom SeSfoTeba gamoTqves CeCneTis konfliqtis<br />

saqarTveloze gavrcelebis SesaZleblobis gamo. 2001<br />

wels ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom pankisis problemis mogvareba mas sakuTari ZalebiT<br />

SeuZlia. amave dros, aSS–m Tanmimdevrulad <strong>da</strong>icva saqarTvelos<br />

ufleba TviTon ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita es konkretuli problema<br />

<strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong>xmarebac gauwia <strong>of</strong>icialur Tbiliss samxedro<br />

SesaZleblobebis gasaumjobeseblad. 74 isic cxadi gax<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

ruseTs ar moecemo<strong>da</strong> ufleba aSS–s prevenciuli <strong>da</strong>rtymebis<br />

doqtrinis kopireba ganexorcielebina kavkasiaSi.<br />

aSS <strong>da</strong>xmarebiTa <strong>da</strong> pankisis problemis mogvarebiT gaTamamebuli<br />

saqarTvelo ruseTTan am konkretul konfliqtSi<br />

gamarjvebuli gamovi<strong>da</strong>. Tumca aSS–s „ufros Zmad” gamoyenebam<br />

ruseTis winaaRmdeg kidev ufro ganamtkica undoblobis<br />

74 Statement <strong>of</strong> the White House Press Secretary, August 24, 2002.<br />

246

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

stereotipebi. ruseTi <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong> rom saqarTvelo susti,<br />

araprognozirebadi mezobelia <strong>da</strong> amasTan „moRalatec” romelic<br />

mza<strong>da</strong>a regioni ruseTis mtrebs (gind CeCnebsa <strong>da</strong> gin<strong>da</strong>c<br />

amerikelebs) gauxsnas. saqarTvelosaTvis ruseTi kidev erTxel<br />

warmoCin<strong>da</strong> rogorc agresiuli Zala hegemonisturi ambiciebiT.<br />

bevri qarTveli SeaSfoTa ruseTis radio „exo moskvis”<br />

gamokiTxvam 2002 wlis 26 agvistos, romlis mixedviTac<br />

gamokiTxulTa 58%–ma ganacxa<strong>da</strong> rom ruseTma bodiSi ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

moixados saqarTvelos winaSe, maSinac ki Tu man marTlac<br />

<strong>da</strong>bomba saqarTvelos teritoria. gansakuTrebiT SemaSfo-<br />

Tebeli isaa, rom „exo moskvis” auditoriad ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

liberaluri, prodemokratiuli moskovelebi iTvlebian.<br />

pankisis krizisma saqarTvelos mier ruseTis aSS–Ti <strong>da</strong>balansebis<br />

politikis sisusteebic naTeli gaxa<strong>da</strong>. cxadi gax<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom saqarTvelos sisustis pirobebSi, aSS–s <strong>da</strong>xmarebas mxolod<br />

droebiT SeuZlia ruseTis zewolis Sesusteba. am politikiT ver<br />

moxerxdeba or qveyanas Soris urTierTobebis grZelvadiani <strong>da</strong><br />

yovlismomcveli mowesrigeba. pankisis SemTxevaSi, saerTaSoriso<br />

Tanamegobrobisa <strong>da</strong> aSS monawileobam Seakava ruseTi ukiduresad<br />

agresiuli samxedro avanturisagan pankisSi. Tumca amave dros,<br />

ruseTma ganavrco afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreTo oseTis mosaxleobisaTvis<br />

moqalaqeobis miniWeba, 2001 wlis zamTarSi ki<br />

aRadgina sarkinigzo kavSiri afxazeTTan, riTac axali <strong>da</strong> rTuli<br />

problemebi Seuqmna saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, romelTa<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetac mxolod ruseTTan TanamSromlobiT SeiZleba.<br />

2003 wlis noemberSi SevardnaZis xelisufleba mxolod<br />

gayalbebuli arCevnebis gamo ar <strong>da</strong>mxobila. opoziciam upasuxa<br />

sazogadoebriv moTxovnas enaxa ufro Zlieri <strong>da</strong> sakuTar TavSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli saqarTvelo. metic, „erovnuli proeqtis”<br />

erTguli qarTvelebi Tvlidnen rom usisxlo, pro–demokratiuli<br />

„vardebis revolucia” politikuri krizisis evropulad,<br />

civilizebuli gziT ga<strong>da</strong>Wris magaliTi iyo. 75 moskovi<br />

75 es SesaZloa sa<strong>da</strong>o gancxadebaa, magram savsebiT gasagebia TbilisSi 1991<br />

wlis zamTarSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri sisxliani ajanyebis fonze.<br />

247

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

TiTqos <strong>da</strong>eTanxma azrs rom ufro Zlieri saqarTvelo maTsave<br />

interesebSi Sedio<strong>da</strong>. bevris azriT sagareo ministr igor<br />

ivanovis roli, romelmac xeli Seuwyo SevardnaZis ga<strong>da</strong>dgomas,<br />

swored amas mianiSneb<strong>da</strong>. 76<br />

mixeil saakaSvilma 2004 wlis ianvarSi udidesi upiratesobiT<br />

gaimarjva saprezidento arCevnebSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv<br />

gamoTqva ruseTTan urTierTobis galRobis survili. Tavis<br />

sainauguracio sityvaSi saakaSvilma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom is „megobrobis<br />

xels uwvdis ruseTs” <strong>da</strong> rom misi politika „arc pro–<br />

rusulia <strong>da</strong> arc pro–amerikuli, aramed pro–qarTulia.”<br />

prezidentma saakaSvilma, amave dros, xazi gausva rom misi<br />

mTavroba mtkiced moiTxovs ori rusuli samxedro bazis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xurvas baTumsa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqSi. amasTan man mianiSna, rom<br />

mza<strong>da</strong>a bazebis sakiTxi calke ganixilos <strong>da</strong> ara yvela sxva<br />

winaaRmdegobriv problemasTan kavSirSi. „Cven vaRiarebT<br />

ruseTis interesebs am regionSi,” ganacxa<strong>da</strong> prezidentma<br />

saakaSvilma „magram am interesebis ganxorcieleba bazebze<br />

ukeTesi meTodebiT SeiZleba.” 77 prezidentma agreTve aRniSna<br />

rom kari Riaa rusuli investiciebisavis energetikis seqtorsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saporto infrastruqturaSi, <strong>da</strong> anti–teroristuli<br />

centris gaxsna SesTavaza ruseTs bazebis nacvlad.<br />

pirvel etapze ruseTma saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mimarT<br />

molodinis politika airCia. moskovi skeptikura<strong>da</strong>a ganwyobili<br />

saakaSvilis mimarT <strong>da</strong> ar swams, rom axalgazr<strong>da</strong> prezidents<br />

SeuZlia saqarTvelos problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobis<br />

gajansaReba. SevardnaZis administracia susti <strong>da</strong><br />

arasaimedi partniori iyo, romelsac Tavisive sisuste aSineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

roca prezidenti saakaSvili aWaris mmarTvels, aslan abaSiZes<br />

<strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> 2004 wlis aprilSi, ruseTma Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />

(Tumca sakmaod ugulod) mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira abaSiZes. Tumca, rogorc<br />

ki saakaSvilis gamarjveba gar<strong>da</strong>uvali gax<strong>da</strong>, ruseTma genStabis<br />

76 Tumca, ivanovi uary<strong>of</strong>s, rom man ico<strong>da</strong> SevardnaZis survilze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mdgariyo.<br />

77 mixeil saakaSvilis sainauguracio sityva, 2004 wlis 25 ianvari.<br />

248

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

maRali rangis generali gagzavna baTumSi, raTa iq dislocirebuli,<br />

abaSiZisadmi simpaTiiT ganwyobili rusi samxedroebi<br />

konfliqtSi ar Careuliyvnen. bolos, isev igor<br />

ivanovi <strong>da</strong>exmara abaSiZes moskovSi gaqcevaSi, mas Semdeg rac<br />

aWaris liderma saakaSvilisagan usafrTxoebis garantiebi<br />

miiRo. am epizodi<strong>da</strong>n cxadia, rom rodesac saqarTvelom<br />

iniciativa gamoiCina, ruseTma mas winaaRmdegoba ar gauwia.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom Tuki saqarTvelo SeinarCunebs<br />

reformebis temps <strong>da</strong> mis mTavrobas kvlavac eqneba<br />

saxalxo mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, ruseTi ufro gamozomilad moeqceva<br />

saqarTvelos.<br />

or qveyanas Soris undoblobis ga<strong>da</strong>salaxad ufro metia<br />

saWiro – ruseTma politika Zireulad un<strong>da</strong> Secvalos, saqarTvelom<br />

ki sakuTari Zalebis rwmena gaimyaros. analitikosebi ver<br />

Tanxmdebian surs <strong>da</strong> SeuZlia Tu ara prezident putins<br />

saqarTvelosadmi politikis erTpirovnulad Secvla. 2003 wlis<br />

dekembris saparlamento arCevnebSi putinis momxreebma qve<strong>da</strong><br />

palataze, dumaze, sruli kontroli moipoves, riTac TiTqos<br />

xeli gauxsnes putins sagareo politikis TvalsazrisiT. magram<br />

nacionalisturad ganwyobili politikosebi – vladimer<br />

Jirinovskis liberal–demokratebi, komunistebi, partia<br />

„rodina” – kvlvac isteriul tons aZleven ruseTis politikas<br />

<strong>da</strong> realurad gansazRvraven sazogadoebriv azrs ruseTSi. ase,<br />

rom putinis mxri<strong>da</strong>n politikis cvlileba SesaZloa arc ise<br />

advili amocana iyos, radgan amiT politikuri speqtrisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sazogadoebis didi nawili gairiyeba. 78<br />

mimomxilvelebis azri gansxvavebulia putinis administraciis<br />

politikaze saqarTvelos axali xelisuflebis mimar.<br />

ariel koeni, eyrdnoba ra maRali rangis amerikel diplomats<br />

moskovSi, ambobs rom „imperiuli nostalgiis maragi” ruseTSi<br />

„ufro Zalismier midgomas” gamoiwvevs” Sua aziisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis<br />

78 Ariel Cohen. U.S. Officials Warily Monitor Russian Policy Debate on Caucasus. –<br />

Eurasia Insight, January 9, 2004, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/<br />

eav010904b_pr.shtml.<br />

249

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

mimarT. 79 karnegis moskovis centris mkvlevari aleqsei<br />

malaSenko Tvlis, rom kremlis „poziciis ori mesamedi<br />

TanamSromlobis survilzea <strong>da</strong>myarebuli” xolo „erTi mesamedi...imperiul<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas eyrdnoba.” 80 sagareo <strong>da</strong><br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politikis sabWos xelmZRvaneli sergei karaganovi<br />

amtkicebs, rom „ruseTma saqarTvelos funTuSa un<strong>da</strong> SesTavazos.<br />

Tuki saWiro gaxdeba, maTraxisaken mibruneba Zneli<br />

araa.” 81 sakiTxavi isaa SeuZlia Tu ara ruseTs im „funTuSis”<br />

moZieba, romelsac saqarTvelo iTxovs – kerZod afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTSi saqarTvelos suverenitetis aRdgena.<br />

warsuli liderebis gamocdileba karnaxobs rus politikosebs,<br />

rom maTraxi funTuSas sjobia. TanamSromlobaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebuli sagareo urTierTobebis kulturis Seswavlas dro<br />

sWirdeba. amasTan, ufro pragmatul qarTul–rusul Tanam-<br />

Sromlobas mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> rTulad ga<strong>da</strong>saWreli problemebi<br />

uSlis xels – upirveles yovlisa rusi mSvidobismy<strong>of</strong>elebis<br />

saqmianoba afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi <strong>da</strong> rusuli bazebis<br />

gayvana saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

pankisis, SevardnaZisa <strong>da</strong> abaSiZis g<strong>and</strong>evnis gamocdilebam<br />

aswavla saqarTvelos axal xelisuflebas, rom ruseTs Tavisive<br />

muqaris Sesasruleblad xSirad realuri resursebi ar y<strong>of</strong>nis.<br />

am gakveTils SeiZleba Secdmoebi mohyves, rac naTlad gamoCn<strong>da</strong><br />

2004 wlis seqtemberSi, rodesac saakaSvilis administracia<br />

Seeca<strong>da</strong> erTi xelis <strong>da</strong>rtymiT ga<strong>da</strong>eWra samxreT oseTis<br />

problema separatistul mTavrobaze humanitaruli, politikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> samxedro zewolis meSveobiT. Sedegad, ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

samxreT oseTisaken moxaliseebisa <strong>da</strong> samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

nakadi wamovi<strong>da</strong>, rasac SeiaraRebuli Setkebebi <strong>da</strong> msxverpli<br />

mohyva. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ukan <strong>da</strong>ixia <strong>da</strong> Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

79 Cohen. U.S. Officials Warily Monitor Russian Policy Debate on Caucasus.<br />

80 Igor Torbakov. Russian Policy Makers Struggle to Respond to Political Changes in<br />

Georgia. – Eurasia Insight, January 8, 2004, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/<br />

articles/eav010804_pr.shtml.<br />

81 Torbakov. Russian Policy Makers Struggle to Respond to Political Changes in Georgia.<br />

250

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

airi<strong>da</strong> srulmasStabiani konfliqti, ga<strong>da</strong>erTo ra politikuri<br />

gamosavlis Ziebaze.<br />

SevardnaZisagan gansxavebiT, prezidenti saakaSvili<br />

cdilobs pirveli svla TviTon gaakeTos <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi arCevani<br />

ruseTs mi<strong>and</strong>os. putinis administraciis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera TviT<br />

ruseTSi Semcir<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>savleTic skeptikurad uyurebs iukosis<br />

renacionalizacias <strong>da</strong> avtoritarizmisaken ga<strong>da</strong>dgmul nabijebs.<br />

saakaSvili imedovnebs, rom putini Secdomebs <strong>da</strong>uSvebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> zedmetad agresul upasuxebs saqarTvelos. Tuki misi<br />

administracia <strong>da</strong>savluri Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />

stilis mimdevrad <strong>da</strong>rCeba, <strong>of</strong>icialuri Tbilisi Tvlis rom<br />

SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>savluri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris gaZliereba bazebis, afxazeTisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis sakiTxebSi.<br />

ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi<br />

saqarTveloSi<br />

saqarTvelos axali xelisufleba cdilobs gamoZebnos iseTi<br />

sakiTxebi, romlebzec SesaZlebelia ruseTTan pragmatuli<br />

molaparakeba. is aseve cdilobs gaarkvios, romel molaparakebebze<br />

wamova ruseTi nebay<strong>of</strong>lobiT <strong>da</strong> ra mimarTulebiT<br />

iqneba aucilebeli saerTaSoriso politikuri zewola. amgvari<br />

axali midgoma yvelaze ufro naTlad gamoCn<strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

samxedro bazebze molaparakebebSi.<br />

rusi samxedroebi saqarTveloSi ori ZiriTadi formiT arian<br />

ganlagebuli: samxedro bazebi, romlebic sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

droi<strong>da</strong>n SemorCa <strong>da</strong> samSvidobo Zalebi, romlebic afxazeTisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis konfliqtebis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg ganlag<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli mxareebis <strong>da</strong>saSoriSoreblad. saqarTvelo<br />

<strong>da</strong>JinebiT moiTxov<strong>da</strong> ruseTis bazebis gayvanas misi teritorii<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

xolo samSvidobo ZalebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT misi<br />

pozicia bevrad ufro araTanmimdevruli iyo.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, rodesac saakaSvili xelisuflebaSi<br />

movi<strong>da</strong>, igi Seeca<strong>da</strong> gaenelebina bazebis sakiTxis simZafre. misi<br />

251

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

gancxadebiT, bazebs praqtikulze ufro simboluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva<br />

gaCn<strong>da</strong>T. TumcaRa, 2004 wlis bolosa <strong>da</strong> 2005 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

bazebis sakiTxma saqarTvelo–ruseTis urTierTobebSi kvlav<br />

pirvel planze gadmoiwia imis niSnad, rom Tbilisis pirveli<br />

mcdelobebi nebay<strong>of</strong>lobiT TanamSromlobaze <strong>da</strong>eyoliebina<br />

ruseTi uSedegod <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saqarTvelos teritorii<strong>da</strong>n ruseTis samxedro bazebis<br />

gayvanam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba euTos 1999 wlis stambolis<br />

samitis Semdeg SeiZina. am Sexvedraze elcinis mTavroba<br />

<strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> ori – vazianisa <strong>da</strong> gu<strong>da</strong>uTis – bazis gayvanas 2001<br />

wlis ivlisamde <strong>da</strong> aiRo valdebuleba ewarmoebina molaparakebebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>narCeni ori bazis – baTumsa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqSi –<br />

gayvanis Sesaxeb. vazianis baza, Tbilisis maxloblad, 2001 wlis<br />

1 ivlisisaTvis <strong>da</strong>ixura. 2001 wlis 9 noembers ruseTis sagareo<br />

saqmeTa saministrom gu<strong>da</strong>uTis bazis <strong>da</strong>xurvis Sesaxeb ganacxa<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gu<strong>da</strong>uTis baza, romelic afxazeTSia ganlagebuli,<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wyaros mier ixseniebo<strong>da</strong> afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

Zalebis saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samoqmedo ZiriTad centrad<br />

1992–94 wlebis konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi. bazis <strong>da</strong>xurvaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>sakvirveblad ar <strong>da</strong>uSves saerTaSoriso eqspertebi <strong>da</strong>,<br />

qarTuli mxaris mtkicebiT, bazis 1100–mde mosamsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n 2001<br />

wels is mxolod 300–mde samxedrom <strong>da</strong>tova. 82 xolo <strong>da</strong>narCenebi,<br />

iseve rogorc bazis fizikuri infrastruqtura, iq ganlagebuli<br />

rusi samSvidoboebis gankargulebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. 83 anu, bazas<br />

ubralod saxeli ga<strong>da</strong>erqva. 2002 wlis ivnisSi euTos samxedro<br />

eqspertebi <strong>da</strong>uSves gu<strong>da</strong>uTis bazaze <strong>da</strong> maT <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stures<br />

ruseTis SeiaraRebisa <strong>da</strong> personalis gasvla. 84 Tumca saqarTvelo<br />

bazis mudmiv saerTaSoriso kontrols moiTxovs.<br />

82 saqarTvelos sagareo saministros gancxadeba, 2001 wlis 21 noemberi,<br />

http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/docs/ GeorgiaMFA211101.htm.<br />

83 Russian–Georgian Contradictions Worsen. – Russian Military Analysis, issue 68 (June<br />

2001), http://www.wps.ru/en/products/pp/military/2001/06/15.html.<br />

84 Liz Fuller. OSCE Says Russian Withdrawal from Georgian Base Complete. – RFE/RL<br />

News Digest, June 17, 2002, http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/georgia/hypermail/200206/<br />

0036.shtml.<br />

252

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

2004 wlis ianvrisaTvis baTumisa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis bazebis<br />

gayvanaze mimdinare molaparakebebma win ver waiwia, Sexvedrebis<br />

rva raundis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad. ruseTi gayvanisaTvis 11 welsa<br />

<strong>da</strong>, sagareo ministr Tedo jafariZis TqmiT, 500 milion dolars<br />

moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. 85 bazebi <strong>of</strong>icialuri Tbilisis SeSfoTebas ara<br />

mxolo simboluri, aramed savsebiT praqtikuli mizezebiTac<br />

iwvev<strong>da</strong>. simbolurad, bazebi sabWoTa sivrceSi saqarTvelos<br />

y<strong>of</strong>naze miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, praqtikulad ki isini or potenciulad<br />

mtkivneul geografiul regionSi – aWaris avtonomiur respublikasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> somxuri mosaxleobis kompaqturi <strong>da</strong>saxlebis<br />

raionSia ganlagebuli. axalqalaqis bazaze adgilobrivi<br />

mosaxleobis didi nawilia <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli <strong>da</strong> isini ewinaaRmdegebian<br />

bazis gayvanas ara mxolod samuSaos <strong>da</strong>kargvis SiSiT,<br />

aramed mezobeli TurqeTisadmi somexi mosaxleobis tradiciuli<br />

undoblobis gamo. qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

xelisuflebisagan gansxvavebiT, axalqalaqis mosaxleoba<br />

SiSiT uyurebs TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c natos gavlenis ga-<br />

Zlierebas regionSi. baTumSi ganlagebuli baza ki adgilobriv<br />

liders aslan abaSiZes avtoritaruli reJimis ganmtkicebaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>exmara.<br />

saqarTvelos axali liderebi, maTi winamorbedebis msgavsad,<br />

Tvlidnen, rom sanam ruseTi inarCunebs bazebs, mas xelT upyria<br />

potenciurad rTul regionebSi areulobis xelSewyobis<br />

SesaZlebloba. 2004 wlis ianvarSi Jurnal „taimisaTvis”<br />

micemul interviuSi prezidentma saakaSvilma ganacxa<strong>da</strong> rom<br />

bazebi „imperiuli ambiciis ganmtkicebas ufro emsaxureba vidre<br />

ruseTis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s. man aseve Tqva, rom „ruseTs ainteresebs<br />

samxreTi sazRvris <strong>da</strong>cva, maT Soris teroristebisagan. aq Cveni<br />

interesebi erTmaneTs emTxveva.” 86 ruseTis interesebis<br />

sapasuxod, saqarTvelos sagareo ministrma salome zurabi-<br />

85 Giorgi Sepashvili. U.S. Backs Georgia in Hard Talks Concerning Russian Military<br />

Bases. – Civil Georgia, January 15, 2004, http://www.civil.ge/eng/print.php?id=6023.<br />

Äæàïàðèäçå çàÿâèë îá ýòîì â ÿíâàðå 2004 ãîäà.<br />

86 Paul Quinn-Judge. 10 Questions for Mikheil Saakashvili. – Time, January 19, 2004, p. 19.<br />

253

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

Svilma moskovs erToblivi anti–teroristuli centris Seqmna<br />

SesTavaza bazebis gayvanis sanacvlod. 87<br />

bazebze molaparakeba 2004 wlis ivnisSi ganaxl<strong>da</strong>, magram<br />

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar momx<strong>da</strong>a. ruseTis saxedro uwyeba<br />

a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong>, rom principSi bazebis gayvana ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili iyo,<br />

magram xazs usvam<strong>da</strong>, rom jer aucilebelia bazebis personalisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> teqnikis misaRebad ruseTis teritoriaze infrastruqturis<br />

momzadeba. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrma sergei ivanovma<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom is „ar apirebs samxedroebisa <strong>da</strong> teqnikis velze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yras,” rogorc es aRmosavleT germanii<strong>da</strong>n gamoyvanil jarebs<br />

mouvi<strong>da</strong>. 88 rusi analitikosis pavel felgengaueris azriT es<br />

pozicias usafuZvlo iyo, radgan baTumisa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis<br />

bazebis mosamsaxureTa udidesi nawili saqarTvelos mcxovrebi<br />

iyo, ase rom maTi gayvana mxolod <strong>of</strong>icerTa ramodenime ojaxisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> teqnikis gatanas utoldeba, risi gakeTebac ramodenime<br />

TveSia SesaZlebeli. 89<br />

TbilisSi Tvlidnen, rom ruseTi bazebis sakiTxs post–<br />

sabWoTa sivrceze Tavisi samarTlebrivi gavlenis gasaZliereblad<br />

iyeneb<strong>da</strong>. ruseTi SesaZloa ar apirebs sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

aRorZinebas, magram mas surs sakuTari ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />

intersebisaTvis xelSemwyobi garemos Seqmna. am TamaSSi,<br />

putini mza<strong>da</strong>a gverdi auaros elcinis dros aRebuli valdebulebebis<br />

nawils. 90 euTos 2003 wlis dekembris samitze, maastrixt-<br />

Si, ruseTma ganacxa<strong>da</strong> rom mas ar auRia saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong><br />

moldovi<strong>da</strong>n jarebis gayvanis iuridiuli valdebuloba. aSS–sa<br />

<strong>da</strong> evropis zewolis sapasuxod, ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa<br />

saministrom ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom 1999 wlis dokumenti ambobs, rom<br />

ruseTi mxolod „apirebs” gaiyvanos bazebi Tuki Sesruldeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>ukonkretebeli „aucilebeli pirobebi.” euTos portos<br />

87 Russia, Georgia Discussed Joint Anti-Terrorism Center. – Civil Georgia, June 24, 2004,<br />

http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=7195.<br />

88 Sepashvili. U.S. Backs Georgia in Hard Talks Concerning Russian Military Bases.<br />

89 Pavel Felgenhauer. Motives in Georgia are Base. – The Moscow Times, January 13, 2004.<br />

90 Trenin. Identity <strong>and</strong> Integration: Russia <strong>and</strong> the West in the 21 st Century, p. 17<br />

254

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

Sexvedraze, 2002 wlis bolos, aSS cdilob<strong>da</strong> ruseTis <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

mieRo erayis sakiTxSi <strong>da</strong> amitomac winaaRmdegoba ar gauwa<br />

amgvar interpretacias, rodesac is pirvelad gaisma. evrokav-<br />

Siri ar iyo <strong>da</strong>interesebuli sakiTxiT <strong>da</strong> arc mas <strong>da</strong>ukavebia<br />

aqtiuri pozicia ruseTis mimarT. 91 natos 2004 wlis ivnisis<br />

samitis win, ruseTis dumam (parlamentis qve<strong>da</strong> palatam) moaxdina<br />

evropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis xelSekrulebis ratifikacia,<br />

xolo sagareo ministrma sergei ivanovma kidev erTxel ganacxa<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom am xelSekrulebasa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> moldovi<strong>da</strong>n jarebis<br />

gayvanas Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs. 92 Tavis mxiv, natos generalurma<br />

mdivanma iap de huup sxeferma aRniSna, rom es ori<br />

sakiTxi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba. natos axali wevrebi, maT Soris<br />

baltiis qveynebi, mxolod mas Semdeg apireben Cveulebrivi<br />

SeiaraRebis xelSekrulebasTan SeerTebas, Tu ruseTi 1999 wlis<br />

valdebulebebs Seasrulebs. 93 am qveynebis xelSekrulebis gareT<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCena niSnavs, rom maT Tavisuflad SeuZliaT Tavis teritoriaze<br />

natos Zalebis SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi raodenobis ganlageba.<br />

2005 wlisaTvis, saqarTvelos TiTqmis ga<strong>da</strong>ewura ruseTTan<br />

urTierTobebis normalizebis imedi. ruseTma ar Seamcira<br />

separatistuli provinciebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, metic, man xeli ar<br />

SeuSala moxaliseebisa <strong>da</strong> iaraRis ruseTis teritorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

samxreT oseTSi ga<strong>da</strong>dinebas 2004 wlis zafxulSi konfliqtis<br />

eskalaciisas. moskovi uxeSad Caeria afxazeTis saprezidento<br />

arCevnebSi <strong>da</strong> Seeca<strong>da</strong> Tavisi proteJe gaeyvana prezidentis<br />

postze. 2004 wlis dekemberSi, ruseTis vetos gamo Sewy<strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelo–ruseTis sazRvris CeCneTis monakveTis monitoringi<br />

euTos <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebis mier. ruseTi kvlavac ganagrZob<strong>da</strong><br />

mtkicebas, rom CeCeni mebrZolebi Tavs pankiss<br />

91 Vladimir Socor. OSCE, R.I.P. – IASPS Policy Briefings: Geostrategic Perspectives on<br />

Eurasia no. 47 (Washington, DC: Institute for Advanced Strategic <strong>and</strong> Political Studies,<br />

January 1, 2004), p. 5.<br />

92 Ãåííàäèé Ñûñîåâ. Ìèíèñòð îòðàáîòàë íà âûñøåì óðîâíå. – Êîììåðñàíòú, 30 èþíÿ<br />

2004 ãîäà.<br />

93 Press Conference by NATO Secretary-General after the NATO-Russia Council. –<br />

NATO News Release, June 28, 2004, http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2004/s040628i.htm.<br />

255

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

afareben. rusulma kompaniebma saqarTveloSi mimdinare<br />

privatizaciis procesSi ramodenime msxvili kontraqti<br />

gaaformes, magram ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaumjobesebas<br />

politikuri <strong>da</strong>Tboba ar moutania.<br />

Sedegad, 2005 wlis ianvarSi CaiSala bazebze molaparakebebis<br />

erT–erTi <strong>da</strong>gegmili raundi. 94 mas Semdeg, rac<br />

TebervalSi ruseTis sagareo ministr sergei lavrovis vizitmac<br />

ver moitana Sedegi, saqarTvelo viTarebis gamwvavebaze wavi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saqarTvelos parlamentma – sagareo saministros mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT<br />

– miiRo <strong>da</strong>dgenileba, romlis ZaliTac mTavrobas <strong>da</strong>evala<br />

rusuli bazebi kanongareSed gamoecxadebina <strong>da</strong> mieRo zomebi<br />

maTi iZulebis wesiT gasayvanad 2006 wlis ianvramde, Tuki ver<br />

moxerxdebo<strong>da</strong> molaparakebebSi progresis miRweva 2005 wlis<br />

maisis Sua ricxvebamde.<br />

saqarTvelos sagareo ministrma salome zurabiSvilma<br />

rusul saagentoebTan saubarSi saqarTvelos axali, ufro<br />

mtkice politika Camoayaliba. 95 zurabiSvili amtkicebs, rom<br />

saqarTvelo mtkiced mihyveba a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

saxelmwifos moqmedebis evropul stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs <strong>da</strong> ruseTisaganac<br />

igives moelis.<br />

<strong>of</strong>icialuri Tbilisis pozicia naTlad gamoCn<strong>da</strong> – Tuki<br />

ruseTi <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdeba TamaSis saerTaSoriso wesebs <strong>da</strong> uars<br />

ityvis saqarTveloze gansakuTrebuli gavlenis SenarCunebaze,<br />

saqarTvelo mza<strong>da</strong>a gaiTvaliswinos ruseTis realuri interesebi.<br />

gansxvavebiT SevardnaZis administraciisagan, saqarTvelo<br />

ar apirebs kulisebs miRma garigebas. Tuki ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

zewola gagrZeldeba, saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />

yvela SesaZleblobas gamoiyenebs <strong>da</strong> yvela saerTaSoriso<br />

forumze moiTxovs ruseTis agresiul saxelmwifod warmo-<br />

Cinebas.<br />

94 Russian Foreign Minister Visits Georgia. – Civil Georgia, February 17, 2005, http://<br />

www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=9106.<br />

95 Ðîññèÿ ïåðåä âûáîðîì. – Àãåíòñòâî íîâîñòåé “Ðåãíóì”, 25 äåêàáðÿ 2004 ãîäà, http:/<br />

/www.regnum.ru/news/382323.html.<br />

256

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

swored am politikis gamoZaxili iyo saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />

mier 2005 wlis 10 martis <strong>da</strong>dgenileba, romelmac<br />

saqarTvelos mTavrobas <strong>da</strong>avala ganexorcielebina ruseTis<br />

bazebis bloka<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Seewyvita maTi komunaluri momsaxureba,<br />

Tuki ruseTi bazebis gayvanis „realistur” gegmas ar <strong>da</strong>eTanxmebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

96 am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT, saqarTvelo Seeca<strong>da</strong> agreTve<br />

gverdi aeara ruseTis mcdelobisaTvis eWvis qveS <strong>da</strong>eyenebina<br />

1999 wels aRebuli valdebulebebi. Tuki parlamentis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />

ganxorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>, es moxdebo<strong>da</strong> ara stambolis<br />

SeTanxmebis Seusruleblobis sababiT, aramed <strong>da</strong>eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos suverenul uflebas uari ganacxados ucxo<br />

qveynis saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mis miwaze ganTavsebaze.<br />

naTelia, rom bazebis sakiTxi ruseTTan umaRles doneze<br />

<strong>da</strong>ayenes aSS <strong>da</strong> evropelma liderebmac.<br />

saqarTvelos gamkacrebulma poziciam realuri Sedegebi<br />

moitana. parlamentis <strong>da</strong>dgenileba jer kidev ganixilebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rodesac ruseTis genStabis ufrosma TiTqmis orgzis Seamcira<br />

bazebis gayvanisaTvis ruseTis azriT aucilebeli drois<br />

intervali – mxolod erTi Tvis win ruseTis delegaciis mier<br />

moTxovnili TerTmeti<strong>da</strong>n sam-oTx wlamde. am gancxadebam ver<br />

SeaCera parlamentis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miReba. saparlamento<br />

rezoluciis Semdeg, molaparakebebis ori raundi Sedga 2005<br />

wlis martsa <strong>da</strong> aprilSi, romelTa ganmavlobaSic ruseTma<br />

<strong>of</strong>icialurad <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura bazebis sam-oTxwlian va<strong>da</strong>Si gayvanis<br />

SesaZlebloba. am raundebma mainc ver moitana saboloo<br />

SeTanxmeba, radgan saqarTvelo moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, rom ar momx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />

bazebis axali ZalebiT Sevseba gayvanis periodSi. 97 pesimisturi<br />

prognozebis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, ukanasknel wams, 30 maiss saqarTvelosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ruseTis sagareo ministrebma xeli moaweres<br />

SeTanxmebas, riTac ruseTma <strong>da</strong>rCenili bazebis gayvanis<br />

valdebuleba aiRo 2008 wlis bolomde, anu ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>eTanx-<br />

96 Parliament Sets a Deadline for Withdrawal <strong>of</strong> the Russian Military Bases. – Civil<br />

Georgia, March 10, 2005, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=9310.<br />

97 Civil Georgia, April 18, 2005, http://www.civil.ge.<br />

257

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

ma saqarTvelos moTxovnebs. 98 Tavis mxriv, ruseTma saqarTvelos<br />

mosTxova ar ganeTavsebina natos jarebi.<br />

bazebis sakiTxis win wamoweva naTlad miuTiTebs, rom<br />

saakaSvilis administracia imedgacruebulia ruseTis poziciiT.<br />

Tbilisi kargavs moTminebas, radgan nebay<strong>of</strong>lobiTi<br />

TanamSromlobis gzebis Zieba ga<strong>da</strong>ulaxav biurokratiul <strong>da</strong><br />

ideologiur barierebs eCexeba. Sesabamisad, zewolis gza<br />

ruseTTan urTierTqmedebis erTaderT SesaZleblobad moCans.<br />

putinis administracia, Tavis mxriv, gaRizianebulia amgvari<br />

zewoliT <strong>da</strong> gaaCnia kontrSetevis wamowyebis cduneba. erTaderTi<br />

rac ruseTs akavebs, saerTaSoriso konteqstSi Riad<br />

agresiuli moqmedebebis gamarTlebis sirTulea.<br />

258<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebis SesaZlebloba: ekonomikuri<br />

TanamSromloba<br />

90–ian wlebSi ruseTis ekonomikuri proeqtebi saqarTveloSi<br />

politikosebis SeSfoTebas ori mizezis gamo iwvev<strong>da</strong>. erTis mxriv,<br />

TbilisSi SiSobdnen rom ruseTi ekonomikur gavlenas politikuri<br />

zewolisaTvis gamoiyeneb<strong>da</strong>. meores mxriv, opoziciuri politikuri<br />

Zalebi Tvlidnen, rom <strong>da</strong>sustebuli SevardnaZe Tavisi xelisuflebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad ruseTTan farul <strong>da</strong> rogorc ekonomikurad,<br />

ise politikurad wamgebian garigebebze wavido<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs Soris <strong>da</strong>balansebis politika <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />

iyo aSS–s mier mxar<strong>da</strong>Weril energetikul proeqtze – baqo–<br />

Tbilisi–jeihanis navTobsadens saqarTvelos energetikuli<br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> un<strong>da</strong> ganemtkicebina, ruseTis energomatareblebze<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokdebulebis Semcirebis gziT. 1992 wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli<br />

saqarTvelos mTavroba ver axerxeb<strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis gziTa <strong>da</strong><br />

eleqtroenergiiT uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>as. Suqis xSiri gaTiSvebi mosaxleobas<br />

mTavrobis winaaRmdeg ganawyob<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT mas<br />

98 Ñîâìåñòíàÿ äåêëàðàöèÿ ìèíèñòðîâ èíîñòðàííûõ äåë Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè è Ãðóçèè,<br />

30 ìàÿ 2005 ãîäà, http://www.civil.ge/eng/detail.php?id=10009.

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

Semdeg, rac cxadi gax<strong>da</strong> rom energetikis gasaujobeseblad<br />

mimarTuli milionobiT dolaris <strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong>xmareba ganiav<strong>da</strong><br />

an<strong>da</strong> korumpirebuli Cinovnikebis jibeSi aRmoCna.<br />

2003 wels, SevardnaZisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi saparlamento<br />

arCevnebis win, xeli or kontraqts moewera. 11 agvistos<br />

saqarTvelos mTavrobam <strong>of</strong>icialurad ganaxa<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTis<br />

„gaerTianebulma energosistemebma” amerikuli ei–i–esisagan<br />

gamoisyi<strong>da</strong> Tbilisis energogamanawilebeli qselis 75%, 600<br />

megavatis warmadobis ori energobloki, TurqeTTan <strong>da</strong> somxeT-<br />

Tan <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi xazebi <strong>da</strong> ori hidroeleqtrosadguris<br />

marTvis ufleba. es udidesi politikuri mniSvnelobis<br />

garigebac iyo, radgan ei–i–esi saqarTveloSi udides amerikul<br />

investors warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, romelmac 240 milion dolaramde Cado<br />

energetikis reabilitaciaSi. am xelmoweramde raodenime dRis<br />

win, SevardnaZem rusul „gazpromTan” xeli „strategiuli<br />

TanamSrolobis” xelSekrulebas moawera, ris ZaliTac rusuli<br />

kompania valdebulebas iReb<strong>da</strong> mravalmilioniani <strong>da</strong>b<strong>and</strong>eba<br />

ganexorcielebina somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTisaken mimavali gazsadenebis<br />

SekeTebaSi. am gazsadenebiT mTavroba varaudob<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTuli ekonomikis gamococxlebas <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT iafi rusuli<br />

gazis miwodebis gazr<strong>da</strong>s uSualod saparlamento arCevnebis win.<br />

prezident buSis administracia eWviT moeki<strong>da</strong> gazpromTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>debul xelSekrulebas. stiven mani, buSis mrCeveli kaspiis<br />

auzis energetikul diplomatiaSi, <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv ewvia Tbiliss<br />

<strong>da</strong> gaafrTxila saqarTvelos mTavroba, rom gazpromTan <strong>da</strong>debul<br />

SeTanxmebas SeeZlo „saqarTvelos gavlenis mniSvnelovnad<br />

Semcireba aRmosavleT–<strong>da</strong>savleTis energetikul gzatkecilze.”<br />

vaSingtoni SiSob<strong>da</strong>, rom „gazpromis” proeqti konkurencias<br />

gauwev<strong>da</strong> anglo–amerikuli „britiS petroleumisa” <strong>da</strong> norvegiuli<br />

„statoilis” mier mxar<strong>da</strong>Weril gazsadens, romelic<br />

azerbaijanis Sah–denizis sabados TurqeTTan <strong>da</strong>akavSireb<strong>da</strong>. 99<br />

99 Jaba Dev<strong>da</strong>riani. Potential Deal with Russian Gas Conglomerate Sparks Controversy<br />

in Georgia. – Eurasia Insight, June 6, 2003, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/<br />

business/articles/eav060603.shtml.<br />

259

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

prezident SevardnaZis TqmiT, <strong>da</strong>debuli xelSekrulebebi,<br />

gansakuTrebiT kontraqti ei–i–essa <strong>da</strong> „gaerTianebul energosistemebs”<br />

Soris sufTa ekonomikuri gaTvlebiT iyo nakarnaxevi.<br />

igi acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom Tbilisis energogamanawilebeli<br />

qselis gayidva SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> mxolod mas Semdeg, rac<br />

amerikulma kompaniam ganaaxla qseli <strong>da</strong> Seqmna [ekonomikuri]<br />

SesaZlebloba rusuli kompaniis [saqarTveloSi] Semosasvlelad.”<br />

TumcaRa, rogorc politikuri opozicia, ise stiven<br />

mani amtkicebnen, rom kontraqtebi „arasakmarisad gamWvirvale”<br />

iyo. 100 amdenad, aSS ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> ara saqarTvelos mier<br />

rusuli gazisa <strong>da</strong> eleqtroenergiis Sesyidvas, aramed strategiuli<br />

gazsadenebisa <strong>da</strong> eleqtroqselebis rusuli kontrolis<br />

qveS aRmoCenas, rac SemdgomSi amerikul proeqtebs<br />

SeuSli<strong>da</strong> xels. 101 qarTuli opoziciac <strong>da</strong> buSis administraciac<br />

<strong>da</strong>rwundnen, rom SevardnaZis susti <strong>da</strong> korumpirebuli mTavroba<br />

kulisebs miRma garigebebze midio<strong>da</strong> ruseTTan arCevnebze<br />

gavlenis mosaxdenad.<br />

saqarTveloSi rusuli energokompaniebis mimarT undobloba<br />

emyarebo<strong>da</strong> rwmenas, rom „gazpromis” Svilobili „itera”<br />

warsulSi politikuri gavlenis mosaxdenad uTiSav<strong>da</strong> gazs<br />

saqarTvelos. kremlis mzardi gavlena energetikul kompaniebze<br />

mxolod amZafreb<strong>da</strong> Tbilisis SiSebs. „gazpromi” kremlis<br />

gavlenis qveS myarad imy<strong>of</strong>ebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xSirad misi gavlenis<br />

iaraRs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> TviT ruseTis SigniTac. gaerTianebuli<br />

energosistemebis xelmZRvaneli, anatoli Cubaisi „liberaluri<br />

imperiis” koncefciis mimdevaria, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c ruseTi<br />

dsTs „bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> erTaderTi lideria” <strong>da</strong> man un<strong>da</strong> „ganamt-<br />

100 Zeyno Baran. Deals Give Russian Companies Influence over Georgia’s Energy<br />

Infrastructure. – Eurasia Insight, August 18, 2003, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/<br />

business/articles/eav081803.shtml.<br />

101 erTaderTi dRes arsebuli alternatiuli gazsadeni, romelic<br />

irani<strong>da</strong>n azerbaijanis gavliT gadis, sabWoTa droi<strong>da</strong>n ar gamoiyeneba <strong>da</strong><br />

kapitalur remonts saWiroebs. amasTan, iranSi mopovebuli gazis fasi<br />

bevrad aRemateba rusuli gazis fass.<br />

260

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

kicos, ganavrcos <strong>da</strong> gaaZlieros gavlena ms<strong>of</strong>lios am nawilSi.” 102<br />

rusuli imperiuli gavlenis sxva Teoretikosebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

Cubaisis azriT ruseTi evraziaSi liberalizaciis<br />

mebairaxtre un<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo. Tumca Tavad is, rom ruseTis<br />

biznesmenebic ki imperiis, Tun<strong>da</strong>c liberaluris, Camoyalibebaze<br />

fiqroben saqarTveloSi gaRizianebas iwvevs <strong>da</strong> am<br />

kompaniebisadmi undoblobas kidev ufro aZlierebs.<br />

saqarTvelos axali mTavroba acnobierebs qveynis bazris<br />

saerTaSoriso kompaniebisaTvis gaxsnis aucileblobas. Savi<br />

bazris udidesi wilis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki, saqarTvelos<br />

ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>Rmasvlis tempi ukanaskneli aTwleulis<br />

ganmavlobaSi katastr<strong>of</strong>uli iyo. maRali riskebis pirobebSi<br />

rusuli kompaniebi investiciisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT<br />

albaT ualternativoa. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, ruseTisaTvis gazis<br />

miwodebis sferoSi myari monopoliis miniWeba kvlavac saxifaToa<br />

rogor politikuri, ise ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT,<br />

radgan amgvari upiratesobis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTs SeeZleba<br />

konkurentebisaTvis bazris Caketva. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, saqarTvelos<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n energomatareblebis wyaroebis gamravalferovnebis<br />

survili savsebiT logikuria.<br />

ekonomikis mxiv, saakaSvilis mTavrobam ganacxa<strong>da</strong> rom mas surs<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis Semcireba <strong>da</strong> kapital<strong>da</strong>b<strong>and</strong>ebebisaTvis xel-<br />

Semwyobi sxva RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba. rusuli kompaniebi<br />

gansakuTrebulad moiwvies axal sainvesticio proeqtebSi<br />

monawileobis misaRebad. mTavrobam aseve gamoTqva survili im<br />

obieqtebis privatizeba ganexorcielebina, romlebic manamde<br />

„strategiul obieqtebad” iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, gasayi<strong>da</strong>d<br />

ar gamohqon<strong>da</strong>T. maT Sorisaa hidroeleqtrosadgurebi <strong>da</strong> baTumisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> foTis portebis aqciebi. Tbilisma sagangebo konferencia moawyo<br />

kremlTan <strong>da</strong>axloebuli rusi biznesmenebisaTvis, romelTa<br />

delegaciasac ruseTis ekonomikis ministri, german grefi<br />

102 Igor Torbakov. Russian Policymakers Air Notion <strong>of</strong> ‘Liberal Empire’ in Caucasus,<br />

Central Asia. – Eurasia Insight, October 27, 2003, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/<br />

insight/articles/eav102703.shtml.<br />

261

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong>. am mcdelobam Sedegi moitana: ruseTis evrazholdingma<br />

moigo saprivatizio garigeba 2005 wlis ianvarSi,<br />

romliTac WiaTuris marganecis qarxana SeiZina 132 milion<br />

dolarad. 103 ianvarSive, ruseTis saxelmwifo vneStorgbankma<br />

gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankis aqciebis 51% SeiZina, riTac qarTul<br />

bazarze y<strong>of</strong>niT grZelvadiani <strong>da</strong>intereseba gamoxata. 104<br />

mimomxilvelebma prezident saakaSvilis mier ekonomikis<br />

ministrad qarTuli warmoSobis cnobili rusi biznesmenis kaxa<br />

benduqiZis <strong>da</strong>niSvna ekonomikuri gaxsnilobis am axali politikis<br />

gamoZaxilad aRiqves. benduqiZe liberaluri ekonomikuri<br />

politikis Tanmimdevruli <strong>da</strong>mcvelia <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo kompaniebis<br />

sruli privatizaciis momxred gamodis. 105 zogierTma<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelma benduqiZis <strong>da</strong>niSvna mxolod ruseTis biznesisadmi<br />

gaxsnilobis Jestad aRiqva, Tumca savaraudoa, rom<br />

rusuli biznes praqtikis kargad mcodne benduqiZis erT-erTi<br />

funqcia saqarTvelos ekonomikuri interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvacaa<br />

rusuli giganti kompaniebis winaSe.<br />

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, romlebic droebiT an mudmivad<br />

muSaoben ruseTSi ori qveynis ekonomikuri urTierTobis kidev<br />

erTi mxarea. saqarTvelos sttistikuri departamentis 2002 wlis<br />

oqtombris monacemebiT ruseTSi saqarTvelos 205 aTasi moqalaqe<br />

muSaob<strong>da</strong>. ara<strong>of</strong>icialuri monacemebiT, maTi ricxvi 500 aTasi<br />

maincaa <strong>da</strong> umravlesoba araleglura<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli, Sesabamisad<br />

yovelgvari socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis gareSe <strong>da</strong> umciresi gasamrjelos<br />

safasurad. muSaxelis sezonuri gadineba saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n<br />

udidesia ruseTis mimarTulebiT, Tumca saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi<br />

agreTve miemgzavrebian aSS–Si, saberZneTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

germaniaSi. fuladi gzavnilebi qveynis gareT momuSaveTagan<br />

weliwadSi 480–<strong>da</strong>n 500 milion dolaramdea Sefasebuli, rac<br />

103 Civil Georgia, January 19, 2005, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=8833.<br />

104 Civil Georgia, January 18, 2005, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=8830.<br />

105 2004 wlis dekemberSi benduqiZe stuqturuli reformebis sakiTxSi<br />

saxelmwifo ministri gax<strong>da</strong>, Tumca SeinarCuna gavlena ekonomikur<br />

politikaze.<br />

262

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

saqarTvelos erToblivi Si<strong>da</strong> produqtis 20%–s Seadgens <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTveloSi ojaxebis Semosavlis didi nawilia. 106 Sesabamisad,<br />

ruseTTan ekonomikuri kavSirebi friad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosaTvis.<br />

qarTveli muSaxelis saqmianobis legalizacia<br />

ruseTSi <strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobas ukeT <strong>da</strong>ecva maTi<br />

interesebi ruseTSi <strong>da</strong> ukeT gaekontrolebina finansuri nakadebi.<br />

amgvarad, ekonomikuri sfero ori qveynis TanamSromlobis<br />

yvelaze momgebiani <strong>da</strong>rgia, Tumca amisaTvis aucilebelia<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ilaxos eWvebi, rom ruseTi ekonomikur kavSirebs politikuri<br />

miznebisaTvis gamoiyenebs. es ki advili ar iqneba. saqarTvelos<br />

axali liderebi amtkiceben rom maT Sejibris Tanabari <strong>da</strong><br />

gamWvirvale SesaZleblobebis Seqmna surT, maSin roca ruseTi<br />

gansakuTrebul uflebebs iTxovs. putinis administracia<br />

ukanasknel xanebSi evraziis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis<br />

organizaciis (evrazesi) ganviTarebiTaa <strong>da</strong>kavebuli <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

farglebSi Tavisufali vaWrobis zonis Seqmnas apirebs, rac Tavisi<br />

arsiT, ruseTis gavlenis qveS my<strong>of</strong>i ekonomikuri sivrcis<br />

Camoyalibebas utoldeba. saqarTvelo ar apirebs am sivrceSi<br />

Sesvlas <strong>da</strong>, ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, is ukve ms<strong>of</strong>lio savaWro<br />

organizaciis wevricaa, ris ZaliTac man maqsimaluri ekonomikuri<br />

xelSewyobis reJimi un<strong>da</strong> gaavrcelos organizaciis yvela wevrze.<br />

es saqarTvelos xelisufleba manevris Tavisuflebas aZlevs<br />

ruseTTan urTierTobaSi saerTaSoriso savaWro normebis<br />

SemoRebis TvalsazrisiT. amasve emsaxureba qarTuli kanonmdeblobis<br />

evrokavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rtebTan miaxloeba. saboloo<br />

jamSi, saqarTvelos swrafva, gaacxovelos savaWro urTierTobebi<br />

ruseTTan, magram Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilos rusuli kompaniebis monopoluri<br />

gavlena, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze Tu ramdenad aqtiuri<br />

iqnebian investorebi sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n. es ki saqarTveloSi<br />

korufciis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvras, infrastruqturis ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong><br />

kanonmdeblobis gaumjobesebas moiTxovs.<br />

106 Labour Migration from Georgia (Tbilisi: International Organization for Migration/<br />

Association for Economic Education, 2003). am gamokvlevaSi 630 ojaxi<br />

monawileob<strong>da</strong>, romelTa ojaxis wevrebi ruseTSi muSaoben. kvleva<br />

saqarTvelos oTx regionSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>.<br />

263

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

264<br />

samomavlo perspeqtivebi<br />

ruseT–saqarTvelos urTierTobebs ukve didi xania undobloba<br />

aferxebs, ris gaRvivebaSic orive mxaris wvlilia Setanili.<br />

SevardnaZisdroindeli saqarTvelosaTvis ruseTTan urTierToba<br />

erTgvar mojadoebul wres warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>: aucilebeli<br />

iyo qveynis gaZliereba ruseTis zewolasTan gasamklaveblad <strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTTanave ufro saimedo partniorobis Camosayalibeblad.<br />

amave dros, saqarTveloSi bevri Tvli<strong>da</strong> rom qveynis gaZliereba<br />

SeuZlebelia afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis problemebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Wris gareSe, raSic aucilebelia ruseTis monawileoba.<br />

amgvari logika ergvarad gaukuRmarTebulic kia: misi<br />

mixedviT ruseTia saqarTvelos sisustis mTavari mizezic <strong>da</strong><br />

misi mTavari mxsnelic. amgvarad, saqarTvelos mTavroba <strong>da</strong><br />

mosaxleoba Tavs aridebdnen sakuTar pasuxismgeblobas<br />

sakuTarive problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris saqmeSi. amave logikiT,<br />

afxazeTi, samxreT oseTi, ruseTis bazebi <strong>da</strong> ruseTTan<br />

ekonomikuri TanamSroloba erTi giganturi problemaa, romelic<br />

erTi <strong>da</strong>kvriT un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>iWras. prezidenti saakaSvili,<br />

Cans, mza<strong>da</strong>a gaarRvios es mojadoebuli wre <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>axarisxos<br />

sakiTxebi romelTa ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta saqarTvelos ZalebSi Sedis,<br />

sakiTxebi, romlebze kompromisis moZebna SesaZlebelia <strong>da</strong><br />

sakiTxebi, romlebic araa molaparakebebis sagani.<br />

magaliTisTvis, saakaSvilis administracia amtkicebs, rom<br />

baTumisa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis bazebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ixuros <strong>da</strong> am sakiTxze<br />

Tbilisi ukan<strong>da</strong>xevas ar apirebs. bazebis gayvanis Semdeg,<br />

SesaZloa ruseTTan molaparakeba erToblivi anti–teroristuli<br />

centrebis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb. molaparakebebi afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTze gamoy<strong>of</strong>ilia erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, ar<br />

ganixileba samxedro bazebTan kavSirSi. <strong>of</strong>icialuri Tbilisi<br />

aseve cdilobs regularuli piradi urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>myarebas<br />

ruseTis uSiSroebis sabWosTan, prezidentis administraciasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> calkeul saministroebTan. sakaSvili imedovnebs, rom am gziT<br />

Seiqmneba ndobis kunZulebi rus kolegebTan <strong>da</strong> etapobrivad<br />

moxerxdeba <strong>da</strong>grovili problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra.

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

urTierTgagebis safuZvlad <strong>of</strong>icialuri Tbilisi moiazrebs<br />

im gagebas rom kavkasiaSi arsebuli problemebi – separatizmi,<br />

arastabiluri mTavrobebi, gaumWvirvale politikuri procesi<br />

– safrTxes uqmnis regionis stabilurobas <strong>da</strong> Tanabrad<br />

saxifaToa rogorc ruseTis, ise saqarTvelosaTvis.<br />

amgvari midgoma SesaZloa produqtiuli aRmoCndes <strong>da</strong><br />

SesaZlebloba misces ruseTs gamoiyenos Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi upiratesoba<br />

kavkasiaSi – mas gaaCnia regionis ukeTesi gageba vidre<br />

<strong>da</strong>savlel partniorebs <strong>da</strong> SeuZlia am gavlenis gamoyeneba<br />

saqarTvelos stabilurobis gansamtkiceblad. Tumca jerjerobiT,<br />

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi ver Tanxmdebian urTierTqmedebis<br />

wesebze. saqarTvelo mcire saxelmwifoa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivia<br />

is eZiebs sagareo garantiebs ruseTis Seu<strong>da</strong>reblad didi<br />

ekonomikuri resursebisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri gavlenis <strong>da</strong>sabalanseblad.<br />

amis gamo, saqarTvelo ruseTTan evropis normatiuli<br />

sivrcis farglebSi urTierTobas amjobinebs. ruseTi,<br />

Tavis mxriv, upiratesobas ormxriv urTierTobebs aniWebs dsT–<br />

s farglebSi arsebuli normatiuli reJimis farglebSi, romelic<br />

SesamCnevad Camoreba evropul stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

uflebaTa, ise savaWro <strong>da</strong>rgSi. samwuxarod, am sivrcis fargleb-<br />

Si saqarTvelo Tavs absoluturad <strong>da</strong>ucvelad grZnobs.<br />

ukanasknel xanebSi ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Soris <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba<br />

samxedro bazebisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis sakiTxebSi swored<br />

am konteqstSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT. samxreT oseTis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

saqarTvelos gancxadebiTis saerTaSoriso normebis<br />

farglebSi moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. saakaSvilis administraciis mtkicebiT,<br />

qveynis valdebulebaa suverenuli kontroli ganaxorcielos<br />

missave sazRvrebze. moskovis xedviT, umjobesia dsT–s<br />

farglebSi Camoyalibebuli arsebuli viTarebis SenarCuneba<br />

samxreT oseTSi, rac ruseTis interesebs ukeT pasuxobs.<br />

amdenad, SenarCunebulia mankieri wre: prezidenti saaka-<br />

Svili cdilobs Sinaganad gaaZlieros saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>, raRac<br />

doneze, ruseTs urCevnia Zlier saqarTvelosTan hqondes saqme.<br />

Tumca kremlis dRev<strong>and</strong>eli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba saqarTvelos<br />

separatistul regionebTan xels uSlis saqarTvelos gaZlie-<br />

265

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

rebas, radgan misi sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong>ucvelia kriminalebis winaSe.<br />

metic, ruseTis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT gulmicemuli separatisti<br />

liderebi ver xe<strong>da</strong>ven saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan molaparakebebis<br />

warmoebis azrs. Sedegad, SenarCunebulia saqarTvelos<br />

Semdgomi <strong>da</strong>sustebis riski, rac, paradoqsulad, mas<br />

ruseTisaTvis arasaimedo partniorad aqcevs.<br />

viTarebas cota ufro farTod rom SevxedoT, ruseTi kargavs<br />

gavlenis zogierT berkets. saakaSvili <strong>da</strong> misi axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />

kolegebi ar arian <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli y<strong>of</strong>il sabWoTa politikur<br />

qselTan arc ganaTlebiTa <strong>da</strong> arc gamocdilebiT. prezidenti<br />

saakaSvili Tavis amomrCevels emyareba <strong>da</strong> ar cdilobs mokovis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT gaimyaros pozicia. saqarTvelos politikosebis<br />

axali Taobis gavlenis safuZveli qveynis SigniTaa. isini SesaZloa<br />

ganixilavdnen karieris gagrZelebis SesaZleblobas saqarTveloSi,<br />

an<strong>da</strong>, vTqvaT bruselSi, magram ara moskovSi. saqarTvelos<br />

sazogadoeba mieswrafvis <strong>da</strong>savleTis ekonomikur, politikur<br />

<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis meqanizmebSi gawevrianebisaken, radgan swored<br />

es sfero iTvleba keTildReobis garantiad. 1994 wels prezidenti<br />

SevardnaZe amomrCevlebs parlamentis tribuni<strong>da</strong>n<br />

arwmuneb<strong>da</strong>, rom dsT–Si gawevrianeba qveyanas „xorbalsa <strong>da</strong><br />

kvercxs” moutan<strong>da</strong>. aTwleulis Semdeg ukve yvelasaTvis<br />

naTelia, rom saqarTvelos bazarze ZiriTadi produqtebi dsT–<br />

Si y<strong>of</strong>na–ary<strong>of</strong>nis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad Semova.<br />

aRarc isaa TavisTavad cxadi, rom post–sabWoTa ekonomikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>RmasvliTa <strong>da</strong> korumpirebuli politikuri klasiT<br />

imedgacruebuli amomrCevlebi sabWoTa kavSirs nostalgiiT<br />

ucqeren, anu xmas pro–rusul politikur kurss miscemen.<br />

moldovas magaliTi gvarwmunebs, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad komunisturi<br />

partiis warmatebisa 2001 wels, qveynis pro–<strong>da</strong>savluri kursis<br />

ar Seicvala. 107 moldovas komunistma prezidentma vladimir<br />

voroninma pro–rusuli sagareo ministri ga<strong>da</strong>ayena <strong>da</strong> axali<br />

ministri <strong>da</strong>niSna, romlis azriTac „evropasTan integracias<br />

107 Dan Wisniewski <strong>and</strong> Zsolt-Istvan Mato. Moldovan Communists Win Absolute Majority.<br />

– RFE/RL Newsline, February 26, 2001, http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/02/260201.asp.<br />

266

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

alternativa ar gaaCnia.” 108 man ukanaskneli arCevnebi erTmniSvnelovnad<br />

anti–rusul motivebze warmoebuli kampaniiT<br />

moigo <strong>da</strong> kursi saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ukrainasTan pro–evropuli<br />

aliansis gaZlierebisaken aiRo.<br />

saqarTvelos axali mTavrobis mimarT molodinis politika<br />

ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n araa produqtiuli. is mxolod Zveli politikis<br />

inerciaa, romlis mixedviTac SevrdnaZe an Secdomas<br />

<strong>da</strong>uSveb<strong>da</strong> an<strong>da</strong> gacnobierebulad miscem<strong>da</strong> saSualebas ruseTs<br />

qulebi Caewera aSS–sTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi. saqarvelos destabilizacia<br />

mavnea ruseTis usafrTxoebisaTvis. bevrad ufro<br />

sasargeblo iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Tuki ruseTi saqarTvelos axal politikaSi<br />

pozitiur rols <strong>da</strong>ibeveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi<br />

undoblobis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvras Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> xels.<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTs rac Seexeba, SevardnaZis meryevma politikam<br />

aSS–sa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris saqarTvelos mosaxleobis „nacionaluri<br />

proeqtis<strong>da</strong>” miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, Seaferxa qveynis integracia<br />

<strong>da</strong>savlur institutebSi – natosa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirSi. dReisaTvis<br />

saqarTvelo winmswrebi tempiT cdilobs realuri mniSvnelobiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>tvirTos arsebuli xelSekrulebebi, rogoricaa natos<br />

„partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirTan partniorobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis xelSekruleba. evrokavSirTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloeba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania <strong>da</strong> am proeqts<br />

ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, savaraudod, natoSi SesvlasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

naklebi winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba. erT–erTi <strong>da</strong>maimedebeli<br />

nabiji evrokavSiris mxri<strong>da</strong>n samxreT kavkasiaze „evropis<br />

samezoblo iniciativis” gavrceleba iyo. Tumca saqarTvelos<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n ruseTis rTuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebisaken iZuleba<br />

SesaZloa saxifaToc aRmoCndes – amis <strong>da</strong>sturad 2004 wels<br />

samxreT oseTSi viTarebis eskalaciac gamodgeba.<br />

SeZleben ki saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis liderebi axleburi<br />

urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>myarebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxi didwilad<br />

108 Íàòàëüÿ Ïðèõîäüêî. Êèøèíåâ èçáàâëÿåòñÿ îò ïðîðîññèéñêè íàñòðîåííûõ ìèíèñòðîâ.<br />

– Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 6 ôåâðàëÿ 2004 ãîäà, http://www.ng.ru/cis/2004-02-06/<br />

5_kishinev.html.<br />

267

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani<br />

saqarTveloSi reformebis warmatebazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. axali<br />

mTavroba ruseTTan urTierTobas ufro taqtikuri TvalsazrisiT<br />

udgeba, vidre strategiuliT <strong>da</strong> amiT cdilobs<br />

Sexebis wertilebis moZiebas. strategiuli TvalsazrisiT,<br />

saqarTvelos mTavari amocana politikuri sistemis gajansaReba<br />

<strong>da</strong> ekonomikis gaZlierebaa. es saSualebas miscems saqarTvelos<br />

ufro seriozuli roli iTamaSos post–sabWoTa sivrcis<br />

politikasa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikaSi.<br />

ruseTSi jer kidev ar <strong>da</strong>srulebula axali TviTSegnebis<br />

mSenebloba. nacionalisturi Zalebis siZliere zRu<strong>da</strong>vs<br />

prezident putinis moqnilobas qarTul–rusuli urTierTobebis<br />

sferoSi. amdenad, saqarTvelos mTavrobam un<strong>da</strong><br />

gahyos is problemebi, romlebzec albaT SesaZlebelia ruseT-<br />

Tan ormxrivi kompromisis Zieba <strong>da</strong> is sakiTxebi sa<strong>da</strong>c mas<br />

ruseTis <strong>da</strong>sarwmuneblad saerTaSoriso mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris mobilizeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>sWirdena. samxedro bazebisa <strong>da</strong> SemdegSi, samSvidobo<br />

operaciebis modernizebis Secvlis sakiTxebi albaT am ukanasknel<br />

kategoriaSi Seva. vaSingtonis pozicia bazebTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

SirebiT, romelic erTis mxriv mouwodeb<strong>da</strong> ruseTs gaeyvana<br />

jarebi <strong>da</strong>, meores mxriv mas finansur mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras sTavazob<strong>da</strong><br />

gayvanis <strong>da</strong>saCqareblad, albaT yvelaze realisturi midgomaa.<br />

samwuxarod, beslanis 2004 wlis tragediam putinis mTavrobis<br />

agresiuloba gazar<strong>da</strong>. putinma pira<strong>da</strong>d gaaaqtiura kavSirebi<br />

afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis lierebTan <strong>da</strong> Sexv<strong>da</strong> kidev maT<br />

2005 wlis 5 aprils. zogierTi mimomxilvelis informaciiT, man<br />

evrokavSiris sagareo saqmeTa komisari xavier solanac ki<br />

Seaxvedra separatist liderebs. 109 zogma es Sexvedra ruseTis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n ufro konstruqciuli poziciis niSnad aRiqva, zogma<br />

ki piriqiT. simarTles momavali gamoavlens.<br />

afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi viTarebis gasaumjobeseblad<br />

saqarTvelos mTavrobas am mxareebis faqtobriv liderebTan<br />

109 Vladimir Socor. EU Policy in Disarray in Georgia <strong>and</strong> Moldova. – Eurasia Daily<br />

Monitor, April 15, 2005, http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?volume_id=407<br />

&issue_id=3301&article_id=236959.<br />

268

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri urTierTobebis gaaqtiureba mouwevs. maTi gverdis<br />

avliT moskovTan SeTanxmebis miRwevis mcdeloba araefeqturi<br />

Cans. amave dros, konkretul sakiTxebSi SesaZloa Tanam-<br />

Sromlobac – magaliTisTvis, moskovs surs sarkinigzo mimosvla<br />

aRadginos saqarTvelosTan afxazeTis gavliT <strong>da</strong> am SesaZleblobis<br />

gamoyeneba ndobis aRsadgenad savsebiT SesaZlebelia.<br />

samSvidobo jarebis sakiTxis mogvareba albaT evrokavSirTan<br />

TanamSromlobas gulisxmobs. am organizaciis gamocdileba<br />

policiuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis misiis farglebSi bosniasa <strong>da</strong> hercegovinaSi<br />

zedgamoWrilia afxazeTis galis raionSi <strong>da</strong>brunebuli<br />

devnilebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad.<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT, urTierTobebis umZimesi aTwleulis<br />

Semdeg, klavac arseobs ruseT–saqarTvelos urTierTobebis<br />

konstuqciuli ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. amis miRweva ki<br />

mxolod maSin SeiZleba, Tuki saqarTvelo kargad gaicnobierebs<br />

Tavis pasuxismgeblobas Si<strong>da</strong> sisusteebis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvris saqmeSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> warmatebiT ganaxorcielebs reformebs.<br />

269

Tavi 5<br />

270<br />

gayinuli gaurkvevloba:<br />

ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis<br />

irgvliv<br />

oqsana antonenko<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slam gamoiwvia regionul konfliqtebis<br />

seria, romelic Zaladobis sawyisi fazis Semdeg politikur Cix-<br />

Si aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aTwleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>uWreli<br />

rCeba.ori aseTi konfliqti – afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi –<br />

warmoiSva saqarTveloSi, y<strong>of</strong>il sabWoTa socialistur respublikaSi<br />

misi axal, <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifod arcTu ioli<br />

transformaciis dros. konfliqti afxazeTSi 1992-1993 wlebSi,<br />

postsabWoTa konfliqtebi<strong>da</strong>n iyo erT-erTi yvelaze sisxliani,<br />

aTasobiT msxverpliTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 250 000 ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianiT (umravlesoba eTnikuri qarTveli) 1 . man gaanadgura<br />

1 cifri 250 000 xSirad gamoiyeneba eqspertebisa <strong>da</strong> politikosebis<br />

mier,magram es raodenoba sakamaToa. <strong>of</strong>icialurad saqarTvelos hyavs<br />

registrirebuli 262 217 Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli piri, sai<strong>da</strong>nac 11 987 samxreT<br />

oseTis konfliqtis zoni<strong>da</strong>naa, <strong>da</strong>narCenebi ki _ afxazeTi<strong>da</strong>n. <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa<br />

umravlesoba eWvqveS ayenebs am cifrebs. bevrma, vinc Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

saqarTveloSi Cavi<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg <strong>da</strong>tova igi. 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRweram<br />

aCvena, rom bolo aTwleulSi qveyanam <strong>da</strong>karga <strong>da</strong>axloebiT milioni<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani emigrantebis saxiT <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom maT Soris arian<br />

afxazeTi<strong>da</strong>n ltolvilebic. saqarTvelos axalma prezidentma mixeil<br />

saakaSvilma erTnairad gaaoca momxreebic <strong>da</strong> mowinaaRmdegeebic cota xnis<br />

win gakeTebuli gancxadebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom mas surs 1992-1993 wlebis<br />

afxazeTis omis Sedegad ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebis sruli aRricxva. 2004<br />

wlis 5 aprils ministrTa kabinetis sxdomaze saakaSvilma Tqva, rom<br />

“ltolvilTa dRev<strong>and</strong>eli ricxvi – 260 000 – Zalian gaberilia”. (”Georgia’s<br />

Refugee Recount,” IWPR Report, April 28, 2004). 2004 wlis agvistoSi ltolvilTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> integraciis saministrom Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebisaTvis gamouSva<br />

216 947 piradobis mowmoba. magram es cifri moicavs mxolod Si<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul pirebs <strong>da</strong> ara emigrirebulebs.

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

Savi zRvis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili sakurorto regionis<br />

ekonomikuri perspeqtivebi. 1994 wlis 19 maisis SeTanxmebam<br />

cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb mxareebi afxazeTis politikuri<br />

statusis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetamde ver miiyvana; sanacvlod Tbilisis<br />

kontrols gareT aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> afxazeTi, rogorc de faqto<br />

saxelmwifo, Tumca saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTis mier formalurad mainc aRiarebuli, rogorc saqarTvelos<br />

nawili.<br />

saerTod, postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo mSeneblobis<br />

sawyisi etapi nacionalisturi iyo Tavisi ritorikiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ideologiiT, ukanono _ Tavisi xerxebiT, magram xSirad<br />

gamarTlebuli istoriuli wyeniTa <strong>da</strong> miTebiT. 2 qarTulafxazuri<br />

konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>wyebaSi yvela es faqtori gansakuTrebul<br />

rols TamaSob<strong>da</strong>, ramac ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> geopolitikuri<br />

logikis sawinaaRmdegod, eTnopolitikur konfliqtamde<br />

miiyvana <strong>da</strong> or banakad gayo mravalerovani omamdeli<br />

afxazeTi. mobilizacia xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri kuTvnilebis<br />

safuZvelze, amasTan eTnikuri umciresobebis umravlesoba<br />

(rusebi, somxebi <strong>da</strong> berZnebi) ibrZo<strong>da</strong> afxazebis mxareze.<br />

am konfliqts qarTvelebi Zlieri, gaerTianebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

sicocxlisunariani qarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gzaze<br />

erT-erT ZiriTad <strong>da</strong>brkolebad miiCneven. ase iyo zviad<br />

gamsaxurdias _ saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis _ dros.<br />

ase iyo misi memkvidris, eduard SevardnaZis drosac, romlis<br />

xelmZRvanelobis periodSi mox<strong>da</strong> omi <strong>da</strong> mTavrobam ver SeZlo<br />

samxedro saSualebebiT afxazeTze kontrolis aRdgena.<br />

saqarTvelos dRev<strong>and</strong>eli prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili Tavisi<br />

prezidentobis erT-erT prioritetad qarTuli miwebis<br />

gaerTianebas Tvlis. iseve rogorc misi winamorbedebi, prezidenti<br />

saakaSvili mzad aris, misces afxazeTs farTo avtonomia,<br />

magram ara _ saerTaSoriso suvereniteti. afxa-<br />

2 qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi istoriuli miTebis rolis analizis<br />

Sesaxeb. Âèêòîð Øíèðåëüìàí, Âîéíû ïàìÿòè: Ìèôû èäåíòè÷íîñòè è ïîëèòèêà â<br />

Çàêàâêàçüå // Ìîñêâà: Àêàäåìêíèãà, 2003, ñ. 259-461.<br />

271

oqsana antonenko<br />

zebisaTvis konfliqti erovnuli ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis brZolis<br />

simbolo <strong>da</strong> erovnuli identurobis SenarCunebis imperativia.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevasa <strong>da</strong> qarTuli nacionalizmis zr<strong>da</strong>Si<br />

afxazuri elita xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> rogorc sakuTari erisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos<br />

Seqmnis istoriul Sanss, ise TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis safrTxes.<br />

omi qarTuli jaris gamoyvaniT <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis<br />

masobrivi gamodevniT (45 procenti) 3 <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>.<br />

dRemde arc erTma saxelmwifom ar aRiara afxazeTi saerTa-<br />

Soriso samarTlis <strong>da</strong>moukidebel subieqtad. misi mosaxleoba<br />

– romlis SemadgenlobaSi, afxazebis gar<strong>da</strong>, axlac Sedian<br />

qarTvelebi, rusebi, berZnebi <strong>da</strong> somxebi – ekonomikurad<br />

izolirebulia <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis mizniT ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d naturalur<br />

meurneobas eyrdnoba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, afxazeTma SeZlo de<br />

faqto saxelmwifo institutebis Seqmna, maT Soris parlamentis,<br />

prezidentisa <strong>da</strong> samxedro Zalebis. 1999 wels, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

referendumis Semdeg, xelisuflebam imis<br />

mtkiceba <strong>da</strong>iwyo, rom suverenuli saxelmwifos aSeneba aqvs<br />

ganzraxuli <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRiareba mxolod drois<br />

saqmea.<br />

gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom qarTuli <strong>da</strong> afxazuri mxareebis<br />

poziciebi diametrul winaaRmdegobaSi rCeba, politikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>regulireba ki CixSia momwyvdeuli, yuradReba ufro mesame<br />

mxaris rolze maxvildeba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />

ruseTi. konfliqtis yvela etapze is dominirebul <strong>da</strong><br />

xSirad winaaRmdegobriv rols TamaSob<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelebi ruseTs<br />

konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>wyebis provocirebaSi sdeben brals, Semdeg _<br />

mis “gayinvaSi”, <strong>da</strong>bolos, afxazuri separatistuli miswrafebebis<br />

yvela saSualebiT Ria mxar<strong>da</strong>WeraSi, formaluri<br />

3 1989 wels, bolo sabWoTa aRweris mixedviT, afxazeTis mosaxleoba<br />

Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 525 000, sai<strong>da</strong>nac 45 procenti, anu 239 000 a<strong>da</strong>miani eTnikuri<br />

qarTveli iyo. rodesac 1993 wlis oqtombrisaTvis <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> omi,<br />

TiTqmis yvela qarTvels <strong>da</strong>atovebines afxazeTi. maT Soris aTeula-<br />

TasobiT ga<strong>da</strong>saxl<strong>da</strong> droebiT sacxovreblad saqarTvelos qalaqebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

s<strong>of</strong>lebSi. ix. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64D87Q?<br />

OpenDocument.<br />

272

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

aRiarebis gar<strong>da</strong>. Tbilisi afxazeTSi ganlagebuli samSvidobo<br />

Zalebis internacionalizacias cdilobs maT rigebSi sxva<br />

qveynebis samxedroebis CarTviT <strong>da</strong> moiTxovs, ufro mkafiod<br />

ganisazRvros moskovis, rogorc mediatoris, politikuri roli<br />

gaeros molaparakebis procesSi.<br />

afxazebsac aqvT pretenziebi ruseTis mimarT konfliqtis<br />

sawyis etapze saqarTvelos samxedro mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris gamo; magram<br />

axla isini ruseTs uyureben, rogorc maTi usafrTxoebis mTavar<br />

garants. 1999 wli<strong>da</strong>n afxazeTis parlamentma ramdenimejer<br />

mimarTa moskovs, raTa afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris <strong>da</strong>myarebuliyo<br />

asocirebuli urTierTobebi afxazeTis, rogorc<br />

“Tavisufali asocirebuli wevris”, ruseTis federaciis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi CarTvis gziT. am statusiT afxazeTi suverenitets<br />

SeinarCuneb<strong>da</strong>. saboloo jamSi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />

saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrioba <strong>da</strong>iRala qarTul-afxazur<br />

konfliqtSi ruseTis diplomatiis sul ufro calmxrivi<br />

ZalisxmeviT <strong>da</strong> TbilisTan misi rTuli urTierTobebiT, mas<br />

kvlavindeburad miaCnia, rom ruseTis monawileoba politikur<br />

procesSi mtkice mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri <strong>da</strong>regulirebis<br />

misaRwevad saWiroa.<br />

rogoria ruseTis pozicia afxazeTis konfliqtSi? ramdenad<br />

prioritetuli adgili ukavia mas ruseTis politikaSi? aqvs Tu<br />

ara ruseTs strategia qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi, Tu is<br />

ubralod reagirebs movlenebze am regionSi? ra doneze<br />

manipulirebs afxazeTiT, rogorc marionetiT? ra doziTaa<br />

ruseTis afxazeTTan TanamSromloba moskovis TbilisTan<br />

urTierTobebiT ganpirobebuli? ras warmoadgenen ZiriTad<br />

interesTa jgufebi, romlebic ayalibeben ruseTis politikas<br />

<strong>da</strong> rogor Seicvala maTi gavlena prezident putinis dros?<br />

am TavSi SemoTavazebulia aRniSnul kiTxvebze pasuxebi im<br />

ZiriTadi faqtorebis analizis gziT, romlebic gansazRvravs<br />

ruseTis politikas qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mimarT.<br />

gansakuTrebiT yuradReba gamaxvilebulia 2000-2004 wlebze _<br />

putinis prezidentobis erT monakveTze. avtors sammxrivi<br />

mizani aqvs: pirveli, ruseTis politikis evoluciis aRwera;<br />

273

oqsana antonenko<br />

meore, politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebisa <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebis<br />

sirTuleebis gaSuqeba, ruseTis SigniT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

mZlavri gavlenis jgufze aqcentis gakeTeba, imaze _ Tu<br />

romeli moTamaSeebi ayalibeben ruseTis politikis pirvelad<br />

motivebs <strong>da</strong> romlebi sweven <strong>da</strong>bla mis efeqturobas. mesame<br />

mizani ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom afxazeTSi ruseTis politika<br />

ganxilul iqnas konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis procesSi sxva<br />

Zlier moTamaSeebTan misi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis konteqstSi. es sami<br />

ganzomileba mowodebulia axsnas, Tu romeli mimarTulebiT<br />

SeiZleba ganviTardes ruseTis politika, rodesac igi konfrontaciaSi<br />

Sedis saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi xelmZRvanelobis<br />

Secvlis ormag gamowvevasTan.<br />

274<br />

ruseTis CarTva konfliqtSi<br />

1994 wlis maisSi cecxlis Sewyvetaze SeTanxmebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT) samSvidobo<br />

Zalebis ganlagebi<strong>da</strong>n aTi wlis Semdeg gamoqveynebul arc erT<br />

publikaciaSi, romelic ki arsebobs ruseTis rolze qarTulafxazur<br />

samxedro konfliqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, sruly<strong>of</strong>ilad<br />

ar aris gaanalizebuli ruseTis arqivebi an wamyvan monawileTa<br />

mogonebebi. Tumca zogierT gamoqveynebul moxsenebaSi naTqvamia,<br />

rom 1992-1994 wlebSi ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi <strong>da</strong><br />

uSiSroebis samsaxurebi axorcielebdnen pir<strong>da</strong>pir Tu irib<br />

politikur <strong>da</strong>, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />

rogorc qarTul, ise afxazur mxareze. 4 zogierTi qarTuli<br />

wyaro ufro Sors midis <strong>da</strong> amtkicebs, rom ruseTis specialurma<br />

4 ruseTis konfliqtSi CarTvaze analizis Sesaxeb. Ñòàíèñëàâ Ëàêîáà, Àáõàçèÿ<br />

äå ôàêòî èëè Ãðóçèÿ äå þðå? (Ñàïïîðî, ßïîíèÿ: Öåíòð ñëàâÿíñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé,<br />

Óíèâåðñèòåò Õîêêàéäî, 2001 ã.), http://src-h.slav.hoku<strong>da</strong>i.ac.jp/publictn/lakova/lakovacontents.html<br />

; Alexei Zverev, “Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus,” in Bruno Coppieters<br />

ed., Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: VUB Press, 1996), pp. 51–60, http://<br />

poli.vub.ac.be./publi/ContBorders/eng/; Ñâåòëàíà ×åðâîííàÿ, Àáõàçèÿ 1992: Ïîñòêîììóíèñòè÷åñêàÿ<br />

Âàíäåÿ (Ìîñêâà: Ìîñãîðïå÷àòü, 1992 ã.).

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

samsaxurebma <strong>da</strong>gegmes yvela separatistuli konfliqti<br />

kavkasiaSi, maT Soris qarTul-afxazuric <strong>da</strong> Semdeg maTi<br />

provocireba moaxdines qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnis<br />

perspeqtivis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvris mizniT. 5 Tavis mxriv, afxazi<br />

komentatorebi ar azviadeben ruseTis CarTvas <strong>da</strong> aqcenti<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>aqvT moxaliseebis rolze, akritikeben ruseTis mier<br />

y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa samxedro teqnikis qarTul erovnul gvardiaze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemas 1992 wlis 14 agvistos afxazeTze misi pirveli<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis win. rogorc wesi, rusuli wyaroebi gverds uvlian<br />

omis msvlelobis <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT gadmocemas, samagierod<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis dros ruseTis politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi<br />

arsebul uwesrigobas xazs usvamen, brals<br />

sdeben adgilobriv samxedro meTaurebs am omSi maTi finansurad<br />

motivirebuli rolis gamo. 6 saboloo jamSi, rTulia<br />

msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara ruseTis monawileoba<br />

afxazeTSi 1992-1993 wlebSi kremlis Segnebuli politikis<br />

strategiis nawili, magram sakamaTo ar aris is, rom Semdgom<br />

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> dRemde rCeba misi<br />

politikis mniSvnelovan instrumentad.<br />

ruseTis roli 1992-1993 wlebis omSi rogorc realurad, ise<br />

popularul miTebSi saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris normaluri<br />

urTierTobebis ZiriTadi barieri gax<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis, rogorc<br />

afxazeTSi omis wagebis aSkara mizezad aRqmam qarTveli<br />

politikosebisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeebis mTeli Taoba Camoayaliba.<br />

afxazi eqsperti iuri anCabaZe wers: “saqarTveloSi jer kidev<br />

dominirebs azri, rom yvela politikuri Soki, romlebic<br />

respublikam bolo wlebSi ga<strong>da</strong>itana, afxazeTSi konfliqtis<br />

5 ix. magaliTad, Gia Tarkhan-Mouravi, “The Georgian–Abkhazian Conflict in a<br />

Regional Context,” in Bruno Coppieters, Ghia Nodia, <strong>and</strong> Yuri Anchabadze eds., Georgians<br />

<strong>and</strong> Abkhazians: The Search for a Peace Settlement, (Köln: Bundesinstitut für<br />

Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, 1998), pp. 90–112, agreTve http://<br />

poli.vub.ac.be/ ; an naxeT Svetlana Chervonnaya, Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia,<br />

Abkhazia <strong>and</strong> the Russian Shadow (Glastonbury: Gothic Image Publications, 1994).<br />

6 ix. Dmitrii Danilov, “Russia’s Role,” Accord, issue 7 (September 1999), pp. 42–49,<br />

http://www.c-r.org/accord/geor-ab/accord7/index.shtml.<br />

275

oqsana antonenko<br />

CaTvliT, inspirirebuli iyo mesame Zalis mier”. mesame ZalaSi<br />

yovelTvis igulisxmeba ruseTi. 7<br />

dResac ki qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis istoria uwindeburad<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rs asvams imas, Tu rogor gansazRvravs ruseTi Tavis<br />

interesebsa <strong>da</strong> strategias <strong>da</strong> afxazebisa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis mier<br />

rogor aris misi roli aRqmuli. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT Tanamedrove<br />

politikaze istoriis gavlenis ramdenime aspeqts gamovy<strong>of</strong>T:<br />

pirveli, konfliqti imdenad sastiki iyo <strong>da</strong> Tavad ruseTze,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki mis CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionze, iseTi<br />

zemoqmedeba moaxdina, rom 1994 wels, omis Sewyvetis SeTanxmebaze<br />

xelmoweris Semdeg, misi politika, upirveles yovlisa,<br />

fokusirebuli iyo konfliqtis ganaxlebis raime perspeqtivis<br />

prevenciaze. u<strong>da</strong>voa, rom axali omis SiSiT ruseTi orive mxareze<br />

mkacri zewolisagan Tavs ikaveb<strong>da</strong>, uSualod ki konfliqtis<br />

Semdgom periodSi, rodesac ufro SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> meti politikuri<br />

progresisaTvis mieRwia.<br />

meore, konfliqtis orive mxares ruseTis CarTvam Ziri<br />

gamouTxara qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> nawilobriv afxazebis ndobas<br />

ruseTis, rogorc miukerZoebeli <strong>da</strong> s<strong>and</strong>o mediatoris, mimarT.<br />

ruseTi iyo <strong>da</strong> aris aRqmuli, rogorc konfliqtis monawile.<br />

ufro metic, ruseTis <strong>da</strong>xmarebam orive mxaris mimarT ufro<br />

gaaZliera saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi gavrcelebuli azri, rom<br />

konfliqti an moskovis mier <strong>da</strong>igegma, an ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

interesebSi.es gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans saqarTveloSi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c ruseTis CarTva aRiqmeba “afxazeTis <strong>da</strong>kargvis” mTavar<br />

mizezad. eduard SevardnaZe amtkiceb<strong>da</strong> kidec, rom konfliqtis<br />

dros ruseTis mier afxazeTis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera mTeli<br />

aTwleulis manZilze qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis gafu-<br />

Webis mTavar mizezad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. afxazebi, romlebic iZulebulni<br />

arian <strong>da</strong>eyrdnon rusebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebas, aseve iCenen ruseTis<br />

patronaJisadmi undoblobas (samxreT osebisagan gansxvavebiT),<br />

7 Yuri Anchabadze, “Georgia <strong>and</strong> Abkhazia: The Hard Road to Agreement,” in Coppieters,<br />

Nodia, <strong>and</strong> Anchabadze, eds., Georgians <strong>and</strong> Abkhazians, pp. 80–89, also on<br />

http://poli.vub.ac.be/.<br />

276

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

ruseTTan mxolod asocirebul urTierTobebs eZeben <strong>da</strong> ara<br />

srul integracias <strong>da</strong> masze subordinacias.<br />

mesame, afxazeTis konfliqtSi CrdiloeT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

moxaliseebis, rusi samxedroebisa <strong>da</strong> politikosebis monawileobam,<br />

ufro metad, vidre sxva postsabWoTa sivrcis<br />

separatistulma konfliqtebma, igi Si<strong>da</strong> rusuli politikis im<br />

mniSvnelovan problemad ga<strong>da</strong>aqcia, romelic dRemde ga<strong>da</strong>uWrelad<br />

rCeba. metic, 1991-1992 wlebSi <strong>da</strong> ufro gvian, TviT<br />

afxazeTis konfliqtis dros, afxazur <strong>da</strong> CeCnur elitas Soris<br />

kavSirebis gamo ruseTis politika qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis<br />

mimarT xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi CeCneTSi ruseTis<br />

mier gatarebuli politikis Zlieri gavlenis qveS imy<strong>of</strong>ebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebelia afxazeTTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ruseTis <strong>of</strong>icialuri politikis evoluciis<br />

analizi <strong>da</strong> misi saxeliT moqmedi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufis qmedebebis<br />

mokle mimoxilva. ruseTis monawileobis Rrma ganxilva<br />

konfliqtis pirveli dReebi<strong>da</strong>n imis gamoa mizanSewonili, rom<br />

1991-1993 wlebSi moskovs ar hqon<strong>da</strong> Tanmimdevruli politika<br />

mTlianad kavkasiisa <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis<br />

mimarT. 8 misi politika yalibdebo<strong>da</strong> bevri jgufis mier,<br />

romlebic ufro gvian, post-konfliqtur periodSi, mniSvnelovani<br />

politikuri aqtorebi gaxdnen.<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ruseTma gamoiCina loialoba konfliqtSi<br />

monawile orive mxaris mimarT. rusuli politikuri elitis<br />

nawili gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos momxre iyo, nawili ki mxars<br />

uWer<strong>da</strong> de faqto <strong>da</strong>moukidebel, promoskovur afxazeTs.<br />

konfliqtis dros es loialoba ucvleli ar rCebo<strong>da</strong>; sabrZolo<br />

moqmedebebis ganaxlebisas yvelani afxazebs emxrobodnen.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad erTiani saqarTvelos mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerTa jgufSi<br />

Sediodnen ruseTis mTavrobis is warmomadgenlebi, vinc piradi<br />

kontaqtebi <strong>da</strong>amyara eduard SevardnaZesTan, misi sabWoTa<br />

8 rusul politikaze kavkasiaSi ix. Dmitri Trenin, “Russia’s Security Interests <strong>and</strong><br />

Policies in the Caucasus Region,” in Coppieters ed., Contested Borders in the Caucasus,<br />

pp. 91–102, http://poli.vub.ac.be/.<br />

277

oqsana antonenko<br />

kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministrad y<strong>of</strong>nis dros <strong>da</strong> isinic vinc<br />

ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> afxazur separatistul miswrafebas imis<br />

SiSiT, rom igi TviT ruseTis teritoriuli erTianobis safrTxes<br />

gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. am jgufSi Sediodnen<br />

ruseTis prezidenti boris elcini <strong>da</strong> sagareo saqmeTa ministri<br />

<strong>and</strong>rei kozirevi, aseve sagareo saqmeTa saministros sxva<br />

maRalCinosnebic. zogierTi afxazuri wyaro imasac amtkicebs,<br />

rom afxazeTis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb SevardnaZis<br />

gegmis politikuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera uzrunvelyo elcinma. 9<br />

afxazeTSi konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>wyebis Semdeg 1992 wlis agvistoSi<br />

ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom werili gaugzavna<br />

saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros, romelSic gamo-<br />

Tqmuli iyo Tanadgoma saqarTvelosadmi “terorizmis winaaRmdeg<br />

brZolis” saqmeSi. es nabiji nakarnaxevi iyo ruseTis<br />

mzardi problemebiT CeCneTSi.<br />

rac Seexeba ruseTis samxedro istebliSments, mas afxazeTis<br />

konfliqtis mimarT araerTgvarovani <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

moskovSi Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros Cinosnebma Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />

mxari <strong>da</strong>uWires saqarTvelos moqmedebebs, maSin, rodesac<br />

samxedroebi, romlebic samsaxurs afxazeTSi gadiodnen,<br />

konfliqtis TiTqmis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n afxazebisken ga<strong>da</strong>ixarnen, an<br />

pasiurad iyvnen _ SeinarCunes neitraliteti; mogvianebiT ki<br />

maTac afxazuri Zalebis aqtiuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong>iwyes.<br />

1992 wlis maisi<strong>da</strong>n 1993 wlis maisamde ruseTis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

ministri pavel graCovi saqarTvelos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrisa <strong>da</strong><br />

erovnuli gvardiis mTavarsardlis, general Tengiz kitovanis<br />

axlo megobrad rCebo<strong>da</strong>. 1992 wlis agvistoSi, omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis win,<br />

graCovi exmarebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos amierkavkasiis samxedro<br />

olqSi arsebuli sabWoTa mowyobilobebisa <strong>da</strong> mZime SeiaraRebis<br />

qarTul SeiaraRebul Zalebze ga<strong>da</strong>cemaSi, ramac u<strong>da</strong>vo<br />

9 stanislav lakoba amtkicebs, rom 1992 wlis 24 ivnisis <strong>da</strong>gomisis samitze<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos meTaurma eduard SevardnaZem xeli<br />

moawera “SeTanxmebas qarTul-osuri konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis<br />

principebze” <strong>da</strong> miiRo prezident elcinis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera afxazeTis<br />

winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos samxedro moqmedebis Taobaze. ix. lakoba, gv. 10.<br />

278

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

samxedro upiratesoba moutana maT. qarTulma sajariso<br />

nawilebma miiRes tankebi, saartilerio sistemebi, Sveulmfrenebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> msubuqi SeiaraReba. 10 1992 wlis 14 agvistos<br />

qarTuli jari 2 000-<strong>da</strong>n 5 000-mde jariskacis SemadgenlobiT<br />

Sevi<strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ikava soxumi; <strong>da</strong>matebiT 1 000-kaciani<br />

razmi <strong>da</strong>dga gagraSi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>keta afxazeTis sazRvari ruseTTan.<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n graCovma sca<strong>da</strong>, Seekavebina ruseTis samxedro savele<br />

meTaurebi, rom afxazebs ar <strong>da</strong>xmarebodnen. zogierTi afxazuri<br />

wyaro miuTiTebs kidevac imaze, rom rusebma qarTvelebs<br />

faruli <strong>da</strong>xmareba aRmouCines, Tumca aseTi gancxadebebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mowmeba SeuZlebelia. 11<br />

sabrZolo moqmedebebis pirveli etapi<strong>da</strong>n, konfliqtTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT moskovis poziciis jer kidev Secvlamde,<br />

CrdiloeT kavkasiis moxaliseebisagan afxazurma mxarem<br />

mniSvnelovani mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera miiRo, maT Soris afxazebTan<br />

eTnikurad axlos mdgomi iseTi jgufebisagan, rogorebic arian<br />

adiRelebi <strong>da</strong> Cerqezebi. am mizniT 1992 wlis seqtembris bolos<br />

1 000-mde moxalise CrdiloeT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n Cavi<strong>da</strong> soxumSi 12 .<br />

kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciam (mogvianebiT kavkasiis<br />

xalxTa konfederacia), romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebis<br />

suverenitetisaTvis ibrZo<strong>da</strong>, afxazeTSi sabrZolvelad<br />

aTasobiT moxalisis mobilizaciis saqmeSi mTavari roli<br />

iTamaSa. regionuli elita, romelic Tavi<strong>da</strong>n ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />

aseT mobilizacias, iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> Serigebo<strong>da</strong>, rom ar<br />

gariyuliyo im politikuri procesisagan, romelSic 1991-1993<br />

wlebSi eTnikuri aRorZineba <strong>da</strong> mobilizacia dominireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

10 1993 wlis martSi, konfliqtis dros, rusma samxedroebma saqarTvelos<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sces samoc<strong>da</strong>oTxi samxedro nawili Tavisi mowyobilobiT. ix.<br />

zverevi, gv. 53.<br />

11 afxazuri wyaroebis mixedviT, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad afxazeTze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmaSi<br />

monawileobas iRebdnen rusuli nawilebi. magaliTad, qalaq gagraSi<br />

ganlagebis dros qarTuli jarebi iyenebdnen rusul gemebs. ix. lakoba,<br />

gv. 35.<br />

12 Pavel Baev, Jan Koehler, Christoph Zürcher, Internal Violence in the Caucasus: Study<br />

Prepared for The World Bank Development Economic Research Group (DECRG)<br />

(Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2002).<br />

279

oqsana antonenko<br />

qarTveli <strong>da</strong> rusi analitikosebi amtkiceben, rom afxazur-qarTul<br />

konfliqtSi monawileobisaTvis ruseTis specsamsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxedroebis nawili kreb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> avarjiSeb<strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT kavkasiis<br />

mebrZolebs, Samil basaevis CaTvliT. 13 mogvianebiT basaevi<br />

afxazeTis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministris moadgiled <strong>da</strong>iniSna.<br />

ruseTis samxedroebmac arsebiTi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera gauwies<br />

afxazur mxares. ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d es keTdebo<strong>da</strong> regionul an amierkavkasiis<br />

samxedro olqis samxedro meTaurebis doneze.<br />

arsebobs mosazrebebi, Tumca _ mtkicebulebebis gareSe, rom<br />

aseTi brZaneba moskovi<strong>da</strong>n modio<strong>da</strong>. afxazeTSi my<strong>of</strong>i adgilobrivi<br />

qve<strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>ebi mebrZolebs <strong>da</strong>xmarebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

formas sTavazobdnen, personalis, SeiaraRebis, informaciis<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva momsaxurebis CaTvliT; magram sakiTxi, Tu vin mfarvelob<strong>da</strong><br />

aseT qmedebas, sakamaTo rCeba. aleqsei zverevis<br />

mixedviT, graCovma akrZala konfliqtis romelime mxares<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgoma. 14 sxvebi amtkiceben, rom im dros savele samxedro<br />

meTaurebi <strong>da</strong>moukideblad, brZanebebis gareSe moqmedebdnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> xSirad finansuri mogebiT an konfliqtis dros Camoyalibebuli<br />

piradi simpaTiebiT iyvnen motivirebulni. 15<br />

general aleqs<strong>and</strong>re lebedis mixedviT, bevri brZaneba<br />

gaicemo<strong>da</strong> telefonis zarebiT, maRal politikur doneze<br />

pasuxismgeblobis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebis mizniT. 16<br />

1992 wlis seqtembrisTvis, rodesac aSkara gax<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

blickrigis qarTuli gegmebi Cavar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> konfliqti gaWianu-<br />

13 1994 wlis Semdeg Samil basaevi gax<strong>da</strong> ruseTis jaris winaaRmdeg erTerTi<br />

yvelaze cnobili mebrZoli CeCneTSi. polkovnik stanislav lunevis<br />

mixedviT, “1992-1992 wlebSi, afxazeTis omis dros, basaevma gaiara<br />

specialuri momzadeba <strong>da</strong> “CeCneTis batalionis” meTauri gax<strong>da</strong>”. Colonel<br />

Stanislav Lunev, “Chechen Terrorists in Dagestan—Made in Russia,” August 26, 1999,<br />

http://www.newsmax.com.<br />

14 Zverev, p. 53.<br />

15 evgeni primakovi wers Tavis mogonebebSi: “me vici, rom ruseTis<br />

xelmZRvaneloba, upirveles yovlisa _ prezidenti, arasdros aZlev<strong>da</strong><br />

sanqcias ruseTis samxedro Carevaze – pir<strong>da</strong>pir an arapir<strong>da</strong>pir –<br />

konfliqtis romelime mxaris mimarT.<br />

16 Àëåêñàíäð Ãîëüö, «Àðìèÿ Ðîññèè: 11 Ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ëåò» (Ìîñêâà: Çàõàðîâ, 2004), ñ. 151.<br />

280

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

rebul, sastik omSi ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>, ruseTis politikac Seicvala<br />

<strong>da</strong> afxazurma jarma ruseTis samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmareba ufro didi<br />

odenobiT miiRo. 17 aseTi cvlileba SeiZleba aixsnas im faqtiT,<br />

rom dinamikurad ganviTarebad konfliqtSi moskovelma<br />

politikurma Zalebma <strong>da</strong>karges kontroli situaciaze, maSin,<br />

rodesac afxazeTSi my<strong>of</strong>i ruseTis samxedro Zalebi <strong>da</strong> moxaliseebi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>iqcnen ZiriTad moTamaSeebad <strong>da</strong> TavianTi qmedebebiT<br />

gansazRvravdnen ruseTis politikas. afxazeTis mebrZolebi<br />

iaraRs gu<strong>da</strong>uTaSi ganlagebuli ruseTis 643-e sazenitosaraketo<br />

polki<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> momaragebis nawili<strong>da</strong>n iRebdnen. omamde<br />

ruseTis am nawilebis SeiaraReba Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> aTasi avtomatis,<br />

18 tyviamfrqvevis, naxevari milioni vaznisa <strong>da</strong> ramdenime<br />

javSanmanqanisagan. 18 ucnobi rCeba, Tu ramdeni gaiyi<strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />

an ga<strong>da</strong>eca afxazur mxares. ufro metic, arsebobs azrTa sxvaoba<br />

imis Taobaze, gu<strong>da</strong>uTaSi dislocirebuli rusuli nawilebi<br />

rodis asrulebdnen pir<strong>da</strong>pir ruseTis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros<br />

brZanebebs <strong>da</strong> rodis moqmedebdnen <strong>da</strong>moukideblad. 19<br />

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, <strong>da</strong>xmareba mniSvnelovani iyo.<br />

zverevis Tanaxmad, is faqti, rom konfliqtis zonaSi gamoiyenes<br />

100 000 naRmi, maSin, rodesac omamde afxazeTSi naRmebis<br />

sawyobebi ar y<strong>of</strong>ila, miuTiTebs ruseTis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis masStabebze.<br />

mixeil demianovma saqarTvelos televiziisaTvis<br />

micemul interviuSi ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom iaraRi afxazur mxares<br />

ufasod ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong>. 20 afxazi istorikosi stanislav lakoba,<br />

17 Lakoba, p. 21.<br />

18 Evgeny Kozhokin, “Georgia–Abkhazia” in Jeremy R. Azrael <strong>and</strong> Emil A. Payin eds.,<br />

U.S. <strong>and</strong> Russian Policymaking with Respect to the Use <strong>of</strong> Force (Santa Monica, CA:<br />

R<strong>and</strong> Corporation, 1996), citirebulia robert silis mier wignSi Russo–Chechen<br />

Conflict 1800–2000: A Deadly Embrace (London: Frank Cass, 2001), p. 192.<br />

19 saerTaSoriso organizaciaze xiuman raits uotCi Tavis moxsenebaSi<br />

“omi Tu mSvidoba? a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> ruseTis Careva “axlo<br />

sazRvargareTSi” akeTebs Semdeg Sefasebas: “rTulia imis gansazRvra, Tu<br />

ra doneze gaicemo<strong>da</strong> nebarTvebi Tu brZanebebi... aSkara ki is aris, rom<br />

ruseTis mTavrobam ar gamoiZia, araferi rom ar iTqvas sisxlis samarTlis<br />

devnaze, kriminaluri faqtebia, romlebic gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> maRali donis<br />

Tanamonawileobas”. ixileT: http://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/russia/.<br />

281

oqsana antonenko<br />

Tavis mxriv, amtkicebs, rom afxazebma ki ar miiRes, aramed iyides<br />

ruseTis samxedroebisagan naRmebis didi nawili, msubuqi iaraRi<br />

<strong>da</strong> mZime SeiaraRebac. 1993 wlis TebervalSi ruseTis samxedro<br />

TviTmfrinavebma <strong>da</strong>bombes qarTuli poziciebi. 1993 wlis 19 marts<br />

qarTulma Zalebma Camoagdes aviagamanadgurebeli “su-27”,<br />

romelsac marTav<strong>da</strong> ruseTis piloti. es epizodi <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stures<br />

gaeros samxedro <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebma <strong>da</strong> mogvianebiT aRiara ruseTis<br />

mxaremac. misi mtkicebiT, am frenis mizani ruseTis strategiuli<br />

obieqtebis <strong>da</strong>cva iyo. 21 1993 wlis martSi gazeTma “izvestiam”<br />

pirvelad <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, rom afxazeTma ruseTis samxedro<br />

mrCevlebisagan aqtiuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba miiRo <strong>da</strong> afxazebisaTvis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli SeiaraRebis CamonaTvali gamoaqveyna. 22<br />

rogorc zemoT iyo naTqvami, afxazur Zalebs sakmaod didi<br />

samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmareba gauwia kavkasiis xalxTa konfederaciis mier<br />

organizebulma, Crdilo kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n Casulma aTasobiT moxalisem<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qiravebulma. CrdiloeT kavkasiis moxaliseebis monawileoba,<br />

romlebic, afxazuri wyaroebis mixedviT, Seadgendnen mTeli<br />

afxazuri Zalebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 10 procents, ufro mniSvnelovani<br />

<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti iyo afxazuri mxarisaTvis, vidre ruseTis<br />

samxedro_teqnikuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba. 23 swored amitom miiRes maT,<br />

Stabis ufrosis, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministris moadgilisa <strong>da</strong> samxedrosazRvao<br />

Stabis ufrosis sakvanZo Tanamdebobebi afxazur ZalebSi.<br />

qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi ruseTis samxedro monawileobis<br />

xasiaTis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, ar arsebobs iseTi mtkicebulebebi,<br />

romelTa safuZvelzec SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konfliqti <strong>da</strong>gegma<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganaxorciela moskovma. aseTi gancxadebebi ki xSirad gaismis<br />

20 “omi Tu mSvidoba?”, gv. 5.<br />

21 Êðàñíàÿ Çâåçäà, 23 ìàðòà 1993 ã., ñ. 1.<br />

22 «Àáõàçñêèå âîéñêà øòóðìóþò Ñóõóìè: Øåâàðäíàäçå îáâèíÿåò Ðîññèþ â àãðåññèè»,<br />

Èçâåñòèÿ, 17 ìàðòà 1993 ã., citirebulia Seely-s mixedviT, gv. 193. siaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong><br />

72 tanki, ruseTis sadesanto batalioni, 20 javSanmanqana, “gradis”<br />

saraketo <strong>da</strong>nadgarebi, “uraganis” saraketo <strong>da</strong>nadgarebi <strong>da</strong> 12 saartilerio<br />

erTeuli ruseTis <strong>of</strong>icrebTan erTad, romlebic iyvnen 10kaciani<br />

qve<strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>ebis meTaurebi.<br />

23 Lakoba, p. 19.<br />

282

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

qarTuli politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. ar<strong>da</strong><br />

amisa, ga<strong>da</strong>uWreli rCeba sakiTxi, moaxdina Tu ara ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti<br />

gavlena ruseTis monawileobam konfliqtis dinamikaze. 24 saqar-<br />

Tvelos <strong>da</strong>marcxebis aseTi rusocentristuli interpretaciis<br />

Semdeg yuradRebas ar aqceven afxazeTis mosaxleobis uprecedento<br />

mobilizacias, romelic SiSob<strong>da</strong> erovnuli ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis<br />

Taobaze <strong>da</strong> amis gamo brZolis ufro Zlieri motivacia gaaCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />

vidre qarTveli meomrebis umravlesobas. gazviadebulia<br />

afxazebis gamarjvebisaTvis saWiro gare mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris donec, Tu<br />

gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad omamde ruseTis<br />

regionuli sardlobisgan miRebuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebisa, qarTuli Zalebi<br />

araorganizebuli, udisciplino <strong>da</strong> gauwvrTneli iyvnen. amasTan,<br />

isini, vinc konfliqtSi brals sdeben ruseTs, midrekili arian,<br />

uaryon adgilobrivi afxazuri Zalebis arseboba, maTi interesebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> motivaciebi. 1996 wels gia nodia wer<strong>da</strong>, rom afxazebs<br />

“uyurebdnen ara, rogorc sakuTari uflebebisaTvis mebrZolebs,<br />

aramed, rogorc “maTTan”, rusebTan mimxrobilebs “Cven”,<br />

qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg”. 25 iuri anCabaZe SeniSnavs, rom “qarTuli<br />

mxaris <strong>da</strong>Jinebuli Zalisxmeva, gamoiyvanos ruseTi erTaderT<br />

<strong>da</strong>mnaSaved, omSi maTi <strong>da</strong>marcxebis gamarTlebis survils niRbavs<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis mier im sakuTari rolisa <strong>da</strong> Secdomebis adekvaturi<br />

Sefasebis SesaZleblobas amcirebs, romelmac saqme 1992-<br />

1993 wlebis tragikuli movlenebis eskalaciamde miiyvana”. 26<br />

24 Tumca, zogierTi qarTuli wyaro amtkicebs, rom SesaZlebelia ruseTis<br />

monawileoba ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetic y<strong>of</strong>iliyo. avtorTan saubrisas jaba<br />

dev<strong>da</strong>riani citireb<strong>da</strong> qarTul mtkicebulebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

afxazurma Zalebma ganaaxles Seteva soxumze soWis SeTanxmebis Semdeg,<br />

iyenebdnen ra mZime artilerias, romelic, wesiT, gamoyvanili un<strong>da</strong><br />

y<strong>of</strong>iliyo cecxlis xazi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> misi saketebi “zatvorebi” Sesanaxad<br />

Cabarebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis sardlobis meTvalyureobis qveS. Tu vivaraudebT,<br />

rom soxumis Sturmis win rusma meTaurebma <strong>da</strong>abrunes artileria, maSin<br />

maT SeeZloT ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti gavlena moxdenaT omis erT-erT sabediswero<br />

epizodze.<br />

25 Ghia Nodia, “Political Turmoil in Georgia <strong>and</strong> the Ethnic Policies <strong>of</strong> Zviad<br />

Gamsakhurdia,” in Coppieters, ed., Contested Borders in the Caucasus, p. 84.<br />

26 Anchabadze, pp. 86-87.<br />

283

oqsana antonenko<br />

284<br />

samxedro konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>sasruli <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong><br />

debatebi ruseTSi<br />

konfliqtSi ruseTis mTavar politikur warmatebad<br />

SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1993 wlis 27 ivliss qarTuli <strong>da</strong> afxazuri<br />

mxareebis mier q. soWSi xelmowerili SeTanxmeba, romelic<br />

cecxlis Sewyvetas <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis demilitarizacias gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

soWis SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, qarTulma mxarem <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

Tavisi Zalebis gamoyvana <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis<br />

nawili saxlebSi <strong>da</strong>abruna. konfliqtis orive mxaris ganiara-<br />

Rebis mizniT ruseTis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrma graCovma afxazeTSi<br />

ori rusuli samxedro brigadis ganlagebis wina<strong>da</strong>deba wamoayena,<br />

magram saqarTvelom uari Tqva am win<strong>da</strong>debaze <strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />

evgeni primakovma aRniSna, mogvianebiT inana aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />

miReba. 27 qarTveli eqsperti paata zaqareiSvili<br />

ki, romelic eswrebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis warmomadgenlis sergei Soigus<br />

mediatorobiT Catarebul molaparakebebs soWSi, biWvinTasa <strong>da</strong><br />

gu<strong>da</strong>uTaSi, amtkicebs, rom ruseTis mxare yovelTvis aSkarad<br />

proafxazur poziciaze idga <strong>da</strong> qarTul mxareze Zlier zewolas<br />

axden<strong>da</strong>. 28 Soigu iTxov<strong>da</strong> soxumsa <strong>da</strong> sxva did qalaqebSi ruseTis<br />

samxedro xelisuflebis (komen<strong>da</strong>turebis) ganlagebas, magram<br />

saqarTvelos warmomadgenelma Jiuli Sartavam uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong><br />

am wina<strong>da</strong>debaze. 29<br />

1993 wlis 27 seqtembers afxazeTis Zalebma soxumi qarTuli<br />

jarisagan “gaaTavisufles”. ramdenime saaTiT adre, vidre<br />

27 Primakov, p. 417.<br />

28 Soigus kavSirebi afxazeTis <strong>of</strong>icialur pirebTan grZeldebo<strong>da</strong><br />

konfliqtis Semdegac. man no<strong>da</strong>r xaSba, romelic warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> afxazur<br />

mxares soWis molaparakebebSi <strong>da</strong>niSna maRal Tanamdebobaze Tavis<br />

sagangebo situaciebis saministroSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c xaSba msaxurob<strong>da</strong> 2004 wlamde.<br />

Semdeg igi gaagzavnes ukan, afxazeTSi ruseTis interesebis warmosadgenad<br />

2004 wlis sakamaTo arCevnebis dros afxazeTis droebiTi premierministris<br />

rangSi.<br />

29 paata zaqareiSvili. “iyo Tu ara iaraRi fqvilis tomrebSi?” _<br />

“rezonansi”, 9 oqtomberi, 2004 w.

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

afxazebi qalaqze kontrols <strong>da</strong>awesebdnen, soxumi<strong>da</strong>n Tavad<br />

SevardnaZis evakuacia gax<strong>da</strong> saWiro. saqarTvelos prezidentma<br />

moskovs protesti ganucxa<strong>da</strong> afxazuri Zalebis mier soWis<br />

SeTanxmebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis gamo, magram pasuxi ver miiRo. faqtobrivad,<br />

soxumis movlenebi <strong>da</strong>emTxva did politikur kriziss<br />

moskovSi – winaaRmdegobas prezident elcinsa <strong>da</strong> uzenaes<br />

sabWos Soris, rodesac mTavrobam Zala gamoiyena ruseTis “TeTr<br />

saxlSi” <strong>da</strong>rCenili opoziciurad ganwyobili parlamentarebis<br />

nawilis winaaRmdeg.<br />

Sedegad, soxumisaTvis bolo brZolis dros qarTvelebis<br />

ruseTisadmi mimarTva <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Taobaze upasuxod <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />

erTaderTi pasuxi moskovi<strong>da</strong>n 20 seqtembers movi<strong>da</strong>, roca<br />

moskovma afxazeTis winaaRmdeg ekonomikuri sanqciebi SemoiRo.<br />

qarTuli wyaroebi amtkiceben, rom ruseTis jarebi afxazebTan<br />

erTad aqtiurad monawileobdnen soxumis ieriSze.<br />

zogierTebi ki <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli arian, rom rusulma nawilebma<br />

soxumze ieriSi afxazur jarebze win miitanes. afxazuri<br />

monacemebis mixedviT ki, ruseTis <strong>da</strong>xmareba mxolod imiT<br />

Semoifargla, rom graCovma uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> afxazebis Setevis<br />

SesaCereblad ruseTis jaris gamoyenebaze. 30 lakoba Tvlis, rom<br />

am SemTxvevaSi saomari moqmedebebi <strong>da</strong>iwyebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTs Soris (CrdiloeT kavkasiis moxaliseebis monawileobiT)<br />

<strong>da</strong> naklebad savaraudoa, maT moskovis CareviTac ki<br />

ukan <strong>da</strong>exiaT. 31 qarTuli samxedro Zalebisa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />

pirebis gaqcevis Semdeg, 30 seqtembrisaTvis, afxazuri Zalebi<br />

afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos regionis _samegrelos gamy<strong>of</strong><br />

mdinare enguramde Cavidnen.<br />

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>marcxebiT Sokirebuli iyo <strong>da</strong> imedovneb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom moskovisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisadmi mimarTviT<br />

Secvli<strong>da</strong> omis Sedegebs. moskovis mxri<strong>da</strong>n mravalTviani<br />

zewolis Sedegad, 1993 wlis 9 oqtombers, saqarTvelo, bolos<br />

<strong>da</strong> bolos, SeuerT<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tana-<br />

30 Zverev, p. 54.<br />

31 Lakoba, p. 31.<br />

285

oqsana antonenko<br />

megobrobas (dsT-s), xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> ra masSi ruseTis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />

afxazeTSi status_kvos aRdgenis SesaZleblobas. magram<br />

moskovi <strong>da</strong>exmara SevardnaZes saqarTvelos samoqalaqo omSi<br />

mxolod zviad gamsaxurdias <strong>da</strong> ara _ afxazeTis winaaRmdeg.<br />

CeCneTi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTveloSi gamsaxurdias <strong>da</strong>brunebis Semdeg<br />

zviadistebma Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT <strong>da</strong>ikaves <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos<br />

mniSvnelovani nawili, imuqrebodnen ra Tbilisze SeteviT <strong>da</strong><br />

gamsaxurdias saxelmwifos meTauris postze <strong>da</strong>brunebiT. dsTis<br />

oqtombris SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, ruseTis Zalebma <strong>da</strong>amyares<br />

kontroli centralur magistralebze <strong>da</strong> SevardnaZis momxreebs<br />

ajanyebis CaxSobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti <strong>da</strong>xmareba gauwies.<br />

TviTon gamsaxurdia <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi 1993 wlis 31<br />

dekembers gaurkvevel viTarebaSi <strong>da</strong>iRupa.<br />

amave dros afxazeTis problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris saqmeSi aranairi<br />

progresi ar iyo. 1993 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi moskovi zewolas<br />

axden<strong>da</strong> afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloze, raTa isini konfliqtis<br />

ganaxlebisagan ga<strong>da</strong>erwmunebina. Jenevasa <strong>da</strong> moskovSi Sexvedrebis<br />

Semdeg politikuri dialogi CixSi moeqca. 1994 wlis 4<br />

aprils moskovSi garkveuli garRveva mox<strong>da</strong>. orive mxarem _<br />

rogorc afxazeTis, iseve saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebma<br />

ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> evropis usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis<br />

konferenciis (euTk) <strong>of</strong>icialuri pirebis <strong>da</strong> agreTve gaeros<br />

generaluri mdivnis warmomadgenlebis Tan<strong>da</strong>swrebiT, bolos <strong>da</strong><br />

bolos, xeli moawera deklaracias qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis<br />

politikuri <strong>da</strong>regulirebis Sesaxeb. agreTve gaform<strong>da</strong><br />

SeTanxmeba ltolvilebisa <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis<br />

nebay<strong>of</strong>lobiTi <strong>da</strong>brunebis Taobaze, imaTi gamoklebiT, vinc<br />

samxedro <strong>da</strong>naSaulobebSi iyo Careuli. 32<br />

sanam rusi mediatorebi moskovis SeTanxmebaze muSaobdnen,<br />

prezidenti elcini <strong>da</strong> misi samxedroebi cdilobdnen ruseTis<br />

strategiuli interesebis ganxorcielebas uSualod Sevard-<br />

32 orive dokumenti gamoqveynebulia naSromSi: Jonathan Cohen, ed.,“<br />

A Question <strong>of</strong> Sovereignty: The Georgia–Abkhazia Peace Process,” Accord, issue 7<br />

(September 1999), pp. 66–69, http://www.c-r.org/accord/geor-ab/accord7/index.shtml.<br />

286

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

naZis mTavrobasTan, romelic mniSvnelovnad Sesustebuli iyo<br />

afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong>marcxebis gamo. 1994 wlis 3 Tebervals elcini<br />

Cavi<strong>da</strong> TbilisSi <strong>da</strong> xeli moawera xelSekrulebas saqarTvelosTan<br />

megobrobis, keTilmezobluri urTierTobebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrma pavel graCovma<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos premier-ministrma oTar facaciam ki xeli<br />

moaweres oqms, romelic ruseTs 25 wlis vadiT saqarTveloSi<br />

sami samxedro bazis Seqmnis uflebas aZlev<strong>da</strong>. 33 maTi ganlageba<br />

gaTvaliswinebli iyo vazianSi, axalqalaqsa <strong>da</strong> baTumSi,<br />

gu<strong>da</strong>uTisa <strong>da</strong> soxumis gany<strong>of</strong>ilebebTan erTad. samagierod,<br />

moskovi <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos gaewia samxedro-teqnikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura rom ruseTi mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

teritoriul erTianobas.<br />

1994 wlis 17 Tebervals saxelmwifo dumis dsT-is saqmeTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sazRvargareT mcxovreb TanamemamuleebTan kavSirebis<br />

komitetma am or SeTanxmebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT Caatara specialuri<br />

mosmena, sa<strong>da</strong>c elcini gaakritika imis gamo, rom xeli<br />

moawera SeTanxmebas jer kidev mimdinare konfliqtis erT<br />

mxaresTan. mosmenaze gairkva, Tu ratom iyvnen ukmay<strong>of</strong>iloni<br />

kanonmdeblebi. isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen imas, rom ruseTma<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriuli erTianoba aRiara afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTis statusis raime garantiebis gareSe <strong>da</strong> amtkicebdnen,<br />

rom aseTma calmxrivma midgomam SeiZleba saqme iqamde<br />

miiyvanos, rom afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTi <strong>da</strong>kargaven ndobas<br />

ruseTis mimarT <strong>da</strong> Searyeven mis, rogorc Suamavlis, rols, rac<br />

konfliqtis orive mxarisaTvis misaRebia.<br />

deputatebi gansakuTrebiT aRaSfoTa SeTanxmebis me-3<br />

muxlma, romelic gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> ruseTis <strong>da</strong>xmarebas saqarTvelos<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SeqmnaSi, maT Soris _ teqnikisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebis miwodebaSi. saxelmwifo dumis dsT-is saqmeTa<br />

komitetis 1994 wlis 3 Tebervlis (xelSekrulebis xelmoweris<br />

dRe) specialur gancxadebaSi naTqvamia, rom am muxlma<br />

“SeiZleba saxifaTo destabilizacia gamoiwvios kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong><br />

33 Zverev, p. 9.<br />

287

oqsana antonenko<br />

TviT ruseTSi”. iqve aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelosTvis iaraRis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cema SeiZleba iyos miCneuli, rogorc ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier Zalis gamoyenebis waxaliseba<br />

afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTze kontrolis aRdgenis mizniT.<br />

kanonmdeblebma agreTve sa<strong>da</strong>vo gaxades Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros<br />

mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom ruseTis samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong><br />

momzadeba gaaZlierebs ruseTis samxedro gavlenas saqarTveloSi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>bolos, maT gamoTqves SiSi, rom saqarTvelo sust <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>calkevebul mdgomareobaSi imis garantias ver uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s,<br />

rom ruseTis SeiaraReba <strong>da</strong> teqnika ar Cavardeba<br />

mesame Zalis xelSi <strong>da</strong> magaliTad mTiani yarabaxi moiyvanes.<br />

maTi Semo<strong>da</strong>veba amiT ar amowurula. ruseTis nakisr<br />

valdebulebaSi _ <strong>da</strong>xuros Tavisi sazRvrebi, raTa samxedro<br />

moqmedebebis ganaxlebis SemTxvevaSi ar <strong>da</strong>uSvas CrdiloeT<br />

kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n moxaliseebis SeRweva afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi,<br />

isini afxazeTis mimarT saqarTvelos mier Zalis gamoyenebis<br />

waxalisebas xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen. maT gaakritikes afxazur konfliqtSi<br />

gaeros mzardi roli, radgan dsT-is funqciis Sesusteba<br />

SeniSnes. gamoiTqva SiSi saqarTveloSi ruseTis samxedro<br />

bazebis Sesaxeb graCovisa <strong>da</strong> facacias mier xelmowerili oqmis<br />

garSemo, agreTve saqarTvelos mier arakontrolirebad<br />

teritoriaze _ afxazeTSi ruseTis bazebis funqcionirebis<br />

uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is unaris gamo.<br />

afxazeTis mimarT politikasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT 1994 wlis<br />

TebervalSi gakeTebuli dumis gancxadebebi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

gar<strong>da</strong>texis wertils ruseTis Si<strong>da</strong> politikur debatebSi. 1994<br />

wlamde saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi ruseTis mTavrobas SeeZlo<br />

Tavisi politikis gatareba politikuri opoziciis gareSe,<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionuli elitis protestebisa,<br />

romlis gavlena umniSvnelo iyo. amitom afxazeTis<br />

omis dros dominirebdnen ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d proqarTuli politikuri<br />

elita moskovSi, maT Soris TviT elcini <strong>da</strong> ganxeTqilebaSi my<strong>of</strong>i<br />

samxedroebi, romlebic rogorc saqarTvelos, ise afxazeTsac<br />

exmarebodnen. 1994 wlis Semdeg mTavroba aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> afxazuri<br />

interesebis <strong>da</strong>mcveli saxelmwifo dumis zewolis qveS. 90-ian<br />

288

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

wlebSi duma inarCuneb<strong>da</strong> am rols, imis<strong>da</strong> mixedviT, Tu rogor<br />

kargav<strong>da</strong> qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mimarT interess<br />

mTavroba. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, parlamenti iyo mTavari Zala, romelic<br />

ayalibeb<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv <strong>da</strong> ruseTis elitis azrs konfliqtis<br />

Sesaxeb. Sedegad, sazogadoebrivi azri ixrebo<strong>da</strong> afxazeTTan<br />

axlo urTierTobebis sasargeblod <strong>da</strong> “aramegobruli” saqarTvelos<br />

sawinaaRmdegod.<br />

dumis opoziciasTan Sejaxebisas elcinma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita<br />

afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi konfliqtebis <strong>da</strong>regulirebamde<br />

megobrobis, keTilmezobluri urTierTobebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanam-<br />

Sromlobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba saratifikaciod ar ga<strong>da</strong>eca.<br />

Sesabamisad, es xelSekruleba arc y<strong>of</strong>ila ratificirebuli<br />

saxelmwifo dumis mier. es rom 1994 wels momx<strong>da</strong>riyo, mas<br />

SeeZlo rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebis xasiaTi <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi<br />

movlenaTa <strong>da</strong>sasruli Seecvala.<br />

samarTlebrivi CarCoebis ararsebobisas ruseTis mTavroba<br />

mainc Seudga saqarTvelos teritoriaze samxedro bazebis<br />

Seqmnas, rac xuTi wlis Semdeg rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zabulobis mTavar wyarod iqca. gaurkveveli rCeba, Seasrula<br />

Tu ara moskovma saqarTvelos winaSe valdebulebebi samxedro<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, Tumca samxedro teqnikis miwodebas<br />

adgili hqon<strong>da</strong>, qarTveli <strong>of</strong>icrebis mcire nawilis<br />

momzadebasTan erTad. dumis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />

ruseTis mTavroba <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> gaeros Suamavlis rolze <strong>da</strong><br />

konfliqtis zonaSi gaeros <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa misiis ganlagebaze;<br />

magram moskovi Seeca<strong>da</strong> gaeros Seviwroebas, mis ukana planze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yenebas (marginalizacia) <strong>da</strong> Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> soxums Soris mTavar<br />

mediatorad y<strong>of</strong>nas. amis gansaxorcieleblad is dsT-is<br />

man<strong>da</strong>tis qveS ruseTis samSvidoboebis y<strong>of</strong>nas <strong>da</strong> soxumTan<br />

gansakuTrebul urTierTobebs eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong>. es urTierTobebi,<br />

formaluri embargos miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, ganviTar<strong>da</strong>, radgan ruseTis<br />

gavleniani jgufebi situaciaSi _ “arc omi <strong>da</strong> arc mSvidoba”_<br />

nay<strong>of</strong>ier nia<strong>da</strong>gs xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen afxazeTSi TavianTi ekonomikuri<br />

interesebisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri ambiciebis realizaciisaTvis.<br />

289

oqsana antonenko<br />

290<br />

ruseTis samSvidoboebi <strong>da</strong> gaero<br />

1994 wlis 14 maiss saqarTvelom <strong>da</strong> afxazeTma xeli moaweres<br />

SeTanxmebas cecxlis Sewyvetisa <strong>da</strong> mowinaaRmdege mxareebis<br />

gamijvnis Sesaxeb. 34 SeTanxmeba gaeros egidiTa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

federaciis xelSewyobiT <strong>da</strong>ido. mis Sesrulebaze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebisaTvis<br />

igi iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> dsT-is Zalebis ganlagebas. 35 1994<br />

wlis 9 ivniss prezidentma elcinma xeli moawera brZanebulebas<br />

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis zonaSi dsT-is samSvidobo<br />

operaciebSi ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis monawileobis Sesaxeb.<br />

21 ivniss ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebi (erTaderTi samSvidobo<br />

Zalebi, romlebic axorcieleben dsT-is man<strong>da</strong>ts konfliqtis<br />

zonaSi) ganlagdnen usafrTxoebis “Crdilo” (kodoris xeobis<br />

qve<strong>da</strong> nawili) <strong>da</strong> “samxreT” (mdinare engurze) zonebSi.<br />

amave dros saqarTveloSi gaeros <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa (sgdm),<br />

romelic 1993 wlis agvisto<strong>da</strong>n imy<strong>of</strong>ebo<strong>da</strong> konfliqtis zonaSi<br />

cecxlis droebiTi Sewyvetis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis<br />

kontrolis mizniT, <strong>da</strong>valebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> moskovis<br />

SeTanxmebis Sesrulebaze <strong>da</strong>kvirveba <strong>da</strong> dsT-is samSvidobo<br />

Zalebze monitoringi. 1994-2004 wlebSi am Zalebis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

Sedio<strong>da</strong> 30 aTasze meti samxedro mosamsaxure.<br />

maTgan movaleobis Sesrulebis dros <strong>da</strong>iRupa 97 <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iWra 251.<br />

dRes dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebis ruseTis kontingenti Seadgens<br />

1700 samxedro mosamsaxures. 2004 wels saqarTvelos gaeros<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa misiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> 114 samxedro<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli 23 qveyni<strong>da</strong>n. 36<br />

34 Cohen, ed., pp. 69–70.<br />

35 1994 wli<strong>da</strong>n, dsT-is man<strong>da</strong>tiT, mxolod ruseTis Zalebi warmoadgendnen<br />

am samSvidobo Zalis nawils.<br />

36 ix. http://www.unomig.org; 2003 wlis oqtombrisaTvis saqarTvelos gaeros<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa misiis operaciebis saerTo Rirebuleba Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 1,5<br />

miliard aSS dolars. Report <strong>of</strong> the Secretary-General toSecurity Council, 17/10/03,<br />

S/2003/1019, p. 7. 2003 wlisaTvis dsT-is samSvidobo operaciebis<br />

Rirebuleba Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 490 milion aSS dolars. ix. The Military Balance,<br />

2003–2004 (London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2003).

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebis zonebi sigrZeSi 85 <strong>da</strong> siganeSi<br />

24 kilometria <strong>da</strong> cecxlis Sewyvetis xazis orive mxarezea<br />

gaSlili. masSi Sedis 22 sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo <strong>da</strong> 4 sakontrolo<br />

posti. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, ruseTis samSvidoboebi gaeros <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebTan<br />

erTad regularulad patrulireben kodoris xeobis<br />

qve<strong>da</strong> nawilSi, haeri<strong>da</strong>n akvirdebian kodoris xeobis ze<strong>da</strong><br />

nawils <strong>da</strong> akontroleben demilitarizebul zonaSi mZime<br />

SeiaraRebis nebismier ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas. ruseTis samSvidobo<br />

Zalebis man<strong>da</strong>ti, romelic, qarTuli mxaris mudmivi kritikis<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, 1994 wli<strong>da</strong>n ar Secvlila, iTvaliswinebs cecxlis<br />

Sewyvetis realizacias <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis ganaxlebis<br />

aRkveTas. marTalia, samSvidoboebis nawili ganlagebulia<br />

galis raionSi, magram maT iq politikuri operaciebis Catarebis<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri man<strong>da</strong>ti ar gaaCniaT.<br />

1994 wlis zafxulSi ruseTis <strong>of</strong>icialuri pirebi Seecadnen,<br />

afxazuri mxare <strong>da</strong>eTanxmebinaT afxazeTSi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ki galis<br />

raionSi, Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis didi jgufebis <strong>da</strong>brunebaze.<br />

samSvidoboebi mzad iyvnen, maTTvis usafrTxoebis<br />

garantia miecaT, magram afxazuri mxare amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom es maT<br />

man<strong>da</strong>tSi ar Sedio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>JinebiT moiTxov<strong>da</strong> ltolvilTa<br />

etapobriv <strong>da</strong>brunebas. afxazeTis xelisufleba imuqrebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom winaaRmdegobas gauwev<strong>da</strong> ruseTis samSvidoboebs, Tuki<br />

isini xels Seuwyobdnen qarTvelTa didi jgufebis <strong>da</strong>brunebas.<br />

1994 wlis 14 seqtembers afxazuri Zalebi usafrTxoebis zonaSi<br />

Sevidnen <strong>da</strong> ruseTis samSvidoboebi aiZules ukan <strong>da</strong>exiaT. 37<br />

maSin, rodesac afxazebi Tvlidnen, rom sakiTxi maT sasicocxlo<br />

interesebs exebo<strong>da</strong>, msgavsi incidentebi moskovis mier<br />

afxazeTis politikaze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZleblobis<br />

SezRudulobis demonstrirebas axden<strong>da</strong>. uTanxmoeba ltolvilebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>brunebis vadebsa <strong>da</strong> masStabebze moskovsa <strong>da</strong> soxums<br />

Soris <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas iwvev<strong>da</strong>. cxadia, rom moskovs Zalis<br />

gamoyenebiT <strong>da</strong>muqreba SeeZlo, magram es calsaxad konfliqtis<br />

ganaxlebasa <strong>da</strong> cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb 1993 wlis seqtembris<br />

37 Lakoba, p. 37.<br />

291

oqsana antonenko<br />

SeTanxmebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ruseTis mTavrobis u<strong>da</strong>vo<br />

prioritetis <strong>da</strong>rRvevas moaswaveb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amdenad, dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebis ganlagebis Semdeg<br />

saqarTvelos mTavroba mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom ruseTis xelisufleba<br />

ar apireb<strong>da</strong> afxazur mxareze iseT zewolas, romelic<br />

aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis Sesaxeb aprilis SeTanxmebebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvas. piriqiT – ruseTis samSvidoboebis rolma swrafi<br />

transformacia ganica<strong>da</strong>: qarTuli <strong>da</strong> afxazuri mosaxleobis<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi reintegraciis nacvlad, maT Soris gaTiSuloba<br />

ufro gaRrmav<strong>da</strong>. 38 es gax<strong>da</strong> mTavari mizezi imisa, rom saqarTvelo<br />

mudmivad eZeb<strong>da</strong> mSvidobis SenarCunebisaTvis Zalisxmevis<br />

internacionalizaciis gzebs, Tumca es cdebi warumatebeli<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. afxazeTSi ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis ganlagebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ramdenime Tvis Semdeg prezident elcinis kurTxeviT rusma<br />

samxedroebma CeCneTSi joxar du<strong>da</strong>evis winaaRmdeg samxedro<br />

moqmedebebi <strong>da</strong>iwyes <strong>da</strong> ruseTi moulodnelad gaWianurebul<br />

sisxlian konfliqtSi Caabes, risTvisac is moumzadebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

omma CeCneTSi rus politikosebs sul ufro gaurTula mezobeli<br />

qveynebis separatistuli reJimebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera. am pirveli CeCnuri<br />

omis movlenebma <strong>da</strong>aaxlova saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis erovnuli<br />

interesebi. axsov<strong>da</strong> ra omSi afxazuri jaris mxareze CeCenTa<br />

aqtiuri monawileoba, prezidentma SevardnaZem mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira<br />

ruseTis samxedro kampanias CeCneTis separatizmis winaaRmdeg.<br />

moskovi, Tavis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>eTanxma qarTvelebis moTxovnas, <strong>da</strong>ewesebina<br />

afxazeTis ufro masStaburi bloka<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg, rac 1993<br />

wlis dekemberSi SemoRebuli Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli bloka<strong>da</strong> moixsna<br />

mdinare fsous sasazRvro saguSagoze SezRuduli gasasvlelis<br />

gaxsnis gamo.<br />

1994 wlis dekemberSi ruseTma kvlav <strong>da</strong>keta Tavisi sazRvari<br />

mdinare fsouze, afxazeTis mosaxleobis erTaderTi saxmeleTo<br />

kavSiri gare samyarosTan. saxmeleTo <strong>da</strong> sazRvao bloka<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />

erTad ruseTma afxazeTs satelefono kavSiric Seuwyvita <strong>da</strong> uari<br />

38 Dov Lynch, “Managing Separatist States: A Eurasian Case Study,” EU-ISS Occasional<br />

Papers, no. 32, (November 2001), p. 17.<br />

292

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

Tqva afxazur enaze gaformebuli sabWoTa pasportebis cnobaze. 39<br />

mogvianebiT man mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira dsT-is qveynebis meTaurebis mier<br />

1996 wlis 31 ianvars miRebul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas afxazeTis<br />

winaaRmdeg ekonomikuri embargos SemoRebisa <strong>da</strong> iaraRis<br />

miwodebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. 40 afxazeTis izolaciis es politika<br />

1999 wlamde gagrZel<strong>da</strong>. 1999 wels ki moskovma gaxsna sazRvari <strong>da</strong><br />

amiT vaWroba <strong>da</strong> sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>kveTa gaadvila. sanqciebis<br />

politikam afxazeTis mTavrobas <strong>da</strong>Tmobebisaken ar ubiZga.<br />

bloka<strong>da</strong>m ver aiZula soxumi TbilisTan ufro mWidro kontaqtebi<br />

moeZia <strong>da</strong> ver Secvala misi pozicia politikuri statusis Sesaxeb;<br />

metic, man afxazeTis poziciis gamkacrebas Seuwyo xeli.<br />

konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n afxazursa <strong>da</strong> qarTul xelmZRvanelobas<br />

Soris politikuri dialogis xelSewyobis mizniT<br />

ruseTi yovel Rones xmarob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> dResac ganagrZobs Zalisxmevas.<br />

procesi, romelsac gaero xelmZRvanelobs, am dialogis<br />

mTavari RerZi gax<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriTa <strong>da</strong> gaeros generaluri<br />

mdivnis specialuri warmomadgenlis TavmjdomareobiT<br />

1997 wels Seiqmna sakoordinacio sabWo. evropis uSiSroebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis organizacia (euTo) <strong>da</strong> gaeros generaluri<br />

mdivnis megobarTa jgufi (romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian<br />

safrangeTi, germania, SeerTebuli Statebi, gaerTianebuli samefo<br />

<strong>da</strong> ruseTi) CarTulebi iyvnen rogorc <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebi. sakoordinacio<br />

sabWom Seqmna sami samuSao jgufi: <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxedro moqmedebebis ganuaxleblobis, Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli<br />

pirebis <strong>da</strong>brunebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> socialur sakiTxebze. ar<strong>da</strong><br />

amisa, 1997–1999 wlebSi ruseTma moawyo ramdenime Sexvedra<br />

prezident SevardnaZisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis prezident vladislav<br />

39 Lakoba, p. 38.<br />

40 imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli Sefaseba, rTulia imis Tqma,<br />

sruldebo<strong>da</strong> Tu ara es sanqciebi. calkeuli monacemebis mixedviT,<br />

sanqciebis reJimis CaSlas xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> vaWroba ruseT-saqarTvelos<br />

sazRvarze, rogorc zRviT (TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis gemebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT),<br />

gansakuTrebiT – TviT saqarTvelosTan sasazRvro vaWrobiT, romelSic<br />

monawileobas iRebdnen Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis afxazuri razmebic <strong>da</strong> zugdidis<br />

raioni<strong>da</strong>n egreT wodebuli qarTveli partizanebic ki.<br />

293

oqsana antonenko<br />

arZinbas Soris, aseve Sexvedrebi orive mxri<strong>da</strong>n maRalCinosani<br />

warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT. moskovi fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom msgavsi<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri molaparakebebi xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> Cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlas. am<br />

mizniT Tbiliss federalur modelze <strong>da</strong>Tanxmebas sTavazob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTisaTvis asimetriul federaciaSi gansakuTrebuli<br />

statusis SeTavazebas iTxov<strong>da</strong>. amave dros moskovi aSkarad<br />

agrZnobineb<strong>da</strong> soxums, rom mas <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifod an<br />

ruseTis federaciis wevrad gaxdomis raime perspeqtiva ar<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>. magram progresis miRwevamde, sul male, procesi axalma<br />

krizisma Sewyvita.<br />

1998 wlis maisSi galis raionSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c bevri qarTveli<br />

<strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c mdinare enguris gaswvriv rusi samSvidoboebi<br />

mxareebs Soris gamy<strong>of</strong> xazs patrulirebdnen, brZolebma<br />

ifeTqa. es brZolebi provocirebuli iyo qarTveli<br />

gasamxedroebuli formirebebis mier, romlebmac cecxlis<br />

Sewyvetis xazi ga<strong>da</strong>kveTes <strong>da</strong> aseve afxazuri Zalebis mier,<br />

romlebmac usafrTxoebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is mizniT qarTvelebis<br />

winaaRmdeg operacia wamoiwyes. evgeni primakovi Tavis memuarebSi<br />

amtkicebs, rom SevardnaZe aqciis mzadebis Sesaxeb<br />

informirebuli ar iyo, Tumca am kampaniebSi monawile gasamxedroebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>jgufebebi “TeTri legioni” <strong>da</strong> “tyis Zmebi”<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebas qarTuli saxelmwifo struqturebisgan iRebdnen. 41<br />

asobiT a<strong>da</strong>miani iqna mokluli, 20 000-ze meti qarTveli,<br />

romlebic cota xnis win TavianT saxlebs <strong>da</strong>ubrundnen, kvlav<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli gax<strong>da</strong>, 1500 saxlze meti ki, romelTa didi<br />

nawili gaeros programis mixedviT iqna aRdgenili, <strong>da</strong>angries.<br />

ruseTis samSvidoboebma ver uzrunvelyves qarTuli mosaxleobis<br />

saTanado <strong>da</strong>cva, magram usafrTxoebis zonaSi orive<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n mZime SeiaraRebis Semoyvanas xeli SeuSales. ruseTis<br />

am nabijma xeli Seuwyo Zaladobis lokalizebas <strong>da</strong> cecxlis<br />

Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis reJimTan <strong>da</strong>brunebas. 42<br />

41 Ïðèìàêîâ. Ãîäû â áîëüøîé ïîëèòèêå, ñ. 414. im dros primakovi iyo ruseTis<br />

sagareo saqmeTa ministri.<br />

42 Ïðèìàêîâ. Ãîäû â áîëüøîé ïîëèòèêå, ñ. 413.<br />

294

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

afxazeTSi Zaladobis gamoyenebaze ruseTis reaqcia ar<br />

iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> iZulebiT zomebs. ruseTis politikurma<br />

xelmZRvanelobam, Tvli<strong>da</strong> ra mTavar amocanad konfliqtis<br />

ganuaxleblobas, yovelgvari riskis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad,<br />

Tavis samSvidoboebs Carevis ufleba ar misca. ufro metic,<br />

ruseTis TavSekaveba <strong>da</strong> samSvidobo man<strong>da</strong>tis policiurze an<br />

sxva formaze Secvlis survilis uqonloba primakovma imiT<br />

axsna, rom aseTi man<strong>da</strong>ti gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mier un<strong>da</strong><br />

y<strong>of</strong>iliyo <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli. dsT-s ki amis gakeTeba ar SeeZlo. igi<br />

ambobs, rom man<strong>da</strong>tis msgavsi Secvla albaT ruseTis samSvidoboebis<br />

ufro met msxverpls gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> (1998 wlis movlenebis<br />

dros ruseTis jarebma <strong>da</strong>karges 60 a<strong>da</strong>miani). 43 primakovi<br />

aSkarad migvaniSnebs, rom man<strong>da</strong>tis nebismieri Secvla ruseTis<br />

xelmZRvanelobisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis politikurad<br />

miuRebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1998 wlis galis raionis movlenebis Semdeg rusi samSvidoboebis<br />

mier qarTuli mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>cvis survilis arqoniT<br />

aRSfoTebulma saqarTvelos mTavrobam dsT-is samSvidobo<br />

Zalebis man<strong>da</strong>tis gafarToebis moTxovnebi ganaaxla Si<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis usafrTxo <strong>da</strong>brunebis mizniT <strong>da</strong> ara<br />

mxolod galis raionSi. saqarTvelom agreTve ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom,<br />

Tu ruseTi uars ityvis man<strong>da</strong>tis gafarToebaze, maSin misi<br />

jarebi mravalerovani samSvidobo ZalebiT un<strong>da</strong> Seicvalos.<br />

ukrainam mzady<strong>of</strong>na gamoTqva monawileobis miRebaze, magram<br />

mxolod gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos man<strong>da</strong>tiT <strong>da</strong> gare<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong>finansebis pirobiT. 44 ruseTis winaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

gaerom <strong>da</strong> euTom ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites ar ganixilon<br />

konfliqtis zonaSi alternatiuli samSvidobo Zalebis gagzavnis<br />

SesaZlebloba. 2003 wlis 16 ivliss saqarTvelos parlamentma<br />

<strong>da</strong>avala mTavrobas, mimarTos uSiSroebis sabWos, rom afxazeTis<br />

winaaRmdeg gaeros wesdebis me-7 muxlis gamoyenebis neba<br />

43 ix. Dmitry Danilov. Role <strong>of</strong> Russia in Cohen, ed., p. 55.<br />

44 “The Georgian Ambassador Suggests Internationalizing the Abkhazia Peacekeeping<br />

Operation,” Interfax Military News Bulletin, July 15, 2003, http://www.interfax.com.<br />

295

oqsana antonenko<br />

<strong>da</strong>rTos. 45 saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobas esmo<strong>da</strong>, rom gaero<br />

amas ar <strong>da</strong>amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, es <strong>da</strong>valeba arSeasrula.<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis Tav<strong>da</strong>jerebulma politikam,<br />

misma TanamSromlobam afxazeTTan, gansakuTrebiT adgilobrivi<br />

elitis doneze <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>brunebis survilis arqonam, TbilisSi sul ufro didi<br />

imedgacrueba gamoiwvia. metic, SevardnaZem moskovi <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>naSaula<br />

orjer misi sicocxlis xely<strong>of</strong>is organizebaSi. 46 Tavis<br />

mxriv, 1998 wlis ivlisSi galis seqtorSi xuTi rusi samSvidobos<br />

naRmze afeTqebas ruseTis sastiki reaqcia mohyva. qarTvelma<br />

politikosebma ki es SemTxveva imisaTvis gamoiyenes, rom<br />

samSvidoboebi ori TviT adre galis raionSi qarTveli moqalaqeebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rupvisas gamoCenil gulgrilobaSi <strong>da</strong>e<strong>da</strong>naSaulebinaT.<br />

saqarTvelom gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> Tavisi ganzraxva dsT-is<br />

koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebi<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlis<br />

Taobaze <strong>da</strong> wamoayena ruseTis samxedro bazebis <strong>da</strong>xurvis<br />

moTxovna. farTo saerTaSoriso mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, 1999 wels<br />

Tbilisma moskovisagan bazebis <strong>da</strong>xurvis valdebulebas miaRwia,<br />

rogorc evropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesaxeb<br />

xelSekrulebis modifikaciis winaswar pirobas, ris miRwevasac<br />

ruseTi natos gafarToebis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT cdilob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

oqtomberSi stambulSi, euTos samitze, ruseT-saqarTvelos<br />

erTobliv gancxadebas bazebis <strong>da</strong>xurvis Sesaxeb xeli moaweres.<br />

saqarTvelos sul ufro mWidro kavSirebi SeerTebul<br />

StatebTan <strong>da</strong> natosTan, moskovSi aRqmuli iyo rogorc ruseTis<br />

gagdebis c<strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n – ruseTis gavlenis tradiciuli<br />

sfero<strong>da</strong>n. Sedegad, ruseTis presis komentarebi <strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTis parlamentis gancxadebebi saqarTvelos mimarT sul<br />

ufro mtruli xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

45 “Georgian Parliament Wants UN to Use Force in Abkhazia,” Interfax Military News<br />

Bulletin, July 16, 2003, www.interfax.com.<br />

46 See http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574966/Shevardnadze_Eduard_A.html.<br />

296

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

elcinis memkvidreoba:<br />

interesTa jgufebis metoqeoba<br />

1996 wels elcini misi xelaxali arCevisa <strong>da</strong> CeCneTSi<br />

pirveli omis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg didxans avadmy<strong>of</strong>ob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

umoqmedod iyo. igi yuradRebas ar aqcev<strong>da</strong> afxazeTis konfliqts.<br />

sainteresoa, rom Tavis memuarebSi, romlebic moicavs<br />

1997-2000 wlebs, bevrs laparakobs dsT-ze, magram afxazeTs ar<br />

axsenebs. 47 rogorc Cans, ruseTis politika mimarTuli iyo<br />

status-kvos “gayinvaze”_”arc omi <strong>da</strong> arc mSvidoba” formulis<br />

Sesabamisad. moskovi isev mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos teritoriul<br />

mTlianobas, ganagrZob<strong>da</strong> ra aqtiur urTierTobas<br />

afxazeTis araRiarebul xelisuflebasTan.<br />

1997-1999 wlebSi moskovis politika qarTul-afxazur<br />

konfliqtSi gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> ukiduresi SeuTanxmeblobiT.<br />

politikuri kompetenciebi delegirebuli iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

interesTa jgufebze <strong>da</strong> TiToeul maTgans sakuTari xazi<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>. formalurad sagareo saqmeTa saministro xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong><br />

politikur process, magram 1998 wels boris berezovskim,<br />

gavlenianma oligarqma, romelic mogvianebiT ruseTis<br />

uSiSroebis sabWos xelmZRvaneli <strong>da</strong> dsT-is mdivani gax<strong>da</strong>, ikisra<br />

Suamavlis roli. swored berezovskim moawyo SevardnaZisa <strong>da</strong><br />

arZinbas Sexvedra TbilisSi 1997 wlis agvistoSi. misi strategia<br />

gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> ruseTisaTvis xelsayrel ekonomikur politikas,<br />

romelic erTdroulad “xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> konfliqtis mxareebs<br />

Soris ndobis aRdgenas”. erezovskim maT afxazeTis gavliT<br />

navTobsadenis gayvana, vaWrobis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />

rkinigzis moZraobis aRdgena <strong>da</strong> mdinare fsouze sasazRvrogamSvebi<br />

punqtis gaxsna SesTavaza. afxazi liderebi amiT<br />

47 ar exeba 1998 wlis galis movlenebsac ki, romlebmac omi TiTqmis<br />

ganaxlebamde miiyvana. ix. Áîðèñ Åëüöèí. Ïðåçèäåíòñêèé ìàðàôîí // Ìîñêâà:<br />

èçäàòåëüñòâî ÀÑÒ, 2000. elcini afxazeTs mxolod erTxel axsenebs, isic<br />

afxazeTis tragediis SevardnaZiseul aRqmasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. igi<br />

wers: “SevardnaZe yovelTvis atarebs sakuTar TavSi afxazuri tragediis<br />

tkivils”. gv. 190.<br />

297

oqsana antonenko<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesdnen, magram qarTulma mxarem uari Tqva ekonomikur<br />

sakiTxebze ewarmoebinaT molaparakebebi, Tu isini Si<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis <strong>da</strong>brunebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebasTan ar<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. ruseTis alternatiuli wina<strong>da</strong>deba<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis <strong>da</strong>brunebis meqanizmis Semu-<br />

Savebis Taobaze Tbilisma ar miiRo. Sedegad, arc erTi ekonomikuri<br />

proeqti ar ganxorcielebula.<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, politikuri procesiT rusulma saqmianma lobim ver<br />

ixeira, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d imitom, rom nebismier msxvil proeqts orive<br />

mxaris Tanxmoba sWirdeba. <strong>da</strong> mainc, rusuli regionuli elita<br />

afxazeTSi sul ufro SesamCnev rols TamaSob<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ekonomikis sferoSi. maT miekuTvnebodnen moskovis meri iuri<br />

luJkovi, TaTreTis respublikis liderebi, regionuli Cinosnebi<br />

CrdiloeT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> sxva nacionaluri ambiciebis mqone<br />

moRvaweebi. ignorirebas ukeTebdnen ra ekonomikuri sanqciebis<br />

reJims, romelmac 1998 wlisaTvis ukve mniSvnelovanwilad ziani<br />

miayena sasazRvro vaWrobas, isini aqtiurad amyarebdnen kavSirebs<br />

afxazeTTan. magaliTad, afxazeTma xeli moawera SeTanxmebebs<br />

adiReis, yabardo-balyareTis, TaTreTis respublikebTan,<br />

krasno<strong>da</strong>ris olqTan, rostovis olqTan <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT oseT-alaniis<br />

respublikasTan. Tumca es SeTanxmebebi ar gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> afxazuri<br />

saxelmwifoebriobis formalur politikur an samarTlebriv aRiarebas,<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, isini afxazeTs dsT-is blokadis gverdis<br />

avlasa <strong>da</strong> izolacii<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlaSi <strong>da</strong>exmarnen. afxazeTis<br />

partniorebi iyvnen regionebi <strong>da</strong> respublikebi realuri ekonomikuri<br />

interesebiT afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong> maTi xelmZRvanelobis<br />

politikam sazogadoebis farTo mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera moipova.<br />

regionuli mTavrobebis gar<strong>da</strong>, embargos winaaRmdeg mniSvnelovan<br />

rols is politikuri elita TamaSob<strong>da</strong>, romelsac afxazeTSi<br />

Zlieri kavSirebi hqon<strong>da</strong>. dsT-is saqmeTa <strong>da</strong> dumis TanamemamuleebTan<br />

kavSirebis komitetis 1997 wlis yovelwliuri angariSi<br />

rusuli Temebis kongresis afxazeTis gany<strong>of</strong>ilebasTan (ruseTis<br />

gavlenian politikur organizaciasTan) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva SeTanxmebis<br />

Sesaxeb, rasac xels awer<strong>da</strong> dumis mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli TanamemamuleTa<br />

sabWos mdivani l. n. smirnovi, farTo informacias<br />

298

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

Seicavs. SeTanxmebebi exebo<strong>da</strong> afxazeTi<strong>da</strong>n ruseTSi mineraluri<br />

sasuqebis, citrusebisa <strong>da</strong> s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobis sxva produqciis<br />

eqsports. moxsenebaSi agreTve aris miTiTeba ruseTis mTavrobis<br />

specialur brZanebulebaze ( 1397) afxazeTi<strong>da</strong>n ruseTis federaciaSi<br />

citrusebis transportirebis nebarTvis Sesaxeb.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom es kavSirebi SezRuduli iyo <strong>da</strong> mcire gavlena<br />

moaxdina afxazeTis mosaxleobis cxovrebaze, romelic ekonomikuri<br />

blokadis pirobebSi ga<strong>da</strong>rCenas cdilob<strong>da</strong>, maT<br />

proafxazuri politikuri lobis gaZliereba SeZles ruseTis<br />

mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong> kerZo <strong>da</strong>interesebul jgufebs Soris, romlebic<br />

ukanono, magram sarfian vaWrobas eweodnen gavlenian afxazur<br />

jgufebTan TanamSromlobiT. es aSkarad Can<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo dumis<br />

dsT-is saqmeTa komitetis Tavmjdomaris mier ruseTis sagareo<br />

saqmeTa saministroSi gagzavnili werili<strong>da</strong>n, romelSic is<br />

mouwodeb<strong>da</strong> mTavrobas, mxari <strong>da</strong>eWira afxazeTis mosaxleobisTvis,<br />

maT Soris _ ruseTis moqalaqeebisaTvis, vaWrobasa <strong>da</strong><br />

ruseT-afxazeTis sazRvarze ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis SezRudvebis Serbilebis<br />

meSveobiT. amave dros es werili afxazeTis xelisuflebas<br />

ubiZgeb<strong>da</strong> ruseTis moqalaqeebisaTvis afxazeTSi uZravi qonebis<br />

SeZenisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikaSi kapital<strong>da</strong>b<strong>and</strong>ebebis xelSemwyobi<br />

pirobebis Seqmnisaken.<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, mezobeli rusuli regionebis gar<strong>da</strong>, ruseTis<br />

dumac cdilob<strong>da</strong> SeenarCunebina minimaluri TanamSromloba<br />

afxazeTTan, maSin, rodesac <strong>of</strong>icialuri moskovi CeCneTis omSi<br />

pirveli <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg kavkasiis mimarT nakleb interess<br />

iCen<strong>da</strong>. 1996-1999 wlebSi aseTi politikuri rolis TamaSis<br />

SesaZlebloba saxelmwifo dumas mTavrobisa <strong>da</strong> TviT prezidentis<br />

sisustis gamo hqon<strong>da</strong>. duma im adgilad rCebo<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi politikuri<br />

debatebi tardebo<strong>da</strong>. 1997 wlis 8 aprils dsT-is saqmeTa <strong>da</strong><br />

sazRvargareT mcxovreb TanamemamuleebTan kavSirebis komitetma<br />

Caatara amierkavkasiis regionSi ruseTis politikisadmi<br />

miZRvnili <strong>da</strong>xuruli mosmena, romelsac sakvanZo saministroebis<br />

warmomadgenlebi eswrebodnen, maT Soris sagareo<br />

saqmeTa, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis uwyebebi<strong>da</strong>n. am TaTbiris<br />

299

oqsana antonenko<br />

Sedegebi<strong>da</strong>n TvalnaTliv Can<strong>da</strong>, Tu ra dilemis winaSe aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTi. komitetis gancxadeba xazs usvam<strong>da</strong> ruseTis erovnuli<br />

uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis interesebisaTvis mocemuli<br />

regionis mniSvnelobas <strong>da</strong> aRiareb<strong>da</strong>, rom afxazeTSi samxreT<br />

oseTsa <strong>da</strong> mTian yarabaxSi konfliqtebis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis gareSe<br />

mSvidoba SeuZlebelia <strong>da</strong> ruseTis grZelvadiani interesebis<br />

realizeba ar moxdeba. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, ruseTma qarTul-afxazuri<br />

konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis saqmeSi mTavari roli un<strong>da</strong> iTamaSos.<br />

magram gancxadebaSi konstatirebuli iyo, rom amis miRweva<br />

rTulia, rodesac orive mxare sul ufro xSirad brals sdebs<br />

ruseTs situaciis CixSi moqcevis gamo <strong>da</strong> aqtiurad eZebs sxva<br />

gare moTamaSeebis, maT Soris natos mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras.<br />

Tavis gancxadebaSi dumis komitetma moiTxova, rom ruseTis<br />

mTavrobas gamoeCina ufro meti Zalisxmeva molaparakebebis<br />

mimarT <strong>da</strong> gaafrTxila, rom, Tu axlo momavalSi ruseTi ver<br />

aRm<strong>of</strong>xvris kriziss, maSin <strong>da</strong>zaraldeba konfliqtis mxareebs<br />

Soris misi, rogorc mTavari Suamavlis, roli. gancxadebaSi<br />

aisaxa dilema, romelic dResac aqtualuri rCeba. Tu ruseTi<br />

xels Seuwyobs konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>regulirebas, maSin is <strong>da</strong>kargavs<br />

geopolitikur monopolias afxazeTSi, magram, Tu ar iqneba<br />

miRweuli progresi <strong>da</strong> ruseTi CaiTvleba sust saxelmwifod,<br />

romelic cdilobs SeinarCunos status-kvo, bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos,<br />

ufro energiuli moTamaSeebi, romlebic mzad arian Seavson<br />

Seqmnili vakuumi, mas CrdilSi <strong>da</strong>ayeneben.<br />

rogor un<strong>da</strong> imoqmedos ruseTma? dumis komiteti acxadebs, rom<br />

rusma mediatorebma molaparakebebi un<strong>da</strong> warmarTon orive mxaris<br />

Tanasworobis safuZvelze, ga<strong>da</strong>don ra afxazeTis politikuri<br />

statusis rTuli problema <strong>da</strong> yuradReba gaamaxvilon, upirveles<br />

yovlisa, ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganaxlebaze. afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs<br />

Soris sasazRvro vaWrobis SezRudva un<strong>da</strong> moixsnas im SemTxvevaSi,<br />

Tu afxazeTis xelisufleba xels Seuwyobs ltolvilebis <strong>da</strong>brunebas.<br />

amave gancxadebiT rusi samSvidoboebis (dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebi)<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n ltolvilebis mimarT nebismieri garantiebi un<strong>da</strong> ukavSirdebodes<br />

sarkinigzo mimosvlis ganaxlebasa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTs Soris sasazRvro SezRudvebis Serbilebas. 90-iani wlebis<br />

300

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

bolo<strong>da</strong>n 2003 wlis martSi soWis SeTanxmebamde es principebi ruseTis<br />

politikis safuZveli gax<strong>da</strong>. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, elcinis xelisuflebaSi<br />

meore vadiT y<strong>of</strong>nis dros saxelmwifo duma iyo is mamoZravebeli Zala,<br />

romelic gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv azrze <strong>da</strong> im wina<strong>da</strong>debebs<br />

SeimuSaveb<strong>da</strong>, romlebic am mSfoTvare regionSi mTavrobis politikas<br />

edo safuZvlad.<br />

putinis politika: omi CeCneTSi <strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTTan TanamSromlobis ganaxleba<br />

1999 wlis 9 agvistos elcinma putini ruseTis premierministrad<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSna. putinma <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv <strong>da</strong>ikava mkacri<br />

pozicia CeCneTis mimarT. 2000 wlis agvistoSi, moskovsa <strong>da</strong><br />

volgodonskSi sacxovrebeli saxlebis afeTqebebis seriisa <strong>da</strong><br />

agreTve mezobel <strong>da</strong>Restnis respublikaSi CeCeni mebrZolebis<br />

SeiaraRebuli SeWris Semdeg, ruseTma CeCneTSi meore omi <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />

pirveli omisagan gansxvavebiT, romelmac ruseTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos poziciebi erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>aaxlova afxazeTis<br />

separatizmTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT, meore omma maT ormxriv<br />

urTierTobebSi arsebuli krizisi gaaRrmava. mizezi iyo is, rom<br />

saqarTvelos mTavroba, savaraudod, moskovis mimarT farTod<br />

gavrcelebuli mtrobiT xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong>, ara mxolod<br />

ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis samxedro Zalis gamoyenebas<br />

CeCneTSi, aramed, moskovis azriT, Segnebulad aZlev<strong>da</strong><br />

TavSesafars CeCen mebrZolebs. aman erTbaSad Secvala ruseTis<br />

politika afxazeTis mimarT.<br />

1999 wlis seqtember-dekemberSi aTasobiT ltolvilma,<br />

CeCneTSi mZime brZolebis gamo <strong>da</strong>tova TavianTi saxlebi <strong>da</strong> mTis<br />

bilikebiT ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi, pankisis xeobaSi – qistebiT<br />

(CeCnebTan monaTesave eTnikuri jgufi) <strong>da</strong>saxlebul regionSi.<br />

moskovi amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom, bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis gar<strong>da</strong>, sazRvari<br />

mebrZolebmac ga<strong>da</strong>kveTes <strong>da</strong> maT pankisis xeobaSi savarjiSo<br />

bazebi Seqmnes. SiSob<strong>da</strong> ra, rom CeCneTis konfliqti gavrceldebo<strong>da</strong><br />

mis teritoriaze, saqarTvelom uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong><br />

301

oqsana antonenko<br />

moskovis moTxovnaze, ufleba mieca ruseTis jarisaTvis am<br />

regionSi CeCneTis jaris winaaRmdeg samxedro operaciebi<br />

ganexorcielebina. ufro metic, saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobam<br />

uari Tqva im cameti CeCnis eqstradiciaze, romelTac ruseTi<br />

2002 wlis oqtombris bolos iTxov<strong>da</strong>. sapasuxod, ruseTma<br />

saqarTvelos sahaero sivrce mravaljer <strong>da</strong>arRvia. 48 2002 wlis<br />

seqtemberSi ki putini <strong>da</strong>emuqra saqarTveloSi my<strong>of</strong> CeCnebze<br />

prevenciuli sahaero <strong>da</strong>rtymis SesaZlo miyenebiT, rasac<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis uflebiT amarTleb<strong>da</strong>. 49<br />

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis gauaresebam afxazeTSi<br />

ruseTis politikuri orientaciis Secvla gamoiwvia. mravalwliani<br />

SezRuduli kavSirebis Semdeg putinma afxazeTTan<br />

urTierTobebi ganaaxla. moskovma saprezidento arCevnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

referendumis Catarebas usityvod <strong>da</strong>uWira mxari, rasac 1999<br />

wlis oqtomberSi afxazeTis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gamocxadeba<br />

mohyva. am nabijma Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> soxums Soris federaluri<br />

modelis Taobaze politikur molaparakebebs kari miuxura.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom moskovma Riad ver aRiara 1999 wlis<br />

referendumis Sedegebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>of</strong>icialurad saqarTvelos teritoriuli<br />

mTlianobis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras ganagrZob<strong>da</strong>, soxumTan<br />

<strong>of</strong>icialuri urTierTobebi ufro gaafarTova.<br />

1999 wels ruseTma gaxsna sazRvari afxazeTTan <strong>da</strong> amiT mis<br />

mier adre SemoRebuli bloka<strong>da</strong> moxsna. 2000 wlis dekemberSi,<br />

gamoTqva ra wuxili CeCeni mebrZolebis mier sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>kveTis<br />

gamo, ruseTma qarTveli moqalaqeebisaTvis SemoiRo<br />

savizo reJimi, magram Segnebulad <strong>da</strong>uSva gamonaklisi afxazeTisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis mcxovreblebisaTvis.saqarTvelom<br />

es aqciebi qarTuli teritoriis faqtobriv aneqsiad aRiqva. 50<br />

48 miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ruseTis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministro am faqtebs<br />

uary<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong>, isini <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong> euTos <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa mier. OSCE Press<br />

Release, August 2, 2002, http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?id=2636.<br />

49 OSCE Press Release, September 13, 2002, http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?id<br />

=2724.<br />

50 CSCE Hearing, September 24, 2002, http://www.csce.gov/witness.cfm?briefing_id=232<br />

&testimony_id=326.<br />

302

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebis kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>iZaba, rodesac<br />

saqarTvelos uSiSroebis Zalebi kodoris xeobis afxazur nawilSi<br />

SeiWrnen. 2001 wlis seqtemberSi CeCeni mebrZolebi, ruslan<br />

gelaevis meTaurobiT, romelic manamde karga xans imy<strong>of</strong>ebo<strong>da</strong><br />

pankisis xeobaSi, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros<br />

monawileobiT ga<strong>da</strong>isroles kodoris xeobaSi, saqarTveloafxazeTis<br />

sazRvarze. gelaevs afxazeTis gavliT CeCneTSi Sesvla<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> ganzraxuli, Tumca es ori regioni erTmaneTs ar emijneba<br />

<strong>da</strong>, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, SemovliTi gza afxazeTis gavliT, rogorc Cans,<br />

winaswar <strong>da</strong>gegmili iyo <strong>da</strong> ara SemTxveviTi marSruti. SesaZlebelia,<br />

rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ganzraxuli hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTSi situaciis destabilizacia. gelaevma (rigi cnobebis<br />

mixedviT – qarTuli gasamxedroebuli formirebebis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT)<br />

ramdenime Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma ganaxorciela kodorSi. am incidentebma<br />

mkveTrad <strong>da</strong>Zaba urTierToba saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTs Soris<br />

<strong>da</strong> axali omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis muqara gaisma. ruseTma mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira<br />

afxazebis moTxovnas kodoris xeobi<strong>da</strong>n qarTuli jaris gayvanis<br />

Taobaze (gaeros <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebma <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stures, rom kodoris<br />

xeobaSi 350 qarTveli samxedro iyo ganlagebuli). gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />

SiSob<strong>da</strong> ra gelaevis jgufis ruseTis teritoriaze SeRwevis gamo,<br />

ruseTi afxazeTs am Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebis mogeriebaSi <strong>da</strong>exmara. ruseTis<br />

TviTmfrinavma “su-25”-ma <strong>da</strong>arRvia saqarTvelos sahaero sivrce<br />

<strong>da</strong> is adgilebi <strong>da</strong>bomba, sa<strong>da</strong>c gelaevis razmTan brZolebi<br />

mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. kodorSi ruseTma ganalaga kidec mcirericxovani<br />

jari (igi 2002 wlis aprilSi gaiyvana). krizisi gagrZel<strong>da</strong> ramdenime<br />

Tve – 2002 wlis Tebervlamde, rodesac qarTulma jarma <strong>da</strong>tova<br />

kodori. amis Semdeg qve<strong>da</strong> kodorSi ganaxl<strong>da</strong> rusi samSvidoboebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> gaeros samxedro <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebis erToblivi<br />

patrulireba.<br />

movlenebma pankissa <strong>da</strong> kodorSi sakvanZo roli iTamaSes<br />

konfliqtis mimarT ruseTis politikis CamoyalibebaSi. putinis<br />

prezidentobis pirvel wlebSi ruseTis politikis prioritetebSi<br />

saqarTvelosTan <strong>da</strong> afxazeTTan urTierTobebi bevrad ufro<br />

mniSvnelovani gax<strong>da</strong>. im dros, rodesac saqarTvelosTan ur-<br />

TierTobebi krizisi<strong>da</strong>n krizisamde viTardebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arcTu<br />

303

oqsana antonenko<br />

iSviaTad Ria konfliqtis zRvramde midio<strong>da</strong>, afxazeTTan moskovi<br />

aqtiuri urTierTTanamSromlobis politikas atareb<strong>da</strong>. afxazeTis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera CeCneTis meore omSi ruseTis mier gamocxadebuli<br />

“gamarjvebis” Semdeg kidev ufro gaZlier<strong>da</strong>, Tumca samxedro<br />

kampaniam sayovelTao politikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebamde ver miiyvana<br />

<strong>da</strong> ruseTisagan CeCneTis warmatebuli gamoy<strong>of</strong>is perspeqtiva<br />

Semcir<strong>da</strong>. Sedegad, ruseTs ukve aRar aSineb<strong>da</strong> is, rom mis mier sxva<br />

adgilebSi separatistuli reJimebisadmi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras TviT<br />

ruseTSi eqosaviT gamoexmaurebodnen. 2003 wlis dekemberSi<br />

qarTul-afxazul konfliqtSi ruseTis politikaze putinma<br />

gaakeTa Semdegi gancxadeba:<br />

cota xnis win ruseTis saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />

SenarCuneba erT-erT yvelaze mTavar, mwvave <strong>da</strong> prioritetul<br />

amocanas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, magram axla es problema<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ga<strong>da</strong>Wrilia. Tu am principebiT mivudgebiT, ar<br />

SegviZlia uari vuTxraT Cvens mezoblebs teritoriuli<br />

mTlianobis SenarCunebis uflebaze. teritoriuli konfliqtebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetiT <strong>da</strong>interesebuli mxareebi un<strong>da</strong> SeTanxmdnen,<br />

ruseTi ki am SeTanxmebebis garantad gamova. Cven yuradRebiT<br />

vadevnebT Tvals situaciebs separatistul respublikebSi,<br />

mxars vuWerT saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas <strong>da</strong> iseT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs miviRebT, rom am teritoriaze mcxovrebi<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebis interesebi ar <strong>da</strong>zaraldes. 51<br />

putinis gancxadebaSi aRniSnulia miznebis sami jgufi,<br />

romlebic dRemde aqtualuria: pirveli, afxazeTis mimarT<br />

sakuTari usafrTxoebis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, moskovi,<br />

upirveles yovlisa, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Tavis politikas<br />

afuZnebs. Sesabamisad, mTavar amocanad afxazeTSi konfliqtis<br />

ganuaxlebloba rCeba. amis Suqze, afxazeTTan ekonomikuri<br />

kavSirebis aRdgena <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis cxovrebis Semsubuqeba<br />

ganixileba, rogorc regionSi stabilurobis garanti. meore,<br />

<strong>of</strong>icialurad ruseTi ganagrZobs saqarTvelos teritoriuli<br />

51 RosBusinessConsulting Information Agency, December 18, 2003, http://top.rbc.ru/<br />

arc.shtml?2003/12/18.<br />

304

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

mTlianobis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras im pirobiT, rom qarTul-afxazur<br />

dialogSi moskovi mTavari Suamavlis rols ikisrebs <strong>da</strong><br />

SeTanxmebis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi misi garanti iqneba.<br />

mesame, ruseTi ar xe<strong>da</strong>vs winaaRmdegobas mis mier saqarTvelos<br />

teritoriuli mTlianobis ideis mxar<strong>da</strong>Werasa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis de<br />

faqto xelisuflebasTan ganviTarebad ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />

urTierTobas Soris.<br />

ruseTis politikis strategiul <strong>da</strong>sabuTebaSi, politikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri motivebis gar<strong>da</strong>, umniSvnelovanes rols<br />

geopolitikuri mosazrebebi TamaSobs. putinis prezidentobis<br />

dros samxreT kavkasiaSi mzardi amerikuli <strong>da</strong> mogvianebiT –<br />

evropuli <strong>da</strong>swrebis gamo SeSfoTeba mkveTrad gaizar<strong>da</strong>.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom TviTon Tavs ikaveb<strong>da</strong> afxazeTis mimarT<br />

ufro farTo geopolitikur mosazrebebTan ruseTis politikis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebisgan, ruseTis politikuri elita, maT Soris<br />

parlamentarebi <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis uwyebebis<br />

Tanamdebobis pirebi, xSirad ganixilavdnen afxazeTs Tavisebur<br />

buferul zonad ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTze sul ufro<br />

Riad orientirebul saqarTvelos Soris. 52 metic, qarTulrusuli<br />

urTierTobebis gauaresebis fonze, afxazeTi <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreTi oseTi aRqmuli iyvnen rogorc potenciuri mokav-<br />

Sireebi; raionebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ruseTs evropis an SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n konkurenciasTan Sejaxeba ar uwevs.<br />

52 ruseTis saxelmwifo dumis uSiSroebis komitetis mrCeveli g. k. yolbaia<br />

wer<strong>da</strong>: “geopolitikuri realoba iseTia, rom saqarTvelo, romelic<br />

sargeblobs saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, axorcielebs<br />

Tanmimdevrul antirusul politikas... am rTul garemoebebSi ruseTs<br />

ara aqvs didi SesaZlebloba, gavlena moaxdinos situaciaze saqarTveloSi,<br />

amitom afxazeTze qarTuli kontrolis ararsebobasakmaod<br />

xelsayrelia... afxazeTi ukve TamaSobs buferuli zonis rols, romelic<br />

ruseTs mtruli saqarTvelosagan acalkevebs. es kodoris xeobaSi<br />

qarTul-CeCnuri gasamxedroebuli formirebis ganadgurebam aCvena.<br />

afxazeTis am rolis gaZliereba ruseTis interesebSia”. ix. “Áåçîïàñíîñòü<br />

Ðîññèè: àáõàçñêèé ðóáåæ” â: G.N. Osipov, ed. Reforming Russia: Realities <strong>and</strong> Prospects,<br />

http://www.duma.gov.ru/search/kmpage/80200016/arc3/public/92.html.<br />

305

oqsana antonenko<br />

306<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

saqarTveloSi aSS-is samxedro instruqtorebis gamoCenis<br />

Semdeg ruseTis geopolitikuri sifrTxile gaizar<strong>da</strong>. reagireb<strong>da</strong><br />

ra qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis gauaresebaze <strong>da</strong> sul<br />

ufro metad SiSob<strong>da</strong>, rom “al-qai<strong>da</strong>” pankisis xeobaSi axal<br />

TavSesafars ipovi<strong>da</strong>, SeerTebulma Statebma qarTuli jarisaTvis<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmareba ikisra. amerikeli samxedro<br />

instruqtorebis ganlagebam saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis wvrTnisa <strong>da</strong> aRWurvis programis mixedviT<br />

(GTEP), romlis mizani iyo 2 aTasze meti qarTveli samxedro<br />

mosamsaxuris momzadeba, risTvisac gamoiyo 64 milioni aSS<br />

dolari, ruseTis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nacionalisturi Zalebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sagareo politikuri eqspertebis – “realpolitik” mrisxane reaqcia<br />

gamoiwvia. 53 GTEP aRqmuli iyo rogorc pir<strong>da</strong>piri safrTxe<br />

ruseTisaTvis _ kavkasiaSi ruseTis gavlenis Semcirebis<br />

simbolo; zogierTebma ki masSi CeCneTSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis intervenciisaTvisga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli<br />

pirveli nabijebic SeniSnes.<br />

putins, romelic cota xnis win centralur aziaSi aSS-is<br />

samxedro bazebis ganlagebas <strong>da</strong>eTanxma, xelaxla mouwia am<br />

reaqciis Serbileba. is iseTi moufiqrebeli pasuxis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

acilebisaken miiswrafo<strong>da</strong>, romelic 11 seqtembris Semdeg<br />

Camoyalibebul ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> SeerTebuli Statebis antiteroristul<br />

koalicias <strong>da</strong>emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>. yazaxeTSi vizitis dros<br />

putinma gaakeTa gancxadeba, romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom “GTEP<br />

tragedia ar aris <strong>da</strong> arc SeiZleba, rom iyos... ratom ar SeiZleba<br />

amerikuli Zalebi centralur aziaSi iyvnen, saqarTveloSi ki –<br />

ara?” <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amata: “nebismier saxelmwifos, kerZod ki, saqarTvelos,<br />

ufleba aqvs imoqmedos sakuTari usafrTxoebis <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

mizniT. ruseTi aRiarebs am uflebas”. 54<br />

53 im dros ruseTis “realpolitik”-is momxreebi sxva ideologiur skolebs<br />

Warbobdnen <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos mier kontrolirebad masobrivi informaciis<br />

saSualebebsa <strong>da</strong> presaze ganusazRvreli uflebebiT sargeblobdnen.<br />

54 “Putin: U.S. Deployment ‘No Tragedy,’” CNN News, March 1, 2002, http://<br />

www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/03/01/georgia.putin/.

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

GTEP-ze ruseTis reaqciaSi aSkarad igrZnobo<strong>da</strong> geopolitikuri<br />

SeSfoTeba, Tumca kanonzomierma SekiTxvebmac<br />

wamoiwies am programis potenciuri zegavlenis Taobaze<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> mis separatistul regionebs Soris samxedro<br />

balansze. aSS-isa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobis pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />

<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> imis garantia, rom<br />

afxazeTSi CixSi Sesuli politikuri procesis pirobebSi,<br />

saqarTvelos gazrdili Tav<strong>da</strong>jerebuloba <strong>da</strong> samxedro Zliereba<br />

Zalismieri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis axal mcdelobebad ar ga<strong>da</strong>iqceo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

2002 wlis martSi afxazeTis prezidentma vladislav<br />

arZinbam mowodebiT mimarTa SeerTebul Statebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

qveynebs, aRiaron, rom saqarTvelosaTvis samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

gawevas SeuZlia gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebis mqone konfliqtis<br />

eskalaciis gamowveva. 2003 wlis 11 aprils ruseTis saxelmwifo<br />

dumam <strong>da</strong>amtkica (351 xmis umravlesobiT <strong>da</strong> 1 winaaRmdeg) rezolucia,<br />

romelic gmob<strong>da</strong> aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Soris<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis statusis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas <strong>da</strong> gamoTqva<br />

wuxili imaze, rom aSS-is xelmZRvanelobiT momzadebuli<br />

samxedro nawilebi SeiZleba gamoiyenon afxazeTis winaaRmdeg<br />

samxedro operaciebSi.<br />

kremli mainc ganagrZob<strong>da</strong> imis xazgasmas, rom saqarTvelosTvis<br />

amerikis samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmareba ruseTis urTierTobebs vaSingtonTan<br />

ar gaafuWeb<strong>da</strong>. buSis administracia uars ki ambob<strong>da</strong> GTEP SeCerebis<br />

moskovis nebismier moTxovnaze, Tumca acxadeb<strong>da</strong> imasac, rom<br />

amerikam winaswar acnoba ruseTs am programis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

kavkasiis problema 2002 wlis maisSi moskovSi Semdgar samitze<br />

prezidentebis _ buSisa <strong>da</strong> putinis dRis wesrigSi iyo CarTuli. am<br />

samitze orive prezidentma tradiciulad <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura saqarTvelos<br />

teritoriuli mTlianobisadmi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong> qarTulafxazuri<br />

konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>regulirebaSi TanamSromlobis gagrZelebisaTvis<br />

mzady<strong>of</strong>na gamoxata. gasakviri ar aris, rom samxreT<br />

kavkasiaSi stabilurobiT saerTo <strong>da</strong>intereseba konfliqtis mimarT<br />

erTian midgomad ar ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. cxadia, rom arc SeerTebulma<br />

Statebma <strong>da</strong> arc ruseTma maT ormxriv urTierTobebSi qarTulafxazuri<br />

konfliqti kritikulad ar CaTvales.<br />

307

oqsana antonenko<br />

308<br />

kamaTi samSvidobo Zalebis Sesaxeb<br />

pankisisa <strong>da</strong> kodoris movlenebis Semdeg qarTul-rusul<br />

urTierTobebSi mzardma <strong>da</strong>Zabulobam ruseTis samSvidobo<br />

man<strong>da</strong>tis gafarToebis Taobaze axali uTanxmoebebi gamoiwvia. 2002<br />

wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo rezolucia<br />

ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis gayvanis Sesaxeb. sul male, gaerosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> generaluri mdivnis “megobarTa jgufTan” konsultaciebis<br />

Semdeg, saqarTveloSi mixvdnen, rom realurad Tu imsjelebdnen,<br />

ar iyo mosalodneli rusi samSvidoboebis Canacvleba saerTaSoriso<br />

ZalebiT, gansakuTrebiT 11 seqtembris Semdeg,<br />

rodesac ucxoeTis jarebis simcire aSkarad igrZnobo<strong>da</strong>. 55<br />

SevardnaZe ganuwyvetliv Cio<strong>da</strong>, rom arsebuli samSvidobo<br />

operacia xels ar uwyob<strong>da</strong> konfliqtis mogvarebas, magram<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis mTavrobebma <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso institutebma 1994<br />

wlis Semdeg arsebuli dsT-is samSvidobo operaciis statusis<br />

calmxrivi Secvlis mcdeloba erTsulovnad ga<strong>da</strong>aTqmevines. 56<br />

ufro metic, gaerom ganacxa<strong>da</strong> kidevac, rom dsT-is samSvidoboebis<br />

gayvanas misi sakuTari <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebis gayvana mohyveba. 57<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebis man<strong>da</strong>tis yoveli<br />

naxevarwliani gagrZeleba axla ukve seriozulad arTuleb<strong>da</strong><br />

55 2002 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos radiosadmi micemul interviuSi<br />

SevardnaZem ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebis<br />

Semdeg yvela im qveyanam, romlebic monawileobas iRebdnen afxazuri<br />

konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>regulirebaSi, maT Soris SeerTebulma Statebma, ruseTma,<br />

germaniam, safrangeTma <strong>da</strong> gaerTianebulma samefom gaumarTleblad<br />

CaTvales raime moTxovnebi rusi samSvidobo Zalebis afxazeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gayvanis Taobaze. ix. http://www.sakartvelo.info.<br />

56 2003 wlis 3 Tebervals prezidenti eduard SevardnaZe iZulebuli iyo<br />

eRiarebina, rom “rusi samSvidoboebi ver umklavdebian TavianT<br />

movaleobebs <strong>da</strong>, samwuxarod, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo ar aqcevs am faqts<br />

saTanado yuradRebas.” ix. http://www.una.org.ge.<br />

57 30 ianvris gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciaSi, romelmac gaagrZela<br />

konfliqtis zonaSi gaeros <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa man<strong>da</strong>ti, naTqvamia, rom<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba man<strong>da</strong>tis Secvlis Taobaze un<strong>da</strong> iyos ga<strong>da</strong>sinjuli, Tu dsTis<br />

samSvidoboebis man<strong>da</strong>tis Sesaxeb ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba ar iqneba miRebuli<br />

2003 wlis 15 Tebervlamde. ix. “Abkhazia Situation Fragile,” http://una.org.ge.

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

qarTul-rusul urTierTobebs. ruseTi acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom misi<br />

samSvidobo Zalebi samarTlebriv vakuumSi moeqcnen. 2001 <strong>da</strong><br />

2002 wlebis dekemberSi, rodesac man<strong>da</strong>tis va<strong>da</strong> iwurebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

qarTul mxares kvirebi <strong>da</strong> Tveebic ki <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong> imisaTvis, rom<br />

misi gagrZelebis Tanxmoba mieca. maSin, rodesac qarTuli<br />

mxare man<strong>da</strong>tis SecvlisaTvis ibrZo<strong>da</strong>, afxazurs misi<br />

SenarCuneba mtkiced hqon<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili <strong>da</strong> imuqrebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom mis gareSe miRebul nebismier ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaze uars<br />

ityo<strong>da</strong>. dsT-is samSvidoboebis y<strong>of</strong>na afxazeTis faqtobrivi<br />

saxelmwifoebriobis stabilurobis mniSvnelovani faqtori<br />

iyo. dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebis man<strong>da</strong>ti arsebiT zewolas ar<br />

axden<strong>da</strong> afxazur mxareze qarTveli Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli<br />

pirebis farTomasStabian <strong>da</strong>brunebaze <strong>da</strong>TanxmebaSi, rasac<br />

respublikis SigniT rogorc demografiuli, ise politikuri<br />

wonasworobis Secvla SeeZlo. yvela am mizezis gamo afxazeTis<br />

xelisufalni xazs usvamdnen, rom status-kvos Secvla<br />

mZime Sedegebs gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amtkicebdnen, samSvidobo<br />

Zalebis gayvana konfliqts ganaxlebis gar<strong>da</strong>uvalobamde<br />

miiyvan<strong>da</strong>. 58<br />

ruseTi Riad arasdros ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />

sazogadoebisadmi saqarTvelos mowodebebs dsT-is samSvidobo<br />

ZalebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, magram arc arasdros acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

mzad aris seriozulad ganixilos sakuTari samSvidoboebis<br />

58 2001 wlis dekemberSi afxazeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri sergei Samba<br />

iTxov<strong>da</strong> man<strong>da</strong>tis gagrZelebas, usvam<strong>da</strong> ra xazs, rom afxazuri mxare<br />

formatis Secvlisa <strong>da</strong> mSvidobis SenarCunebis operaciis internacionalizaciis<br />

winaaRmdeg gamodis. ix. “Àáõàçèÿ ïðîñèò ïðîäëèòü ìàíäàò<br />

ðîññèéñêèõ ìèðîòâîðöåâ”, http://www.gazeta.ru. 2002 wlis dekemberSi afxazeTis<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministrom gaafrTxila, rom, Tu ruseTis samSvidoboebi<br />

iZulebuli gaxdebian <strong>da</strong>tovon afxazeTi, maSin afxazuri Zalebi mdinare<br />

engurisaken waiweven (gari kubalbas, afxazeTis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministris<br />

moadgilis gancxadeba). 2003 wlis dekemberSi afxazeTis premierministrma<br />

raul xajimbam ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebs<br />

alternativa ara aqvs <strong>da</strong> rom isini un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCnen konfliqtis zonaSi<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTs Soris urTierTobebis srul normalizaciamde.<br />

ix. http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/619609.<br />

309

oqsana antonenko<br />

gayvanis sakiTxi an maT internacionalizaciaze <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdes. 59<br />

aseTi nabiji ruseTis geopolitikur ambiciebs Seasusteb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

imis SiSs gaaZliereb<strong>da</strong>, rom aman SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos natos<br />

gamoCenas regionSi (Tumca nato arasdros gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> dsT-is<br />

samSvidobo Zalebis CanacvlebisTvis mzady<strong>of</strong>nas). ufro metic,<br />

ruseTi fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom misi samSvidobo Zalebis y<strong>of</strong>na qarTulafxazuri<br />

konfliqtis zonaSi sakuTar <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>sac<br />

emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>. 60 <strong>da</strong> bolos, is rusi analitikosebic ki, romlebic<br />

mzad iyvnen regionSi mSvidobis SenarCunebis alternatiuli<br />

variantebi ganexilaT (magaliTad, aleqs<strong>and</strong>re nikitini,<br />

politikuri <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso kvlevebis centris xelm-<br />

ZRvaneli), amtkicebdnen, rom axlo momavalSi ruseTi realurad<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCeba konfliqtis zonaSi mSvidobis SenarCunebis erTaderT<br />

wyarod. namdvilad, gaeros egidiT calkeuli samSvidobo<br />

Zalebis Camoyalibebis survili gaeros wevrebma ar gamoxates<br />

<strong>da</strong> aranairi perspeqtiva ar iyo, rom euTo an – rac kidev ufro<br />

<strong>da</strong>ujerebelia – esa Tu is specialurad Seqmnili regionul<br />

organizacia (rogoricaa ÃÓÓÀÌ) ruseTis Zalebis mier gatarebuli<br />

operaciis alternativis wamoyenebas SeZleb<strong>da</strong>. 61<br />

59 Tumca 2003 wlis ivlisSi ruseTis elCma saqarTveloSi, vladimer<br />

CxikviSvilma Tavis erT-erT interviuSi ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom “ruseTi mzad<br />

aris gamoiyvanos Tavisi Zalebi nebismieri mxaris pirvelive moTxovnisTanave<br />

<strong>da</strong> aseTi gamoyvanis gegma ukve mzad aris”. ix. “Àáõàçñêèé òóïèê”.<br />

– Âðåìÿ íîâîñòåé, 27 èþëÿ 2003 ãîäà.<br />

60 2004 wlis ivnisSi saxelmwifo dumis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis komitetis Tavmjdomaris<br />

moadgile genadi gudkovma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom “afxazeTSi 97 rusi samxedro<br />

mosamsaxuris <strong>da</strong>Rupvis fasad 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi SenarCunebulia<br />

mSvidoba. is, rom aq [konfliqtis zonaSi] mefobs mSvidoba - es ruseTisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> rusuli samSvidobo kontingentis wyalobiTaa. es aris amave dros<br />

mSvidoba ruseTSic, radgan axali omi afxazeTSi niSnavs situaciis<br />

gamwvavebas TviT ruseTSi”. http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/<br />

677572.html.<br />

61 ix. “Âòÿãèâàíèå Ðîññèè â âîåííîå ðåøåíèå àáõàçñêîé ïðîáëåìû îñòàåòñÿ íàèáîëåå<br />

âåðîÿòíûì”, http://www.abkhezati.ru/pages/3/315.html.<br />

310

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

afxazeTis mimarT ruseTis politikis axali<br />

organizaciuli formebi<br />

vladimer putinis prezidentobis pirveli vadis periodSi<br />

ruseTis politika mTlianad dsT-is, kerZod ki, afxazeTis<br />

mimarT, ufro Tanmimdevruli gax<strong>da</strong>, vidre elcinis dros.<br />

ruseTSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis centralizaciis<br />

aRdgenasTan erTad afxazeTis politikasTan mimarTebaSi dumis<br />

gavlena sagrZnoblad Semcir<strong>da</strong>. sagareo saqmeTa saministros<br />

gazrdil rolTan erTad pasuxismgebloba isev samxedro<br />

uwyebasa <strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis samsaxurebs <strong>da</strong>ekisra.<br />

ruseTis politikurma <strong>da</strong> samxedro xelmZRvanelobam<br />

pasuxismgebloba gainawiles ruseTis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>ze qar-<br />

Tul-afxazuri konfliqtis SesaZlo gavlenis gamo, gansakuTrebiT<br />

CrdiloeT kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> CeCneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />

radganac putinis mmarTvelobisas, gansakuTrebiT ki misi<br />

prezidentobis meore va<strong>da</strong>Si, rusul-qarTul urTierTobebSi<br />

usafrTxoebis problemebi dominireb<strong>da</strong>, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrma<br />

sergei ivanovma ufro xSirad <strong>da</strong>iwyo saqarTvelos<br />

mimarT ruseTis politikis Camoyalibeba. pankisisa <strong>da</strong><br />

kodoris krizisebis dros saqarTveloze zewolisas putinma<br />

rus samxedroebs sruli mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera gamoucxa<strong>da</strong>. rogorc<br />

zemoT aRiniSna, is pankisSi CeCeni mebrZolebis mimarT<br />

samxedro Zalis prevenciuli gamoyenebiTac imuqrebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>da</strong> mainc, rus samxedroebs ukve aRar hqon<strong>da</strong>T afxazeTSi<br />

moqmedebis iseTi Tavisufleba, rogoric elcinis epoqaSi,<br />

afxazeTis omis dros <strong>da</strong> uSualod mis Semdeg. xan<strong>da</strong>xan isini<br />

iZulebuli iyvnen iseTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi SeesrulebinaT,<br />

romlebsac aSkarad ar eTanxmdebodnen; magaliTad, es exebo<strong>da</strong><br />

2001 wlis ivlisSi euTos stambulis SeTanxmebebis mixedviT<br />

gu<strong>da</strong>uTis samxedro bazi<strong>da</strong>n (afxazeTi) jarisa <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebis<br />

gayvanas. analogiurad, samxedroebi iZulebulni iyvnen saqarTvelosTan<br />

amerikis samxedro TanamSromlobaze TavianTi<br />

reaqcia SeerbilebinaT. magaliTad, 2003 wlis 11 ivliss, mas<br />

Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

311

oqsana antonenko<br />

“avaqsis” tipis TviTmfrinavebs sakuTar sahaero sivrceSi<br />

frenis ufleba misca. aman ki ruseTSi mkveTri kritika<br />

gamoiwvia. ruseTis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministrom saWirod CaTvala<br />

im braldebebis uary<strong>of</strong>a, rom is sapasuxo zomis saxiT<br />

afxazeTSi sazenito-saraketo kompleqsis “C-300”-is ganlagebas<br />

apireb<strong>da</strong>. 62<br />

amrigad, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom rusi samxedroebi <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />

veRar moqmedeben, isini mainc gavlenian Zalad<br />

rCebian. am raionSi dsT-is samSvidobo ZalebSi <strong>da</strong> gu<strong>da</strong>uTis<br />

samxedro bazis <strong>da</strong>cvaze 1700-ze meti rusi jariskaci <strong>da</strong> <strong>of</strong>iceri<br />

msaxurobs. bevrma samxedro meTaurma iq qoneba SeiZina <strong>da</strong><br />

mWidro piradi urTierTobebi <strong>da</strong>amyara adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan.<br />

2004 wlis ivnisSi baikalis mxaris samxedro olqis<br />

meTauris y<strong>of</strong>ili moadgile generali anatoli zaicevi afxazeTis<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministris moadgiled <strong>da</strong>iniSna. arsebuli<br />

informaciiT, rusi samxedroebi monawileobas iReben afxazeTis<br />

Zalebis samxedro momzadebaSic.<br />

ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros roli konfliqtSi<br />

putinis prezidentobis dros gaizar<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom is dsTis<br />

politikaze aqtiur gavlenas axdens, putinis strategiuli<br />

sagareo-politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis realobaSi gatarebis<br />

mTavari sayrdenicaa. mocemuli situacia mkveTr kontrastSia<br />

elcinis periodTan, rodesac sagareo saqmeTa saministro<br />

gavlenisaTvis sxva moTamaSeebs, maT Soris ekonomikur elitas<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros ebrZo<strong>da</strong>. es gansakuTrebiT cxa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

igrZnobo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis politikasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT dsT-is<br />

qveynebSi. maSin sagareo saqmeTa saministro qarTul-afxazur<br />

konfliqtSi ufro neitraluri iyo, vidre Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministro<br />

an ekonomikuri elita, vinai<strong>da</strong>n mis TanamSromlebs msgavsi<br />

uwyebrivi <strong>da</strong> piradi interesebi afxazeTSi ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

2002 wlis aprilSi prezidentma putinma sagareo saqmeTa<br />

ministris maSindeli moadgile valeri loSCinini qarTul-<br />

62 “Russia Not Planning to Deploy Air Defence Missile Systems in Abkhazia - Defence<br />

Ministry,” Interfax Military Information Bulletin, July 15, 2003, http://www.interfax.com.<br />

312

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

afxazur konfliqtSi prezidentis specialur warmomadgenlad<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSna. sagareo saqmeTa saministro prezidentTan erTad<br />

rusuli iniciativebis <strong>da</strong>gegmvasa <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebasTan erTad<br />

iseTi saerTaSoriso institutebis moqmedebebis koordinaciaSi<br />

TamaSob<strong>da</strong> sakvanZo rols, rogorebicaa gaero, euTo <strong>da</strong><br />

“megobarTa jgufi”. am axalma saorganizacio formam ufro<br />

zustad SeTanxmebuli politikis ganxorcielebis saSualeba<br />

misca, ris gamoc ufro ioli gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>of</strong>icialuri politikis<br />

gamoy<strong>of</strong>a ama Tu im pirebis iniciativebisagan, romlebic<br />

sakuTar kerZo interesebs icavdnen. sagareo saqmeTa saministros<br />

arc erTi warmomadgeneli ar eswrebo<strong>da</strong> 1992-1993 wlebis<br />

omSi afxazebis gamarjvebis me-10 wlisTavis zeims, Tumca rusi<br />

gubernatorebisa <strong>da</strong> dumis deputatebis nawilma am dResaswaulSi<br />

monawileoba miiRo.<br />

SesamCnevia axali tendenciac, romelic rusul politikas<br />

axal ferebs aZlevs. Tumca amaze garkveviT laparaki naadrevia,<br />

magram ise Cans, rom prezidenti putini interess iCens<br />

ruseTis natosTan TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> agreTve sxva saerTaSoriso<br />

RonisZiebebSi, magaliTad, samxedro-sazRvao<br />

TanamSromlobis Savi zRvis jgufSi (BLACKSEAFOR) monawileobis<br />

mimarT, es ki qmnis STabeWdilebas, rusi samxedroebis<br />

poziciebis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT Secvlaze. ufro metic,<br />

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis zoni<strong>da</strong>n gaeros <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebi,<br />

romelTa umetesobac natos qveynebis samxedro<br />

mosamsaxureebi arian, ityobinebian, rom gaeros samxedro<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebsa <strong>da</strong> dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebs Soris TanamSromloba<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT wesrigdeba.<br />

bodenis iniciativa<br />

xelisuflebaSi putinis y<strong>of</strong>nis pirvel wlebSi afxazeTis<br />

mimarT rusuli politikis gazrdili TanmimdevrobiTobis<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, konfliqtis mxareTa Soris politikuri dialogis<br />

aRdgenaSi mxolod umniSvnelo progress miaRwies. piriqiT,<br />

313

oqsana antonenko<br />

2001 wlis kodoris krizisma praqtikulad SeaCera gaeros<br />

egidiT wamowyebuli qarTul-afxazuri politikuri dialogi<br />

<strong>da</strong> ndobis ganmtkicebaze gamiznuli RonisZiebebis realizacia.<br />

ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, 2002 wlis ivlisSi, gaeros<br />

generaluri mdivnis specialurma warmomadgenelma diter<br />

bodenma gansaxilvelad gamoaqveyna moxseneba saTauriT<br />

“Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> soxums Soris kompetenciebis gamijvnis ZiriTadi<br />

principebi” (xSirad “bodenis dokumentad” moxseniebuli). misi<br />

ZiriTadi argumenti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom afxazeTma un<strong>da</strong><br />

miiRos yvelaze farTo avtonomia <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi<br />

“<strong>da</strong>moukidebel subieqtad” aRiarebac ki, magram<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebis pirobiT.<br />

63 afxazeTis xelisuflebam ki uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> raime<br />

dokumentis safuZvelze molaparakebebis warmoebaze, romelSic<br />

maTi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gza ar aris SemoTavazebuli.<br />

ruseTma ar gamoiCina enTuziazmi bodenis dokumentis mimarT<br />

<strong>da</strong> is mxolod gaerosa <strong>da</strong> “megobarTa jgufis” <strong>da</strong>savleli<br />

wevrebis <strong>da</strong>Jinebuli diplomatiuri Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebis gamo miiRo. 64<br />

aseTi pozicia SeiZleba aixsnas im siZneleebiT, romlebsac<br />

ruseTi dokumentis afxazuri mxarisaTvis SeTavazebis dros<br />

waawydebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

formalurad <strong>da</strong>uWira ra mxari dokuments, moskovma<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom ramdenimejer sca<strong>da</strong> afxazuri mxaris <strong>da</strong>rwmuneba<br />

imaSi, rom es iniciativa saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan<br />

molaparakebebis safuZvlad gaexa<strong>da</strong>. am mcdelobebSi afxazeTis<br />

Tanamdebobis pirebTan maRal doneze Sexvedrebic iyo<br />

63 bodenis dokumentis rusulenovani versia gamoqveynebuli iyo<br />

mSvidobis, demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis kavkasiiis institutis saitze:<br />

http://www.cipdd.org. am dokumentSi SemoTavazebuli federaciuli modelis<br />

analizi ix. Bruno Coppieters, “The Georgian–Abkhaz Conflict,” in Bruno Coppieters<br />

et al., Europeanization <strong>and</strong> Conflict Resolution: Case Studies from the European Periphery<br />

(Ghent: Academia Press, 2004), pp. 203–208; agreTve gamoqveynebulia<br />

eleqtronul JurnalSi Journal on Ethnopolitics <strong>and</strong> Minority Issues in Europe,<br />

http://www.ecmi.de/jemie/.<br />

64 Coppieters, “The Georgian–Abkhaz Conflict,” pp. 203–208<br />

314

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

CarTuli. 65 <strong>da</strong>savleTis diplomatebi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos liderebi<br />

amtkicebdnen, rom moskovi di<strong>da</strong>d ar cdilob<strong>da</strong> afxazur<br />

mxareze zewolis moxdenas. amis pasuxad ruseTis sagareo<br />

saqmeTa saministros Tanamdebobis pirebma moskovis SesaZleblobebis<br />

SezRudulobas gausves xazi. bodenis dokumentis<br />

miReba nebismieri afxazi politikosisaTvis politikuri<br />

TviTmkvleloba iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, bodenis iniciativa,<br />

romelic mowodebuli iyo molaparakebebis stimulirebisaTvis,<br />

sabolood <strong>da</strong>brkolebad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca <strong>da</strong> ara politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebisaken<br />

winsvlis saSualebad. 66 rTulia ruseTis rolis<br />

gansazRvra bodenis dokumentis CavardnaSi: Tu is namdvilad<br />

zewolas axden<strong>da</strong> afxazur mxareze, maSin es marcxi imas niSnavs,<br />

rom ruseTis gavlena afxazur mxareze gazviadebuli iyo<br />

65 2002 wlis 25 maiss ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri igor ivanovi<br />

moskovSi Sexv<strong>da</strong> afxazeTis de faqto premier-ministr anri jergenias <strong>da</strong><br />

sagareo saqmeTa ministr sergei Sambas, raTa afxazuri mxare <strong>da</strong>regulirebis<br />

procesSi winsvlis aucileblobaSi <strong>da</strong>erwmunebina. ix. See<br />

Report <strong>of</strong> the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, July 10, 2002,<br />

http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/reports/2002/sgrep02.htm. ivnisSi ruseTis prezidentis<br />

specialuri warmomadgeneli qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis<br />

saqmeSi _ valeri loSCinini soxumSi afxazeTis de faqto<br />

mTavrobis warmomadgenlebTan Sexvedraze gaemgzavra. 2002 wlis<br />

oqtomberSi ruseTis mxarem SesTavaza gaeros warmomadgenlebTan<br />

afxazeTis premier-ministris anri jergenias Sexvedris mowyoba, romlis<br />

dros afxazur mxares gaacnobdnen sadiskusio dokumentis arss <strong>da</strong><br />

mniSvnelobas. Sexvedra <strong>da</strong>iniSna 5 oqtombers, magram Semdeg gauqm<strong>da</strong> imis<br />

gamo, rom batonma jergeniam uaryo dokumenti <strong>da</strong> masSi diter bodenis<br />

Semcvlelis, gaeros generaluri mdivnis specialuri warmomadgenlis<br />

haidi taliavinis monawileobis winaaRmdeg gamovi<strong>da</strong>. ix. Report <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Secretary-General on the Situation in Abkhazia, Georgia October 14, 2002, http://<br />

www.un.org/Docs/sc/reports/2002/sgrep02.htm. 2002 wlis 14 oqtombers ruseTis<br />

mxare xelaxla Seeca<strong>da</strong> afxazur mxaresTan “megobarTa jgufisa” <strong>da</strong> gaeros<br />

generaluri mdivnis specialuri warmomadgenlis moskovSi Sexvedra<br />

moewyo kompetenciebis gamijvnis Sesaxeb sadiskusio dokumentis<br />

fuZemdeblur principebze azrTa gacvlis mizniT. gaeros Sexvedra isev<br />

afxazuri mxaris uaris Tqmis gamo gauqm<strong>da</strong>.<br />

66 Jonathan Cohen, “Overview <strong>of</strong> the South Caucasus,” presentation to the conference<br />

“The South Caucasus—A Challenge for Europe?” Heinrich Boell Foun<strong>da</strong>tion, Berlin,<br />

May 8–9, 2003.<br />

315

oqsana antonenko<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier. amave dros,<br />

Tu is dokumentis win wawevas arcTu ise Zalian cdilob<strong>da</strong>, es<br />

imas niSnavs, rom putinis mTavroba <strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyo<br />

konfliqtis mxolod iseTi mogvarebiT, romelSic sakvanZo rols<br />

Tavad iTamaSeb<strong>da</strong>. SesaZlebelia agreTve isic, rom ruseTi<br />

politikuri <strong>da</strong>regulirebis swrafi winsvliT ar iyo <strong>da</strong>interesebuli,<br />

konfliqtis SesaZlo ganaxlebis SiSisa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT<br />

kavkasiaSi destabilizaciis an samxreT kavkasiaSi gavlenis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargvis gamo. sanam gaeros egidiT politikuri procesi<br />

Seferx<strong>da</strong> bodenis dokumentis ganxilvaze afxazuri mxaris<br />

uaris Tqmis gamo, ruseTma Tavisi urTierToba afxazeTTan<br />

gaaaqtiura. 2002 wlis aprilSi, ruseTis parlamentis mier<br />

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb axali kanonis <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis Semdeg, ruseTis<br />

xelisuflebam krasno<strong>da</strong>ris mxareSi ruseTis moqalaqeobis<br />

msurveli afxazebis gancxadebebis miReba <strong>da</strong>iwyo, rasac<br />

afxazeTis xelisuflebam mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira. 2002 wlis bolos<br />

afxazeTSi mcxovrebma 50 aTasze metma a<strong>da</strong>mianma ruseTis<br />

pasportebi an Zvel sabWoTa pasportebSi ruseTis Stampebi<br />

(SemdgomSi es pasportebi <strong>of</strong>icialuri rusuliT gamocvales)<br />

miiRo. 2002 wlis 25 dekembers ruseTma soWsa <strong>da</strong> soxums Soris<br />

rkinigzis mimosvlis gaxsnis gegmebis Sesaxeb ganacxa<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos<br />

protestis sapasuxod moskovma aRniSna, rom es gza<br />

kerZo seqtoris nawilia <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos masTan kavSiri ara aqvs.<br />

2003 wlis 28 ianvars kievSi, dsT-is samitze, putinma SesTavaza<br />

SevardnaZes afxazeTis gavliT soWsa <strong>da</strong> Tbiliss Soris rkinigzis<br />

mimosvlis aRdgena. SevardnaZe am wina<strong>da</strong>debis ganxilvas mxolod<br />

im pirobiT <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong>, Tu mas <strong>da</strong>ematebo<strong>da</strong> qarTveli Si<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis <strong>da</strong>bruneba afxazeTSi, metadre ki _<br />

galis raionSi. 67 am garemoebaSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebam<br />

diplomatiuri molaparakebebis ganaxleba ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. am axal ormxriv CarCoSi afxazeTi,<br />

rogorc Tanasworuflebiani partniori, ar Caabes. is ruseTis<br />

67 Report <strong>of</strong> the Secretary-General on the Situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, April 9, 2003,<br />

http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/reports/2002/sgrep02.htm.<br />

316

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>yrdnobo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, rodesac misi warmomadgenlebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>swreba uxerxuli xdebo<strong>da</strong>, moskovi maT ar iwvev<strong>da</strong>. es<br />

axali CarCo 2003 wlis 6-7 marts soWSi ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

prezidentebis Sexvedraze iqna formulirebuli. SexvedraSi<br />

monawileobisTvis mowveuli iyo afxazeTis premier-ministri<br />

genadi gagulia. saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ruseTi saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTis samsaxurSi my<strong>of</strong>i mdinare enguris hidroeleqtrosadguris<br />

modernizaciis Catarebaze SeTanxmdnen, aseve _<br />

energetikul proeqtebze (maT Soris enguris hidroeleqtrosadguris<br />

aRdgenaze), ltolvilebisa <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli<br />

pirebis <strong>da</strong>brunebaze, agreTve soWsa <strong>da</strong> Tbiliss Soris sarkinigzo<br />

mimosvlis aRdgenaze. adre miRebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />

realizaciisaTvis Seiqmna sami samuSao jgufi. 68 formalurad<br />

samuSao jgufebi ormxrivi un<strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, rac ruseTis mier<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas xazs usvam<strong>da</strong>.<br />

afxazuri mxare mainc CarTes ormxriv komisiaSi. gaeros warmomadgenlebic<br />

miiwvies zogierT SexvedraSi, rogorc <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara Tanasworuflebiani partniorebi.<br />

soWis samitze qarTuli mxare <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> rTuli <strong>da</strong> politikurad<br />

mouqneli proceduris Secvlas, romelic yovel or<br />

weliwadSi samSvidobo man<strong>da</strong>tis ganaxlebas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

samSvidoboebis man<strong>da</strong>tis uvado gagrZelebis SeTanxmebiT an im<br />

momentamde, sanam konfliqtis erT-erTi mxare ukan ar gaiwvev<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavis Tanxmobas; magram man<strong>da</strong>tis <strong>da</strong>srulebis procedura<br />

gaurkveveli rCeba. mas Semdeg ki, rodesac konfliqtis erTerTi<br />

mxare amas moiTxovs, saboloo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba un<strong>da</strong><br />

moiwonos dsT-is sabWom.<br />

soWis Sexvedra warmatebuli iyo rusuli diplomatiisaTvis.<br />

is afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Soris politikuri dialogis<br />

aRdgenas <strong>da</strong>exmara, ganamtkica moskovis, rogorc mTavari<br />

Suamavlis, roli, Seqmna baza ruseTis ekonomikuri interesebis<br />

realizaciisaTvis rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong><br />

68 Report <strong>of</strong> the Secretary-General on the Situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, April 9, 2003,<br />

http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/reports/2002/sgrep02.htm.<br />

317

oqsana antonenko<br />

afxazeTTan ruseTis urTierTobis axali politika legitimuri<br />

gaxa<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>skvniT preskonferenciaze putinma gaimeora, rom<br />

ruseTis politika “saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />

SenarCunebasa <strong>da</strong> mravalerovani afxazeTis interesebis<br />

kanonieri uflebebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>as” efuZneba. 69 aseve<br />

aRniSna, rom “urTierTxelsayreli saqmiani iniciativebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

proeqtebis realizacia amcirebs konfrontacias, muSaobs<br />

mTlianad regionis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, emsaxureba iq<br />

mcxovrebi a<strong>da</strong>mianebis interesebs”.<br />

ufro rTulia imis mtkiceba, rom soWis Sexvedram qarTul<br />

diplomatias warmateba moutana. prezidenti SevardnaZe<br />

ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis man<strong>da</strong>tis uvado gagrZelebas<br />

usafrTxoebis garantiebis gareSe <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong>, magram ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli<br />

pirebis <strong>da</strong>brunebis <strong>da</strong>sturi ver miiRo.<br />

afxazuri mxarisaTvis wina molaparakebis formatTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />

romelSic is Tanaswor rols TamaSob<strong>da</strong>, soWis procesi<br />

ukan ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabiji iyo. soWis CarCoebma ruseTi miukerZoebel<br />

Suamavlad ki ar aqcia, aramed molaparakebebis im mxared, romelic<br />

rogorc sakuTar, ise afxazuri mxaris interesebsac warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ekonomikur proeqtebSi. amave dros afxazeTma Si<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis <strong>da</strong>brunebis nebismier ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaze<br />

vetos ufleba SeinarCuna.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom gaeros generaluri mdivani <strong>of</strong>icialurad<br />

miesalmebo<strong>da</strong> soWis SeTanxmebebs, bevrma <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelma<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>of</strong>icialurma pirma am SeTanxmebebSi, “megobarTa<br />

jgufis” xelmZRvanelobiT, Jenevis procesis saqmianobis<br />

Seryeva <strong>da</strong>inaxa. 70 namdvilad, soWis ormxrivi samuSao jgufebi,<br />

69 prezidenti vladimer putini, preskonferencia soWSi Sexvedris Semdeg,<br />

2003 wlis 7 marti.<br />

70 Tavis moxsenebaSi uSiSroebis sabWos saxelze afxazeTSi situaciis<br />

Sesaxeb gaeros generaluri mdivnis specialurma warmomadgenelma<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom “megobarTa jgufis” axalma wina<strong>da</strong>debebma, agreTve<br />

ormxrivma SeTanxmebebma prezident putinsa <strong>da</strong> prezident SevardnaZes<br />

Soris samSvidobo procesis reaqtivaciis cdebs axali impulsi misca”.<br />

ix. Report <strong>of</strong> the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, April 9, 2003.<br />

318

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

romlebic JenevaSi soWis Sexvedramde erTi kviriT adre Seiqmna,<br />

dublirebdnen gaeros sam komisias (usafrTxoebis problemebze,<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul pirebsa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur sakiTxebze).<br />

wlebis ganmavlobaSi gaero <strong>da</strong> ruseTi erTmaneTs<br />

metoqeobas uwevdnen molaparakebis procesSi liderobisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong> soWis Sexvedram ganamtkica ruseTis, rogorc meTauris,<br />

roli.<br />

soWis SeTanxmebebis xelmoweris Semdeg <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

diplomatebma <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobam seriozuli c<strong>da</strong><br />

wamoiwyes, ruseTis xelmZRvanelobiTa <strong>da</strong> gaeros egidiT soWis<br />

procesis, Jenevis procesTan <strong>da</strong>sakavSireblad. afxazuri mxare<br />

Seeca<strong>da</strong> soWis Sexvedris gamoyenebas sakoordinacio sabWos<br />

farglebSi <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>ze SeCerebuli dialogis ganaxlebis<br />

lobirebisaTvis. 71 formalur doneze ruseTi uxalisod akav-<br />

Sireb<strong>da</strong> soWis process Jenevis procesTan <strong>da</strong> aseve uxalisod<br />

ekidebo<strong>da</strong> axali formatiT “megobarTa jgufis” soWis an<br />

momaval SexvedrebSi CarTvas. ruseTi <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> gaeros<br />

CarTvaze <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis <strong>da</strong>brunebaze samuSao<br />

jgufebSi monawileobis misaRebad saqarTveloSi gaeros<br />

samxedro <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa misiisa <strong>da</strong> gaeros ltolvilTa<br />

umaRlesi komisariatis sammarTvelos warmomadgenlebi miiwvia.<br />

maSin, rodesac ruseTma ikisra wamyvani roli ekonomikuri<br />

iniciativebis realizaciasa <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis<br />

problemis ga<strong>da</strong>WraSi, gaerosa <strong>da</strong> “megobarTa jgufs” un<strong>da</strong><br />

moegvarebina usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri procesis ganaxlebis<br />

sakiTxebi, ganesazRvra maT Soris yvelaze rTuli –<br />

afxazeTis politikuri statusi. afxazuri mxare uwindeburad<br />

71 afxazeTis de faqto premier-ministrma raul xajimbam SeniSna, rom<br />

soWis Sexvedram “<strong>da</strong>debiTi gavlena moaxdina qarTul-afxazuri<br />

konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis saerTo atmosferoze <strong>da</strong> xeli Seuwyo<br />

Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> soxums Soris <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis Senelebas. am pirobebSi gaCn<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTul-afxazuri sakoordinacio sabWos Sexvedris ganaxlebis<br />

SesaZlebloba”. ix. http//www.mid.ru , sa<strong>da</strong>c SesaZlebelia informaciis<br />

mopoveba qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi konsultaciebis Sesaxeb, 2003<br />

wlis 7 maisi.<br />

319

oqsana antonenko<br />

uars ambob<strong>da</strong> molaparakebis procesis safuZvlad bodenis<br />

dokumentis miRebaze, magram soWis Sexvedras qarTulafxazuri<br />

dialogis nawilobrivi ganaxleba mainc mohyva. 2003<br />

wlis marti<strong>da</strong>n 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formatiT<br />

ramdenime Sexvedra Sedga. 72 saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

warmomadgenlebis ori Sexvedra galSi, gaeros specialuri<br />

warmomadgenlis haidi taliavinis TavmjdomareobiT, Catar<strong>da</strong>.<br />

pirveli 2003 wlis oqtomberSi Sedga, uSualod “vardebis<br />

revoluciis” win, meore ki – 2004 wlis ianvarSi. afxazeTis<br />

sagareo saqmeTa ministr sergei Sambas sityvebiT, oqtombris<br />

Sexvedris Semdeg situacia galis raionSi gaumjobes<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 2004<br />

wlis ianvarSi, saakaSvilis prezidentad arCevis Semdeg,<br />

gauares<strong>da</strong>. 73 gaeros generaluri mdivnis moxsenebebi ki am<br />

Sefasebas ar a<strong>da</strong>sturebs. maTSi miTiTebulia, rom usafrTxoebis<br />

problemebs adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> oqtomberSi, noembersa <strong>da</strong><br />

dekemberSi. mdgomareoba mxolod zafxulSi gaumjobes<strong>da</strong>. 74<br />

saqarTvelos mTavrobam amas imiT Seuwyo xeli, rom 2004 wlis<br />

TebervalSi zugdidSi msxvili antikriminaluri operacia<br />

Caatara <strong>da</strong> enguris meore mxaresa <strong>da</strong> kodorSi moqmed ukanono<br />

partizanul <strong>da</strong>jgufebebs mxari ar <strong>da</strong>uWira.<br />

sul male ruseTis didi molodini Seicvala imedgacruebiT,<br />

romelic rusma eqspertebma ganmartes, rogorc “saqarTvelos<br />

cdebi ga<strong>da</strong>xedos an Tun<strong>da</strong>c ziani miayenos soWis SeTanxmebebis<br />

72 15 ivliss, gaTiSulobis xangrZlivi periodis Semdeg, gaeros<br />

generaluri mdivnis specialuri warmomadgenlis TavmjdomareobiT,<br />

soxumSi erToblivi qarTul-afxazuri Sexvedra Sedga. masze ganixiles<br />

usafrTxoebis garantiebi, romlebic konfliqtis ganuaxleblobas<br />

uzrunvely<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong>. usafrTxoebis garantiebi mniSvnelovani iyo<br />

ekonomikuri proeqtebis realizaciisa <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>brunebisaTvis. 2003 wlis 21-22 ivliss JenevaSi specialuri Sexvedra<br />

Sedga qarTuli <strong>da</strong> afxazuri mxareebis, “megobarTa jgufisa” <strong>da</strong> gaeros<br />

generaluri mdivnis specialuri warmomadgenlis monawileobiT.<br />

73 «Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûå èòîãè ãðóçèíî-àáõàçñêîé âñòðå÷è ïî âîïðîñàì áåçîïàñíîñòè», http:/<br />

/www.kavkaz.memo.ru/news/id/625957.html.<br />

74 Report <strong>of</strong> the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, July 14, 2004,<br />

http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/sgrep04.html.<br />

320

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

realizacias”. 75 Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelom brali wauyena ruseTs<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis sakiTxSi progresis uqonlobis<br />

gamo, amtkiceb<strong>da</strong> ra, rom ruseTis warmomadgenlebma ver<br />

<strong>da</strong>arwmunes afxazeTis xelisufleba ltolvilebis <strong>da</strong>brunebis<br />

qarTuli mxaris moTxovnis miRebis Sesaxeb. afxazebi <strong>da</strong>JinebiT<br />

moiTxovdnen mxareebisgan galSi <strong>da</strong>brunebulebis <strong>da</strong>registrirebas.<br />

miT umetes, rom saqarTvelom afxazeTTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli rkinigzis proeqtis irgvliv axali eWvebi<br />

gamoTqva. Tavis mxriv, afxazebi a<strong>da</strong>naSaulebdnen Tbiliss<br />

enguris hidroeleqtrosadguris aRdgenis <strong>da</strong>yovnebis gamo.<br />

prezidenti SevardnaZe amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom soWSi isini<br />

prezident putinTan erTad ganixilavdnen galis raionSi<br />

erToblivi qarTul-afxazuri administraciis Seqmnis sakiTxs,<br />

magram, rusuli wyaroebis mixedviT, konkretuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />

ar miuRiaT. Sexvedris Semdegac saqarTvelos<br />

xelisufleba mtkiced moiTxov<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis<br />

qveS “droebiTi gar<strong>da</strong>mavali xelisuflebebis” <strong>da</strong>fuZnebas jer<br />

_ galis, Semdgom afxazeTis sxva raionebSi <strong>da</strong> ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />

rogorc galSi, ise afxazeTis sxva raionebSi Si<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis <strong>da</strong>brunebamde Tbilisi-soxumi- soWis<br />

marSrutiT sarkinigzo mimosvlis gaxsnis ganxilvas. kamaTis<br />

dros naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom soWSi miRebuli valdebulebebis arsis<br />

Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi, rogorc gaeros generaluri mdivnis<br />

specialuri warmomadgeneli imedovneb<strong>da</strong>, politikur dialogs<br />

biZgs ar miscem<strong>da</strong>, magram xelsayrel instrumentad ga<strong>da</strong>iqceo<strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTs Soris samomavlo ekonomikuri<br />

kavSirebis gasamarTleblad, romlebic, savaraudod, saqarTvelos<br />

TanxmobiT ganxorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saqarTveloSi prezidenti SevardnaZe soWis SeTanxmebebis<br />

xelmoweris gamo gaakritikes. “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg<br />

axali qarTuli xelisufleba Sors <strong>da</strong>dga am procesisagan <strong>da</strong><br />

75 Ñì. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Chepurin, “How to Strengthen Stability <strong>and</strong> Security in the Caucasus,”<br />

Journal <strong>of</strong> Social <strong>and</strong> Political Studies, http://www.ca-c.org/online/2004/journal_eng/<br />

cac-02/07.cheeng.shtml.<br />

321

oqsana antonenko<br />

mianiSna, rom ar apirebs maTSi Cadebul ormxriv stan<strong>da</strong>rtze<br />

<strong>da</strong>Tanxmebas. magram 2004 wels soWis samitis CarCoebSi muSaobas<br />

mainc agrZeleb<strong>da</strong> ramdenime samuSao jgufi, upirveles<br />

yovlisa, samuSao jgufi ltolvilebisa <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli<br />

pirebis Sesaxeb gaeros generaluri mdivnis specialuri<br />

warmomadgenlis, gaeros ltolvilTa saqmeebis umaRlesi<br />

komisariatisa <strong>da</strong> dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebis mTavari sardlis<br />

monawileobiT. ekonomikis sferoSi ruseTma calmxrivad <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

bevri proeqtis ganxorcieleba, romelTa legitimizacias is<br />

soWis procesis meSveobiT Seeca<strong>da</strong>, maT Soris soWsa <strong>da</strong> soxums<br />

Soris sarkinigzo mimosvlis gaxsniTa <strong>da</strong> sasazRvro vaWrobis<br />

gafarToebiT.<br />

322<br />

ekonomikuri interesebi:<br />

vaWroba <strong>da</strong> izolacia<br />

ruseTis sazRvrispira wvrili vaWroba, romelic mdinare<br />

fsouze gamSvebi punqtis meSveobiT xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>, soxumis<br />

bazrebs saqonliT amarageb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> afxaz “moZrav vaWrebs”<br />

SemosavliT uzrunvely<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong>. es afxazeTSi mcxovrebi aTasobiT<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo. dov<br />

linCis mixedviT, afxazeTis de faqto respublika Sav zRvaze<br />

<strong>da</strong> ruseTis sazRvarTan momgebiani ekonomikuri adgilmdebareobis<br />

wyalobiT arsebobs. 76<br />

TiTqmis mTeli 90-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTi<br />

ruseTisaTvis gansakuTrebul ekonomikur interess ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1996 wels dsT-is qveynebis meTaurebis mier<br />

afxazeTis mimarT SemoRebuli sanqciebi arc ise Seexo ruseTis<br />

ekonomikur interesebs. 90-ian wlebSi ekonomikuri urTierTobebi<br />

SeinarCunes mxolod kerZo pirebma, maT Soris _<br />

moqmedma an ga<strong>da</strong>mdgarma <strong>of</strong>icrebma <strong>da</strong> ruseTis mezobeli<br />

regionebis im regionulma Cinovnikebma, romlebmac afxazeTSi<br />

76 Lynch, p. 17.

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

qoneba SeiZines. aRniSnuli pirebi<strong>da</strong>n zogierTebi, upirveles<br />

yovlisa, citrusebiTa <strong>da</strong> s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobis sxva produqciiT<br />

wvril sasazRvro vaWrobas eweodnen. ruseTis zogierTma<br />

sawarmom <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebam, romlebsac omamde<br />

“sauwyebo” kurortebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T afxazeTSi (Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministro,<br />

atomuri energiis saministro), omis Semdeg afxazuri<br />

xelisuflebisagan isini ijariT aiRes, raTa TavianTi mosamsaxureebisaTvis<br />

iafi sagzurebi miecaT. rogorc zemoT iyo<br />

aRniSnuli, ruseTis ramdenime samxreT regionma turizmisa<br />

(isini agreTve ijariT iRebdnen kurortebs) <strong>da</strong> vaWrobis<br />

(Tambaqo, Rvino, citrusebi, Txili <strong>da</strong> a. S.) sferoebSi afxazeTTan<br />

ekonomikur TanamSromlobaze xelSekrulebebi <strong>da</strong>do.<br />

isini afxazeTSi xetyis <strong>da</strong>mzadebisa <strong>da</strong> mSeneblobis mcire<br />

proeqtebsac axorcielebdnen. magaliTad, rostovis olqma<br />

<strong>da</strong>do xelSekruleba afxazeTis gemTSemkeTebeli sawarmoebis<br />

gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. <strong>da</strong>bolos, (rusuli, afxazuri <strong>da</strong> qarTuli),<br />

kriminaluri <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi afxazeTis gavliT farTomasStabian<br />

kontraban<strong>da</strong>s eweodnen. zogierTi kvlevis mixedviT, afxazeTi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>iqca ukanono vaWrobis, iaraRisa <strong>da</strong> narkotikebis ga<strong>da</strong>tanis<br />

mniSvnelovan marSrutad, Tumca kontrab<strong>and</strong>is namdvili<br />

moculoba ucnobia. albaT is ar aRematebo<strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis,<br />

azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Restnis gavliT ukanono tvirTebis<br />

nakadebs. 77<br />

afxazeTi Seeca<strong>da</strong>, ekonomikuri sargeblobis perspeqtiva<br />

gamoeyenebina iseTi rusi politikosebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris mosapoveblad,<br />

rogorebic arian moskovis meri luJkovi, samxreT<br />

olqebis rigi gubernatorebi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo dumis patriotuli<br />

Zalebi, Tumca es moRvaweebi ise<strong>da</strong>c iCendnen aseT midrekilebas.<br />

magram, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, maTi gavlena<br />

afxazeTis mimarT mkveTrad Semcir<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg, rac prezidentma<br />

putinma arsebiTad SezRu<strong>da</strong> oligarqebis, guber-<br />

77 Alex<strong>and</strong>er Kukhianidze, Organized Crime <strong>and</strong> Smuggling through Abkhazia <strong>and</strong> its<br />

Impact on Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict Resolution (Tbilisi: Transnational Crime <strong>and</strong><br />

Corruption Center, <strong>American</strong> University, Georgia Office, 2003).<br />

323

oqsana antonenko<br />

natorebisa <strong>da</strong> parlamentis Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> maTi gavlena<br />

ruseTis politikaze. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, ruseTis ekonomikuri<br />

lobi agrZeleb<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani rolis TamaSs 2004 wels,<br />

afxazeTis saprezidento arCevnebis dros.<br />

saqarTvelos mTavroba cdilob<strong>da</strong>, gamoeyenebina ekonomikuri<br />

interesebi, rogorc afxazeTis mimarT moskovis<br />

politikaze gavlenis saSualeba, magram amas SesamCnevi<br />

warmatebebi ar mohyolia. “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg<br />

saakaSvilis mTavrobam ruseTs <strong>of</strong>icialurad SesTavaza<br />

afxazeTis gavliT navTobsadenis gayvanis sakiTxis ganxilva<br />

(berezovski am wina<strong>da</strong>debas ayeneb<strong>da</strong> adre, misi uSiSroebis<br />

sabWos mdivnad y<strong>of</strong>nis dros). Tavis mxriv, afxazebi CaeWidnen<br />

ruseTis <strong>da</strong>interesebas sarkinigzo mimosvlis aRdgenaze,<br />

gzebis mSeneblobis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebas rusi muSaxelis mizidvis<br />

pirobiT. saakaSvili negatiuri zewolis moxdenasac Seeca<strong>da</strong>,<br />

<strong>da</strong>emuqra ra im qonebis konfiskaciiT, romelic afxazeTSi<br />

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe ruseTis moqalaqeebma<br />

SeiZines. swored ase moiqca aWaraSi aslan abaSiZis<br />

reJimis <strong>da</strong>cemis Semdeg saqarTvelos mTavroba ruseTis<br />

sakuTrebis mimarT. magram saqarTvelos mxri<strong>da</strong>n arc ekonomikurma<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebam <strong>da</strong> arc zewolam ruseTis poziciaze<br />

SesamCnevi gavlena ver moaxdina.<br />

bolo wlebSi ruseTi araerTxel acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom ekonomikuri<br />

sanqciebi afxazeTis mimarT kontrproduqtiulia <strong>da</strong> afxazebSi<br />

mxolod sakuTari Tavis, rogorc alyaSemortymuli cixe-simagris<br />

patimrebad aRqmas aRviZebs, sakuTar Zalebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobis<br />

swrafvas <strong>da</strong> “maTTvis Tavsmoxveul” molaparakebebze winaaRmdegobis<br />

gawevis survils aZlierebs. 78 sanqciebma ver aiZula<br />

afxazeTis xelisufleba, Seerbilebina <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis moTxovna<br />

<strong>da</strong> regionSi stabiluroba <strong>da</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> ver gaaZliera.<br />

piriqiT, aman afxazeTis ekonomikuri gaRatakeba, izolacia <strong>da</strong><br />

kriminaluri viTareba gaamZafra.<br />

78 aseTi azris mimdevaria zogierTi gare <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelic. ix. Cohen,<br />

“Overview <strong>of</strong> the South Caucasus.”<br />

324

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

SevardnaZis dros saqarTvelo uars ambob<strong>da</strong> afxazeTze<br />

<strong>da</strong>debuli sanqciebis moxsnis ganxilvaze, maT Soris sarkinigzo<br />

mimosvlis gaxsnaze, Tu ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong> miRweuli progresi iseT<br />

politikur sakiTxze, rogoricaa Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>bruneba. SevardnaZem 2003 wlis ivlisSi putinisadmi<br />

gagzavnil Ria werilSi gaakritika moskovi 1996 wlis dsT-is<br />

movaleobebis ignorirebis gamo. isini “nebismier calmxriv<br />

politikur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur kontaqtebs afxazeTis de faqto<br />

xelisuflebasTan qarTuli mxaris Tanxmobis gareSe krZalav<strong>da</strong>”.<br />

79 “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg moskovs meti imedi<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>, rom Tbilisi sanqciebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT poziciebs<br />

Secvli<strong>da</strong>. 2004 wlis ianvarSi “rossiiskaia gazeta”-sTvis<br />

micemul interviuSi qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi ruseTis<br />

prezidentis specialurma warmomadgenelma valeri loSCininma<br />

aRniSna, rom ekonomikuri sanqciebis moxsna “Seqmni<strong>da</strong> konfliqtis<br />

<strong>da</strong>regulirebis xelsayrel pirobebs”. man xazi gausva<br />

saakaSvilis gancxadebas imis Sesaxeb, rom Tbilisi ar miiswrafvis<br />

afxazeTis izolaciisaken 80 <strong>da</strong> movlenaTa msgavsi ganvi-<br />

Tareba imeds iZleva, rom saqarTvelos axali mTavroba mza<strong>da</strong>a<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>xedos sakiTxs sanqciebis Sesaxeb. loSCininis Tanaxmad,<br />

afxazeTTan saxelmwifo, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> sxva kavSirebis<br />

akrZalvis moxsnis sakiTxze urTierTgagebas soWSi 2003 wlis<br />

martSi miaRwies, magram, misi azriT, SemdgomSi saqarTvelos<br />

mTavrobam ukan <strong>da</strong>ixia. 81<br />

u<strong>da</strong>voa, rom afxazeTis winaaRmdeg 1996 wlis sanqciebi<br />

mxolod qaRaldze arsebobs. 1990-iani wlebis bolos ruseTis<br />

mTavroba ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis, turizmisa <strong>da</strong> vaWrobis sferoSi<br />

SezRudvebis Sesustebas loialurad uyureb<strong>da</strong>. 2000-2003<br />

79 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2003/07/mil-030721-rfel-<br />

121604.htm.<br />

80 “Russia Wants to Lift Sanctions on Abkhazia,” http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.<br />

php?id=6138.<br />

81 interviu “rossiiskaia gazeta”-<strong>da</strong>n, 2005 wlis 29 ianvari, http://www.rg.ru/<br />

2004/01/29/loshinin.html. raime SeTanxmeba TbilisSi axal mTavrobasTan<br />

miRweuli ar y<strong>of</strong>ila.<br />

325

oqsana antonenko<br />

wlebSi ruseTis mTavari wvlili afxazeTis ekonomikaSi iyo ara<br />

vaWroba, aramed im rusi turistebis raodenoba, romlebic<br />

afxazeTis kurortebze ruseTis xelisuflebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

SezRudvis gareSe Cadiodnen. 2003 wlis zafxulSi maTma<br />

ricxvma 300 aTass miaRwia. 82 prezidenti saakaSvili mkveTrad<br />

aprotesteb<strong>da</strong> ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTs Soris aseTi ekonomikuri<br />

kavSirebis ganmtkicebas. 2004 wlis agvistoSi man rusi turistebi<br />

gaafrTxila, rom afxazeTSi gamgzavrebisagan Tavi<br />

SeekavebinaT <strong>da</strong> ruseTis gemebs, romlebsac soWi<strong>da</strong>n soxumSi<br />

turistebi ga<strong>da</strong>hyav<strong>da</strong>, cecxlis gaxsniT <strong>da</strong>emuqra. 83 am muqaram<br />

qarTul-afxazur urTierTobebSi sakmaod mwvave krizisis<br />

provocireba gamoiwvia, ramac didi gavlena moaxdina ruseTis<br />

sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> misi politikuri elitis mier prezident<br />

saakaSvilis aRqmaze. radgan ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom<br />

Tavisi moqalaqeebis (marTalia, ar wamoscdeniaT, rom<br />

afxazeTis mosaxleobis umravlesoba aseve ruseTis moqalaqea)<br />

<strong>da</strong>cva ikisra, rusi turistebis nakadi ar wydebo<strong>da</strong> mTeli<br />

zafxulis ganmavlobaSi.<br />

zafxulis am incidentebis Semdeg prezidentma saakaSvilma<br />

mtkice pozicia <strong>da</strong>ikava sanqciebis moxsnis sakiTxze. 2004 wlis<br />

seqtemberSi dsT-is samitze, astanaSi, man isev <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura<br />

afxazeTis mimarT dsT-is ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis Sesrulebis<br />

aucilebloba, maT Soris 1996 wels miRebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />

– separatistul respublikasTan raime ekonomikuri an politikuri<br />

urTierTobebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraze uaris Tqma. astanaSi,<br />

pres-konferenciaze, prezidentma saakaSvilma prezident<br />

putinisagan moiTxova imis garantiebi, rom ruseTi am ga<strong>da</strong>-<br />

82 2003 wels afxazeTs 300 aTasi turisti ewvia <strong>da</strong>, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />

es ricxvi omamdel 3 milionze bevrad ufro <strong>da</strong>balia, fulis umetesi<br />

wili brundeba ruseTSi (TiTqmis yvela sastumro aris rusebis<br />

sakuTrebaSi), es mainc qmnis sezonur samuSao adgilebs. ix. vropuli<br />

komisiis moxseneba “Humanitarian Aid for the Most Vulnerable People <strong>of</strong> Georgia,”<br />

http://europa.eu.int/comm/echo/pdf_files/ decisions/2004/dec_georgia_01000_en.pdf.<br />

83 “Georgian President Promises to Sink Russian Ships,” The Russia Journal, August 4,<br />

2004, http://www.russiajournal.com/news/cnews-article.shtml?nd=44913.<br />

326

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

wyvetilebebs <strong>da</strong>icavs, mniSvnelovanwilad imitomac, rom<br />

sarkinigzo mimosvla soWsa <strong>da</strong> soxums Soris dsT-is samitamde<br />

zustad erTi kviriT adre gaixsna. 84<br />

savaWro sanqciebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, 2004 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />

afxazeTis sagareo vaWrobis brunvaSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

importis wilma 75 procenti Seadgina. 85 magram ruseTi ar aris<br />

afxazeTis erTaderTi savaWro partniori. TurqeTis gemebi<br />

regularulad Sedian afxazeTis portebSi. dRes TurqeTi<br />

afxazuri xetyis importiorTa Soris pirvel adgilze dgas,<br />

Tumca ruseTi afxazeTis s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobis produqciis<br />

mTavar bazrad rCeba. zogierTi SefasebebiT, afxazeTs yvelaze<br />

did Semosavals eqsporti<strong>da</strong>n xetyiTa <strong>da</strong> jarTiT vaWroba<br />

aZlevs. mxolod xetye biujetis 80 procents Seadgens. 86 90-iani<br />

wlebis bolos ruseTma vaWrobaSi dominirebuli poziciebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargva <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />

prezident putinis dros afxazeTis ekonomikuri mniSvneloba<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d imitom gaizar<strong>da</strong>, rom dsT-is mTel regionSi<br />

ekonomikuri interesebi aRmoC<strong>da</strong> ruseTis strategiis centrSi.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT afxazeTSi ruseTis ekonomikuri interesebi<br />

ase gamoiyureba: pirveli, afxazeTis gavliT ruseTis saqonlis<br />

sarkinigzo tranzitis aRdgenis imedi somxeTSi, iranSi,<br />

TurqeTsa <strong>da</strong> TviT saqarTveloSi; meore, afxazeTis gavliT<br />

saeqsporto navTobsadenis mSeneblobis SesaZleblobebis<br />

Seswavla baqo-jeihani-Tbilisis navTobsadenTan SeerTebis<br />

mizniT, bosforis srutis gverdis avliT; mesame, enguris<br />

hidroeleqtrosadguris aRdgena <strong>da</strong> iq warmoebuli Warbi<br />

eleqtroenergiis eqsporti ruseTSi, romlis samxreTi regionebi<br />

amJamad mxolod nawilobriv maragdeba am eleqtroenergiiT;<br />

meoTxe, soxumis portis gamoyeneba Savi zRviT<br />

84 Giorgi Sepashvili, “CIS Summit Reveals Rift in Russo–Georgian Relations,” http://<br />

www.civil.ge/eng/print.php?id=7852.<br />

85 “Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òàìîæåííûé êîìèòåò Ðåñïóáëèêè Àáõàçèÿ ïîäâåë èòîãè ñâîåé<br />

ðàáîòû çà ïåðâîå ïîëóãîäèå”, 15 èþëÿ 2004 ãîäà, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/<br />

news/id/684112.html.<br />

86 Kukhianidze, p. 5.<br />

327

oqsana antonenko<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>zidvebisaTvis (sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg Sav zRvaze<br />

ruseTs <strong>da</strong>rCa mxolod erTi msxvili porti – novorosiiski);<br />

<strong>da</strong>bolos, rusuli kapital<strong>da</strong>b<strong>and</strong>ebebisaTvis Savi zRvis<br />

sakurorto zonis gafarToeba. rac Seexeba am bolo punqts,<br />

afxazeTis xelisuflebas iq jer ar Cautarebia farTomasStabiani<br />

privatizacia <strong>da</strong>, amdenad, ucxoelebi legalurad<br />

ver SeiZenen sakuTrebas. afxazeTSi ruseTis warmoebebis<br />

umetesobas kurortebi ijariT aqvT aRebuli, magram es<br />

saSualebas ar aZlevT infrastruqturaSi msxvili kapital<strong>da</strong>b<strong>and</strong>ebebi<br />

moizidon.<br />

afxazeTis <strong>da</strong>uregulirebeli politikuri statusi <strong>da</strong><br />

gaurkvevloba qonebriv uflebebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ruseTis<br />

ekonomikuri interesebis realizaciisTvis ZiriTad <strong>da</strong>brkolebas<br />

warmoadgens. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom moskovs Teoriulad<br />

proeqtebis arcTu ise mcire ricxvis ganviTarebaze afxazeTis<br />

an saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebebis miRweva<br />

SeuZlia, maTi umravlesobis ganxorcieleba saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTis monawileobis gareSe SeuZlebelia.<br />

grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi mainc saWiroa afxazeTis gavliT<br />

sarkinigzo mimosvlis gaxsnis Sesaxeb sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta.<br />

rkinigza ukiduresad mniSvnelovania ruseTis eqsportis<br />

Rirebulebis Semcirebisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTSi, romelic dRemde<br />

azerbaijanul-Turquli blokadis gamo izolirebulia, misi<br />

ekonomikuri interesebis SenarCunebisaTvis. rkinigzas agre-<br />

Tve SeuZlia somxeTSi ganlagebuli ruseTis jaris momaragebis<br />

Rirebulebis Semcireba. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, rusuli kompaniebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebulebi arian saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis rkinigzis<br />

privatizaciiT. 87 afxazebis mier gzis aRdgenis saqmeSi rusuli<br />

sarkinigzo samxedro nawilebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gamoyenebis<br />

SesaZleblobis ganxilvam qarTul mxares, romelsac konfliqtis<br />

zonaSi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi rusuli jarebis y<strong>of</strong>na ar surs,<br />

87 interviu vladimir iakuninTan, Sps “rossiiskie Jeleznie dorogi”-s<br />

vice-prezidentTan. ix.: ÎÀÎ “ÐÆÄ” õî÷åò ïðèâàòèçèðîâàòü æåëåçíûå äîðîãè<br />

Ãðóçèè, 16 èþíÿ 2004 ãîäà, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/675512.html.<br />

328

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

sazrunavi gauCina. 88 somxeTis mTavrobam proeqtis <strong>da</strong>safinanseblad<br />

mzady<strong>of</strong>na gamoxata <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebisaTvis mis<br />

upiratesobaze miuTiTa. somxeTis transportis ministrma<br />

<strong>and</strong>ranik manukianma aRniSna, rom ruseTSi qarTuli tvirTebis<br />

amJamindeli sarkinigzo marSruti azerbaijanis teritoriaze<br />

gadis, rac afxazeTis marSrutTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT 700 kilometriT<br />

metia. dumis deputat aleqs<strong>and</strong>re gustovis SefasebiT, gzis am<br />

monakveTis blokirebis gamo saqarTvelo yovelwliurad<br />

TiTqmis 300 milion amerikul dolars kargavs. 89<br />

msgavsma ekonomikurma argumentebma Tbilisi proeqtis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>WeraSi ver <strong>da</strong>arwmuna. qarTveli Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli<br />

pirebis <strong>da</strong>brunebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul ruseTTan molaparakebis<br />

dros saqarTvelo rkinigzis am monakveTs, rogorc mniSvnelovan<br />

kozirs, ise ganixilavs. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, 2004 wlis TebervalSi,<br />

saakaSvilis moskovSi vizitis dros, Seiqmna STabeWdileba, rom<br />

saqarTvelos mTavroba SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>Tanxmebo<strong>da</strong> sarkinigzo<br />

mimosvlis aRdgenas, ganixilav<strong>da</strong> ra amas rogorc nabijs<br />

ndobisaken <strong>da</strong> ara rogorc <strong>da</strong>regulirebis winapirobas. magram<br />

ramdenime kviris Semdeg saqarTvelos prezidenti <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavis sawyis pozicias. mogvianebiT qarTuli mxare kidevac<br />

Seeca<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ekavSirebina sarkinigzo proeqtis perspeqtiva<br />

afxazeTis statusis gansazRvris saerTo progresTan.<br />

2004 wlis Sua periodSi ruseTis enTuziazmi sarkinigzo<br />

proeqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT mniSvnelovanwilad Senel<strong>da</strong>. 90 msgavs<br />

mdgomareobaSi iyo afxazuri mxarec, 2004 wlis zafxulSi<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTs Soris axali samxedro konf-<br />

88 Àáõàçèÿ ïðåäëîæèëà ðîññèéñêèì âîéñêàì âîññòàíîâèòü æåëåçíóþ äîðîãó. –<br />

Èíòåðôàêñ, 22 äåêàáðÿ 2003 ãîäà.<br />

89 “Ãðóçèÿ íå ñ÷èòàåò öåëåñîîáðàçíûì ïåðåäà÷ó àáõàçñêîãî ó÷àñòêà Çàêàâêàçñêîé æåëåçíîé<br />

äîðîãè â êîíöåññèþ Àðìåíèè”, 29 ìàÿ 2004, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/<br />

id/669692.html.<br />

90 cnobili rusi eqsperti sergei karaganovi wers: “saqarTvelom<br />

faqtobrivad uaryo afxazeTis, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis gavliT<br />

sarkinigzo mimosvlis aRdgenis idea, romliTac misi erTiani ekonomikuri<br />

sivrcis aRdgena <strong>da</strong>iwyebo<strong>da</strong>”. ix. Ñåðãåé Êàðàãàíîâ. Ïðîùàíèå ñ Ãðóçèåé? –<br />

Ðîññèéñêàÿ ãàçåòà, 20 àâãóñòà 2004 ãîäà.<br />

329

oqsana antonenko<br />

rontaciiT warmoSobili <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis eskalaciis gamo. 2004<br />

wlis 10 seqtembers ruseTma <strong>da</strong> afxazeTma sarkinigzo mimosvla<br />

soWsa <strong>da</strong> soxums Soris mainc ganaaxles. gzis es monakveTi<br />

ekonomikuri kavSirebisa <strong>da</strong> turizmis ganviTarebaSi sakvanZo<br />

rols TamaSobs <strong>da</strong>, saboloo jamSi, ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

integraciis gaZlierebis instruments warmoadgens. prezidentma<br />

saakaSvilma <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis zogierTma<br />

wevrma es nabiji gaakritikes <strong>da</strong>, rogorc ruseTis mier<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobaze valdebulebebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>rRveva, ise Seafases. magram humanitaruli TvalsazrisiT,<br />

rkinigza sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa aTwleulze metxans<br />

izolaciaSi my<strong>of</strong>i afxazeTis mosaxleobisaTvis. saqarTvelos<br />

mier amierkavkasiis rkinigzis gafarToebul variantze seriozul<br />

molaparakebebze uaris Tqma afxazeTis mimarT misi<br />

humanitaruli ganzraxvis demonstrirebis SesaZleblobis<br />

xeli<strong>da</strong>n gaSvebas niSnav<strong>da</strong>. mokled, saqarTvelom ver gamoiyena<br />

sarkinigzo proeqti konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris instrumentad.<br />

afxazeTTan ruseTis ekonomikuri kavSirebi soxumisTvis<br />

rogorc waxalisebis, ise zewolis saSualebac iyo. zewolis<br />

demonstrireba gansakuTrebiT aSkara gax<strong>da</strong> 2004 wlis bolos,<br />

afxazeTSi rTuli saprezidento arCevnebis dros. pirvel<br />

arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli sergei baRafSisaTvis misi uflebamosilebebis<br />

SemzRu<strong>da</strong>vi ruseTis mier SemoTavazebuli<br />

kompromisebis miRebaze iZulebis mizniT, moskovma afxazi<br />

vaWrebisaTvis sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>ketviTa <strong>da</strong> satransporto<br />

komunikaciebis SewyvetiT ekonomikuri zewolis moxdena<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo. iuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, 2005 wlis ianvarSi, meore arCevnebis<br />

Semdeg, baRafSma moskovSi CasvliT ruseTTan ekonomikis<br />

sferoSi kidev ufro mWidro TanamSromlobis ganzraxva<br />

<strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura. man mouwo<strong>da</strong> rusuli investiciebis gazrdisaken,<br />

turizmis ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> afxazur-rusuli ekonomikuri<br />

kanonmdeblobis ufro mWidro koordinaciisaken. misi iniciativebi<br />

aCvenebs, rom ruseTi, ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />

axlo momavalSi afxazeTis mTavar ekonomikur<br />

partniorad <strong>da</strong>rCeba.<br />

330

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

<strong>da</strong> mainc, ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTs Soris ekonomikuri kavSirebi<br />

SezRuduli iqneba.politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri garantiebis<br />

uqonloba ruseTis investorebisaTvis imas niSnavs, rom saeWvoa<br />

afxazeTma iseTi rusuli investiciebis mozidva SeZlos, rogoric<br />

saqarTvelom, romelmac 2004 wlis bolosaTvis saprivatizacio<br />

tenderebi gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c saqarTveloSi msxvili rusuli<br />

biznesi farTovdeba, ekonomikuri interesebis balansi rusul<br />

elitaSi SesaZloa Seicvalos. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri mdgomareoba<br />

Tu gaumjobesdeba, ruseTis bizneswreebis garkveul<br />

nawils afxazeTis ekonomikisadmi interesi SesaZloa Seumcirdes.<br />

magram im ekonomikur jgufebs, romlebic afxazeTTan msxvili<br />

kapital<strong>da</strong>b<strong>and</strong>ebebiT ukve <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli arian (regionul elita<br />

<strong>da</strong> wvrili movaWreebi, saqonlis gansazRvrul saxeobaze specializebulebi),<br />

uwindeburad kremlis politikaze zegavlenis<br />

moxdenis SesaZlebloba aqvT, rac arCevnebSi ruseTis maRal<br />

doneze Carevam <strong>da</strong>amtkica.<br />

Sejamebisas SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad rusuli<br />

ekonomikuri interesebis potenciuri mniSvnelobisa afxazeTSi,<br />

saeWvoa maTi realizeba, Tu saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTs<br />

Soris arsebuli konfliqti ar <strong>da</strong>regulir<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis interesebi<br />

soWis raionsa <strong>da</strong> alag-alag CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi<br />

SezRuduli <strong>da</strong> umaRles doneze personificirebuli rCeba.<br />

rogorc aseTi, dResdReobiT moskovis qarTul-afxazur<br />

konfliqtTan midgomis formirebaSi isini ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols ar<br />

TamaSoben. Tumca momavalSi SesaZloa, afxazeTma, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

misi statusisa, mniSvnelovani adgili <strong>da</strong>ikavos ruseTis ufro<br />

farTo ekonomikur angariSebSi. afxazebisaTvis ruseTi<br />

sakvanZo ekonomikur partniorad <strong>da</strong> misi ekonomikuri ga<strong>da</strong>r-<br />

Cenis garantad rCeba.<br />

afxazeTi ruseTis saSinao politikaSi<br />

ekonomikuri politikisgan gansxvavebiT, ruseTis politikis<br />

formirebaSi afxazeTTan <strong>da</strong> mTlianad qarTul-afxazur<br />

331

oqsana antonenko<br />

konfliqtTan mimartebiT sul mcire, 6 faqtori TamaSobs aSkara<br />

rols.pirveli, ruseTis nacionalisturma <strong>da</strong> politikurma<br />

Zalebma wamowies “afxazeTis <strong>da</strong>cvis” lozungi, rogorc erT-erTi<br />

TavianTi politikuri prioritetebi<strong>da</strong>n. bolo aTwleulis<br />

ganmavlobaSi ruseTis saxelmwifo dumis warmomadgenlebi<br />

xmamaRla mxolod afxazeTze laparakobdnen. vladimer Jirinovskis<br />

liberalur-demokratiuli partia, bolo dros ki partia<br />

“rodinac” aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars afxazeTis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxvebze xSirad Cadiodnen am regionSi. 2004 wlis<br />

agvistoSi, maSin, rodesac prezidenti saakaSvili Zalis<br />

gamoyenebiT imuqrebo<strong>da</strong>, raTa <strong>da</strong>ebrkolebina turistebis<br />

afxazeTSi gamgzavreba, Jirinovski soxumSi miiWra <strong>da</strong> Tqva, rom<br />

afxazeTi saqarTvelos nawili arasodes iqneba.partia “rodinas”<br />

liderma <strong>da</strong> dumis saerTaSoriso saqmeebis komitetis Tavmjdomare<br />

dimitri rogozinma aqtiurad <strong>da</strong>uWira mxari afxazeTis<br />

mosaxleobis ruseTis moqalaqeebad registracias, aseve ruseTis<br />

pensiebiT maTi uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is kampanias <strong>da</strong> ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom misi<br />

fraqcia afxazeTis sruli saerTaSoriso aRiarebis momxrea. 91<br />

2004 wlis maisSi ki saxelmwifo dumis komunisturma fraqciam<br />

prezident putins mouwo<strong>da</strong>, “afxazeTSi mcxovrebi ruseTis<br />

moqalaqeebisaTvis aSkara <strong>da</strong> araorazrovani Tanadgomis,<br />

usafrTxoebis mtkice garantiebis” demonstrireba moexdina.<br />

aseve ruseTis politikurma partiebma afxazeTis sakiTxi<br />

gamoiyenes, rogorc TavianTi saarCevno kampaniebis gamaer-<br />

Tianebeli lozungi, metadre imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />

afxazeTis bevrma mcxovrebma ruseTis moqalaqeoba miiRo.<br />

magaliTad, 2003 wlis dumis arCevnebze ruseTis saxalxo<br />

partiam Tavis partiul siaSi Seiyvana ruseTis moqalaqe,<br />

afxazeTis saxalxo partiis lideri, romelmac xmebis 21<br />

procenti <strong>da</strong>agrova, Tumca qveynis sxva regionebSi parlamentSi<br />

gasasvlelad aucilebeli 5-procentiani barieri ver<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>laxa.<br />

91 “Äìèòðèé Ðîãîçèí: ôðàêöèÿ ‘Ðîäèíà’ áóäåò ñîäåéñòâîâàòü ìåæäóíàðîäíîìó ïðèçíàíèþ<br />

Àáõàçèè”, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/674872.html.<br />

332

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

xSirad calkeuli rusi parlamentarebis gancxadebebi<br />

qarTuli elitisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriobis mrisxane reaqcias iwvevs.<br />

saxelmwifo dumis mier miRebuli <strong>of</strong>icialuri gancxadebebi,<br />

rogorc wesi, radikalur wina<strong>da</strong>debebs ar Seicavs. magaliTad,<br />

saqarTveloSi amerikuli samxedro <strong>da</strong>swrebis sapasuxod 2002 wlis<br />

martSi deputatebis erTma nawilma afxazeTis suverenitetis<br />

aRiarebis wina<strong>da</strong>deba Semoitana, magram am ideam xmaTa umravlesoba<br />

ver <strong>da</strong>agrova. 2004 wlis maisSi dumis saerTaSoriso<br />

saqmeebis komitetis Tavmjdomare konstantine kosaCevma<br />

<strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, rom ruseTi saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas<br />

uWers mxars <strong>da</strong> mas afxazeTTan <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTTan mSvidobiani<br />

meTodebis gamoyenebiT konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>regulirebisaken mouwo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

meore, ruseTis Si<strong>da</strong> politikaSi anarekli pova afxazeTis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n gameorebulma mowodebebma ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

asocirebuli statusis micemis Sesaxeb. saerTaSoriso aRiarebis<br />

erTob bundovani perspeqtivisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobis<br />

“nebismieri saSualebebiT” kvlav gaerTianebis <strong>da</strong>Jinebuli<br />

moTxovnebis pirobebSi afxazeTis elita <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

SenarCunebis ZiriTad garantias ruseTis proteqtoratis<br />

miRebaSi xe<strong>da</strong>vs. 92 xSirad komentatorebi rusul-afxazur<br />

urTierTobebs SeerTebul Statebsa <strong>da</strong> taivans Soris arsebul<br />

urTierTobebs a<strong>da</strong>reben. aseTi asociacia ar niSnavs, rom<br />

afxazeTs (samxreT oseTisagan gansxvavebiT) ruseTis federaciaSi,<br />

rogorc Semadgenel nawils, ise un<strong>da</strong> Sesvla. afxazuri<br />

versiis asociacia, rogorc sagareo saqmeTa y<strong>of</strong>ilma ministrma<br />

igor axbam ganmarta, mxolod “mWidro TanamSromlobas gulisxmobs<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politikis sferoSi, sasazRvro sakiTxSi,<br />

sabaJo kavSirsa <strong>da</strong> valutaSi”. 93<br />

92 afxazeTis vice-prezidentma valeri arSbam ganacxa<strong>da</strong>: ”Cven gvin<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

kvlav, rogorc es 1810 wels iyo, ruseTis proteqtoratis qveS<br />

aRmovCndeT, raTa man afxazeTis xalxebis eTnikuri uflebebis<br />

SenarCuneba SeZlos <strong>da</strong> omi ar <strong>da</strong>uSvas”. ix. Èíòåðôàêñ, 15 èþíÿ 2004 ãîäà,<br />

http://www.interfax.com.<br />

93 “Þðèé Ëóæêîâ ïðèáûë â Àáõàçèþ”, 5 àâãóñòà 2004 ãîäà, ÐîñÁèçíåñ_Êîíñàëòèíã,<br />

http://top.rbc.ru/index.shtml?/news/<strong>da</strong>ythemes/2004/08/05/ 05151418_bod.shtml.<br />

333

oqsana antonenko<br />

saxelmwifo dumis vice-spikerma vladimer Jirinovskim<br />

gamoTqva azri ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> belorusiis kavSirSi afxazeTis<br />

Sesvlis Taobaze, romelic Teoriulad iqneba konfederacia,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c yoveli qveyana suverenitets SeinarCunebs, magram<br />

bolomde cxadi ar aris, rom aseTi kavSiri odesme realoba<br />

gaxdeba. yvela SemTxvevaSi, prezidenti putini afxazeTisaTvis<br />

asocirebuli statusis miniWebas im safrTxis gamoc ar <strong>da</strong>-<br />

Tanxmdeba, rom msgavsi moTxovnebi iseTi de faqto saxelmwifoebisganac<br />

wamova, rogorebicaa samxreT oseTi <strong>da</strong> dnestrispireTi.<br />

metic, aseTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ruseTis federaciis<br />

subieqtebisaTvis _ “gansakuTrebuli” statusis likvidireba<br />

_ gaarTulebs mis politikas centrsa <strong>da</strong> regions Soris<br />

urTierTobis harmonizaciis saqmeSi. 2005 wlis 11 marts<br />

saxelmwifo dumam uaryo fraqcia “rodinas” mier Semotanili<br />

is rezolucia, romelSic separatistul regionebs dsT-is<br />

asocirebul wevrobas sTavazobdnen. wina<strong>da</strong>deba ar gasula,<br />

magram man xmebis mniSvnelovani nawili miiRo <strong>da</strong> es maSin,<br />

rodesac msgavsi rezolucia pirvelad iqna kenWisyraze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yenebuli.<br />

mesame gza, romliTac afxazeTis problemebi ruseTis Si<strong>da</strong><br />

politikaSi aRwevs, moqalaqeobis sakiTxTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />

ruseTis kanonis Sesabamisad, 1991-2001 wlebSi sabWoTa<br />

pasportis nebismieri mflobeli ruseTis moqalaqeobas<br />

avtomaturad iReb<strong>da</strong>. 2001 wlis oqtomberSi miRebulma axalma<br />

kanonma, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad komunisturi partiis deputatebis mZafri<br />

SekamaTebisa, romlebic araRiarebuli respublikebis, pirvel<br />

rigSi ki, afxazeTis mcxovreblebisaTvis moqalaqeobis sayovelTao<br />

micemas uWerdnen mxars, es procesi mniSvnelovnad<br />

gaarTula. putinma uari Tqva <strong>da</strong> xazi gausva imas, rom ruseTs<br />

sxvis konfliqtebSi Careva ganzraxuli ara aqvs <strong>da</strong> arc iseT<br />

nabijebs ga<strong>da</strong>dgams, rac mezobeli qveynis suverenitets<br />

<strong>da</strong>rRvevs. 94<br />

94 “Çàêîí î ãðàæäàíñòâå: óæåñòî÷åíèå ïðàâèë íà ôîíå âîéíû â Àáõàçèè”, 18 îêòÿáðÿ<br />

2001 ãîäà, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/news/id/424551.html.<br />

334

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

rodesac axalma kanonma moqalaqeobis miRebis msurveli im<br />

afxazebis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia, romlebmac uari ganacxades<br />

qarTuli pasportebis miRebaze <strong>da</strong> sazRvargareT gasvla ar<br />

SeeZloT, ruseTi maT keTilmosurned gamoexmaura <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeoba<br />

misca. 95 am kampanias afxazeTis rusuli Temebis kongresi <strong>da</strong> afxazi<br />

kazakebis sazogadoeba xelmZRvanelobdnen. es ukanaskneli<br />

Sekruli iyo krasno<strong>da</strong>ris mxaris kazakebis organizaciasTan. 2004<br />

wlis agvistosTvis, afxazeTis vice-prezident valeri arSbas<br />

sityvebiT, afxazeTSi mcxovrebi 320 aTasi a<strong>da</strong>miani<strong>da</strong>n 170 aTasi<br />

ruseTis moqalaqe gax<strong>da</strong>, 70 aTasi ki am statuss elodeba. rogoric<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos zusti cifri, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom mosaxleobis<br />

absoluturi umravlesoba ukve ruseTis moqalaqea. 96<br />

afxazeTis mcxovrebTaTvis moqalaqeobis micemiT <strong>da</strong>wyebulma<br />

facifucma ara mxolod saqarTvelos aRSfoTeba, aramed<br />

ruseTis <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebis kritikac gamoiwvia. 2004 wlis<br />

agvistoSi, maSin, rodesac saqarTvelos axal mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTs Soris <strong>da</strong>Zabulobam saqarTvelos konfliqtebis<br />

problema ruseTis yoveldRiuri gazeTebis pirvel gverdebze<br />

kvlav gamoitana, evropis institutis direqtoris moadgile<br />

valentin feodorovma moskovi saqarTvelos mimarT gatarebuli<br />

iseTi politikis gamo gaakritika, rogorsac is sakuTar<br />

95 afxazma politikosebma gaeros mouwodes, am xalxs gaeros droebiTi<br />

samgzavro sabuTebi misces (magaliTad, kosovosa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT TimorSi<br />

gacemuli sabuTebis msgavsad). afxazeTis parlamentis wevris ciza gumbas<br />

sityvebiT, romelmac am wina<strong>da</strong>debiT ÑÏÃÑÎÎÍ-s mimarTa, aseTi sabuTebis<br />

gacemiT Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilebdnen ruseTis moqalaqeobis miRebis msurvelTa<br />

masobriv gancxadebebs. ix. “ÎÎÍ ìîæåò âûäàòü ãðàæäàíàì Àáõàçèè âðåìåííûå<br />

äîêóìåíòû”, 16 ÿíâàðÿ 2004 ãîäà, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/<br />

625275.html. magram gaerom ver SeZlo am Txovnas keTilganwyobiT<br />

Sexvedro<strong>da</strong>. kosovosa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT Timoris formaluri statusi<br />

afxazurisagan erTob gansxvavdeba. cxadia, rom ruseTis moqalaqeobis<br />

bevri pretendenti aseve praqtikuli ekonomikuri mosazrebebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong>: maSin maT <strong>da</strong>uwesdebaT ruseTis pensia, romelic<br />

gacilebiT metia imaze, rasac saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

mcxovreblebi iReben.<br />

96 C.J. Chivers. The Threat <strong>of</strong> Civil War is Turning the Abkhaz into Russians. – New York<br />

Times, August 15, 2004 (http://www.sakartvelo.ru, â ðóññêîì ïåðåâîäå).<br />

335

oqsana antonenko<br />

moqalaqeebTan mimarTebaSi ar moiTmen<strong>da</strong>. “rogor moiqceo<strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTi, _ kiTxulob<strong>da</strong> is, _ Tu kurilis kunZulebis<br />

(teritoria, romelzec ruseTis suverenitetis cnobaze<br />

tokio uars acxadebs) mosaxleobis umravlesobas iaponia<br />

pasportebs miscem<strong>da</strong>?”. 97 magram saqarTvelos axali prezidenti<br />

TiTqos mzad iyo moqalaqeobis sakiTxis simwvave<br />

Seemcirebina. cnobilia, rom rig SemTxvevaSi man ormagi<br />

moqalaqeoba <strong>da</strong>uSva, es ki Seqmnili Cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlis<br />

saSualebas iZleo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

meoTxe problema, romelic Si<strong>da</strong> politikis Seferadebas<br />

axdens, esaa rusi politikosebis, eqspertebisa <strong>da</strong> masobrivi<br />

informaciis saSualebebis warmomadgenlebis mier afxazeTis<br />

sakiTxis geopolitikur WrilSi miwodeba. is, rom ruseTi<br />

kavkasiaze gavlenas kargavs <strong>da</strong> mis nacvlad SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi <strong>da</strong> nato Sevlen <strong>da</strong> rom ruseTis kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n gamo-<br />

Zevebis procesSi umniSvnelovanes rols saqarTvelo TamaSobs<br />

_ praqtikulad, ruseTis politikuri elitis sayovelTao<br />

mrwamsi gax<strong>da</strong>. geopolitikuri xedva amaRlebs im araRiarebuli<br />

respublikebis mniSvnelobas, romlebic, afxazeTis<br />

CaTvliT, TavianTi strategiuli miznebis realizaciisas<br />

mxolod ruseTze agrZeleben <strong>da</strong>yrdnobas. vladimer Jirinovski<br />

gamonaklisi ar gaxlavT, roca ambobs: “CvenTvis<br />

afxazeTi imiT aris saintereso, rom mas CvenTan y<strong>of</strong>na un<strong>da</strong>”<br />

<strong>da</strong> amatebs: “rac ufro Cqara Seva saqarTvelo natoSi, miT ufro<br />

Cqara iqneba afxazeTi ruseTSi”. 98 nacionaluri strategiis<br />

institutis prezidenti stanislav belkovski araRiarebul<br />

saxelmwifoebs im sayrdenebs uwodebs, romelTa gareSec<br />

ruseTi ukve didi xnis win iqnebo<strong>da</strong> kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n g<strong>and</strong>evnili. 99<br />

xSirad ufro zomieri <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebic ki afxazeTs ruseTsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> pro<strong>da</strong>savlurad ganwyobil saqarTvelos Soris arsebul<br />

97 "Âìåñòî ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåì Ãðóçèè Ðîññèÿ äîëæíà íå äîïóñòèòü ñîáñòâåííîãî ðàñïàäà”,<br />

11 àâãóñòà 2004 ãîäà, http://www.sakartvelo.info.<br />

98 “×åì áûñòðåå Ãðóçèÿ áóäåò â ÍÀÒÎ, òåì áûñòðåå Àáõàçèÿ – â Ðîññèè”, http://<br />

www.sakartvelo.info/result_ar.php?key=58420.<br />

99 Radio Russia, “Are We Going to See War in Georgia?”, August 12, 2004.<br />

336

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

“buferul saxelmwifod” ganixilaven. 100 afxazeTis <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />

pirebi, romlebmac moskovis elitis “susti wertilebi” ician,<br />

imisaTvis, rom ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Tmobebs miaRwion, arcTu<br />

iSviaTad geopolitikur argumentebsac iyeneben.<br />

moskovSi im eqspertebis SezRuduli wrec arsebobs,<br />

romlebic yuradRebiT adevneben Tvals saqarTvelos ambebs,<br />

afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi ki moskovis politikas akritikeben. 101<br />

kavkasiis sakiTxebSi eqspertTa umravlesoba mainc mkafiod<br />

gamoxatul antiqarTul poziciebze dgas <strong>da</strong> iseTi politikosebis<br />

msgavsad, rogorebic arian dimitri rogozini <strong>da</strong><br />

konstantine zatulini, mtkice nacionalistebs warmoadgenen<br />

<strong>da</strong> moskovs yvelgan Tanamemamuleebis interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvisken<br />

mouwodeben.<br />

ruseTis Si<strong>da</strong> politikasTan afxazeTis kidev erTi Sexebis<br />

wertili regionul politikur elitas ukavSirdeba. TavianTi<br />

politikuri statusis asamaRleblad bevri adgilobrivi lideri<br />

100 Êàðàãàíîâ. Ïðîùàíèå ñ Ãðóçèåé? karaganovi wers: “ruseTs <strong>da</strong>sWirdeba<br />

buferuli saxelmwifoebi. Tuki saqarTvelo dRev<strong>and</strong>eli politikiT<br />

ganagrZobs cxovrebas, TviTngrevisTvis iqneba ganwiruli. amave dros<br />

afxazeTis mzardi demokratiuli Zalebi uary<strong>of</strong>en ideas imis Sesaxeb,<br />

rom maT <strong>da</strong>savlur Rirebulebebze uari un<strong>da</strong> Tqvan, raTa ruseTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebaze <strong>da</strong>iTanxmon”.<br />

101 2004 wlis zafxulSi, moskovsa <strong>da</strong> Tbiliss Soris <strong>da</strong>Zabuli urTierTobebis<br />

momentSi, vladislav inozemcevma (postindustriuli<br />

sazogadoebis gamokvlevebis centri) ruseTi imaSi <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>naSaula, rom is<br />

saqarTvelos Si<strong>da</strong> konfliqtSi erT mxares exmareba <strong>da</strong> Secdomad<br />

CauTvala afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi gatarebuli “marTvadi<br />

arastabilurobis” politika. aRniSna, rom ruseTma piriqiT, Tbilissa <strong>da</strong><br />

separatistul regionebs Soris federaciuli molaparakebis garantia<br />

un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos. ix. Âëàäèñëàâ Èíîçåìöåâ. Ñààêàøâèëè ñëåäóåò çàêëþ÷èòü<br />

ôåäåðàòèâíûé äîãîâîð ñ ìÿòåæíûìè ëèäåðàìè – ïðè ãàðàíòèÿõ ñî ñòîðîíû Ðîññèè. –<br />

Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 16 àâãóñòà 2004 ãîäà. meore kritikosi boris volxonski<br />

ruseTis elitas nacionalisturi koziris gaTamaSebisaTvis gmobs, rac<br />

kontrab<strong>and</strong>isTvis Sav xvrelebs qmnis. ambobs, rom igi farulad exmareba<br />

<strong>da</strong>qiravebulebs <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi patriotul<br />

lozungebs wamoswevs, yvela am qmedebiT ki ruseTs saerTaSoriso<br />

izolaciisken ubiZgebs. ix. Áîðèñ Âîëõîíñêèé. Öåíà âîïðîñà: òîíàëüíîñòü çàÿâëåíèé,<br />

ðàçäàþùèõñÿ â Ìîñêâå, âûçûâàåò íåäîóìåíèå. Êîììåðñàíòú, 20 àâãóñòà 2004 ãîäà.<br />

337

oqsana antonenko<br />

afxazeTTan mWidro kavSirebs amyarebs. es qmedebebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

ganekuTvneba 90-iani wlebis Sua periods, rodesac, rogorc<br />

ukve iTqva, zogierTma regionma afxazeTTan TanamSromlobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> vaWrobis xelSekrulebebi <strong>da</strong>do. mas Semdeg, rac prezidentma<br />

putinma regionul gubernatorebis uflebamosilebebi Sez-<br />

Ru<strong>da</strong>, maT “sakuTari” sagareo politikis gatarebis SesaZleblobebi<br />

CamoerTvaT. amitomaa, rom maTi mcire nawili<br />

uwindeburad sajarod laparakobs afxazeTis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraze. maT<br />

Soris, vinc, amas emxroba, arian krasno<strong>da</strong>ris mxaris gubernatori<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re tkaCovi <strong>da</strong> moskovis meri iuri luJkovi.<br />

luJkovis iniciativiT, moskovi uwindeburad Tanxebs<br />

ab<strong>and</strong>ebs (Tumca _ mcireodens) afxazeTSi. is aseve mniSvnelovanwilad<br />

simbolur humanitarul <strong>da</strong>xmarebasac uwevs.<br />

krasno<strong>da</strong>ris mxare ki, romelic afxazeTs esazRvreba, intensiur<br />

ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur kavSirebs inarCunebs, maT Soris<br />

transsasazRvro vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> eleqtroenergiis miwodebis<br />

saxiT. krasno<strong>da</strong>ris mTavroba ganzrax politikur Jestebsac ki<br />

akeTeb<strong>da</strong>. amis magaliTia 2004 wlis 24 maiss soxumSi organizebuli<br />

aRlumi, romelSic 500 kazaki monawileob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

afxazebi aseve megobrul urTierTobas inarCuneben CrdiloeT<br />

kavkasiis rig eTnikurad axlo xalxebTan, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki adiRelebTan. 1996 wels adiReis respublikam <strong>da</strong> afxazeTma<br />

xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas TanamSromlobaze. 102 ruseTis<br />

xelisufleba ar akeTebs msgavsi politikuri kavSirebis<br />

waxalisebas afxazebsa <strong>da</strong> adiRelebs Soris an afxazur diasporasTan<br />

TurqeTsa <strong>da</strong> axlo aRmosavleTis sxva nawilebSi,<br />

radgan miaCnia, rom diasporebTan kontaqti CrdiloeT kavkasias<br />

“importirebuli” islamizaciis safrTxiT emuqreba. maSin,<br />

rodesac afxazuri mxare ufro mWidro kavSirebs eZebs<br />

ruseTTan, ruseTis mTavroba sagonebelSia Cavardnili imis<br />

gamo, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiis eTnikuri respublikebis<br />

nacionalur-teritoriuli avtonomia ar gaZlierdes <strong>da</strong> amiT<br />

102 Ïðåçèäåíò Àäûãåè è ìýð Ìîñêâû îòïðàâèëèñü â Àáõàçèþ. – Regnum, 5 àâãóñòà 2004<br />

ãîäà, http://www.regnum.ru/forprint/303693.html.<br />

338

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

safrTxis qveS ar <strong>da</strong>ayenos am respublikebis rusuli mosaxleoba.<br />

Cndeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wina<strong>da</strong>deba, maT Soris ruseTis<br />

federaciuli sistemis eTnoteritoriuli <strong>da</strong>y<strong>of</strong>is ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvis<br />

Sesaxeb. am mimarTulebiT moZraoba gar<strong>da</strong>uvali<br />

aRmoCndeba afxazeTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ruseTis politikis<br />

ganviTarebaSi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>bolos, mTliani suraTis nawils ruseTis sazogadoebrivi<br />

azris ganxeTqileba warmoadgens. 2004 wlis ivlisSi samxreT<br />

oseTSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis gamo, ramac gamoiwvia rusulqarTuli<br />

urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>Zabva, ruseTis moqalaqeebis 47<br />

procenti Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTi un<strong>da</strong> Caerios, Tu saqarTvelo<br />

Zalas gamoiyenebs afxazeTSi mcxovrebi ruseTis moqalaqeebis<br />

winaaRmdeg, 38 procents ki miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTma es ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

gaakeTos, 14 procenti <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli iyo, rom afxazeTi<br />

saqarTvelos nawili un<strong>da</strong> iyos, 32 procenti fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom is<br />

ruseTs un<strong>da</strong> miuerTdes, 29 procenti _ rom un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli. samxreT oseTisaTvis es cifrebi Seadgens<br />

Sesabamisad 12, 34 <strong>da</strong> 30 procents. 103<br />

2002 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis moqalaqeebis mxolod 26<br />

procenti ganewyo saqarTvelosadmi <strong>da</strong>debiTad, 28 _ neitralurad<br />

<strong>da</strong> 39 _ uary<strong>of</strong>iTad. “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg<br />

es maCveneblebi droebiT gaumjobes<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mkveTrad Seicvala.<br />

2004 wlis ianvarSi 41 procentma pozitiuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />

gamoxata, 42 procentma _ neitraluri <strong>da</strong> mxolod 10 procentma<br />

_ negatiuri. 2004 wlis ivlisisaTvis, samxreT oseTis movlenebis<br />

Semdeg, es cifrebi 2002 wlis dones <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong>: 29<br />

procentma pozitiuri Sefaseba misca, 40 procentma _ neitraluri,<br />

22 procentma ki _ negatiuri. 104<br />

2004 wlis Tebervli<strong>da</strong>n ivlisis CaTvliT ruseTis im<br />

moqalaqeebis ricxvi, romlebsac miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, rom saqarTvelos<br />

axali xelmZRvanelobis dros rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebi<br />

103 Ðîññèÿíå î êîíôëèêòàõ ìåæäó Ãðóçèåé, Þæíîé Îñåòèåé è Àáõàçèåé. –<br />

Ëåâàäà_Öåíòð, 30 èþëÿ 2004 ãîäà, http://www.leva<strong>da</strong>.ru/press/2004073004.html.<br />

104 Âîêðóã àáõàçñêîãî êîíôëèêòà. – Áàçà Äàííûõ Ôîì, 10 àâãóñòà 2002 ãîäà, http://<br />

bd.fom.ru/report/map/gg021707.<br />

339

oqsana antonenko<br />

gaumjobesdebo<strong>da</strong>, 30-<strong>da</strong>n 13 procentamde Semcir<strong>da</strong>. im xalxis<br />

ricxvi, vinc Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom prezidenti saakaSvili saqarTveloSi<br />

situaciis mniSvnelovnad Secvlas ver moaxerxeb<strong>da</strong>, 1-<strong>da</strong>n 32<br />

procentamde gaizar<strong>da</strong>. 105<br />

es 6 magaliTi Si<strong>da</strong> politikis zemoqmedebisa ruseTis<br />

politikaze saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis konfliqtTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi<br />

mniSvnelovania, magram ara calsaxa. ruseTis Si<strong>da</strong><br />

politikaSi afxazeTi ufro arsebiT rols TamaSobs, vidre<br />

y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis nebismieri sxva “ara-<br />

Riarebuli respublika”. xSirad ruseTis politika afxazeTTan<br />

mimarTebaSi ruseTis Si<strong>da</strong> politikis prioritetebTan mkveTr<br />

winaaRmdegobaSi modis. 2000-2003 wlebSi afxazeTSi ruseTis<br />

kavSirebis gamyarebasTan erTad prezidenti putini im Zalebis<br />

CaxSobasac cdilob<strong>da</strong>, romlebic am politikis ZiriTadi<br />

gamtareblebi iyvnen. man qveynis SigniT nacionaluri Zalebis<br />

zegavlenis SemcirebisaTvis nabiji ga<strong>da</strong>dga, Seeca<strong>da</strong>, regionul<br />

liderebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli qmedebebisTvis bolo moeRo <strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTis politikuri istebliSmentis tradiciuli geopolitikuri<br />

paranoia <strong>da</strong>savleTTan pragmatuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />

sasargeblod ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. aseve xeli SeuSala CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi<br />

eTnikur mobilizacias, Zalovnebis _ Sinagan saqmeTa,<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis saministroebis warmomadgenlebis<br />

_ eTnikur respublikebSi uflebamosil Tanamdebobebze<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSvnas, imavdroulad dsT-is qveynebSi ruseTis moqalaqeebis<br />

mtkiced “<strong>da</strong>cvis” mowodebebis uary<strong>of</strong>as.<br />

340<br />

saprezidento arCevnebi afxazeTSi:<br />

rusuli gavlenis zRvari<br />

ruseTis politikis SezRudvebi <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebi afxazeTSi<br />

mkafiod gamoCn<strong>da</strong> 2004 wlis 3 oqtombers <strong>da</strong> 2005 wlis 12<br />

105 Âñåðîññèéñêèé öåíòð èçó÷åíèÿ îáùåñòâåííîãî ìíåíèÿ (ÂÖÈÎÌ), ïðåññ-âûïóñê<br />

¹ 105, “Ðîññèÿíå î Ãðóçèè è ñèòóàöèè â Þæíîé Îñåòèè”.

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

ianvars or etapad Catarebul sakamaTo saprezidento arCevnebis<br />

msvlelobisas. am TariRebs Soris gaTamaSebuli krizisis<br />

dros ruseTi gamodio<strong>da</strong>, rogorc mTavari gareSe Zala,<br />

romelic afxazeTSi ZalTa Si<strong>da</strong> ganawilebaze zegavlenas<br />

axden<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis aqtiuri Careva Tavi<strong>da</strong>n situaciis destabilizacias<br />

uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels, magram bolos saxifaTod orad<br />

gay<strong>of</strong>il afxazur sazogadoebaSi Serigebis procesis <strong>da</strong>wyebiT<br />

prezidentobis or ZiriTad k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>ts politikuri kompromisis<br />

miRwevaSi <strong>da</strong>exmara. arCevnebSi rusulma politikam imis<br />

demonstrireba gaakeTa, Tu ramdenad Sorsgamiznulia ruseTis<br />

qmedebebi afxazeTSi Tavisi interesebis SesanarCuneblad.<br />

amave dros regionSi efeqturi politikis gatarebisas man<br />

Tavisi SesaZleblobebis realuri SezRuduloba gamoavlina.<br />

afxazeTSi Catarebuli saprezidento arCevnebi arc saqarTvelom<br />

<strong>da</strong> arc saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobam, maT Soris<br />

gaerom <strong>da</strong> euTom, kanonierad ar cnes. 106 ruseTma, rogorc<br />

samSvidobo procesis Suamavalma, gaeros 1255 rezoluciis<br />

debulebis <strong>da</strong>cvis pasuxismgebloba, romelic msgavs arCevnebs<br />

aralegitimurs uwodebs, Tavis Tavze aiRo, riTac metismetad<br />

didi interesi <strong>da</strong>do sasworze. rusi politikosebi xazs<br />

usvamdnen ara mxolod am arCevnebis mniSvnelobas, aramed<br />

aqtiurad cdilobdnen, zemoqmedeba moexdinaT mis <strong>da</strong>sasrulze.<br />

arCevnebi marTlac mniSvnelovani iyo, imitom rom<br />

afxazeTis omis Semdgomi pirveli prezidentis vladislav<br />

arZinbas Zalauflebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis problema wydebo<strong>da</strong> axal<br />

liderze, romelsac uaxloesi 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi un<strong>da</strong><br />

106 gaeros pozicia Camoyalibebuli iyo gaeros generaluri mdivnis 2004<br />

wlis 18 oqtombris moxsenebaSi. 1255 rezoluciaSi (1999w.) uSiSiSroebis<br />

sabWom afxazeTSi e. w. arCevnebis Catareba miuReblad <strong>da</strong> ukanonod miiCnia<br />

mosaxleobis umetesi nawilis <strong>da</strong>uswreblobisa <strong>da</strong> teritoriis <strong>da</strong>uregulirebeli<br />

politikuri statusis gamo. saqarTveloSi gaeros<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa misiam mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira am pozicias. 2004 wlis 14 oqtombris<br />

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb evroparlamentis (P6_TA(2004)0023) rezoluciam<br />

“afxazeTSi saprezidento arCevnebi, rogorc ukanono”, uaryo <strong>da</strong> komisiasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sabWos gaeros xelmZRvanelobiT qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis<br />

molaparakebaTa procesis intensifikaciis mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisaken mouwo<strong>da</strong>”.<br />

341

oqsana antonenko<br />

exelmZRvanela afxazeTSi cvlilebebisTvis <strong>da</strong> gamoexata<br />

saqarTvelosTan, ruseTTan <strong>da</strong> gare samyarosTan Tavisi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba.<br />

prezidenti arZinba saqarTvelosTan misi ukompromiso<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisa (1992-1993 ww. omSi misi piradi monawileobis<br />

gavleniT Camoyalibebuli) <strong>da</strong> moskovTan didi xnis urTierTobis,<br />

aseve evgeni primakovTan adrindeli kavSirebis gamo<br />

moskovisaTvis xelsayreli lideri iyo. arZinba wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

avadmy<strong>of</strong>obam mwyobri<strong>da</strong>n gamoiyvana, aman ki korufciisaTvis<br />

kari gaaRo TviT afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong> kulisebs miRma<br />

manevrebisaTvis rogorc ruseTis politikosebis, ise misi<br />

bizneselitisaTvis.<br />

naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom arZinbas memkvidres saeWvo iyo aseTive<br />

kavSirebi hqono<strong>da</strong> moskovSi, amitomac is SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> gauTvaliswinebeli<br />

gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo. rogorc ruseTis, ise saqarTvelosTvisac.<br />

ai, ratom iyo ruseTis politikuri elita<br />

simtkiciT aRsavse, xelisuflebaSi moskovTan aSkarad loialuri<br />

memkvidris mosvla uzrunveleyo, romelic ar imoqmedeb<strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTis ekonomikuri interesebis winaaRmdeg (rogorc<br />

kanonierad, ise ukanonod an sulac kriminalizebul struqturebTan<br />

SekvriT). rusma politikurma mrCevlebma mainc ver<br />

SeZles imis gageba, rom arZinbam <strong>da</strong> misma garemocvam, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

qveynis aSenebaSi Setanili wvlilisa, didi xania, rac<br />

afxazeTis gaRatakebuli mosaxleobis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong>karges.<br />

xalxi arCevnebisagan afxazeTis SigniT kardinalur cvlilebebs<br />

moelo<strong>da</strong>, korufciasTan, kriminalTan, klanebTan, klanur<br />

struqturebTan brZolis CaTvliT. arZinbas saqmis SenarCunebis<br />

gegmas praqtikulad warmatebis Sansi ar hqon<strong>da</strong>, arCevnebi rom<br />

arsebiTi manipulaciebis gareSe Catarebuliyo.<br />

ruseTis strategia, Zalaufleba ga<strong>da</strong>eca axal promoskovuri<br />

liderisTvis, gamWriaxobiT ar gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>. faqtobrivad<br />

man eleqtoralur procesSi, yvela mis stadiaze,<br />

uprecedento sagareo Carevis saxe miiRo. es politika SeiZleba<br />

Seva<strong>da</strong>roT sakuTriv ruseTSi gubernatorebis arCevnebs,<br />

romelTa Sedegi xSirad moskovSi miRebul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze<br />

342

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli <strong>da</strong> arCevnebis meSveobiT ubralod “ratificirdebo<strong>da</strong>”.<br />

msgavs strategias afxazeTSic mimarTes, magram<br />

amas moulodneli Sedegebi mohyva. prezidentobis k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>tma<br />

sergei baRafSma ganmarta: “amjerad afxazeTSi pirvelad<br />

Catar<strong>da</strong> namdvilad alternatiuli arCevnebi. afxaz xalxs<br />

TviTon undo<strong>da</strong> Tavisi respublikis bedis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta. amomrCevlebi<br />

arZinbas xelisuflebis uxeSi zewolis, informaciuli<br />

blokadisa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis presaSi Savi piaris winaaRmdeg gamovidnen.”<br />

107<br />

jer kidev <strong>of</strong>icialuri saarCevno kampaniis <strong>da</strong>wyebamdec<br />

ruseTis politikosebi ar malavdnen imas, rom mxars uWerdnen<br />

raul xajimbas, romelsac arZinbas dros premier-ministris<br />

Tanamdeboba ekava. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi uSiSroebis<br />

organoebSi namuSevari arZinbas axlo megobari <strong>da</strong> TanamebrZoli<br />

xajimba, cnebas _ “afxazi putini” yvelaze metad Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

igi iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> im politikosad, romelic moskovze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. manpremierministrobisas mWidro kontaqtebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>amyara moskovTan <strong>da</strong> varaudobdnen, rom arZinbas mier<br />

ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>myarebul ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur kavSirebs<br />

SeinarCuneb<strong>da</strong>. xajimbasa <strong>da</strong> arZinbas Soris siaxlove imas<br />

niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom pirvels arasakmarisi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera eqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi. sazogadoebisaTvis arCevnebi ruseT-<br />

Tan an saqarTvelosTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulis politikaze referendumi<br />

ki ar iyo (k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>tebma moskovze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT<br />

afxazeTis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas <strong>da</strong>uWires mxari), aramed arZinbas<br />

memkvidreobisaTvis Tavisi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis gamoTqmis Sansi.<br />

magram moskovma an ver SeZlo amis gageba, an am faqts ignorireba<br />

ganzrax gaukeTa. metic, moskovelma politikurma mrCevlebma<br />

jerovnad ver Seafases afxazeTis sazogadoebis (aseve galis<br />

raionSi <strong>da</strong>brunebuli, qarTveli Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebis)<br />

mobilizacia alternatiuli k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>tis irgvliv. aseTi alter-<br />

107 citata prezidentobis k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>t sergei baRafSis “nezavisimaia gazeta”sTvis<br />

micemuli interviu<strong>da</strong>n. ix. Ñàìîïðîâîçãëàøåííûé ôàëüñòàðò. –<br />

Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 5 îêòÿáðÿ 2004 ãîäà.<br />

343

oqsana antonenko<br />

nativa gax<strong>da</strong> regionuli eleqtrokompaniis _ “Cernomorenergos”<br />

xelmZRvaneli sergei baRafSi.<br />

baRafSi ar mouwodeb<strong>da</strong> mTavrobas ruseTTan mWidro kavSirebis<br />

arsebiTi Secvlisken, arc saqarTvelosTan xelaxal<br />

SeerTebaze sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvas sTavazob<strong>da</strong>; magram farTo<br />

saxalxo mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris gamo is aRqmuli iqna, rogorc gacilebiT<br />

ufro <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli lideri, romelsac afxazi xalxis interesebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cva ara mxolod saqarTvelos, aramed ruseTis winaSec<br />

SeeZlo. aseve, am arCevnebze baRafSi gaerTian<strong>da</strong> aleqs<strong>and</strong>re<br />

anqvabTan _ mtkice politikosTan, romelic moskovisa <strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTis interesebisaTvis seriozul saSiSroebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>,<br />

imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c cnobili iyo, rogorc korufciasa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>mnaSaveobasTan ukompromiso mebrZoli. ruseTis politikurma<br />

elitam baRafSisa <strong>da</strong> anqvabis kavSirSi saSiSroeba <strong>da</strong>inaxa <strong>da</strong><br />

xajimbas gamarjvebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita.<br />

arCevnebis win soWSi prezidenti putini pira<strong>da</strong>d Sexv<strong>da</strong><br />

xajimbas. Sexvedraze, romelic erTob tlanqad, rogorc meore<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lio omis veteranebTan Sexvedra, ise <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>, pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris Sesaxeb sityvebi ar gaJRerebula, RonisZiebis<br />

simbolur mniSvnelobaSi ki eWvi aravis Separvia. xajimbasadmi<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera mxolod maRali <strong>of</strong>icialuri doniT ar Sem<strong>of</strong>arglula.<br />

moskovma Tavisi ekonomikuri Zliereba <strong>da</strong> afxazeTisaTvis gare<br />

samyarosken erTaderTi fanjris roli gamoiyena _ Tavisi<br />

k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>tis arCevis SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebas praqtikuli<br />

sargebloba SesTavaza. man ara mxolod soWi_soxumis rkinigzaze<br />

aRadgina moZraoba, aramed 23 seqtembri<strong>da</strong>n am qalaqebs Soris<br />

regularuli saavtobuso mimosvla ganaaxla. ruseTis mTavrobam<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom afxazeTTan sarkinigzo <strong>da</strong> saavtobuso kavSiris<br />

ganaxlebiT arc erTi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba ar <strong>da</strong>urRvevia,<br />

magram saqarTvelos warmomadgenelma gaeroSi, revaz a<strong>da</strong>miam<br />

uSiSroebis sabWoSi gaagzavna <strong>of</strong>icialuri werili, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

sarkinigzo mimosvlis aRdgenas “saqarTvelos suverenitetisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso samarTlis <strong>da</strong>rRveva” uwo<strong>da</strong>. ”putinis “<strong>da</strong>r-<br />

Rveulma valdebulebam”, Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul pirTa <strong>da</strong>brunebasTan<br />

erTad ekonomikuri proeqtebis sinqronizeba momx-<br />

344

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

<strong>da</strong>riyo, _ Tqva a<strong>da</strong>miam, _ gaeros egidiT mimdinare samSvidobo<br />

procesebs zarali miayena”. 108<br />

xajimbas k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>turas ruseTSi tradiciulad proafxazuri<br />

gavlenis jgufebma <strong>da</strong>uWires mxari, maT Soris nacionalistma<br />

politikosebma, biznesis warmomadgenlebma, CrdiloeT<br />

kavkasiis sazogadoebrivma organizaciebma <strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

samxreTis zogierTma regionulma politikosma. arCevnebamde<br />

ramdenime dRiT adre “moskoveli aqtivistebis” jgufma _<br />

vladimer Jirinovskim, generaluri prokuroris moadgile<br />

vladimer kolesnikovma, ruseTis saxelmwifo dumis vicespikerma<br />

artur cilingarovma, aseve ruseTis popularulma<br />

momRerlebma <strong>da</strong> msaxiobebma soxumi moinaxules <strong>da</strong> xajimbas<br />

sasargeblod gamarTul masobriv mitingebze aqtiuri agitaciiT<br />

gamovidnen. Tuki moskovisaTvis sasurveli k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>ti ar<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> arCeuli, maTi gancxadebebi afxazeTTan ekonomikuri<br />

kavSirebis gawyvetis pir<strong>da</strong>pir muqaras Seicav<strong>da</strong>. 109<br />

sajaro zewolam mosalodnelis sawinaaRmdego efeqti<br />

moaxdina. xajimbas poziciebis gamagrebis nacvlad, mis metoqes,<br />

romelic arZinbas reJimis negatiur memkvidreobasTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

Sirebuli ar iyo <strong>da</strong> ufro <strong>da</strong>moukidebel politikosad miiCneo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

xmebis mniSvnelovani ricxvi Semata. Sedegad, 3 oqtombers<br />

Catarebul arCevnebSi amomrCevelTa 50 procentze metma<br />

(bevri maTgani eTnikuri qarTveli galis raioni<strong>da</strong>n) baRafSs<br />

misca xma. 110 xajimbam uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> arCevnebis Sedegebis<br />

108 “Georgian Ambassador’s Letter to the UN Security Council over Abkhazia”, http://www.civil.ge/<br />

eng/detail.php?id=8202. ruseTis pozicia “Îðãàíèçîâàíî äâèæåíèå ýëåêòðîïîåçäîâ èç<br />

Ñî÷è” – SeiZleba moiZebnos misamarTze: http://www.kavkazweb.net/news/<br />

news.cgi?action=view&nid=01&yy=2004&mm=9&dd= 13&message_id=1095100970154196<br />

zbrjYiB7KCpmZ.<br />

109 “Ñàìîïðîâîçãëàøåííûé ôàëüñòàðò”<br />

110 11 oqtombers afxazeTis cesko-m gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom xmebis 50,08 procentis<br />

<strong>da</strong>grovebiT baRafSma gaimarjva. 28 oqtombers afxazeTis uzenaesma<br />

sasamarTlom arCevnebis Sedegebi <strong>da</strong>amtkica, magram meore dRes xajimbas<br />

momxreebis zewolis gamo iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba Seecvala. 12<br />

noembers baRafSis momxreebma SturmiT aiRes samTavrobo Senobebi <strong>da</strong> 15<br />

noembramde <strong>da</strong>kavebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

345

oqsana antonenko<br />

aRiarebaze. amas mohyva arastabilurobis xangrZlivi periodi<br />

dro<strong>da</strong>dro Zaladobriv moqmedebebSi ga<strong>da</strong>zrdis saSiSroebiT.<br />

im pirobebSi, roca yvela msxvilma saerTaSoriso organizaciam<br />

<strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTis qveynebma arCevnebi ukanonod aRiares,<br />

ruseTi kvlav Suamavlis rolSi gamovi<strong>da</strong>. is mainc sakuTari<br />

miznebisaTvis iRvwo<strong>da</strong>, cdilob<strong>da</strong> baRafSis gamarjvebis<br />

delegitimizacias <strong>da</strong> axali arCevnebis organizebas, romelSic<br />

SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> xajimbas gamarjvebisaTvis mieRwia. ruseTis maRali<br />

Tanamdebobis pirebma orive k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>ti moskovSi miiwvies <strong>da</strong><br />

axali arCevnebis Catareba <strong>da</strong>JinebiT mosTxoves, razec<br />

baRafSma <strong>da</strong> misma momxreebma uari ganacxades; amtkicebdnen,<br />

rom arCevnebSi gamarjveba moipoves <strong>da</strong> es gamarjveba afxazeTis<br />

parlamentma, centralurma saarCevno komisiam <strong>da</strong> uzenaesma<br />

sasamarTlom aRiares. isini dekembris <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi apirebdnen<br />

baRafSis inauguraciis Catarebas. maSin moskovma soxumSi<br />

miavlina afxazeTis mkvidri no<strong>da</strong>r xaSba, romelic ruseTis<br />

sagangebo situaciebis saministroSi sergei SoigusTan mu-<br />

Saob<strong>da</strong>. arZinbam is premier-ministrad <strong>da</strong>niSna <strong>da</strong> mis winaSe<br />

eleqtoraluri Cixis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvis amocana <strong>da</strong>ayena. xaSbas<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSvnam, romelic respublikis farglebs gareT didi xnis<br />

ganmavlobaSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi saxalxo mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT<br />

ar sargeblob<strong>da</strong>, afxazeTis elitaSi axali antirusuli protesti<br />

gamoiwvia.<br />

ruseTma ekonomikur zemoqmedebasac mimarTa. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />

krasno<strong>da</strong>ris mxaris gubernatori aleqs<strong>and</strong>re tkaCovi<br />

gamovi<strong>da</strong> gancxadebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c mouwodeb<strong>da</strong>, rom afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTs Soris sazRvari CaeketaT “sasazRvro zolSi ruseTis<br />

nacionaluri usafrTxoebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri saSiSroebis gamo,” misi<br />

regionis CaTvliT. 111 tkaCovma xazi gausva imas, rom sazRvris<br />

<strong>da</strong>ketva pir<strong>da</strong>pir aisaxeba afxazur ekonomikaze, “turistuli<br />

industriis SeCerebis gamowveviT <strong>da</strong> sazRvarTan s<strong>of</strong>lis<br />

meurneobis produqtebiT vaWrobis Seferxebis Sedegad<br />

111 krasno<strong>da</strong>ris mxaris gubernatoris gancxadebam adgilobrivi opozicia<br />

sagonebelSi Caagdo. _ Regnum.ru, 2004 wlis 24 noemberi.<br />

346

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

afxazeTis aTasobiT moqalaqe Semosavlis gareSe <strong>da</strong>rCeba”. 112<br />

tkaCovis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebam baRafSis momxreebSi aRSfoTeba <strong>da</strong><br />

SiSi gamoiwvia. 19 noembers, rodesac sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>kveTis<br />

SezRudvebi realurad SemoiRes, xalxs Tavzari <strong>da</strong>eca. gavrcel<strong>da</strong><br />

xmebi imis Sesaxebac, rom ruseTi afxazeTSi jaris<br />

gamogzavnas apireb<strong>da</strong>, magram es, cxadia, usafuZvlo Wori<br />

gamodga.<br />

mis nacvlad putinma ori maRalCinosani Zalovani _ ruseTis<br />

generaluri prokuroris moadgile vladimer kolesnikovi,<br />

romelic adre afxazeTSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iq kargad iyo cnobili<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sinagan saqmeTa saministros pirveli moadgile aleqs<strong>and</strong>re<br />

Cekalini _ xajimbasa <strong>da</strong> baRafSs Soris Suamavlis saxiT<br />

gagzavna. orive maTganTan pirveli Sexvedris Semdeg kompromisze<br />

wasvlis miniSnebac ki ar warmoSobila. amjerad amas<br />

ruseTis premier-ministr genadi bukaevisagan sazRvris<br />

<strong>da</strong>ketvis muqara mohyva. 113 swored bukaevi <strong>da</strong>emuqra afxazebs:<br />

“Tu baRafSi Tavis arakonstituciur qmedebebs ganagrZobs (sxva<br />

sityvebiT, inauguracias Caatarebs), ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTs<br />

Soris sazRvari Caiketeba”. 114 ruseTis mTavrobam aseve droebiT<br />

SeaCera afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> soWs Soris sarkinigzo mimosvla. yvela<br />

es zoma destabilizaciis potenciuri safrTxisagan “ruseTis<br />

moqalaqeebis <strong>da</strong>cviT” iyo gamarTlebuli. 115 sainteresoa imis<br />

aRniSvna, rom am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebam sruli ignorireba gaukeTa<br />

afxazeTSi mcxovrebi ruseTis moqalaqeebis interesebs,<br />

romelTa <strong>da</strong>cvasac ruseTis mTavroba araerTgzis kisrulob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

112 ”krasno<strong>da</strong>ris mxaris gubernatoris gancxadebam adgilobrivi opozicia<br />

sagonebelSi Caagdo”.<br />

113 anatoli gudenko. afxazeTs ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis specialistebma mohkides<br />

xeli. – Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 2004 wlis 24 noemberi.<br />

114 Russia Blockades Abkhazia. – Alternatives, December 1, 2004, http://<br />

www.alternatives.ca/article1568.html.<br />

115 saxelmwifo dumaSi mTavrobis warmomadgenlis <strong>and</strong>rei logunovis<br />

gancxadeba. Semdeg man aRniSna: “ruseTs ar surs, rom afxazeTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

politikuri krizisi SesaZloa sisxlian konfliqtSi ga<strong>da</strong>izardos, misi<br />

moqalaqeebi iyvnen”. ix. “Ãðóçèÿ âûñòóïàåò ïðîòèâ âìåøàòåëüñòâà Ðîññèè âäåëà<br />

Àáõàçèè”, 3 äåêàáðÿ 2004 ãîäà, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/736646.html<br />

347

oqsana antonenko<br />

4-5 dekembers, baRafSis mier <strong>da</strong>gegmil inauguraciamde,<br />

molaparakebebis bolo raundi Catar<strong>da</strong>. 116 amjerad kompromiss<br />

miaRwies. SeTanxmeba iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> imas, rom axali arCevnebi<br />

13 ianvramde Catardebo<strong>da</strong>, baRafSi prezidentobaze iyri<strong>da</strong><br />

kenWs, xajimba ki _ vice- prezidentobaze. am kompromisma<br />

baRafSisa <strong>da</strong> xajimbas momxreebad mkveTrad gay<strong>of</strong>ili afxazeTis<br />

sazogadoeba SeaZrwuna. magram is <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis moxsnasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> 12 ianvars mSvidobiani kenWisyris Catarebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>aSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>exmara. baRafSma 90%-ze meti xmiT <strong>da</strong>majerebeli<br />

gamarjveba moipova. 117<br />

baRafSma realuri Zalaufleba miiRo, xajimbam ki mniSvnelovan<br />

xarisxad _ simboluri Tanamdeboba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

adrindeli imedebisa, baRafSma uaryo cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> sagareo politikis yvela sakiTxs kurirebas<br />

xajimba gauwev<strong>da</strong>. Tqva, rom yvela strategiul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas<br />

prezidenti miiReb<strong>da</strong>, vice-prezidenti ki mxolod operatiul<br />

sakiTxebze gascem<strong>da</strong> pasuxs. metic, rodesac baRafSma, moskovis<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>vebismiuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, no<strong>da</strong>r xaSba ga<strong>da</strong>ayena <strong>da</strong> premier-ministrad<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re anqvabi <strong>da</strong>niSna, amiT Tavisi Zalauflebis<br />

konsoli<strong>da</strong>cia moaxdina. kavSiri baRafSsa <strong>da</strong> arZinbas klanis<br />

warmomadgenel xajimbas Soris, SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobaTa wyaro<br />

momavalSic gaxdes, radgan es ori a<strong>da</strong>miani interesebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

jgufs warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> saeWvoa namdvili mokavSireoba SeZlon.<br />

maT Soris Semdgomma <strong>da</strong>Zabulobam afxazeTi SeiZleba arastabilurobis<br />

gagrZelebamde miiyvanos <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> reformebis<br />

ganxorcielebis, Tavisi de faqto institutebis gaZlierebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

116 am molaparakebebSi monawileobdnen baRafSi, xajimba, xaSba aseve<br />

kolesnikovi <strong>da</strong> ruseTis saxelmwifo dumis spikeris moadgile sergei<br />

baburini. mxareebi “afxazeTis respublikaSi nacionaluri erTobis<br />

miRwevis zomebze” SeTanxmdnen. mas xeli moawera arZinbam, rogorc<br />

prezidentma.<br />

117 centraluri saarCevno komisiis Tavmjdomaris baTal tabaRuas<br />

moxsenebiT mTavar <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiT siebSi Seiyvanes 129 298 amomrCeveli,<br />

kenWis yraSi monawileoba 75 691 a<strong>da</strong>mianma miiRo, anu 90,1 procentma<br />

baRafSs misca xma. 3 467 a<strong>da</strong>mianma, anu 4,5 procentma ki _ prezidentobis<br />

alternatiul k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>t iakub lakobas.<br />

348

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

saqarTvelosTan konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis saSualeba ar misces.<br />

am periodSi ruseTis moqmedebebi<strong>da</strong>n Semdegi <strong>da</strong>skvnebis<br />

gakeTeba SeiZleba. rogorc bevri rusi politikosi ganmartav<strong>da</strong>,<br />

saarCevno procesSi ruseTis aqtiuri Careva<br />

samma faqtorma ganapiroba: pirveli, afxazeTSi arastabiluroba<br />

an Zaladoba SesaZlo iyo ruseTis CrdiloeT<br />

kavkasiis regionebSi ga<strong>da</strong>suliyo; meore, afxazeTis mcxovrebTa<br />

umetesoba <strong>of</strong>icialurad ruseTis moqalaqe iyo; mesame,<br />

ruseTis moqalaqeebsa <strong>da</strong> kompaniebs am regionSi arsebiTi<br />

ekonomikuri interesebi gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T. zemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebi<br />

SeiZleba arCevnebis Sedegebisadmi ruseTis interesis<br />

erTgvari gamarTleba iyos, metadre kerZo pirebsa <strong>da</strong> mewarmeebs<br />

Soris. saarCevno procesSi ruseTis mTavrobis aqtiuri<br />

Careva gaeros egidiT mimdinare qarTul-afxazur samSvidobo<br />

procesSi misi, rogorc Suamavlis, erT-erTi mTavari rolis gamo<br />

SeuTavsebelia. im periodis movlenebma cxa<strong>da</strong>d aCvena, rom<br />

ruseTis politikis mamoZravebel Si<strong>da</strong> impulsebsa <strong>da</strong> im<br />

saerTaSoriso valdebulebebs Soris, romlebic man Tavis Tavze<br />

aiRo, winaaRmdegoba arsebobs. <strong>da</strong> mainc, ruseTis mier afxazeTis<br />

arCevnebis dros wamowyebulma moqmedebebma mniSvnelovani<br />

gavlena ver moaxdina saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier<br />

qarTul-afxazur samSvidobo procesSi misi erT-erT ZiriTad<br />

Suamaval pirad aRqmaze, albaT ufro im mizeziTac, rom ruseTi<br />

afxazur mxareze erTaderTi zemoqmedebis realuri berketebis<br />

SenarCunebas ganagrZobs.<br />

magram ruseTis gavlena garkveul farglebs ar scildeba <strong>da</strong><br />

amaSia afxazuri arCevnebis meore aSkara Sedegi. saarCevno procesSi<br />

ruseTis Careva situaciis stabilizaciis CarCoebi<strong>da</strong>n gamovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>iqca <strong>da</strong>Jinebul mcdelobad, pir<strong>da</strong>pir ganesazRvra arCevnebis<br />

Sedegebi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis sazogadoebas Soris<br />

mravalwliani mWidro urTierTobebisa, moskovma xelisuflebaSi<br />

xajimbas moyvana mainc ver SeZlo.<br />

ruseTis gavlenis farglebi ar SeiZleba mxolod geopolitikiT<br />

aixsnas. 2004 wlis noember-dekemberSi ukrainaSi<br />

Catarebuli arCevnebisagan gansxvavebiT, ruseTi erTaderTi<br />

349

oqsana antonenko<br />

gareSe piri iyo, romelic afxazeTSi arCevnebis saboloo<br />

Sedegebze zemoqmedebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ar SeiZleba es farglebi resursebis ukmarisobiT aixsnas.<br />

maTi mizezi ufro imaT arakompetenturobaSi imaleba, vinc<br />

ruseTis strategias SeimuSaveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cxovrebaSi atareb<strong>da</strong>. am<br />

xalxs afxazi eris gageba, maTi <strong>da</strong> maTive miswrafebebis<br />

pativiscema aSkarad akl<strong>da</strong>. Tumca Zneli kia afxazeTis<br />

saprezidento arCevnebSi ruseTis politikis arqiteqtoris<br />

zusti <strong>da</strong>saxeleba. ruseTis gazeTebi amtkiceben rom xajimbas<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris strategia prezidentis administraciis saerTa-<br />

Soriso politikis gany<strong>of</strong>ilebaSi SeimuSaves. 118 maT Soris, visac<br />

mogvianebiT “zaralis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvrisaken” mouwodes, nacionalisti<br />

politikosebisa <strong>da</strong> Zalovnebisagan Semdgari pirebis<br />

is Cveulebrivi kombinacia iyo, romlebic ruseTis afxazeTTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas gansazRvraven.<br />

rogorc aseTi, Suamavlobas axorcielebdnen sergei baburini,<br />

cnobili imiT, rom dumaSi didxans TanmimdevrobiT icav<strong>da</strong><br />

afxazebis interesebs <strong>da</strong> Zalovnebi _ vladimer kolesnkovi<br />

<strong>da</strong> aleqs<strong>and</strong>re Cekalini. krasno<strong>da</strong>ris gubernatorma tkaCovma,<br />

romelic sazRvris <strong>da</strong>ketviT imuqrebo<strong>da</strong>, aseve mniSvnelovani<br />

roli iTamaSa. Tumca prezidenti putini maTi saqmisgan<br />

distancirebas Seeca<strong>da</strong>, imis mtkicebiT, rom isini <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />

moqmedebdnen. cxadi gax<strong>da</strong>, rom maT ruseTis<br />

interesebis im <strong>da</strong>mcvelebad aRiqvamdnen, vic qveynis gavlenis<br />

SenarCunebasa <strong>da</strong> gamyarebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

moskovSi politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebisas erTgvari<br />

SiSi gaCn<strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, ver moxerx<strong>da</strong> maTi koordinireba.<br />

118 Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà iuwyebo<strong>da</strong>, rom afxazeTSi arCevnebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

ruseTis politikaze prezidentis administraciaSi saerTaSoriso<br />

politikis gany<strong>of</strong>ileba iyo pasuxismgebeli. am gany<strong>of</strong>ilebis dsT-is<br />

qveynebTan urTierTobebis qve<strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>is xelmZRvanelma aleqsei<br />

sitninma didi dro gaatara afxazeTSi. aseve ityobinebo<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTis<br />

Zalovnebi ruseTis politikaze seriozul gavlenas axdendnen. Àíàòîëèé<br />

Ãîðäèåíêî è Íàòàëèÿ Ìåëüíèêî_âà. Ñàìîïðîâîçãëàøåííûé ôàëüñòàðò. – Íåçàâèñèìàÿ<br />

ãàçåòà, 5 îêòÿáðÿ 2004 ãîäà.<br />

350

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

sagareo saqmeTa saministro winaaRmdegobriv gancxadebebs<br />

akeTeb<strong>da</strong>, jer amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTi afxazeTSi Tavis<br />

interesebs <strong>da</strong>icav<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg ki mTavrobis muqara sanqciebis<br />

gamoyenebis Sesaxeb aRkveTa. 119<br />

sagareo saqmeTa saministro, romelic sajarod uWer<strong>da</strong><br />

mxars saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas <strong>da</strong> soxumis<br />

gacxarebuli krizisis dros Jenevis SexvedrebSi monawileob<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Zalovnebma kvlav gverdze ga<strong>da</strong>swies. gaeros egidiT mimdinare<br />

samSvidobo procesis CarCoebSi ruseTis mier aRebuli saerTa-<br />

Soriso valdebulebebis ignorirebiT Zalovnebs afxazeTSi<br />

mkacri xazis gatareba sur<strong>da</strong>T. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, ar SeiZleba<br />

pozitiurad ar vaRiaroT is, rom arCevnebis Sedegebis gamo<br />

uTanxmoeba msxvilmasStabian ZaladobaSi ar ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTis metad arastabilur CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionebSi<br />

ar gavrcel<strong>da</strong>. amasTan, ruseTis monawileoba samxedro zewolis<br />

gareSe iyo ganxorcielebuli. im mokle periods Tu ar CavTvliT,<br />

rodesac sazRvari <strong>da</strong>ketili iyo, Tumca ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTs<br />

Soris ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ar Sewyvetila.<br />

<strong>da</strong>bolos, saarCevno procesSi ruseTis Careva afxazeTis<br />

mosaxleobisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri elitis farTo kritikis sagani<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>. orive mixv<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTTan nebismieri arsebiTi<br />

integracia politikuri Tavisuflebis, aseve sasurveli<br />

liderebis arCevis uflebis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

Tavisufali presis ganviTarebis Semcirebis niSani iqneba. Tumca<br />

afxazeTis sazogadoebis didi nawili jer kidev ar aris<br />

demokratiuli faseulobebis matarebeli; afxazeTis, rogorc<br />

“araRiarebuli” qveynis, mZime cxovrebam mas erTobis grZnoba<br />

gaumZafra. amiT gansxvavdeba afxazeTi mezobeli ruseTis bevri<br />

sxva regionisagan, romlebic uwindeburad federalur centrze<br />

119 sagareo saqmeTa saministros warmomadgenelma aleqs<strong>and</strong>re iakovenkom<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTi Tavis interesebs <strong>da</strong>icavs afxazeTSi (Íåçàâèñèìàÿ<br />

ãàçåòà, 2 äåêàáðÿ 2004 ãîäà). sagareo saqmeTa saministros informaciuli<br />

departamentis ufrosis moadgile mixeil troianskim <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, rom<br />

afxazeTTan sazRvris <strong>da</strong>ketvis sakiTxi sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi ar<br />

ganxilula (Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 2 äåêàáðÿ 2004 ãîäà).<br />

351

oqsana antonenko<br />

arian <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli <strong>da</strong> mzad arian ekonomikuri subsidiebis<br />

sanacvlod TavianTi politikuri avtonomiis SezRudvas<br />

<strong>da</strong>Tanxmdnen. baRafSi, romelmac Si<strong>da</strong> kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciiT<br />

ruseTTan ekonomikur kavSirebze mzady<strong>of</strong>na gaacxa<strong>da</strong>,<br />

roca saqme politikur kavSirebs exeba, TavSekavebuli<br />

xdeba. 120 amave dros arCevnebis Semdeg ruseTis pasportebTan<br />

erTad Si<strong>da</strong>, afxazuri pasportebis gacemiT afxazeTis politikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis simboloebis gamyareba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. 121<br />

jerjerobiT ki putinis Si<strong>da</strong> politikaSi mzardi avtoritaruli<br />

tendenciebi afxazeTis SigniT mimdinare procesebs<br />

sul ufro emijneba.arCevnebma aCvena, rom afxazeTis samoqalaqo<br />

sazogadoeba korumpirebuli liderebis winaaRmdeg,<br />

ranair patriotul droSebsac ar un<strong>da</strong> afrialebdnen isini,<br />

saprotesto gamosvlebisaTvis mza<strong>da</strong>a. Tu es tendenciebi<br />

gagrZel<strong>da</strong>, SesaZloa ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>axloeba aRqmul iqnas,<br />

rogorc afxazebis nacionaluri miswrafebebis Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan<br />

<strong>da</strong>samareba.<br />

magram es mainc ar niSnavs imas, rom afxazur-rusul<br />

urTierTobebs didi cvlilebebi elis. afxazeTis saerTaSoriso<br />

aRiarebisa <strong>da</strong> qarTul-afxazur urTierTobebSi uaxloes droSi<br />

arsebiTi gaumjobesebis uperspeqtivobisa, ruseTi afxazeTisaTvis<br />

kvlav politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

mTavar wyarod rCeba.<br />

ukrainis “narinjisferi revoluciisgan” gansxvavebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba im demokratiul Zalebs uWer<strong>da</strong><br />

mxars, arCevnebis falsifikaciis winaaRmdeg protests rom<br />

acxadebdnen, afxazeTSi saerTaSoriso monawileobis arqona<br />

120 Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà-sTvis micemul interviuSi sergei baRafSma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>:<br />

“afxazeTis xalxi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> imaSi, rom Cven <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifo<br />

gvaqvs. amitom ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>axloebas jer mxolod ekonomikiT <strong>da</strong>viwyebT”.<br />

Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 21 ÿíâàðÿ 2005 ãîäà, http://www.ng.ru/printed/courier/2005!01!24/<br />

9_georgia.html.<br />

121 baRafSis sityvebiT, afxazeTi Si<strong>da</strong> pasportebis gacemis <strong>da</strong>wyebas 2005<br />

wlis marti-aprilisaTvis gegmav<strong>da</strong>. ix. “Âåñíîé ýòîãî ãîäà â Àáõàçèè íà÷íåòñÿ<br />

ââåäåíèå âíóòðåííèõ ïàñïîðòîâ”,http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/<br />

760564.html.<br />

352

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

rogorc Signi<strong>da</strong>n, ise gare<strong>da</strong>n arCevnebiT Ria manipulirebis<br />

SesaZleblobas iZleva. metic, saqarTvelos axali xelm-<br />

ZRvanelobis konstruqciuli strategiis uqonloba afxazeTis<br />

saerTaSoriso izolaciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, afxazuri elitis<br />

im fenebisaTvis, romlebic ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n zewolis gamo<br />

ukmay<strong>of</strong>iloni iyvnen, manevrirebis viwro ares tovebs.<br />

kremlis qmedebebma ruseTis politikur elitSi mwvave<br />

debatebi warmoSva. regionuli problemebis eqspertebma<br />

(sergei aruTinovi, aleqsei malaSenko <strong>da</strong> ala iazkova), liberalurma<br />

politikosebma (irina xakama<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> valeri goregliadi)<br />

<strong>da</strong> tradiciulad prokremlurma analitikosebma (sergei<br />

makarovi <strong>da</strong> stanislav belkovski) afxazeTis arCevnebSi<br />

moskovis taqtika mwvaved gaakritikes. 122 am kritikis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />

2004 wlis Semodgomaze, ukrainis saprezidento<br />

arCevnebis dros, ruseTis liderebma im Secdomebi<strong>da</strong>n kvlav<br />

bevri gaimeores.<br />

ruseTis politikuri kontroli<strong>da</strong>n afxazeTis gamosvla<br />

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi moxdeba, Tu saqarTvelo afxazi<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis imis demonstrirebas SeZlebs, rom is<br />

afxazeTis nacionalur ga<strong>da</strong>rCenas ukve safrTxes ar uqmnis.<br />

prezidentma saakaSvilma <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobam es<br />

jerjerobiT ver gaakeTes, Tumca afxazeTis arCevnebis dros<br />

moskovSi <strong>da</strong>Svebuli Secdomebi TbilisSi zedmiwevniT fiqsirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rogorc bevri qarTveli komentatori aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>,<br />

ruseTis kontroli afxazeTze _ rac aqamde bevrs swori<br />

miaCn<strong>da</strong>, metwilad miTi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. problema isaa, rom qarTvelma<br />

liderebma jer ver miagnes ruseTis sisusteebi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelosTvis<br />

sargeblobis miRebis xerxs _ sxva sityvebiT rom<br />

vTqvaT, gaixsnas gza soxumTan axali, konstruqciuli dialogisTvis.<br />

123<br />

122 am misamarTis Sesabamisad: http://grani.ru/Politics/World/Europe/Georgia/<br />

p.81031.html; http://www.ng.ru/printed/cis/2004!12!07/_abkhazia.html; aseve http://<br />

www.ng.ru/politics/ 2004!10!18/2_abhazia. html.<br />

123 paata zaqareiSvili, “axali Svidi dRe”, 8-14 oqtomberi, 2004 w.<br />

353

oqsana antonenko<br />

354<br />

nabiji win: status-kvo-<strong>da</strong>n gamosvla?<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTs Soris SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis<br />

Semdeg <strong>da</strong>myarebul status-kvos SenarCunebas “gayinuli<br />

gaurkvevlobis” aT welze meti xnis rusuli strategia <strong>da</strong>exmara.<br />

am rolma SeaZlebina ruseTs ara mxolod SeenarCunebina<br />

regionSi y<strong>of</strong>na <strong>da</strong> gavlena, aramed xeli Seewyo afxazeTis<br />

faqtobrivi saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebisTvis. Tumca<br />

ruseTis politikam praqtikulad konfliqti ver <strong>da</strong>aregulira,<br />

magram ubralo afxazebs <strong>da</strong>culobis grZnoba Seuqmna <strong>da</strong><br />

ekonomikurad ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis saSualeba misca. aseve Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicila<br />

SesaZlo destabilizacia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.<br />

amave dros ruseTis politika qarTuli suverenitetis<br />

ganviTarebis arsebiTi <strong>da</strong>brkoleba gax<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelo wlebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi iZulebuli iyo, Tavis saSinao saqmeebSi ruseTis<br />

Carevas Serigebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> droebiT adgilnacvali pirebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

tvirTi etarebina. politikur molaparakebebSi progresis<br />

ararsebobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, saqarTveloSi, afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTSi didi cvlilebebi mox<strong>da</strong>. prezidenti saakaSvili<br />

Cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamosavlis povnis mtkice imediTaa aRsavse. aseve<br />

afxazeTi ufro gawaful strategias atarebs, ruseTze nakleb<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli xdeba <strong>da</strong> Tavisi nacionaluri miznebisaTvis<br />

iRvwis.<br />

ruseTis politikam saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi mZime<br />

gamoc<strong>da</strong> ukve gaiara 2004 wlis gazafxulsa <strong>da</strong> zafxulSi, aWarisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis movlenebis dros. ufro mniSvnelovania is,<br />

rom ruseTis qmedebebma 2004 wlis Semodgomaze, afxazuri<br />

arCevnebis dros, gamoaaSkarava misi Zalauflebis SezRuduloba<br />

<strong>da</strong> marjved koordinirebuli politikis gatarebis<br />

uunaroba. Sedegad, ruseTma afxazuri elitis ndoba <strong>da</strong>karga,<br />

romelic axla ufro uxalisod midis moskovTan politikur<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebaze. ruseTis gavlena afxazeTze ekonomikur xasiaTs<br />

atarebs <strong>da</strong> ase <strong>da</strong>rCeba manam, sanam saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />

sazogadoebrioba ar ga<strong>da</strong>wyveten uari Tqvan afxazeTis<br />

izolaciis mcdelobaze <strong>da</strong> ar SeimuSaveben axal strategias,

gayinuli gaurkvevloba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti afxazeTis irgvliv<br />

romliTac am regionisTvis ufro farTo ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs<br />

gaxsnian im imediT, rom aseTi saxiT Serigebisken<br />

mimavali politikuri dialogisTvis ufro myari saZirkveli<br />

Caiyreba. marTlac, Semobrunebis msgavsi niSnebi SeiZleba<br />

afxazeTis ekonomikis aRdgenaSi evrosabWos mzard wvlilSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>inaxo <strong>da</strong> qarTuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis xmebSic<br />

saqarTvelos mTavrobis mxri<strong>da</strong>n ndobis calmxrivi zomebis<br />

mowodeba gaismis. ruseTi uwindeburad mxolod samSvidobo<br />

procesis sakiTxebze reagirebs, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d moqmedi pirebis<br />

rTuli nakrebis gamo <strong>da</strong> xSirad sawinaaRmdegoa Sexedulebebi<br />

mis strategiul interesebze. arsebuli tendenciis Senar-<br />

Cunebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi SesaZloa ufro metad marginaluri<br />

gaxdes, Tu saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba kavkasiis “gayinuli<br />

konfliqtebis” <strong>da</strong>regulirebaSi ufro aqtiuri rolis TamaSs<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets.<br />

355

Tavi 6<br />

356<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTi miesalma mixeil saakaSvilis, rogorc reformebze<br />

orientirebuli demokratis, prezidentad arCevas 2004<br />

wlis ianvarSi im imediT, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad uamravi politikuri<br />

sirTulisa, is SeZleb<strong>da</strong> Tavisi qveynis warmarTvas stabilurobis,<br />

usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis gziT. ramdenime Tvis<br />

Semdeg misma Zaladobrivma aqciam samxreT oseTSi cxadyo, rom<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis imedebi ramdenadme ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli iyo. saakaSvilis<br />

revoluciuri warmateba ar niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom is aucileblad<br />

SeZleb<strong>da</strong> imave warmatebiT qveynis institutebis reformirebas.<br />

axal elitas memkvidreobiT ergo susti saxelmwifo,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c korufcias Rrmad hqon<strong>da</strong> fesvebi gadgmuli. <strong>da</strong>savleTma<br />

saTanadod ver Seafasa es problemebi. misi interesebi regionSi<br />

didi xnis manZilze Zalian viwrod iyo gansazRvruli. yovelive<br />

aman gamoiwvia situaciis araswori <strong>da</strong> gaurkveveli Sefaseba,<br />

rogorc gareSe subieqtebs Soris, ise – saqarTvelos xelisuflebis<br />

SigniT.<br />

pirveli gaugebroba Seexebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis interesis<br />

intensivobas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiis<br />

geopolitikuri mniSvnelobisa, arc erTia SeerTebuli Statebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> evrokavSirisTvis pirvelxarisxovani interesis<br />

sagani. 1 <strong>da</strong>savleTis politika regionSi status-kvos Senar-<br />

1 Fiona Hill, “A Not-So-Gr<strong>and</strong> Strategy: United States Policy in the Caucasus <strong>and</strong> Central<br />

Asia since 1991,” http://www.brook.edu/dybdocroot/views/articles/fhill/2001politique.htm.<br />

This paper is the English version <strong>of</strong> a contribution to Politique étrangère, no. 1 (February<br />

2001), pp. 95–108.

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

Cunebisa <strong>da</strong> axali konfliqtebis acilebisken iyo mimarTuli.<br />

Tumca, un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom maT bolomde verc mSvidobis<br />

SenarCuneba <strong>da</strong> verc amierkavkasiisTvis usafrTxoebis erTiani<br />

CarCos Seqmna SeZles. 2<br />

saqarTvelos urTierTobebi aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirTan,<br />

aseve, emyarebo<strong>da</strong> sxva araswor intepretaciebs. sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg rogorc <strong>da</strong>savleTi, iseve saqarTvelo,<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> saerTo enis gamonaxvas urTier-<br />

Tinteresis gamosaxatavad. iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa<br />

humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> finansuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba, maT, nawilobriv,<br />

miaRwies warmatebas. Tumca, sxva mniSvnelovan sferoebSi<br />

komunikacia <strong>da</strong> urTierT-gagebis xarisxi <strong>da</strong>bali iyo. am<br />

tendenciis axsna ramdenime faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT<br />

SeiZleba.<br />

pirveli, qarTuli elita moklevadiani sargebliT iyo<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebuli, rodesac <strong>da</strong>savleTi, gansakuTrebiT ki,<br />

evrokavSiri, cdilob<strong>da</strong> grZelvadiani, mdgradi programebis<br />

ganxorcielebas. SevardnaZis prezidentobisas, politikuri <strong>da</strong><br />

samTavrobo stabilurobis nakleboba korumpirebul saxelmwifo<br />

moxeleebs umokles xanSi maqsimaluri sargeblis<br />

Ziebisken ubiZgeb<strong>da</strong>. usafrTxoebis problemebi <strong>da</strong> Zaladoba,<br />

agreTve, CeCneTis konfliqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ruseTis<br />

politikuri zewola, zrdi<strong>da</strong> politikur destabilizacias <strong>da</strong><br />

aqezeb<strong>da</strong> viwro, TviTgamorCenisken mimarTul qmedebebs.<br />

Sedegad, <strong>da</strong>savleTi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> iseT rTul situaciaSi, rodesac<br />

Zneli iyo grZelvadiani ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis lobireba, Tu<br />

qarTuli saxelmwifo moxeleebi moklevadian piradul sargebels<br />

ver moipovebdnen.<br />

2 evrokavSirisa <strong>da</strong> aSS-s politika xan<strong>da</strong>xan gansxvavebulicaa saqarTveloSi.<br />

magaliTad, 1999 wels evrokavSiri mkacrad ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />

aSS-isa <strong>da</strong> ms<strong>of</strong>lio bankis gegmebs strategiulad mniSvnelovani foTis<br />

portis privatizaciis Sesaxeb. Tumca, un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc wesi,<br />

evropa <strong>da</strong> amerika cdilob<strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiaSi politikis koordinaciasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas, ormxrivi <strong>da</strong> mravalmxrivi<br />

politikis kombinaciis gziT.<br />

357

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

meore, verc SeerTebuli Statebi <strong>da</strong> verc <strong>da</strong>savleT evropa<br />

ver <strong>da</strong>eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosTan axlo urTierTobis istoriul<br />

gamocdilebas. zogierTi <strong>da</strong>savluri saxelmwifo mokle<br />

xniT iyo <strong>da</strong>interesebuli saqarTveloTi 1921 wlis sabWoTa<br />

aneqsiamde. 3 am saerTo istoriuli gamocdilebis naklebobis<br />

gamo <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo, mimdinare politikis gansazRvrisas,<br />

ver iyeneben warsul gamocdilebas. amas Tan erTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>savlur qveynebsa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />

miRebis rTuli meqanizmebi. es, gansakuTrebiT,<br />

evrokavSirs Seexeba. qarTvelebi, romlebic sabWoTa centralizebul<br />

politikas arian Cveulni, <strong>da</strong> naklebad icnoben<br />

evropuli integraciis xangrZliv process, imedgacruebiT<br />

aRiqvamen, Tu rogor miiReba (an ar miiReba) ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi<br />

evrokavSirSi.<br />

mesame, kanonis uzenaesoba sakmaod susta<strong>da</strong>a saqarTveloSi<br />

ganviTarebuli. tradiciebi <strong>da</strong> araformaluri urTierTobebi,<br />

gacilebiT, ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, vidre kanoniT<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebi. amas garkveuli problemebi<br />

mohyveba saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>xmarebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>savlel partniorebTan<br />

TanamSromlobis proeqtebis yoveldRiur ganxorcielebaSi.<br />

saakaSvilis mTavroba cdilobs am problemis<br />

mogvarebas, magram am praqtikis swrafad aRm<strong>of</strong>xvra advili ar<br />

iqneba. <strong>da</strong>savleTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli axalgazr<strong>da</strong> liderebis,<br />

romelTac ukeT uwyian kanonis uzenaesobis pativiscemis<br />

principebi, mosvlas xelisuflebaSi, SesaZloa, mohyves, am<br />

mxriv, situaciis gamosworeba. Tumca, un<strong>da</strong> aRiSnos, rom xSirad<br />

es axali elita <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv auditorias gansxvavebulad<br />

esaubreba. magaliTad, saakaSvili, gacilebiT, ufro<br />

nacionalistur <strong>da</strong> populistur ritorikas iyenebs, roca is<br />

3 S. Neil MacFarlane, “Caucasus <strong>and</strong> Central Asia: Towards a Non-Strategy,” Geneva Center<br />

for Security Policy Occasional Paper Series no. 37 (Geneva: Geneva Center for Security<br />

Policy, 2002), http://www.gcsp.ch/e/publications/Occ-papers/2002/37-MacFarlane.pdf;<br />

Musa Gasimli, “The Role <strong>of</strong> the United States in the South Caucasus 1917–1918,” Caspian<br />

CrossroadsMagazine, vol. 6, no. 3 (2003), http://www.usazerbaijancouncil.org/<br />

caspiancrossroads/current.html#4.<br />

358

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

adgilobriv auditorias mimarTavs, vidre, roca is saer-<br />

TaSoriso msmenels esaubreba. 4<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs Soris arsebuli meoTxe<br />

gaurkvevloba ukavSirdeba orive mxaris mier ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebul<br />

molodinebs. esaubrebian ra TavianT kavkasiel kolegebs<br />

amierkavkasiis strategiul geopolitikur mniSvnelobaze,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTi politikuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmarebis ararealisturi<br />

molodinebis warmoSobas uwyobs xels. samxreT oseTsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi samxedro marcxis gancdis Semdeg qarTvelebi did<br />

imedebs amyareben <strong>da</strong>savleTis mier Si<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis<br />

problemebis mogvarebaze, risi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetac Tavad ver SeZles.<br />

aSkaraa, rom saqarTvelo mougvarebeli Si<strong>da</strong> konfliqtebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />

ukontrolo teritoriebiT ver iqneba mzad Crdilo-atlantikur<br />

aliansSi gasawevrianeblad. magram, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />

Tbilisma 2002 wels Seitana natoSi gawevrianebis <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />

moTxovna, arc am organizaciis mier xdeba mkafiod gansazRvra,<br />

Tu ra grZelvadiani perspeqtivebi SeiZleba hqondes saqarTvelos.<br />

Tumca, 2004 wlis Semodgomaze individualuri<br />

partniorobis samoqmedo gegmis (IPAP) miReba, erTgvarad,<br />

imedismomcemia.<br />

rac Seexeba evrokavSirs, mas wevroba, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ar<br />

SeuTavazebia <strong>da</strong> rom ara 2003 wlis noembris movlenebi,<br />

saqarTvelo “axal samezoblo politikaSic” ver moxvdebo<strong>da</strong>. 5<br />

Tumca, wevrobis perspeqtiva ZiriTadi berketia, romelic<br />

briusels gaaCnia saqarTveloSi institucionaluri re-<br />

4 magaliTad, afxazeTis sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, prezidenti saakaSvili<br />

saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis winaSe inglisurad gamosvlisas calsaxad<br />

konfliqtis mSvidobian ga<strong>da</strong>Wras uWers mxars. saqarTveloSi qarTuli<br />

auditoriisadmi mimarTvisas ki is ufro agresiulia am sakiTxTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rac xSirad kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs mSvidobiani<br />

meTodebis ualternativobas.<br />

5 evrokavSiris es politikuri CarCo 2003 wels iqna SemuSavebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

moicav<strong>da</strong> gazrdili evrokavSiris yvela geografiulad mosazRvre<br />

qveyanas (gar<strong>da</strong> TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> balkaneTis im saxelmwifoebisa, romlebic<br />

evrokavSiris wevrobis k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>tebi arian <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, evrokavSiris<br />

politikis arsebul CarCoSi xvdebian).<br />

359

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

formebis stimulirebisaTvis. axali samezoblo iniciativis<br />

farglebSi evrokavSiri ufro mWidro TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebs<br />

sTavazobs im qveynebs, romlebic evrokavSiris<br />

miznebis Sesabamis politikas ganaxorcieleben. Tumca, saeWvoa,<br />

aris Tu ara sakmarisi aseTi zogadi perspeqtivebi qarTuli<br />

politikuri elitisTvis arapopularuli reformebis gansaxorcieleblad.<br />

amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma energoproeqtebis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT<br />

saqarTveloSi didi imedebis warmoSobas Seuwyo xeli,<br />

magram ar arsebobs garantia, rom mxolod navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazis<br />

proeqtebi iqneba sakmarisi saqarTvelos keTildReobisTvis.<br />

es proeqtebi, TavisTavad, ver SeZlebs sxva ucxouri investiciebis<br />

mozidvas, sanam ar moxdeba sxva mniSvnelovani<br />

pirobebis <strong>da</strong>kmay<strong>of</strong>ileba, rogoricaa samarTlebrivi <strong>da</strong><br />

ekonomikuri reformebi, an Si<strong>da</strong> teritoriuli konfliqtebis<br />

mogvareba. vaSingtoni gansakuTrebulad usvams xazs saqarTvelos<br />

mniSvnelobas regionSi <strong>da</strong> (sityvierad mainc) gamodis mis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sacavad, roca rusTi<strong>da</strong>n momavali zewola autaneli xdeba.<br />

Tumca, amasTan erTad, aSS saqarTvelos ruseTTan urTierTobisas<br />

ufro drekadi politikisken mouwodebs. amerikuli<br />

xedviT, saqarTvelo mudmivad iqneba <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli ruseTze<br />

mraval sferoSi <strong>da</strong> mas sxva gza ar aqvs, Tu ara Zlier mezobelTan<br />

konstruqciuli TanamSromloba. mokled, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas,<br />

rogorc Cans, sjera, rom <strong>da</strong>savleTis ZiriTadi<br />

mizania saqarTvelos evro-atlantikur sivrceSi gawevrianebis<br />

xelSewyoba, maSin, roca <strong>da</strong>savleTis prioritetia saqarTvelos<br />

mier Si<strong>da</strong>politikuri problemebis mogvareba <strong>da</strong> ruseTTan <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva mezobel saxelmwifoebTan TanamSromlobiT qveynis Si<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> regionaluri stabilurobis miRweva.<br />

1990-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis usafrTxoebis<br />

politika saqarTveloSi sami ZiriTadi miznis miRwevas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>:<br />

energoga<strong>da</strong>zidvebis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>, Si<strong>da</strong>konfliqtebis<br />

mogvarebiT regionaluri stabilurobisa <strong>da</strong> integraciis<br />

miRweva <strong>da</strong> qarTuli saxelmwifos gaZliereba. es<br />

usafrTxoebis amocanebi mWidro urTierTkvSirSia. yvela am<br />

360

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

sakiTxis ganxilva xdeba mravalmxrivi <strong>da</strong> ormxrivi forumebis<br />

CarCoebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problemebis<br />

mosagvareblad konkretuli wina<strong>da</strong>debebi ganixileba, rogorc<br />

energo <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisa <strong>da</strong> regionaluri integraciis, ise –<br />

saxelmwifo reformebis sakiTxebSic. 6 winamdebare TavSi Cven<br />

SevecdebiT, ganvixiloT yvela am miznis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos<br />

mimarT <strong>da</strong>savleTis usafrTxoebis politikis konteqstSi.<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>savleli partniorebi<br />

saqarTvelos ZiriTad “<strong>da</strong>savlel partniorebad” SeiZleba<br />

evrokavSiri <strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi CaiTvalos.<br />

Tumca, un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom vercerTma maTganma ver SeZlo<br />

saqarTvelos mimarT Tanmimdevruli <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveli<br />

politikis SemuSaveba. politika aris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva subieqtis,<br />

institutisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos muSaobis Sedegi. amiT aixsneba is<br />

faqti, rom zogierTi maTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba saqarTveloSi<br />

aRiqmeba, rogorc gaurkveveli <strong>da</strong> SeuTanxmebeli. 7<br />

evrokavSiris sagareo politika <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia e.w. institucionalur<br />

samkuTxeds – sabWos, komisiasa <strong>da</strong> parlaments –<br />

6 Stephen J. Blank, U.S. Military Engagement with Transcaucasia <strong>and</strong> CentralAsia (Carlisle,<br />

PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2000), http://www.carlisle.army.mil/pdffiles/PubID=113/<br />

7 Jan Zielonka, “Transatlantic Relations: Beyond the CFSP,” in Hall Gardner <strong>and</strong> Radoslava<br />

Stefanova, eds., Russia <strong>and</strong> China: The Risks <strong>of</strong> Uncoordinated Transatlantic Strategies<br />

(Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2001), pp. 65–80. amierkavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

politikaze ixileT, S. Neil MacFarlane, Western Engagement in the Caucasus <strong>and</strong><br />

Central Asia (London: Royal Institute <strong>of</strong> International Affairs, 1999), xolo<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTis konfliqtTan mimarTebaSi<br />

ixileT, Bruno Coppieters, “Western Security Policies <strong>and</strong> the Georgian–Abkhaz<br />

Conflict,” in Bruno Coppieters, David Darchiashvili, Natella Akaba, eds., Federal Practice:<br />

Exploring Alternatives for Georgia <strong>and</strong> Abkhazia (Brussels: VUB Press, 2000), pp. 21–<br />

58. (am statiis rusuli Targmani <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>, rogorc: Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ. Ïîëèòèêà<br />

Çàïàäà â îáëàñòè áåçîïàñíîñòè è ãðóçèíî-àáõàçñêèé êîíôëèêò // Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ, Äàâèä<br />

Äàð÷èàøâèëè, Íàòåëëà Àêàáà (ðåä.). Ïðàêòèêà ôåäåðàëèçìà. Ïîèñêè àëüòåðíàòèâ äëÿ<br />

Ãðóçèè è Àáõàçèè. Ì.: Âåñü Ìèð, 1999. C. 18-71, òàêæå ïî àäðåñó: http://poli.vub.ac.be.)<br />

361

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

Soris Si<strong>da</strong> urTierTobebze. evropuli sabWos roli ganisazRvreba<br />

wevr-saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri TanamSromlobiT,<br />

roca isini cdiloben erTiani sagareo politikis<br />

SemuSavebas. zogierTi wevri saxelmwifo cdilobs Tavi aaridos<br />

amierkavkasiis problemebSi Rrma Carevas. 8 evro komisia,<br />

romelic xSirad ufro erTiani politikis momxrea, ver gadis im<br />

farglebs gareT, romelsac sabWo awesebs. Tumca, amas xeli ar<br />

SeuSlia misTvis xan<strong>da</strong>xan gabeduli sagareo iniciativebiT<br />

gamosvlaSi. 9 rac Seexeba evropis parlaments, marTalia, is<br />

xan<strong>da</strong>xan sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva lobis gavlenis qveS eqceva xolme (magaliTad,<br />

somxuri lobi), is, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, mainc amierkavkasiaSi<br />

evrokavSiris ufro aqtiuri rolis momxrea <strong>da</strong> cdilobs sabWos<br />

am gzisken biZgebas, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom evropul sazogadoebas<br />

ar aqvs didi interesi evropis am periferiuli<br />

regionis mimarT. evropelTa umravlesobis warmodgeniT,<br />

amierkavkasia Soreul mTebs miRma mimaluli teritoriaa, xolo<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>taniTi mniSvnelobiT, problemebis mTebs miRma mdebareobs.<br />

10 jer-jerobiT, evrokavSiri sakmaod susti moTamaSea<br />

amierkavkasiaSi, uTmobs ra pirvelobas calkeul wevr-saxelm-<br />

8 evropelebi amierkavkasias sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva TvalTaxedviT Sescqerian. erTni<br />

yuradRebas amaxvileben rusul <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa memkvidreobaze, meoreni –<br />

eTno-lingvistur faqtorebze; zogi kavkasias evropis nawilad miiCnevs,<br />

sxvebi upiratesobas mis farTo kaspiis zRvis auzSi CarTvas aniWeben. am<br />

midgomaTa ufro detaluri analizi ixileT, Damien Helly, “The Role <strong>of</strong> the<br />

EU in the Security <strong>of</strong> the South Caucasus: A Compromised Specificity?” Connections,<br />

vol. 1, no. 3 (July<br />

2002), pp. 67–76, http://pfpconsortium.org/parser.cgi?file=/infopages/pubs_en.htm.<br />

9 evropis komisiis, rogorc saerTaSoriso aqtorisa <strong>da</strong> misi sagareo<br />

politikis kompetenciebis Sesaxeb (sxva kvlevebs Soris), ixileT, Charlotte<br />

Bretherton <strong>and</strong> John Vogler, The European Union as a Global Actor (London: Routledge,<br />

1999).<br />

10 manam, sanam TurqeTis gawevrianeba ga<strong>da</strong>uwyveteli rCeba, amierkavkasia<br />

ar iqneba prioritetuli sakiTxi evrokavSirisaTvis. magram, mas Semdeg,<br />

rac TurqeTi evrokavSiris wevri qveyana gaxdeba, is amierkavkasiasTan<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir sazRvars SeiZens. ixileT, Christopher Hill, “The Geopolitical<br />

Implications <strong>of</strong> Enlargement,” EUI Working Paper no. 30 (Florence: European University<br />

Institute, 2000).<br />

362

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

wifoebs, rogoricaa, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi <strong>da</strong> germania. 11<br />

aSS-Si, politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebisas, saxelmwifo<br />

departaments, Tavisi mravalricxovani sammarTveloebiTurT,<br />

TeTr saxls, erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWosa <strong>da</strong><br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros – yvelas Tavisi xedva gaaCnia amierkavkasiasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi, maSin roca, kongresi navTobisa Tu<br />

erovnuli lobis zegavleniT, xSirad kidev sxva ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />

miRebas cdilobs. sxva<strong>da</strong>xva prezidentis administraciebi<br />

amerikaSi gansxvavebul prioritetebs SeimuSaveb<strong>da</strong>. 12<br />

1990-iani wlebis bolomde aSS-is politika gansakuTrebulad<br />

gaurkveveli iyo, rac institucionalur gaurkvevlobas <strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis procesis SeuTanxmeblobas ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mxolod bil klintonis meore saprezidento vadis<br />

bolos mox<strong>da</strong> “kaspiis politikis” SemuSaveba. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, 2001<br />

wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebis Semdeg sagrZnoblad<br />

Seicvala aSS-is sagareo politikis prioritetebi. saqarTvelo<br />

dRes “didi axlo aRmosavleTis” nawilad moiazreba – potenciuri<br />

teroristuli safrTxis mTavari regioni. saqarTvelos<br />

roli, rogorc centraluri aziis karibWisa, zedmiwevniT<br />

gaizar<strong>da</strong> avRaneTisa <strong>da</strong> erayis saomari kampaniebis Sedegad.<br />

separatistuli regionebi saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli<br />

SeSfoTebis sagani gax<strong>da</strong>, vinai<strong>da</strong>n evropelebic <strong>da</strong> amerikelebic<br />

aq teroristebis potenciur TavSesafars xe<strong>da</strong>ven. am teroristuli<br />

safrTxis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifo<br />

reformis farglebSi un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo.<br />

11 Dov Lynch, ed., The South Caucasus: A Challenge for the EU, Chaillot Papers no. 65<br />

(Paris: Institute for Security Studies, European Union, December 2003), http://www.isseu.org/public/content/chaile.html.<br />

germania <strong>da</strong> patara wevri saxelwifoebi ufro<br />

aqtiurad uWeren mxars evrokavSiris erTian politikas, vidre –didi<br />

britaneTi <strong>da</strong> safrangeTi (is ruseTTan <strong>da</strong> aSS-sTan erTad e.w. minskis<br />

jgufis wevria, romelsac mTiani yarabaxis konfliqtSi Suamavlis roli<br />

akisria).<br />

12 Hill, “A Not-So-Gr<strong>and</strong> Strategy.” agreTve ixileT, Simon Serfaty, “Les Etats-Unis,<br />

l’Europe et la France,” Revue française de géoéconomie, no. 7 (1998), pp. 125–143; <strong>and</strong><br />

Michael Brenner, “La diplomatie américaine et la sécurité en Europe,” Le Trimestre du<br />

Monde, vol. 30 (1995), pp. 57–69.<br />

363

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

364<br />

energo<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong><br />

klintonis administracii<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, vaSingtonis<br />

midgoma kaspiis zRvis navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazis transportirebis<br />

ganviTarebisadmi ufro metad geopolitikur gaTvlebs<br />

emyarebo<strong>da</strong> — vidre wmin<strong>da</strong> komerciuls. 13 1990-iani wlebis<br />

meore naxevarSi SeerTebulma Statebma, erovnuli uSiSroebis<br />

sabWos iniciativiT, azerbaijani-saqarTvelo-TurqeTis<br />

navTobsadens, sxva marSrutebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ori ZiriTadi<br />

mizezis gamo mianiWa upiratesoba: pirveli, ruseTis teritoriis<br />

gverdis avla, raTa moskovis zegavlena Semcirebuliyo mis<br />

samxreTel mezoblebze <strong>da</strong> meore, vaSingtonis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />

– xeli SeeSala iranisTvis, kaspiis energoresursebis tranzitiT<br />

sargeblobaSi. 14 am ori mizezis gar<strong>da</strong>, aSS-is <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />

pirebi moqmedebdnen im gaTvliT, rom baqo-Tbilisi-jeihani<br />

(bTj) xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> regionSi situaciis stabilizacias,<br />

konfliqtebis Semcirebis <strong>da</strong> ara stimulirebis xarjze.<br />

milsadenis es proeqti, agreTve, erTgvari kompensacia iyo<br />

TurqeTisaTvis aSS-isgan, 1991 wlis sparseTis yureSi saomari<br />

moqmedebebis mxar<strong>da</strong>WerisTvis <strong>da</strong> am omis Sedegad garkveuli<br />

finansuri <strong>da</strong>naklisisTvis. 15 gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, klintonis admi-<br />

13 emi jefis SeniSvniT, klintonis “kaspiis politika” 1994 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong>, magram misi mniSvneloba gaZlier<strong>da</strong> 1998 wels regionSi spec.<br />

warmomadgenlis <strong>da</strong>niSvniT. ixileT, Amy Jaffe, “U.S. Policy towards the Caspian:<br />

Can the Wish-list be Realized?” in Gennady Chufrin, ed., The Security <strong>of</strong> the Caspian Sea<br />

Region (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 136–150.<br />

14 Hill, “A Not-So-Gr<strong>and</strong> Strategy.” hilis ganmartebiT, “1996 wlis agvistoSi<br />

iranisa <strong>da</strong> libiis winaaRmdeg sanqciebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebiT,<br />

romelic aweseb<strong>da</strong> jarimebs iranis navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazis industriis msxvili<br />

investorebisTvis, aSS mkafiod ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> sparseTis yureSi <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

regionebSi, kaspiis CaTvliT, iranis izoliaciis politikaze. Sedegad,<br />

1995-96 wlebSi [erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos] analitikosebi gaxdnen aSSis<br />

politikis arqiteqtorebi, romelic iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> ramdenime<br />

milsadenis mSeneblobas kaspiis navTobpoduqtebis eqsportisaTvis, rac<br />

kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> centralur azias <strong>da</strong>akavSireb<strong>da</strong> globalur bazarTan <strong>da</strong><br />

iranTan kavSiri minimumamde iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>yvanili.”<br />

15 Hill, “A Not-So-Gr<strong>and</strong> Strategy.”

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

nistracia am wamowyebas SeerTebul StatebSi energoresursebis<br />

miwodebis diversifikaciis saWiroebiT asabuTeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom kaspiis navTobi ms<strong>of</strong>lio maragis 5%-ze<br />

naklebs Seadgens.<br />

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis proeqtis ganxorcieleba<br />

rTulad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. bevri msxvili navTobkompania<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> kavkasiur milsadens, miaCn<strong>da</strong>T ra, rom<br />

navTobsadeni ekonomiurad yvelaze momgebiani iranis an ruseTis<br />

teritoriis gavliT iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. 16 “eqson mobili” (ExxonMobile),<br />

mowinave amerikuli kompania azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> yazaxeTSi,<br />

sabolood mainc ar SeuerT<strong>da</strong> proeqts. TviT “BP”-ic ki, romelic<br />

dRes bTj-is wamyvani Zalaa, didxans ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> am<br />

proeqts, magram sabolood <strong>da</strong>sTanxm<strong>da</strong>, SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

mniSvnelovani zewolis Sedegad. 2000 welsac ki, BP-i Siraqis<br />

veli<strong>da</strong>n momavali baqo-sufsa milsadenis gamtarunarianobis<br />

gaormagebas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> upiratesobas, vidre bTj-is gayvanas. 17<br />

es proeqti arc evrokavSiris bevri qveynisTvis iyo<br />

optimaluri. rac Seexeba axal wevrebs, ufro logikuri<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> kaspiis navTobis pir<strong>da</strong>pir Savi zRviT – rumineTis,<br />

bulgareTis, an saberZneTis gavliT – importi samxreT evropaSi,<br />

vidre TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> xmelTaSua zRvis saSualebiT. magram<br />

evrokavSiris erTiani navTobpolitikis ararsebobis gamo<br />

briuselma ver SeZlo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaze Sesabamisi<br />

zemoqmedebis moxdena. vinai<strong>da</strong>n evrokavSiris zogierTi wevri<br />

qveyana (rogoricaa, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi <strong>da</strong> italia),<br />

TavianT nacionalur navTobkompaniebTan erTad (Sesabamisad,<br />

“BP”, “TotalFinaElf”-i <strong>da</strong> “ENI”), sargebels xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> baqo-Tbilisijeihanis<br />

navTobsadenis proeqtisa <strong>da</strong> sxva kaspiuri investiciebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

maT naklebi interesi hqon<strong>da</strong>T erTiani energogeopolitikis<br />

SesamuSaveblad. 18 aseTi politikis arseboba maT<br />

16 Jaffe, “U.S. Policy towards the Caspian.”<br />

17 Jaffe, “U.S. Policy towards the Caspian.”<br />

18 saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiaSi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobis<br />

mqone evrokavSiris sxva qveynebis interesebi, rogoricaa germania <strong>da</strong><br />

saberZneTi, naklebad moeqcnen navTobinteresebis gavlenis qveS.<br />

365

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

evropel konkurentebs regionSi axali SesaZleblobebis<br />

saSualebas miscem<strong>da</strong>. “BP”-s Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli TavSekavebis<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, evropuli saxelmwifoebi<strong>da</strong>n, sabolood, didi<br />

britaneTi iyo bTj-is navTobsadenis erT-erTi yvelaze didi<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri, proeqtis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli britanuli<br />

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saprotesto kampaniis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad.<br />

azerbaijanis, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis xelmZRvaneloba<br />

aqtiurad uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars bTj-is navTobsadens, maSin, roca<br />

umravlesoba saerTaSoriso saqmiani wreebisa proeqts komerciulad<br />

aramomgebianad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. azerbaijanis prezidenti<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>r alievi <strong>da</strong> navTobkonsorciumi “azerbaijanis saerTa-<br />

Soriso operaciuli korporacia” <strong>da</strong>exmara proeqts, CarTo ra<br />

mis ganxorcielebaSi aSS-is navTob-biznesis mniSvnelovani<br />

warmomadgenlebi amerikul-azerbaijanuli samrewvelo palati<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

TurqeTis prezidenti suleiman demireli amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom bTj <strong>da</strong>debiTad imoqmedeb<strong>da</strong> TurqeTSi ekologiur<br />

situaciaze, vinai<strong>da</strong>n is saSiSad ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTul bosforis<br />

srutes auvli<strong>da</strong> gverds. xolo saqarTvelos prezidenti<br />

eduard SevardnaZe irwmunebo<strong>da</strong>, rom bTj saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong> regionSi energetikuli xidis rolis SesrulebaSi.<br />

aSS-isa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiris saxemlwifoebrivi interesebi<br />

amierkavkasiaSi ukavSirdeba komerciul interesebs msxvili<br />

navTobkompaniebisa, romlebic qmnian ZiriTad kaspiis energo<br />

konsorciumebs. kaspiis auzSi, TavianTi investiciebis usafrTxoebis<br />

garantiebis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad, am kompaniebma gamonaxes<br />

Tanamzraxvelebi aSS-is geopolitikur-strategiuli Teoriis<br />

mimdevrebSi, romlebic mxars uWeren amerikis mzard rols<br />

ruseTis mezobel qveynebSi. 19<br />

aSS-is y<strong>of</strong>ili maRalCinosnebi, rogorebic arian: zbignev<br />

bJezinski, brent skoukr<strong>of</strong>ti, jon sununu, jeims beikeri <strong>da</strong><br />

riCard Ceini (rodesac is “holiberton”-s xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong>),<br />

19 Jaffe, “U.S. Policy towards the Caspian.”<br />

366

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros estumrnen baqosa <strong>da</strong> kaspiis regions <strong>da</strong><br />

lobirebdnen navTobkompaniebis interesebs. 20<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n ruseTi (arausafuZvlod) baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis<br />

proeqtSi xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> mcdelobebs misi zegavlenis Semcirebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos energo bazrebi<strong>da</strong>n misi<br />

gaZevebisa, is mainc ar molba proeqtis ideisadmi mas<br />

Semdegac ki, roca ruseTis navTobkompania lukoili principulad<br />

<strong>da</strong>sTanxm<strong>da</strong> proeqtSi monawileobas. Tumca, un<strong>da</strong><br />

aRiniSnos, rom lukoilis monawileoba gagrZel<strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />

2002 wlamde, roca igi, dRemde ucnobi mizezebis gamo,<br />

proeqti<strong>da</strong>n gavi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

bTj-is proeqtma mkacri kritika gamoiwvia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

<strong>da</strong>savluri Tu qarTuli arasamTavrobo organizaciis mxri<strong>da</strong>nac,<br />

romelnic misi SesaZlo ekologiuri SedegebiT arian<br />

SeSfoTebulni. 21 proeqtis <strong>da</strong>mgegmavebi TviT saqarTveloSic<br />

ki, Seejaxnen Ria protests, romelic ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong> milsadenis,<br />

rogorc Tavi<strong>da</strong>n igegmebo<strong>da</strong>, borjomis nakrZalSi<br />

gavlas <strong>da</strong> mineralur wyalze zegavlenis savaraudo Sedegebs.<br />

anti-bTj-is kampania 2004 welsac gagrZel<strong>da</strong>, magram klebadi<br />

sixSiriT <strong>da</strong> ZalebiT.<br />

vaSingtonis Zalisxmeva rom ara, albaT, bTj-is milsadenis<br />

gayvana SeuZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. am proeqtSi monawile kompaniebi<br />

saWiroebdnen aSS-is Carevas, raTa adgilobriv xelisufalTa<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera moepovebinaT <strong>da</strong> mieRoT saxsrebi saerTaSoriso<br />

safinanso institutebi<strong>da</strong>n. aSS-is mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, saerTaSoriso<br />

safinanso korporaciam (ssk) – ms<strong>of</strong>lio bankis struqtura,<br />

romelic kerZo seqtorTan muSaobs – 2003 wlis noemberSi<br />

20 Svante E. Cornell, Small Nations <strong>and</strong> Great Powers: A Study <strong>of</strong> Ethnopolitical Conflict<br />

in the Caucasus (Richmond, UK: Curzon, 2001), p. 373.<br />

21 baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis proeqtis arasamTavroboTa<br />

kritikis Sesaxeb, ixileT, United Kingdom Parliament, House <strong>of</strong> Commons, Session<br />

2002–03, International Development Committee Publications, International<br />

Development—Written Evidence, Annex 1, November 6, 2003, http://www.parliament.thestationery<strong>of</strong>fice.co.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmintdev/1266/1266we15.htm.baqojeihanis<br />

kampaniis Sesaxeb, ixileT, http://www.bakuceyhan.org.uk.<br />

367

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

Tanxmoba ganacxa<strong>da</strong> bTj-is proeqtSi monawileobaze. 22 garkveuli<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli uTanxmoebebi navTobsadenis sakiTxebze,<br />

erTis mxriv, aSS-sa <strong>da</strong>, meores mxriv, evropul saxelmwifoebs<br />

Soris Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT gaqra <strong>da</strong> 2004 wlisTvis bTj-is proeqti<br />

ukve realobad iqca. dResdReobiT, bTj-is navTobsadeni,<br />

savaraudod, 2005 wels Seva eqsploataciaSi <strong>da</strong> 2010 wlisTvis<br />

miaRwevs srul <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas, roca is dReSi, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, erT<br />

milion barel navTobproduqts gaatarebs. 23<br />

erTiani energopolitikis ararsebobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, evrokavSirSi<br />

yovelTvis esmo<strong>da</strong>T, rom saqarTvelo navTobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

gazis evropaSi ga<strong>da</strong>zidvis ZiriTad tranzitad iqceo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

amitom CarTes igi 1997 wels TavianT Savi zRvis auzis strategiaSi,<br />

romlis erT-erTi komponenti xazs usvam<strong>da</strong> transevropuli<br />

qselebis kavkasiis infrastruqturasTan mierTebis<br />

saWiroebas. am miznebma asaxva hpova evrokomisiis 2001 wlis<br />

“Green Paper”-Si, romelic energo momaragebis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s<br />

Seexebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> energoresursebis alternatiuli wyaroebis<br />

aRmoCenaze amaxvileb<strong>da</strong> yuradRebas. 24 evrokavSiri, aseve,<br />

gansakuTrebiT, <strong>da</strong>interes<strong>da</strong> azerbaijanuli gazis samxreTaRmosavleT<br />

evropaSi saqarTvelos gavliT eqsportiT. baqo-<br />

22 “ssk-s investiciebi bTj-is milsadenSi Seadgens 125 milion aSS dolaris<br />

sesxs sakuTari saxsrebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> 125 milioni aSS dolaris sesxs komerciuli<br />

sindikaciis saxiT. bTj-is proeqtis saerTo Rirebuleba Seadgens 3,6<br />

miliard aSS dolars.” ixileT, http://www.ifc.org/btc.<br />

23 ixileT, http://www.caspi<strong>and</strong>evelopment<strong>and</strong>export.com/ASP/BTC.asp.<br />

24 evropis komisiis komunikacia Regional Cooperation in the Black Sea Area: State<br />

<strong>of</strong> Play, Perspectives for EU Action Encouraging Its Further Development, November<br />

14, 1997. Savi zRvis proeqt “petra”-s Sesaxeb ixileT, www.bs-petra.org.<br />

evrokomisiis Savi zRvis politikis ZiriTad miRwevad, romelic<br />

mimarTuli iyo evrokavSiris Semdgomi gafarToebis momzadebaze,<br />

gaxl<strong>da</strong>T Savi zRvis irgvliv satransporto qselebis Seqmna <strong>da</strong><br />

evrokavSirs gareT arsebuli zRvispira saxelwifoebis mzardi<br />

ekonomikuri integracia. Tumca, un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom Savi zRvis politika<br />

mainc ver iqca evrokavSirisTvis prioritetad. agreTve, ixileT,<br />

evrokavSiris “mwvane angariSi”, Towards a European Strategy for the Security <strong>of</strong><br />

Energy Supply (2001), http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/en/lpi_lv_en1.html.<br />

es dokumenti evrokomisiis mier iqna miRebuli 2000 wlis 29 noembers.<br />

368

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

Tbilisi-erzrumis proeqtis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis punqtad TurqeTi<br />

SeirCa, romelmac, saberZneTis gavliT, un<strong>da</strong> moaxdinos<br />

evrokavSiris qveynebSi gazis transportireba <strong>da</strong>, savaraudod,<br />

misi gayvana 2006 wels un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sruldes. 25<br />

evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis “ga<strong>da</strong>uwyvetloba”<br />

erTiani energopolitikis SemuSavebaSi, 1999 wlamde, mainc,<br />

garkveulwilad, balansirdebo<strong>da</strong> evrokomisiis mcdelobiT,<br />

transportisa <strong>da</strong> energosakiTxebSi erTiani midgoma hqono<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

26 manam, sanam amierkavkasiaSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> eqsportis<br />

marSrutebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> igegmebo<strong>da</strong> milsadenebis mSenebloba,<br />

evrokavSiri sakuTari iniciativis ganxorcielebas<br />

Seudga. man aamuSava alternatiuli, droebiTi sistema<br />

navTobis rkinigziT ga<strong>da</strong>zidvisa, azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

gavliT, evropa-kavkasia-aziis stransporto<br />

koridoris (TRACECA) <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. 27 mravalmxrivi teqnikuri<br />

SeTanxmebebis Sedegad, es sistema SemuSav<strong>da</strong> evropis satransporto<br />

qselebis centralur aziasa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>sakavSireblad <strong>da</strong> Warbi kaspiuri navTobis, romelic<br />

milsadeniT ar miedineba, evropaSi gasatanad. amavdroulad,<br />

evropaSi gazisa <strong>da</strong> navTobis transportirebis samTavroboTaSoriso<br />

programis (INOGATE) farglebSi, evrokavSiri<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> regionSi gazisa <strong>da</strong> navTobis infrastruqturis<br />

seqtorSi erTiani normatiuli bazis Seqmnas.<br />

<strong>da</strong>savluri qveynebis interesma, energoresursebis tranportirebis<br />

xazebis mimarT, aiZula isini ufro aqtiuri roli<br />

eTamaSaT kavkasiaSi arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi.<br />

25 Jean-Christophe Peuch, “Smell <strong>of</strong> Russian Gas Hangs over Georgian Election Campaign,”<br />

RFE/RL, June 14, 2003, http://www.rferl.org/features/2003/06/13062003144514.asp.<br />

26 Peter Bachrach <strong>and</strong> Morton S. Baratz, “Decisions <strong>and</strong> Nondecisions: An Analytical<br />

Framework,” <strong>American</strong> Political Science Review, vol. 57, no. 3 (1963), pp. 632–642. es<br />

koncefcia iqna gamoyenebuli: Damien Helly, “L’action extérieure de l’Union<br />

européenne <strong>da</strong>ns le Caucase du Sud,” Ph.D. diss., Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris, 2003.<br />

27 TRACECA-s Sesaxeb ixileT, Damien Helly, “Un corridor de transport Asie-Europe:<br />

Traceca, l’Union européenne et sa Route de la Soie,” Courrier des Pays de l’Est, no. 1019<br />

(2001), pp. 52–64.<br />

369

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

sazRvris kontroli, satransporto infrastruqtura, mdgradi<br />

saga<strong>da</strong>saxado sistema <strong>da</strong> efeqturi samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavi meqanizmi<br />

umniSvnelovanesia ara marto saqarTvelosTvis, aramed —<br />

mTeli regionisTvis, vinai<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelo rCeba ZiriTad<br />

satranzito teritoriad. is aris satransporto kvanZi, romlis<br />

saSualebiTac somxuri <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanuli saqoneli aRwevs<br />

TurqeTis, ruseTis, iranisa <strong>da</strong> ms<strong>of</strong>lios sxva bazrebze. aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare, urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba warmoiSva energo<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s,<br />

stabilurobasa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiaSi konfliqtebis<br />

mogvarebas Soris, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c rTuli ar un<strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>iliyo amis<br />

miRweva. SemTxveviTi araa, rom kavSiri navTobsa <strong>da</strong> mTiani<br />

yarabaxis konfliqts Soris aSS-s administraciis yuradRebis<br />

centrSi moeqca 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT,<br />

maSin, roca klintonis administracia aqtiurad CaerTo bTj-is<br />

navTobsadenis proeqtSi.<br />

370<br />

konfliqtebis mogvareba<br />

saqarTvelos miRwevebi konfliqtebis mogvarebis sakiTxebSi<br />

sakmaod mwiria: arc afxazeTis <strong>da</strong> arc samxreT oseTis konfliqti<br />

ar aRm<strong>of</strong>xvrila <strong>da</strong> ramdenjerme mox<strong>da</strong> konfliqtis zonebSi<br />

situaciis mZafri eskalacia, rac 1998 <strong>da</strong> 2004 wlebSi Rrma<br />

krizisebSic ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>. verc aSS-ma <strong>da</strong> verc evropam SeZlo am<br />

wamoWrili krizisebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba. samSvidobo procesebSi<br />

maTi monawileoba ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> warmatebuli sxva mediatorebTan,<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, ruseTTan SeuTanxmoblobis gamo. saqarTvelo iqca<br />

ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> aSS-is brZolis velad, sa<strong>da</strong>c civi omi kvlav<br />

grZeldeba, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, “arc omi, arc mSvidobis” principiT <strong>da</strong><br />

gayinuli status kvo-Ti. araRiarebuli respublikebi destruqciul<br />

rols TamaSoben molaparakebebSi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d,<br />

moskovis pir<strong>da</strong>piri miTiTebebis wyalobiT.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg amierkavkasia mudmivad<br />

destabilizirebulia <strong>da</strong> am areulobis evropasa Tu axlo<br />

aRmosavleTSi gavrecelebis saSiSroeba realuria. 28 evropis

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

energointeresebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad aucilebelia azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTveloze gamavali satransporto koridoris stabilizacia.<br />

29 “evropa – rogorc amas erT-erTi analitikosi aRniSnavs<br />

– ver iqneba sruliad usafrTxo, Tu kavkasia <strong>da</strong>rCeba evropuli<br />

usafrTxoebis [CarCos] miRma.” 30 vinai<strong>da</strong>n amierkavkasiaSi<br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> moicavs problemaTa farTo wresa <strong>da</strong> mraval<br />

saxelmwifos, gamosavali mxolod molaparakebaTa mravalmxriv<br />

CarCoebSi un<strong>da</strong> gamoiZebnos, radganac mxolod koleqtiurma<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebma SeiZleba mogvces praqtikuli Sedegebi.<br />

regionis stabiluroba yvela CarTuli mxaris SeTanxmebas<br />

moiTxovs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, marginalizirebuli an<br />

procesebi<strong>da</strong>n CamoSorebuli Zalebi SeiZleba mogvevlinon xelis<br />

SemSlelebad. mxareTa Suamavlebs Soris konkurenciam advilad<br />

SeiZleba migviyvanos Cixamde. ruseTi winaaRmdegi gamovi<strong>da</strong><br />

mTeli rigi <strong>da</strong>savluri iniciativebisa mTiani yarabaxisa <strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTis konfliqtebTan mimarTebaSi, iseve, rogorc, <strong>da</strong>savleTi<br />

uSli<strong>da</strong> xels ruseTis mcdelobebs y<strong>of</strong>iliyo erTaderTi<br />

mediatori saqarTvelos Si<strong>da</strong> konfliqtebSi.<br />

kavkasiis regionaluri stabiluroba <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiis<br />

qveynebSi Si<strong>da</strong> stabiluroba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor<br />

SeZleben Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare Zalebi usafrTxoebis problemaTa<br />

kompleqsTan gamklavebas, sa<strong>da</strong>c TiToeuli Semadgeneli<br />

elementi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia yvela <strong>da</strong>narCen elementze. 31 Sesa-<br />

28 amierkavkasiis geopolitikuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ixileT, Ronald D.<br />

Asmus <strong>and</strong> Kenneth M. Pollack, “The New Transatlantic Project: A Response to Robert<br />

Kagan,” Policy Review, no. 115 (2002), pp. 3–18, http://www.policyreview.org/OCT02/<br />

asmus.html; Bruno Coppieters, ed., Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: VUB<br />

Press, 1996); <strong>and</strong> Edmund Herzig, The New Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, <strong>and</strong> Georgia<br />

(London: Royal Institute <strong>of</strong> International Affairs, 1999). (Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ (ðåä.). Ñïîðíûå<br />

ãðàíèöû íà Êàâêàçå. Ì.: Âåñü Ìèð, 1996, òàêæå ïî àäðåñó: http://poli.vub.ac.be.)<br />

29 William E. Odom, “U.S. Policy toward Central Asia <strong>and</strong> the South Caucasus,” Caspian<br />

Crossroads Magazine, vol. 3, no 1 (1997); Graham Fuller, “Geopolitical Dynamics <strong>of</strong><br />

the Caspian Region,” Caspian Crossroads Magazine, vol. 3, no. 2 (1997), http://<br />

www.usazerbaijancouncil.org/caspiancrossroads/archive/archive.htm.<br />

30 Blank, U.S. Military Engagement with Transcaucasia <strong>and</strong> Central Asia, p. 8.<br />

31 Cornell, Small Nations <strong>and</strong> Great Powers.<br />

371

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

bamisad, saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> mWidrod ukavSirdeba mis<br />

urTierTobebs mezobel saxelmwifoebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki –<br />

ruseTTan. amgvarad, saqarTvelosTan urTierTobisas <strong>da</strong>savleTs<br />

sxva gza ara aqvs, Tu ara gaiTvaliswinos ruseTis istoriuli,<br />

geografiuli, samxedro <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri wona. <strong>da</strong>savle-<br />

TisTvis saqarTvelos problemaTa ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta niSnavs ara marto<br />

Suamavlis rolis Sesrulebas <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul mxareebs Soris,<br />

aramed ruseTTan, TurqeTTan <strong>da</strong> iranTan molaparakebebsac,<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n TiToeul maTgans uSualod exeba saqarTveloSi<br />

konfliqtebis mogvarebis mcdelobaTa Sedegebi. aucilebelia,<br />

agreTve, mravalmxrivi usafrTxoebis CarCoTa gaTvaliswineba,<br />

rogorebicaa evropaSi usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis<br />

organizacia (euTo), <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba<br />

(dsT) <strong>da</strong> Crdilo atlantikuri aliansi (nato). gar<strong>da</strong><br />

amisa, saqarTvelo Savi zRvis sanapiros yvela saxelmwifos<br />

mezobelia <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiis samive saxelmwifo Savi zRvis<br />

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis (bisek-is) wevria. 32<br />

Tumca, un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom regionis usafrTxoebis politikaSi<br />

mravalmxrivoba ar aris yvelaze TvalSi sacemi niSani <strong>da</strong><br />

gare Zalebi xan<strong>da</strong>xan erTmaneTs upirispirdeba amierkavkasiaSi.<br />

magaliTad, natosa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiris gafarToebasTan erTad,<br />

zogierTi <strong>da</strong>savleli analitikosi miiCnevs, rom amierkavkasiis sami<br />

saxelmwifo un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes, rogorc “<strong>da</strong>svleTis uSualo<br />

samezoblo” <strong>da</strong> ara rogorc moskovis “uaxloesi sazRvargareTi.” 33<br />

32 miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom somxeTs ar gaaCnia zRvaze gasasvleli, is mainc<br />

erT-erTia bisek-is TerTmet wevrTagan, sa<strong>da</strong>c wevroba regionaluri <strong>da</strong><br />

ara mkacrad geografiuli pricipebis mixedviTaa. am organizaciis Sesaxeb<br />

ufro <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT SegiZliaT ixiloT Tomas de vaalis Tavi amave wignSi.<br />

33 es axali civi omis argumenti wamowies iseTma cnobilma amerikelma<br />

politikosebma, rogorebicaa: zbignev bJezinski <strong>da</strong> brus jeqsoni. agreTve,<br />

ixileT, Vladimir Socor, “Better For All than Alex<strong>and</strong>er the Great,” The Wall Street Journal<br />

Europe, January 10, 2003. sokori wers: “natom ukve miiRo Savi zRvispireTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTi nawili rumineTsa <strong>da</strong> bulgareTSi, riTac gaamyara kavSiri<br />

TurqeTis samxreTis sanapirosTan. balkaneTis aRmosavleT sanapiroze ki<br />

is strategiulad mdebareobs saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> energoresursebiT mdi<strong>da</strong>r<br />

kaspiis auzTan, romlebic <strong>da</strong>savleTis axali samezoblo iniciativis wevrebi<br />

gaxdnen.”<br />

372

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

amavdroulad, ruseTis konservatiuli Zalebi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni<br />

arian, rom moskovis mdgomareobis ga<strong>da</strong>rCena mxolod<br />

samxedro Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> imperiuli ruseTis aRdgeniT<br />

SeiZleba, amiekavkasiaSic ki. amgvarad, saqarTvelos wilad<br />

ergo saeWvo privilegia, iyos erT-erTi im mcireoden qveynebs<br />

Soris, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> ruseTi pir<strong>da</strong>pir upirispirdeba<br />

erTmaneTs.<br />

saqarTvelos mougvarebeli konfliqtebi afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTSi seriozulad abrkolebs qveynis politikur<br />

<strong>da</strong> ekonomikur ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> mis stabilurobas. organizebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>naSauli <strong>da</strong> Crdilovani ekonomika yvavis<br />

separatistul teritoriebze <strong>da</strong> vrceldeba ra qveynis sxva<br />

nawilebSi, seriozul zians ayenebs saxelmwifos, rogorc Si<strong>da</strong>,<br />

ise – gare erovnul <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s. am konfliqtebma gansakuTrebulad<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zabes saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebi,<br />

gamoiwvies aseuli aTasobiT a<strong>da</strong>mianTa iZulebiTi ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />

<strong>da</strong> mTeli mosaxleobis travmireba, agreTve, Si<strong>da</strong>sazogadoebrivi<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebebi. saqarTvelos erovnuli<br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> warmoudgenelia am konfliqtebis mogvarebis<br />

gareSe.<br />

mravali diplomatiuri iniciativa iqna wamowyebuli afxazeTis<br />

konfliqtis mosagvareblad, sa<strong>da</strong>c omis Sedegebi<br />

gansakuTrebulad mZime iyo. am procesSi monawile yvela<br />

sagareo, Tu Si<strong>da</strong> Zala midis im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom, Tu odesme<br />

gamoiZebneba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis gza, igi, problemis xasiaTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare, aucileblad moiTxovs mravalmxriv midgomas.<br />

gaero aris is organizacia, romlis CarCoSic SeiZleba Camoyalibdes<br />

aseTi mravalmxrivi midgoma.<br />

afxazeTSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis saqmianoba<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formiT vlindebo<strong>da</strong> — e.w. “msubuqi zomebi<strong>da</strong>n”<br />

(rogoricaa, 1992 wels pirveli kvleviTi misia) samxedro<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo misiamde. gaeros sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo misia<br />

saqarTveloSi 1993 wlis agvistoSi gaixsna, raTa ganexorcielebina<br />

1993 wlis ivlisSi Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> soxums Soris<br />

gaformebuli cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis mo-<br />

373

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

nitoringi. 34 1994 wlamde <strong>da</strong>savleTi iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> ra ruseTis<br />

interesebs regionSi, cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis gavlenaTa SeWris<br />

gamo <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis Tavis aridebas. am mizeziT, gaerom mxolod<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo misia gaxsna saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> ara sruli<br />

samSvidobo operacia. 35<br />

saqarTveloSi gaeros sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo misiis farglebSi,<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 100 samxedro <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli msaxurobs afxazeTSi.<br />

maTi mTavari misiaa monitoringi gauwios <strong>da</strong> Tvalyuri adevnos<br />

1994 wlis 14 maiss moskovSi miRweuli cecxlis Sewyvetisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mxareTa <strong>da</strong>SoriSorebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebas. 36<br />

misi man<strong>da</strong>ti moicavs: (1) “usafrTxoebis zonis” (sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia<br />

samxedro Zalebis y<strong>of</strong>na) <strong>da</strong> “SezRuduli zonis” (sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

akrZalulia mZime teqnikis ganTavseba) meTvalyureobas<br />

cecxlis Sewyvetis xazis orive mxares, enguris xidis gaswvriv;<br />

(2) kodoris xeobis 37 patrulireba <strong>da</strong> (3) dsT-is samSvidobo<br />

34 1993 wlis 27 ivliss gu<strong>da</strong>uTaSi saqarTvelom <strong>da</strong> afxazeTma xeli moawera<br />

cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas. gaeros samxedro <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebi<br />

axorcielebdnen, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, SeTanxmebis monitorings. magram 1993<br />

wlis seqtemberSi SeTanxmeba <strong>da</strong>arRvies afxazebma oCamCiresa <strong>da</strong> soxumze<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmiT. axali SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>ido 1994 wels<br />

moskovSi. mxareebi SeTanxmdnen dsT-is samSvidobo kontingentis<br />

ganTavsebaze, xolo gaeros misias saqarTveloSi un<strong>da</strong> ganexorcielebina<br />

SeTanxmebisa <strong>da</strong> dsT-is samSvidoboebis qmedebaTa monitoringi. ufro<br />

detalurad, ixileT, Oliver Paye <strong>and</strong> Eric Remacle, “UN <strong>and</strong> CSCE Policies in<br />

Transcaucasia,” in Coppieters, Contested Borders in the Caucasus, pp.105–110. (Îëèâüå<br />

Ïý è Ýðèê Ðåìàêëü. Ïîëèòèêà ÎÎÍ è ÑÁÑÅ â Çàêàâêàçüå // Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ (ðåä.).<br />

Ñïîðíûå ãðàíèöû íà Êàâêàçå. Ñ. 118-128.) agreTve ixileT, Rick Fawn <strong>and</strong> Sally N.<br />

Cummings, “Interests over Norms in Western Policy toward the Caucasus: How Abkhazia<br />

Is No One’s Kosovo,” European Security, vol. 10, no. 3 (autumn 2001), pp. 84–108.<br />

35 S. Neil MacFarlane, “The Role <strong>of</strong> the UN,” Accord, issue 7 (September 1999), p. 36,<br />

http://www.c-r.org/accord/geor-ab/accord7/unrole.shtml; (Ñ. Íèë Ìàêôàðëåéí. Ðîëü ÎÎÍ //<br />

Äæîíàòàí Êîýí (ðåä.) Ïðîáëåìà ñóâåðåíèòåòà. Accord, âûïóñê 7. Êîíñèëèýéøí Ðèñîðñèç.<br />

Ëîíäîí, 1999 – Ì.: Ãëîáóñ, 2000. Ñ. 44, òàêæå ïî àäðåñó: http://www.c-r.org/accord/<br />

series.shtml.) <strong>da</strong> Pierre Binette, “La crise en Abkhazie, acteurs et dynamique,” Revue<br />

Etudes Internationales, vol. 29, no. 4 (1998), pp. 831–865.<br />

36 ixileT, saqarTveloSi gaeros sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo misiis internet-gverdi:<br />

http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unomig/.<br />

37 kodoris xeoba aris maRTalmTiani teritoria afxazeTSi. xeobis ze<strong>da</strong><br />

nawili saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis qveSaa.<br />

374

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

Zalebis qmedebaTa monitoringi moskovis xelSekrulebis<br />

Sesrulebis farglebSi. 38 saqarTveloSi gaeros sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo<br />

misia pasuxismgebelia, agreTve, konfliqtis orive mxaresTan<br />

mWidro kontaqtiT, dsT-is samSvidobo ZalebTan urTierTobiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> konfliqtis zonaSi misi y<strong>of</strong>niT, xeli Seuwyos devnilTa <strong>da</strong><br />

ltolvilTa usafrTxo <strong>da</strong> organizebul <strong>da</strong>brunebas. gaeros<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa samxedro kontingenti, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, evropuli<br />

qveynebisgan Sedgeba. isini SeuiaraRebelni arian <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

politikuri Tu fizikuri <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> sakmaod myifea. 39<br />

magaliTad, gaeros sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo misia saqarTveloSi<br />

iZulebuli iyo Seewyvita ze<strong>da</strong> kodoris xeobis monitoringi<br />

mas Semdeg, rac misi <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebi gaitaces 2003 wlis ivnisSi.<br />

srulmasStabiani politikuri <strong>da</strong>regulirebis misaRwevad<br />

saqarTveloSi gaeros sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo misiam SeimuSava rTuli,<br />

mravalmimarTulebiani samSvidobo molaparakebebis meqanizmi,<br />

rogorc mas xSirad uwodeben “Jenevis procesi”. 40 Jenevis<br />

process gaero Tavmjdomareobs. ruseTi iTvleba, rom fasilitatoris<br />

rols asrulebs, rac sakmaod ambiciuri funqciaa,<br />

magram aSkaraa, rom arsebobs molodini ruseTis mier srulmasStabiani<br />

<strong>da</strong>regulirebis xelisSewyobis. euTosa <strong>da</strong> gaeros<br />

generaluri mdivnis megobarTa jgufs – romelSic Sedian aSS,<br />

germania, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi <strong>da</strong> ruseTi – aqvT<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblis statusi am procesSi. Jenevis molaparakebaTa<br />

dRis wesrigi sakmaod farToa <strong>da</strong> moicavs, rogorc politikur,<br />

humanitarul, agreTve, usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur sakiTxebs.<br />

1997 wels Jenevis molaparakebaTa farTo CarCoSi Seiqmna<br />

ufro kompleqsuri meqanizmi, romelic Sedgeba sakoordinacio<br />

sabWosa <strong>da</strong> sami Tematuri samuSao jgufisgan. es jgufebi<br />

muSaoben iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Zaladobis<br />

ganuaxlebloba, devnilTa <strong>da</strong> ltolvilTa <strong>da</strong>bruneba <strong>da</strong><br />

38 ixileT, http://www.unomig.org.<br />

39 Fawn <strong>and</strong> Cummings, “Interests over Norms in Western Policy toward the Caucasus,”<br />

pp. 84–108.<br />

40 mxareTa Soris molaparakebaTa pirveli raundi gaimarTa JenevaSi, 1993<br />

wlis noember-dekemberSi.<br />

375

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

ekonomikuri TanamSromloba. amavdroulad, gaerom ganaviTara<br />

ndobis aRdgenisken mimarTuli forumi, raTa xeli Seewyos<br />

araformalur garemoSi ormxrivi kontaqtebis gazr<strong>da</strong>s. 41 1993<strong>da</strong>n<br />

1997 wlamde gaeros gen. mdivnis specialuri elCi xSirad<br />

stumrob<strong>da</strong> xolme saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTs, magram konfliqtis<br />

zonaSi mudmivad ar imy<strong>of</strong>ebo<strong>da</strong>. 1997 wlis ivlisSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnuli gaeros gen. mdivnis specialuri warmomadgeneli<br />

dRes Jenevis process Tavmjdomareobs <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi gaeros<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo misias xelmZRvanelobs.<br />

aSS, germania, ruseTi, didi britaneTi <strong>da</strong> safrangeTi<br />

saqarTvelos sakiTxebSi gaeros gen. mdivnis megobarTa jgufSi<br />

monawileoben. es iniciativa, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, frangebs ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>T<br />

<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> mdored mimdinare srulmasStabiani<br />

SeTanxmebis molaparakebebis procesis gamococxlebas <strong>da</strong><br />

qarTul-afxazur molaparakebebSi ruseTis dominanturi rolis<br />

<strong>da</strong>balansebas. megobarTa jgufi ukavSirdeba gaeros samSvidobo<br />

operacias <strong>da</strong> Jenevis molaparakebaTa formats. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

ruseTis wevrobisa, afxazebi megobarTa jgufs aRiqvamen,<br />

rogorc mikerZoebul Zalas, romelic <strong>da</strong>savleTis ekonomikur<br />

<strong>da</strong> geostrategiul interesebs icavs. 42 es aRqma mTlianad<br />

safuZvels moklebuli araa. gansakuTrebiT safrangeTi arasdros<br />

malav<strong>da</strong> Tavis pro-qarTul pozicias <strong>da</strong> ramdenjerme<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir aqvs es afxazebisTvis gacxadebuli. didi britaneTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> germania ufro frTxilad moqmedeben, erTis mxriv, aqtiurad<br />

monawileoben megobarTa jgufis saqmianobaSi, xolo meore<br />

mxriv, afinanseben konfliqtis mogvarebisken mimarTul<br />

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis programebs. 43<br />

41 sami maRali donis Sexvedra iqna Catarebuli ndobis aRdgenis zomebis<br />

farglebSi: aTenSi (1998 wlis oqtomberi), stambolSi (1999 wlis ivnisi)<br />

<strong>da</strong> ialtaSi (2001 wlis marti).<br />

42 Fawn <strong>and</strong> Cummings, “Interests over Norms in Western Policy toward the Caucasus,” p. 94.<br />

43 sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg saqarTvelo germaniisaTvis prioritetulad<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo. SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi, sxva postsabWoTa<br />

saxelmwifoebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, saqarTveloSi germaniis diplomatiuri<br />

aqtiuroba <strong>da</strong> finansuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba gansakuTrebulad maRali iyo. <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />

informaciisaTvis ixileT, Helly, “Un corridor de transport Asie-Europe.”<br />

376

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

afxazeTSi gaeros <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis samSvidoboebis<br />

arsebobam xeli Seuwyo, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, stabilurobas <strong>da</strong><br />

gamoiwvia galis raionSi devnilTa spontanuri <strong>da</strong>bruneba. 1998<br />

wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, gaeros devnilTa umaRlesi komisariatis<br />

monacemebiT, sul cota 50 aTasi devnili <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> galis<br />

raionSi. aRmoCndnen ra am faqtis winaSe, saerTaSoriso<br />

sazogadoebam afxazeTSi humanitaruli <strong>da</strong>xmareba gazar<strong>da</strong>, rac<br />

gansakuTrebiT skolebisa <strong>da</strong> saxlebis aRdgenisken iyo mimar-<br />

Tuli. magram 1998 wlis maisSi brZolebi ganaxl<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg,<br />

rac afxazurma SeiaraRebulma Zalebma wamoiwyes farTomasStabiani<br />

samxedro operacia qarTuli aralegaluri SeiaraRebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>jgufebebis regioni<strong>da</strong>n gamosadevnad. am qmedebebma<br />

gamoiwvia 30-40 aTasi adgilobrivi mcxovrebis xelaxali<br />

g<strong>and</strong>evna. 5 dRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime milioniani ucxouri<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba wyalSi Caiyara. saerTaSoriso donorebi am ZviradRirebuli<br />

gamocdilebis Semdeg Tavs ikaveben afxazeTSi<br />

sxva programebis ganxorcielebisgan. am movlenebma naTlad<br />

aCvenes devnilTa organizebulad <strong>da</strong>brunebis saWiroeba.<br />

faqtiurad, 1998 wlis Semodgomaze mxareebma, gaeros SuamdgomlobiT,<br />

moamzades dokumentis proeqti, romelic iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong><br />

devnilTa organizebul <strong>da</strong>brunebas <strong>da</strong> galis<br />

raionis ekonomikur reabilitacias, magram qarTveli <strong>da</strong> afxazi<br />

liderebi – eduard SevardnaZe <strong>da</strong> vladislav arZinba – ,<br />

sabolood, mainc ar Sexvdnen erTmaneTs dokumentze xelmosawerad.<br />

44<br />

zogirTi qarTveli politikosi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo moxele<br />

ganagrZob<strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi partizanuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras,<br />

xolo SevardnaZis mTavroba <strong>da</strong>savleTSi eZeb<strong>da</strong><br />

Tanadgomas “bosniuri modelis” gansaxorcieleblad, 1995 wels<br />

44 MacFarlane, “The Role <strong>of</strong> the UN,” p. 40. (Ñ. Íèë Ìàêôàðëåéí. Ðîëü ÎÎÍ // Äæîíàòàí<br />

Êîýí (ðåä.) Ïðîáëåìà ñóâåðåíèòåòà. Accord, âûïóñê 7. Êîíñèëèýéøí Ðèñîðñèç. Ëîíäîí,<br />

1999 – Ì.: Ãëîáóñ, 2000. Ñ. 49, òàêæå ïî àäðåñó: http://www.c-r.org/accord/series.shtml.)<br />

(Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ. Ãðóçèíî-àáõàçñêèé êîíôëèêò // Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ è äð. Åâðîïåèçàöèÿ<br />

è ðàçðåøåíèå êîíôëèêòîâ: êîíêðåòíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ åâðîïåéñêîé ïåðèôåðèè. Ì.: Âåñü<br />

Ìèð, 2005. Ñ.207, http://poli.vub.ac.be/).<br />

377

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier bosniaSi konstituciuri<br />

mowyobis ZaliT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis msgavsad. igi, aseve, iTxov<strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTSi mSvidobis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri operaciis – “mSvidobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebis” operaciiT Canacvlebas, rac, savaraudod, devnilTa<br />

usafrTxo <strong>da</strong>brunebas Seuwyobo<strong>da</strong> xels. 45 ramdenime wlis<br />

Semdeg, 1999 wlis kosovos krizisSi iugoslaviis winaaRmdeg<br />

natos sahaero kampaniis dros, Tbilisi imedovneb<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

“kosovos modeli” saqarTveloSic ganxorcieldebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

ixseneb<strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg<br />

Cadenil “eTnikur wmen<strong>da</strong>s” im mizniT, raTa konfliqtis<br />

Zalismieri ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. amis pasuxad, aSS-ma aSkarad<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom amierkavkasiaSi “kosovos scenari” ar gameordebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1998 wlis krizisma afxazeTSi naTlad aCvena arsebuli meqanizmebis<br />

uunaroba, Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aecilebina Zaladobis ganaxleba. imis<br />

magivrad, rom konfliqtis srulmasStabian mogvarebaze emsjela,<br />

sakoordinacio sabWo <strong>da</strong> misi qvestruqturebi Semoifarglebodnen<br />

Zaladobis arganaxlebis, tyveTa gacvlis <strong>da</strong> devnilTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>sabruneblad usafrTxoebis zomebis gaZlierebis ganxilviT. 46<br />

1999 wels gaeros gen. mdivnis spec. warmomadgeneli liviu bota<br />

Seeca<strong>da</strong> politikuri dialogis axali ZalisxmeviT ganaxlebas.<br />

megobarTa jgufTan konsultaciis Semdeg botas Semcvlelma,<br />

germanelma diplomatma diter bodenma SeimuSava “Tbilissa <strong>da</strong><br />

soxums Soris kompetenciaTa ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis ZiriTadi principebi”,<br />

romelic “bodenis dokumentis” saxeliTaa cnobili. es<br />

dokumenti megobarTa jgufSi ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur qveynebs<br />

Soris molaparakebaTa Sedegi iyo <strong>da</strong> ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> konfliqtis<br />

mxareTa Soris raime saxis kompromiss. 47 afxazurma mxarem<br />

uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> dokumentis ganxilvaze, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, im mizeziT,<br />

45 Liana Kvarchelia, “An Abkhaz Perspective,” Accord, issue 7 (September 1999), p. 31,<br />

http://www.c-r.org/accord/geor-ab/accord7/unrole.shtml.<br />

46 Ketevan Tsikhelashvili, “The Case Studies <strong>of</strong> Abkhazia <strong>and</strong> South Ossetia,” working<br />

paper prepared for the Carnegie Project on Complex Power-Sharing <strong>and</strong> Self-<br />

Determination, September 30, 2001, http://www.ecmi.de/cps/download/Abkhazia_<br />

SouthOssetia.pdf.<br />

378

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

rom dokumenti afxazeTs saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi <strong>da</strong>tovebas<br />

sTavazob<strong>da</strong>, Tumca suverenul warmonaqmnad, romelic<br />

“kanonis uzenaesobis principis” safuZvelze iarsebeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

megobarTa jgufis <strong>da</strong>savlurma wevrma saxelmwifoebma ver<br />

SeZles ruseTis <strong>da</strong>rwmuneba, saTanado zewola moexdina<br />

afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebaze, raTa am dokumentis bazaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebuliyo molaparakebebi.<br />

molaparakebebSi realuri progresis ararsebobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />

saqarTveloSi gaeros sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo misia agrZeleb<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavis saqmianobas, magram situacia, usafrTxoebis mxriv,<br />

saTanadod ar gaumjobesebula, raTa momx<strong>da</strong>riyo galis raionSi<br />

devnilTa usafrTxo <strong>da</strong>bruneba. 48 ufro metic, konfliqti<br />

faqtiurad ramdenjerme ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong> Ria <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi.<br />

mzardi kriminaluri saqmianoba saqarTvelo-afxazeTis sazRvris<br />

orive mxares saqarTveloSi gaeros sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo<br />

misiis efeqturobas uSli<strong>da</strong> xels. afxazebsa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebs<br />

Soris ver iqna miRweuli SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetis xazis<br />

orive mxares gaeros samoqalaqo policielebis ganTavsebaze.<br />

2004 wlis gazafxulze samoqalaqo policielebi usafrTxoebis<br />

zonis mxolod zugdidis mxares iyvnen ganTavsebulni iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia vrceldeba. ndobis aRdgenisken<br />

mimarTuli RonisZiebebi qarTul <strong>da</strong> afxazur arasamTavrobo<br />

organizaciebs Soris grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>, magram SezRuduli efeqtiT,<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n isini mxolod konfliqtis orive mxaris mosaxleobis<br />

mcire nawils moicav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ruseTic aris megobarTa jgufis wevri,<br />

is xSirad TavSekavebul <strong>da</strong> destruqciul pozicias ikaveb<strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi, mouwodeb<strong>da</strong> ra jgufs ar Careuliyo<br />

konfliqtis mogvarebis mis pirad iniciativebSi. organizaciis<br />

47 Bruno Coppieters, “The Georgian–Abkhaz Conflict,” in Bruno Coppieters, et al.,<br />

Europeanization <strong>and</strong> Conflict Resolution: Case Studies from the European Periphery<br />

(Ghent: Academia Press, 2004), pp. 203–208, also published in the electronic Journal on<br />

Ethnopolitics <strong>and</strong> Minority Issues in Europe, issue 1 (2004), http://www.ecmi.de/jemie/.<br />

48 Domitilla Sagramoso, “The UN, the OSCE <strong>and</strong> NATO,” in Lynch, The South Caucasus,<br />

pp. 63–89.<br />

379

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

SigniT, am gansxvavebebis gamo, gasakviri ar aris, rom man ver<br />

SeZlo realuri Sedegebis miRweva konfliqtis srulmasStabiani<br />

mogvarebis sakiTxebSi. gaeros molaparakebaTa CarCos<br />

paralelurad, ruseTma wamoiwyo ramdenime <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

iniciativa. 2003 wlis martSi ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

prezidentebi putini <strong>da</strong> SevardnaZe Sexvdnen Savi zRvis<br />

kurort soWSi <strong>da</strong> xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas, romelic<br />

status-kvos gaumjobesebas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. soWis xelSekruleba<br />

galis raionSi qarTveli devnilebis <strong>da</strong>brunebas<br />

iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>, afxazeTis gavliT, ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli rkinigzis aRdgenis paralelurad, <strong>da</strong>, agreTve,<br />

enguris hidroeleqtrosadguris rekonstruqcias. 49<br />

zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, SevardnaZis es qmedeba gamowveuli<br />

iyo, gaeros egidiT, molaparakebaTa neli tempis gamo imedgacruebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> mis mzady<strong>of</strong>nas ruseTisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>eca<br />

Suamdgomlobis ufro didi roli, magram gaeros Jenevis<br />

procesis gagrZelebis paralelurad. 50<br />

euTos man<strong>da</strong>ti qarTul-afxazur molaparakebebSi sakmaod<br />

SezRudulia. misi mTavari mizania euTos centraluri <strong>of</strong>isis<br />

mudmivi informireba, gaeros adgilobriv <strong>of</strong>isTan mudmivi<br />

kavSiris gziT, agreTve, gaeros mier warmoebuli samSvidobo<br />

molaparakebis xelisSewyoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kvirveba. 51 a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>of</strong>icris saSualebiT euTo inarCunebs warmomadgenlobas<br />

soxumSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c misi ZiriTadi mizania ndobis aRdgenis xel-<br />

49 enguris hidroeleqtrosadguris Sesaxeb informaciis wyaro aris<br />

avtorTa mier afxazeTSi aRebuli interviuebi, 2004 wlis gazafxulze.<br />

50 Coppieters, “The Georgian–Abkhaz Conflict.” (Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ. Ãðóçèíî-àáõàçñêèé<br />

êîíôëèêò // Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ è äð. Åâðîïåèçàöèÿ è ðàçðåøåíèå êîíôëèêòîâ: êîíêðåòíûå<br />

èññëåäîâàíèÿ åâðîïåéñêîé ïåðèôåðèè. Ì.: Âåñü Ìèð, 2005. Ñ. 197-236, http://<br />

poli.vub.ac.be/).<br />

51 1993 wels gaero <strong>da</strong> euTk (mogvianebiT, euTo) SeTanxmdnen, rom gaero<br />

iTaveb<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso mediatoris rols afxazeTis, xolo euTo –<br />

samxreT oseTis konfliqtSi. ixileT, MacFarlane, “The Role <strong>of</strong> the UN,” p. 36.<br />

(Ñ. Íèë Ìàêôàðëåéí. Ðîëü ÎÎÍ // Äæîíàòàí Êîýí (ðåä.) Ïðîáëåìà ñóâåðåíèòåòà. Accord,<br />

âûïóñê 7. Êîíñèëèýéøí Ðèñîðñèç. Ëîíäîí, 1999 – Ì.: Ãëîáóñ, 2000. Ñ. 44, òàêæå ïî<br />

àäðåñó: http://www.c-r.org/accord/series.shtml).<br />

380

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

Sewyoba, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZlierebis gziT. Tumca, un<strong>da</strong><br />

aRiniSnos, rom euTos sakmaod uary<strong>of</strong>iTi imiji aqvs afxazeTSi,<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n is afxazebs qarTvelTa “eTnikur wmen<strong>da</strong>Si” a<strong>da</strong>naSaulebs<br />

euTos samitis ramdenime deklaraciaSi. 52<br />

qarTul <strong>da</strong> afxazur samoqalaqo sazogadoebebs Soris<br />

ndobis aRdgenisken mimarTuli iniciativebs xels uwyobs iseTi<br />

organizaciebi, rogoricaa saerTaSoriso gangaSi (International<br />

Alert), linqsi (LINKS), Serigebis resursebi (Conciliation Resourcs),<br />

agreTve, kaliforniis universitetisa <strong>da</strong> briuselis Tavisufali<br />

universitetis mecnierebi. maTi <strong>da</strong>finansebiT araerTi<br />

Sexvedra Sedga neitralur teritoriaze, rac saSualebas<br />

aZlevs orive mxaris aqtivistebs, <strong>da</strong>amyaron urTierTobebi <strong>da</strong><br />

ganagrZon dialogi. 53 miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom am programebs ar<br />

gamouwveviaT raime garRveva molaparakebaTa procesSi, isini<br />

<strong>da</strong>debiTad moqmedeben samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganvi-<br />

Tarebaze konfliqtis orive mxares, vinai<strong>da</strong>n isini saSualebas<br />

aZleven adgilobriv liderebs imogzauron, Seityon meti gare<br />

samyaros Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> esaubron TavianT kolegebs. 54<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad zemoT xsenebuli mcdelobebisa, undobloba <strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTis momaval satatussa Tu devnilTa <strong>da</strong>brunebaze Rrma<br />

uTanxmoeba grZeldeba. ndobis aRdgenisken mimarTul mcdelobaTa<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>savluri saxsrebi Caido, agreTve, huma-<br />

52 ixileT, euTos bu<strong>da</strong>peStis (1993 w.), lisabonisa (1994 w.) <strong>da</strong> stambolis<br />

(1999 w.) deklaraciebi.<br />

53 Susan Allen Nan, “Civil Initiatives”, Accord, issue 7 (September 1999), p.50. (Ñüþçåí<br />

Àëëåí Íýí. Ãðàæäàíñêèå èíèöèàòèâû // Äæîíàòàí Êîýí (ðåä.) Ïðîáëåìà ñóâåðåíèòåòà.<br />

Accord, âûïóñê 7. Êîíñèëèýéøí Ðèñîðñèç. Ëîíäîí, 1999 – Ì.: Ãëîáóñ, 2000. Ñ. 62-71,<br />

òàêæå ïî àäðåñó: http://www.c-r.org/accord/series.shtml). “saerTasoriso gangaSis”<br />

(International Alert) Sesaxeb informacia ixileT: http://www.international-alert.org/.<br />

“linqsis” (LINKS) Sesaxeb – http://www.links-london.org/. xolo “Serigebis<br />

resursebis” (Conciliation Resources) Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>matebiTi informacia<br />

SegiZliaT ixiloT: http://www.c-r.org/.<br />

54 afxazurma samoqalaqo sazogadoebam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa<br />

SarS<strong>and</strong>el saprezidento arCevnebSi, roca arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa<br />

koaliciam awarmoa arCevnebis monitoringi <strong>da</strong> gamarjvebuli k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>tis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sacavad gaerTian<strong>da</strong>.<br />

381

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

nitarul proeqtebSi afxazeTSi, rogoricaa Halo Trust (ganaRmviTi<br />

samuSaoebi), Accion Contra el Hambre (saxlebis reabilitacia),<br />

“saerTaSoriso wiTeli jvari” (sursaTi umweoTaTvis), “eqimebi<br />

sazRvrebs gareSe” (samedicino <strong>da</strong>xmareba).<br />

amgvarad, rogorc Cans, <strong>da</strong>savlurma <strong>da</strong> gaeros egidiT<br />

warmoebulma samSvidobo iniciativebma ar migviyvana konfliqtis<br />

politikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetamde. yvela <strong>da</strong>savluri iniciativa – 1997<br />

wlis progresuli midgoma, sakoordinacio sabWos SeqmniT, aseve,<br />

2000 wlis ufro srulmasStabiani midgoma, romelic afxazeTis<br />

politikuri statusis sakiTxsac moicav<strong>da</strong> – uSedego aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ufro metic, ruseTma, molaparakebaTa arxebis gafarToebiT,<br />

mTeli procesis aRreva gamoiwvia.<br />

rac Seexeba samxreT oseTis <strong>da</strong>uregulirebel konfliqts,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTma 1992 wels konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>arsebi<strong>da</strong>n samoqmedo areali<br />

ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> evropaSi usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis konferencias<br />

(euTk, dResdReobiT – euTo) <strong>da</strong>uTmo. rogorc es<br />

afxazeTis konfliqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT iyo, <strong>da</strong>savleTi Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars. euTk-m<br />

Tavisi pirveli misia saqarTveloSi 1992 wels <strong>da</strong>aarsa, rogorc<br />

gamoxmaureba saqarTvelos Txovnaze, <strong>da</strong>xmareba gaewia qarTulosuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtebis <strong>da</strong>regulirebaSi. dRes,<br />

euTo, gaeros devnilTa umaRlesi komisariati <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiri,<br />

ruseTTan, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTTan erTad muSaoben<br />

molaparakebaTa <strong>da</strong> mSvidobismy<strong>of</strong>elTa mravalmxriv meqanizmSi,<br />

romelsac Sereuli sakontrolo komisia ewodeba.<br />

euTos man<strong>da</strong>ti samxreT oseTSi moicavs iseT miznebs,<br />

rogoricaa farTo politikuri CarCos Seqmna, sa<strong>da</strong>c SesaZlebeli<br />

iqneba konfliqtis farTomasStabiani politikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>regulireba; saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTs Soris aqtiuri<br />

molaparakebebis xelSewyoba; masve aqtiuri roli akisria,<br />

Sereuli sakontrolo komisiis saSualebiT, konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis<br />

gzebis gamonaxvaSi. 55 euTo awarmoebs Sereuli samSvidobo<br />

Zalebis monitoringsac, mis rusul xelmZRvanelobasTan<br />

55 ixileT: http://www.osce.org/georgia/man<strong>da</strong>te/.<br />

382

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

mudmivi kavSiris gziT. 56 samSvidobo Zalebi (rusuli, qarTuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> osuri SemadgenlobiT) TanamSromloben <strong>da</strong>savleTTan<br />

mravalmxrivi meqanizmis farglebSi. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad gaero<br />

xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> aRdgeniT samuSaoebs, Tumca 2001 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba iTava am mxriv evrokomisiam<br />

<strong>da</strong> rogorc <strong>da</strong>xmarebis proeqtebis erT-erTma yvelaze mniSvnelovanma<br />

<strong>da</strong>mfinansebelma Sereul sakontrolo komisiaSic<br />

<strong>da</strong>imkvidra adgili. 57<br />

euTos mcdelobaTa miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad – Sereuli sakontrolo<br />

komisiis farglebSi ganeviTarebina ndobis aRdgenis meqanizmebi<br />

(rogoricaa infrastruqturis reabilitacia, ganiaraReba<br />

<strong>da</strong> kriminalis winaaRmdeg brZola) – is mainc mxareTa<br />

mier mzardi kritikis sagani xdebo<strong>da</strong>. wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

qarTuli mxare amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom euTos misiis arseboba konfliqtis<br />

zonaSi, samxreT oseTis arsebobis legitimizacias<br />

uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels, vinai<strong>da</strong>n man ver SeZlo konfliqtis srulmasStabiani<br />

mogvareba. 2004 wels ganaxlebul ZaladobasTan<br />

erTad, qarTulma mxarem pozicia Seicvala. axla isini euTos<br />

man<strong>da</strong>tis gafarToebas uWerdnen mxars <strong>da</strong> moiTxovdnen misgan<br />

saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris, gansakuTrebiT, rokis gvirabis<br />

tvirTbrunvis gakontrolebas. es, Tavis mxriv, ruseTis<br />

winaaRmdegobis mizezi gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

SarSan dekembramde, euTo axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> ruseT-saqarTvelos<br />

(CeCneTis, inguSeTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Restnis monakveTebze)<br />

sazRvris monitoringis operaciasac, riTac xels uSli<strong>da</strong><br />

56 1992 wlis ivnis-ivlisis ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris <strong>da</strong>gomisis<br />

xelSekrulebisa <strong>da</strong> soWis cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis<br />

Tanaxmad, Sereuli samSvidobo Zalebi, rusuli, qarTuli <strong>da</strong> osuri<br />

SemadgenlobiT, ganlagdnen konfliqtis zonaSi.<br />

57 <strong>da</strong>matebiTi informacia samxreT oseTSi evropuli qveynebis mier<br />

warmoebuli politikis Sesaxeb, ixileT, Damien Helly, “L’action extérieure de<br />

l’Union européenne <strong>da</strong>ns le Caucase du Sud,” pp. 343–349. <strong>of</strong>icialurad samSvidobo<br />

kontingenti samxreT oseTSi sammxrivia: qarTuli, rusuli <strong>da</strong> osuri.<br />

Tumca, osuri kontingenti droTa ganmavlobaSi, TiTqmis, mTlianad<br />

samxreT-osuri SemadgenlobiT <strong>da</strong>kompleqt<strong>da</strong>, CrdiloeT-osuri<br />

sardlobiT.<br />

383

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

CeCneTis konfliqtis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebas <strong>da</strong> exmarebo<strong>da</strong><br />

rusi <strong>da</strong> qarTveli mesazRvreebis TanamSromlobas. 2004 wlis 31<br />

dekembers sazRvris monitoringis misiis man<strong>da</strong>ti <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>,<br />

xolo ruseTma mis gagrZelebas veto <strong>da</strong>ado. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />

qarTuli <strong>of</strong>iciozi ganagrZob<strong>da</strong> ucxo <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebis saqarTvelo-ruseTis<br />

sazRvarTan ganTavsebis lobirebas. 2005 wlis 14<br />

aprils euTos mudmivmoqmedma sabWom <strong>da</strong>amtkica euTos<br />

mesazRvreTa wvrTnis programa, romelic sazRvris monitoringis<br />

programis bazaze un<strong>da</strong> Seqmniliyo. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, aprilis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi evrokavSiris mier sami pirisgan Semdgari misia iqna<br />

mivlinebuli saqarTveloSi sami TviT, raTa SeeswavlaT<br />

sazRvarze arsebuli safrTxe <strong>da</strong> SeefasebinaT saqarTvelos<br />

saWiroebebi <strong>da</strong> arsebuli SesaZleblobebi. 58<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ver iqna miRweuli samxreT oseTis<br />

konfliqtis srulmasStabiani mogvareba, situacia, bolo dromde,<br />

kontrols eqvemdeborebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi gZelvadiani ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta<br />

SesaZlebeli Can<strong>da</strong>. Tumca, 2004 wlis ivnis-agvistos movlenebma,<br />

roca SeiaraRebul <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas konfliqtis zonaSi msxverpli<br />

mohva, rogorc samxedro, ise samoqalaqo pirTa Soris, cxadyo, rom<br />

arsebuli status kvo metad my<strong>of</strong>e iyo. saqarTvelos prezident<br />

mixeil saakaSvilis mier Tbilisis politikuri gavlenis qveS aWaris<br />

warmatebul reintegracias mohyva mcdeloba msgavsi Sedegebis<br />

miRwevisa samxreT oseTSic. iseve, rogorc aWaris SemTxvevaSi,<br />

saqarTvelos xelisufleba moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> im prezumfciiT, rom<br />

samxreT oseTis de-faqto xelisuflebas ar hqon<strong>da</strong> agdilobriv<br />

mcxovrebTa Soris didi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera. faqtiurad, Tbilisma ver<br />

SeZlo cxinvalis reJimis mimarT realuri ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebis gamoyeneba<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganaxlebul SeiaraRebul <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas mohyva aWaris<br />

sapirispiro Sedegebi – mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris konsoli<strong>da</strong>cia samxreT oseTis<br />

de-faqto prezident kokoiTs irgvliv. 59 mas Semdeg, rac ganax-<br />

58 “evrokavSiris sami eqsperti <strong>da</strong>akvirdeba ruseT-saqarTvelos<br />

sazRvars”, sivil jorjia, 2005 wlis 8 aprili, http://www.civil.ge/eng/<br />

article.php?id=9557.<br />

59 International Crisis Group, “Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia”, Europe Report<br />

no.159, November 26, 2004.<br />

384

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

lebuli SeiaraRebuli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba regionSi realobad iqca,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTma mkacrad gaafrTxila saakaSvili, rom saqarTvelo<br />

marto <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong>, Tu samxreT oseTSi konfliqti ganaxldebo<strong>da</strong>. 60<br />

19 agvistos ganaxl<strong>da</strong> cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba <strong>da</strong><br />

Tbilisma gaiyvana arasanqcirebuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi konfliqtis<br />

zoni<strong>da</strong>n. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad am uary<strong>of</strong>iTi Sedegebisa, Tbilisma<br />

moaxerxa qarTul-osuri konfliqtis “galRoba”. am procesSi<br />

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>savleTis ufro aqtiur monawileobas Riad uWer<strong>da</strong><br />

mxars <strong>da</strong> konfliqtis srulmasStabiani ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisTvis moiTxov<strong>da</strong><br />

saerTaSoriso konferenciis mowvevas. 61<br />

2003 wels evrokavSirma fineli diplomati heiki talvitie<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSna Tavis specialur warmomadgenlad amierkavkasiaSi. misi<br />

man<strong>da</strong>ti, romelic moicavs konfliqtebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisken<br />

mimarTuli mcdelobebis xelis Sewyobas, zogi analitikosis<br />

kritikis obieqti gax<strong>da</strong>, rogorc metad SezRuduli, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mas ar hqon<strong>da</strong> ufleba pir<strong>da</strong>pir eSuamdgomla an Careuliyo<br />

konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad SezRuduli man<strong>da</strong>tisa,<br />

talvitiem mainc SeZlo swrafad aewia evrokavSiris politikuri<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>ili regionSi <strong>da</strong> man es moaxerxa didi wevri<br />

saxelmwifoebis – safrangeTisa <strong>da</strong> didi britaneTis – gabrazebis<br />

gareSe. aq aisaxa evrokavSiris ufro ambiciuri politika,<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris regionisadmi erTiani<br />

midgomis ar arsebobisa.<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelos sruli yuradReba Si<strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis<br />

mogvarebazea ga<strong>da</strong>tanili afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi,<br />

60 avtorTa interviuebi <strong>da</strong>savlel diplomatebTan, Tbilisi, 2004 wlis<br />

agvisto-seqtemberi.<br />

61 2005 wlis ianvarSi, evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis winaSe<br />

gamosvlisas prezidentma saakaSvilma gaaJRera “saqarTvelos mTavrobis<br />

iniciativa samxreT oseTis konfliqtis mSvidobian <strong>da</strong>regulirebasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.” iniciativebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, samxreT oseTis momaval statuss<br />

exeba saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, magram saeWvoa maT mohyves<br />

konkretuli Sedegebi, Tu jer ndobis aRdgenisken mimarTuli nabijebi<br />

ar iqna ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli. ixileT, International Crisis Group Policy Briefing no. 38,<br />

“Georgia-South Ossetia: Refugee Return the Path to Peace”, April 19, 2005, http://<br />

crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3380&l=1.<br />

385

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis mier wamoweuli sxva sakiTxebi xSirad saTanado<br />

yuradRebis gareSe rCeba. aSS <strong>da</strong> evropa mouwodeb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

ufro aqtiuri regionaluri TanamSromlobisken mis<br />

uSualo mezobel saxelmwifoebTan. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva programa iqna<br />

SemuSavebuli, romelTac xeli un<strong>da</strong> Seewyo amierkavkasiaSi<br />

sabaJo, transportirebisa <strong>da</strong> garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxebSi ufro<br />

meti TanamSromlobisTvis. magram progresi, albaT, Zalian nela<br />

miiRweva, Tu saqarTvelos mTeli yuradReba separatistul<br />

regionebze gavlenis aRdgenisken (an, sul mcire, raime saxis<br />

erovnuli Serigebis miRwevisken) iqneba mimarTuli.<br />

386<br />

saxelmwifo reformebi<br />

qveynis Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve iyo <strong>da</strong>savleTis erTerTi<br />

mTavari prioriteti saqarTveloSi, xolo ormxrivi Tu<br />

mravalmxrivi sagareo <strong>da</strong>xmareba erT-erTi ZiriTadi meqanizmi<br />

iyo am miznis misaRwevad. es politika adreuli 1990-iani wlebis<br />

sufTa humanitaruli <strong>da</strong>xmarebi<strong>da</strong>n samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTarebisken mimarTuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT Seicvala.<br />

erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT, saqarTvelos meore<br />

adgili ukavia aSS-is <strong>da</strong>xmarebis mimReb qveynebs Soris 62 <strong>da</strong> am<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis didi nawili mimarTulia qveynis Si<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis<br />

problemebis mogvarebisken, rogoricaa saqarTvelos sasazRvro<br />

jarebi <strong>da</strong> sabaJo kontroli. 63 2001 wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli,<br />

62 aSS-is mTliani <strong>da</strong>xmareba saqarTvelosadmi 1992-2000 wlebSi Seadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

778 milion aSS dolars, rac xuTjer aRemateba azerbaijanis mier miRebul<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebas. amasTanave, 1996 wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli saqarTvelom aSS-is<br />

saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>xmarebis saagento<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>matebiT miiRo 375 milioni<br />

dolari. ixileT, “Country Report: Georgia”, The Economist Intelligence Unit,<br />

November 2003.<br />

63 Office <strong>of</strong> the Secretary <strong>of</strong> State, Congressional Budget Justification, 2003. See also<br />

Ekaterine Metreveli <strong>and</strong> Ester Hakobyan, “The Political Underpinnings <strong>of</strong> U.S. Bilateral<br />

Aid to the Countries <strong>of</strong> Transcaucasus,” Demokratizatsia, vol. 9, no. 3 (summer 2001),<br />

pp. 367–381.

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

aSS gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> organizebul<br />

<strong>da</strong>naSaulTan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebas. 64 gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, aSS-is<br />

SeSfoTeba saqarTvelos Si<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis mdgomareobiT<br />

mxolod gaZlier<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg, rac 2001 wlis zafxulSi Sinagan<br />

saqmeTa saministros CaeSala gilaevis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli<br />

operacia kodoris xeobaSi, roca CeCeni bovikebis garkveuli<br />

jgufi, qarTuli elementebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, Seeca<strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi<br />

situaciis destabilizacias. CeCeni boevikebis aseTma TavSeyram<br />

kidev ufro gaaZliera aSS-is SeSfoTeba <strong>da</strong> yuradReba pankisis<br />

xeobisken iqna ga<strong>da</strong>tanili, romelic SesaZloa globaluri<br />

terorizmis buded ga<strong>da</strong>qceuliyo. 65 am safrTxis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

asacileblad <strong>da</strong> amasTan, saqarTvelo moiazrebo<strong>da</strong> terorizmis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi strategiul partniorad, 2002 wlis<br />

aprilSi SeerTebulma Statebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes saqarTvelos Seiara-<br />

Rebuli Zalebis “wvrTnisa <strong>da</strong> aRWurvis” programis ganxorcieleba,<br />

romelic iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> qarTuli armiis spec<strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>ebis<br />

momzadebas terorizmis safrTxis winaaRmdeg<br />

sabrZolvelad <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sacavad. 66 antiteroristul koaliciasTan saqarTvelos<br />

mierTebisa <strong>da</strong> erayis koaliciis ZalebSi monawileobis gazrdis<br />

Sedegad, SeerTebulma Statebma axali samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

programis Sesaxeb gaakeTes gancxadeba, raTa qarTuli sajariso<br />

<strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>ebi samSvidobo operaciebisTvis moemzadebinaT. 67<br />

64 ixileT, Bren<strong>da</strong> Shaffer, “U.S. Policy,” in Lynch, The South Caucasus, pp. 53–62.<br />

65 kodoris xeobaSi ganxorcielebuli am operaciis Sesaxeb ufro<br />

detalurad ixileT sxva Tavebi amave gamocemaSi, oqsana antonenkosa <strong>da</strong><br />

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>rianis avtorobiT. pankisis xeobis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />

detalebi ixileT dev<strong>da</strong>rianis qveTavSi.<br />

66 ixileT, <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvilis qveTavi amave gamocemaSi.<br />

67 “U.S. Announces New Military Assistance Program for Georgia,” Civil<br />

Georgia,November 5, 2004, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=8271. “SenarCunebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> stabilurobis” programis Sedegad, 558 qarTveli samxedro<br />

gaigzavneba eraySi terorizmis winaaRmdeg globaluri brZolis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad <strong>da</strong> Caenacvlebian “operacia erayis Tavisuflebis”<br />

farglebSi momsaxure sxva qarTvel jariskacebs. ixileT, “U.S. Announces<br />

New Military Assistance Program for Georgia.”<br />

387

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

“SenarCunebisa <strong>da</strong> stabilurobis” programa <strong>of</strong>icialurad 2005<br />

wlis aprilSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. is iTvaliswinebs qarTuli SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zalebis wrTvnasa <strong>da</strong> sxva saxis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gawevas, raTa<br />

saqarTvelom SeZlos eraySi koaliciur ZalebSi monawileobis<br />

gagrZeleba. 68<br />

nato, “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” programis farglebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva misi wevri saxelmwifoebis (kerZod, aSS, didi britaneTi,<br />

TurqeTi <strong>da</strong> germania) saSualebiT, monawileobs saxalmwifo<br />

reformis gamxorcielebaSi, gansakuTrebiT, sajariso <strong>da</strong><br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sistemis reformirebaSi. natom organizeba gauwia<br />

Savi zRvis raionSi samSvidobo Zalebis wvrTnas, romelSic<br />

aqtiurad monawileob<strong>da</strong> germaniis, didi britaneTisa <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

evropuli qveynebis (maT Soris saqarTvelos) sajariso<br />

qve<strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>ebi. 69 gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, saqarTvelo, TurqeTis me-<br />

TaurobiT, monawileob<strong>da</strong> kosovos samSvidobo operaciebSi <strong>da</strong><br />

maspinZlob<strong>da</strong> samxedro wvrTnebs. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

saqarTveloSi Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis reformas seriozulad aferxebdnen<br />

ekonomikuri faqtorebi <strong>da</strong> arsebuli korufcia. Tbilisi araerTxel<br />

iTxov<strong>da</strong> natos ufro aqtiur monawileobas saqarTvelos<br />

usafrTxoebis problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi. am moTxovnaTagan<br />

zogierTi ruseTis amierkavkasiaSi arsebobis <strong>da</strong>balansebas<br />

iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>, xolo sxva moTxovnebi ruseTTan TanamSromlobis<br />

68 “Sustainment <strong>and</strong> Stability Operations Program (SSOP) Formally Begins,” http://<br />

georgia.usembassy.gov/events/event20050423SSOPOpen.html.<br />

69 2004 wlis 6 aprils, briuselSi vizitisas, prezidentma mixeil<br />

saakaSvilma xazgasmiT aRniSna saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianebisken<br />

swrafva <strong>da</strong> ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom 2004 wlis ivnisis natos stambolis samitis<br />

dros saqarTvelo gegmav<strong>da</strong> natosTan individualuri partniorobis<br />

xelSekrulebis gaformebas. (RFE/RL Newsline, 7 aprili, 2004 w.). 2001-2002<br />

wlebSi saqarTvelo monawileob<strong>da</strong> natos “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis”<br />

cxra wvrTnasa <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, rva “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” msgavsi<br />

suliskveTebis wvrTnaSi. natosadmi mimarTul saqarTvelos politikis<br />

Sesaxeb ixileT, NATO’s New Role in the NIS Area, Interim Project Report: NATO <strong>and</strong><br />

its Partners in Eastern Europe <strong>and</strong> the Southern Caucasus (Warsaw: Osrodek Stuiow<br />

Wschodnich Centre for Eastern Studies, December 2003), at pp. 42–46, http://<br />

www.osw.waw.pl/en/epub/NATO/raport_en.pdf.<br />

388

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

gzebs eZeb<strong>da</strong>. magaliTad, prezidentma saakaSvilma <strong>of</strong>icialurad<br />

SesTavaza ruseTs, Seqmniliyo erToblivi rusul-qarTuli<br />

antiteroristuli centri saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n rusuli samxedro<br />

bazebis gayvanis sanacvlod. 70 2004 wlis ivnisSi, stambolSi<br />

gamarTul samitze natom miiRo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong><br />

centralur aziaSi specialuri warmomadgeneli <strong>da</strong>eniSna. 15<br />

seqtembers natos generaluri mdivnis meore moadgile robert<br />

simonsi <strong>of</strong>icialurad Seudga specialuri warmomadgenlis<br />

uflebamosilebis Sesrulebas <strong>da</strong> Tavisi mudmivi warmomadgeneli<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSna kavkasiaSi, romelic TbilisSi iqna movlinebuli. 71 2004<br />

wlis oqtombris bolos, natos wevri qveynebis mier <strong>da</strong>mkicebul<br />

iqna saqarTvelosTan individualuri partniorobis samoqmedo<br />

gegma (IPAP), xolo misi ganxorcielebis pirveladi Sefaseba Sedga<br />

2005 wlis gazafxulze. saqarTvelo-natos urTierTobebis<br />

gaaqtiureba, savaraudod, <strong>da</strong>debiTad imoqmedebs saxelmwifo<br />

reformebis ganxorcielebaze, mesame qveynebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT,<br />

romelTa nawili ukve gaerTianebulia “saqarTvelos axal<br />

megobarTa” jgufSi. es jgufi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedian<br />

estoneTi, latvia, litva, poloneTi, rumineTi <strong>da</strong> bulgareTi,<br />

aSkarad gamoxatavs evrokavSiris zogi axali wevri saxelmwifos<br />

mzard interesebs regionSi. is ukve arsebuli “megobarTa jgufis”<br />

erTgvari <strong>da</strong>matebaa <strong>da</strong> yuradRebas saqarTvelos natosTan <strong>da</strong><br />

evrokavSirTan urTierTobasa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo reformebis<br />

ganxorcielebaze gaamaxvilebs. 72<br />

2003 wlis noembris “vardebis revoluciamde” SerTebuli<br />

Statebisa <strong>da</strong> evropisTvis aSkara gax<strong>da</strong>, rom SevardnaZis<br />

mTavrobam ver SeZlo xalxis ndobiT aRWurvili saxelmwifos<br />

mSenebloba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> stabilurobis miRweva.<br />

mTavrobis uunarobam mniSvnelovani reformis gansaxor-<br />

70 “Georgia Proposes New ‘Mechanics’ for Relations with Russia,” Civil Georgia, September<br />

22, 2004, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=7891.<br />

71 “NATO to Dispatch Liaison Officer to Georgia,” Civil Georgia, September 9, 2004,<br />

http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=7846.<br />

72 Vladimir Socor, “New Group <strong>of</strong> Georgia’s Friends Founded,” Eurasia Daily Monitor,<br />

February 7, 2005.<br />

389

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

cieleblad, gamoiwvia donorTa didi imedgacrueba. 73 2003 wlis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ms<strong>of</strong>lio bankma SeaCera energetikuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />

programebi yovlismomcveli korufciis gamo, xolo 2003 wlis<br />

seqtemberSi aSS-ma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom 2004 wli<strong>da</strong>n Seamcireb<strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelosadmi gaweuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis masStabebs. 74 <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n gaZlierebulma kritikam SevardnaZes ruseTTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebisken ubiZga, rac energosferoSi strategiuli<br />

xelSekrulebebis gaformebiT gamoikveTa. 75 am xelSekrulebebma<br />

kidev ufro gaaRrmava SeerTebuli Statebis SeSfoTeba. elCma<br />

stiven manma, aSS-is prezidentis mrCevelma kaspiis energosakiTxebSi,<br />

sajarod gamoxata SeSfoTeba msgavsi xelSekrulebebis<br />

Taobaze ruseTTan, radgan aman SeiZleba Seaferxos amierkavkasiis<br />

gazsadenis proeqti, romelic 2006 wels un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyos<br />

<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> moaxdinos gazis transportireba azerbaijanis Sahdenizis<br />

sabado<strong>da</strong>n TurqeTSi, saqarTvelos gavliT. 76<br />

SeerTebulma Statebma (an, minimum, zogierTma amerikulma<br />

moRvawem) <strong>da</strong>iwyes saqarTvelos politikuri opoziciaSi Ria<br />

investireba <strong>da</strong> maTi roli “vardebis revoluciaSi” mniSvnelovani<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. aSS-is mTavrobis mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli<br />

erovnuli demokratiuli instituti monawileob<strong>da</strong> opoziciis<br />

liderebis treningSi, momzadebasa <strong>da</strong> gaerTianebaSi. saerTa-<br />

Soriso respublikuri instituti, saarCevno sistemebis saerTa-<br />

73 “Country Report: Georgia,” The Economist Intelligence Unit, November 2003.<br />

74 Natalia Antelava, “United States Cuts Development Aid to Georgia,” Eurasia Insight,<br />

September 29, 2003, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/<br />

eav092903.shtml.<br />

75 2003 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelom 25-wliani TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebas<br />

moawera xeli ruseTis gazis gigant gazpromTan. xelSekruleba<br />

iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos gaziT momaragebas <strong>da</strong> misi infrastuqturis<br />

satranzitod gamoyenebas. ixileT, RFE/RL Newsline, July 28, 2003, http://<br />

www.rferl.org/newsline/2003/07/2-TCA/tca-280703.asp.<br />

76 RFE/RL Newsline, July 28, 2003, http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2003/07/2-TCA/tca-<br />

280703.asp. aSS-ma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, saqarTvelos energosistemisTvis gaweuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 30 milioni aSS dolari<strong>da</strong>n 14 milionamde.<br />

“Country Report: Georgia,” The Economist Intelligence Unit, November 2003. ufro<br />

detalurad gazpromTan gaformebuli am xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb, ixileT,<br />

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>rianis qveTavi amave gamocemaSi.<br />

390

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

Soriso fondTan (IFES) erTad, muSaobdnen intensiurad Tavisufali<br />

<strong>da</strong> samarTliani arCevnebis xelSesawyobad. qarTuli<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo organizaciebi, gansakuTrebiT, samarTliani<br />

arCevnebisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba,<br />

mzaddebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> finansdebo<strong>da</strong> amerikeli eqspertebis mier. am<br />

politikurma gamocdilebam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa<br />

arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa seqtoris politizirebaSi <strong>da</strong><br />

demokratiuli opoziciis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeraSi.<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>dgomis Semdeg SevardnaZem pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>naSaula<br />

vaSingtoni saqarTvelos Si<strong>da</strong> saqmeebSi Riad CarevaSi, xolo<br />

amerikeli filantropi jorj sorosi – opoziciis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeraSi.<br />

zogierTi qarTveli Jurnalisti xazs usvam<strong>da</strong> im faqts, rom aSSis<br />

elCi saqarTveloSi riCard mailsi iyo diplomatiuri misiis<br />

xelmZRvaneli azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> serbeTSi, roca prezidentebis<br />

abulfaz elCibeisa <strong>da</strong> slobo<strong>da</strong>n miloSeviCis g<strong>and</strong>evna mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom amerikis elCi <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>savleli<br />

diplomatebi uSualo kontaqtSi imy<strong>of</strong>ebodnen qarTul<br />

opoziciasTan 2003 wlis noembris revoluciis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet<br />

momentebSi. Tumca, es aranairad niSnavs imas, rom maT moaxdines<br />

SevardnaZis ga<strong>da</strong>yenebis inspirireba.<br />

SeerTebulma Statebma sruli mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera gamoucxa<strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos axal xelisuflebas. 2004 wlis ianvarSi saxelmwifo<br />

mdivani kolin paueli pira<strong>da</strong>d eswrebo<strong>da</strong> saakaSvilis<br />

inauguraciis ceremonias, sa<strong>da</strong>c ganacxadeba gaakeTa 2004 wels<br />

166-milion dolariani <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Taobaze. 2004 wlis maisSi<br />

vaSingtonma saqarTvelo CarTo “aTaswleulis gamowvevis”<br />

programaSi. 77 am gegmis mixedviT, Tbilisma sami wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> miiRos 500 milioni aSS dolari. grantebi<br />

“aTaswleulis gamowvevis” programis CarCoSi eZlevaT mTavrobebs,<br />

arasamTavrobo organizaciebs <strong>da</strong> kerZo struqturebs<br />

efeqturi mmarTvelobis, ekonomikuri reformebis, korufciasTan<br />

brZolis, mewarmeobisa <strong>da</strong> kerZo seqtoris ganvi-<br />

77 Millennium Challenge Corporation, Press Release, http://www.mca.gov/public_affairs/<br />

press_releases/PR_Eligible.pdf.<br />

391

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

Tarebis, s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobis nay<strong>of</strong>ierebisa <strong>da</strong> janmrTelobis,<br />

agreTve, ganaTlebis donis amaRlebis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad. 78 <strong>da</strong><br />

bolos, aRsaniSnavia prezident buSis saqarTveloSi viziti<br />

meore ms<strong>of</strong>lio omis <strong>da</strong>srulebis 60 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavi<br />

mogzaurobis farglebSi. is saqarTveloSi ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n Camovi<strong>da</strong><br />

2005 wlis 10 maiss, riTac xazi gausva saqarTveloSi demokratiis,<br />

istoriuli mniSvnelobis reformebis <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis<br />

mSvidobianad ga<strong>da</strong>Wris mniSvnelobas. 79<br />

xolo rac Seexeba evropis kavSirs, is yovelTvis mniSvnelovan<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebas uwev<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad programebis<br />

arSesrulebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis perspeqtivis ararsebobisa<br />

im periodSi, rodesac mTavrobaSi imy<strong>of</strong>ebo<strong>da</strong> SevardnaZis<br />

korumpirebuli gundi. evrokomisia axorcielebs programebs<br />

humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> sakvebi produqtebiT <strong>da</strong>xmarebis,<br />

kanonis uzenaesobis, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi reformebis,<br />

<strong>da</strong> energopolitikis sferoSi.aSS-Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad,<br />

magram zogierTma evropulma qveynam, gansakuTrebiT,<br />

didma britaneTma, germaniam, saberZneTma <strong>da</strong> safrangeTma,<br />

aseve, ganaviTares ormxrivi TanamSromloba saqarTvelos<br />

xelisuflebasTan, gansakuTrebiT, samxedro, sabaJo <strong>da</strong> samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcav<br />

organoebTan. 2003 wlis noembri<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli<br />

evrokavSiri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iCens saqarTvelosadmi<br />

<strong>da</strong>, rogorc Cans, did imedebs amyarebs axal xelisuflebaze,<br />

kanonis uzenaesobis garkveuli problemebis<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad. 2004 wlis ivnisSi donorebis konferenciaze<br />

briuselSi, evrokomisiam <strong>da</strong> ms<strong>of</strong>lio bankma, 31 qveyanasTan <strong>da</strong><br />

12 saerTaSoriso organizaciasTan erTad, TiTqmis 1 miliardi<br />

aSS dolaris <strong>da</strong>xmarebas <strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong> axal xelisuflebas. 80 es<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba gankuTvnilia reformebisTvis energetikis, mmarTve-<br />

78 “U.S. to Grant Georgia $500 ml in Frames <strong>of</strong> MCA,” Civil Georgia, May 28, 2004,<br />

http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=7021.<br />

79 “President Bush to Travel to Georgia,” http://georgia.usembassy.gov/events/<br />

event20050325BushVisit.html.<br />

80 Joint Press Release by the European Commission <strong>and</strong> the World Bank, June 16, 2004,<br />

http://www.seerecon.org/Georgia/press_release.pdf.<br />

392

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

lobis, siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis, bavSvTa socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis,<br />

infrastruqturisa <strong>da</strong> s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobis ganviTarebis<br />

xelSesawyobad 2004-2006 wlebSi.<br />

2003 wlis dekemberSi, evropis palmanentma rekomen<strong>da</strong>cia<br />

gauwia amierkavkasiis qveynebs – somxeTs, azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos – evropis axali samezoblo politikis nawili<br />

gamx<strong>da</strong>riyvnen, xolo 2004 wlis maisSi es wina<strong>da</strong>deba evrokomisiis<br />

mier iqna <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli. analitikosebi varaudoben, rom es<br />

nawilobriv <strong>da</strong>gvianebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba – amierkavkasiis<br />

qveynebis evropis samezoblo iniciativaSi CarTvis Sesaxeb,<br />

di<strong>da</strong>d iqna ganpirobebuli saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikuri<br />

cvlilebebiT. 81 2005 wlis martSi evrokomisiam miiRo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />

saqarTvelosTan urTierTobebis intensifikaciis<br />

Sesaxeb, rac samezoblo iniciativis farglebSi samoqmedo gegmis<br />

SemuSavebas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>. es rekomen<strong>da</strong>cia eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong> evrokomisiis<br />

mier gakeTebul angariSs, romelic detalur <strong>da</strong><br />

siRrmiseul analizs iZleva saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri situaciis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> asaxavs dRemde arsebul<br />

ormxriv urTierTobebs evrokavSirTanac. 82<br />

81 Jaba Dev<strong>da</strong>riani, “Europe Remains Ambiguous in its South Caucasus Neighborhood,”<br />

Central Asia–Caucasus Analyst, July 14, 2004.<br />

82 The European Commission’s Delegation to Georgia <strong>and</strong> Armenia, http://www.delgeo.cec.eu.int/<br />

en/press/5_mart_ge_2005.htm. samoqmedo gegmis ZiriTadi elementebi un<strong>da</strong><br />

moicavdes: kanonis uzenaesobis <strong>da</strong>cvas, demokratiis institutebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

pluralizmis gaZlierebas, biznes-garemos gaumjobesebas, saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />

<strong>da</strong> sabaJo administraciis reformas, siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevas, konfliqtebis<br />

mogvarebasa <strong>da</strong> mzard regionaluri TanamSromlobas. “vardebis<br />

revoluciis” Semdeg evrokavSiri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvileb<strong>da</strong><br />

qveyanaSi kanonis uzenaesobis <strong>da</strong>mcveli institutebis gaZlierebaze. 2004<br />

wlis zafxulSi evrokavSirma saqarTveloSi gaxsna pirveli kanonis<br />

uzenaesobis misia (EUJUST THEMIS), raTa <strong>da</strong>xmareba gaewia samarTlebrivi<br />

sistemis reformirebaSi. Sesabamis saministroebSi rva ucxoeli eqspertis<br />

ganTavsebiT, misia saqarTvelos xelisuflebas exmareba, zoga<strong>da</strong>d,<br />

reformebis koordinaciaSi. ixileT, “EU Launches ‘Rule <strong>of</strong> Law’ Mission, Amid<br />

Human Rights Concerns”, Civil Georgia, July 17, 2004, http://www.civil.ge/eng/<br />

article.php?id-7439.<br />

393

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

394<br />

ra un<strong>da</strong> moimoqmedos <strong>da</strong>savleTma?<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTma saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis dRis wesrigSi<br />

upirveles amocanad un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvros qveynis ganviTarebis<br />

problemebi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo reformebi. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />

kargia, rom SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis bolo ramdenime wlis<br />

“donorTa imedgacrueba” <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gawevis xelaxalma<br />

mzady<strong>of</strong>nam Secvala, mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos axalma<br />

xelisuflebam korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola gaaZliera <strong>da</strong><br />

saxelwifo reformebSi winsvla aRiniSna. aseT viTarebaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTma un<strong>da</strong> gaagrZelos saxelmwifo reformis mravlismomcveli<br />

strategia, romlis ganxorcielebac SesaZlebelia<br />

saakaSvilis prezidentobis pirveli vadis amowurvamde.<br />

umTavresi orientirebi saqarTvelom Tavad un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvros,<br />

magram isini un<strong>da</strong> Seesabamebodes evrokavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rtebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> evroatlantikur gamocdilebas. mTavari principebi ukve<br />

Cadebulia iseT, saqarTvelos wina xelisuflebis mier xelmoweril<br />

an mimdinare, dokumentebSi, rogoricaa evrokavSirisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos partniorobisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis SeTanxmeba,<br />

axali samezoblo iniciativa (evrokavSirisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

samoqmedo gegma) <strong>da</strong> natosTan individualuri partniorobis<br />

samoqmedo gegma.<br />

magram <strong>da</strong>savleTis strategia un<strong>da</strong> iyos gawonasworebuli<br />

– aucilebelia, fun<strong>da</strong>menturi problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra (korufciasTan<br />

brZolis CaTvliT), magram, imavdroulad, reformebis<br />

periodSi uyuradRebod ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCes politikuri stabilurobis<br />

SenarCuneba. magaliTad, sazogadoebis farTo ukmay<strong>of</strong>ileba<br />

SeiZleba gamoiwvios saxelmwifo moxeleebis samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

masiurma <strong>da</strong>Txovnam. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, aseTma nabijma<br />

SeiZleba gamoaaSkaraos kvalificiuri kadrebis nakleboba<br />

saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca ar<br />

arsebobs adekvaturi sakadro politika. es problemebi u<strong>da</strong>vod<br />

warmoCindeba procesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSive, magram isini didi xnis<br />

ganmavlobaSi iarsebeben, Tu <strong>da</strong>savleTi arafers iRonebs maT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>WraSi <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad. 2004 wlis martSi, saqarTvelos

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

mTavrobam piroba <strong>da</strong>do, rom <strong>da</strong>Txovnil sajaro moxeleebs<br />

Sesabamisi kompensaciiT <strong>da</strong> axali samuSao SesaZleblobebiT<br />

uzrunvely<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong>. 83 man, agreTve, SeimuSava yvela sxva sazogadoebrivi<br />

seqtoris reformirebis uaRresad ambiciuri gegma<br />

2004-2009 wlebisaTvis. es gegma iTvaliswinebs demokratiuli<br />

mmarTvelobis gaZlierebas, saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebas,<br />

sajaro samsaxurisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis sistemebis<br />

ganaxlebas, kulturuli institutebis ganviTarebas, saxelmwifos<br />

teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas, erovnuli usafrTxoebis<br />

garantiebis Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />

miRwevas. aSkaraa, rom axalma xelisuflebam mkafiod un<strong>da</strong><br />

gansazrvros am reformaTa Soris prioritetebi, winaaRmdeg<br />

SemTxvevaSi, maTi realizacia naklebsavaraudoa.<br />

ukve aSkaraa <strong>da</strong>xmarebis saWiroeba. aucilebelia specialuri<br />

programebis ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSi, romelic<br />

moizi<strong>da</strong>vs evropaSi ganaTlebul <strong>da</strong> gamocdil axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />

specialistebs. es programebi <strong>da</strong>exmareba mTavrobas administraciuli<br />

aparatis SeqmnaSi, romelic kompetenciaze,<br />

gamocdilebasa <strong>da</strong> keTilsindisierebaze iqneba <strong>da</strong>myarebuli.<br />

amave mimarTulebis CarCoebSi xelisuflebam un<strong>da</strong> Camoayalibos<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>icvas qcevis kodeqsi sajaro moxeleebisTvis.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, xelisuflebas marTebs frTxili sakadro politikis<br />

gatareba, roca saqme exeba sajaro moxeleTa masiur<br />

Semcirebebs. imis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom SevardnaZis prezidentobisas<br />

korufcia farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, arsebobdnen<br />

moxeleebi, romlebic axerxebdnen, ar gareuliyvnen masSi. es<br />

Tanamdebobis pirebi <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxis wevrebi, SesaZlebelia,<br />

administraciuli wmendis msxverplni aRmoCndnen. meti<br />

efeqturobisTvis saWiroa, rom reformebi <strong>da</strong> axali kadrebis<br />

ayvana adekvaturi <strong>da</strong> drouli xelfasebis gacemis paralelurad<br />

moxdes. Tu es ar moxdeba, korufcia kvlav iCens Tavs.<br />

83 Georgian Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance, “Strengthening <strong>and</strong> Uniting Georgia through Economic<br />

Growth, European Integration, <strong>and</strong> Long-Term Stability: Reform <strong>and</strong> Development<br />

Programme for the Government <strong>of</strong> Georgia 2004–2009.”<br />

395

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

specialuri fondi sajaro moxeleebis xelfasebisTvis iqna<br />

Seqmnili <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva donoris mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli. sorosisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva amerikulma fondebma, agreTve, gaeros ganviTarebis<br />

fondma Seitanes TavianTi wvlili am specialur fondSi. 84<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, saWiro Tanxebis saxelmwifo biujetSi mobilizaciisTvis<br />

aucilebelia sabaJo wesebisa <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobis<br />

reforma, ukve arsebuli <strong>da</strong>savluri programebis Senar-<br />

CunebasTan erTad. sabaJo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis amoReba <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />

iqneba iseTi strategiuli teritoriebis gakontrolebaze,<br />

rogoricaa samxreT oseTisa <strong>da</strong> samegrelos regionis kontroli<br />

kontraban<strong>da</strong>ze.am miznis misaRwevad aucilebelia centraluri<br />

xelisuflebis politikuri kontrolis gaZliereba. sabaJo<br />

reforma uSualo<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli qveynis erTianobasa <strong>da</strong><br />

teritoriul mTlianobaze. 2004 wlis ivnisSi samxreT oseTis<br />

konfliqtis zonasTan mdebare ergneTis bazrobis gauqmeba<br />

aucilebeli iyo zogierTi kriminaluri <strong>da</strong>jgufebis saqmianobis<br />

aRsakveTad. magram aseTi tipis bazrobebi adgilobrivi<br />

mosaxleobisTvis Semosavlis wyarocaa. amdenad, aseT politikas<br />

aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> axldes Tan ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />

SesaZleblobebi.<br />

policiis reformam un<strong>da</strong> aRadginos ndoba moqalaqeebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

saxelmwifos Soris. saerTaSoriso donorebis mier <strong>da</strong>fi-<br />

84 2004 wels prezidenti, premier ministri, parlamentis Tavmjdomare <strong>da</strong><br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare iReb<strong>da</strong> 1500 aSS dolars am fondi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

TavianTi <strong>of</strong>icialuri xelfasis <strong>da</strong>namatad. TxuTmeti ministri <strong>da</strong> oTxi<br />

saxelmwifo ministri, agreTve, uSiSroebis sabWos mdivani <strong>da</strong> prezidentis<br />

administraciis xelmZRvaneli iReb<strong>da</strong> 1200 dolars. ekonomikuri sabWos<br />

Tavmjdomare, Sinagani jarebis sar<strong>da</strong>li, genStabis ufrosi, satransporto<br />

policiis xelmZRvaneli, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>cvis samsaxuris ufrosi,<br />

saga<strong>da</strong>saxado inspeqciis xelmZRvaneli <strong>da</strong> finansuri policiis ufrosi<br />

iReb<strong>da</strong> 1000 dolars. samoci ministris moadgile iReb<strong>da</strong> 700 dolars.<br />

uSiSroebis sabWos wevrebi iRebdnen 500 dolars. yvela satransporto<br />

policieli iReb<strong>da</strong> 150 dolars. momavalSi es <strong>da</strong>namatebi xelfasebze<br />

<strong>da</strong>gegmilia saxelmwifo biujeti<strong>da</strong>n gaices. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 5000-mde sajaro<br />

moxele miiRebs <strong>da</strong>matebiT xelfass. ixileT, rezonansi, 25 marti, 2004 w.,<br />

gv. 2.<br />

396

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

nansebuli specialuri wvrTnis programebi aucilebelia<br />

policiis muSaobis efeqturobis asamaRleblad, iseve rogorc,<br />

rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi, sabWoTa policiuri sistemis reformirebisaTvis.<br />

saqarTvelom policiis reforma <strong>da</strong>iwyo sagzao policiis<br />

aTasobiT TanamSromlis <strong>da</strong>TxovniT. imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom<br />

sagzao policia uaRresad korumpirebul struqturas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis minimaluri mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT sargeblob<strong>da</strong>,<br />

aTasobiT a<strong>da</strong>mianis samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Txovna, axali<br />

perspeqtivebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri garantiebis gareSe, saeWvoa<br />

qveyanaSi zoga<strong>da</strong>d arsebuli kriminaluri situaciis gaumjobesebas<br />

emsaxurebodes. saqarTvelospoliciis sagamoZiebo<br />

struqturebis reformac un<strong>da</strong> iyos prioriteti, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>rRvevebi kvlav mravla<strong>da</strong>a, xelisuflebis<br />

cvlilebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad. kvlav xSiria saCivrebi<br />

TviTneburi <strong>da</strong>kavebis, narkotikebisa <strong>da</strong> iaraRis Cagdebis,<br />

sagamoZiebo <strong>da</strong> winaswari <strong>da</strong>kavebis saknebSi wamebis Sesaxeb.<br />

Sedegiani dialogi Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> separatistul teritoriebs<br />

Soris SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu <strong>da</strong>savleTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>exmareba afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTs ganaviTaros <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />

Ria gaxados sakuTari politikuri sistemebi. ufro metic,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong>xmareba adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucveli jgufebisadmi un<strong>da</strong><br />

emsaxurebodes ndobis aRdgenas orive mxares Soris. Tu<br />

gaizrdeba ndoba, xolo afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis mosaxleoba<br />

<strong>da</strong>ijerebs imas, rom <strong>da</strong>savleTi (<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad saqarTveloc)<br />

yuradRebas iCens maTi momavlisadmi <strong>da</strong> iziareben maT<br />

legitimur miswrafebas, ar iqnen asimilirebulni dominantur<br />

qarTul kulturaSi, isev warmoiSveba SesaZlebloba warmatebuli<br />

politikuri dialogis ganaxlebisa. magram, sanam<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTi ganagrZobs afxazebisa <strong>da</strong> osebis problemebis<br />

ugulvebely<strong>of</strong>as, isini arsebuli safrTxis nawilad moiazrebian<br />

am regionebSi <strong>da</strong> separatistul warmonaqmnebs ruseTTan<br />

kidev ufro mWidro kavSirisken ubiZgebs.<br />

Tu saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas surs saqarTvelos<br />

stabilurobis miRweva, aucilebelia maTi SeTanxmebuli<br />

397

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

moqmedeba. pirvel nabijad saWiroa, ga<strong>da</strong>ixedos dsT-is<br />

(ruseTis) mSvidobismy<strong>of</strong>elTa <strong>da</strong> gaeros warmomadgenlobis<br />

man<strong>da</strong>ti. rusuli jarebi ufro metad un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen CarTuli<br />

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>aSi. Tu<br />

rusi mSvidobismy<strong>of</strong>elebi ver SeZleben usafrTxo garemos<br />

Seqmnas, maSin gaerom seriozulad un<strong>da</strong> ganixilos saerTa-<br />

Soriso samSvidobo Zalebis gagzavnis SesaZleblobis sakiTxi.<br />

rac Seexeba gaeros misias saqarTveloSi, mas SeuZlia iTavos<br />

gaeros humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebiTi programebis koordinacia,<br />

rac qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> afxazebs Soris <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis<br />

ganmuxtvas un<strong>da</strong> emsaxurebodes. gaeros mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli<br />

qarTvelebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul galis raionSi samoqalaqo policiis<br />

proeqti SeiZleba iqces aseT Sansad.<br />

samxreT oseTSi saWiroa Zalisxmevis gaaqtiureba regionSi<br />

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis wasaxaliseblad, gansakuTrebiT,<br />

adgilobrivi savaWro <strong>da</strong> sabanko sistemis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gziT.<br />

evrokavSiris wina<strong>da</strong>debebi erToblivi sabaJo Tu tvirTis<br />

makontrolebeli meqanizmebis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />

mxareebis mier iqna uary<strong>of</strong>ili, kvlav un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes ganxilvis<br />

sagani. es SeiZleba ndobis aRdgenis umniSvnelovanes meqanizmad<br />

iqces. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam, aseve, un<strong>da</strong> gaaZlieros<br />

zewola saqarTveloze, raTa miRebul iqnas konfliqtis dros<br />

iZulebiT gaqceuli, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 60 aTasi osi devnilis<br />

<strong>da</strong>brunebisa <strong>da</strong> qonebis restituciis iuridiuli CarCoebi.<br />

donorebma finansuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba un<strong>da</strong> gauwion saqarTvelos,<br />

gansakuTrebiT, kompensaciis valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad.<br />

regionaluri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis yvela mcdeloba<br />

uSedego gamodga, nawilobriv, azerbaijan-somxeTs Soris<br />

arsebuli mTiani yarabaxis konfliqtis gamo. aseT SemTxvevaSi,<br />

imis magivrad, rom gaagrZelos unay<strong>of</strong>o mcdelobebi saqarTvelos,<br />

somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijans Soris sammxrivi TanamSromlobis<br />

ganviTarebisa, <strong>da</strong>savleTisTvis ufro mizanSewonili<br />

iqneba, mxari <strong>da</strong>uWiros realur formas ormxrivi TamanSromlobisa<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> or sxva amierkavkasiur qveyanas Soris.<br />

sasargeblo proeqtebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mravali<br />

398

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

ganxriT, rogoricaa satransporto tranziti, TanamSromloba<br />

usafrTxoebis sferoSi, sabaJo, sazRvris <strong>da</strong>cva, organizebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>naSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola.<br />

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri investiciebis<br />

mozidvis mizniT, rac <strong>of</strong>icialur institucionalur mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras<br />

saWiroebs, (aseve evropul <strong>da</strong> araevropul ekonomikur<br />

subieqtebs Soris kontaqtebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris mizniT), evrokavSirma<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ganixilos kavkasiuri bankisa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiris<br />

mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli savaWro palatis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. is<br />

araa valdebuli (<strong>da</strong> arc un<strong>da</strong> iyos) mxolod saqarTveloTi<br />

Sem<strong>of</strong>arglos; misi saqmianoba SeiZleba gavrceldes, aseve,<br />

ruseTze, iransa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTze.<br />

aSS-is monawileoba saqarTvelos saqmeebSi sagrZnoblad<br />

gaizar<strong>da</strong> bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad,<br />

saqarTvelo iqca tranzitul punqtad aSS-is samxedro aviaciisTvis,<br />

avRaneTSi mimdinare operaciebisas. saqarTvelo<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> SeerTebul StatebTan <strong>da</strong>emyarebina ufro axlo<br />

urTierTobebi, maT Soris natos farglebs miRmac. 2003 wlis<br />

agvistoSi saqarTvelom gagzavna 70 kaciani specialuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis <strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>i eraySi, xolo momdevno wlis aprilSi,<br />

mSvidobismy<strong>of</strong>elTa ricxvi 155 kacamde gazar<strong>da</strong>. 85 aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare, saqarTvelos antiteroristul koaliciaSi<br />

monawileobiT gafarTov<strong>da</strong> aSS-is samxedro gavlena regionSi,<br />

romelsac ruseTi tradiciulad sakuTari gavlenis sferod<br />

miiCnev<strong>da</strong>, rasac SesaZloa aSS-ruseTis urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>Zabva<br />

mohyves.<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis aseTma gaaqtiurebam gamoiwvia<br />

ruseTis SeSfoTeba imis gamo, rom vaSingtoni cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />

amierkavkasii<strong>da</strong>n mis gamoZevebas. es SeSfoTeba Zlierdeba,<br />

roca aSS cdilobs moskovze zewolas, raTa am ukanasknelma<br />

Seasrulos stambolis 1999 wlis samitze nakisri valdebulebebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> gaiyvanos Tavisi bazebi saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n. gansakuTrebiT<br />

mwvaved es sakiTxi gamoaSkarav<strong>da</strong> euTos 2003 wlis<br />

85 “Georgian Peacekeeping Troops to Deploy in Iraq,” RFE/RL Newsline.<br />

399

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

dekembris samitze maastrixtSi, roca saxelmwifo mdivanma<br />

kolin pauelma gaakritika ruseTi stambolis valdebulebebis<br />

arSesrulebis gamo <strong>da</strong> gaafrTxila moskovi, ar <strong>da</strong>eWira mxari<br />

separatistuli reJimebisTvis amierkavkasiaSi. aSS-ma mzady<strong>of</strong>na<br />

gamoTqva saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>rCenili ori, axalqalaqisa <strong>da</strong><br />

baTumis, bazis gasayvanad ruseTisTvis finansuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

gawevis Taobaze. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, Tu rogor Seecdeba aSS misi<br />

saqarTveloSi mzardi rolis Serbilebas, es mainc sakmaod mware<br />

abi SeiZleba aRmoCndes ruseTis nacionalisturi <strong>da</strong> konservatiuli<br />

ZalebisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>saylapad <strong>da</strong> emociuri reaqcia<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia. gavlenis <strong>da</strong>kargvisadmi fsiqologiuri Seguebis<br />

problemebis gar<strong>da</strong>, Zalze gansxvavebuli Zalebi ruseTSi<br />

SeSfoTebas gamoxataven imis SesaZleblobaze, rom <strong>da</strong>rCenili<br />

rusuli bazebis gasvlis Semdeg, maT adgils amerikis an natos<br />

Zalebi <strong>da</strong>ikaveben.<br />

riskis minimumamde <strong>da</strong>sayvanad, raTa ar moxdes ruseTis an<br />

saqarTvelos SecdomaSi Seyvana, aSS-ma mkafiod un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvros<br />

saqarTvelos roli mis usafrTxoebis gegmebSi. Tu vaSingtons<br />

imedi aqvs, gaaZlieros saqarTvelos roli platformis saxiT,<br />

Tavisi momavali samxedro operaciebis gansaxorcieleblad, man<br />

un<strong>da</strong> erTmniSvnelovnad ganucxados amis Taobaze saqarTvelosac<br />

<strong>da</strong> ruseTsac. xolo natom, Tavis mxriv, mkafiod un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvros<br />

pirobebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiTi vadebi, romlis CarCoebSic saqarTvelo<br />

SeZlebs gaaZlieros Tavisi urTierTobebi aliansTan. aucilebelia<br />

natos k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>ti wevrebis msgavsi yovlismomcveli<br />

samoqmedo gegmis saqarTvelosTvis <strong>of</strong>icialurad SeTavazeba.<br />

natos miznebi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi mkafiod un<strong>da</strong><br />

ganemartos ruseTs <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>idgas Sesabamisi nabijebi, raTa<br />

am miznebis araswori gagebis riski Semcirdes. oqsana antonenkos<br />

wina<strong>da</strong>deba, ruseTis baTumis samxedro baza gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnas natoruseTis<br />

saswavlo centrad kavkasiis an Savi zRvis regionisTvis,<br />

SeiZleba iqces erT-erT aseT nabijad. 86 bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos,<br />

86 oqsana antonenko, strategiuli kvlevis saerTaSoriso institutis<br />

ufrosi mkvlevari, interviu avtorTan, 27 marti, 2004 w.<br />

400

stabiluri saqarTvelo ruseTis grZelvadian interesebSi un<strong>da</strong><br />

Sediodes. xolo ufro usafrTxo saqarTvelo rusuli biznes<br />

interesebisTvis <strong>da</strong>matebiT SesaZleblobebs warmoadgens. Si<strong>da</strong><br />

krizisebisgan Tavisufali saqarTvelo kidev erTi faqtoria<br />

ruseTisTvis, raTa es ukanaskneli finansur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur<br />

berketebs <strong>da</strong>eyrdnos <strong>da</strong> ara samxedro Zalas <strong>da</strong> kidev erTi<br />

mizezi, raTa moxdes adrindeli taqtikis Secvla, romelic<br />

gavlenaTa gasaZliereblad problemaTa eqsploatacias iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

dro gvaCvenebs, SeZlebs Tu ara axali qarTuli<br />

xelisufleba am mimarTulebiT ubiZgos ruseTs <strong>da</strong>, imavdroulad,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTic <strong>da</strong>arwmunos, rom is Rirseuli partnioria.<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvna<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis roli<br />

SeerTebuli Statebisa <strong>da</strong> evropis wvlili saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>Si didi xania Semcir<strong>da</strong> urTierTgagebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

saerTo enis simciris gamo, roca saqme exeba TviT saqarTvelos<br />

pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar stabilurobaze Tu <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

mzady<strong>of</strong>nas ruseTs <strong>da</strong>upirispirdes iseT mgrZnobiare sakiTxebze,<br />

rogoricaa teritoriuli konfliqtebi. naklebad<br />

savaraudoa, rom <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs Soris<br />

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problemebis gamo male <strong>da</strong>sruldes.<br />

ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT, <strong>da</strong>savleTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebulia evropisa <strong>da</strong> axlo aRmosavleTis periferiaze<br />

stabilurobiT, xolo saqarTvelo kavkasiaSi stabilurobis<br />

mniSvnelovani faqtoria. magram imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom<br />

stabilurobisken mimarTuli gavlena iqonios kavkasiaSi,<br />

aucilebelia misi sakuTari usafrTxoebis problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra.<br />

aSS aqtiurad axorcielebs energetikuli <strong>da</strong> geopolitikuri<br />

politikis aRrevas, raTa amierkavkasiaSi yovlismomcveli<br />

regionaluri stabiluroba <strong>da</strong>mkvidrdes. evrokavSiri naklebad<br />

aqtiuri iyo navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazis proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> sarbiels kerZo seqtors uTmob<strong>da</strong>, xolo TviTon prioritetebs<br />

regionalur TanamSromlobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. konfliqtebis<br />

401

<strong>da</strong>mien eli <strong>da</strong> giorgi gogia<br />

mogvarebis sferoSi evropam <strong>da</strong> amerikam ver SeZlo raime<br />

konkretuli <strong>da</strong> grZelvadiani Sedegis miRweva, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

xangrZlivi mcdelobebisa euTosa <strong>da</strong> gaeros formatebSi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis mier <strong>da</strong>finansebul saxelmwifo reformebs,<br />

gansakuTrebiT SevardnaZis dros, umniSvnelo Sedegi mohyva.<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis yvelaze warmatebuli saqmianoba, albaT, TviT 2003<br />

wlis “vardebis revoluciaa”, rac <strong>da</strong>sturia imisa, rom samoqalaqo<br />

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli opoziciis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris xangrZlivi<br />

mcdelobebi aucileblad gamoiRebs nay<strong>of</strong>s. axalma qarTulma<br />

xelisuflebam, albaT, xanrZlivi Sroma un<strong>da</strong> gaswios, rom yvela<br />

mimarTulebiT miaRwios warmatebebs, magram man aranairad ar<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uSvas qveyanaSi arsebuli usafrTxoebis situaciis kidev<br />

ufro gamZafreba.<br />

uaxloes momavalSi saqarTvelos axalma xelisuflebam un<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>amtkicos, rom mas ZaluZs iseTi reformebis warmarTva, rac<br />

qveyanas aRmavlobisken <strong>da</strong> stabilurobisken miiyvans. es<br />

gulisxmobs saxelmwifo struqturebis mniSvnelovan modernizacias,<br />

kanonis uzenaesobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas, samxedro Zalebis<br />

srul kontrolsa <strong>da</strong> racionalizacias, agreTve, korufciis<br />

aRm<strong>of</strong>xvrasa <strong>da</strong> organizebul <strong>da</strong>naSaulTan brZolas. am miznebis<br />

misaRwevad aucilebelia mebaJeebis, policielebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxedroebis gawvrTna <strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>savluri stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis Sesabamisad,<br />

organizeba, rasac saakaSvili xSirad afiqsirebs<br />

sajarod, roca saqarTvelos evro-atlantikur ojaxSi gawevrianebis<br />

miswrafebebze saubrobs.<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTs SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>exmaros saqarTvelos arademokratiuli<br />

tradiciebis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvraze aqcentebis gakeTebiT;<br />

agreTve, qarTuli nacionalizmis enobrivi, eTnikuri <strong>da</strong><br />

religiuri ganzomilebebis Serbilebaze; eTnikuri umciresobebis<br />

civilizebul mopyrobaze; <strong>da</strong> centrsa <strong>da</strong> separatistul<br />

regionebs Soris arsebuli undoblobis Serbilebis<br />

gzebis gamonaxvaze. Tu progresi iqneba miRweuli am mimar-<br />

TulebebiT, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> farTo kavkasiis regionis<br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>, u<strong>da</strong>vod gaizrdeba.<br />

402

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli<br />

mezoblebi<br />

Tomas de vaali<br />

1919 wlis bolos saqarTvelo, axali <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

saxelmwifo, mraval problemas waawy<strong>da</strong> yvela frontze:<br />

somxeTTan sasazRvro <strong>da</strong>va ga<strong>da</strong>sawyveti rCebo<strong>da</strong>; arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />

mcire, magram metad rTuli orazrovani sakiTxebi azerbaijanTan<br />

urTierTobaSi; Tbilisis mTavroba <strong>da</strong>JinebiT<br />

asabuTeb<strong>da</strong> Tavis sa<strong>da</strong>vo moTxovnebs baTumis regionis mimarT,<br />

romelic, is-is iyo, un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>etovebinaT britanelebs. am qaosSi<br />

saqarTvelos mravalnacadi sagareo saqmeTa ministri evgeni<br />

gegeWkori kvlav cdilob<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos, somxeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

azerbaijans Soris farTo transkavkasiuri konfederaciis<br />

Camoyalibebas. gegeWkori iyo organizatori mravali konferenciisa,<br />

romelic mimarTuli iyo am sam respublikas<br />

Soris erTi wlis win gauaresebuli kavSirebis aRdgenisaken.<br />

Tumca britaneli Jurnalisti, s.i. beCh<strong>of</strong>eri, romelic<br />

gegeWkors Sexv<strong>da</strong> 1919 wels, gaocebuli iyo imiT, Tu rogori<br />

moumzadeblebi Sexvdnen qarTvelebi mezoblebTan kompromisze<br />

wasvlas <strong>da</strong> imiT, Tu rogori gauaresebuli iyo<br />

mTlianad regionuli garemo. is wers:<br />

“rac man [gegeWkorma] ar miTxra <strong>da</strong> rac ise<strong>da</strong>c<br />

cxadi iyo yvelasTvis, vinc ramdenadme erkveo<strong>da</strong><br />

transkavkasiur situaciaSi, iyo is, rom saqarTvelos<br />

ar un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

imedi TurqeTis an proTurquli Zalis kavkasiaSi<br />

SemoWris SemTxvevaSi. TaTrul-somxuri [azerbaijanul-somxuri]<br />

xelSekruleba, rogorc drom<br />

Tavi 7<br />

403

Tomas de vaali<br />

404<br />

gviCvena, im qaRaldis fasic ar iyo, romelze<strong>da</strong>c is<br />

ewera”. 1<br />

beCh<strong>of</strong>eri iqve aRniSnavs, rom is, rasac “cota xnis win<strong>and</strong>el<br />

saqarTvelo-somxeTis kinklaobas” uwodebs, SeiZleba 1918 wlis<br />

dekembers Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuliyo, qarTvelebi<br />

britanelebs rom ar <strong>da</strong>ecvaT. 2 am epizodis Sesaxeb qarTvel<br />

istorikosebs gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvT: isini amtkiceben,<br />

rom britaneTis jarma xeli SeuSala qarTvelTa Setevas.<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi, es iyo Zala, romelmac ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli<br />

iTamaSa 1918 wlis Si<strong>da</strong>kavkasiuri brZolis SewyvetaSi.<br />

oTxi gareSe Zala – ruseTi, TurqeTi, germania <strong>da</strong> didi<br />

britaneTi _ am periodSi didi politikuri moTamaSe iyo<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi. yoveli maTgani sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros icav<strong>da</strong> sam<br />

kavkasiur saxelmwifos: ruseTi icav<strong>da</strong> somxeTs, TurqeTi _<br />

azerbaijans <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, didi britaneTi <strong>da</strong> germania _<br />

saqarTvelos. kavkasiis saxelmwifoebs Soris mudmivma SuRlma<br />

naTeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> is, rom msxvili samxedro Zalebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirebam mTlianad ga<strong>da</strong>wona regionuli soli<strong>da</strong>roba <strong>da</strong><br />

loialoba. marTlac, sa<strong>da</strong>vo sazRvrebis mqone regionSi<br />

gavleniani Zalis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera (es 1919 wels mcire xniT britaneTi<br />

iyo) SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> gamoyenebuliyo efeqturad, rom upiratesoba<br />

moepovebinaT iseT sa<strong>da</strong>vo sakiTxebSi, rogoric iyo baTumis<br />

sakiTxi. rac Seexeba somxeTs, saqarTvelos mier mokavSireebis<br />

sifrTxiliT arCeva erTmaneTisgan gamijnav<strong>da</strong> TviTga<strong>da</strong>rCenasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> srul ganadgurebas .<br />

2005 welsac, rodesac cdiloben usafrTxoebis problemis<br />

mogvarebas, rac ganamtkicebs maT <strong>da</strong>moukideblobasa <strong>da</strong><br />

sazRvrebs, kavkasiis postkomunistur axal <strong>da</strong>moukidebel sam<br />

patara saxelmwifos kvlav amoZravebs msgavsi mosazrebani<br />

sagareo <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis politikis warmarTvisas. somxeTi<br />

kvlav eyrdnoba ruseTs, rogorc mTavar strategiul mokav-<br />

1 C.E. Bachh<strong>of</strong>er, In Denikin’s Russia <strong>and</strong> the Caucasus, 1919-1920 (London: Collins,<br />

1921), p.54.<br />

2 Bachh<strong>of</strong>er, In Denikin’s Russia <strong>and</strong> the Caucasus, p.54.

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

Sires, saqarTvelos mzera mipyrobilia SeerTebuli Statebisaken,<br />

azerbaijanis uaxloesi mokavSire ki TurqeTia. es<br />

proteqcionisturi SeTanxmebani mimarTulia sruliad kavkasiuri<br />

TanamSromlobis winaaRmdeg. kavkasiur saxelmwifoTa<br />

mier usafrTxoebis mopovebis aucilebloba didi gareSe Zalis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n kidev erTxel aCvenebs, rom amgvari gareSe Zalebi,<br />

iseve, rogorc sxva moTamaSeni – magaliTad, navTobis saerTa-<br />

Soriso kompaniebi <strong>da</strong> iranis islamuri respublika, arRveven<br />

samxreT kavkasiis regionis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s.<br />

urTierTsawinaaRmdego interesebiT gaTiSulma samxreT<br />

kavkasiam <strong>da</strong> misma axlo mezoblebma ver SeZles, CamoeyalibebinaT<br />

zustad gamokveTili “regioni” imgvarad, rogorc es<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> baltiis an beneluqsis qveynebSi. “samxreT kavkasias”<br />

ufro gzajvaredinis an gansxvavebul kulturaTa Sexvedris<br />

adgilis metaforad iyeneben, vidre regionis saxelwodebad.<br />

1918 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1920 wlamde gegeWkori iyo erT-erTi im mcire<br />

pirTagan, vinc cdilob<strong>da</strong> regionuli TanamSromlobis gaadvilebas<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi. bolo dros saqarTvelo nakleb<br />

interess amJRavneb<strong>da</strong> mezobel qveynebTan axlo TanamSromlobis<br />

mimarT. Tanamedrove saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti,<br />

zviad gamsaxurdia, saqarTvelos warmoaCen<strong>da</strong>, rogorc gansakuTrebul<br />

evropul qveyanas, romelsac <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv un<strong>da</strong><br />

gaewyvita kavSiri ruseTTan <strong>da</strong> mis sabWour warsulTan. es ki<br />

wlebis ganmavlobaSi gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos iseT saxelmwifod<br />

Camoyalibebas, rogoric avstria <strong>da</strong> Sveicariaa. misi<br />

eqscentruli ideebi imis Sesaxeb, rom kavkasiel xalxs saerTo<br />

eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli bazisi aqvs <strong>da</strong> rom qarTuli eTnosi<br />

iberiul-kavkasiuri eTnokulturuli civilizaciis nawili iyo,<br />

xels uSli<strong>da</strong> regionul integracias. sabolood, man miaRwia<br />

Tavisi qveynis izolacias ruseTis, <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

kavkasieli mezoblebisagan. gamsaxurdias Semdgomma prezidentma,<br />

eduard SevardnaZem, Tavisi sagareo politika mizanmimarTulad<br />

waiyvana ruseTisagan Camocilebisa <strong>da</strong> SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris mopovebis gziT; amave dros, misi<br />

evrokavSirisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos uSualo mezoblebisgan CamoSo-<br />

405

Tomas de vaali<br />

rebisken. man ar gamoamJRavna araviTari interesi saqarTvelos<br />

mezobel qveynebTan politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomiuri integraciis<br />

gafarToebaSi. TviT misi azerbaijanTan kargi urTierToba<br />

ufro metad emyarebo<strong>da</strong> maRali donis strategiul <strong>da</strong> energogaTvlebs,<br />

vidre komerciul kavSirebs. saqarTvelos politikuri<br />

liderebi gamoxatavdnen mxolod sityvier mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras<br />

somxeTis Tu azerbaijanis liderebis mimarT an xels awerdnen<br />

axal iniciativebs. es ukanasknelni ki sinamdvileSi warmo-<br />

Sobdnen valdebulebebs furcelze <strong>da</strong> araferi keTdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

imisaTvis, rom erTiani regioni Semdgariyo.<br />

am TavSi Cemi msjelobis arsi aris is, rom saqarTvelos<br />

mdgomareoba rogorc samxreT kavkasiaSi, ise mis sazRvrebs<br />

miRma aris ara <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>, aramed piriqiT – arastabiluroba<br />

<strong>da</strong> agreTve is, rom samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis xelmocaruloba<br />

TavianTi Tavis regionad miCnevaSi uary<strong>of</strong>iT gavlenas axdens<br />

maT winsvlaze. amaSi nawilobriv brali saqarTvelos mTavrobas<br />

miuZRvis <strong>da</strong> misi elitis ambiciebs, xolo nawilobriv ki es<br />

ganpirobebuliaRrma istoriul-geografiuli faqtorebiT<br />

(magaliTad, moskovis roli <strong>da</strong> regionis <strong>da</strong>nawevrebis istoriis<br />

gansxvavebuloba), ramac Camoayaliba politikuri arCevani<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi. sabolood, saqarTvelo usafrTxoebis<br />

mogvarebis sakiTxSi rCeba sruliad marto. saqarTvelos gavliT<br />

yba<strong>da</strong>Rebul navTobsaden milsadensac ki negatiuri gavlena<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> manac veraferi Semata farTo regionul <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s.<br />

2003 wlis noemberSi saqarTveloSi Zalaufleba xelSi<br />

axalma prezidentma, mixeil saakaSvilma aiRo. aman bevri ram<br />

Secvala, Tumca regionuli usafrTxoebis Rrmad fesvgadgmuli<br />

struqtura, yovel SemTxvevaSi, uaxloes momavalSi, ucvleli<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCa. saakaSvilis brZola Savi bazrisa <strong>da</strong> korufciis winaaRmdeg<br />

imeds iZleva (Tuki gaamarTlebs), rom sazRvrebs Soris<br />

ganxorcielebul vaWrobas gamWvirvales gaxdis. miseuli<br />

gawonasworebuli sagareo politika iZleva imis Sanss, rom<br />

saqarTvelo naklebad moeqces vaSingtonis an moskovis gavlenis<br />

qveS. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c saakaSvili koncentrirebulia saqarTvelos<br />

406

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

saSinao problemebze, rTuli problemebi raionSi ga<strong>da</strong>uWreli<br />

rCeba, Sesabamisad, samxreT kavkasiaSi winsvlas didi dro<br />

<strong>da</strong>sWirdeba.<br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />

termini “samxreT kavkasia” geografiuli mniSvnelobiT 1990iani<br />

wlebis Suaxni<strong>da</strong>n gamoiyeneba. CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n Semosaz-<br />

Rvruli kavkasiis qediT saqarTvelos, somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis<br />

teritoriebi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad rusul enaze “imierkavkasiad”<br />

(“zakavkazie”) iwodebodnen; <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

miRebam am sam qveyanas saSualeba misca, gamoeyenebina ufro<br />

neitraluri termini _ “samxreT kavkasia”. maSin, roca mTebi<br />

warmoqmnis mkveTr bariers CrdiloeTisken (Tumca zust<br />

sazRvrebze SeiZleba i<strong>da</strong>von afxazebma, osebma <strong>da</strong> lekebma),<br />

regionis samxreTis sazRvrebi bolomde zustad <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />

araa. zoga<strong>da</strong>d rom iTqvas, pirvelad regionis samxreTis<br />

sazRvari gavlebuli iyo ruseTis imperiuli mmarTvelobis,<br />

mefis dros, Semdeg ki sabWoTa kavSiris epoqaSi. misi zusti<br />

sazRvrebi istoriuli ufro iyo, vidre geografiuli. is, rom<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi Sedis baTumi, magram ar Sedis yarsi,<br />

istoriuli sakiTxia (romelic gaCn<strong>da</strong> 1915-1921 wlebSi), ramac<br />

baTumi politikurad moskovTan ufro <strong>da</strong>aaxlovba, vidre<br />

mezoblad mdebare TurqeTis portTan trapizonSi. amrigad,<br />

sabWoTa memkvidreoba kvlav gansazRvravs am regionis Tanamedrove<br />

identurobas mravali faqtoriT. 3<br />

usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT regionis istoriis ubralo<br />

Tvalis ga<strong>da</strong>vlebac qmnis STabeWdilebas, rom gamoTqma<br />

“kavkasiis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>” sinamdvileSi warmoadgens ori<br />

3 regionis geografiuli terminologiis detaluri ganxilvisTvis ix.<br />

Tamaz V. Makrelidze, ”Transcaucasia” or South Caucasus”? Towards a More Exact<br />

Geopolitical Nomenclature,” Marco Polo Magazine, vol. 4-5 (1999), http://<br />

www.traceca.org/marcopolo/mp40.pdf.<br />

407

Tomas de vaali<br />

urTierTgamomricxavi cnebis naerTs. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

samxreT kavkasia iyo imperiaTa brZolis veli adgilobriv<br />

moxaliseTa an iZulebiT omSi CabmulTa monawileobiT, rasac<br />

bolo ar uCan<strong>da</strong>. iZulebiTi Tanacxovrebis did saxelmwifoTa<br />

Soris omebSi monawileobis es imperiuli memkvidreoba arasodes<br />

uzrunvely<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong> regionis usafrTxoebis stabilur<br />

sistemas, gar<strong>da</strong> gare<strong>da</strong>n Tavsmoxveulisa.<br />

saqarTvelo Tavis de<strong>da</strong>qalaq tiflis/TbilisiT xSirad<br />

aRiarebuli iyo regionis centrad. tiflisi iyo regionis<br />

administraciuli centri, roca is ruseTis imperiis nawils<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, mcire xniT, 1918 wels amierkavkasiis<br />

federaciis dros. somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijans Soris mTiani<br />

yarabaRis <strong>da</strong>vis gamo, Caketili sazRvris pirobebSi, romelic<br />

ugrZesia samxreT kavkasiaSi, saqarTvelo kvlav (SecdomiT)<br />

regionul centrad iTvleba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis,<br />

biznesisa <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo organizaciebisaTvis, romlebsac<br />

surT, kavSiri hqondeT samive saxelmwifosTan.<br />

xazi un<strong>da</strong> gaesvas imas, rom qarTvelebi Tavs ar debdnen<br />

wamyvanis rolze samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos, rogorc<br />

aseTs, ara aqvs regionSi dominirebis tradicia. de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis<br />

statusi tiflis/Tbiliss miniWebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> ruseTis mier<br />

mefis dros, magram arc somxebi <strong>da</strong> arc azerbaijanelebi ar<br />

Tvlian mas kavkasiis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqad. bolo saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi Seneba saqarTveloSi yovelTvis<br />

ejaxebo<strong>da</strong> eTnikur umciresobaTa ambiciebs, romlebic<br />

mfarvelobas eZebdnen ara TbilisSi, aramed moskovSi (afxazebi,<br />

osebi), baqoSi (azerbaijanelebi) an erevanSi (somxebi).<br />

amave dros samxreT kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>narCen teritoriaze ar aris<br />

qarTuli diaspora, romelic SeZleb<strong>da</strong> TbilisisTvis Tavis<br />

moqalaqeTa mfarvelis statusis miniWebas saqarTvelos<br />

sazRvrebs gareT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kavkasiur ojaxSi<br />

saqarTvelo iyo erT-erTi moqiSpe bavSvi, magram ara mSobeli.<br />

marTlac, problema SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc ojaxi,<br />

romelSic mSoblebi ar arian. arian mxolod xelisSemSleli<br />

biZebi <strong>da</strong> dedinacvlebi.<br />

408

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

kavkasiisTvis tradiciulad dedinacvali iyo moskovi.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris dros regionis vaWrobis 50% modio<strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTTan vaWrobaze (ruseTis federaciuli respublika) <strong>da</strong><br />

kavkasiis sami respublikis ekonomikuri urTierToba sustad<br />

viTardebo<strong>da</strong>. resursebisa <strong>da</strong> SeRavaTebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebi<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> moskovSi, masSi naklebad<br />

monawileobdnen baqoeli an erevneli megobrebi.<br />

saqarTvelos roli (an misi arqona) mTiani yarabaRis <strong>da</strong>vaSi<br />

gviCvenebs mis arafunqciur regionuldinamikas. roca<br />

pirvelad 1988 wels mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti <strong>da</strong>iwyo,<br />

saqarTvelo sabWoTa respublika iyo <strong>da</strong> ar SeeZlo Suamavlis<br />

rolSi gamosvla. 1988 wlis TebervalSi, roca mTian yarabaRSi<br />

gaCn<strong>da</strong> areulobis pirveli niSnebi, politbiurom saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n<br />

iq ga<strong>da</strong>isrola Sinagan saqmeTa saministros 160kaciani<br />

motorizebuli batalioni wesrigis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad.<br />

jer kidev konfliqtis aseT adreul etapze regionSi ukve<br />

sariskod iyo miCneuli somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n batalionis azerbaijanisken<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>yvana. Tumca pirvel batalionSi, romelic mTian<br />

yarabaRSi gagzavnes, jariskacTa umetesoba qarTveli iyo, isic<br />

SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom xelmZRvaneli <strong>of</strong>iceri slavuri<br />

warmoSobis iyo.<br />

politbiuros oqmebi (gamoica 1992 wels) gviCvenebs, rom<br />

politbiuros erTaderTi wevri, romelmac konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad<br />

wamoayena wina<strong>da</strong>deba, iyo eduard SevardnaZe. is<br />

sTavazob<strong>da</strong>, mTiani yarabaRis statusi avtonomiuri respublikis<br />

statusamde aeyvanaT, magram misi rCeva yurad ar iRes <strong>da</strong><br />

misi Careva, rogorc Cans, amiT amoiwura. SevardnaZis wina<strong>da</strong>debas<br />

mogvianebiT, 1998 wlis bolos miubrundnen, magram<br />

ukve gvian iyo.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg miukerZoebel <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebels<br />

SeeZlo imedi hqono<strong>da</strong>, rom axali <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

saqarTvelo 1991 wels, roca yarabaRis konfliqti kvlav<br />

gamwvav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoTa Soris omad iqca, sasargeblo<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijans Soris, rogorc Suamavali.<br />

magram ruseTis prezidentma boris elcinma <strong>da</strong> misma yazaxma<br />

409

Tomas de vaali<br />

kolegam nursulTan nazarbaevma wamoiwyes maRali pr<strong>of</strong>ilis<br />

samSvidobo iniciativa im wels, roca orive ewvia stefanakerts<br />

_ mTiani yarabaRis regionul de<strong>da</strong>qalaqs.<br />

saqarTvelom rom ver Seasrula Suamavlis roli or meomar<br />

mezobels Soris, gamowveuli iyo nawilobriv im faqtiT, rom is<br />

Cafluli iyo sakuTar gaWirvebaSi 1991 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1994 wlebamde<br />

<strong>da</strong> aRar gaaCn<strong>da</strong> politikuri neba, ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita visime problemebi.<br />

ufro mniSvnelovani iyo is faqti, rom mas Semdeg, rac<br />

saqarTvelo Seejaxa samxreT oseTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis regionebis<br />

gamoy<strong>of</strong>is mcdelobebs, yarabaRis Taobaze <strong>da</strong>vaSi mxars uWer<strong>da</strong><br />

azerbaijanis principul pozicias, saxeldobr: SenarCunebuli<br />

un<strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>iliyo axali postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebis teritoriuli<br />

mTlianoba <strong>da</strong> separatizmi un<strong>da</strong> aRkveTiliyo. amgvari<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris erT-erTi mizezi iyo isic, rom SevardnaZem axlo<br />

strategiuli urTierToba <strong>da</strong>amyara azerbaijanis prezident<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>r alievTan.<br />

samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs <strong>da</strong> maT uSualo mezoblebs Soris<br />

rTuli urTierTobis xilvisas iqmneba azri, rom prioritetebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgenisas rTuli realisturi gaTvlebi ufro<br />

mniSvnelovania, vidre kulturuli an istoriulad gansazRvruli<br />

faqtorebi. magaliTad, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

kulturuli <strong>da</strong> istoriuli urTierTkavSirisa ori saukunis<br />

ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelos axl<strong>and</strong>eli urTierToba ruseTTan<br />

Zalian <strong>da</strong>Zabulia. amas SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>ematos is, rom umetesad<br />

musulmanur azerbaijanTan saqarTvelos urTierTobis<br />

rTulma istoriam xeli ver SeuSala am ori qveynis urTierTobis<br />

keTil ganviTarebas bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.<br />

Tumca ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> somxeTs camde ahyavT TavianTi saukunovani<br />

kavSiri, rac, savaraudod, safuZvlad udevs maT kavSirs,<br />

msgavsi msjelobani ver axsnis, ratom aqvs somxeTs (romlis<br />

mosaxleobis 98% qristiania) strategiuli partnioroba<br />

iranis islamur respublikasTan; pragmatuli mosazrebani<br />

gansazRvravs saqarTvelos somxeTTan urTierTobas, Tumca am<br />

ori saxelmwifos, romlebsac aqvT Zveli qristianuli fesvebi,<br />

sagareo politika mainc araa ganpirobebuli saerTo isto-<br />

410

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

riuli gamocdilebiT. sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n importis gamo<br />

xmeleTze Caketili somxeTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia saqarTvelos Savi<br />

zRvis portebze – foTsa <strong>da</strong> baTumze. 4 saqarTvelos gavliT<br />

midis ruseTis gazi <strong>da</strong> xorcieldeba navTobis eqsporti<br />

somxeTSi. magram es kavSiri ar myardeba farTo politikuri <strong>da</strong><br />

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobiT saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> somxeTs Soris.<br />

mTavari gza somxeTis sazRvri<strong>da</strong>n javaxeTamde saqarTvelos<br />

teritoriaze erT-erTi yvelaze cudia kavkasiaSi. amJamad<br />

Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> erevans Soris ar xorcieldeba komerciuli<br />

aviareisebi.<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> somxeTs Soris 1918 wlis dekembris<br />

konfliqti loresa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis gamo sul ori kvira grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Tumca kvlav <strong>da</strong>Zabuli mdgomareobaa javaxeTis<br />

regionSi, gansakuTrebiT qalaq axalqalaqis garSemo. somxebi<br />

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 5-6%-s Seadgenen, xolo javaxeTSi<br />

es cifri 90%-mdea. javaxeli somxebis ukmay<strong>of</strong>ileba TbilisiT<br />

mwvave problemaa, Tumca mniSvnelovan zians ar ayenebs<br />

saqarTvelo-somxeTs, rogorc saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobas,<br />

magram qarTul sazogadoebaSi zemoxsenebuli<br />

problema SiSs mainc badebs.<br />

strategiulad somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mzera mimar-<br />

Tulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mxares _ moskovisa <strong>da</strong> vaSingtonisken. 1995<br />

wels somxeTma xeli moawera SeTanxmebas, romelic nebas rTavs<br />

ruseTis jars, <strong>da</strong>rCes gumris bazaze oc<strong>da</strong>xuT welze met xans.<br />

ori wlis Semdeg am SeTanxmebas <strong>da</strong>emata ufro farTo, “megobrobis,<br />

TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>xmarebis” SeTanxmeba.<br />

somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis jarebis wvrTna erTad mimdinareobs <strong>da</strong><br />

isini mWidrod TanamSromloben ekonomikur donezec: ruseTi<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT STanTqavs somxeTis umniSvnelovanes qonebas,<br />

4 Evgeny Polyakov. Changing Trade Patterns after Conflict Resolution in the South<br />

Caucasus (Washington, DC: World Bank Poverty Reduction <strong>and</strong> Economic Management<br />

Sector Unit, Europe <strong>and</strong> Central Asia Region, 2000), p. 33, http://Inweb18.worldbank.org/<br />

eca/eca.nsf/0/23ac8865ee0dc520852568fc005ba956/$FILE/ATT00ZE9/Trade+<br />

flows3.pdf.<br />

411

Tomas de vaali<br />

industriul qarxnebs, atomuri eleqtrosadguris CaTvliT.<br />

somxeTisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos liderebi mtkiced<br />

acxadeben, rom maT surT Crdiloatlantikur blokSi (NATO)<br />

gawevrianeba <strong>da</strong> prioritetad gamoacxades ruseTis <strong>da</strong>r-<br />

Cenili samxedro bazebis <strong>da</strong>xurva saqarTveloSi. somxeTis<br />

strategiul interess warmoadgens saqarTveloSi baTumisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis bazebis SenarCuneba, radgan es bazebi ruseTis<br />

samxedro Zalas saSualebas aZlevs, moamaragos rusuli baza<br />

gumriSi (somxeTi). saqarTvelo-somxeTis sazRvris gavliT<br />

rus samxedroebs intensiurad ga<strong>da</strong>hyavT xalxi <strong>da</strong> teqnika<br />

(Tumca 2000 wels ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris savizo reJimis<br />

SemoRebis Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>zidvebis moculoba Semcir<strong>da</strong>). gar<strong>da</strong><br />

amisa, axalqalaqis baza, faqtobrivad, am raionSi adgilobrivi<br />

somxebis <strong>da</strong>saqmebis erTaderTi saSualebaa <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>xurva<br />

SeiZleba katastr<strong>of</strong>ulad aisaxos adgilobriv ekonomikaze.<br />

gacilebiT ukeTesia saqarTvelos urTierToba azerbaijanTan.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom am or qveyanas <strong>da</strong>va hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

zaqaTalas raionis gamo, bolo dros es sakiTxi ar ganaxlebula.<br />

orive qveyanam ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom strategiuli orientacia aiRes<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTisken, rac gamoixata metismetad politizebul baqo-<br />

Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis mSeneblobis proeqtSi<br />

monawileobiT (proeqts qvemoT <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT ganvixilavT).<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, orma xangrZlivad moqmedma prezidentma _<br />

SevardnaZem <strong>da</strong> alievma 1990-ian wlebSi Riad Sekra kavSiri,<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom 1980-ian wlebSi, mixeil gorbaCovis dros<br />

politbiuroSi y<strong>of</strong>nisas isini warmoadgendnen erTmaneTis<br />

ideologiur mowinaaRmdegeebs. alievma azerbaijanis navTobsadenis<br />

satranzito ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi aCuqa saqarTvelos im dros,<br />

roca proeqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT problemebi warmoiqmna.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis partnioroba<br />

ise mWidro araa rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans. baqo-Tbilisijeihanis<br />

gr<strong>and</strong>iozuli infrastruqturul proeqtSi Tanamonawileoba<br />

ver iqca farTo ekonomikur TanamSromlobad.<br />

samxreT kavkasiis gansakuTrebuli tradiciebis Tanaxmad,<br />

azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos strategiuli prioritetebi<br />

412

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

gansxvavebulia. ruseTis prezidentad putinis gaxdomis<br />

Semdeg azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis urTierToba gaumjobes<strong>da</strong>.<br />

“suk”-is orma y<strong>of</strong>ilma <strong>of</strong>icerma SeZlo, axali impulsi mieca<br />

kargi urTierTobebisTvis, rac Zlier gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> putinisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> SevardnaZis <strong>da</strong>Zabuli urTierTobisagan. 2000 wels ruseTma<br />

demonstraciulad SemoiRo savizo reJimi saqarTvelosTvis,<br />

rac azerbaijanis mimarT ar ganuxorcielebia. moskovis<br />

myisieri <strong>da</strong> Tbili milocva ilham alievisadmi 2003 wlis<br />

oqtomberSi azerbaijanSi mRelvare saprezidento arCevnebSi<br />

misi gamarjvebis Semdeg mkveTrad gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

aTdRiani mdumarebisagan 2004 wlis ianvarSi saakaSvilis<br />

prezidentad erTxmad arCevis Semdeg . azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos gansxvavebuli urTierToba ruseTTan imaze<br />

miuTiTebs, rom baqo <strong>da</strong> Tbilisi erTnairad ar uyureben yvela<br />

strategiul sakiTxs.<br />

omisSemdgomi evropis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom<br />

mWidro savaWro urTierToba <strong>da</strong> qveynebs Soris Ria sazRvrebi<br />

warmoadgens winapirobas mtkice strategiuli kavSirisaTvis.<br />

am kriteriumebis sawinaaRmdegod, kavkasiis sami saxelmwifo<br />

mtkivneulad aris gaucxoebuli erTmaneTis mimarT. marTlac,<br />

saqarTvelos naxevrad izolacia ori samxreTkavkasiuri<br />

saxelmwifosagan uaRresad SesamCnevia qveynis sazRvrebze:<br />

y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa kavSiris erTi respubliki<strong>da</strong>n meoris sazRvarze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>ikargos ramdenime saaTi;<br />

komerciuli ga<strong>da</strong>zidvebisaTvis ixdian maRal ga<strong>da</strong>saxadsac<br />

<strong>da</strong> qrTamsac; mZRolebs erTi qveynis nomriT ar surT<br />

sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>laxva <strong>da</strong> meore qveyanaSi Sesvla, radgan eSiniaT<br />

adgilobrivi sagzao policiis mxri<strong>da</strong>n fulis gamoZalvisa.<br />

Sedegad, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> mis mezobel qveynebs Soris<br />

neba<strong>da</strong>rTuli vaWroba Semoifargleba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d xe-tyiT,<br />

xorbliTa <strong>da</strong> navTob-produqtebiT. saerTo sawarmoTa Seqmnaze<br />

rom araferi vTqvaT, kavkasiis saerTo bazris gafarToebas<br />

udidesi <strong>da</strong>brkolebebi eRobeba. metic, aseTi mdgomareoba ar<br />

aris gr<strong>and</strong>iozuli gegmebis xelmZRvanel korumpirebul<br />

adgilobriv moxeleTa sabotaJis Sedegi. aseTi izolacia<br />

413

Tomas de vaali<br />

warmogvidgeba, rogorc samxreT kavkasiis politikuri <strong>da</strong><br />

ekonomikuri struqturisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSani. es<br />

problemebi warmoiqmneba ara marto biurokratiuli barierebiT,<br />

romlebic gauqmebisTanave gamoaTavisufleben <strong>da</strong>gubebul<br />

mwarmoeblur energias _ esaa ekonomikis Rrmad<br />

fesvgadgmuli politikuri produqtebi, roca moklevadiani<br />

politikuri interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba grZelvadian ekonomikur<br />

progress.<br />

samxreT kavkasiis ekonomika ganawilebuli aqvs ramdenime<br />

politikur moTamaSes, romlebic eswrafvian stabilur monopolias,<br />

raTa SeinarCunon politikuri <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>finanseba<br />

Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad. saqarTveloSi Seiqmna<br />

iseTi situacia, roca masobrivi siRaribis, araformalurad<br />

privatizebuli ekonomikis, susti <strong>da</strong> korumpirebuli samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavi<br />

organoebis wyalobiT Crdilovanma ekonomikam yvelgan<br />

SeaRwia, rac safrTxes uqmnis saTanadod <strong>da</strong>finansebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

funqcionirebadi saxelmwifos aRSenebis yovelgvar c<strong>da</strong>s.<br />

saqarTvelos awgar<strong>da</strong>cvlili premier-ministri, zurab Jvania,<br />

ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom 2003 wels kontrab<strong>and</strong>isa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>uxdelobis gamo saqarTvelos mTavrobam <strong>da</strong>karga 60 milioni<br />

lari (29 mln aSS dolari) mxolod Tambaqos nawarmis Semosavli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong> TiTqmis 200 mln aSS dolari navTobproduqtebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis <strong>da</strong>malvis gamo. 5 erT-erTi amerikeli specialisti<br />

sakiTxs ufro mwvaved ayenebs <strong>da</strong> amtkicebs, rom “[saqarTvelos<br />

mTavrobas] SeeZlo biujetis deficitis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvra, Tu<br />

Semosavlebs akref<strong>da</strong> produqciis ori saxeobi<strong>da</strong>n: importirebuli<br />

benzini<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> sigareti<strong>da</strong>n”. 6 organizebuli <strong>da</strong>na-<br />

Saulis qarTveli specialistis, giorgi Rlontis SefasebiT,<br />

“saqarTvelos ekonomika 60-70 procentiT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia Sav<br />

bazarze, romelic umTavresad vaWrobs kontrab<strong>and</strong>uli saqon-<br />

5 Shorena Ratiani. Georgia: Corruption Crackdown Makes Waves. – IWPR Caucasus<br />

Reporting Service no. 231, March 4, 2004, http://www.iwpr.net/index.pl?archive/cau/<br />

cau_200403_221_1_eng.txt.<br />

6 Craig MacPhee. Expert on Georgia Explores ‘Can Saakashvili Outdo Shevardnadze?’.<br />

– Newswise, January 5, 2004.<br />

414

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

liT, rogoricaa alkoholuri sasmelebi, sigareti <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

samrewvelo saqoneli”. 7<br />

xSirad gansxvaveba legalursa <strong>da</strong> aralegalurs Soris<br />

naklebad aris gamokveTili. toni vo aRniSnavs: “miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

imisa, qveyana TiTqos <strong>da</strong>Slis procesSi my<strong>of</strong>i postsabWoTa<br />

saxelmwifoa, saqarTveloSi realurad aRorZinebulia Tavisufali<br />

sabazro ekonomika. problema aris is, rom am ekonomikis<br />

regulireba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia ara saxelmwifos racionalur<br />

qmedebaze, aramed klanuri <strong>da</strong> kriminaluri sistemis gavlenaze.”<br />

8 albaT, ufro swori iqneba iTqvas, rom bazari sulac ar<br />

aris “Tavisufali”, is regulirdeba ramdenime pirovnebis (maT<br />

Soris arian saxelmwifo moxelenic) viwro politikuri mosazrebebiT,<br />

romlebsac ar ainteresebT saxelmwifos, rogorc<br />

mTlianis, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri ganviTareba.<br />

im regionSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c sustia marTlwesrigi, Zalian Znelia,<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgindes zogierTi ekonomikuri moRvaweobis legalurobis<br />

sakiTxi. xalxs, romelic akontrolebs xe-tyes CrdiloeT<br />

somxeTSi an <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi, Txils an sigarets - aWaraSi,<br />

yvela saxis navTobproduqts - azerbaijanSi an jarTs -<br />

mTel saqarTveloSi, sruli safuZveli aqvs, eSinodes Tavisufali<br />

vaWrobis. imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos aqvs pretenzia<br />

gaxdes satransporto derefani, is kriminalebisTvis mimzidveli<br />

marSruti gax<strong>da</strong>, magaliTad, qveyana iqca satranzito<br />

zonad narkotikebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobisaTvis. transnacionaluri<br />

<strong>da</strong>naSaulisa <strong>da</strong> korufciis kvlevis centris mkvlevari<br />

luiz Seli wers: “interpolis analizis Tanaxmad, 1990 wels<br />

narkotikebis ga<strong>da</strong>tanis marSruti [samxreT kavkasiis gavliT]<br />

axla atarebs avRaneTi<strong>da</strong>n evropis bazrebisaken narkotikebis<br />

10 procents, rac ar xdebo<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slamde.” 9<br />

7 Giorgi Glonti. Problems Associated with Organized Crime in Georgia, http://<br />

www.traccc.cdn.ge/publications/publication2.html.<br />

8 Tony Vaux. Strategic Conflict Assessment, Georgia (Timbertop, UK: Humanitarian<br />

Initiatives, 2003), p. 6.<br />

9 Louise Shelley. Organized Crime in the Former Soviet Union: The Distinctiveness <strong>of</strong><br />

Georgia, http://www.traccc.cdn.ge/publications/publication1.html.<br />

415

Tomas de vaali<br />

avRaneTis aralegaluri narkotikebi – heroini <strong>da</strong> nedli opiumi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>aqvT irani<strong>da</strong>n samxreT kavkasiaSi, vidre balkaneTs<br />

miaRwevdes. sxva saxis narkotikebi uciloblad gzas ikvleven<br />

TurqmeneTis gavliT, ga<strong>da</strong>kveTen kaspiis zRvas, Tumca TurqmeneTSi<br />

zegasaidumloebuli viTarebis gamo mopovebuli<br />

monacemebi Zneli <strong>da</strong>sajerebelia. svante korneli aRniSnavs,<br />

rom saqarTvelo gansakuTrebiT zaralobs ara mxolod imitom,<br />

rom “saqarTvelos uSiSroebis samsaxuri cu<strong>da</strong>d aris aRWurvili<br />

saimisod, problemas Tavi gaarTvas, aramed, rogorc Cans,<br />

imitom, rom maT Soris kontrab<strong>and</strong>is qselis warmomadgeneli<br />

gacilebiT metia, vidre azerbaijanSi.” 10<br />

imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos sazRvrebi xSirad Caketilia<br />

Raribi, magram patiosani biznesmenebisTvis <strong>da</strong> SemaSfoTeblad<br />

Riaa organizebuli <strong>da</strong>naSaulisaTvis, saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneloba<br />

mudmivi panikis mdgomareobaSia. pankisis xeobaSi 2001<br />

wli<strong>da</strong>n 2002 wlamde ramdenime aTeuli “mujahedis” (zogi<br />

maTgani <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo al-qae<strong>da</strong>sTan) y<strong>of</strong>na, savaraudod,<br />

SeiZleba aixsnas saqarTvelos uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong> sasazRvro<br />

samsaxuris sisustiTa <strong>da</strong> korumpirebulobiT. saqarTvelo<br />

garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi gax<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso terorizmis<br />

TavSesafari, xolo pankisis xeoba ga<strong>da</strong>iqca gilaevis meTaurobiT<br />

CeCen molaSqreTa gasasvlel gzad maTi unay<strong>of</strong>o eqspediciisas<br />

kodoris xeobaSi (afxazeTi), ramac seriozulad Seaferxa<br />

qarTul-afxazuri samSvidobo procesi. 11 es iyo ga<strong>da</strong>mdebi<br />

korufciis yba<strong>da</strong>Rebuli precedenti, rac Zirs uTxri<strong>da</strong> qveynis<br />

<strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong>s.<br />

korufcia <strong>da</strong> sasazRvro sakiTxebi, SevardnaZis reJimTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul gavlenian pirTa <strong>da</strong>patimreba, albaT, gane-<br />

10 Svante Cornell. The Growing Threat <strong>of</strong> Transnational Crime, in Dov Lynch, ed. The<br />

South Caucasus: A Challenge for the EU, Chaillot Papers no. 65 (December 2003), p. 83,<br />

http://www.iss-eu.org/public/content/chaile.html.<br />

11 ufro detalurad gilaevis mier ganxorcielebul eqspediciaze<br />

kodoris xeobaSi ixileT winamdebare wignis qveTavi oqsana antonenkos<br />

avtorobiT. pankisis xeobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli detaluri informaciisaTvis<br />

ixileT qveTavi jaba dev<strong>da</strong>rianis avtorobiT.<br />

416

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

kuTvneba im Znelad mosagvarebel sakiTxebs, romelTa ga<strong>da</strong>Wrasac<br />

saakaSvili apireb<strong>da</strong>. korufciaSi monawileobis gamo sabaJo<br />

samsaxuris wmen<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis sazRvarze <strong>da</strong><br />

aWaraSi kontraban<strong>da</strong>sTan brZola _ yovelive es imaze miuTi-<br />

Tebs, rom prezidents problemebis masStaburoba mainc esmis,<br />

Tu ar icis maTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis aucilebeli brZolis meTodebi.<br />

samxreT oseTSi situacia naTels hfens im dilemas, rasac<br />

waawy<strong>da</strong> saakaSvili; arc erTi sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta ar SeiZleba<br />

izolirebulad, magram saqarTvelos mTavrobas ar gaaCnia<br />

resursebi, rom yvela problema erTdroulad <strong>da</strong>Zlios. 2004<br />

wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos “antikontrab<strong>and</strong>istuli operacia”<br />

samxreT oseTis winaaRmdeg ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong> am aTi wlis manZilze<br />

yvelaze mwvave politikur <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi Tbilissa <strong>da</strong><br />

cxinvals Soris.<br />

1990-iani wlebis konfliqtebis mogvarebis uunaroba<br />

TbilisisaTvis aris Tavsatexis ara marto mTavari mizezi,<br />

aramed, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, isic, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi igi xels uSlis<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro janmrTeli ekonomikuri situaciis formirebas.<br />

mTiani yarabaRis, afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis<br />

konfliqtebis molaparakebis gziT <strong>da</strong>regulireba Zirs uTxris<br />

mraval gavlenian kartels regionSi. SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT sami<br />

magaliTi:<br />

1) somxeTis samxedroebi, romlebic akontroleben somxeTis<br />

ekonomikis umetes nawils, agreTve somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> somxebis<br />

kontrolirebad mTian yarabaRs Soris erTaderT gzaze<br />

tvirTebis ga<strong>da</strong>tanas, waagebdnen, rom gaxsniliyo 1990 wels<br />

<strong>da</strong>ketili sazRvari azerbaijanTan;<br />

2) samegrelos regionis xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> specsamsaxurebi,<br />

romlebic monawileoben benzinis, sigaretisa <strong>da</strong><br />

Txilis kontraban<strong>da</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

sazRvris gavliT, Zalian bevrs <strong>da</strong>kargavdnen, Tu es sazRvari<br />

gaixsnebo<strong>da</strong> saavtomobilo <strong>da</strong> sarkinigzo transportisaTvis;<br />

3) Tu CrdiloeT-samxreTis sarkinigzo marSruti (ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> somxeTSi afxazeTis gavliT) kvlav gaixsneba<br />

417

Tomas de vaali<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTs Soris molaparakebis Sedegad, es<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> seriozuli <strong>da</strong>rtyma imaTTvis, vinc yovelwliurad<br />

Rebulobs milionobiT dolaris Semosavals naxevradlegaluri<br />

vaWrobiT oseTis teritoriis gaswvriv.<br />

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gavlenian kriminalTa interesebi<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba saerTokavkasiuri bazris ganviTarebas.<br />

energomatareblebis ori milsadeni azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

gavliT warmoadgens erTaderT msxvil saerTokavkasiur<br />

proeqts, romelic axla realizdeba. es proeqtebi finansdeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis navTobkompaniebis mier <strong>da</strong> amitom ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ar<br />

ganicdis wvrilmani adgilobrivi ekonomikuri interesebis<br />

gavlenas. magram (am navTobsadenis strategiul mniSvnelobas<br />

ganvixilavT qvemoT) maTi potenciuri roli regionuli vaWrobis<br />

Seuqcevadi ganviTarebisaTvis ukeTes SemTxvevaSi araerTgvarovania.<br />

roca navTobsadenis Seneba <strong>da</strong>mTavrdeba <strong>da</strong> miwis<br />

mesakuTreebs azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi ga<strong>da</strong>uxdian<br />

kompensacias, veravin miiRebs gansakuTrebul ekonomikur<br />

sargebels. moigeben navTobis kompaniebi <strong>da</strong> mTavrobebi baqoSi,<br />

TbilisSi, ankarasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTSi.<br />

amave dros, arsebobs imis realuri safrTxe, rom navTobsadenis<br />

proeqti gamoiwvevs sruliad kavkasiuri ekonomikis<br />

deformacias. es moxdeba “hol<strong>and</strong>iuri avadmy<strong>of</strong>obis” sindromis<br />

gamo. roca msjeloben azerbaijanisTvis potenciur riskze,<br />

sami specialisti am sindroms Semdegnairad ganmartavs:<br />

hol<strong>and</strong>iuri <strong>da</strong>avadeba Tavs iCens, roca didi raodenobis<br />

ucxouri valuta gamomuSavebuli raime saqonlis gayidviT<br />

(magaliTad, navTobi) gaicvleba adgilobriv valutaze. es<br />

gazrdis moTxovnas adgilobriv valutaze, rac gamoiwvevs<br />

gacvliTi kursis amaRlebas. Sedegad, importi gaiafdeba, xolo<br />

eqsporti _ gaZvirdeba. Rirebulebis kursis <strong>da</strong>weva asustebs<br />

Sromatevad samrewvelo seqtors. 12<br />

12 Sabit Bagirov, Ingilab Akhmedov, <strong>and</strong> Svetlana Tsalik. State Oil Fund <strong>of</strong> the Azerbaijan<br />

Republic, in Svetlana Tsalik, ed. Caspian Oil Windfalls: Who Will Benefit? (New York:<br />

Caspian Revenue Watch, Open Society Institute, 2003), p. 94.<br />

418

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

2001 wels azerbaijanis navTobis seqtorze modio<strong>da</strong><br />

samrewvelo warmoebis 67,5%. produqciis gamoSveba, romelic<br />

navTobTan ar iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, mkveTrad <strong>da</strong>eca, xolo<br />

saqonlis eqsporti ruseTSi, romelic qveynis umsxvilesi<br />

savaWro partniori iyo 1997-2001 wlebSi, orjer Semcir<strong>da</strong>. es<br />

tendencia SeiZleba ufro gaZlierdes imis mixedviT, Tu ra<br />

raodenobiT Semova uaxloes wlebSi azerbaijanSi ucxouri<br />

valutis mZlavri nakadi.azerbaijanis ekonomikis is <strong>da</strong>rgebi,<br />

romlebic navTobTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, SeiZleba mTlianad<br />

<strong>da</strong>ingres. aseTi scenaris misa<strong>da</strong>geba saqarTvelos mimarT friad<br />

bundovania: aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios saqarTvelos eqsportis<br />

zr<strong>da</strong> azerbaijanSi, Tumca saqarTvelos mrewvelobis done jer<br />

kidev iseTi <strong>da</strong>balia, rom msgavsi varianti naklebad savaraudoa.<br />

ufro mniSvnelovania Semdegi: energetikul seqtorSi mkveTr<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>s SeiZleba hqondes mniSvnelovani (ara aucileblad<br />

<strong>da</strong>debiTi) Sedegebi samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis ekonomikisaTvis.<br />

iseT garemoSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c energosaqonli<strong>da</strong>n didi<br />

Semosavali iqneba, sa<strong>da</strong>c ekonomikaSi karteli dominirebs <strong>da</strong><br />

xdeba sazRvrebze Seferxeba, uaxloes periodSi Tavisufali<br />

vaWroba ver ganviTardeba.<br />

navTobsadenebi, SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong><br />

saSiSroeba<br />

2005-2006 wlebSi ori axali energosadeni xazi mTlianad<br />

Secvlis energetikul pr<strong>of</strong>ilsa <strong>da</strong> strategiul suraTs<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis<br />

gayvana un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mTavrdes 2005 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gegmilia,<br />

rom erTi wlis Semdeg amas mohyves baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumis<br />

(samxreT kavkasia) gazsadenis gayvana, romelic navTobsadenis<br />

paraleluri iqneba azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos gavliT, ris<br />

Semdegac es energogamtarebi gaiy<strong>of</strong>ian TurqeTSi. aRniSnuli<br />

proeqtebi saqarTvelos mdgomareobas ms<strong>of</strong>lio arenaze<br />

ekonomikurad Tu ara, strategiulad mainc Secvlis, saqarT-<br />

419

Tomas de vaali<br />

velos mtkiced <strong>da</strong>ukavSirebs TurqeTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs, amave<br />

dros, es proeqtebi metad <strong>da</strong>ainteresebs <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebs,<br />

uzrunvelyon stabiluroba saqarTveloSi, romlis<br />

gavliTac usafrTxo pirobebSi maT bazrebze moxvdeba navTobi<br />

<strong>da</strong> gazi. magram aseTi mniSvnelovani proeqti uciloblad<br />

Seicavs risks usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo,<br />

SeiZleba, uyuradRebod tovebs seriozul grZelvadian<br />

problemebs usafrTxoebis sferoSi, romlebsac es riski<br />

Seqmnis.<br />

wmin<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT am navTobsadens ar eqneba<br />

mniSvnelovani Sedegi saqarTvelosTvis. sxvagvara<strong>da</strong>a saqme<br />

azerbaijanSi, romelic uTuod mogebuli <strong>da</strong>rCeba: axl<strong>and</strong>eli<br />

SefasebiT, Tu bareli navTobi eRireba 25 aSS dolari, 2010 wels<br />

azerbaijani miiRebs 17 miliard dolars navTobis warmoebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> transportirebis Sedegad. Tu SenarCun<strong>da</strong> amJamindeli<br />

maRali fasebi, Semosavali ufro meti iqneba. saqarTvelo<br />

miiRebs ufro naklebs – man SeiZleba miiRos mxolod 50 milioni<br />

dolari weliwadSi satarifo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis saxiT, marSrutis<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcire monakveTis gamo. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

SevardnaZes sayvedurobdnen, maT Soris, misi memkvidre<br />

saakaSvilic, rom man “ga<strong>da</strong>WarbebiT Seafasa” navTobsadenis<br />

mniSvneloba qarTveli mosaxleobisTvis.<br />

gazsadeni baqo-erzrumi uTuod met pir<strong>da</strong>pir sargebels<br />

moutans saqarTvelos, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c igi uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s kaspiis<br />

gaziT qveynis raionebis saimedo momaragebas. es adre <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />

iyo ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n gazis arastabilur mowodebaze an srul<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ketvaze. gazsadenis bedi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze, SeuSlis<br />

Tu ara xels gazsadenis mSeneblobas SevardnaZis mTavrobis<br />

mier 2003 wels ruseTis “gazpromTan” <strong>da</strong>debuli energoxelSekruleba<br />

(romliT gamowveuli SesaZlo sirTuleebi jer<br />

gaurkvevelia). gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, radganac somxeTi imedebs amyarebs<br />

saqarTvelos gavliT transportirebul ruseTis gazze <strong>da</strong>,<br />

amave dros, iranTan awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> molaparakebas iran-somxeTs<br />

Soris gazsadenis mSeneblobis Taobaze, saqarTvelo aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />

ori gazsadenis SuaSi, romelic <strong>da</strong>gegmilia ori urTierT-<br />

420

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

sawinaaRmdego blokebis mier, esenia: azerbaijani-saqarTvelo-<br />

TurqeTi <strong>da</strong> ruseTi-saqarTvelo-somxeTi-irani.<br />

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis proeqtis ganxorcielebis ori<br />

varianti arsebob<strong>da</strong>. pirveli proeqti wamoyenebuli iqna<br />

TurqeTis mier <strong>da</strong> gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> sargeblis miRebas iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom<br />

misi saboloo punqti gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> xmelTaSua zRvis porti<br />

jeihani. am marSrutiT mcirdebo<strong>da</strong> navTobis tankerebis mier<br />

Seqmnili mudmivi ekologiuri saSiSroeba, radganac tankerebi<br />

gaivlidnen Savi zRvis portebi<strong>da</strong>n _ novorosiiski<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />

foTi<strong>da</strong>n bosforis srutis gavliT stambolis axlos. am ideam<br />

realurad xorcSesxma <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1997-1998 wlebSi, roca mas mxari<br />

<strong>da</strong>uWira klintonis administraciam. im wlebSi iseTma maRal-<br />

Cinosanma amerikelebi, rogorebic arian stiv sestanoviCi,<br />

riCard morninstari, federiko penia <strong>da</strong> bil riCardsoni,<br />

kongresSi gamosvlisas ganacxades, rom emxrobodnen proeqts,<br />

romelic zrdi<strong>da</strong> aSS-s energetikul <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Tanac<br />

exmarebo<strong>da</strong> azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos.<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi bevrs awuxeb<strong>da</strong> is, rom navTobsadeni Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />

inicirebuli iyo politikuri interesebiT <strong>da</strong> warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

“vaWrobis wamyvan droSas”. vuein merim, pentagonisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo departamentis y<strong>of</strong>ili TanamSromeli, vinc<br />

eswrebo<strong>da</strong> navTobsadenis Sesaxeb gamarTul diskusiebs,<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisSive ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, proeqtze fiqri uaRresad bundovaniao.<br />

meris Tanaxmad, sawyisi motivacia iyo kompensacia<br />

TurqeTis im Semosavlebisa, rasac is kargav<strong>da</strong> erayis winaaRmdeg<br />

SemoRebuli sanqciebis gamo 1991 wels sparseTis yuris omis<br />

Semdgom:<br />

mogvianebiT <strong>da</strong>iwyes sxva sakiTxebis, sxva<br />

pirovnulisa <strong>da</strong> institucionaluri mosazrebebis<br />

gaTvaliswineba. navTobis kompaniebs yovelTvis<br />

sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> samxreTis marSruti iranis gavliT, rom<br />

gamoeyenebinaT arsebuli adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> globaluri<br />

gamanawilebeli infrastrqtura. es ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />

vaSingtonSi gavleniani wreebis,<br />

antiiranuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebis interesebs (romelsac<br />

421

Tomas de vaali<br />

axlac aqvs iniciativebis blokirebis saSualeba).<br />

Semdeg amotivtiv<strong>da</strong> novosibirskis (samxreT<strong>da</strong>savleTis)<br />

marSrutis interesi. mas SeewinaaRmdega<br />

antirusuli <strong>da</strong>jgufeba, romelsac eSino<strong>da</strong><br />

ra “neoimperializmisa” (Tumca xmamaRla gaJRer<strong>da</strong><br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera ruseTis monawileobis sasargeblod).<br />

Semdeg kvlav gaCn<strong>da</strong> interesi, rom raimeTi <strong>da</strong>xmarebodnen<br />

“Sevi”-s [SevardnaZes] misi, rogorc sagareo<br />

saqmeTa ministris moRvaweobis <strong>da</strong>safaseblad <strong>da</strong>,<br />

imavdroulad, mxari <strong>da</strong>eWiraT alievisTvis. orive<br />

SemTxvevaSi yuradReba eqceo<strong>da</strong> imas, rom arc erT<br />

proeqts, SesaZloa, bolomde ganxorcieleba ar<br />

ewera. 13<br />

sad ar gaivli<strong>da</strong> navTobsadeni, iseve mniSvnelovani iyo,<br />

rogorc is, Tu sad gaivli<strong>da</strong> igi. SeiZleba mas <strong>da</strong>rqmeo<strong>da</strong><br />

“ararusuli, arairanuli” navTobsadeni. sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

mimarT strategiis ganmsazRvrelma saukeTeso amerikelma<br />

eqspertma stroub telbotma kongresSi gamosvlisas 1998 wels<br />

Riad gaafrTxila irani, romlis mimarTac gamoiyena gamoTqma<br />

“terorizmis saxelmwifo sponsori”, xolo SefarviT ruseTic<br />

– kavkasiaSi maTi interesebis gamo. man Tqva: “Cven vagrZelebT<br />

saxelmwifoTa gafrTxilebas iranTan mWidro urTierTobis<br />

ganviTarebis gamo. metic, winaaRmdegi varT, am regionSi<br />

romelime saxelmwifom <strong>da</strong>ikavos dominirebuli mdgomareoba,<br />

politikuri an ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. Cven gavagrZelebT<br />

TanamSromlobas kavkasiis yvela saxelmwifosTan, rom xeli<br />

SevuSaloT iranis gavlenis zr<strong>da</strong>s am regionSi.” 14<br />

navTobis mrewvelobisTvis yvela es argumenti naklebad<br />

<strong>da</strong>majerebeli iyo. Teri a<strong>da</strong>msi, romelic saTaveSi edga pirvel<br />

mravalerovan navTobis konsorciums _ baqo-azerbaijanis<br />

saerTaSoriso saoperacio konsorciums, Tqva, rom es gegma iyo<br />

13 vaine meri, avtorisTvis miwerili werili, 2003 wlis 4 noemberi.<br />

14 Strobe Talbot, U.S. Congress, Senate, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Foreign<br />

Operations, Appropriations Committee, 105 th Congress, 2 nd Session, March 31, 1998.<br />

422

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

politizebuli <strong>da</strong> naklebad sicocxlisunariani. 2000 wels<br />

a<strong>da</strong>msi wer<strong>da</strong>:<br />

erovnuli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, Tavisi<br />

arsiT, gare politikuri moTamaSis farTo geografiul<br />

arenaze CarTvas ganapirobebs. SeerTebuli<br />

StatebisaTvis es niSnavs ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> iranis<br />

gavlenis Sekavebas am regionSi, imavdroulad,<br />

moiTxovs aSS-s iq <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis zr<strong>da</strong>s. es uciloblad<br />

midio<strong>da</strong> regionul diplomatiur <strong>da</strong> komerciul<br />

konfliqtebamde, romlebic praqtikulad<br />

fokusir<strong>da</strong> navTobsadenis saqmeze. yvelaferi<br />

<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli iyo Seumowmebel warmodgenaze, rom<br />

kaspii<strong>da</strong>n benzinis eqsportisaTvis marSrutis<br />

iZulebiT arCeva gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> xangrZliv geopolitikur<br />

Sedegebs. 15<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 2000 wels, rogorc ki regionSi <strong>da</strong> mis garSemo<br />

situacia Seicvala, navTobkompaniebma (gansakuTrebiT BPAmoco)<br />

irwmunes baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis (“bi-Ti-si”) komerciuli<br />

SesaZleblobani. 2003 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo mSenebloba. ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet<br />

faqtors warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> kaspiis navTobis perspeqtiuli erToblivi<br />

maragi, navTobze arsebuli maRali fasebi <strong>da</strong> mzardi<br />

gaurkvevloba axlo aRmosavleTis mimarT. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

kompaniebisTvis <strong>da</strong> mTavrobebisTvis prioritetuli<br />

mniSvneloba SeiZina “energetikulma <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>m”, energomatarebelTa<br />

wyaros mimzidvelobam, romelic iyo OPEC-is<br />

sazRvrebs miRma <strong>da</strong> kontrolirdebo<strong>da</strong>, praqtikulad, uSualod<br />

saerTaSoriso kompaniebis mier, Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan aamaRla kaspiis<br />

reitingi. jon robertsi wers: “kaspia mniSvnelovania ara imiT,<br />

rom is aris ms<strong>of</strong>lios erT-erTi mwarmoebeli regioni, aramed<br />

15 Terry A<strong>da</strong>ms. Caspian Hydrocarbons, The Politicisation <strong>of</strong> Regional Pipelines <strong>and</strong> the<br />

Economic Destabilisation <strong>of</strong> the Caucasus. – Caucasian Regional Studies, vol. 5, issue 1<br />

& 2 (2000), http://poli.vub.ac.be/publi/crs/eng/0501-00.htm.<br />

16 John Roberts. Energy Reserves, Pipeline Politics <strong>and</strong> Security Implications, in Lynch.<br />

The South Caucasus, p. 91.<br />

423

Tomas de vaali<br />

imiT, rom is SeiZleba gaxdes ms<strong>of</strong>lios erT-erTi udidesi<br />

mwarmoebeli regioni, sa<strong>da</strong>c navTobis faqtobrivi mopoveba<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d rCeba bazarze orientirebul saerTaSoriso energetikul<br />

kompaniaTa xelSi.” 16 am TvalsazrisiT “bi-Ti-si”<br />

“arairanuli <strong>da</strong> ararusuli navTobsadeni<strong>da</strong>n” ga<strong>da</strong>iqca”araerayuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> arasaudis arabul” navTobgamtarad., rac aris<br />

energetikuli usafrTxoebis mimzidveli alternatiuli<br />

wyaro <strong>da</strong> romelsac mTlianad akontrolebs <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

kompaniebi.<br />

azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosTvis sami qveynis marSrutis<br />

mqone proeqts, “bi-Ti-si”-s, namdvilad hqon<strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />

sargebeli. azerbaijani <strong>da</strong>interesebulia, hyavdes satranzito<br />

qveynad politikurad susti mezobeli saqarTvelo iqamde,<br />

vidre SeuZlia, Tavi gaarTvas iranisa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n eWvis<br />

TvaliT yurebas. saqarTvelosTvis navTobsadens aqvs uaRresad<br />

didi politikuri mniSvneloba, rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

saxelmwifos simbolos. y<strong>of</strong>ilma prezidentma eduard SevardnaZem<br />

naTlad gamoTqva, rom “bi-Ti-si”-s mSenebloba iyo udidesi<br />

mniSvnelobis movlena mTeli misi prezidentobis periodSi.<br />

“yvela aRiarebs, rom saqarTvelo erT-erTi mTavari rgolia am<br />

proeqtSi”, _ ganacxa<strong>da</strong> SevardnaZem 2003 wlis agvistoSi, _<br />

“am navTobsadenis funqcionireba di<strong>da</strong>d aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />

Cvens qveyanaze, saqarTvelo gax<strong>da</strong> globaluri interesebis<br />

sfero, rac Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis ganmtkicebis<br />

seriozul faqtors warmoadgens.” 17<br />

SevardnaZis TanaSemwisa <strong>da</strong> sagareo politikaSi misi<br />

uaxloesi mrCevlis, gela Carkvianis TqmiT, qarTvelebica <strong>da</strong><br />

rusebic kargad acnobierebdnen ruseTis gverdiT gamavali<br />

msxvili navTobsadenis simbolur mniSvnelobas. Carkviani amas<br />

ganixilav<strong>da</strong>, rogorc saqarTvelos suverenitetis burjs:<br />

17 citata motanilia teqsti<strong>da</strong>n: Leila Amirova, Nurlana Gulieva, Gennady<br />

Abramovich, <strong>and</strong> Giorgy Kupatadze. Special Report: Trans-Caucasus Pipeline Underway<br />

at Last. – IWPR Caucasus Reporting Service no. 211, December 23, 2003, http://<br />

www.iwpr.net/index/pl?archive/cau/cau_200312_211_2_eng.tst.<br />

424

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

sabWoTa kavSiri yvelaze centralizebuli<br />

qveyana iyo ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi. yovelgvari moZraoba<br />

sabWoTa kavSirSi xdebo<strong>da</strong> periferii<strong>da</strong>n centrisaken<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara piriqiT. araviTari kavSiri ar arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />

periferiasa <strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTs Soris – Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

TurqeTSi. TurqeTi ufro axlosaa, vidre moskovi,<br />

magram yvelaferi un<strong>da</strong> wasuliyo moskovis gavliT.<br />

ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>laxva, Tu Tanxmobas<br />

ar miiRebdi centri<strong>da</strong>n. es mentaliteti dRemde<br />

SenarCunebulia. 18<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad areuli <strong>da</strong>sawyisisa <strong>da</strong> Seferxebebisa, “bi-Ti-si”<br />

dRes azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi sruli mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT<br />

sargeblobs. araviTar politikur winaaRmdegobas is ar<br />

Sexvedria arc erT am qveyanaSi. mas mxars uWerdnen opoziciuri<br />

partiebic. sakiTxiT <strong>da</strong>interesebuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebi,<br />

magaliTad, “mwvane alternativa”, gamoTqvamdnen<br />

eWvs ara imdenad proeqtis Sesaxeb, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c, maTi azriT,<br />

proeqtis ganxorcielebisas <strong>da</strong>Svebuli Secdomebisa <strong>da</strong> siCqaris<br />

gamo.<br />

saqarTveloSi sayovelTaod miRebulia azri imis Sesaxeb,<br />

rom ori energosadeni <strong>da</strong>exmareba saqarTvelos, gaxdes<br />

satranzito derefani aRmosavleTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs Soris <strong>da</strong><br />

iyos ruseTisagan ufro metad <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli. magram “bi-Tisi”-s<br />

saqarTvelosTvis moaqvs sxva strategiuli Sedegebic,<br />

Tumca isini nakleb sasiamovnoa <strong>da</strong> jer ar miuRia farTo<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera. es <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia imasTan, rom TviT proeqtebis<br />

politikuri xasiaTi regions hy<strong>of</strong>s “mogebulebad” <strong>da</strong><br />

“wagebulebad” <strong>da</strong> aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios arsebuli sa<strong>da</strong>vo<br />

sakiTxebis gamwvaveba.<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve cnobili iyo, rom proeqti “bi-Ti-si” ar gaivli<strong>da</strong><br />

somxeTze. yvelaze swrafi <strong>da</strong> iafi iyo milis gayvana baqojeihanis<br />

mimarTulebiT mdinare araqsis velze, azerbaijanis<br />

teritoriis, naxCevanis gavliT <strong>da</strong> Semdeg aRmosavleT Tur-<br />

18 avtoris interviu gela CarkvianTan, 2003 wlis 24 oqtomberi.<br />

425

Tomas de vaali<br />

qeTSi. magram es imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom milis 30 km-s iranis<br />

teritoriaze un<strong>da</strong> gaevlo, rac aSS-sTvis miuRebelia, an kidev<br />

analogiur monakveTze somxeTSi. somxeTis varianti <strong>da</strong>savleTSi<br />

misaRebi iyo maTTvis, vinc proeqts Tvli<strong>da</strong> “samSvidobo<br />

proeqtad”. aSS-s warmomadgenelma jon mareskam, evropaSi<br />

uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis organizaciis minskis jgufis<br />

y<strong>of</strong>ilma TanaTavmjdomarem, mTiani yarabaRis mSvidobiani<br />

procesis ganxilvisas, 1995 wels, mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira am ideas. man<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom am ideas eqneba <strong>da</strong>debiTi efeqti, radgan is<br />

somxeTs CarTavs zogadregionul ekonomikur proeqtSi. mareska<br />

wers: “milsadenis somxeTze gavla stimuls miscem<strong>da</strong> saRad<br />

moazrovne somxebs, SeuerTdnen patiosan RonisZiebebs, rom<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyviton yarabaRis konfliqti am unikaluri SesaZleblobis<br />

gamoyenebiT. suleluri Secdoma iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gamtar milTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli SesaZleblobis gamouyenebloba”. 19<br />

es ar mox<strong>da</strong>, radganac mTiani yarabaRis mSvidobiani procesis<br />

dinamika friad bundovani iyo saimisod, rom xeli Seewyo<br />

uaRresad komerciuli proeqtisTvis. navTobkompaniebi<br />

gasagebi mizezebis gamo Tavs aridebdnen, rom mTiani yarabaRis<br />

xvedrs ganesazRvra maTi navTobsadenis bedi. robert ebelma<br />

STambeW<strong>da</strong>vad CaurTo: “mSvidobas SeuZlia mogvitanos energosadeni<br />

mili, xolo energosaden mils ar SeuZlia mogvitanos<br />

mSvidoba”. 20 metic, yarabaRis konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis gareSe<br />

milsadenis Senebis idea mtruli saxelmwifos gavliT apriorulad<br />

miuRebeli iyo azerbaijanisTvis. qveynis saSinao<br />

politika mxars ver <strong>da</strong>uWer<strong>da</strong> am marSruts, radgan es iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

saCuqari mtrisTvis, mokled rom iTqvas, sabotaJis provocireba.<br />

amrigad, “bi-Ti-si” gamoricxavs somxeTs – mxolod imgvarad,<br />

rogorc es cxadi iyo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. misi<br />

19 John Maresca. A ‘Peace Pipeline’ to End the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict. – Caspian<br />

Crossroads, vol. 1 (winter 1995).<br />

20 citata, sxva adgilebs Sorisac, moyvanili Semdegi statii<strong>da</strong>n: : Inga<br />

Saffron. Black Gold, Once Red, Fuels an Oil Rush. – Knight-Ridder Newspapers, July 20,<br />

1977.<br />

426

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

zemoqmedeba yarabaRis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>vaze araerTgvarovania. Tu<br />

visaubrebTmis <strong>da</strong>debiT mxareze, sami miliardi dolaris<br />

Rirebulebis proeqtis mSenebloba Sanss aZlevs BP Amoco-sa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva ucxoel investorebs, gariskon <strong>da</strong> investiciebi Cadon<br />

yarabaRis konfliqtis mSvidoban mogvarebaSi. “bi-Ti-si”-s xazi<br />

yarabaRTan axlos gaivlis, Tormetiode kilometris <strong>da</strong>-<br />

SorebiT cecxlis Sewyvetis xazis CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n. azerbaijanis<br />

<strong>of</strong>icialuri pirebi gamovidnen sruliad ara<strong>da</strong>majerebeli<br />

gancxadebiT, TiTqos navTobgamtars emuqreba<br />

“somxuri terorizmi”. azerbaijanis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrma,<br />

safar abievma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>: “somxeTi zrdis SeiaraRebas <strong>da</strong> es<br />

navTobsadenisTvis safrTxes warmoadgens”, xolo erovnuli<br />

usafrTxoebis <strong>da</strong>rgSi ministris moadgilis, fua<strong>da</strong> isk<strong>and</strong>erovas<br />

TqmiT, mis organizacias gaaCnia informacia imis<br />

Sesaxeb, rom “somxeTis teroristuli organizaciebi” warmoadgenen<br />

safrTxes. 21 am gamonaTqvamebSi ga<strong>da</strong>WarbebiT aris<br />

Sefasebuli somxeTis ZirgamomTxrelobis unari <strong>da</strong> ganzraxva.<br />

yuradReba ar eqceva usafrTxoebis farTo kompleqsur<br />

RonisZiebebs, romlebic investorebis mier Cadebulia<br />

proeqtis mSeneblobaSi <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, somxeTs agrZnobines<br />

_ Tu moxdeba raime diversiuli aqti navTobsadenTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT vinmes mxri<strong>da</strong>n, vinc <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia somxeTTan,<br />

misTvis es iqneba saerTaSoriso diplomatiuri katastr<strong>of</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />

amas Sesabamisi qmedebac mohyveba.<br />

eqsperti energetikis sakiTxebSi, jon robertsi, wers:<br />

“baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiis<br />

gazsadeni milebi miwaSi Cadebuli iqneba erT<br />

metrze Rrmad mTel sigrZeze. ase rom, isini <strong>da</strong>culi<br />

iqneba SemTxveviTi <strong>da</strong>rtymisagan. magram ori ga<strong>da</strong>satumbi<br />

sadguri ganTavsdebaazerbaijanis teritoriaze,<br />

oric _ saqarTveloSi, <strong>da</strong>narCeni ga<strong>da</strong>satumbi<br />

sadgurebi <strong>da</strong> wnevis Semamcireblebi<br />

sadgurebi ki _ TurqeTSi. Tumca es sadgurebi<br />

21 Amirova et al. Special Report: Trans-Caucasus Pipeline Underway at Last.<br />

427

Tomas de vaali<br />

SeiZleba iqcnen partizanebis an teroristebis<br />

samizned. didia albaToba, rom aseT obieqtebze<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma didi masStabis konfliqtis nawili iyos<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara uSualod milsadenebis winaaRmdeg mimar-<br />

Tuli operacia. amitom ZiriTadi sakiTxia im qveynis<br />

stabiluroba, romelzec isini gadis”. 22<br />

teroristul aqtze msjelobisas un<strong>da</strong> ganisazRvros ori<br />

hipoTeturi safrTxe (Tumca, savaraudod “bi-Ti-si”-s arsebobis<br />

ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba sxva safrTxec Seiqmnas):<br />

pirveli: <strong>da</strong>savleTis mimarTulebiT navTobsadenis proeqti<br />

proamerikul qveyanaSi SeiZleba al-qae<strong>da</strong>s an maTi mokavSiris<br />

samizne gaxdes. ukanasknel wlebSi mebrZoli islamuri jgufebi<br />

Tavisuflad ga<strong>da</strong>diodnen saqarTvelos sazRvarze orive<br />

mxares. arsebobs mosazreba, rom ramdenime aTeuli maTgani<br />

axlac imy<strong>of</strong>eba pankisis xeobaSi an mis axlo raionebSi. am<br />

savaraudo safrTxesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> sakiTxi<br />

amerikelTa mier momzadebuli <strong>da</strong> aRWurvili qarTuli specsamsaxurebis<br />

ganlagebis Sesaxeb regionSi navTobsadenis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sacavad.<br />

meore hipoTeturi safrTxe isaa, rom ruseTSi avtoritaruli<br />

reJimis gaZlierebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos mimarT<br />

mtrulad ganwyobili ruseTis specsamsaxuris aramza<strong>da</strong><br />

warmomadgenlebi an maTi mokavSire, an<strong>da</strong> Tavad ruseTis<br />

<strong>of</strong>icialuri warmomadgenlebi (amas xazi un<strong>da</strong> gaesvas) SeiZleba<br />

Seecadon navTobsadenis ganadgurebas. saqarTveloSi bevri<br />

Tvlis, rom ruseTis specsamsaxuris garkveuli jgufebi<br />

gareulni iyvnen SevardnaZeze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmaSi 1995 <strong>da</strong> 1999<br />

wlebSi. amas mowmobs is faqti, rom ruseTma uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong><br />

y<strong>of</strong>ili saqarTvelos uSiSroebis ministris, igor giorgaZis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemaze, rac nawilobriv a<strong>da</strong>sturebs mis <strong>da</strong>naSauls.<br />

rogorc Cans, moskovma miatova saidumlo operaciebis<br />

praqtika, romelsac is iyeneb<strong>da</strong> kavkasiaSi 1990-iani wlebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, magram is SeiZleba kvlav <strong>da</strong>ubrundes mas mo-<br />

22 Roberts. Energy Reserves, p. 99.<br />

428

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

mavalSi. orive SemTxvevaSi navTobsadeni SeiZleba saSiSi<br />

gaxdes saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisaTvis _ ga<strong>da</strong>aqcios misi<br />

teritoria brZolis velad, romelSic erT-erTi susti<br />

moTamaSe iqneba saqarTvelos mTavroba: 2002 wels, roca<br />

pankisis xeobis garSemo gaCaR<strong>da</strong> skan<strong>da</strong>li, ruseTma <strong>da</strong> aSS-m<br />

TavianTi SeSfoTeba gamoTqves saqarTelos <strong>da</strong>bneuli mTavrobis<br />

mimarT.<br />

rac Seexeba robertsis gafrTxilebas kavkasiaSi “masStaburi<br />

konfliqtis” Sesaxeb, yvelaze seriozuli safrTxea<br />

samxedro moqmedebaTa ganaxleba mTian yarabaRSi. 2000 wels,<br />

<strong>da</strong>patimrebamde, yarabaReli somxebis armiis y<strong>of</strong>ilma mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>lma,<br />

samvel babaianma Tqva: “Tu <strong>da</strong>iwyeba meoTxe raundi,<br />

is iqneba ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti <strong>da</strong> maSin Cven ar mogviwevs omis Sewyveta<br />

<strong>da</strong> molaparakebis magi<strong>da</strong>sTan jdoma. amis msvlelobisas orive<br />

mxare iZulebuli iqneba, <strong>da</strong>Tmobaze wavides <strong>da</strong> miiRos raime<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba. Tu Cven kvlav gavCerdebiT, rogorc 1994 wels,<br />

male <strong>da</strong>viviwyebT, Tu ra problema iyo es.” 23<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom amJamad yarabaRis somxebis xelmZRvanelebs<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT zomieri pozicia uWiravT, babaianis Sexedulebebi<br />

gamoy<strong>of</strong>il <strong>da</strong> somxeTis mmarTvelobis qveS my<strong>of</strong>i juja<br />

“saxelmwifos” Sesaxeb cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlis Semdeg kvlav popularulia<br />

samxedroTa Soris. safrTxe isaa, rom Tu kvlav <strong>da</strong>iwyeba<br />

saomari moqmedebani, somxeTis <strong>of</strong>icrebisTvis, romlebsac ver<br />

akavebs zavi, navTobsadeni SeiZleba samizne gaxdes.<br />

es gvafiqrebinebs sxva SesaZlo negatiuri scenaris Sesaxeb,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia “bi-Ti-si”-s proeqtTan. raoden<br />

paradoqsulic un<strong>da</strong> iyos (rogorc ukve mox<strong>da</strong> afrikisa <strong>da</strong><br />

laTinuri amerikis zog saxelmwifoSi), mdi<strong>da</strong>rma energoresursebma<br />

azeraijans SeiZleba ziani ufro meti miayenos,<br />

vidre sargebeli, imis gamo, rom didi Semosavali saSualebas<br />

miscems saxelmwifos, bevri <strong>da</strong>xarjos qveynis SeiaraRebasa <strong>da</strong><br />

sakuTari usafrTxoebis aparatze. Tu es mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanma<br />

Seqmna Zvirad aRWurvili armia, misi saomari ritorika SeiZleba<br />

23 avtoris interviu samvel babaianTan, 2000 wlis 26 Tebervali.<br />

429

Tomas de vaali<br />

iqces TviTacxadebul winaswarmetyvelebad <strong>da</strong> gamoiwvios<br />

samxedro Seteva yarabaRis winaaRmdeg. TiTqmis yvela gareSe<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli iziarebs azrs, rom Tu ori kargad SeiaraRebuli<br />

mowinaaRmdege ganaaxlebs <strong>da</strong>mangrevel konfliqts mTian<br />

yarabaRSi, es yvelasTvis katastr<strong>of</strong>a iqneba. amis erT-erTi<br />

Sedegi SeiZleba iyos is, rom somxebi upasuxeben azerbaijanelTa<br />

Setevas, zogierTebi didi enTuziazmiT aRiqvamen aseT<br />

SesaZleblobas, rogorc babaianis konfliqtis “meoTxe raunds”.<br />

samxreT kavkasia Caefloba regionulomSi, romelSic ruseTis<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebi monawileobas miiReben somxebis mxareze.<br />

yvelaze <strong>da</strong>mangrevel Sedegebs igrZnobs somxeTi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijani,<br />

imavdroulad, <strong>da</strong>zaraldeba saqarTveloc <strong>da</strong> navTobsadenic.<br />

yarabaRis axali omis SesaZlebloba, sabednierod, Soreuli<br />

perspeqtivaa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, uaxloes ramdenime weliwadSi.<br />

ufro aqtualuri problema javaxeTis regionia samxreT<br />

saqarTveloSi, romelic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d somxebiTaa <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli.<br />

“bi-Ti-si”-s ganxorcielebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios am problemis<br />

gamwvaveba. javaxeli somxebi didi xania grZnoben Tbilisisgan<br />

mowyvetas. cota maTgani laparakobs qarTulad, maTi satransporto<br />

kavSiri sxva raionebTan Zalian gaZnelebulia. qarTuli<br />

fulis nacvlad iq brunavs somxuri drami an rusuli rubli,<br />

ori somxuri nacionalisturi partia iRvwis <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />

avtonomiisaTvis saqarTvelos farglebSi (riskenac iswrafvis<br />

zogierTi somexi nacionalisti saqarTvelos gareT). 2004 wlis<br />

ianvarSi mixeil saakaSvilis arCevis Semdeg saqarTvelos<br />

farglebSi politikuri avtonomiis mopovebis sakiTxi kvlav<br />

wamowies javaxeTis somxebma .<br />

pirvelad, roca ixilebo<strong>da</strong> navTobsadenis saqarTvelos<br />

monakveTi, farTo mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera hpova marSrutma javaxeTze<br />

gavliT, rogorc umoklesma manZilma TurqeTis sazRvramde.<br />

saboloo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miRebuli iqna ufro grZeli marSrutis<br />

sasargeblod, javaxeTis CrdiloeTiT ufro rTul reliefur<br />

pirobebSi. axali marSruti gaivli<strong>da</strong> borjomis axlos,<br />

romelic aris saqarTvelos saxelganTqmuli mineraluri<br />

430

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

wylebis de<strong>da</strong>adgili <strong>da</strong> turistebisTvis mimzidveli nacionaluri<br />

parki. es marSruti gax<strong>da</strong> metad sa<strong>da</strong>vo sakiTxi baqo-<br />

Tbilisi-jeihanis mTel proeqtSi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c borjomSi<br />

mineraluri wylebis mwarmoebeli – Georgian Glass <strong>and</strong> Mineral Water<br />

(saqarTvelos minisa <strong>da</strong> mineraluri wylebis kompania) <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos mwvaneTa erovnuli organizaciis jgufebi<br />

(romelTac mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> ms<strong>of</strong>lio bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvis fondi)<br />

ewinaaRmdegebodnen borjomis marSruts.<br />

navTobsadenis marSrutis arCevisas ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />

miRebis procesi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xurulad. proeqtis institucionaluri<br />

investorebi borjomis marSruts mizanSewonilad<br />

miiCnevdnen. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso navTobkompaniis<br />

(ssnk) maSindeli xelmZRvaneli, Tedo jafariZe, 2002<br />

wels ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom miuRebelia navTobsadenis mSenebloba<br />

axalqalaqis ruseTis bazis axlos, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom baza<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iketos ramdenime welSi, navTobsadeni ki gaTvlilia 40<br />

welze. bevr qarTvels jer kidev epareba eWvi borjomis<br />

marSrutis arCevis sisworeSi. magaliTad, ramaz jabaurma,<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>zvervis ufrosis moadgilem ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

axalqalaqis gavliT navTobsadenis gayvanis Sesaxeb ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />

miRebuli iyo im dros, roca eri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> saSiSroebaTa<br />

winaSe. Semdeg <strong>da</strong>umata “am momentSi ufro Wkvianuri<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> navTobsadenis gayvana axalqalaqis gavliT iq samuSao<br />

adgilebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT.” 24<br />

radgan saqarTveloSi warmoiSva azrTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaoba,<br />

savsebiT savaraudoa (Tumca dRemde sarwmunod araa cnobili),<br />

rom ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli iTamaSa azerbaijanis mosazrebam<br />

marSrutis Sesaxeb javaxeTze gavliT, baqos mTavroba xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong><br />

politikuri mosazrebiT <strong>da</strong> veto <strong>da</strong>ado somxebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxlebuli raionis gavliT navTobsadenis gayvanis ideas.<br />

azerbaijanis <strong>of</strong>icialuri pirebi am sakiTxis irgvliv ar<br />

gamoTqvamdnen raime mosazrebebs, magram Tu gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

iqna azerbaijanis Warbi yuradReba nebismieri proeqtis mimarT,<br />

24 Amirova et al. Special Report: Trans-Caucasus Pipeline Underway at Last.<br />

431

Tomas de vaali<br />

romelic sasargeblo iqneba somxeTis an somxebisaTvis,<br />

javaxeTis proeqtis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera azerbaijanis mTavrobisaTvis<br />

politikurad wamgebiania. magaliTad, opoziciis lideri, ali<br />

qerimli, saxalxo frontis partiis reformistuli frTis<br />

meTauri, ambob<strong>da</strong>: “javaxeTis gavliT navTobsadenis gayvana<br />

SeuZlebelia. es regioni <strong>da</strong>saxlebulia somxebiT <strong>da</strong> amitom<br />

warmoadgens safrTxes proeqtisaTvis. ufro saimedoa navTobsadenis<br />

gayvana borjomis gavliT.” 25<br />

borjomis marSrutis arCevis pir<strong>da</strong>piri Sedegi iyo javaxeTSi<br />

somxebis gaucxoebis grZnobis gaZliereba. axalqalaqis<br />

merma nairi iricinma interviuSi Tqva, rom gulgatexilia misi<br />

raionis ignorirebiT. man Tqva, rom qalaqis ori aTasi mcxovrebi<br />

yovel wels samuSaos saZebnelad midis ruseTSi. erTaderTi<br />

adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c SeiZleba samuSaos Sovna, es aris ruseTis<br />

samxedro baza. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis mSenebloba<br />

uzrunvely<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong> raionSi samuSao adgilebs <strong>da</strong> kompensacias.<br />

26 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom navTobsadenisgan miRebuli<br />

moklevadiani sargebeli adgilobrivi ekonomikisaTvis umniSvnelo<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, dRes arsebuli varaudebi proeqtTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

SirebiT SesaZloa ufro mniSvnelovani y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, vidre<br />

realoba. adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciis liderma,<br />

ararat esoianma javaxeTis gverdis avlis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />

politikuri arsis gamo mkveTrad ganacxa<strong>da</strong>: “javaxeTSi xalxi<br />

ambobs: am marSrutis arCeviT maT gaavles saqarTvelos momavali<br />

sazRvari”. 27<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d, es ori milsadeni warmoadgens saqarTvelos, rogorc<br />

susti suverenitetis qveyanas, romelsac aqvs uzarmazari<br />

SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong> didi pasuxismgebloba. grZelvadiani usafrTxoebis<br />

problema warmoiqmneba maSin, roca ori milsadeni<br />

aSendeba, <strong>da</strong>iwyebs funqcionirebas 40 wlis vadiT <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>da</strong>ekisreba maTi <strong>da</strong>cva Tavis teritoriaze. agreTve didi<br />

25 Amirova et al. Special Report: Trans-Caucasus Pipeline Underway at Last.<br />

26 Amirova et al. Special Report: Trans-Caucasus Pipeline Underway at Last.<br />

27 avtoris interviu ararat esoianTan, 2003 wlis 24 oqtomberi.<br />

432

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs sociopolitikur konteqstsac. Tu saqarTvelos<br />

mTeli sazogadoeba (<strong>da</strong> ara misi romelime nawili) miiRebs<br />

sargebels milsadenebi<strong>da</strong>n, proeqts eqneba sazogadoebrivi<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, rac ganapirobebs maT politikur xangrZlivobas.<br />

adgilis povna did Sua aRmosavleTSi<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelo Camoqvei-<br />

Tebuli iyo suverenuli saxelmwifo<strong>da</strong>n uaRresad centralizebul<br />

saxelmwifos erT-erT regionamde. sabWoTa drois<br />

ganmavlobaSi mokavSire respublikebs Soris kontaqti xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong><br />

moskovis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong> ararusul respublikebs<br />

Zalian SezRuduli ormxrivi urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong>T. saqarTvelosTvis<br />

warmoudgeneli iyo, hqono<strong>da</strong> raime “ormxrivi<br />

urTierTobis” msgavsi urTierToba TurqeTTan, xolo saqarTvelo-TurqeTis<br />

sazRvarze moZraoba mkacrad SezRuduli iyo.<br />

gorbaCovis dros, 1980-iani wlebis bolos, <strong>da</strong>ketili kari<br />

moulodnelad gaiRo. magram mas Semdeg saqarTvelom (metaforis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sxvaferebiT) 15 weli gaatara uTavbolo qoreografiul<br />

speqtaklis mocekvavis msgavsad, sa<strong>da</strong>c misi partniorebi<br />

mudmivad icvlebodnen.<br />

movlenaTa qarborbala ar iZleo<strong>da</strong> stabiluri urTierTobebis<br />

saSualebas. 1989- 1991 wlebSi centris mimarT<br />

uaRresad mtrulad ganwyobilma sabWoTa respublikebma<br />

Seqmnes ara<strong>of</strong>icialuri kavSiri gorbaCovisa <strong>da</strong> moskovis<br />

winaaRmdeg, saqarTvelo SeuerT<strong>da</strong> xuT sxva respublikas _<br />

somxeTs, moldovasa <strong>da</strong> baltiis sam respublikas. maT boikoti<br />

gamoucxades 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCunebis mizniT<br />

Catarebul referendums. magram zemomoyvanili respublikaTa<br />

sia ar iZleo<strong>da</strong> imis gagebis saSualebas, Tu rogor ganviTardebodnen<br />

Semdgom, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa respublikebis<br />

urTierTobebis safexurebrivi ganlageba xSirad icvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1991 wels maT Seqmnes saerTo fronti moskovis winaaRmdeg,<br />

Tumca dRes am respublikebs naklebad aqvT urTierTkon-<br />

433

Tomas de vaali<br />

taqtebi. amasTan, maTi momavali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad warimarTa.<br />

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, somxeTs dRes sruliad sxva strategiuli<br />

orientacia aqvs, vidre saqarTvelos. mxolod<br />

moldovas (romelic mainc <strong>da</strong> mainc araa saqarTvelos mTavari<br />

mokavSire) aqvs saqarTvelos msgavsi orientacia.<br />

es aris erTgvari sasargeblo prizma, romlis meSveobiTac<br />

mimoixileba suuam-is kavSiri (saqarTvelo, ukraina, uzbekeTi,<br />

azerbaijani <strong>da</strong> moldova), romelic Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> 1996-1997<br />

wlebSi rogorc suam-i (saqarTvelo, ukraina, azerbaijani,<br />

moldova). zoga<strong>da</strong>d rom iTqvas, es iyo mcdeloba <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT) ara<strong>of</strong>icialuri kavSiris<br />

Seqmnisa, romlebic iswrafodnen, erTad win aRdgomodnen<br />

ruseTis gavlenas. 1999 wlis aprilSi uzbekeTis SeerTebiT suami<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>iqca suuam-ad. amave dros, sami maTgani _ saqarTvelo,<br />

azerbaijani <strong>da</strong> uzbekeTi gamovidnen koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis<br />

xelSekrulebi<strong>da</strong>n. STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi iyo “suuam”-is formirebis<br />

adgili – es mox<strong>da</strong> vaSingtonis samitze, romelic mieZRvna<br />

nato-s 50 wlisTavs.<br />

vaSingtonis am Sexvedraze suuam-is liderebma wamoayenes<br />

dRis wesrigi, romelSic ganacxades oTx mTavar sakiTxSi saerTo<br />

valdebulebebis Tavis Tavze aReba. pirveli ori valdebuleba<br />

iyo saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTvlianobis SenarCuneba <strong>da</strong><br />

“agresiuli separatizmis” uary<strong>of</strong>a. mxedvelobaSi hqon<strong>da</strong>T<br />

saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis <strong>da</strong> moldovas ganzraxva, <strong>da</strong>ebrunebinaT<br />

gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili teritoriebi – afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTi;<br />

mTiani yarabaRi; dnestrispireTi. mesame sakiTxi iyo saerTo<br />

mzady<strong>of</strong>na “religiur eqstremizmTan” brZolisa, rac gulisxmob<strong>da</strong><br />

uzbekeTis mTavrobis kampanias islamuri opoziciis<br />

winaaRmdeg. ukanaskneli punqti iyo saerTo valdebuleba, rom<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n y<strong>of</strong>iliyo acilebuli konfliqtebis zonaSi iaraRis<br />

<strong>da</strong>groveba, rac gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> (Tumca es pir<strong>da</strong>pir ar <strong>da</strong>saxelebula)<br />

iaraRis Setanas ruseTis bazebSi saqarTveloSi,<br />

somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> moldovaSi.<br />

suuam-is es Sexvedra Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc simboluri,<br />

misi arsi Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTze maT skeptikur Sexedulebas,<br />

434

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

romelic im dros Zals ikreb<strong>da</strong> vaSingtonSi. konservatiuli<br />

Jamestown Foun<strong>da</strong>tion Prism wamaxaliseblad aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>: “adgili<br />

<strong>da</strong> situacia ormagad mniSvnelovania: pirveli, im faqtis<br />

dramatizirebisTvis, rom moskovma ver <strong>da</strong>arwmuna dsT-s<br />

qveynebi, natos mimarT ruseTis politikas mihyolodnen; meore,<br />

rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, am xuTi saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>savleTze<br />

strategiuli orientaciis simbolurobisaTvis.” 28<br />

magram suuam-i miraJi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. kavSiri ar Sedga, mis wevrsaxelmwifoTa<br />

mier ar iqna xelmowerili aranairi xelSekruleba,<br />

ar Cans maT Soris vaWrobis gafarToeba am aliansis<br />

Sedegad. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijans<br />

Sorisac ki ar aris iseTi Rrma urTierToba, rogorc erTi<br />

SexedviT SeiZleba mogvCvenebo<strong>da</strong>. suaam-i Zalian <strong>da</strong>zaral<strong>da</strong><br />

2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis gamo, roca Seicvala aSS-s<br />

strategiuli prioritetebi y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT.<br />

moulodnelad, ruseTis savaraudo neoimperiuli ambiciebis<br />

Sekavebis politikam vaSingtonSi popularoba <strong>da</strong>karga. islamuri<br />

terorizmis muqarasTan brZolisas SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

urTierToba vladimer putinis ruseTTan gaumjobes<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gaumjobes<strong>da</strong> moskovis urTierTobebi azerbaijanTan <strong>da</strong><br />

uzbekeTTan. suuam-is saxelmwifoTa umetesoba cuds verafers<br />

xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> ruseTTan kargi urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebaSi. igive<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba iyo aSS-sTan, Tumca saqarTvelo, gasagebi<br />

mizezebis gamo, gamonakliss warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. mudmivad cvalebadi<br />

politikuri l<strong>and</strong>SaftisaTvis niS<strong>and</strong>oblivia, rom 2005 wlis<br />

maisSi suuam-i kvlav ga<strong>da</strong>iqca suam-ad, roca “vardebis” <strong>da</strong><br />

“narinjisferi” revoluciebiT SeSfoTebuli uzbekeTi gamovi<strong>da</strong><br />

misi Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

Tu suuam-ma raime aCvena, es iyo arasaWiroeba iseTi<br />

gaerTianebisa, rogoricaa dsT, romelic aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> ara imdenad<br />

“Tanamegobroba”, aramed ruseTis iaraRi, gaekontrolebina<br />

Tavisi y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa mezoblebi, axla ukve ruseTis “uaxloesi<br />

28 From GUAM to GUUAM: A Growing Centrifugal Force in the CIS. – The Jamestown<br />

Foun<strong>da</strong>tion Prism, May 7, 1999.<br />

435

Tomas de vaali<br />

sazRvargareTi”. roca dsT-s mimarTes mowodebiT, gaeZlierebina<br />

Tavisi roli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad, rogorc<br />

omis Semdgom afxazeTSi samSvidobo misiis <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi 1600 jariskacis SemadgenlobiT, gamoCn<strong>da</strong> realuri<br />

suraTi:am kavSiris arc erTma qveyanam (gar<strong>da</strong> ruseTisa) ar<br />

gamoyo samxedroTa jgufi afxazeTSi samSvidobo misiisaTvis.<br />

amrigad, mkacri sinamdvile aris is, rom saqarTvelos<br />

urTierToba y<strong>of</strong>il sabWoTa mezoblebTan bevrad aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />

aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris urTierTobaTa cvlilebaze.<br />

amasTan, vaSingtoni <strong>da</strong> moskovi warmoadgenen usafrTxoebis<br />

or poluss, romelTa Sorisac meryeoben y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa<br />

respublikebi. saxeldobr, am konteqstSi un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT<br />

saqarTvelos wevroba metad ambiciur, magram sustad <strong>da</strong>finansebul<br />

regionul organizaciebSi. ramdenad unariani iqneba<br />

mwiri biujeti <strong>da</strong> suuam-is xmamaRali gancxadebebi, roca<br />

mTavroba realuri krizisis winaSe <strong>da</strong>dgeba TbilisSi, galSi <strong>da</strong><br />

pankisis xeobaSi?<br />

y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebs gareT, samxreTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTSi, saqarTvelo iwodeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad, magram,<br />

SesaZloa, yvelaze moxerxebulia termini “didi axlo aRmosavleTi”.<br />

geografiulad Tbilisi ufro axlosaa baR<strong>da</strong>dTan <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maskosTan,<br />

vidre moskovTan. saqarTvelos mezobelTagan yvelaze<br />

ukeTesi satransporto mimosvla – sagzao, sarkinigzo, sazRvao<br />

<strong>da</strong> sahaero – aqvs TurqeTTan. bolo aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

sparseTisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis imperiebi xSirad akontrolebdnen<br />

samxreT kavkasias <strong>da</strong> gansazRvravdnen mis istorias, amitom<br />

uadgilo ar iqneba movelodeT, rom maTi memkvidreebi – irani <strong>da</strong><br />

TurqeTi – <strong>da</strong>interesebulni arian, amjera<strong>da</strong>c igive gaakeTon.<br />

magram <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis <strong>of</strong>icialuri aRdgenis momenti<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

1992 wli<strong>da</strong>n, saqarTvelos adgili am metad farTo arasabWoTa<br />

regionSi SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc “gamouyenebeli<br />

potenciali”. mTavari mizezi, rogorc Cans, aris is, rom<br />

saqarTvelos sWirdeba dro mezoblebTan urTierTobaTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebisaTvis, radgan 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi (sabWoTa Zalauflebis<br />

dros) mas yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvetili hqon<strong>da</strong> am<br />

436

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

qveynebTan, roca sabWoTa kavSiris samxreTi sazRvrebi mTlianad<br />

Caketili iyo. metic, cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam qarTvelebi<br />

ufro ganaTlebul, maRali wris <strong>da</strong> gaevropelebul xalxad aqcia<br />

maT samxreTel mezoblebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. siria, TurqeTi <strong>da</strong> irani<br />

ar warmoadgenen saxelmwifoTa iseT modelebs, romelsac<br />

qarTuli elita mibaZav<strong>da</strong>. qarTvel axalgazrdobas TiTqmis ar<br />

ainteresebs, iswavlos am qveynebSi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli arian<br />

evropul civilizacias romliskenac saqarTvelo iswrafvis.<br />

am qveynebs Soris politikuri urTierTobac amgvaradve CamorCenilia:<br />

saqarTvelos urTierToba mis samxreTel mezoblebTan,<br />

aqcevs mas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, garegnulad mainc,<br />

kavSiris sistemaTa iseT sferoSi, romelic <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />

am farTo regionisaTvis.<br />

magaliTad, TurqeTi natos wevria <strong>da</strong> aqvs mtkice kavSiri<br />

israelTan, irani <strong>da</strong> somxeTi cdilobdnen, <strong>da</strong>emyarebinaT<br />

sammxrivi urTierToba saberZneTTan. magram am molaparakebaTa<br />

Semdgomi ganviTareba, safiqrebelia, naklebad exeba saqarTvelos.<br />

israeli Tavisi problemebiT saqarTveloSi<br />

naklebad sainteresoa. 2003 wels prezident SevardnaZis<br />

SeTavazeba aSS-sTvis, erayis omSi esargebla saqarTvelos<br />

sahaero bazebi, Tavazianad uaryves. rac Seexeba saberZneTs,<br />

ormxriv urTierTobaSi Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> aTens Soris ZiriTadi<br />

problemaa migrantTa didi raodenoba <strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mowveuli muSebi (romelTa umetesoba berZenia), romlebic<br />

mimodian am or qveyanas Soris. arc “qristianuli soli<strong>da</strong>roba”,<br />

arc istoriuli eWvianoba TurqeTis mimarT sakmarisi araa, rom<br />

saberZneTma azerbaijanSi aqtiuri diplomatiuri moRvaweoba<br />

an<strong>da</strong> azerbaijanuli gaziT sargebloba Sewyvitos.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi geografiuli siaxlovisa, irani<br />

Sorsaa saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> misi strategiuli interesebisagan.<br />

iranis strategiuli interesebi samxreT kavkasiaSi koncentrirebulia<br />

umTavresad somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanSi. Teirani<br />

SeSfoTebulia azerbaijanis gavleniT iranis CrdiloeTSi<br />

sakuTar azerbaijanul mosaxleobaze <strong>da</strong> aviTarebs karg<br />

urTierTobas somxeTTan, ramac SeiZleba gaamyaros axali<br />

437

Tomas de vaali<br />

gazsadenis proeqtis idea. magram somxeTic <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanic<br />

Sors iWeren iranis diplomatias: 1992 wels irani Seeca<strong>da</strong>,<br />

<strong>da</strong>ewyo molaparakeba somxeT-azerbaijanis konfliqtis sakiTxze,<br />

magram molaparakeba Sewy<strong>da</strong> somxebis mier SuSis<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT <strong>da</strong> aRarc ganaxlebula.<br />

urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo ufro meta<strong>da</strong>a<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sorebuli iranisagan. islamuri respublikis naxevrad<br />

avtoritaruli politikuri sistema ar aris is modeli, romelsac<br />

saqarTveloSi vinme gaiziarebs. “borotebis RerZis erT-erTi<br />

rgolis” statusis wyalobiT (prezident buSis Sefaseba) irani<br />

aRmoCndeba im banakSi, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba im pozicias,<br />

romelsac dRev<strong>and</strong>eli ms<strong>of</strong>lio umniSvnelovanesi problemebis<br />

sferoSi, iziarebs saqarTvelo. metic, irani ar Sedis arc erT<br />

evropul institutSi, romlis wevric Tu k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>tic aris<br />

saqarTvelo: evrokavSiri, evropis sabWo, euTo <strong>da</strong> nato.<br />

gamouyenebeli potencialis kidev erTi magaliTia saqarTvelos<br />

TavSekavebuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba Savi zRvis sanapiros<br />

mezoblebTan, romelebic warmoadgenen Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT warumatebel<br />

Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacias<br />

(SeTo) TerTmeti wevri qveyniT. SeTo-s <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli<br />

samitis deklaraciis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad, romelic xelmowerilia<br />

stambulSi 1992 wlis 25 ivniss, organizacia mizania,<br />

“uzrunvelyos, rom Savi zRva gaxdes mSvidobis, stabilurobis,<br />

ayvavebis, megobrul <strong>da</strong> keTilmezoblur urTierTobaTa<br />

ganviTarebisaken miswrafebis zRvad.” organizacia Cafiqrebuli<br />

iyo TurqeTis prezidentis, turgut ozalis mier,<br />

rogorc instituti, romelic organizacias gaukeTeb<strong>da</strong><br />

mezobeli qveynebis 330-milionian mosaxleobas Tavisufali<br />

vaWrobis axal zonaSi <strong>da</strong> romelsac eqnebo<strong>da</strong> 300 mlrd dolaris<br />

savaWro balansi. Seiqmna aparati, romelsac hqon<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebloba,<br />

Caetarebina Sexvedrebi <strong>da</strong> mieRo deklaraciebi,<br />

Tumca is ver ga<strong>da</strong>iqca iseT organizaciad, romelic mzad<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> ufro axlo TanamSromlobisaTvis. 1999 wlis ivnisSi<br />

SeTo-s mdivani, nurver nuresi, interviuSi wux<strong>da</strong>, rom ozalis<br />

sikvdilis Semdeg mis organizacias mxars ar uWeren TurqeTis<br />

438

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

politikosebic ki. man Tqva, rom SeTo-s ori gany<strong>of</strong>ileba,<br />

savaraudod rom ganekuTvneba saerTaSoriso organizaciebs,<br />

premier-ministr Tansu Cileris brZanebiT ga<strong>da</strong>eca TurqeTis<br />

mTavrobas. nuresma agreTve Tqva:<br />

“ozali rom cocxali iyos, Cven ga<strong>da</strong>vlaxavdiT<br />

winaaRmdegobebs <strong>da</strong> mivaRwevdiT ufro maRal<br />

dones, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c ozals mSvenivrad SeeZlo am<br />

ideis mimzidvelobis <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba. Tu Cven ver<br />

SevZeliT, farTod gagveRo kari am miznebisaTvis,<br />

misi Sexedulebebi ki ar iyo <strong>da</strong>mnaSave, aramed xalxi.<br />

idea SesaniSnavia. TurqeTs un<strong>da</strong> Seesrulebina<br />

lokomotivis roli am organizaciis SigniT”. 29<br />

SeTo cdilobs aRorZinebas meore qarTveli mdivnis,<br />

saqarTvelos y<strong>of</strong>ili sagareo saqmeTa ministris, Tedo<br />

jafariZis <strong>da</strong>niSvnis Semdeg, magram mas aqvs mizeruli biujeti<br />

<strong>da</strong> safiqrebelia, rom cotam Tu vinmem icis saqarTveloSi,<br />

saerTod ras akeTebs es organizacia. es ar niSnavs, rom Savi<br />

zRvis regionuli gaerTianeba usargeblo ideaa. bolo dros Savi<br />

zRva ga<strong>da</strong>iqca avRaneTSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis ga<strong>da</strong>zidvis marSrutad:<br />

pirveli tvirTi gaigzavna bulgareTi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong><br />

Semdeg avRaneTSi 2003 wlis seqtemberSi. 2001 wlis aprilSi Savi<br />

zRvispireTis eqvsma qveyanam Seqmna Sav zRvaze saZebnosamaSvelo<br />

<strong>da</strong> humanitaruli operaciebis koordinirebis<br />

organizacia. magram ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> kargad<br />

<strong>da</strong>finansebuli SeTo-s saorganizacio struqturis seriozuli<br />

programis gareSe, rogorc suuam-i <strong>da</strong> dsT, SesaZloa, cariel<br />

sityvebad <strong>da</strong>rCes.<br />

saqarTvelos TurqeTTan urTierTobis gansaviTareblad,<br />

romelic mzard mniSvnelobas iZens samxreT kavkasiaSi, SeTo<br />

ar sWirdeba. ruseTis msgavsad, mezobeli qveynebisTvis<br />

TurqeTic sxvagvari qveyanaa. misi mosaxleoba 68 milionia,<br />

samxreT kavkasiis samive qveynis mosaxleoba ki, erTad aRebuli<br />

29 Nurver Nures. Lack <strong>of</strong> Interest, Not Lack <strong>of</strong> Success vis-à-vis Black Sea Economic<br />

Cooperation. – Turkish Daily News, June 22, 1999.<br />

439

Tomas de vaali<br />

_ 15 milioni; aqvs imaze meti teritoria <strong>da</strong> Semosavali, vidre<br />

saqarTvelos, somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijans erTad aRebuls.<br />

TurqeTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos aqvT mniSvnelovani saerTo<br />

interesebi, rac gamoixateba “bi-Ti-si”-sa <strong>da</strong> baqo-erzrumis<br />

proeqtebiT. TurqeTica <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloc iswrafvian, gaxdnen<br />

evrokavSiris wevrebi (amasTan, TurqeTis survili ufro<br />

realuria, vidre saqarTvelosi). saqarTvelos agreTve surs,<br />

TurqeTis kval<strong>da</strong>kval gaxdes natos wevri. aRmosavleTeli<br />

mezoblebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogorebicaa TurqeTi, irani, siria<br />

<strong>da</strong> somxeTi, saqarTvelo imeds iZleva, iyos saimedo politikuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> savaWro partniori. TurqeTi ki ukve aris moculobiT meore<br />

savaWro partniori saqarTvelosTvis. am or qveyanas Soris<br />

viTardeba samxedro TanamSromloba, Turqma samxedro mwvrTnelebma<br />

<strong>da</strong>ikaves TbilisTan axlos samxedro-sahaero bazis<br />

binebi, romlebic rusebma axlaxan <strong>da</strong>toves. 2003 wlis aprilSi<br />

TbilisSi Cam<strong>of</strong>rin<strong>da</strong> TurqeTis samxedroTa delegacia Stabis<br />

ufrosis, hilmi ozkokis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelmac, sxvaTa<br />

Soris, ganixila qarTuli samxedro personalis momzadebis<br />

sakiTxebi Turqi samxedro eqspertebis mier, qarTuli jaris<br />

<strong>da</strong>finanseba Turqebis mier, saqarTvelos samxedro-sahaero<br />

obieqtebis ganaxleba <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis <strong>da</strong>xmareba Savi zRvis<br />

flotis antiteroristuli qve<strong>da</strong>nay<strong>of</strong>ebis momzadebaSi. 30<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, saqarTvelosTvis ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT<br />

TurqeTi jer kidev CamorCeba ruseTs. istoriuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> lingvisturi faqtorebi sagrZnoblad aRemateba Tanamedrove<br />

politikur mosazrebebs. magaliTad, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

naxevari milioni qarTveli cxorobs <strong>da</strong> muSaobs ruseTSi, iq<br />

wasasvlelad qarTvelebi valdebulni arian, winaswar aiRon<br />

vizebi; TurqeTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c vizis gaformebas mxolod ramdenime<br />

wuTi sWirdeba, qarTvelebis ricxvi umniSvneloa.<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, nawilobriv es gamowveulia imiT, rom<br />

TurqeTi ubralod ruseTze Raribia, magram es jer kidev ar<br />

30 Igor Torbakov. Expl<strong>and</strong>ing Turkish-Georgian Strategic Ties Rankle Russia. – Eurasia<br />

Insight, April 25, 2003.<br />

440

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

niSnavs yvelafers. saqarTveloSi 2003 wlis noembris “vardebis<br />

revoluciis” mimarT TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis reaqciaTa<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>reba gviCvenebs, rom saqarTvelo gacilebiT Rrmad aris<br />

Cafluli ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> mis problemebSi, vidre TurqeTisaSi,<br />

moswons mas es Tu ara. rogorc ki SevardnaZis reJimi Seirya,<br />

ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri, igor ivanovi (saqarTveloSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebuli), maSinve Cam<strong>of</strong>rin<strong>da</strong> TbilisSi prezidentsa <strong>da</strong><br />

opozicias Soris saSuamavlod. ivanovs saswrafo molaparakeba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> orive mxaresTan; rusTavelis gamzirze demonstraciis<br />

monawileebsac ki elaparaka. igive suraTi ganmeor<strong>da</strong> 2004 wlis<br />

maisSi. amjerad pir<strong>da</strong>pir TurqeTis zRurblze, aWaraSi, roca<br />

ivanovi, amjerad ruseTis uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis rolSi,<br />

kvlav Cam<strong>of</strong>rin<strong>da</strong> mosalaparakeblad, rom aWaris didi xnis<br />

lideri, aslan abaSiZe, mSvidobianad wasuliyo Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

Zneli warmosadgenia, rom TurqeTs SeeZlo aseTi mniSvnelovani<br />

rolis TamaSi saqarTveloSi krizisis dros. faqtobrivad,<br />

“vardebis revolucia” TurqeTis mTavrobisTvis moulodneli<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. am dros premier-ministri <strong>da</strong> sagareo saqmeTa ministri<br />

qveyanaSi ar imy<strong>of</strong>ebodnen. komentarze orivem uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gazeTis mimomxilveli tunjai ozkani aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis periodSi TurqeTma <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelom <strong>da</strong>amyares<br />

megobruli kavSirebi, maTi samxedroebi mtkiced TanamSromloben<br />

magram, rogorc ozkani wers memarcxene centristul gazeT<br />

“aksamSi”, TurqeTi ver erkveva mimdinare movlenebSi (kavkasiaSi),<br />

rom araferi vTqvaT maT manipulirebaze. 31 rogorc Cans, TurqeTi<br />

ver flobs enasa <strong>da</strong> formats, rom saqarTvelosTan urTierToba<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>itanos yoveldRiuri politikuri dialogis reJimSi, rasac<br />

ver vityviT ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> aSS-ze.<br />

amrigad, Tanamedrove istoria <strong>da</strong> Zlieri institucionaluri<br />

struqtura, rac gaaCnia ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs, jer<br />

kidev aRemateba saqarTvelos yvela geografiul <strong>da</strong> istoriul<br />

31 Mevlut Karik. Will Turkey Meet The Strategic Challenge In Georgia? – Eurasia<br />

Insight, December 12, 2003.<br />

441

Tomas de vaali<br />

pretenzias. friad ucnauria, rom TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> iranis samxreT<br />

kavkasiaSi CarTulobis strategiis indikatoria is interesi,<br />

romelic maT gamoxates kavkasiaSi “usafrTxoebis paqtis”<br />

momakv<strong>da</strong>vi koncefciis mimarT. prezidentma demirelma mxari<br />

<strong>da</strong>uWira am ideas euTo-s samitze 1999 wels. iranis sagareo<br />

saqmeTa ministri qamal xarazi cdilob<strong>da</strong>, gaecocxlebina es<br />

gegma 2003 wels aprilSi, roca samxreT kavkasias ewvia.<br />

usafrTxoebis paqti xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> orive mxares, am regionSi<br />

eTamaSaT is roli, rac maT amJamad ar gaaCniaT.<br />

442<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvna<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebi<strong>da</strong>n aT welze meti xnis Semdeg<br />

saqarTvelo aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> ucnaur situaciaSi: igi kvlav Sescqeris<br />

or Soreul de<strong>da</strong>qalaqs _ vaSingtonsa <strong>da</strong> moskovs politikuri<br />

arCevanis gakeTebisas <strong>da</strong> man saocrad cota ram gaakeTa uaxloes<br />

mezoblebTan TanamSromlobis gansaviTareblad. TbilisSi<br />

saakaSvilis dros mTavrobis sasaxlis Tavze evropis droSa<br />

mowmobs im axal survils, romelmac saboloo angariSiT SeiZleba<br />

uzrunvelyos saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis meti stabiluroba,<br />

magram jerjerobiT amisi Sedegi ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis zr<strong>da</strong>a:<br />

evropis sabWos jer ara aqvs farTo monawileobis gamocdileba<br />

didi regionebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad. saqarTvelos<br />

mezobel qveynebSi mdgomareoba wynari araa. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizezebis<br />

gamo, saqarTvelom ver moipova raime strategiuli<br />

upiratesoba samxreT kavkasiaSi verc Tavisi centraluri<br />

mdgomareobiT <strong>da</strong> verc TurqeTTan <strong>da</strong> iranTan axlo mdebareobiT,<br />

radgan is <strong>da</strong>Sorebulia mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti<strong>da</strong>n, aqvs Ria<br />

sazRvrebi somxeTTan, azerbaijanTan <strong>da</strong> TurqeTTan, agreTve<br />

Tavis meoTxe mezobelTan _ ruseTTan, magram mas ara aqvs<br />

grZelvadiani SeTanxmebebi usafrTxoebis sferoSi arc erT am<br />

qveyanasTan. saqarTvelos centraluri geografiuli mdebareoba<br />

SeiZleba usargebloc iyos. saqarTvelo aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> or moqiSpe<br />

banaks Soris: TurqeTi-azerbaijani <strong>da</strong> ruseTi-somxeTi-irani,

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi Soreuli mezoblebi<br />

romelTagan TiToeuli cdilobs, Seqmnas energetikuli derefani.<br />

saqarTvelo amjobinebs pirvel alianss, magram meoris<br />

ignorirebac ar SeuZlia <strong>da</strong> angariSi un<strong>da</strong> gauwios ruseTis<br />

survils, kavSiri hqondes somxeTTan. 32<br />

regionuli TanamSromlobiT ar<strong>da</strong>intereseba warmoadgens<br />

saqarTvelos strategiuli sisustis erT-erT mTavar faqtors.<br />

“gamouyenebeli potencialis” Tema am TavSi bevrgan vaxseneT:<br />

roca aSS-ruseTs Soris urTierTobaTa Cavardna an progresi<br />

Zlier gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos sagareo politikaze,<br />

Tumca bolo 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

mezoblebis urTierTobaSi winsvla ar y<strong>of</strong>ila. did saxelmwifoTa<br />

urTierTmetoqeoba xels uwyobs am tedencias. aravi-<br />

Tari safuZveli ar gvaqvs velodoT, rom “regionuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adoba”<br />

xorcs Seasxams <strong>da</strong> gaaumjobesebs im regionis<br />

ekonomikur integracias, romlisTvisac <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />

mravalferovneba <strong>da</strong> istoriuli undobloba. magram saqarTvelos<br />

elitam Tavis Tavze un<strong>da</strong> aiRos pasuxismgebloba im<br />

arCevanisaTvis, romelsac is akeTebs an ar akeTebs. legaluri<br />

vaWroba, rogorc aucilebeli piroba metad axlo urTierTobisaTvis<br />

kavkasiis qveynebs Soris, jer kidev SezRudulia.<br />

2003 wels saqarTvelos udides eqsports warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> jarTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> xe-tye, rac mas umeteswilad aqcevs mrewvelobis uqonel<br />

qveynad, romelsac ara aqvs ganviTarebuli arc mrewveloba <strong>da</strong><br />

arc mtkice suvereniteti. sasazRvro SezRudvebi, kontraban<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveoba anadgurebs yovelgvar, TviT mcire imedsac ki,<br />

rom saqarTvelos eqneba Tavisufali vaWroba <strong>da</strong> Ria bazrebi.<br />

aRniSnulma problemebma Seaferxa saqarTvelos ekonomikuri<br />

32 iran-somxeTis gazsadeni “gazpromis” interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba, Tumca<br />

interfaqsis cnobiT (2004 wlis 2 Tebervali), ruseTis premier-ministris<br />

moadgilem, boris alioSinma erevanSi gamarTul konferenciaze<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom iran-somxeTis gazsadeni ruseTis interesebSi Sedis,<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n es somxeTSi arsebul energogeneratorebze ruseTis uflebebs<br />

gazrdis. man Tqva, rom “gazpromi”, SesaZloa, somxeTis teritoriaze<br />

arsebuli gazsadeni milis nawilis operirebas Caudges saTaveSi.<br />

SesaZlebelia, aRniSnuli mili saqarTvelos sazRvramdec gagrZeldes.<br />

443

Tomas de vaali<br />

SesaZleblobebi, misi usafrTxoebis stabiluroba <strong>da</strong> xeli<br />

SeuSala misi regionuli potencialis gamoyenebas. adgilobrivi<br />

<strong>da</strong> centraluri korumpirebuli liderebi sakuTari materialuri<br />

keTildReobiT ufro arian <strong>da</strong>interesebulni, vidre<br />

saxelmwifos grZelvadiani perspeqtivebiT.<br />

saqarTvelos ganviTarebisTvis yvelaze imedismomcemia ori<br />

navTobsadenis mSenebloba. es <strong>da</strong>exmareba saqarTvelos, aRar<br />

iyos <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli ruseTze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdes evropas, Tumca<br />

navTobsadenebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis garkveul<br />

safrTxesa <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobasac Seicavs. navTobsadenis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a, romelsac mxars uWers <strong>da</strong>savleTi,<br />

saqarTvelos Tavs axvevs usafrTxoebis ufro farTo problemebs,<br />

rasTanac mas aqamde saqme ar hqonia.<br />

mokled, saxmeleTo regionuli TanamSromlobis uqonloba<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d, regionSi, kerZod, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> mis samxreTkavkasiel<br />

mezoblebs Soris zrdis aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis gavlenas<br />

<strong>da</strong> maT Soris winaaRmdegobas. Sedegad, saqarTvelo, saubedurod,<br />

ganicdis moskovsa <strong>da</strong> vaSingtons Soris urTierTobaTa<br />

cvlilebis gavlenas. marTalia, Tavis regionSi <strong>da</strong>rRveuli<br />

mezobloba <strong>da</strong> misi gaurkveveli momavali marto saqarTvelos<br />

brali ar aris, magram manac cota ram gaakeTa yovelgvari bzarisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> barieris aRmosafxvrelad.<br />

444

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis<br />

modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

bruno kopitersi<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvna<br />

saqarTvelo susti, regionebad <strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli saxelmwifoa.<br />

mas Semdeg, rac 1991 wlis aprilSi igi sabWoTa kavSirs gamoeyo,<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs ganuwyvetliv ebadebo<strong>da</strong>T kiTxva, SeZleb<strong>da</strong> Tu<br />

ara axali <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifo, <strong>da</strong>eZlia mosalodneli<br />

anarqia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emyarebina suverenuli <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong>.<br />

usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> misi samxreT<br />

kavkasieli mezobeli saxelmwifoebi _ somxeTi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijani<br />

∗ min<strong>da</strong> madloba ga<strong>da</strong>vuxado viaCeslav Cirikbas, jorj hiuits, magali<br />

rodrigess, qsiaoukun songs, dimitri trenins <strong>da</strong> sxvebs, vinc wvlili<br />

Seitana am naSromSi, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel teqstSi maT mier mocemuli<br />

SeniSvnebisaTvis. centr-periferiis modelis misa<strong>da</strong>geba saqarTvelos<br />

saSinao <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso usafrTxo garemos mimarT warmodgenili iyo<br />

somxeTSi Catarebul konferenciaze: “samxreT kavkasia <strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTis<br />

politikis moTxovnebi”, an arbori, miCigani, 21-24 oqtomberi, 2004; <strong>da</strong><br />

“Sortir de l’Empire: le cas des Etats sud-caucasiens,” parizi, 25-26 noemberi, 2004 w.<br />

periferiis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mniSvnelobebs Soris gansxvavebis Sesaxeb, rogorc<br />

es gamoyenebulia evropis kavSiris (EU) <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

adreul wlebSi (1991), ix. bruno kopitersis “saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> evropa:<br />

periferiis cneba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi” bruno kopitersis,<br />

aleqsei zverevisa <strong>da</strong> dimitri treninis gamocemaSi “saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba postsabWoTa evraziaSi (londoni, frank kasi, 1998), gv.<br />

44-68. es <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba mocemulia bruno kopitersis “evropis kavSiris<br />

warmomadgeneli axal periferiaSi”, dov lindis naSromSi “samxreT<br />

kavkasia: evrokavSiris moTxovnebi, Challiot Papers # 65, (dekemberi, 2003 w.),<br />

gv.161-170, <strong>da</strong> miSel emersoni, marius vali, bruno kopitersi, miSel<br />

huseni, Tamara kovziriZe, gergana nuCeva <strong>da</strong> naTali toCi, “gaevropeleba<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgenileba konfliqtis Taobaze: evropis periferiis Sesaxeb” Journal<br />

<strong>and</strong> Minority Issues in Europe, 1 (2004), http://www.ecmi.de/jemie/<br />

445

uno kopitersi<br />

– warmoadgenen kavkasiis farTo regionis nawilebs, romlebsac<br />

mZime dro udgaT sam Zlier saxelmwifosTan – ruseTTan,<br />

iranTan <strong>da</strong> TurqeTTan – Tanaarsebobis gamo. am arastabilur<br />

regionSi arsebobs sami de faqto saxelmwifo – mTiani yarabaRi,<br />

afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTi 1 , rac metwilad gamowveulia<br />

mezobeli saxelmwifoebis gareSe mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT. es situacia<br />

gviCvenebs masStabs, Tu ramdenad aris moSlili politikuri<br />

urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba am erebs Soris.<br />

winamdebare naSromis SesavalSi aRwerilia “saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>” friad “arastabiluri <strong>da</strong> saSiSi<br />

samezoblos” konteqstSi <strong>da</strong> am usafrTxoebis ori sakiTxi,<br />

romelic saqarTvelom un<strong>da</strong> moagvaros. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amtkicos, rom SeuZlia Tavis moqalaqeTa<br />

uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a sazogadoebrivi keTildReobiT. aseTi saqmis<br />

Sesruleba ga<strong>da</strong>jaWvulia usafrTxo regionalur garemos<br />

SeqmnasTan.<br />

am naSromis zogierTi Tavi eZRvneba saqarTveloSi “sa-<br />

Sinao” <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>ze zrunvas, magaliTad, 1991-92 wlebis<br />

samoqalaqo omi, separatistuli moZraoba avtonomiur er-<br />

TeulebSi – samxreT oseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi an samxedro saqmeze<br />

samoqalaqo kontroli. sxva Tavebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d exeba saer-<br />

TaSoriso urTierTobebs samxreT kavkasiaSi, agreTve mezobeli<br />

qveynebis rols, gareSe Zalebs <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />

organizaciebs, ikvlevs, SeiZleba Tu ara, samxreT kavkasias<br />

ewodos regioni Tavisi sakuTari uflebebiT Tu is un<strong>da</strong><br />

warmovadginoT, rogorc didi regionulierTeulis nawili.<br />

saSinao <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso perspeqtivebi, romlebic warmodgenilia<br />

am naSromSi, Tanxvdeba im TvalsazrisiT, rom<br />

regionis <strong>da</strong>y<strong>of</strong>a-<strong>da</strong>nawilebis istoria aisaxeba saqarTveloSi<br />

mimdinare mc<strong>da</strong>r mimarTulebebsa <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebze; ne-<br />

1 1999 wlis ruseTis samxedro intervenciis Sedegad CeCneTi, rogorc de<br />

faqto saxelmwifo, ganadgurebuli iqna. es ar niSnavs, rom am omma warmoSva<br />

CeCneTis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba an konfliqti, romlis<br />

safuZvelic suverenitetis moTxovna iyo.<br />

446

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

bismieri progresi regionuli integraciis saqmeSi uTuod<br />

ukavSirdeba saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> erovnuli Senebis procesebs<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi.<br />

saqarTveloSi usafrTxoebis Seswavla ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d usafr-<br />

Txoebis zogad gansazRvras efuZneba. is afasebs saxelmwifos<br />

institutebisa <strong>da</strong> regionulistabilurobisadmi arsebul<br />

Semdeg saSiSroebebs: separatistul konfliqtebSi cecxlis<br />

Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaTa warumateblobas, mcire<br />

masStabis SeiaraRebis zr<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> organizebuli <strong>da</strong>naSaulis<br />

saxelmwifo struqturebSi SeRwevas. SevardnaZis reJimis bolo<br />

wlebSi dominireb<strong>da</strong> sazogado diskusiebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu<br />

raoden saxifaToa korufcia <strong>da</strong> reformebis warumatebloba<br />

ekonomikis ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos saxelmwifos<br />

arsebobisaTvis.<br />

saxelmwifos qmediTobis gaumjobesebis mcdelobisaTvis<br />

gverdis avla is samwuxaro niSani iyo, riTic SevardnaZis<br />

mmarTvelobis bolo wlebi gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>. araviTari Sedegi ar<br />

mohyolia saqarTvelos mTavrobaze “megobruli” Zalebis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n ganxorcielebul gareSe zewolas, gansakuTrebiT<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, raTa saqarTvelos<br />

moexdina SeiaraRebuli Zalebis restruqturizacia an Seecvala<br />

finansuri politika. saqarTvelo aRar aRiqmeba, rogorc<br />

ubralod Tanamedrove susti saxelmwifo im gansakuTrebul<br />

garemoebaTa gamo, rogorebicaa gegmuri<strong>da</strong>n sabazro ekonomikaze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>svla, ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba an warumatebloba,<br />

separatistul erTeulebTan politikuri statusis Taobaze<br />

mSvidobiani SeTanxmeba. amis Seusrulebloba umetesad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rogorc <strong>da</strong>Tmoba struqturuli mizezebis gamo.<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli SiSi imisa, rom postSevardnaZis<br />

dro ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong> mSvidobiani <strong>da</strong> gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> bevr iseT<br />

movlenas, rac saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis adreul<br />

periodSi mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTvelo iyo ara<br />

marto “susti saxelmwifo” saxelmwifoebrivi kriteriumebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT (rogorebicaa unari, moepovebina saWiro re-<br />

447

uno kopitersi<br />

sursebi ZiriTadi saxelmwifoebrivi funqciebis Sesasruleblad,<br />

socialur urTierTobaTa mosawesrigeblad, mizanmimarTulad<br />

gamoeyenebina sazogadoebrivi resursebi,<br />

<strong>da</strong>efuZnebina legitimuri mmarTveloba) 2 –is garkveul momentSi<br />

CaiZira sisustis subkategoriaSi, romelic cnobilia<br />

“arSemdgari saxelmwifos” saxeliT. es mox<strong>da</strong> maSin, roca<br />

saqarTvelo konfrontaciaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTTan <strong>da</strong> roca pirveli demokratiulad arCeuli<br />

prezidentis, zviad gamsaxurdias g<strong>and</strong>evnis periodSi samoqalaqo<br />

ukmay<strong>of</strong>ileba azvirT<strong>da</strong>.<br />

cneba “arSemdgari saxelmwifo” miuTiTebs iseT institucionalur<br />

saxeze, sa<strong>da</strong>c politikur institutebs sruli<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sla emuqreba. aseTi totaluri kolafsi, romelmac saqarTvelo<br />

“arSemdgar saxelmwifod” ga<strong>da</strong>aqcia, SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />

y<strong>of</strong>iliyo SevardnaZis prezidentobisas mis Sesacvlelad<br />

brZolis Sedegi. is SeiZleba y<strong>of</strong>iliyo ruseT-CeCneTis omis<br />

Sedegi, romelic saqarTvelosac Seexo an kidev afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTSi cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmebis <strong>da</strong>rRveva.<br />

mogvianebiT siRaribis winaaRmdeg saprotesto moZraoba <strong>da</strong><br />

korufcia, SesaZloa, saxalxo ajanyebis mizezi gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo, rac,<br />

Tavis mxriv, areulobasa <strong>da</strong> masobriv Zaladobas gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong>.<br />

magram aseTi ubeduri SemTxveva ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra. 2003 wlis<br />

noembris movlenebs parlamentis gayalbebuli arCevnebi <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

tipis reJimis <strong>da</strong>myareba mohyva. saqarTvelos uunarobam,<br />

gaetarebina reformebi, ar gamoiwvia anarqia <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sla. piriqiT, man Sedegad miiRo mTavrobis winaaRmdeg kargad<br />

2 winamdebare wignSi mocemuli “susti saxelmwifos” gia nodiaseuli<br />

ganmarteba efuZneba joel s. idgalis “Strong Societies <strong>and</strong> Weak States: State-<br />

Society Relations <strong>and</strong> State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton<br />

University Press, 1998), gv. 4. Cem mier ganxorcielebuli analizisas, me<br />

agreTve viyeneb saxelmwifos efeqturobis kriteriumebs, romelic<br />

warmoadgina biungki kimam konferenciaze “Comparative Regionalism: Cases in<br />

Europe <strong>and</strong> East Asia”. konferencia organizebuli iyo CineTis renmimis<br />

universitetis mier, pekini, 2005 wlis 8-9 aprili. ix. Robert I. Rotberg, ed., When<br />

States Fail. Causes <strong>and</strong> Consequences (Priceton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).<br />

448

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

organizebuli ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba <strong>da</strong> politikuri elitis didi<br />

nawilic mmarTvelobas Camoscil<strong>da</strong>.<br />

am TavSi me Camovayalibeb <strong>da</strong>skvnebs am sakiTxebisadmi<br />

miZRvnili statiebi<strong>da</strong>n, romlebic exeba im faqtorTa urTierTqmedebas,<br />

ramac ganapiroba saqarTvelos nacionaluri <strong>da</strong><br />

regionuli usafrTxoebis urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebani, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki SevardnaZi<strong>da</strong>n saakaSvilamde mravalaspeqtian<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi. robert legvoldma am Sromis SesavalSi<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom saqarTveloSi nacionaluri <strong>da</strong> regionuli<br />

usafrTxoebis politikis bevrma aspeqtma kompleqsuri<br />

formiT moiyara Tavi. Semajamebeli Tavi aris imis mcdeloba,<br />

gaaSuqos wignSi warmodgenili analizis yvelaze reliefuri<br />

elementebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, romlebic Seexeba saqarTvelos<br />

usafrTxoebis politikas saSinao <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />

sferoSi.<br />

am mizniT gamoviyeneb “centrisa” <strong>da</strong> “periferiis” koncefcias<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos ganvixilav centrisa <strong>da</strong> periferiis<br />

kuTxiT. rogorc suverenulma saxelmwifom, saqarTvelom<br />

Tavisi Zalaufleba un<strong>da</strong> gaavrcelos mTel teritoriaze. am<br />

Tvalsazrisi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo<br />

SeiZleba CavTvaloT centrad. saqarTvelo Zlier saxelmwifoebTan<br />

konfrontaciul mdgomareobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i patara<br />

saxelmwifoa, igi iRvwis <strong>da</strong> cdilobs, saerTaSoriso iuridiul<br />

doneze sxvebis Tanabari C<strong>and</strong>es. saerTaSoriso urTierTobis<br />

am perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelo Cans, rogorc periferia.<br />

suverenobis koncefcia – teritoriisa <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis kontroli,<br />

agreTve imis ufleba, rom saerTaSoriso arenaze sxva<br />

saxelmwifoebis Tanabari legaluri statusi moiTxovos – metad<br />

mniSvnelovania am orive tipis urTierTobaSi.<br />

centr-periferiis modeli<br />

suverenobasa <strong>da</strong> hegemoniaze arsebuli im saSinao <strong>da</strong><br />

saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis gasaanalizeblad, romelSic<br />

449

uno kopitersi<br />

saqarTvelo aris CarTuli, centr-periferiis modeli, SesaZloa,<br />

gamosadegi aRmoCndes. es modeli tradiciulad<br />

gamoiyeneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis procesebis gasaanalizeblad,<br />

rac sazRvrebiT sivrcobrivi <strong>da</strong>qucmacebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs.<br />

3 mas gaaCnia erTgvari geometriuli sawyisi, magram<br />

metaforulad gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> bevr sxva disciplinaSi politikuri<br />

geografiis, 4 arqeologiis, 5 politekonomiis, 6<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi federalizmis CaTvliT. 7 politikur geografiaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispireba centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferias Soris mWidrod ukav-<br />

Sirdeba iseT urTierTsapirispiro cnebebs (diqotomiebs),<br />

rogorebicaa qveynis “Suaguli” <strong>da</strong> “sanapiro”. centris cneba<br />

agreTve <strong>da</strong>kvSirebulia terminebTan “Suaguli” “birTvi”<br />

3 ix. Jean Gottmann, ed. Center <strong>and</strong> Periphery: Spatial Variations in Politics (London:<br />

Sage, 1980) ; Georges Prevelakis. Jean Gottmann’s Relevance in To<strong>da</strong>y’s World.<br />

moxseneba warmodgenili erhart fondis konferenciaze sazogadoebrivi<br />

mecnierebebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, bostonis universiteti, 6-7<br />

dekemberi, 2002 w., http://www.bu.edu/uni/iass/conf/George%20Prevelakis,pdf; Claude<br />

Grasl<strong>and</strong>. Center/Periphery, http://hypergeo.free.fr/article.php3?id_frticle=186.<br />

4 Jean Gottmann. Confronting Center <strong>and</strong> Periphery // Gottmann, ed., pp. 11-25; Paul<br />

Claval. Center/Periphery <strong>and</strong> Space: Models <strong>of</strong> Political Geography // Gottmann, ed., pp.<br />

63-71; George W. H<strong>of</strong>fman. Variations in Center-Periphery Relations in Southeast Europe<br />

// Gottmann, ed., pp. 111-133.<br />

5 Tim C. Champion, ed. Center <strong>and</strong> Periphery: Comparative Studies in Archaeology<br />

(London: Routledge, 1995).<br />

6 ix. sxva mravalTa Soris Raimondo Strassoldo. Center-Periphery <strong>and</strong> System-<br />

Boun<strong>da</strong>ry: Culturological Perspectives // Gottmann, ed., p. 42-44 è Immanuel Wallerstein.<br />

The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture <strong>and</strong> the Origins <strong>of</strong> the European World<br />

Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974).<br />

7 saSinao politikis analizisas tradiciulad centr-periferiis cnebebi<br />

gamoiyeneba, gansakuTrebiT ki federaluri urTierTobebis analizis<br />

dros. msgavs formulirebas aqvs adgili, magaliTad, ruseTis erovnul<br />

mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong> mcire geografiuli iurisprudenciis mqone mmarTvelobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>bali safexurebis analizis dros. ix. sxva mravalTa Soris, Daniel R.<br />

Kempton <strong>and</strong> Terry D. Clark, eds. Unity or Separation: Center-Periphery Relations in<br />

the Former Soviet Union (London: Praeger, 2002). mecnierebaTa istoriaSi misi<br />

gamoyenebisTvis ix. Center <strong>and</strong> Periphery Revisited: The Structures <strong>of</strong> European<br />

Science, 1750-1914 // Revue de la Maison Française d’Oxford, vol. I, no. 2 (2003), http:/<br />

/www.mfo.ac.uk/Publications/Revue%20Fox/introduction.htm. sistemebis ZiriTadi<br />

Teoriis gamoyenebisaTvis ix. Strassoldo, p. 50.<br />

450

“RerZuli are”, xolo periferiis cneba _ “sazRvari or<br />

qveysnas” Soris, “sazRvrebi”, “ori teritoriis gamy<strong>of</strong>i xazi”.<br />

yvela es sityva msgavs ideebs badebs <strong>da</strong> gaaCnia evristiuli<br />

SesaZlebloba. 8<br />

centr-periferiis sqema pirvelad gamoyenebuli iqneba<br />

saqarTvelos saSinao wyobis <strong>da</strong> Semdeg saerTaSoriso arenaze<br />

saqarTvelos adgilis mimarT. magram centr-periferiis urTierToba<br />

metad gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas iZens Si<strong>da</strong> urTierTobebis<br />

Sesaxeb arsebul _ magaliTad, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi federalizmisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis Sesaxeb<br />

literaturaSi. Cveni miznis misaRwevad kargi iqneba centrperiferiis<br />

cnebaTa stan<strong>da</strong>rtizacia. amrigad, me zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />

ganvasxvaveb sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis centr-periferiis urTier-<br />

Tobebs saSinao <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso sferoebSi. es gansxvaveba<br />

gamoiyeneba, rogorc mTavari ideuri iaraRi, romelic aRwers<br />

Rrma cvlilebebs Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos avtonomiur<br />

erTeulebs Soris saSinao urTierTobaSi; agreTve Tbilissa <strong>da</strong><br />

mTavar garegan ZalTa aqtivobas Soris am regionebSi, romlebic<br />

eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos samive saprezidento reJims<br />

(gamsaxurdia 1991-1992 ww; SevardnaZe 1992-2003 <strong>da</strong> saakaSvili<br />

2004- ).<br />

SesaZloa, ganvasxvavoT centr-periferiis urTierTobis<br />

oTxi tipi. oTxive tipi SeiZleba ganvalagoT saSinao an sagareo<br />

doneebze, rasac naTlad gamoxatuli sivrcobrivi ganzomileba<br />

eqneba. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, isini Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso doneebze<br />

gamoxataven asimetrias materialur <strong>da</strong> normatiul wyaroebSi,<br />

romelsac mivyavarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT <strong>da</strong> ierarqiul urTierTobebTan<br />

centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferias Soris. suverenobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

hegemoniis koncefcia gviCvenebs, rom centri dominirebs<br />

periferiaze.<br />

pirveli, cneba “periferia” centr-periferiis urTier-<br />

T<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi ganekuTvneba konfrontaciis gansakuTrebul<br />

formas – sazRvrebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c centrma un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>icvas<br />

8 Claval, p.64<br />

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

451

uno kopitersi<br />

Tavisi interesebi, an im sa<strong>da</strong>vo xazs, sa<strong>da</strong>c centri konfrontaciaSia<br />

garegan muqarasTan.<br />

meore, cneba “centri” <strong>da</strong> “periferia” SeiZleba gamoyenebuli<br />

iqnas integraciis procesis an centris mier periferiis<br />

progresuli asimilaciis gamosaxatad. am SemTxvevaSi es modeli<br />

gviCvenebs sivrcobrivi Si<strong>da</strong>urTierTqmedebis mudmiv dinebas<br />

or ukidures mxares Soris <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebul swrafvas centris<br />

mimarTulebiT. 9<br />

mesame, “periferia” SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT raimes, rasac<br />

centrisTvis marginaluri mniSvneloba aqvs. maSin centri<br />

SeinarCunebs ze<strong>da</strong>pirul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas periferiis mimarT.<br />

meoTxe tipi centr-periferiis urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi<br />

isaa, roca periferia warmoadgens erTgvar xids, romelic<br />

akavSirebs erT mikroraions (Si<strong>da</strong> doneze) sxva mikroraionTan<br />

an romelime makroraions (saerTaSoriso doneze) sxva mikro an<br />

makroraionTan.<br />

materialuri <strong>da</strong> normatiuli wyaroebis Zireuli uTanabroba<br />

centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferias Soris saerToa zemoT CamoTvlil<br />

centr-periferiis urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />

oTxive tipisaTvis. periferiis cnebis azri _ roca saqme exeba<br />

sazRvrebs, gansakuTrebiT ki konfliqtis gamy<strong>of</strong> xazebs an<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>vo xazebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c centri garegan muqarasTan konfrontaciaSi<br />

moicavs asimetriul <strong>da</strong> ierarqiul urTierTobas<br />

centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferias Soris _es igivea, rac integraciisa an<br />

asimilaciis procesis gamosaxatad am ori terminis gamoyeneba<br />

an periferiis <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba, Seasrulos <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli xidis<br />

funqcia centrisTvis. centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferias Soris indiferentuloba<br />

aris agreTve asimetriuli urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />

sxvanairi gamoxatva. periferias centrisTvis<br />

SeiZleba hqondes marginaluri mniSvneloba, Tumca piriqiT ki<br />

iSviaTad xdeba.<br />

or poluss Soris asimetriuli <strong>da</strong> ierarqiuli urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />

SeiZleba asaxavdes ufro mets, vidre<br />

9 centr-periferiis dinamikur xasiaTze ix. H<strong>of</strong>fman, pp.111-133.<br />

452

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

Tavad uTanabrobis mdgomareobaa. centris cneba <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />

civilizaciasa <strong>da</strong> Zveli kulturis qveynebSi xSirad aRiqmeba,<br />

rogorc maradiuli, wmi<strong>da</strong>Tawmin<strong>da</strong>, gonismiRmeuli, maSin, roca<br />

periferia warmodgenilia, rogorc droebiTi, arapativsacemi<br />

fizikuri realoba. saxelmwifos Tanamedrove gagebiT, suverenoba<br />

gaaCnia mxolod centrs. saxelmwifos Zalaufleba<br />

vrceldeba mTel mis iurisdiqciaSi my<strong>of</strong> teritoriaze.<br />

sazRvrebi uCvenebs centris Zalauflebis zRvars, zRu<strong>da</strong>vs<br />

gareSe Zalebs, akrZaluli xerxebiT Caerion saSinao saqmeebSi.<br />

teritoriuli mTlianobis princips es “wmi<strong>da</strong>Tawmidis” mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebs.<br />

rogorc raime idealuri tipis gansxvavebulobis Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi, centr-periferiis urTierTobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

tipebi ar gamoxatavs empiriul realobas, magram aqcents<br />

akeTebs, azviadebs an aidealebs gansakuTrebul empiriul<br />

ganxilvas socialuri realobis ukeT gasagebad. urTierTobis<br />

es sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipebi erTmaneTs ar gamoricxavs.<br />

dominirebis urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebani, romelnic xasiaTdebian<br />

konfliqtiT, integraciiT an ganurCevlobiT,<br />

SeiZleba Sereuli iyos saSinao an sagareo urTierTobasTan.<br />

Tu centri, sa<strong>da</strong>c mmarTveloba <strong>da</strong> Zalaufleba imy<strong>of</strong>eba,<br />

qmnis Rirebulebebs <strong>da</strong> normebs, rasac iTvisebs periferia,<br />

maSin centr-periferiis urTierToba ganisazRvreba integraciiT.<br />

rogorc uuflebo periferiis asimilaciis<br />

alternativa, periferiam SeiZleba gamoTqvas ukmay<strong>of</strong>ileba,<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyos saprotesto moqmedeba <strong>da</strong> konfrontaciaSi<br />

Sevides centrTan.<br />

radganac centr-periferiis urTierTobis yvela forma<br />

asimetriuli <strong>da</strong> ierarqiulia, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom ori<br />

mxaris urTierTobaTa transformaciaze zemoqmedebs TiToeul<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebul mxareSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlilebebi, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki, periferiisagan gansxvavebiT, centrSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlilebebi.<br />

centr-periferiis modelis gamoyeneba Semdgom uSvebs, rom or<br />

mxares Soris urTierTobaTa transformacia ufro Zireulad<br />

zemoqmedebs periferiaze, vidre centrze.<br />

453

uno kopitersi<br />

centris arsi mkveTrad aisaxeba periferiaze, xolo periferiis<br />

arsi _ misi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT centrisadmi. centri aris<br />

Suaguli, romelic qmnis TavisTavs zemoaRniSnul urTierTobaTa<br />

erTi an meti tipis meSveobiT, rogorebicaa Tavisi<br />

periferiis asimilacia, sazRvrebis mtkiced <strong>da</strong>cva an periferiis<br />

sxva raionebTan <strong>da</strong>makavSirebel xi<strong>da</strong>d gamoyeneba. 10 magram<br />

periferiebic aqtiurad qmnian TavisTavs centrze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />

gziT, integraciis meSveobiT an centrTan<br />

konfrontaciiT.<br />

centr-periferiis urTierTobaTa warmoqmna ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

gavigoT, rogorc statikuri mdgomareoba. ar un<strong>da</strong> gamoiricxos<br />

ukucvlilebani <strong>da</strong>pirispirebulobisas. garkveul<br />

garemoebebSi periferiam SeiZleba Seasrulos ganaxlebis<br />

funqcia <strong>da</strong> moiTxovos mniSvnelovani rolis TamaSi qveynis<br />

mTel sistemaSi, Secvalos Tavisi wyobileba an moiTxovos<br />

sakuTari centris Seqmna. aseTi ukusvla <strong>da</strong>pirispirebulobisas<br />

SeiZleba iyos centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferias Soris<br />

urTierTobaTa Zireuli cvlilebis Sedegi, rac ufro<br />

amyarebs am ukanasknelis mdgomareobas, gaxdes dominanturi<br />

centri. am tipis periferia SesaZlebelia aRmocendes,<br />

rogorc centri im SemTxvevaSic, roca imperiuli centri<br />

<strong>da</strong>iSleba. is Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi ga<strong>da</strong>svla <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaken SeiZleba moxdes maSinac, Tu mopir<strong>da</strong>pire<br />

polusebi moiTxoven Tanabar funqciebs politikur<br />

sistemaSi. istoriaSi centri<strong>da</strong>n periferiisaken<br />

dominirebis cvlilebis uamravi magaliTia – <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />

CineTis, makedoniisa <strong>da</strong> romis imperiebSi mimdinare procesebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

<strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli CrdiloeT amerikaSi britaneTis<br />

koloniebi<strong>da</strong>n axal saxelmwifoTa warmoqmniT. 11 msgavsia<br />

ekonomikis istoriaSi arsebuli ukucvlilebani <strong>da</strong>piris-<br />

10 Strassoldo, pp. 27-61.<br />

11 ix. Owen Lattimore, “Thre periphery as Locus <strong>of</strong> Innovation,” in Gottmann, ed., pp.<br />

205-215; <strong>and</strong> Jean Gottmann, “Organizing <strong>and</strong> Reorganizing Space,” in Gottmann, ed.,<br />

pp.217-224.<br />

454

pirebul polusebSi , rogorc erTi saxelmwifos regionebs,<br />

ise makroregionebs Soris ms<strong>of</strong>lio sistemaSi.<br />

sivrcobriv urTierTobebSi wamyvani funqcia aqvT politikuri<br />

elitis warmomadgenlebsac . periferiebma SeiZleba<br />

<strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli xidis roli iTamaSos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva centrebs<br />

Soris <strong>da</strong> am periferiebi<strong>da</strong>n politikur liderebs SeuZliaT,<br />

xeli Seuwyon regionul TanamSromlobas, iTamaSon SemakavSireblis<br />

roli.<br />

raimondo strasoldo miuTiTebs, rom periferiebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

(alzas-loreni <strong>da</strong> raingebiti) mosulma “umniSvnelo” pirebma<br />

_ Jan monetma an konrad adenauerma ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli iTamaSes<br />

safrangeTisa <strong>da</strong> germaniis evropaSi integraciaSi. Tumca,<br />

agreTve SeiZleba periferii<strong>da</strong>n mosulma politikurma liderebma<br />

usityvo erTguleba <strong>da</strong>amtkicon centris mimarT, rac<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> napoleonis (korsiki<strong>da</strong>n) <strong>da</strong> stalinis (saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n)<br />

SemTxvevaSi. 12<br />

centr-periferiis modeli sivrcobrivi modelia <strong>da</strong> sivrcobrivi<br />

urTierTobani uaRresad mniSvnelovania, roca<br />

erovnuli moZraoba cdilobs, Secvalos garkveuli teritoriis<br />

sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>aadgilos qveynis mosaxleoba. es movlena<br />

warmoadgens periferiis protests Tavisi statusis, rogorc<br />

<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebulis winaaRmdeg. magram separatizmi, romliskenac<br />

isini iswrafvian, ar aris absoluturi, radgan<br />

ukuqcevis nawilobrivi formebi mainc arsebobs. amrigad,<br />

periferia SeiZleba cdilobdes, Seasustos centrze Tavisi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba raime formiT, TviTmmarTvelobis iseTi<br />

formebis ZiebiT, rogorebicaa avtonomia an federaluri<br />

urTierToba. <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli mdgomareobis urTierTobaTa<br />

Sesustebis saSualebebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaa _ centris saqmianobaSi<br />

CarTvi<strong>da</strong>n mis mier ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa miRebisas (federaciis<br />

Seqmnis gziT) centrTan gaTanabrebuli saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis<br />

mier aRiarebuli suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmnamde<br />

(magaliTad, konfederacia).<br />

12 Strassoldo, p.50.<br />

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

455

uno kopitersi<br />

de faqto saxelmwifos Seqmna, romlis gansazRvrebac<br />

Seicavs garkveul teritoriaze kontrols 13 _ saerTaSoriso<br />

sazRvrebis Secvla _ roca separatistuli moZraoba warmatebulia<br />

aRiarebis miRweviT, SeiZleba Sedegiani iyos Tavis<br />

saxelmwifoSi umravlesobisa <strong>da</strong> umciresobaTa urTierTobis<br />

mosagvareblad, agreTve Zalauflebis gareregionuli wonasworobisaTvis.<br />

14 separatistulma moZraobam SeiZleba<br />

gamoiwvios saerTaSoriso wyobis Secvla <strong>da</strong> misi centrisken<br />

mimarTva, maSin, roca <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli urTierToba ga<strong>da</strong>dis erTi<br />

centri<strong>da</strong>n meoreze, an mravalferovani centrebis SeqmniT<br />

gamoiwvios <strong>da</strong>mokidebul urTierTobaTa ga<strong>da</strong>zr<strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

pluralistur erTianobebSi.<br />

13 teritoriis kontroli mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos gansazRvrebisTvis<br />

_ de faqto saxelwifoebis CaTvliT iuridiuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />

mecnierebebis literaturis mixedviT. 1993 wels miRebuli montevideos<br />

konvenciis I Tavis Tanaxmad, “saxelmwifo rogorc saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTlis piri un<strong>da</strong> flobdes Semdeg monacemebs (kvalifikacias): a)<br />

mudmivi mosaxleoba; b) gansazRvruli teritoria; g) xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> d)<br />

unari sxva saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobisa.” ix. Avalon Project at Yale Law<br />

School, Documents in Law, History <strong>and</strong> Diplomacy, 20 th Century Documents, Convention<br />

on Rights <strong>and</strong> Duties <strong>of</strong> States (inter-<strong>American</strong>), December 26, 1933, http://www.yale.edu/<br />

lawweb/avalon/intdip/interam/intam03.htm#art1. skot pegi iZleva de faqto<br />

saxelmwifos ufro farTo ganmartebas: “sinamdvileSi, de faqto<br />

saxelmwifo arsebobs iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c arsebobs organizebuli politikuri<br />

xelmZRvaneloba, romelic saTaveSi movi<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi saSualebebis<br />

garkveuli doziT gamoyenebiT; romelsac gaaCnia sazogadoebis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong> romelsac Seswevs Zala, uzrunvelyos garkveul<br />

teritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba saxelmwifo servisiT, razec<br />

efeqturi kontroli xangrZlivad xorcieldeba.de faqto saxelmwifo<br />

sakuTar Tavs ganixilavs, rogorc unarian saxelmwifos, urTierToba<br />

<strong>da</strong>amyaros sxva saxelmwifoebTan, Sesabamisad, moiTxovs srul<br />

konstituciur <strong>da</strong>moukideblobasa <strong>da</strong> Tavisi suverenitetis saerTa-<br />

Soriso aRiarebas”. ix. Scott Pegg. De Facto States in the International System.<br />

Working Paper no. 21 (Vancouver: Institute <strong>of</strong> International Relations, The University<br />

<strong>of</strong> British Columbia, February 1998), p. 1, http://www.iir.ubc.ca/pdffiles/webwp21.pdf.<br />

ix.: Scott Pegg. International Society <strong>and</strong> the De Facto State (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate,<br />

1998) è Dov Lynch. Engaging Eurasia’s Separation States: Unresolved Conflicts <strong>and</strong> De<br />

Facto States (Washington, DC: United States Institute <strong>of</strong> Peace Press, 2004).<br />

14 ix. Prevelakis<br />

456

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

modelis gamoyeneba<br />

saxelmwifo institutebs Soris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis urTierTobani<br />

xasiaTdeba saqarTvelos saSinao centr-periferiis<br />

TaviseburebiT. yoveli am tipisaTvis politikuri Zalaufleba<br />

moqmedebs sivrciT sazRvrebSi. pirveli saxelmwifos mimarT<br />

saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c saqarTvelos mTavroba<br />

warmoadgens saerTaSorisod aRiarebul saxelmwifos, samxreT<br />

oseTi <strong>da</strong> afxazeTi ki _ de faqto saxelmwifoebs. meore,<br />

saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia adgens federalur urTierTobas<br />

Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> aWaris avtonomiur respublikas Soris. 15<br />

mesame, mxedvelobaSi un<strong>da</strong> iqnas miRebuli regionalizaciis<br />

procesi saqarTveloSi. “raionebma”, romlebic Seiqmna SevardnaZis<br />

reJimis dros <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c saprezidento Zalauflebas<br />

adgilobriv doneze e. w. gubernatorebi warmoadgenen, ver<br />

miiRes Sesabamisi konstituciuri statusi. raionul doneze<br />

TviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxi “vardebis revoluciis” Semdegac<br />

politikuri dRis wesrigSi <strong>da</strong>rCa. 16 meoTxe, arsebobs raionebi<br />

15 saqarTvelos konstituciis Tavi 3.3.-Si Setanil cvlilebaSi naTqvamia:<br />

“aWaris avtonomiis statusi ganisazRvros saqarTvelos konstituciuri<br />

kanoniT.” 2004 wlis maisamde, roca aWaris lideri aslan abaSiZe<br />

g<strong>and</strong>evnili iqna, msgavsi kanoni saqarTvelos parlaments ar miuRia. 2004<br />

wlis 7 ivliss miiRes, kanoni aWaris statusze, romelic regions aniWebs<br />

nominalur avtonomias, magram formalurad amowmebs mis, rogorc<br />

avtonomiuri respublikis mdgomareobas. saqarTvelos politikaze<br />

aWaraSi ix. International Crisis Group. Saakashvili’s Ajara Success: Repeatable Elsewhere<br />

in Georgia? // Europe Briefing, August 18, 2004, http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/<br />

index.cfm?id=2907&l=1. aWaris konstituciur statusze ix. The Report <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Committee on the Honouring <strong>of</strong> Obligations <strong>and</strong> Commitments by Member States <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Council <strong>of</strong> Europe (Monitoring Committee), Parliamentary Assembly, Council <strong>of</strong> Europe,<br />

Honouring <strong>of</strong> Obligations <strong>and</strong> Commitments by Georgia, Doc. 10383, December 21,<br />

2004, particularly pp. 3, 10-11, http://assembly,coe,int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc04/<br />

EDOC10383.htm. 2002 wels., <strong>of</strong>icialuri statistikuri monacemebiT, aWaris<br />

mcxovrebTa raodenoba Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 376 016 a<strong>da</strong>mians.<br />

16 saqarTvelos regionalizaciis problemurobaze ix. Bruno Coppieters, Tamara<br />

Kovziridze, <strong>and</strong> Uwe Leonardy, “Federalization <strong>of</strong> Foreign Relations: Discussing Alternatives<br />

for the Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict,” Caspian Studies Program Working Paper no.2, (Cambridge,<br />

MA: Caspian Studies Program, Harvard University, October 2003), p.16, http://<br />

bcsia.ksg.harvard.edu/publication.cfm?program=CORE&ctype=paper&item_ id=405<br />

457

uno kopitersi<br />

erovnuli umciresobebiT, magaliTad, azerbaijanTan mosazRvre<br />

qvemo qarTlis raioni (azerbaijanelebi), samcxejavaxeTi<br />

(somxebi), gansakuTrebiT axalqalaqi <strong>da</strong> misi Semogareni,<br />

pankisis xeoba (CeCnebis monaTesave qistebi). am<br />

umciresobaTa integracia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo struqturebSi<br />

sustia. maT mier politikuri avtonomiis moTxovnam<br />

SeiZleba saqarTvelos saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>qucmaceba gamoiwvios.<br />

yvela am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs sivrciTi problema usafrTxoebis<br />

problematikis TvalsazrisiT: afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

oseTi Seadgens saqarTvelos teritoriis 15%-s, xolo sxva<br />

erovnuli umciresobani _ saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 16.3%-s. 17<br />

centr-periferiis igive konceptualuri sqema SeiZleba<br />

gamoviyenoT kavkasiaSi “saerTaSoriso wesrigis” mimarT,<br />

gansakuTrebiT “periferiuli” usafrTxoebis politikis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, rasac saqarTvelo aviTareb<strong>da</strong> warmatebul<br />

prezidentTa xelmZRvanelobiT moskovis, vaSingtonisa <strong>da</strong><br />

briuselis mimarT. 18 aqvea sivrciT ganzomilebaTa gamoyenebac.<br />

saqarTvelo aRiqmeba, rogorc erTaderTi centri Si<strong>da</strong> periferiebis<br />

mimarT <strong>da</strong> rogorc periferia saerTaSoriso centrebis<br />

mimarT. centr-periferiis es ormagi stan<strong>da</strong>rti saSualebas<br />

gvaZlevs, CavwvdeT Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis<br />

urTierTkavSirs, rac saqarTvelos samive prezidentis reJimebis<br />

dros emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>. 19<br />

17 ix. gia nodias naSromi winamdebare krebulSi.<br />

18 qarTuli kulturis rolis analizisTvis saqarTvelos sagareo<br />

politikaSi ix. Stephen Jones, ”The Role <strong>of</strong> Cultural Paradigms in Georgian Foreign<br />

Policy,” in Rick Fawn, ed., Ideology <strong>and</strong> National Identity in Post-Communist Foreign<br />

Policies (London: Frank Cass, 2004), PP. 83-110.<br />

19 am SemTxvevaSi centr-periferiis modeli gamoiyeneba sivrculad<br />

<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul saSiSroebaze.es ar<br />

gamoricxavs amave modelis gamoyenebas im safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg,<br />

romelic warmoiSoba korufciis, saxelmwifo struqturebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

siRaribis kriminalizaciis an samoqalaqo-samxedro urTierTobebis<br />

safuZvelze, romelTac sivrculi ganzomileba aqvT.yvela am saxis<br />

saSiSroebebs uTuod uary<strong>of</strong>iTi gavlena hqon<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> misgan<br />

gamoy<strong>of</strong>il teritoriebze.<br />

458

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

wina TavebSi gakeTebuli analizi iZleva imis safuZvels, rom<br />

SevamowmoT varaudebi, romlebsac iyenebs centr-periferiis<br />

modeli: saqarTvelos saSinao usafrTxoebis politikis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

Semcir<strong>da</strong> Tu ara centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferias Soris<br />

cvlilebebi periferiisgan gasxvavebiT centrSi viTarebis<br />

cvlilebis gamo? saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis<br />

politikis gaTvaliswinebiT, moskovSi, vaSingtonsa <strong>da</strong> briuselSi<br />

ganxorcielebul Zireul politikur cvlilebebs ufro Zlieri<br />

gavlena aqvT Tbilisze Tu im movlenebs, rac saqarTveloSi xdeba?<br />

am mosazrebebis uSualo Sedegi momavalSi saqarTvelos<br />

politikis arCevaze SesaZloa iyos, magaliTad, g<strong>and</strong>gomili<br />

provinciebis mierTeba an evropis kavSirTan <strong>da</strong>axloeba.<br />

warmatebuli molaparakebebi samreT oseTis <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

politikur statusze nawilobriv <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli iqneba<br />

politikur dinamikaze soxumsa <strong>da</strong> cxinvalSi, 20 magram ufro<br />

metad _ TbilisSi mimdinare procesebze. <strong>da</strong>savleTis organizaciebSi<br />

_ natosa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos Sesvla<br />

agreTve di<strong>da</strong>d aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli mis unarze, Caataros<br />

reformebi saxelmwifo struqturebSi. magram ufro metad<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia am organizaciebis unarze, saqarTvelos<br />

problemebi ganixilon periferiuli saxelmwifos WrilSi.<br />

centr-periferiis modelSi saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>samyareblad warmodgenili mosazrebani ar niSnavs, rom<br />

separatistuli konfliqti aRqmuli iqneba, rogorc samxreT<br />

kavkasiaSi mTavar gareSe moqmed mxareTa Soris ZalTa balansis<br />

cvlileba. piriqiT, centr-periferiis modelis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi<br />

separatistuli konfliqtis analizisaTvis fokusirdeba<br />

centris rolze saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi –<br />

mxedvelobaSia is moqmedi mxareebi, romlebic axorcielebdnen<br />

saqarTveloze zewolas sagareo politikuri kursis arCevisas.<br />

agreTve mxedvelobaSi miiReba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo<br />

20 afxazebi weren “suxum”-s, qarTvelebi – “soxums” an “suxums”=s<br />

inglisurenovan publikaciebSi. osebi iyeneben “cxinval”-s, maSin, roca<br />

qarTvelebi amjobineben “cxinvali”-s.<br />

459

uno kopitersi<br />

politika. magram mTavari gasaRebi centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferias Soris<br />

saSinao konfliqtebis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad saqarTvelos centris<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>qmnaa.<br />

saqarTveloSi safrTxisa <strong>da</strong> mTlianad kavkasiaSi arastabilurobis<br />

Tanxvedra gamoixata centri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli ori<br />

periferiis moZraobaSi. pirveli, saqarTvelos centrs win<br />

aRudga periferia uwindeli sabWoTa avtonomiis erTeulis<br />

moTxovniT, erTi mxriv, meore mxriv, konfrontaciaSi aRmoCndnen<br />

erovnuli umciresobani. es gamomwvevi moTxovnebi<br />

SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Wriliyo periferiis centrTan integrirebiT,<br />

politikuri warmomadgenlobebiT, umciresobaTa uflebebiT an<br />

federaluri mowyobiT. isini SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT konfrontaciis<br />

politikas. es, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, asustebs centrs, Tu<br />

separatistul erTeulebs SeuZlia, isargeblon am sisustiT <strong>da</strong><br />

Seqmnan axali suveneruli centri. dRemde centrma TbilisSi<br />

ver SeZlo urCi periferiebis SemoerTeba an konfrontaciis<br />

politikis saSualebiT maTi <strong>da</strong>morCileba. periferiaSi ganze<br />

gamdgarma “saxelmwifoebmac” ver SeZles saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n Tavis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rweva maTi suverenobis saerTaSoriso aRiarebiT.<br />

meore, konfliqturi mdgomareoba, romelic SeiZleba<br />

Sefasdes, rogorc centrisgan g<strong>and</strong>gomis moZraoba, arsebobs<br />

internacionalur doneze: saqarTvelo mtkiced icavs Tavis<br />

periferiul statuss moskovTan mimarTebaSi, roca iTxovs<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis organizaciebSi gaerTianebas. is cdilobs, Seicvalos<br />

erT centrze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulis statusi did evroatlantikur<br />

sivrceSi mraval centrze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT.<br />

saqarTvelos natoSi <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisken miswrafeba<br />

mianiSnebs am survilze. moskovi am moTxovnaze integraciisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> konfrontaciis <strong>da</strong>xlarTuli politikiT reagireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

aseT SemTxvevaSi centrma ver SeaCera periferiebis<br />

Camocilebis procesi. magram verc periferiam SeZlo, <strong>da</strong>esrulebina<br />

Tavisi gaTavisufleba centrze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisagan<br />

sxva centrTan mimarTebiT, magaliTad, natosTan an evrokavSirTan.<br />

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>savleTis usafrTxoebis sistemis<br />

aRqmiT kvlav periferiad rCeba. misi Rrma arastabiluroba<br />

460

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas, rogorc periferiis ori unay<strong>of</strong>o cdis<br />

Sedegi, Seecvala Tavisi urTierToba centrTan _ erT Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi nacionaluri, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ saer-<br />

TaSoriso. centr-periferiis urTierTobaSi integraciisa <strong>da</strong><br />

konfrontaciis ori piroba arsebobs.<br />

centr-periferiis urTierTobis sxva tipebi iZleva sasargeblo<br />

analitikur instruments saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis<br />

politikis gasagebad. magaliTad, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />

strategiis SefardebiTi mSeneblobisas, rac saqarTvelom<br />

gamoiyena avtonomiebis mimarT maT mier <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

gamocxadebis Semdeg, sainteresoa, gavigoT ara marto is<br />

ganzomileba, Tu romel konfrontaciul politikas efuZnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

es strategia, aramed isic, Tu ramdenad iRebdnen sxva arCevans<br />

mxedvelobaSi. am TvalsazrisiTmravali kiTxva SeiZleba gaCndes.<br />

ra moculobiT ganixilavdnen avtonomiur erTeulebs nacionaluri<br />

elementebi gamsaxurdias, SevardnaZis an saakaSvilis<br />

dros sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevisas, sa<strong>da</strong>c erovnul umciresobaTa an<br />

gare Zalebis mZafr konfrontacias hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili? SeiZleba<br />

amJamindeli konfliqtis Cawynarebisas es avtonomiuri er-<br />

Teulebi odesme warmodgenili y<strong>of</strong>iliyo , rogorc potenciuri<br />

SemakavSirebeli rgoli sxva regionebTan mTel kavkasiaSi, rac<br />

xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> TurqeTTan, ruseTTan an Crdilo kavkasiis sxva<br />

regionebTan TanamSromlobas? meore mxriv, iswrafvodnen ki es<br />

avtonomiuri erTeulebi, magaliTad, aWara, afxazeTi aseTi<br />

rolisaken? msgavsi kiTxvebi ibadeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa<br />

doneze, roca saqarTvelo ganixileba periferiad <strong>da</strong> centri<br />

ganlagebulia vaSingtonSi, briuselSi an moskovSi. ra politikas<br />

mimarTavs briuseli <strong>da</strong> vaSingtoni saqarTvelos, rogorc aziaevropis<br />

SemaerTeblis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad?<br />

nacionaluri an internacionaluri doneebi SekavSirebulia<br />

masStabiT, romlis mimarTac “erovnuli gegma” am mravalerovan<br />

saxelmwifoSi, nodias Tanaxmad, Sem<strong>of</strong>arglulia qarTvel ersa<br />

<strong>da</strong> periferiis erebs Soris konfrontaciiT iseve, rogorc<br />

qarTuli periferia <strong>da</strong> ruseTis centri. ra saSinao Sedegi aqvs<br />

vaSingtonis mxri<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelosadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas,<br />

461

uno kopitersi<br />

qveynisadmi, romelic esazRvreba irans an qveynisadmi,<br />

romelmac ver SeZlo <strong>da</strong>emyarebina kontroli Tavis teritoriaze<br />

<strong>da</strong> kars uRebs teroristul elementebs? bolos,<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>ibados kiTxva: ra masStabisaa saqarTvelos politikis<br />

buneba Si<strong>da</strong> periferiebTan mimarTebaSi ruseTSi, Seer-<br />

Tebul StatebSi an euToSi mimdinare gar<strong>da</strong>qmnaTa fonze?<br />

am Sromis avtorebma ar Camoayalibes TavianTi analizi<br />

centr-periferiis urTierTobaTa cnebebisa, magram saamisod<br />

masala ki mogvces. amrigad, wigni warmogvidga “<strong>da</strong>Srevebuli”<br />

saxiT. Si<strong>da</strong> Sreebi ukavSirdeba nacionaluri usafrTxoebis<br />

moTxovnis saSinao <strong>da</strong> istoriul wyaroebs, gare Sreebi _<br />

moTxovnis gare wyaroebs, ruseTis, <strong>da</strong>savleTis CaTvliT, sxva<br />

Sreebis <strong>da</strong> problemebis kompleqsuri konfiguracia garemos<br />

Zalian arTulebs.<br />

saqarTvelos nacionaluri gegmis analizisas nodia ganixilavs<br />

orive Sres, rac moicavs erovnulisa <strong>da</strong> centris mier<br />

Tavisi periferiis kontrolis unifikacias, erTi mxriv, meore<br />

mxriv _ <strong>da</strong>savleTTan srul integracias. orive Sre met-naklebi<br />

sicxadiTaa CarTuli am wignis yvela sxva msjelobaSi maSinac<br />

ki, roca mTavari yuradReba ga<strong>da</strong>tanilia usafrTxoebis Si<strong>da</strong> an<br />

gare wyaroebze.<br />

462<br />

centr-periferiis urTierToba<br />

saqarTvelos saSinao doneze<br />

centr-periferiis urTierToba saqarTvelos saSinao<br />

doneze moicavs gansxvavebul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebs Tbilissa <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva teritoriul avtonomiebs Soris, rogorebicaa<br />

teritoriulad koncentrirebuli erovnuli umciresobani.<br />

Si<strong>da</strong>urTierTqmedebis zogierTi forma SesabamisobaSia am<br />

konteqstTan. pirveli, konfrontaciaa erovnul sazogadoebebs<br />

Soris, rac mox<strong>da</strong> samreT oseTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

periferiebSi <strong>da</strong> ramac gamoiwvia srulmasStabiani omi centr-<br />

Tan. 2003 wlamde konfrontaciiT xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong> urTierToba<br />

Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> aWaras Soris. moxerx<strong>da</strong> konfrontaciisaTvis Tavis

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

arideba, magram <strong>da</strong>rCa garkveuli safrTxe teritoriulad<br />

koncentrirebul umciresobebTan. meore, ver moxerx<strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos periferiebis gaerTianeba saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />

mowyobis RonisZiebebSi. centris xelisufalT akl<strong>da</strong>T<br />

politikuri neba, wasuliyvnen radikalur kompromisebze, raTa<br />

moegvarebinaT konfliqti periferiaSi, radgan aseT kompromisebs<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>ekarga saSinao legitimuroba an gamoewvia<br />

saxelmwifo arastabilurobis sxva mizezebi. mesame, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

krizisis mravalgzis afeTqebisa, rac gamowveulia saqarTvelos<br />

erovnuli mowyobis SeuZleblobiT, Si<strong>da</strong>urTierTqmedeba<br />

centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferias Soris xasiaTdeba gaurkvevlobiT. es<br />

gamomdinareobs konfrontaciis politikisa <strong>da</strong> kompromisi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

meoTxe, ar xdeba periferiis, rogorc sxva regionebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

saxelmwifoebTan <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli rgolis, potencialis<br />

gamoyeneba. Si<strong>da</strong>urTierTqmedebisa oTxive nimuSi erovnuli<br />

raobis Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis elementebs warmoadgens.<br />

centr-periferiis modeli uSvebs, rom Si<strong>da</strong>urTierTqmedebaSi<br />

cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul mxareTa Soris ufro mZime formas<br />

miiRebs centrSi cvlilebebiT, vidre periferiaSi. es niSnavs, rom,<br />

magaliTad, ZalauflebaSi gamsaxurdias, SevardnaZisa <strong>da</strong> saakaSvilis<br />

monacvleobiT mosvla ufro mZime <strong>da</strong>rtyma iyo Tbilissa<br />

<strong>da</strong> periferias Soris urTierTobaze, vidre periferiaSi romelime<br />

politikuri cvlileba. <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul mxareTa Soris asimetriuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> ierarqiuli urTierToba gulisxmobs, rom urTierTobis yovel<br />

cvlilebas ufro Rrma efeqti aqvs periferiaze, vidre centrze.<br />

saqarTveloSi centr-periferiis urTierTobaSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri dramatuli<br />

cvlilebebi gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis periodSi gar<strong>da</strong>qmnaTa<br />

amao mcdelobas <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, Tbilisis imedgacurebas,<br />

kontroli <strong>da</strong>emyarebina samxreT oseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTze; igive<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas 2003 wlis “vardebis revoluciis” Sedegebze aWarisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTisaTvis.<br />

sabWoTa periodi<br />

sabWoTa periodSi gacxadebuli mizani iyo integracia,<br />

mTavari maxasiaTebeli niSani _ dominireba, sabolood ki<br />

463

uno kopitersi<br />

eTn<strong>of</strong>ederaluri konfrontacia. sabWoTa kavSiri warmodgenili<br />

iyo, rogorc sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva erebis integracia, romlebic<br />

Tavmoyrili iyvnen mefis imperiuli mmarTvelobis qveS.<br />

nagulisxmevi iyo, rom kompleqsuri federaluri wyoba,<br />

romelic moicav<strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobis zeerovnul dones <strong>da</strong> federalur<br />

erTeulTa xsva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebs (mokavSire Tu avtonomiuri<br />

respublikebi, avtonomiuri mxareebi), moagvareb<strong>da</strong> (an<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Wri<strong>da</strong>) nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis problemas. moskovsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mokavSire respublikebs Soris urTierToba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

pirvel <strong>da</strong>makavSirebel rgols centr-periferias Soris. meore<br />

rgoli iyo urTierToba am kavSirsa <strong>da</strong> avtonomiur respublikas<br />

Soris. mokavSire respublikasa <strong>da</strong> avtonomiur regionebs Soris<br />

urTierToba kavSiris mesame formas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. sabWoTa<br />

centri yvela am urTierTobis mTavar gamgeblad rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sabWoTa eTn<strong>of</strong>ederaluri wyobileba <strong>da</strong>ingra. moiSala<br />

suverenobis ganawilebac, rac federaciulobis mTavar niSans<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. nodia am struqturas aRwers, rogorc kvazifederalurs,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c suverenobis gamoyeneba, faqtobrivad,<br />

xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong> centralizebuli gziT _ komunisturi<br />

partiis meSveobiT. konfrontacia kavSiris meore <strong>da</strong> mesame<br />

rgolis doneebze nacionalur erTobebs Soris sabWoTa centris<br />

<strong>da</strong>Slis Sedegi iyo. metic, roca konfrontacia <strong>da</strong>iwyo, sabWoTa<br />

eTn<strong>of</strong>ederaluri tradiciebi Zalas mateb<strong>da</strong> separatistebs <strong>da</strong><br />

exmarebo<strong>da</strong> nacionalistur elitas. 21<br />

afxazeTma <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTma TavianTi identuroba<br />

gamoxates saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan opoziciaSi dgomiT.<br />

amave dros maT konfliqti hqon<strong>da</strong>TTavianT teritoriaze my<strong>of</strong><br />

qarTvel mosaxleobasTan. sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg<br />

saqarTvelos mTavroba gulxel<strong>da</strong>krefili ver uyureb<strong>da</strong> am<br />

konfliqts Tavis periferiaSi. am moTxovnebis paralelurad<br />

21 eTn<strong>of</strong>ederalizmis gamaerTianebel miznebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>calkevebis<br />

Sedegebze ix. Henry E. Hale, “Divided We St<strong>and</strong>. Institutional Sources <strong>of</strong> Ethn<strong>of</strong>ederal<br />

State Survival <strong>and</strong> Collapse,” World Politics, vol. 56 (January 2004), pp. 165-193 <strong>and</strong><br />

Nancy Bermeo, “Position Paper for the Working Group on Federalism, Conflict<br />

Prevention, <strong>and</strong> Settlement,” warmodgenili federalizmis mesame saerTa-<br />

Soriso konferenciaze, briuseli, 2005 wlis 3-5 marti.<br />

464

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

is eZeb<strong>da</strong> saSualebas, rom aRedgina saqarTvelos kulturuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> politikuri kontroli mTel teritoriaze, rac <strong>da</strong>karga<br />

sabWoTa periodSi.<br />

afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTze saqarTvelos teritoriuli<br />

moTxovnebi droiTi ganzomilebiT iyo gamarTlebuli. saqarTvelos<br />

istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, es teritoriebi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxlebuli iyo qarTveluri tomebiT <strong>da</strong> droTa<br />

ganmavlobaSi maTgan Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> qarTuli mosaxleoba. 22<br />

samxreT oseTis teritoriaze qarTvelebi “adgilobrivi”<br />

ZirZveli mosaxleobaa, osebi ki gvian _ Camosaxlebuli mas<br />

Semdeg, rac maT migracia ganicades CrdiloeT oseTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ramdenime saukunis win. warmoSobis mixedviT es gansxvaveba<br />

qarTvelebs upiratesobas aZlevs osebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

demografiuli suraTisa mas Semdeg, rac qarTvelebis<br />

umciresobaSi <strong>da</strong>rCenis Semdeg Seiqmna. rac Seexeba afxazeTs,<br />

saqarTvelos kontrolis gasamarTleblad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva argumentebs<br />

iyeneben, roca afxazebi iTxoven avtoxTonur<br />

statuss: bevri qarTvelis azriT, isini arian umciresoba<br />

(mosaxleobis 18%, 1989) <strong>da</strong> ricxobrioba uflebas ar aZlevs maT,<br />

Warbad iyvnen warmodgenili respublikis institutebSi, arc<br />

gansakuTrebul politikur privilegiebs aniWebs, rogorc<br />

wamyvan ers.<br />

metic, yvela qarTveli nacionalisti rodi iziarebs im<br />

Tvalsazriss, rom afxazebi avtoxTonuri eria. 1954 wels<br />

istorikosi mecnieri pavle ingoroyva mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> azrs, rom<br />

afxazebi afxazeTis ZirZveli mosaxleoba ki ar aris, aramed<br />

gadmosulni arian CrdiloeT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n. mis mosazrebas bevri<br />

mimdevari hyavs saqarTveloSi. is uary<strong>of</strong>s afxazebis uflebas,<br />

iTvlebodnen pirvelad erad <strong>da</strong> ukanonod Tvlis politikaSi<br />

maT Warbad warmodgenas.<br />

22 Bruno Coppieters, “In Defense on the Homel<strong>and</strong>: Intellectuals <strong>and</strong> the Georgian-<br />

Abkhazian Conflict,” in Bruno Coppieters <strong>and</strong> Michel Huysseune, eds., Secession, History,<br />

<strong>and</strong> the Social Sciences (Brussels: VUB University Press, 2002), p.105, http://<br />

poli.vub.ac.be/.<br />

465

uno kopitersi<br />

afxazebis msjeloba afxazTaeTnogenezisis Sesaxeb Seicavs<br />

mowodebas suverenitetis Sesaxeb. maTi istorikosebi uary<strong>of</strong>en<br />

afxazeTSi qarTvelTa ZirZveli eris statuss <strong>da</strong> maT ganixilaven,<br />

rogorc migrantebs. isini imowmeben carizmisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sabWoTa migraciul politikas, ramac afxazi mosaxleoba<br />

umciresobad aqcia. 23 afxazebi eyrdnobian am istoriul interpretacias,<br />

raTa gaamarTlon afxazTa gansakuTrebuli statusi,<br />

agreTve saerTaSoriso suverenobis moTxovna. amas imitomac<br />

iyeneben, rom ukanonod cnon qarTvelTa moTxovna mmarTvelobaSi<br />

proporciuli warmomadgenlobis Sesaxeb.<br />

466<br />

gamsaxurdia<br />

sabWoTa institutebis <strong>da</strong>sustebasTan erTad qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong><br />

afxazebi Seecadnen, axali forma miecaT centr-periferiis<br />

urTierTobisaTvis TavianTi nacionaluri gegmebis mixedviT.<br />

es konfrontaciuli gegmebi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul mxareTa msjelobebSi<br />

efuZneb<strong>da</strong> istoriul usamarTlobas, erovnul raobas<br />

<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo suverenobas. qarTvelTa TvalTaxedviT,<br />

federalizmisadmi sabWoTa midgoma <strong>da</strong> federalur erTeulTa<br />

Seqmna saqarTveloSi miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> qveynis <strong>da</strong>y<strong>of</strong>as <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

suverenobis SeCerebas. afxazebi <strong>da</strong> osebi, rogorc saqarTvelos<br />

respublikis federaluri erTeulebis mcxovrebi titularuli<br />

erebi, ewinaaRmdegebodnen aRniSnul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas,<br />

rogorc Seviwroebisa <strong>da</strong> diskriminaciis formas. maT eSino<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

rom saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba bolos mouReb<strong>da</strong> im Sez-<br />

Rudvebs, rac sabWoTa centrma <strong>da</strong>uwesa saqarTvelos nacionalizms.<br />

rogorc nodiam warmoadgina, es ufro asatani iyo am<br />

ori umciresobisaTvis, vidre sxva mcire jgufebisaTis,<br />

romlebsac ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T avtonomiuri saxelmwifo institutebi,<br />

rom CamoeyalibebinaT TavianTi saCivari, nacionaluri gegma,<br />

23 ix. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva naSromebSi: George Hewitt, ed., The Abkhazians (Richmond,<br />

UK:Curzon, 1999).

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

Tavi moeyaraT erovnuli resursebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> gare<strong>da</strong>n mieRoT<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, raTa win aRdgomodnen centrs.<br />

nacionalistur ZalTa mokrebas adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

centrSi, osebsa <strong>da</strong> afxazebSi. man miiRo calmxrivi moZraobis<br />

forma, rac Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> msgavs moZraobebs sxva mxares. ase<br />

magaliTad, suverenobis an <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis calmxrivi<br />

gamocxadeba, arCevnebis Catareba, romelSic sxva mxare uars<br />

ambob<strong>da</strong> monawileobaze, konstituciuri cvlilebebi, romelsac<br />

meore mxare ar cnob<strong>da</strong>, axali enis SemoReba, rac zrdi<strong>da</strong><br />

erTi enisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis mniSvnelobas <strong>da</strong> aknineb<strong>da</strong> meore mxaris<br />

statuss, zogjer xdebo<strong>da</strong> Zalis gamoyenebac.<br />

am konfrontaciaSi uxeS <strong>da</strong>rRvevaTa aRzeveba saqarTvelos<br />

centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferiaSi calmxriv qmedebaTa nawils Seadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> gagebuliyo, rogorc mravalgvar faqtorTa<br />

Sedegi. <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili miuTiTebs, rom sabWoTa centris<br />

<strong>da</strong>sustebam saSualeba misca, Seqmniliyo paramilitaruli<br />

erTeulebi, romlebsac kavSiri hqon<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong>eTnikur konfliqtebTan<br />

1980-iani wlebis bolos. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam<br />

ver SeZlo, Tavisi eris mxares mdgari paramilitaruli jgufebis<br />

erTguleba saxelmwifo institutebisaken miemarTa. qristefor<br />

ciurxeris azriT, es situacia qmnis xelsayrel garemos<br />

“movaWreTa ZaladobisaTvis”, gamoiyenon Zaladoba Tavisi<br />

sargeblis saZieblad. gamsaxurdia iyeneb<strong>da</strong> am Zalebs Tavisi<br />

politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> oms samxreT<br />

oseTSi. magram saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sisustis gamo ver<br />

SeZlo, kontroli gaewia am moqmedebisaTvis an, bolos <strong>da</strong><br />

bolos, Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aecilebina mis winaaRmdeg maTi moqmedeba.<br />

saqarTvelos erovnuli gegma <strong>da</strong> nacionalisturi mobilizacia<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis dros ar uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels iseT politikas,<br />

romelic saSualebas miscem<strong>da</strong> periferiebs, emoqme<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rogorc SemaerTebel rgols sxva centrebTan. rogorc Tomas<br />

de vaalma aRniSna, gamsaxurdia icav<strong>da</strong> uCveulo ideas kavkasieli<br />

xalxis eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli bazisis Taobaze,<br />

magram ver gamoiCina praqtikuli iniciativa regionuli<br />

integraciisaTvis. aseT iniciativas saqarTvelos periferiebi<br />

467

uno kopitersi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> CaerTo TanamSromlobis CarCoebSi. konfrontacia samxreT<br />

oseTSi xels uSli<strong>da</strong> regionTan TanamSromlobas. afxazeTis<br />

SemTxvevaSi gamsaxurdia xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> im azris <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas,<br />

rom afxazi ar iyo ZirZveli eTnosi im teritoriaze, is<br />

gadmosuli iyo CrdiloeT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n. 24 sazRvrismieri urTierTqmedeba<br />

gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod SeiaraRebuli <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />

doneze. samxreT oseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi omis dros<br />

orives SeiaraRebuli mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera hqon<strong>da</strong> monaTesave xalxisa <strong>da</strong><br />

politikuri mokavSireebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelos sazRvris<br />

gare<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

468<br />

SevardnaZe<br />

1992 wlis ianvarSi gamsaxurdias g<strong>and</strong>evnas <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi<br />

SevardnaZis <strong>da</strong>brunebas ramdenime Tvis Semdeg dramatuli<br />

Sedegi mohyva Tbilisis periferiebTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT. SevardnaZis mier Zalauflebis mopovebam<br />

ruseTis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT xeli Seuwyo oseTSi omis Sewyvetas. 1992<br />

wels SevardnaZis mier afxazeTSi SeWris mTavari azri misi<br />

nacionalisturi ganwyobis demonstrireba iyo im dros, roca<br />

muqara grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> gamsaxurdias mxri<strong>da</strong>n, romelmac <strong>da</strong>savleTSi<br />

Tavi mouyara SeiaraRebul jgufebs. ciurxeri<br />

SeniSnavs, rom 1992 wlis agvistos omamdec ki afxazeTSi<br />

Si<strong>da</strong>sazogadoebrivi Zaladoba SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>, magram mas farTo<br />

masStabis samoqalaqo omis forma ar miuRia. aseTi omi centris<br />

Carevis Sedegad mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gamsaxurdias erTguli SeiaraRebuli jgufebi <strong>da</strong>marcxdnen<br />

mxolod afxazeTis omis Semdeg 1993 oqtomberSi <strong>da</strong> isec<br />

ruseTis Carevis Sedegad. teritoriis didi nawilis <strong>da</strong>kargvis<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, SevardnaZis mTavrobam SeZlo saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

elementebis aRdgena. “gansacdelis Jamis” bolo, rogorc<br />

ciurxeri ambobs, simbolizebuli iyo 1995 wlis konstituciis<br />

24 ix. Coppieters, in Coppieters <strong>and</strong> Huysseune, eds., pp.91-94.

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

miRebiT <strong>da</strong> mTavrobis Zalauflebis ganmtkicebiT. saparlamento<br />

organizaciebi <strong>da</strong>knin<strong>da</strong> an Seeria axal SeiaraRebul<br />

Zalebs.<br />

mravalerovani saqarTvelos erT saxelmwifod gaerTianeba<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> SevardnaZis reJimis mTavari moTxovna. marcxi afxazeTSi,<br />

saqarTvelos armiis sisuste, ruseTis uari, ZaliT ga<strong>da</strong>eWra<br />

sakiTxi, mxolod diplomatiis arCevansRa toveb<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>eWra afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis statusis sakiTxi.<br />

molaparakebebi male CixSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am mxriv dRemde araferi<br />

Secvlila.<br />

saqarTvelos midgoma kvlav gaerTianebisadmi moicavs<br />

asimetriul federalur models, romelSic afxazeTi <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTi aWarasTan <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos sxva raionebTan<br />

erTad miiRebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva donis avtonomiebs. es miuRebelia<br />

separatistTa liderebisTvis. aseTi federaluri kavSiri,<br />

maTi azriT, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas mudmiv urTierTobad aqcevs.<br />

agreTve mudmivi iqneba konfrontacia centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferiebs<br />

Soris. afxazeTis liderebi, Tavis mxriv, upiratesobas<br />

aniWeben konfederacias an “Tavisufal asocirebul<br />

saxelmwifos” saqarTvelosTan. orive arCevani<br />

saSualebas miscems afxazeTs, aRiarebuli iqnas, rogorc<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlis sruluflebiani subieqti <strong>da</strong><br />

SeinarCunos Tavisi suvereniteti Tu gamoy<strong>of</strong>is calmxrivi<br />

ufleba. es Zireulad Secvlis centr-periferiis urTierTobas<br />

saqarTveloSi. Tbilisma uaryo es pozicia, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />

igi qveynis erTianobis SenarCunebisaTvis miu-<br />

Reblad CaTvala.<br />

afxazeTSi centrisa <strong>da</strong> periferiis konfrontacia <strong>da</strong>rCa<br />

mTavar sakiTxad SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis dros. 1999 wels<br />

afxazeTis liderebma <strong>da</strong>ikaves radikaluri pozicia <strong>da</strong> moiTxoves,<br />

rom <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba an asocirebuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />

ruseTis federaciasTan iyo erTaderTi misaRebi pozicia.<br />

molaparakebis gaWianurebis sanacvlod saqarTvelos xelisufleba<br />

Zalis gamoyenebiT imuqrebo<strong>da</strong>. igifarulad exmarebo<strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTSi moqmed partizanebs. saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong><br />

469

uno kopitersi<br />

afxazeTis xelisufleba 1997 wli<strong>da</strong>n molaparakebas awarmoebdnen<br />

ekonomikur TanamSromlobaze <strong>da</strong> orive mxarisaTvis<br />

saintereso sakiTxSi SeTanxmdebodnen, konfrontaciasac<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilebdnen. 25 magram afxazeTis statusis sakiTxi<br />

mkv<strong>da</strong>ri wertili<strong>da</strong>n ver <strong>da</strong>iZra _ verc ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> verc<br />

sxva saxis TanamSromlobiT.<br />

ekonomikuri integraciis ganviTarebis politika samxreT<br />

oseTSi ukeTesi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, vidre afxazeTSi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

politikuri statusis sakiTxma ekonomikuri integraciis<br />

yvela Zalisxmeva <strong>da</strong>Crdila. SevardnaZis mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTis xelmZRvanelobas Soris molaparakebaSi <strong>da</strong>vis<br />

mTavar sakiTxs pasportebi <strong>da</strong> samgzavro sabuTebi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

samxreT oseTis xelmZRvanelebisaTvis es saqme<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo ruseTis federaciasTan vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

komunikaciisaTvis. samxreT oseTis liderebma iTxoves<br />

nebarTva, Tavad gamoeSvaT piradobis mowmobebi <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

iuridiuli sabuTebi, magram saqarTvelos mTavrobam amisganxorcieleba<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>uSva.<br />

afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />

ruseTis mimdebare sazRvarTan vaWroba un<strong>da</strong> gaumjobesdes,<br />

sanam saboloo politikuri SeTanxmeba iqneba miRweuli.<br />

ruseTis regionebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi<br />

gaxSirebuli kontaqti, maTi azriT, sasargeblo iqneba ara marto<br />

maTi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis, aramed gaaumjobesebs maT<br />

berketebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan molaparakebisas.<br />

SevardnaZis periodSi legaluri reJimis arqonaver SeaCerebs<br />

samxreT oseTis gavliT didi raodenobis saqonliT vaWrobas,<br />

romlis umetesoba kontraban<strong>da</strong> iqneba. SevardnaZis mTavroba<br />

upiratesobas aniWebs tolerantobas aseT iniciativebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong> zogjer ganixilavs maT, rogorc qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

osebs Soris TanamSromlobis sasargeblo formas, rogorc imis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sabuTebas, rom qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> osebs Soris eTnikuri SuRli<br />

ar arsebobs.<br />

25 aRniSnulTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ix. Coppieters, Kovziridze, <strong>and</strong> Leonardy.<br />

470

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

rogorc nodia xsnis, Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> aWaris avtonomiur<br />

respublikas Soris <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba ar gamomdinareobs separatizmis<br />

moTxovni<strong>da</strong>n an nacionaluri identurobis gamo<br />

Seqmnili konfliqti<strong>da</strong>n. misi TvalsazrisiT, arsebobs<br />

mkveTri gansxvaveba zemoT ganxilul or SemTxvevas Soris.<br />

centr-periferiis konfliqti am SemTxvevaSi momdinareobs<br />

aWaris umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris, aslan abaSiZis mier<br />

Tbilisis mTavrobis arcnobi<strong>da</strong>n. fiskalur saqmeebSi aWara<br />

nebas ar rTavs Tbiliss, akontrolos sabaJo TurqeTis<br />

sazRvarze <strong>da</strong> ar ricxavs Tanxas wliuri Semosavli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

usafrTxoebis sferoSi abaSiZe mWidrod TanamSromlob<strong>da</strong><br />

aWaraSi ganlagebul ruseTis bazasTan <strong>da</strong> qmni<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebel,<br />

adgilobriv SeiaraRebul Zalebs. <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvilis<br />

mixedviT, 2003 wels aWaras hqon<strong>da</strong> 20 tanki, sabrZolo<br />

manqanebi, vertmfrenebi, sanapiro katerebi <strong>da</strong> sagangebo<br />

SeiaraRebuli erTeulebi.<br />

periferii<strong>da</strong>n mosuli liderebi SeiZleba warmogvidgnen,<br />

rogorc patriotebi <strong>da</strong> aCvenon upirobo erTguleba nacionaluri<br />

sakiTxis mimarT. aseTi iyo abaSiZis saqme. rogorc<br />

nodiam aRniSna, igi arasodes icav<strong>da</strong> aWaris erovnul gegmas,<br />

samagierod “uyvar<strong>da</strong> Tavis warmodgena, rogorc saqarTvelos<br />

erTianobis erovnuli liderisa” an SeeZlo gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />

gavleniani politikuri figura nacionalur doneze arCevnebis<br />

gziT, gansakuTrebiT xmebis gayalbebiT <strong>da</strong> arasasurvel<br />

amomrCevelTa ar<strong>da</strong>SvebiT. aseTi saarCevno manipulaciebi<br />

bevr adgils aZlev<strong>da</strong> mis partias saqarTvelos parlamentSi.<br />

aWaras intensiuri savaWro urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong> mezobel<br />

TurqeTTan, man xeli moawera ramdenime ormxriv SeTanxmebas<br />

ruseTis federaciis regionebTan <strong>da</strong>, rogorc evropis re-<br />

26 1985 wels Seqmnili evropis regionis asamblea (era) aris forumi,<br />

romelic xels uwyobs evropis 30 qveynis 250 regions Soris Tanamegobrobas.<br />

2004 wlis noemberSi aWara <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos ori regioni<br />

(imereTi <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> qarTli) iyvnen era-s wevrebi, or regions ki (guria <strong>da</strong><br />

kaxeTi) <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblis statusi hqon<strong>da</strong>. ix. http://www.are-regions-europe.org/.<br />

471

uno kopitersi<br />

gionuli asambleis wevri, kavSirebs amyareb<strong>da</strong> evropis sxva<br />

regionebTan. 26 aWara iyo pirveli regioni kavkasiaSi, romelic<br />

seriozulad Seeca<strong>da</strong>, gaerTianebuliyo interregionuli<br />

TanamSromlobis panevropul qselSi. magram aWaras xeli moecara<br />

imaSi, rom SemaerTebeli rgolis roli eTamaSa sxva qveynebTan<br />

an regionebTan, radgan baTumma <strong>da</strong> Tbilisma ver<br />

SeZles federaluri urTierTobis gaformeba <strong>da</strong>, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

sabaJos saqme an aWaris saerTaSoriso legaluri statusis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta. metic, Si<strong>da</strong> konfliqti Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> aWaras Soris<br />

warmoeb<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso doneze. magaliTad, aWaris wevrobas<br />

evropis regionul asambleaSi swrafad mohyvebo<strong>da</strong><br />

imereTis mxaris wevroba, romlis mmarTvelic saqarTvelos<br />

prezidentis rwmunebuli iyo am asambleaSi. Tbilisma es<br />

nabiji ga<strong>da</strong>dga baTumis mcdelobis winaaRmdeg saer-<br />

TaSoriso doneze. saqarTvelos am ori regionis warmomadgenlebi<br />

male waekidnen erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong> Riad aCvenes<br />

Si<strong>da</strong>uTanxmoeba. aman xeli SeuSala evropis regionuli<br />

asambleis sxva wevrebTan TanaSromlobas.<br />

centrsa <strong>da</strong> aWaras Soris konfrontaciisaTvis sakmarisi<br />

nia<strong>da</strong>gi arsebob<strong>da</strong>, magram SevardnaZes <strong>da</strong> abaSiZes saerTo<br />

interesebi gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> maT Soris<br />

politikuri SeTanxmebis miRweva. magaliTad, aWaris lideri<br />

<strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong> SevardnaZes pirad mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras saprezidento<br />

arCevnebSi 2000 wlis aprilSi, Tu saqarTvelos konstituciaSi<br />

Seit<strong>and</strong>nen <strong>da</strong>saxelebas “aWaris avtonomiuri<br />

respublika”. SevardnaZis Sexeduleba saxelmwifos momaval<br />

federalizaciaze iyo kidev erTi faqtori, romelmac SeaCera<br />

baTumsa <strong>da</strong> Tbiliss Soris normalizacia. SevardnaZis azriT,<br />

baTumTan federaluri kavSiris mowesrigebas mohyvebo<strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis reintegracia. SevardnaZis<br />

survilis arqona, moewesrigebina es sakiTxi, efuZnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

centrisgan de faqtod gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili aWaris winaSe uZlurebas.<br />

misi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi indiferentuloba Tavisi reJimis gasul<br />

wlebSi gamowveuli iyo saqarTvelos parlamentis opoziciasTan<br />

uTanxmoebiT.<br />

472

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

SevardnaZis meTaurobiT ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> regionalizaciis<br />

sakiTxi, magram reformebi sa<strong>da</strong>vo <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>uWreli<br />

rCebo<strong>da</strong>. aWarisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis gar<strong>da</strong>, saqarTvelo Sedgeba<br />

aTi regionisagan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>y<strong>of</strong>ilia<br />

raionebad. 27 prezidentis rwmunebuli (misi warmomadgeneli)<br />

an gubernatori flobs did Zalauflebas ufro<br />

<strong>da</strong>bali erTeulebis mimarT raionul <strong>da</strong> municipalur<br />

doneebze. demokratizaciis procesi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos<br />

ganmtkiceba 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi marcxiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, radgan regionebSi ver <strong>da</strong>amyares Sesabamisi<br />

konstituciuri statusi <strong>da</strong> TviTmmarTveloba. ga<strong>da</strong>uWreli<br />

separatistuli konfliqti reJimis erTi mTavari argumenti<br />

iyo centralur mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong> regionul xelisuflebas<br />

Soris demokratiuli Zalauflebis gay<strong>of</strong>is sakiTxSi.<br />

Tbilisi <strong>da</strong>JinebiT moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, rom aseTi reforma un<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>debuliyo, sanam saqarTvelos mTlianoba ar aRdgebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

SevardnaZes eSino<strong>da</strong>, kontroli ar <strong>da</strong>ekarga mmarTvelobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>bal doneebze, gansakuTrebiT saarCevno procesze,<br />

romelSic gubernatorebi regularulad ereodnen.<br />

saqarTvelos momavali administraciul-teritoriuli<br />

mowyobis Sesaxeb kamaTSi “raionistebi” ewinaaRmdegebodnen<br />

“regionalistebs”. raionistebisTvis kontroli un<strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>iliyo<br />

centraluri, raTa SeenarCunebina saxelmwifos<br />

stabiluroba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>erCina arsebuli reJimi. maT sjero<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

rom afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis separatizmi <strong>da</strong> stabilurobis<br />

safrTxe SeuZlebels xdi<strong>da</strong> radikalur reformebs.<br />

27 aT regions warmoadgens (aWarisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis gamoklebiT) Semdegi: (1)<br />

imereTi (669 666 mcxovrebi), (2) qvemo qarTli (497 530), (3) samegrelo <strong>da</strong><br />

zemo svaneTi (466 100), (4) kaxeTi (407 182), (5) Si<strong>da</strong> qarTli (samxreT oseTis<br />

gamoklebiT, 314 039), (6) samcxe-javaxeTi (207 598), (7) guria (143 357), (8)<br />

mcxeTa-mTianeTi (125 443), (9) raWa-leCxumi <strong>da</strong> qvemo svaneTi (50 969), (10)<br />

Tbilisi (1 081 679).mocemuli monacemebis mowodebisaTvis madloba min<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vuxado gia nodias, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, monacemebi saqarTvelos<br />

saxelmwifo statistikis departamentisgan aqvs miRebuli.<br />

473

uno kopitersi<br />

“regionalistebis” mixedviT, arademokratiuli saarCevno<br />

praqtikisaTvis regionul doneze ufro Zneli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

SeenarCunebinaT regionuli decentralizacia <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />

TviTmmarTveloba. orive mimdinareoba warmodgenili iyo<br />

saqarTvelos mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong> parlamentSi. SevardnaZis reJimis<br />

bolomde Rrma reformebi, romelsac “regionalistebi”<br />

moiTxovdnen, SeuZlebeli Can<strong>da</strong>.<br />

SevardnaZis dros, gamsaxurdias periodisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

eTnikur umciresobas aRar miawerdnen “stumris” saSiS<br />

statuss. SevardnaZis reJimma ver SeZlo, ganeviTarebina<br />

erTiani civiluri koncefcia saqarTvelos moqalaqeobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

erovnebis sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. umciresobaTa elitas<br />

mudmivad mfarvelob<strong>da</strong> centri. es sabWoTa wyobilebis dros<br />

mudmivs xdi<strong>da</strong> politikuri loialobis sanacvlod elitaSi<br />

korufciis <strong>da</strong>Tmenas.<br />

474<br />

saakaSvili<br />

politikurma mmarTvelobam, romelmac Zalaufleba aiRo<br />

saqarTveloSi “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg, brZola gamoucxa<strong>da</strong><br />

korufcias, miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxa evroatlantikur blokSi<br />

gaerTianeba, ruseTTan normaluri urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myareba<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavisi politikiT dRis wesrigSi <strong>da</strong>ayena qveynis gaer-<br />

Tianeba. axali liderebis azriT, SevardnaZisdroindeli<br />

xelmZRvaneloba cru <strong>da</strong>pirebebs iZleo<strong>da</strong> am sakiTxebze.axali<br />

mTavroba eZieb<strong>da</strong> radikalur cvlilebebs. erTi<br />

SexedviT, ise Can<strong>da</strong>, rom erovnuli gaerTianebis sakiTxSi<br />

TvalsaCino Sedegebis miRweva iyo SesaZlebeli. erTxel<br />

kidev, rogorc saakaSvilis ori winamorbedis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

progresi miRweuli un<strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>iliyo konfrontaciis politikis<br />

meSveobiT. saakaSvili <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli iyo, rom<br />

axali reJimi kavSirs gawyvet<strong>da</strong> Zvel reJimTan aWaris<br />

mimarT gansxvavebuli politikiT, romlis lideric Zlier<br />

opoziciaSi edga “vardebis revolucias”. saakaSvilma

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

imarjva <strong>da</strong> 2004 wlis maisSi abaSiZe aiZula, <strong>da</strong>eTmo Zalaufleba.<br />

28<br />

SevardnaZis mier prioritetebis ganxilvisas afxazeTis<br />

sakiTxi pirvel planze iqna wamoweuli, rasac mohyva samxreT<br />

oseTi <strong>da</strong> aWara. saakaSvilma Seabruna es midgoma. aWaraSi misi<br />

warmatebis Semdeg axali reJimi konfrontaciaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

oseTTan, gamoiyena Zala <strong>da</strong> Tan <strong>da</strong>xmarebis xeli hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

gawvdili samxreT oseTis mosaxleobisaken. rogorc samxreT<br />

oseTis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso krizisis jgufis moxseneba<br />

aRwers, saqarTvelos mTavroba erTmaneTs anacvleb<strong>da</strong> “SeteviT<br />

sixarbes” elitis doneze, “duxWirTa mzrunvelobas” mosaxleobis<br />

doneze. 29<br />

samxreT oseTsa <strong>da</strong> mis mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi 2003 wlis dekemberSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong> 2004 wlis maisSi gaZlier<strong>da</strong> antikontrab<strong>and</strong>uli<br />

operaciebi . yvelaze TvalsaCino mcdeloba iyo Zalismieri<br />

28 imis gasagebad, Tu ratom ar hqon<strong>da</strong> abaSiZes ruseTis sruli mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera<br />

saakaSvilTan konfrontaciis dros 2004 wlis maisSi, saWiroa ganvasxvaoT<br />

ruseTis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba konfliqtebisadmi saqarTveloSi erovnul<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxlebebs Soris, erTi mxriv <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong>-qarTul <strong>da</strong>pirispirebebSi, meore<br />

mxriv. samxreT oseTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis eTnikur konfliqtebSi ruseTma<br />

erovnul umciresobaTa mxare <strong>da</strong>iWira, maSin roca moskovma Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

frTxili pozicia <strong>da</strong>ikava Si<strong>da</strong>qarTuli konfliqtebis ZaladobaSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>zrdis dros. igi ar Seeca<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos saSinao mdgomareobis<br />

stabilizacias g<strong>and</strong>evnili prezidentis momxre samxedro Zalebisadmi<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis gaweviT maSin, roca gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg ganxorciel<strong>da</strong><br />

putCi 1991 wlis bolos. SemdgomSi, 1993 wlis bolos man mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira<br />

SevardnaZes progamsaxurdias samxedro Zalebis winaaRmdeg, maSin, roca<br />

saqarTvelo Zlieri ki ara, SevardnaZis TqmiT, “<strong>da</strong>Coqili” iyo. 2003 wlis<br />

noemberSi ruseTma Tavi Seikava SevardnaZis winaaRmdeg revoluciuri<br />

Zalebis mobilizaciaSi monawileobisagan, agreTve, 2004 wlis maisSi man<br />

uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, samxedro ZaliT <strong>da</strong>xmarebo<strong>da</strong> aslan abaSiZis reJims aWaraSi,<br />

piriqiT, abaSiZis mier qveynis <strong>da</strong>tovebis mediatoric gax<strong>da</strong>.es gansxvaveba<br />

ori tipis konfliqts Soris SeiZleba aixsnas saqarTveloSi totaluri<br />

destabilizaciis SiSiT. ruseTisTvis Si<strong>da</strong>qarTul konfliqtSi Careva<br />

ufro didi riski iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, vidre separatistul konfliqtebSi<br />

monawileoba.<br />

29 International Crisis Group,”Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia,” Europe Report,<br />

no. 159, November 26, 2004, pp. 11-12, http://www.icg.org/home/index.cfm?1=1.<br />

475

uno kopitersi<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sineba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SeyvaniT <strong>da</strong> ergneTis bazris<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sla, romelic funqcionireb<strong>da</strong>, rogorc savaWro punqti<br />

ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Soris. es vaWroba, romelSic CarTuli<br />

iyvnen osebi <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebi, Zveli reJimis mier iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rogorc mosaxleobaTa Soris kontaqtis gaumjobesebis gza.<br />

Sesabamisad, fiqroben, rom amas hqon<strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong>debiTi<br />

efeqti Tbilisis mier konfliqtis mogvarebis RonisZiebebisaTvis.<br />

saakaSvilis mTavrobis TvalsazrisiT, am bazris<br />

pirveladi efeqti is iyo, rom ekonomika kriminaluri gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

konfliqtis mogvarebas xeli SeeSala. metic, aman moSala<br />

saqarTvelos biujeti <strong>da</strong> xeli SeuSala sabaJo <strong>da</strong> saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />

reformebs. SevardnaZis indiferentulobis mizezi, axali<br />

xelmZRvanelebis azriT, is iyo, rom saqarTvelos gavlenianma<br />

wreebma sakmao materialuri sargebeli naxes am vaWrobi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

amave dros, saqarTvelos axalma mTavrobam gaaZliera<br />

fizikuri zewola samxreT oseTis xelmZRvanelebze, agreve<br />

<strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong> osur mosaxleobas pensiebis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s, amoqmed<strong>da</strong><br />

tele <strong>da</strong> radio ga<strong>da</strong>cemebi osur enaze. saakaSvili <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

momxreebi sayvedurobdnen imas, rom saqarTvelo-oseTis<br />

konfliqti gamowveuli iyo ufro Zarcvis surviliT, vidre<br />

gulwrfeli wuxiliT <strong>da</strong>, amdenad, samxreT oseTis xelmZRvanelebs<br />

akl<strong>da</strong>T saxalxo legitimuroba. maT miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, rom<br />

mosaxleobisaTvis mcire <strong>da</strong>TmobebiT Secvlidnen xalxis<br />

gaWirvebas.<br />

am iniciativebma Sedegi ver gamoiRo: samxedro <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />

2004 wlis agvistoSi SeiaraRebul Setakebamde<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong>, rasac mohyva msxverpli, gansakuTrebiT, qarTvelTa<br />

mxareze. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saakaSvilma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, Seewyvita<br />

konfrontacia <strong>da</strong> gamoeyvana qarTuli jari konfliqtis<br />

zoni<strong>da</strong>n. 30 avtonomiur doneze, rogorc <strong>da</strong>mien heli <strong>da</strong> giorgi<br />

gogia aRniSnaven, ergneTis bazris <strong>da</strong>ketvam <strong>da</strong>fanta kriminaluri<br />

jgufebi, magram ver Secvala adgilobrivi mo-<br />

30 ix. Ghia Nodia, “Europeanization <strong>and</strong> (Not) Resolving Secessionist Conflict, Journal<br />

on Ethnopolitics <strong>and</strong> Miorit Studies in Europe, issue 1 (2004), http://www.ecmi.de/jemie<br />

476

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

saxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. amrigad, SeiaraRebuli<br />

konfrontacia samxreT oseTis xelisuflebTan <strong>da</strong> imis c<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

SeekavSirebina adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, amao gamodga. saer-<br />

TaSoriso krizisis jgufis moxsenebis Tanaxmad, konfliqtis<br />

remilitarizaciam Seaferxa mcire xnis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi progresi.<br />

situaciam samxreT oseTSi Zireulad gaauaresa TbilisTan<br />

urTierToba, rac xazs usvams samxreT oseTis statuss, rogorc<br />

samu<strong>da</strong>mo periferias. saqarTvelosTan vaWrobis moSlis gamo<br />

is mTlianad <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli gax<strong>da</strong> sxva centrze, ruseTze.<br />

amJamad moskovi mxars uWers osebis biujets, infrastuqturas<br />

<strong>da</strong> sapensio sistemasac ki. 31<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili aRwers, Tu rogor mivyavarT g<strong>and</strong>gomili<br />

mxareebisgan centraluri xelisuflebis Camocilebas maTi<br />

avtoritetis <strong>da</strong>cemasTan mezobel teritoriebze. msgavsi ram<br />

xdeba saqarTvelo-afxazeTis cecxlis Sewyvetis xazTan<br />

mimdebare teritoriazec. axali mTavroba cdilob<strong>da</strong>, emarTa<br />

afxazeTis teritoriaze moqmedi partizanuli jgufebi <strong>da</strong><br />

sdevni<strong>da</strong> maT kriminaluri moqmedebis gamo. oqsana antonenkos<br />

mixedviT, politikis moqmedebam am jgufebis winaaRmdeg 2004<br />

wlis TebervalSi gaaumjobesa usafrTxoebis mdgomareoba<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi.<br />

saakaSvilis reJimis mcdelobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita<br />

saqarTvelos nacionaluri gaerTianebis problema, aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom calmxrivi RonisZiebebi ver muSaobs afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

samxedro doneze moqmedebaTa ganxorcieleba, rogorc<br />

es iyo samxreT oseTSi, ver xdebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis samSvidobo<br />

Zalebis gamo. afxazebisaTvis ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>Tmobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

xelsayreli pirobebis SeTavazeba moiTxov<strong>da</strong> urTierT-<br />

SeTanxmebis struqturas, rac im dros SeuZlebeli iyo. mcire<br />

xnis Semdeg afxazeTi gamoeyo saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong> yoveli sa-<br />

31 interviuebi, romlebic “saqarTvelo-oseTis dialogis” <strong>da</strong>mswreebTan<br />

Catar<strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTi<strong>da</strong>n mowveul pirvel eqspertTa Sexvedraze, 2005<br />

wlis 15-19 marts, brnoSi, sloveniaSi. Sexvedra organizebuli iyo oqsana<br />

antonenkos mier, strategiuli kvlevebis saerTaSoriso instituti<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

477

uno kopitersi<br />

sargeblo savaWro kavSiri saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTs Soris<br />

gamkacr<strong>da</strong>.<br />

socialuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri Si<strong>da</strong>urTierTqmedebani<br />

afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Soris <strong>da</strong>rtymas ayeneb<strong>da</strong><br />

saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> erovnuli mSeneblobis process afxazeTSi. amiT<br />

aixsneba is, rom saqarTvelosTan molaparakeba araviTar rols<br />

ar TamaSob<strong>da</strong> saprezidento arCevnebis dros afxazeTSi _ 2004<br />

wlis 3 oqtombers, arc im krizisSi, rac Semdeg gamovlin<strong>da</strong>. am<br />

arCevnebSi ori k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>ti<strong>da</strong>n arc erTi ar gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> uTanxmoebas<br />

afxazeTis suverenitetis Sesaxeb an saqarTvelos<br />

mimarT <strong>da</strong>debiT pozicias. es iyo periferia, romelic centris<br />

mimarT gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> indiferentulobas, rac aisaxa am urTierTobaTa<br />

bunebaSi Zireuli cvlilebebiT <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis kursis SecvliT ruseTis centrisadmi.<br />

saqarTvelos SeeZlo, mxolod pretenzia hqono<strong>da</strong>, rom centrad<br />

CaTvliliyo afxazeTis mTel teritoriaze Zalauflebis<br />

gavrcelebiT, afxazeTis saerTaSoriso aRiarebis blokirebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> mkacri usafrTxoebis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebiT. antonenko SeniSnavs, rom<br />

ruseTi Suamavlob<strong>da</strong> 2004 wels afxazeTSi saprezidento<br />

arCenvebis dros SeTanxmebas or k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>ts Soris, rCebo<strong>da</strong><br />

erTaderT garegan Zalad, romelic pir<strong>da</strong>pir gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTis saqmeebze. is faqti, rom ruseTis mier SerCeuli<br />

k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>ti ver gax<strong>da</strong> prezidenti, naTlad uCvenebs misi Zalis<br />

zRvars. ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTs Soris urTierToba, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

asimetriulicaa <strong>da</strong> ierarqiulic, magram ara srulad <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />

rac Seexeba periferiebis SemoerTebas, saqarTvelos axalma<br />

reJimma wamoswia nacionaluri identurobis, nacionaluri<br />

mowyobisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis idea, rac gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> maT<br />

winamorbedTa nacionalisturi ideologiisagan, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />

isini aRizardnen sabWoTa reJimis dros. amrigad, am SemTxvevaSi<br />

ganxvavebulia saakaSvilisa <strong>da</strong> mis winamorbedis politika.<br />

sabWoTa periodis ganmavlobaSi SevardnaZe, rogorc kompartiis<br />

lideri, icav<strong>da</strong> “orTodoqsul” nacionalur politikas.<br />

qarTuli enis <strong>da</strong>cvaze misi pozicia sabWoTa konteqstSi iyo<br />

478

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

orTodoqsuli. gamsaxurdia, mTavari disidenti sabWoTa reJimis<br />

dros, warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> “araorTodoqsuli” nacionalizmis mimdevars.<br />

is akritikeb<strong>da</strong> mraval <strong>da</strong>Tmobas, romelsac axorcielebdnen<br />

sabWoTa (saqarTvelos CaTvliT) xelisuflebi<br />

nacionalur umciresobaTa mimarT. orive banaki SeTanxm<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

saqarTvelos titularuli eri <strong>da</strong>icav<strong>da</strong> Tavis kulturul<br />

hegemonias sxva erebze saqarTvelos respublikaSi.<br />

rogorc prezidentma, gamsaxurdiam gaakeTa <strong>da</strong>Tmoba<br />

afxazebis, rogorc titularuli eris mimarT, magram es<br />

integraciis c<strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis ganawilebis sabWour tradiciaSi<br />

ar iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>as iseve, rogorc<br />

politikur diferenciacias erovnul sazogadoebaSi. 1991 wels<br />

man afxazeTis liderebs SesTavaza, mieRoT saarCevno kanoni,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> eTnikur kvotaze. es maT<br />

iseTsave Warbi warmomadgenlobis garantias aZlev<strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />

sabWoTa reJimis dros gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T. afxazeTis mxarem es wina<strong>da</strong>deba<br />

miiRo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>aweses momavali adgilobrivi arCevnebi, magram ver<br />

SeZles konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvareba or mTavar erovnul<br />

erTobas Soris. SevardnaZe afxazeTSi marcxis Semdeg sxva gziT<br />

eZeb<strong>da</strong> kompromiss g<strong>and</strong>gomil saxelmwifoebTan <strong>da</strong> erovnul<br />

umciresobebTan, romlebic kvlav sabWoTa tradiciebiT<br />

cxovrobdnen. 1995 wels SevardnaZem ramdenjerme SesTavaza<br />

afxaz <strong>da</strong> osur mxares, SeeqmnaT asimetriuli federaluri<br />

saxelmwifo. misi wina<strong>da</strong>debebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> avtonomiuri<br />

uflebebis sabWour praqtikas teritoriulad<br />

koncentrirebuli umciresobebisaTvis, xolo maT elitas<br />

angariSs ar uwev<strong>da</strong>. is ar fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, Tu rogori un<strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>iliyo<br />

federaluri meqanizmebi, rac sabWour tradiciebs scildebo<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong> imis gageba, Tu ra rols Seasruleb<strong>da</strong> mravalpartiuli<br />

sistema saxelmwifos erTianobis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeraSi.<br />

g<strong>and</strong>gomili qveynis liderebi mis wina<strong>da</strong>debas “warsulisken<br />

<strong>da</strong>bunebas” uwodebdnen.<br />

axali xelmZRvaneloba saakaSvilis meTaurobiT <strong>da</strong> umetesad<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli elita ufro pluralisturad<br />

msjelob<strong>da</strong> periferiis SemoerTebis civilur<br />

479

uno kopitersi<br />

strategiaze <strong>da</strong> erovnul mSeneblobaze. magram <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili <strong>da</strong><br />

nodia xazs usvamen winaaRmdegobas liberalur <strong>da</strong> demokratiul<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>xrebs axali elitisa <strong>da</strong> farTo popularul tradiciulnacionalistur<br />

grZnobebsa <strong>da</strong> saqmianobas Soris, rasac isini<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ebrZodnen. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos erTi ram, rom axali elitis<br />

SiSi radikalurad ar gansxvavdeba winamorbedTa SiSisgan. axali<br />

xelmZRvaneloba kvlav Zveli dilemis winaSe dgas: rogor<br />

<strong>da</strong>ukavSiros sabWoTa eTn<strong>of</strong>ederaluri praqtika demokratiul<br />

formebs, roca demokratiaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli federalizmi<br />

momavalSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes qveynis <strong>da</strong>Slis saSiSroebis<br />

winaSe.<br />

Sedegad, roca adgens saqarTvelos, afxazeTis <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

oseTis gamaerTianebeli momavali federaluri sistemis gegmas,<br />

axali xelmZRvaneloba upiratesobas aniWebs federaluri<br />

mowyobis TanamSromlur Taviseburebebze zewolas <strong>da</strong> ara aqvs<br />

survili, Camoayalibos konstituciuri meqanizmebi, romelic<br />

Zalauflebis ganawilebis garantias miscem<strong>da</strong>. ucxo Zalebis<br />

CarTvis aucilebloba, gansakuTrebiT ruseTis federaciisa<br />

afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTisaTvis usafrTxoebis garantiis<br />

micemaSi, warmoSobs kidev erT problemas, rac gamoixateba<br />

imaSi, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba arCevs, ar mimarTos maT. 32<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, afxazebisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis xelmZRvanelebis<br />

uari, ganixilon sakiTxi, Tu rogor SeiZleba federalurma<br />

32 samxreT oseTTan samSvidobo gegmis Taobaze gakeTebul moxsenebaSi<br />

evropis sabWos winaSe saakaSvilma euTo <strong>da</strong>axasiaTa, rogorc “samSvidobo<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli”, evrokavSiri _ rogorc “mSvidobis garanti”, amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi – rogorc “mSvidobis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri” <strong>da</strong> ruseTi –<br />

rogorc “sasurveli <strong>da</strong> konstruqciuli samSvidobo partniori”.<br />

SesaZloa, es formula ritorikulad kargad formulirebulia, Tumca<br />

aranairad ar iZleva warmodgenas imaze, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> miiRon<br />

monawileoba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saerTaSoriso aqtorebma politikurad<br />

gamarTlebul samSvidobo garantiis samomavlo meqanizmis SeqmnaSi. ix.<br />

Mikheil Saakashvili, “Address by the President <strong>of</strong> Georgia on the Occasion <strong>of</strong> the First<br />

Part <strong>of</strong> the 2005 Ordinary Session <strong>of</strong> the Council <strong>of</strong> Europe Parliamentary Assembly,”<br />

Strasbourg, January 24-28, 2005, http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/Files/PA-Sessions/janv-<br />

2005/Saakashvili.pdf.<br />

480

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

mowyobam <strong>da</strong>asustos an mospos ierarqiuli urTierToba<br />

erovnul erTobliobaTa Soris <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos saerTaSoriso<br />

usafrTxoebis garantiebi federalur saxelmwifoTaTvis, xels<br />

ar uwyobs politikuri wesrigis <strong>da</strong>myarebaSi.<br />

kidev ufro sainteresoa 2005 wlis ianvarSi saakaSvilis mier<br />

gamoTqmuli wina<strong>da</strong>deba, samxreT oseTis politikuri statusis<br />

sakiTxi <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdes ruseTis federaciasTan sazRvarze<br />

TanamSromlobas. 33 saakaSvilis azriT, samxreT oseTis konstituciuri<br />

avtonomia ufro farTo iqneba, vidre sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

dros <strong>da</strong>, marTlac, ufro farTo, vidre amJamad CrdiloeT<br />

oseTi flobs avtonomias ruseTis federaciaSi. samxreT oseTis<br />

kompetencia adgilobrivi ekonomikis kontroli iqneba. saakaSvilma<br />

Semdeg ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom samSvidobo SeTanxmeba Sedegad<br />

moitans sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>Wris gamartivebas CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

oseTs Soris <strong>da</strong> Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmnas. magram<br />

oseTis federalur statusze es Sexedulebaim saxiT, rogorc<br />

warmodgenili iyo evrosabWos winaSe, Zalian bundovania.<br />

2004 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo konstituciuri<br />

kanoni aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis<br />

Sesaxeb. 34 man <strong>da</strong>amtkica aWaris federaluri avtonomiuroba,<br />

magram, amave dros, gamoxata xelmZRvanelobis SiSi mmarTvelobis<br />

uflebrivi pasuxismgeblobis regionuli erTeulebisaTvis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis Taobaze. evrosabWo eyrdnoba veneciis<br />

komisiis moxsenebas 35 <strong>da</strong> gamoxatavs SeSfoTebas uaRresad<br />

33 ix. Ñì. Liz Fuller. South Ossetia Rejects Georgian President’s Offer <strong>of</strong> Autonomy //<br />

RFE/RL Caucasus Report, vol. 8, no. 4, January 28, 2005, http://www.rferl.org/reports/<br />

caucasus-report/2005/01/4-280105.asp <strong>da</strong> Saakashvili. Address by the President <strong>of</strong><br />

Georgia.<br />

34 ix. International Crisis Group. Saakashvili’s Ajara Success: Repeatable Elsewhere in<br />

Georgia?<br />

35 ix. European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), Opinion<br />

on the Draft Constitutional Law <strong>of</strong> Georgia on the Status <strong>of</strong> the Autonomous Republic <strong>of</strong><br />

Ajara, Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 59th Plenary Session (Venice, June 18-<br />

19, 2004), CDL-AD(2004)018, Strasbourg, June 21, 2004, http://66.102.9.104/<br />

search?q=cache:j1bAtuP3w4IJ:www.venice.coe.int/docs/2004/CDL-AD(2004)018<br />

e.asp+Opinion+on+the+draft+constitutional+law+<strong>of</strong>+Georgia+&hl=nl.<br />

481

uno kopitersi<br />

“SezRuduli avtonomiis” gamo. ufro metad imaze, rom “saqar-<br />

Tvelos prezidents SeuZlia, <strong>da</strong>iTxovos aWaris umaRlesi<br />

sabWo, Tu es ukanaskneli ramdenjerme uary<strong>of</strong>s, miiRos<br />

prezidentis mier wardgenili k<strong>and</strong>i<strong>da</strong>ti regionis premierministrad<br />

<strong>da</strong> rom misi (umaRlesi sabWos) wevrebi iniSneba<br />

TbilisSi ministrebis mier. es SezRudvebi amcirebs aWaris<br />

statuss nominalur avtonomiamde mcire praqtikuli SedegiT.”<br />

36<br />

“vardebis revolucia”, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, ver mivi<strong>da</strong> radikalur<br />

reformebamde regionalizmis an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis<br />

sakiTxSi. es aris nawilobriv qveynis teritoriuli<br />

mTlianobis aRdgenis problemis ga<strong>da</strong>uWrelobis bralic. 2004<br />

wlis oqtomberSi parlamentma <strong>da</strong>amtkica adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis<br />

evropis qartia, magram Tavi Seikava im paragrafis<br />

miRebisagan, romelic ganixilavs adgilobrivi xelisuflebis<br />

TanamSromlobas sxva qveynis Sesabamis organoebTan. 37 regionis<br />

SesaZlebloba, momavalSi iyos SemaerTebeli rgoli sxva<br />

regionebTan <strong>da</strong> qveynebTan, naklebad mimzidvelia saqarTvelos<br />

politikuri elitisaTvis.<br />

saakaSvilma Seqmna komisia teritoriul-administraciuli<br />

reformisaTvis teritoriul organizaciaTa kompleqsuri<br />

sistemis Sesacvlelad. mTavroba acxadebs, rom momavalSi<br />

adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi yvela wamyvani adgili arCeviTi<br />

iqneba. 38 magram erovnul umciresobaTa integracia erT-erT<br />

rTul sakiTxad rCeba, gansakuTrebiT im regionebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini<br />

geografiulad arian koncentrirebulni. nodias mixedviT,<br />

nacionalur umciresobaTa raodenoba saqarTvelos parlamentSi<br />

2004 wels umniSvnelo iyo.<br />

“vardebis revoluciis” Sedegad centris cvlilebam Zlieri<br />

<strong>da</strong>rtyma miayena periferias, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom konfron-<br />

36 Report <strong>of</strong> the Committee on the Honoring <strong>of</strong> Obligations <strong>and</strong> Commitments by<br />

Member States <strong>of</strong> the Council <strong>of</strong> Europe.<br />

37 Civil Georgia, October 26, 2004, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=8174.<br />

38 Report <strong>of</strong> the Committee on the Honoring <strong>of</strong> Obligations <strong>and</strong> Commitments by<br />

Member States <strong>of</strong> the Council <strong>of</strong> Europe, p. 11.<br />

482

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

tacia <strong>da</strong> antiintegracia grZeldeba. axali xelmZRvaneloba<br />

iyenebs ufro civilur <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebul nacionalistur<br />

ritorikas prioritetebisadmi nacionaluri gaerTianebis<br />

strategiaSi. aWaris SemTxvevaSi adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> cvlilebaTa<br />

demokratiul process. magram aWaris reintegracia mox<strong>da</strong><br />

mkacri ierarqiuli nimuSis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> aWaris respublikas<br />

mxolod nominaluri saxelwodeba <strong>da</strong>rCa. samxreT oseTis<br />

SemoerTebis unay<strong>of</strong>o c<strong>da</strong>m seriozulad SeaferxaRonisZiebebi<br />

ndobis aRdgenisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis sferoebSi. Tbilisis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTTan kvlav konfrontaciulia.<br />

teritoriuli erTianoba, regionizacia <strong>da</strong><br />

erovnul umciresobaTa sakiTxi kvlav ga<strong>da</strong>uWrelia. magram im<br />

mouTmenlobas, rogoriTac axl<strong>and</strong>eli xelmZRvaneloba eqceva<br />

am sakiTxebs, saqme mihyavs, rogorc es samxreT oseTis<br />

SemTxvevaSi iyo, naCqarev <strong>da</strong> sarisko moqmedebebamde. es Zalian<br />

gansxvavdeba im Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi indiferentulobisagan, rogoriTac<br />

SevardnaZis reJimi eqceo<strong>da</strong> am problemas. 39<br />

39 2005 wlis ianvarSi evrokomisiis saparlamento asambleam miiRo<br />

rezolucia saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, romelic am winaaRmdegobebis<br />

SesaniSnav sinTezs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romelsac saqarTvelo erovnuli<br />

integraciisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi awydeba: “vardebis<br />

revoluciam” <strong>da</strong> momdevno orma arCevnebma Sedegad Zlieri xelisufleba<br />

moitana, romelic iTamaSebs mniSvnelovan rols saqarTvelos politikuri,<br />

ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis problemebis mogvarebaSi, imis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Zlieri xelisufleba iarsebebs masze Zlieri <strong>da</strong><br />

moqmedi monitoringis meqanizmis arsebobis paralelurad. dResdReobiT<br />

saqarTvelos aqvs Zlieri saprezidento ZalauflebiT aRWurvili<br />

naxevrad saprezidento sistema, TiTqmis ar hyavs saparlamento opozicia,<br />

hyavs Zalian susti samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, aqvs sasamarTlo sistema,<br />

romelic jerjerobiT arasakmarisad <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong> araefeqturia,<br />

ganuviTarebeli Tu ararsebuli adgilobrivi demokratia, TviT cenzori<br />

media <strong>da</strong> aWaris avtonomiis araadekvaturi modeli.” Parliamentary Assembly,<br />

Resolution 1415 (2005), ”Honoring <strong>of</strong> Obligations <strong>and</strong> Commitments by Georgia,”http:/<br />

/assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/<br />

ERES1415.htm. es rezolucia <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia zemoT aRniSnuli evropis<br />

sabWos komitetis moxsenebaze (Doc. 10383).<br />

483

uno kopitersi<br />

484<br />

centr-periferiis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />

saerTaSoriso wyobaSi<br />

savaraudoa, rom moskovsTan, vaSingtonsa <strong>da</strong> briuselTan<br />

saqarTvelos urTierToba SeiZleba aRwerili iqnas, rogorc<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli urTierToba centr-periferiis nimuSis mixedviT.<br />

pirveli, es gulisxmobs imas, rom centrSi or <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul<br />

mxares Soris urTierTqmedebaze cvlilebebi<br />

ufro Rrma gavlenas axdens, vidre cvlilebebi periferiaSi.<br />

meore, urTierTqmedebebSi cvlilebebs ufro Zlieri<br />

gavlena aqvs periferiaze, vidre centrze. am varaudebs<br />

mivyavarT Semdeg xuT sakiTxTan: sabWoTa kavSiris mravalerovani<br />

wyobis <strong>da</strong>Sla; 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi<br />

kaspiis zRvis energiis usafrTxoebis politika SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi; ruseTis samxreT sazRvarze misi usafrTxoebis<br />

garemos Secvla CeCneTis omis <strong>da</strong>wyebisas 1999 wels <strong>da</strong><br />

vladimer putinis prezidentad gaxdoma; amerikis globaluri<br />

usafrTxoebis politikis <strong>da</strong>wyeba 2001 wlis 11<br />

seqtembris Semdeg <strong>da</strong> euTos samxreT kavkasiis politikis<br />

gafarToebis Sedegebi.<br />

xuTive sakiTxi aCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong><br />

Rrma gavlenas ganicdis am samive centris politikis reorganizaciis<br />

gamo ufro metad, vidre saqarTvelos Sinauri<br />

cvlilebebis gamo. xuTive SemTxvevaSi TbilisSi politikosebma<br />

Secvales erovnuli usafrTxoebis parametrebi. es aCvenebs<br />

saqarTvelos, rogorc periferiuli qveynis pozicias saer-<br />

TaSoriso urTierTobebSi.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Sla<br />

wignis winamdebare statia aRwers, Tu rogor iyo gansaz-<br />

Rvruli Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> moskovs Soris urTierToba sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris <strong>da</strong>SliTa <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebiT, rac gzas uxsni<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi<br />

nacionalur-liberalur moZraobas, rogorc centrSi

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

(Tbilisi), ise periferiaSi (oseTi, afxazeTi). saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis moZraoba gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> mTel saqar-<br />

TveloSi politikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli hegemonis <strong>da</strong>myarebas,<br />

rogorc ganuy<strong>of</strong>el nawils maTi mcdelobisas, Tavi <strong>da</strong>eRwiaT<br />

sabWoTa reJimisa <strong>da</strong>, sabolood, ruseTis mmarTvelobisagan.<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> suvereniteti ar un<strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>iliyo gancalkevebuli<br />

sagareo suverenitetisagan. magram moskovTan mijaWvulobam<br />

saqarTvelos ar misca saSualeba, ganexorcielebina avtonomiur<br />

erTeulebze sruli kontroli. saqarTvelos<br />

nacionalurma moZraobam 1980-ian wlebSi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan gamoiwvia<br />

konfrontacia mis periferiebTan. vidre saqarTvelo warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

sabWoTa kavSiris nawils, Tbiliss ar SeeZlo<br />

hyolo<strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, rom saSinao konfliqtSi<br />

Careuliyo. <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvilis mixedviT, Jan<strong>da</strong>rmeriis msgavsi<br />

nacionaluri gvardia, romelic am mizniT Seiqmnebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebo<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa centrs.<br />

moskovTan konfrontacia mainc ver iqna Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebuli<br />

orive mxri<strong>da</strong>n calmxrivi nabijebis gamo. sabWoTa centrma<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo adreuli poziciebis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva, romelic Seexebo<strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTelos avtonomiur erTeulebs. sabWoTa komunisturi<br />

partia adre yovelTvis uary<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong> afxazebis ganuwyvetel<br />

moTxovnas, gamoy<strong>of</strong>o<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong> uSualod <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong><br />

sabWoTa centrs. rogorc ciurxeri aRwers, mixeil<br />

gorbaCovi Seeca<strong>da</strong>, moexdina sabWoTa federaluri sistemis<br />

reforma, rac saWiroeb<strong>da</strong> mokavSire respublikebis avtonomiebSi,<br />

maT Soris, saqarTveloSic nacionaluri moZraobis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras. 1990-iani wlebis TviTgamorkvevis sabWoTa kanoni<br />

SeTiTxnili iyo aseTi aliansisaTvis. es kanoni uflebas aZlev<strong>da</strong><br />

respublikebSi umciresobebs, romlebic <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisTvis<br />

ibrZodnen, <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyvnen sabWoTa kavSirSi. aseTi iniciativa<br />

amZimeb<strong>da</strong> Tbilisis mdgomareobas, radgan teritoriul<br />

erTianobas saSiSroeba emuqrebo<strong>da</strong> ara marto Signi<strong>da</strong>n, aramed<br />

gare<strong>da</strong>nac. ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos interesebi SeuTavsebeli<br />

iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris gagebiT, saqarTvelo “aviwroeb<strong>da</strong> sxvas”.<br />

(dev<strong>da</strong>riani) Sedegad, es iwvev<strong>da</strong> calmxriv nabijebs <strong>da</strong><br />

485

uno kopitersi<br />

kulminacias miaRwia 1991 wlis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis deklaraciis<br />

dros.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris kontrolis Sesustebam gamoiwvia sabolood<br />

uaris Tqma centralizebuli komunisturi partiis<br />

marTvaze, ramac gamoiwvia federaluri institutebis <strong>da</strong>Sla<br />

sabWoTa wyobis (sa<strong>da</strong>c centr-periferiis molaparakebasa <strong>da</strong><br />

mowesrigebas SeiZleba hqono<strong>da</strong> adgili) yvela doneze. 40 mas<br />

agreTve hqon<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli Sedegi axal <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

respublikebSi, romlebic sabWoTa kavSirs gamoeyvnen. 1991<br />

wlis bolos saqarTveloSi ar iyo arc ucxo qveynis <strong>da</strong> arc<br />

ruseTis politika, rasac SeeZlo moewesrigebina nebismieri<br />

konfrontacia an Tavi <strong>da</strong>eRwia calmxrivi nabijebisgan diplomatiis<br />

saSualebiT.<br />

1990 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebSi<br />

gamarjvebis Semdeg 1991-92 wlebSi samoqalaqo omamde,<br />

gamsaxurdias mokle xniT ZalauflebiT sargeblobisas, ruseTTan<br />

konfrontaciis periodia, gansakuTrebiT moskovis<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong> arapir<strong>da</strong>piri Carevisas samxreTSi SeiaraRebuli<br />

konfliqtis dros, romelic <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1991 wlis ianvarSi <strong>da</strong><br />

grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis mTeli xnis ganmavlobaSi.<br />

41 rac mTavaria, gamsaxurdia uary<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobas. dev<strong>da</strong>riani wers, rom gamsaxurdia<br />

gamomwvevad eqceo<strong>da</strong> moskovis usafrTxoebis interesebs<br />

mTel kavkasiaSi.<br />

saqarTvelo aSeneb<strong>da</strong>, rogorc dev<strong>da</strong>riani uwodebs, “Seupovar<br />

TavisTavadobas” gare Zalebis mimarT. magram ruseTsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Soris konfrontaciis zr<strong>da</strong> ar SeiZleba<br />

aixsnas martooden saqarTvelos nacionaluri gegmiTa <strong>da</strong><br />

erovnuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis ZiebiT. dev<strong>da</strong>riani miuTiTebs, Tu<br />

rogor <strong>da</strong>emTxva sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Sla identurobis kriziss<br />

40 Nancy Bernmeo, “Position Paper for the Working Group on Federalism, Conflict<br />

Prevention, <strong>and</strong> Settlement,” warmodgenili iqna 2005 wlis 3-5 marts briuselSi<br />

Catarebul federalizmis mesame saerTaSoriso konferenciaze.<br />

41 cecxlis Sewyvetis xelSekruleba samxreT oseTSi iqna xelmowerili<br />

1992 wlis ivnisSi, mas Semdeg, rac gamsaxurdiam <strong>da</strong>karga Zalaufleba.<br />

486

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

TviT ruseTSi. ruseTis xelmZRvaneloba sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

<strong>da</strong>Slas Rebulob<strong>da</strong>, rogorc TviTgaTavisuflebis formas,<br />

magram misma elitam igrZno Rrma urTierTwinaaRmdegoba<br />

warsulis mimarT. zogi kvlav fiqrob<strong>da</strong> qveynis warsulis<br />

statusze, e.w. “derJavnost”-ze <strong>da</strong> Zlier nanob<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris sidiadis <strong>da</strong>kargvas. es iyo mizani, romelsac ruseTi<br />

eswrafvo<strong>da</strong> susti periferiebis mimarT. rogorc robert<br />

legvoldi SesavalSi SeniSnavs, ruseTi susti iyo uwindel<br />

sabWoeTTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, magram mainc SeeZlo mezobel qveynebze<br />

dominireba.<br />

imave periodis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis saxelmwifoebi<br />

indiferentulni iyvnen saqarTveloSi konfliqtebis mimarT,<br />

agreTve Tbilisis xelmZRvanelobas <strong>da</strong> moskovs Soris <strong>da</strong>pirispirebulobisadmi.<br />

maT ar moswon<strong>da</strong>T gamsaxurdias nacionalizmi,<br />

romelic emsgavsebo<strong>da</strong> balkaneTis radikalur<br />

gancxadebebs, magram aRiqvamdnen am konfliqts, romelic<br />

exebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis usafrTxoebis interesebs. isini uars<br />

ambobdnen, <strong>da</strong>emyarebinaT diplomatiuri urTierToba gamsaxurdias<br />

mTavrobasTan an saqarTvelo mieRoT saerTaSoriso<br />

usafrTxoebis organizaciebis wevrad. aman gamoiwvia saqar-<br />

Tvelos saerTaSoriso izolacia, romelic grZeldebo<strong>da</strong><br />

iqamde, vidre 1992 wlis martSi SevardnaZe ar <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong><br />

TbilisSi. saqarTvelos situaciis axsnisas dev<strong>da</strong>riani wers, rom<br />

qveyanas hqon<strong>da</strong> memkvidruli miswrafeba, gaeziarebina evropuli<br />

politikis praqtika, magram ara misi gamocdileba. 42<br />

evropasTan urTierTobis istoriis uqonloba niSnavs, rom<br />

42 aRniSnulTan mimarTebaSi erTaderTi gamonaklisi 1918-1921 wlebSi<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis xanmokle periodi iyo <strong>da</strong> Semdgom 1921<br />

wels saqarTvelos bolSevikuri okupacia, maSin, roca evropis<br />

socialurma demokratiam qarTveli menSevikebis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad wamoiwyo<br />

soli<strong>da</strong>robisa <strong>da</strong> maTTan TanamSromlobis aqtiuri kampania. Tumca am<br />

moklevadianma gamocdilebam veranairi pozitiuri memkvidreoba ver<br />

Seqmna: 1980-ian <strong>da</strong> 1990-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos moZraobas <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis<br />

araviTari simpaTia ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong> menSevikuri ideologiuri<br />

tradiciis mimarT.<br />

487

uno kopitersi<br />

SeuZlebelia (rogorc es baltiis saxelmwifoebSia), magaliTad,<br />

ilaparako saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobaze, rogorc evropisken<br />

an <strong>da</strong>savleTis sazogadoebisaken miqcevaze.<br />

amave periodSi, afxazeTis omis dros, saqarTvelos ga-<br />

Wirveba Zlier ar aisaxa moskovis, vaSingtonis an briuselis<br />

usafrTxoebis programaze. arc erT am qalaqs ar hqon<strong>da</strong> naTeli<br />

warmodgena, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> Careuliyvnen am areul mezoblobaSi,<br />

igive iTqmis ruseTze. antonenko aRwers ruseTis<br />

politikis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa miRebis <strong>da</strong>bneulobasa <strong>da</strong> azrTa<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobas saqarTvelos mimarT, gansakuTrebiT misi<br />

intervenciis dros afxazeTis omSi. ruseTis xelmZRvanelobis<br />

zog nawils undo<strong>da</strong>, mxari <strong>da</strong>eWira teritoriuli erTianobisaTvis,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ruseTis samxreTis myife sazRvarze.<br />

magram ruseTis samxedro xelmZRvanelobam mxari<br />

<strong>da</strong>uWira adgilobriv ajanyebas saqarTvelos samxedro intervenciis<br />

winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> es mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera iqca ruseTis rolis<br />

mTavar niSnad 1992-93 wlebis omSi. ruseTis xelmZRvanelobis<br />

uunaroba, SeezRu<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi samxedroebi, nawilobriv,<br />

SeiZleba aixsnas moskovis politikuri krizisiT aRmasrulebel<br />

<strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo organoebs Soris. konfliqtma<br />

ruseTis prezident elcinsa <strong>da</strong> umaRles sabWos Soris,<br />

romelmac piks 1993 wels miaRwia <strong>da</strong> namdvili samoqalaqo omi<br />

gamoiwvia, <strong>da</strong>Crdila ruseTis rolis yvela SesaZlebloba<br />

afxazeTis konfliqtSi.<br />

afxazeTSi saqarTvelos jaris <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg (1993 wlis<br />

27 seqtembers) ruseTis jaris <strong>da</strong>xmarebam ar gamoiwvia saqarTvelos<br />

mTavrobasTan konfrontacia. saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>aCoqes, rogorc maSin<br />

SevardnaZem Tqva. is <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong>, Sesuliyo <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa<br />

TanamegobrobaSi <strong>da</strong> neba <strong>da</strong>rTo ruseTs, saqarTvelos<br />

teritoriaze ganelagebina bazebi. am <strong>da</strong>Tmobam mas moupova ruseTis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, gaenadgurebina gamsaxurdias erTguli Zalebi.<br />

ruseTisadmi Semdgomi <strong>da</strong>Tmoba iyo vardiko nadibaiZis, ruseTis<br />

moqmedi <strong>of</strong>icris, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministrad <strong>da</strong>niSvna 1994 wlis aprilSi.<br />

imave wlis bolos SevardnaZem mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira ruseTis samxedro<br />

intervencias CeCneTSi.<br />

488

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis saxelmwifoebi indiferentulni <strong>da</strong>rCnen<br />

afxazeTis bedis mimarT. 43 rogorc heli <strong>da</strong> gogia aRniSnaven, es<br />

saxelmwifoebi gverds uvlidnen am regionSi <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas <strong>da</strong><br />

mTavari pasuxismgebloba ruseTis samSvidobo moqmedebas<br />

<strong>da</strong>akisres. <strong>da</strong>savleTi mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> mxolod gaerTianebuli<br />

erebis organizaciis saze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelo misias afxazeTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

CarTuli iyo zogierTi <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynis samxedro. isini<br />

SeSfoTebas gamoxatavdnen ruseTi samxedro Zalis y<strong>of</strong>nis gamo<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi. evropis Cveulebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb<br />

xelSekrulebis safuZvelze regionuli stabiluroba gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis usafrTxoebis interesebis win<br />

wamoweviT, Tumca es ar iyo <strong>da</strong>savleTis pir<strong>da</strong>piri CarevisTvis<br />

iZuleba. 44 aq iyo agreTve <strong>da</strong>savleTis energousafrTxoebis<br />

interesebi, rac mniSvnelovnad aZlev<strong>da</strong> biZgs <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

y<strong>of</strong>nas samxreT kavkasiaSi.<br />

zrunvis mesame sfero, rac moiTxov<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis Tanamonawileobas,<br />

iyo SiSi samxreT kavkasiaSi saxelmwifoTa<br />

arSedgomisa. rogorc aRniSnes helim <strong>da</strong> gogiam, <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

humanitaruli <strong>da</strong>xmareba 1990 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi progresulad<br />

Seicvala sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, demokratizaciis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT <strong>da</strong> sxva saxelmwifo reformebis politikiT.<br />

43 antonenkos <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, boris elcini Tavis memuarebSi saqarTeloafxazeTis<br />

konfliqtze ar saubrobs, rac kontrastulia imasTan, Tu ra<br />

mniSvnelobas aniWebs is dsT-s. amaSi vlindeba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT indiferentuli<br />

pozicia.msgavsi ram aRiniSneba germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministr hansditer<br />

genSerTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.”saqarTvelos megobris” reputaciis <strong>da</strong><br />

im faqtis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom germaniam mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>xmareba gauwia<br />

saqarTvelos 1992 wels SevardnaZis qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis Semdeg,<br />

saqarTvelo metad iSviaTa<strong>da</strong>a moxseniebuli genSeris memuarebSi. es<br />

miuTiTebs saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> misi problemebisadmi interesebis<br />

marginalobaze, iseve, rogorc es elcinis SemTxvevaSi iyo. ix. Hans-Dieter<br />

Genscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995).<br />

44 ix. Alexei Zverev en Bruno Coppieters, “Verloren evenwicht. Georgie tussen Rusl<strong>and</strong><br />

en het Westen .” Oost-Europa Verkenningen, no. 134 (August 1994), pp. 38-47.<br />

489

uno kopitersi<br />

490<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis energousafrTxoebis politika<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCiaSvilis mixedviT, saqarTvelos saqmeebSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

CarTvis interesi <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1995 wels SevardnaZis reJimis<br />

ganmtkicebis Semdeg. saqarTvelos mTavroba cdilob<strong>da</strong>,<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>elaxa <strong>da</strong>savleTis gulcivobis pozicia saqarTvelos<br />

geografiuli mdebareobis, agreTve sakomunikacio <strong>da</strong> satransporto<br />

rolis gamoyenebiT azia-evropas Soris. saqarTvelos<br />

liderebi imedovnebdnen, rom konfrontaciuli<br />

politika ruseTTan miiqcev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis yuradRebas. magram<br />

arc amerikas <strong>da</strong> arc evrokavSiris qveynebs ar sur<strong>da</strong>T, CarTuliyvnen<br />

aseT konfrontaciul politikaSi ruseTTan. roca<br />

saqarTvelom wamoayena natos wevrobis idea, Crdiloatlantikurma<br />

aliansxma ar uaryo es, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom saqarTvelos<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebi cud mdgomareobaSi iyo <strong>da</strong> ar<br />

gaaCn<strong>da</strong> demokratiuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis politikaSi.<br />

rogorc legvoldi aRniSnavs, saqarTvelos miswrafebam natos<br />

wevrobisaken am ukanasknels xelT misca berketebi, raTa<br />

gaetarebina Si<strong>da</strong>saxelmwifoebrivi reformebi, romlebic<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis interesebs Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1990-91 wlebSi saqarTvelos saqmeebSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis monawileobis<br />

gafarToebam, gansakuTrebiT amerikis energetikuli<br />

politikis meSveobiT, rac gamoixata baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis<br />

proeqtSi, ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti gavlena moaxdina saqarTvelos strategiaze<br />

usafrTxoebis sferoSi. <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili aRwers Tbilisis<br />

erTmniSvnelovan arCevans <strong>da</strong>savleTze orientaciis sasargeblod<br />

1998 wels, rodesac saqarTvelom gaaaqtiura Tavisi<br />

TanamSromloba natosTan. erTi wlis Semdeg is gamovi<strong>da</strong> dsT-s<br />

saerTo xelSekrulebi<strong>da</strong>n, gax<strong>da</strong> evrosabWos wevri. am wevrobis<br />

pirobebi iyo demokratiuli saxelmwifo reformebis gatareba<br />

<strong>da</strong> umciresobaTa uflebebis pativiscema. <strong>da</strong>savleTis saxelmwifoebma<br />

gamoiyenes zemoqmedebis berketebi politikis<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoebSi. samxedro saqmeSi amerikeli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

sxva eqspertebi cdilobdnen, gaetarebinaT radikaluri<br />

reformebi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi. reforma<br />

iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> piradi samxedro Semadgenlobis ricxovriv

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

Semcirebas, korufciis amoZirkvas, samxedroTa moqmedebaze<br />

samoqalaqo kontrolisa <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri usafrTxoebis<br />

koncefciis SemuSavebas. reformebis gatarebis c<strong>da</strong>m fiasko<br />

ganica<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTze orientacia ar un<strong>da</strong> gavaigivoT radikaluri<br />

demokratiuli reformebis sasargeblod arCevanTan, yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi. <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvilis<br />

azriT, gamWvirvale Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi politika safrTxes Seuqmni<strong>da</strong><br />

naTesauri niSniT TanamdebobaTa <strong>da</strong>rigebis korumpirebul<br />

sistemas. analogiuri <strong>da</strong>skvna SeiZleba gakeTdes politikis<br />

sxva aspeqtebis mimarTac. magaliTad, samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />

regionuli TanamSromlobis mimarT, rac evrokavSiris erTerTi<br />

prioritetuli amocana iyo. saqarTvelom yurad ar iRo<br />

mowodeba, gamoeyenebina es “gamouyenebeli potenciali” (de<br />

vaali) Tavisi ganviTarebis politikaSi.<br />

amrigad, <strong>da</strong>savleTis mcdelobas, <strong>da</strong>xmarebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

regionuli integraciis sferoSi, mniSvnelovani warmateba ar<br />

mohyolia. SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> mxolod baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis<br />

proeqtis realizeba amerikel momxreTa gegmis Tanaxmad. es<br />

proeqtic ki ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos miRwevad regionuli<br />

integraciis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca man Seqmna grZelvadiani<br />

materialuri stimuli <strong>da</strong>savleTis mier regionuli stabilurobis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad. rogorc de vaali aRniSavs, swori<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, Tu am navTobsadensvuwodebdiT, rogorc araruseTis<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara-iranis navTobsadens.<br />

SevardnaZis imedi, rom gare<strong>da</strong>n mieRo <strong>da</strong>xmareba afxazeTisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis problemis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad, ar gamarTl<strong>da</strong>.<br />

CeCneTis pirveli omis dros man sruli mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera gamoucxa<strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTis mTavrobis c<strong>da</strong>s, Zalismieri meTodebiT moexdina<br />

CeCneTis reintegracia, im imediT, rom ruseTi <strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos, analogiuri kursi gaetarebina afxazeTis mimarT.<br />

es mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera ar Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis mkacr kritikas imis<br />

Taobaze, rom ruseTis samxedroebi yurad ar iRebdnen<br />

saerTaSoriso humanitarul uflebebs am omis msvlelobisas,<br />

kerZod, CeCneTis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis _ groznos <strong>da</strong>bombvisas. magram<br />

SevardnaZis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weram araviTari Sedegi ar gamoiRo.<br />

491

uno kopitersi<br />

ramdenime wlis Semdeg, 1999 wels, SevardnaZe mTlianad<br />

<strong>da</strong>uWers mxars natos oms kosovoSi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />

iugoslaviis mTavroba oms awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> separatizmis winaaRmdeg<br />

<strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis uSiSroebis sabWoc ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>eTanxma natos intervencias. is imedovneb<strong>da</strong>, rom SeerTebul<br />

Statebs aseve SeuZlia, Caataros calmxrivi samxedro aqcia<br />

afxazeTSi. rogorc heli <strong>da</strong> gogia aRniSnaven, aSS-s mTavrobam<br />

mas agrZnobina, rom ara aqvs ganzraxva, gaimeoros kosovos<br />

scenari afxazeTSi. vaSingtonis uari ar iyo principis saqme an<br />

ganurCevlobis <strong>da</strong>sturi. aSS-s <strong>da</strong> evropis mTavrobebs ar<br />

SeeZloT, calmxrivad ga<strong>da</strong>eWraT separatistuli konfliqtebi,<br />

saqarTveloSi ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis riskis gareSe.<br />

saqarTvelos diplomatiuri mcdelobebi, gaerTianebuli<br />

erebis organizaciis CarCoebSi uzrunveleyo samxedro gziT<br />

afxazeTis problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra, agreTve ar iZleo<strong>da</strong> araviTar<br />

realur safuZvels warmatebisaTvis. wina<strong>da</strong>debebma imis<br />

Taobaze, rom gaeros mieRo rezolucia Zalis gamoeyenebis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad, raTa saqarTvelos aRedgina teritoriuli<br />

mTlianoba, aseve ver hpova mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebis<br />

sabWos mudmivi wevrebisagan.<br />

492<br />

meore CeCneTis omi <strong>da</strong> putinis prezidentoba<br />

1990-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelo-ruseTis<br />

urTierTobaSi mTavar Taviseburebad rCebo<strong>da</strong> konfrontacia.<br />

ruseTis yoveli c<strong>da</strong>, mimarTuli Tavisi samxreT mezoblis<br />

integraciisaken, saqarTvelos mxri<strong>da</strong>n aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />

dominirebis muqara, rac ganamtkiceb<strong>da</strong> “identurobis winaaRmdegobas”<br />

<strong>da</strong> Seqmni<strong>da</strong> ruseTis mimarT <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />

politikis axal motivaciebs. samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba iwvev<strong>da</strong> ruseTis ufro met Zalisxmevas,<br />

pozicia <strong>da</strong>ekavebina regionSi Tavisi interesebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sacavad, gansakuTrebiT im periodSi, roca sagareo saqmeTa<br />

ministris posti ekava primakovs (1996-1998 ww.). am gabedulma<br />

nabijma gavlena moaxdina gaerosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis metoqeobaze

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

saqarTvelo-afxazeTs Soris Suamavlis rolisaTvis. primakovi<br />

aqtiurad cdilob<strong>da</strong>, y<strong>of</strong>iliyo Suamavali saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTis prezidentebs Soris, organizeba gaukeTa Sexvedrebs,<br />

magaliTad, vladislav arZinbasa <strong>da</strong> eduard SevardnaZes<br />

Soris 1997 wels TbilisSi. antonenkos TqmiT, qarTul-afxazur<br />

konfliqtSi ruseTis monawileobas xeli Seuwyo misma federaciulma<br />

struqturam. ruseTis regionuli elita metad<br />

aqtiurad TanamSromlob<strong>da</strong> afxazeTTan. es Zirs uTxri<strong>da</strong> dsTs<br />

mier SemoRebul sanqciebs.<br />

1999 wels CeCneTSi <strong>da</strong>wyebulma omma <strong>da</strong> boris elcinis<br />

nacvlad putinis mosvlam ruseTis prezidentis saxiT, am<br />

krebulSi warmodgenili gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, gamoiwvia<br />

Zvrebi politikaSi saqarTvelos mimarT <strong>da</strong> prioritetis<br />

cvlilebebi saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis sferoSi.<br />

pirveli, ruseTis winaSe mdgari muqaris aRqmaSi pirveli<br />

adgili ekava islamur fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizms. wina omisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

CeCneTis meore omi <strong>of</strong>icialurad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> ara<br />

konfliqtad suverenitetis gamo, aramed samxedro operaciad<br />

islamuri terorizmis winaaRmdeg. man moiTxova vaSingtonTan<br />

axali urTierToba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, gavlena moaxdina<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> aSS-s urTierTobaze. centr-periferiis<br />

urTierTobaTa CarCoSi am samkuTxedSi garkveuloba rom iyos,<br />

ar Rirs imis fiqri, rom yvela centrs aqvs Tanabari SesaZlebloba,<br />

gavlena moaxdinos saqarTvelos moqmedebis<br />

programaze usafrTxoebis sferoSi. simetriuloba <strong>da</strong> ierarqiuloba<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia ara marto centr-periferiis<br />

urTierTobisaTvis, aramed (marTalia, umniSvnelod) centrebis<br />

urTierTobisTvisac. 45 amerikis usafrTxoebis strategiaSi<br />

45 zogierTi literatura centr-periferiis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb<br />

warmoadgens mcdelobas, ganasxvaos naxevarperiferiebi, centraluri<br />

periferiebi <strong>da</strong> periferiuli centrebi.msgavsi gansxvavebebi xelsayreli<br />

ar aris saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> mis winaSe arsebuli Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis problemebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi.azri ara aqvs ruseTisa Tu evrokavSiris naxevarperiferiebad<br />

an periferiul centrebad ganxilvas amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, im ierarqiebisa <strong>da</strong> asimetriebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />

rac am mxareebs Soris arsebobs.<br />

493

uno kopitersi<br />

Zvram 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg gamoiwvia sul sxvanairi<br />

saerTaSoriso situacia, ara marto saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis<br />

politikisaTvis, aramed ruseTis usafrTxoebis politikisTvisac<br />

saqarTvelos mimarT. dev<strong>da</strong>riani aRniSnavs, Tu<br />

rogor <strong>da</strong>iwyo putinma amerikuli ritoriki<strong>da</strong>n nasesxebi<br />

principebisa <strong>da</strong> terminologiis gamoyeneba, gansakuTrebiT<br />

saqarTvelos sazRvarze winaswari <strong>da</strong>rtymis uflebis Sesaxeb<br />

<strong>da</strong>, agreTve, gaeros wesdebis Tanaxmad, terorizmis muqaris<br />

winaaRmdeg ruseTis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis uflebis Sesaxeb. metic, putini<br />

ar gamovi<strong>da</strong> postsabWoTa sivrceSi aSS-s samxedro Zalis y<strong>of</strong>nis<br />

winaaRmdeg, magaliTad, wvrTnisa <strong>da</strong> aRWurvis programa (GTEP)<br />

saqarTveloSi man ganmarta, rogorc pasuxismgeblobaTa<br />

erTgvari ganawileba.<br />

meore, putinis ZalauflebasTan erTad kardinalurad<br />

Seicvala saqarTvelos mimarT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa miRebis forma.<br />

antonenko wers, rom ruseTis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ministri, sergei<br />

ivanovi, romelic 2001 wels <strong>da</strong>niSnes, iyo erT-erTi politikuri<br />

warmomadgeneli, rogorc saqarTvelos mimarT ruseTis<br />

politikis kursis gamtarebeli. magram samxedro aparats ar<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> iseTive ufleba, rogoric elcinis dros. regionebis<br />

sagareo politikis mimarT xdebo<strong>da</strong> paraleluri centralizacia.<br />

gubernatorebma <strong>da</strong>karges <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba afxazeTTan<br />

kavSiris <strong>da</strong>myarebaSi, magram aman ar gamoiwvia maTi<br />

amgvari qmedebis Sewyveta. piriqiT, ruseTis xelisufleba<br />

agrZeleb<strong>da</strong> am naxevraddiplomatiuri moRvaweobis gamoyenebas,<br />

rogorc xerxs, raTa aeridebina saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis<br />

kritika separatistebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris gamo.<br />

mesame, putini Seeca<strong>da</strong> ruseTis gavlenis gafarToebas<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi, rodesac mWidro kavSiri <strong>da</strong>amyara de faqto<br />

saxelmwifoebTan. dev<strong>da</strong>riani am axal politikas “gansakuTrebul<br />

normatiuli reJimis Seqmnas” uwodebs, romelic<br />

nawilobriv SeTavsebadia saerTaSoriso kanonTan <strong>da</strong> axasiaTebs<br />

mas, rogorc ganzraxvas, maqsimalurad isargeblos am ara-<br />

Riarebuli saxelmwifoebis arsebobiT. antonenkos azriT, es<br />

SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc Sedegi CeCneTis <strong>da</strong>Slisa,<br />

494

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

rogorc de faqto saxelmwifosi. am yuradsaRebi warmatebis<br />

wyalobiT ruseTs sulac ar awuxeb<strong>da</strong> im mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris Sedegebi,<br />

rasac isini uqmnidnen teritoriuli mTlianobis princips.<br />

politikaSi am cvlilebam gamoiwvia is, rom ruseTma sazRvari<br />

gaxsna afxazeTTan (Tumca ruseTis mier adre <strong>da</strong>wesebuli<br />

bloka<strong>da</strong> mainc irRvevo<strong>da</strong> sazRvrisiqiTa vaWrobiTa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

regionebTan TanamSromlobiT). saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisTvis<br />

SemoRebuli savizo reJimi afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> oseTis moqalaqeebze<br />

ar gavrcelebula, romelTaTvisac moskovma ruseTis moqalaqeobis<br />

moTxovna farTo masStabiT <strong>da</strong>akmay<strong>of</strong>ila. moqalaqeobis<br />

micemis aseTi politika ruseTs aZlev<strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobas,<br />

<strong>da</strong>ekanonebina g<strong>and</strong>gomil saxelmwifoebSi didi xniT<br />

y<strong>of</strong>na, ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita usafrTxoebis sakuTari problemebi am<br />

konfliqtebSi.<br />

ruseTis politikaSi am cvlilebebis Sedegad saqarTvelo<br />

iZulebuli iyo, Seecvala prioritetebi usafrTxoebis sferoSi.<br />

usafrTxoebis mTavari problema saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />

ruseTis gamafrTxilebeli <strong>da</strong>rtymebis riski gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

magram <strong>da</strong>savleTis saxelmwifoebi, rogorc dev<strong>da</strong>riani aRniSnavs,<br />

gamovidnen saqarTvelos saqmeebSi ruseTis pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />

Carevisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos teritoriaze yovelgvari prevenciuli<br />

antiteroristuli operaciebis ganxorcielebis<br />

winaaRmdeg. wamowyebuli iyo diplomatiuri RonisZiebebi<br />

evropaSi usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> TaamSromlobis organizaciis<br />

mravalmxrivi programis CarCoebSi, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, 1999<br />

wlis dekemberSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo 81 km-is sigrZeze sazRvris gakontroleba<br />

saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis federaciis CeCneTis<br />

respublikas Soris. 46<br />

46 OSCE Press Release. OSCE Georgia Mission Exp<strong>and</strong>s Border Monitoring Operation,<br />

January 2, 2002, http://www.osce.org/item/6491.html. 2001 wlis dekemberSi<br />

aRniSnulma misiam moicva agreTve sazRvari saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> inguSeTis<br />

respublikas Soris, romelic ruseTis federaciis wevria <strong>da</strong> mdebareobs<br />

CeCneTis <strong>da</strong>savleTiT.<br />

495

uno kopitersi<br />

496<br />

11 seqtemberi<br />

2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Sedegad aSS usafrTxoebis<br />

politikis Secvlam pir<strong>da</strong>piri zegavlena moaxdina mis<br />

urTierTobaze saqarTvelosTan. rogorc heli <strong>da</strong> gogia aRniSnaven,<br />

aman gamoiwvia samxreT kavkasiis CarTva “did axlo<br />

aRmosavleTSi”, romelic ganisazRvra, rogorc potenciuri<br />

muqaris zona; aman aseve gamoiwvia aSS-s usafrTxoebis politikis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>qmna ruseTis federaciis mimarT, rasac mohyva, rogorc<br />

uCvenebs de vaali, suuam-is kavSiris mniSvnelobis Sesusteba.<br />

vaSingtonma umniSvnelovanesi nabiji ga<strong>da</strong>dga, rodesac <strong>da</strong>exmara<br />

saqarTvelos Tanamedrove SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SeqmnaSi<br />

wvrTnisa <strong>da</strong> aRWurvis programis CarCoebSi, rac miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong><br />

ruseT-saqarTvelos sazRvarze situaciis stabilizacias.<br />

amrigad, saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>savleTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n meti yuradRebiT<br />

sargeblob<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-s mxri<strong>da</strong>n. heli <strong>da</strong> gogia<br />

aRniSnaven, rom saqarTvelo iqca aSS-s aviaciis satranzito<br />

punqtad, romelic exmarebo<strong>da</strong> avRaneTSi samxedro operaciebs.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad saqarTvelosadmi, rogorc axali geopolitikuri<br />

mniSvnelobis satranzito qveynisadmi, aSS-s yuradRebis<br />

gaZlierebisa, <strong>da</strong>savleTTan, gansakuTrebiT amerikasTan,<br />

saqarTvelos xSirad hqon<strong>da</strong> uTanxmoeba. nodia,<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili <strong>da</strong> dev<strong>da</strong>riani analizis Sedegad aRniSnaven, rom<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTi mkacrad akritikeb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras<br />

partizanebisadmi afxazeTSi, magaliTad, 2001 wlis kodoris<br />

xeobaSi gilaevis warumatebeli operaciisa <strong>da</strong> kodoris xeobis<br />

gakontrolebis uniaTobis gamo. korufciasTan warumatebeli<br />

brZolis c<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> institucionaluri reformebis Cavardnam<br />

saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>asusta saxelmwifos saerTo potenciali,<br />

Seiqmna safrTxe, rom qveyana <strong>da</strong>kargav<strong>da</strong> marTvis sa<strong>da</strong>veebs an<br />

gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> mTlad umarTavi saxelmwifo. dev<strong>da</strong>rianis azriT,<br />

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis uunaroba, gaekontrolebina<br />

pankisis xeoba, moaswaveb<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos uniaTobas. 2001<br />

wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelo iZulebuli iyo, eRiarebina<br />

pankisis xeobaSi ucxoeli partizanebis arseboba, mas Semdeg,

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

rac vaSingtoni <strong>da</strong>JinebiT moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, rom mas gamoeyenebina<br />

“nulovani tolerantobis politika” usafrTxoebisadmi aseTi<br />

muqaris mimarT.<br />

droTa ganmavlobaSi SevardnaZes ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro uWir<strong>da</strong>,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi <strong>da</strong> kritika mieRo.<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili <strong>da</strong> dev<strong>da</strong>riani aRniSnaven, rom aman Searbila<br />

SevardnaZis pozicia moskovis mimarT saqarTveloSi ruseTis<br />

bazebis sakiTxis CaTvliT. SevardnaZem ganacxa<strong>da</strong> kidevac, rom<br />

momavalSi natos wevroba, SeiZleba SeTavsdes dsT-s wevrobasTan.<br />

amasTan, ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis strategia, rac<br />

zustad gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebsa <strong>da</strong> muqaras. agreTve<br />

Zlierdebo<strong>da</strong> nacionalisturi moZraoba, romelic kritikulad<br />

ekidebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTisken saqarTvelos orientacias. 47<br />

ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mieqces 11 seqtembris movlenebis<br />

gavlenas <strong>da</strong> aSS-s usafrTxoebis politikis orientaciis<br />

cvlilebas saqarTvelos mimarT. saqarTvelos umarTav saxelmwifod<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>qcevis perspeqtiva, rac gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> CeCneTis<br />

sazRvarze terorizmis buded mis ga<strong>da</strong>qcevas <strong>da</strong> sxvanairad<br />

Seqmni<strong>da</strong> destabilizacias aSS-ruseTis urTierTobaSi, xsnis<br />

ara marto aSS-s mzard moTxovnebs SevardnaZis mTavrobis<br />

mimarT politikaSi reformebis Taobaze, aramed SevardnaZisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraze uarisTqmas, roca is<br />

Seejaxa Sinaur opozicias 2003 wels <strong>da</strong> ramac sabolood misi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mxoba gamoiwvia.<br />

rac Seexeba afxazeTis problemas, heli, gogia <strong>da</strong> antonenko<br />

miuTiTeben, rom ruseTis gaaqtiurebam am gamoy<strong>of</strong>il respublikaSi,<br />

saqarTvelos mzard imedgacruebasTan erTad<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis Seuamavluri rolis<br />

ususurobis gamo, gamoiwvia SevardnaZis <strong>da</strong>rwmuneba ruseTis<br />

Suamavluri rolis met mniSvnelobaSi. yovelive amis Sedegi iyo<br />

47 aseTi moZraobebi, romlebic akritikebdnen <strong>da</strong>savleTis demokratiuli<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>nergvas <strong>da</strong> mouwodebdnen unikaluri qarTuli gziT<br />

ganviTarebisaken, rogorc nodia aRniSnavs, rCebodnen umciresobaSi <strong>da</strong><br />

ar SeeZloT, winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturuli hegemoniisaTvis.<br />

497

uno kopitersi<br />

“soWis procesi”, romelmac <strong>da</strong>aaxlova ruseT-saqarTvelo,<br />

Tumca mas ar Seucvlia gaeros egidiT Catarebuli Jenevis<br />

molaparakebebi.<br />

2003 wels “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg TbilisSi Zalaufleba<br />

aiRo axalma xelmZRvanelobam. reJimis Secvla am<br />

SemTxvevaSi mowmobs ara marto imas, rom saqarTvelos centrSi<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebma Rrma zemoqmedeba moaxdina saqarTvelos urTierTobaze<br />

periferiasTan, gansakuTrebiT aWarasTan <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

oseTTan, is gviCvenebs imasac, rom iseTi mniSvnelovani<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>qmnac ki, rogoricaa “vardebis revolucia”, SezRudulia,<br />

ganaxorcielos fun<strong>da</strong>menturi cvlilebebi ZiriTad gare<br />

centrTan (rogoricaa moskovi) urTierTobaSi. saqarTvelos<br />

axali liderebis molodinis sawinaaRmdegod, maT ver SeZles<br />

mierTeba <strong>da</strong>savleTis struqturebTan ufro meti integraciisaTvis<br />

ruseTis federaciasTan urTierTobis normalizaciis<br />

paralelurad. maTma imedebma gamoxatuleba hpova<br />

erTdroulad qarTuli warmoSobis safrangeTis diplomatis,<br />

salome zurabiSvilis sagareo saqmeTa ministrad, xolo kaxa<br />

benduqiZis _ qarTvelis mewarmis, ruseTSi warmatebuli<br />

mrewvelis _ ekonomikis ministrad <strong>da</strong>niSvnaSi. am molodins<br />

iziarebdnen <strong>da</strong>savleTis mimomxilvelebic, magram, rac mniSvnelovania,<br />

ara ruseTis mimomxilvelebi <strong>da</strong> Jurnalistebi. isini<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d aRniSnavdnen, rom saakaSvilis radikalizmi <strong>da</strong><br />

nacionalizmi SeiZleba gaxdes konfliqtis axali wyaro<br />

separatistul saxelmwifoebTan, saqarTvelos umciresobebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> TviT ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi.<br />

498<br />

evrokavSiris gafarToeba<br />

Zalian mniSvnelovani progresi <strong>da</strong>savleTTan integraciis<br />

saqmeSi, albaT, saqarTvelos evrokavSiris evropuli mezoblobis<br />

politikaSi CarTva iyo. magram es mox<strong>da</strong>, pirvel rigSi,<br />

ara saqarTveloSi reJimis Secvlis Sedegad, aramed am axali<br />

geopolitikuri situaciis Sedegad, romelSic aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

evrokavSiri Tavisi gafarToebis Semdeg 2004 wlis maisSi.<br />

aRmosavleTisaken gafarToebam <strong>da</strong> axali wevrebis miRebam,<br />

romlebic adre sabWoTa kavSiris an varSavis SeTanxmebis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen, gamoiwvia samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />

evropis gaZlierebuli <strong>da</strong>intereseba, rasac, sxvaTa Soris,<br />

a<strong>da</strong>sturebs Cems Teziss imis Sesaxeb, rom evrokavSirsa <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi cvlilebebi gamowveulia gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebiT<br />

ufro centrSi, vidre periferiebSi. magram amas<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>ematos, rom “vardebis revolucia”, romelmac<br />

gaaZliera evropis interesi samxeT kavkasiis regionis mimarT,<br />

amiT <strong>da</strong>exmara, gasuliyo im minimaluri mniSvnelobis CarCoebis<br />

iqiT, romelsac manamde saqarTvelos miawerdnen evrokavSiris<br />

xelmZRvanelebi. man Seqmna SesaZlebeli evropis mezoblobis<br />

politikaSi TavisTavis swrafi CarTva. 48<br />

rogorc heli <strong>da</strong> gogia aRniSnaven, <strong>da</strong>savleTis mTavrobebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> organizaciebTan saqarTvelos TanamSromlobis ganmtkicebis<br />

Semdgomi niSani iyo aSS-s gancxadeba 2004 wlis maisSi imis<br />

Taobaze, rom saqarTvelosTvis gamoy<strong>of</strong>iliyo subsidia 500<br />

milioni aSS dolaris raodenobiT, umTavresad saxelmwifo<br />

reformebis sferoSi. 2004 wlis ivnisSi evrokavSirma <strong>da</strong><br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lio bankma saqarTvelosaTvis 1 mlrd aSS dolari gamoyo.<br />

imave wels natom <strong>da</strong>amtkica saqarTvelos mimarT individualuri<br />

partniorobis moqmedebis gegma <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSna sagangebo<br />

warmomadgeneli kavkasiisa <strong>da</strong> centraluri aziis saqmeSi,<br />

romlis rezidencia TbilisSia. 2005 wlis maisSi saqarTvelos<br />

de<strong>da</strong>qalaqs estumra aSS-s prezidenti jorj buSi.<br />

am krebulis avtorebi, kerZod, qarTvelebi _ nodia,<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili, dev<strong>da</strong>riani, miuTiTeben ramdenime winaaRmdegobaze,<br />

romelic xels uSlis saqarTvelos integracias<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTTan. axali xelmZRvaneloba umeteswilad warmod-<br />

48 evrokomisia 2003 wels gamovi<strong>da</strong> gancxadebiT, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c<br />

samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi mxolod momdevno etapze SeiZleba iqnen<br />

integrirebulni evrokavSiris am axal strategiaSi Tavisi periferiis<br />

mimarT.<br />

499

uno kopitersi<br />

genilia elitiT, romelmac ganaTleba <strong>da</strong>savleTSi miiRo <strong>da</strong> ar<br />

aris an sustad aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli y<strong>of</strong>il sabWoTa struqturebTan.<br />

Tavis saxalxod gamosvlisas isini sixaruliT<br />

egebebian saerTaSoriso integracias <strong>da</strong> oms ucxadeben<br />

korufcias. amave dros, isini reagireben qarTul sazogadoebriv<br />

azrze, gansakuTrebiT afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis<br />

problemis ga<strong>da</strong>udebel ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaze. 2004 wlis zafxulSi<br />

saakaSvilis ukompromiso pozicia samxreT oseTis konfliqtis<br />

mimarT ar iqna <strong>da</strong>debiTad Sefasebuli <strong>da</strong>savleTis saxelmwifoebis<br />

mier. helisa d gogias TqmiT, saakaSvili gaafrTxiles,<br />

rom ver miiRebs veraviTar <strong>da</strong>xmarebas <strong>da</strong>savleTisgan <strong>da</strong><br />

aRmoCndeba izolaciaSi, Tu gamoiyenebs samxedro Zalas am<br />

krizisis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad.<br />

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ara aqvs im reformebis ganxorcielebis<br />

survili, romelic TviTmmarTvelobis garantias<br />

miscem<strong>da</strong> regionul <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv xelmZRvanel organoebs,<br />

arsebuli <strong>of</strong>icialuri evropuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis mixedviT, rac<br />

ukve aRniSnuli iyo evrosabWos rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

SirebiT. Rrma winaaRmdegoba miswrafebebsa <strong>da</strong> arsebul<br />

praqtikas Soris SeimCneva Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis seqtoris<br />

reformaSic. amrigad, Tumca saqarTvelo atarebs <strong>da</strong>savleTTan<br />

integraciis politikas, miswrafebasa <strong>da</strong> realur<br />

praqtikas Soris mainc SeimCneva winaaRmdegobani.<br />

ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi ar mox<strong>da</strong> normalizacia<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n reformebisaTvis saqarTvelosTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis gaaqtiurebis gamo. euTos ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis<br />

misia ruseTTan saqarTvelos sazRvarze gauqmebuli iqna.<br />

ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n am organizaciis kritika, romelsac ruseTi<br />

erT dros sixaruliT iReb<strong>da</strong>, gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom bolos<br />

<strong>da</strong>inaxa, rogorc <strong>da</strong>savleTis eqspansiis instrumenti postsabWoTa<br />

sivrceSi. es aZnelebs <strong>da</strong>savleTis saxelmwifoTa<br />

Zalisxmevas ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobaTa gaumjobesebisaTvis<br />

mravalmxriv moqmedebaTa CarCoebSi.<br />

legvoldi amtkicebs, rom ruseTi yvela Rones mimarTavs<br />

saqarTveloSi centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferiaSi Tavisi gavlenis Sesa-<br />

500

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

narCuneblad. moskovi pativs scems teritoriul mTlianobas <strong>da</strong><br />

Si<strong>da</strong> saqmeebSi Caurevlobis princips, magram ara sakuTari gavlenis<br />

Semcirebis fasad. amas SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>ematos isic, rom ruseTs ar un<strong>da</strong>,<br />

mxari <strong>da</strong>uWiros afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi konfliqtis<br />

mSvidobian <strong>da</strong>regulirebas, risi warmatebis Sansic mcirea <strong>da</strong>,<br />

amdenad, ar iZleva mis sazRvarze stabilurobis garantias.<br />

dev<strong>da</strong>riani xazs usvams ruseTis saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri<br />

SeRwevis mniSvnelobas, gansakuTrebiT ki energetikis sferoSi.<br />

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri TanamSromloba, Tu moskovi ar<br />

moiTxovs SeRavaTian reJims <strong>da</strong> aRiarebs Tavisufali vaWrobis<br />

princips, SesaZlebels gaxdis maTi urTierTobis normalizacias.<br />

magram mcdelobebi ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis<br />

sferoSi afxazeTis monawileobiT SeiZleba Znelad gansaxorcielebeli<br />

aRmoCndes. magaliTad, ruseTis ekonomikuri<br />

proeqtebi, romlebic samxreT ruseTs somxeTTan arsebuli<br />

sarkinigzo qselebis rekonstruqciiT akavSirebs, moiTxovs<br />

pirovnebebze saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebas <strong>da</strong> es<br />

misaRebi un<strong>da</strong> iyos afxazeTis xelisufalTaTvisac. am Se-<br />

Tanxmebis miRwevis mcdelobas adre Sedegi ar gamouRia.<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvnebi <strong>da</strong> perspeqtivebi<br />

saqarTvelos urTierTobani ruseTTan, aSS-sTan <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirTan,<br />

agreTve misi pozicia Si<strong>da</strong> periferiebTan erTdroulad<br />

asimetriulicaa <strong>da</strong> ierarqiulic. polusebs Soris<br />

Tanafardobaze metwilad gavlenas centrSi mimdinare cvlilebebi<br />

ufro axdens, vidre periferiaSi. rac Seexeba moskovTan,<br />

vaSingtonTan an briuselTan saqarTvelos mdgomareobis<br />

cvlilebas saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis WrilSi, am saxelmwifoTa<br />

usafrTxoebis politikaSi seriozul cvlilebaTa<br />

Sedegad, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>SliT 1991 wels,<br />

<strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli evrokavSiris gafarToebiT 2004 wels, ufro Rrma<br />

zemoqmedeba moaxdina saqarTvelos sagareo politikaze, vidre<br />

qveyanaSi wina ori reJimis Secvlam.<br />

501

uno kopitersi<br />

es, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ar niSnavs, rom saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>trialebas<br />

gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg 1991 wels <strong>da</strong> “vardebis revolucias”<br />

2003 wels aranairi gavlena ar mouxdenia qveynis saerTaSoriso<br />

mdgomareobaze. 1992 wels SevardnaZis mier Zalauflebis xelSi<br />

aRebam xeli Seuwyo garesamyarosTan diplomatiur urTierTobaTa<br />

ganviTarebas, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva organizaciebSi saqarTvelos miRebas. zustad aseve<br />

“vardebis revoluciam” <strong>da</strong>aCqara samxreT kavkasiis miReba<br />

evropis samezoblo politikis programaSi.<br />

magram saqarTvelos xelisuflebas yovelTvis rodi SeeZlo,<br />

sworad esargebla am seriozuli cvlilebebiT saerTaSoriso<br />

situaciaSi Tavisi poziciebis gasamtkiceblad, ufro usafrTxo<br />

<strong>da</strong> nay<strong>of</strong>ieri urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad ruseTis federaciasTan<br />

an<strong>da</strong> aqtiurad <strong>da</strong>emyarebina kavSiri <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

samyarosTan. sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg zviad gamsaxurdiam<br />

ver SeZlo, uzrunveleyo saqarTvelosTvis saer-<br />

TaSoriso mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong>, faqtobrivad, gaaRrmava Tavisi<br />

reJimis izolacia, vidre es reJimi Zalis gamoyenebiT ar <strong>da</strong>emxo.<br />

SevardnaZem ufro moxerxebulad gamoiyena <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

energetikuli politikis Seqmna samxreT kavkasiaSi 1990-iani<br />

wlebis meore naxevarSi. es iyo meore mniSvnelovani cvlileba<br />

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis pirobebSi. magram<br />

SevardnaZem arCia, ar esargebla ruseTis siZneleebiT CeCneTis<br />

meore omis dros moskovis axal mTavrobasTan urTierTobis<br />

gasaumjobeseblad. amis nacvlad man airCia Tavisi Si<strong>da</strong><br />

eleqtoratis mobilizaciis gza antirusuli ritorikisa <strong>da</strong><br />

politikis safuZvelze. pankisis sakiTxma <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

xelisuflebis upasuxismgeblobam gilaevis operaciis mimarT<br />

mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa moskovis antiqarTuli ganwyobis<br />

gaZlierebaSi. simarTle rom iTqvas, ruseTis mTavroba<br />

ugulebely<strong>of</strong><strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis kanonier interesebs,<br />

ramdena<strong>da</strong>c upiratesobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> muqaraze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobas.<br />

Tu SeiZleba, diplomatiaze iTqvas, rom es aris<br />

urTierTobis xelovneba Znelad asatan mezobelTan mZime<br />

pirobebSi, maSin diplomatia umTavresad orive mxares akl<strong>da</strong>.<br />

502

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

im momentSi, roca saqarTvelo miuaxlov<strong>da</strong> arSemdgari<br />

saxelmwifos statuss, 11 seqtembris movlenebma aiZula<br />

Tbilisi, ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi Seecvala Tavisi<br />

usafrTxoebis politika: aRdga kontroli pankisis xeobaze,<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo im partizanuli Zalebis devna, romlebic moqmedebdnen<br />

afxazeTSi, miRebuli iqna insititucionaluri reformebis<br />

programa. magram Sevarn<strong>da</strong>Zis reJimi uZluri iyo, reformebi<br />

bolomde mieyvana. amis Sedegi iyo “vardebis revolucia” <strong>da</strong><br />

bolos amotivtivebuli SesaZlebloba, racionalurad gamoyenebuliyo<br />

gafarToebuli evrokavSiris usafrTxoebis<br />

politikaSi cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong> agreTve SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xmarebis ganaxleba postsabWoTa sivrceSi demokatiuli<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />

rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi Si<strong>da</strong> urTierTobebs, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

mopovebam, saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>trialebam, romelmac<br />

gamsaxurdia ga<strong>da</strong>ayena <strong>da</strong> “vardebis revoluciam” ufro didi<br />

gavlena moaxdina periferiasTan urTierTobebze, vidre sxva<br />

raime cvlilebebma am teritoriebze. es naTlad Cans samxreT<br />

oseTis axali istoriis movlenebis magaliTze, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamsaxurdias<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva nacionaluri liderebis mier organizebuli<br />

mobilizaciis Sedegad 1989 wels mox<strong>da</strong> mZafri Setakebebi.<br />

TbilisSi SevardnaZis <strong>da</strong>brunebam 1992 wels SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong><br />

cecxlis Sewyveta, romelic aTwleuli grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>, magram<br />

“vardebis revoluciam” kvlav gamoiwvia mZafri konfrontacia.<br />

1991 wels afxazurma nacionalurma moZraobam, romelsac<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili hqon<strong>da</strong>, moepovebina saqarTvelos Tanabari<br />

statusi, isargebla samxreT oseTSi gamsaxurdias mTavrobisTvis<br />

garTulebuli situaciiT <strong>da</strong> ganamtkica Tavisi<br />

poziciebi afxazeTSi axali saarCevno kanonis miRebiT, romelic<br />

garantias aZlev<strong>da</strong> mis warmomadgenlebs, parlamentSi adgilebis<br />

gazrdili kvota hqono<strong>da</strong>T. 1992-1993 wlebSi SevardnaZis<br />

TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>brunebi<strong>da</strong>n ramdenime Tvis Semdeg saqarTvelos<br />

mTavrobam <strong>da</strong>iwyo samxedro intervencia afxazeTSi, rac<br />

<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> afxazeTis gamarjvebiT <strong>da</strong> kidev erTi de faqto<br />

saxelmwifos SeqmniT saqarTvelos periferiaze.<br />

503

uno kopitersi<br />

modeli “centri-periferia” Semdeg gulisxmobs, rom or<br />

mxares Soris TanafardobaSi cvlilebebi metad arsebiT<br />

gavlenas axdens periferiaze, vidre centrze. TvalsaCino<br />

gamonakliss warmoadgens sabWoTa kavSiri, sa<strong>da</strong>c centri<br />

<strong>da</strong>iSala, xolo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva periferiebi ga<strong>da</strong>iqcnen <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

saxelmwifoebad. am wignSi naCvenebia saqarTvelosTvis<br />

saerTaSoriso mdgomareobaSi cvlilebaTa Sedegebi, maT Soris,<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, civi omis Sewyveta <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Sla,<br />

oRond cvlilebebs <strong>da</strong>savleTTan urTierTobebSi naklebi<br />

TvalsaCino Sedegebi hqon<strong>da</strong> aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> evropis mxri<strong>da</strong>n sakuTari<br />

energetikuli usafrTxoebiT mzardi <strong>da</strong>interesebis Sedegad.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi Rrma zemoqmedeba ganica<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos ara<br />

marto sagareo politikam <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis<br />

politikam, aramed misi ganviTarebis mTlianma strategiam.<br />

moskovTan, vaSingtonTan <strong>da</strong> briuselTan saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi<br />

cvlilebebs, romelic gamowveuli iyo ruseTSi 1999<br />

wels dramatuli movlenebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi 2001 wels<br />

<strong>da</strong> evrokavSiris SigniT 2004 wels hqon<strong>da</strong> analogiuri Sorsmimavali<br />

Sedegebi saqarTvelosTvis. magram es qveynebi<br />

saqarTelosTan <strong>da</strong> sxva kavkasiur saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebs<br />

gacilebiT nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben.<br />

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos Si<strong>da</strong> konfliqtebs, im faqtma, rom<br />

or mxares Soris urTierTobaSi cvlilebebi met gavlenas<br />

axdens periferiaze, vidre centrze, Tavisi gamoxatuleba<br />

hpova samxreT oseTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis de faqto saxelmwifoebad<br />

gaxdomaSi centrze maTi samxedro gamarjvebis Sedegad. sxva<br />

magaliTs warmoadgens aWaris <strong>da</strong>bruneba saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi,<br />

samxreT oseTis ruseTze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis zr<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rac orive SemTxvevaSi TbilisTan konfrontaciis Sedegad<br />

gamovlin<strong>da</strong> “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg.<br />

am krebulis masalebi agreTve mowmobs imas, rom periferiebi<br />

rogorc zesaxelmwifoebriv, ise saerTaSoriso doneebze<br />

SeiZleba Seecadon, TavianTi Tavi aqcion centrad. aRniSnuli<br />

mcdeloba ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> urTierTgancalkevebul, magram<br />

paralelur SemTxvevaSi. saerTaSoriso doneze Tbilisi<br />

504

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

iswrafo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>Sorebo<strong>da</strong> moskovs, amave dros, Si<strong>da</strong>saxelmwifoebriv<br />

doneze soxumi <strong>da</strong> cxinvali ibrZodnen Tavis<br />

<strong>da</strong>saRwevad.<br />

sxva urTierTobebi centr-periferiisa rogorc saerTa-<br />

Soriso, ise Si<strong>da</strong>saxelmwifoebriv doneebze naklebad konfliqturia,<br />

maSinac ki, roca arc erTi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli mxare ar<br />

emxroba integraciis maRal xarisxs.<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebul mxareebs Soris konfliqtebi zogjer<br />

aRiniSneba periferiis uunarobiT, mTlianad gaTavisufldes<br />

centrisagan, romelic aRiqmeba, rogorc <strong>da</strong>mCagvreli, iqceva<br />

alternatiul centrad an uerTdeba sxva centrs, romelic, maTi<br />

azriT, SeZlebs maT saimedo <strong>da</strong>cvas. afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />

oseTis saqarTelos gamoy<strong>of</strong>is kvalobaze, yoveli separatistuli<br />

saxelmwifo Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan integrirdebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

banakSi. Tumca saqarTvelosgan ver gaTavisufl<strong>da</strong> verc<br />

formalurad <strong>da</strong> verc iuridiulad. amisaTvis saWiroa maTi<br />

suverenitetis saerTaSoriso aRiareba, romelic maT jer ver<br />

miiRes.<br />

aseTive problema aqvs saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobaSi.<br />

aT welze metia, Tbilisi, rogorc Cans, varaudob<strong>da</strong>,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis institucionalur struqturebTan integraciis<br />

gaRrmaveba sakmarisi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> moskovTan ZalTa Tanafardobis<br />

cvlilebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> es procesi saSualebas miscem<strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis normaliizacis, maT Soris mouwesrigebeli<br />

konfliqtebis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad. am krebulis<br />

masalebi nawilobriv a<strong>da</strong>sturebs am varauds. saqarTvelos<br />

kavSirma <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebTan, misma progresulma integraciam<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis institutebSi <strong>da</strong> amis paralelurad<br />

konfrontaciis politikis gatarebam moskovis mimarT gamoiwvia<br />

moskovze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis garkveulwilad Semcireba. magram<br />

am movlenebma ver ga<strong>da</strong>Wra saqarTvelos Zireuli problemebi,<br />

iseTebi, rogorebicaa ruseTis savizo reJimi an afxazeTTan <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTTan urTierTobis Zireuli sakiTxebi.<br />

saerTaSoriso doneze, centr-periferiis modelis TvalsazrisiT<br />

mosalodnelia saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba<br />

505

uno kopitersi<br />

gamomdinareobdes ufro moskovis usafrTxoebis pirobebSi<br />

Rrma cvlilebebi<strong>da</strong>n, vidre Tbilisis. Tu ruseTi Secvli<strong>da</strong><br />

evrosabWosa <strong>da</strong> aSS-s mimarT Tavis politikas, amas SeeZlo,<br />

mniSvnelovani gavlena moexdina saqarTvelosTan mis urTierTobaze.<br />

Tu CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mox<strong>da</strong> situaciis seriozuli<br />

gauaresebis an masStaburi teroristuli moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba<br />

ruseTis teritoriaze, Sedegebi Zalian mniSvnelovani<br />

iqneba.<br />

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaTa transformacia SeiZleba<br />

gamomdinareobdes saqarTvelo-<strong>da</strong>savleTis urTier-<br />

TobebSi Zireuli cvlilebi<strong>da</strong>n, magaliTad, saqarTvelos natoSi<br />

Sesvla an evrosabWoSi. am SemTxvevaSi samagaliToa baltiis<br />

qveynebTan Se<strong>da</strong>reba. ruseTi aris erTaderTi yvelaze Zlieri<br />

sagareo gavlenis wyaro yvela postsabWoTa saxelmwifoze,<br />

baltiis qveynebis gar<strong>da</strong>. baltiis es sami saxelmwifo aris<br />

erTaderTi postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebi, romelTaTvisac<br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> “iwyeba ara saxlSi”, rogorc Camoayaliba SesavalSi<br />

legvoldma <strong>da</strong> romelSic, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad moskovTan rTuli<br />

urTierTobisa, “ganicdian raRac <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>sTan miaxloebul<br />

arsebobas”. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, es metwilad uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>ilia maTi<br />

natosa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiris wevrobiT <strong>da</strong> amitom isini warmoadgenen<br />

msgavs models im usafrTxoebisa, riskenac iswrafvis saqarTvelo.<br />

am perspeqtivebis droiTi CarCoebis gansazRvra ara marto<br />

rTulia, aramed, evrokavSiris SemTxvevaSi, Zalian Znelad<br />

warmosadgenia saqarTvelos ekonomikis mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

saxelmwifo institutebis uZlurebis gamo, agreTve im siZneleebis<br />

gamo, rasac awydeba evrokavSiri momaval axal<br />

wevrebTan molaparakebebSi. advilia saqarTvelos natoSi<br />

gawevrianebis warmodgena, magram amisaTvis saWiroa, Seicvalos<br />

natos miznebi <strong>da</strong> axali wevrebis miRebis kriteriumebi. magram<br />

yvela SemTxvevaSi cvlilebebi niSnavs, rom gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebi centrSi<br />

metwilad gansazRvravs axal urTierTobas periferiebTan.<br />

Tu saqarTvelos, afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> oseTis mcdeloba, eqspluatatorad<br />

aRqmuli centrisgan gaTavisuflebisa, rogorc<br />

506

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia” *<br />

Cans, warmatebuli iqneba nawilobriv, maSin aseT centrTan<br />

kompromisis gziT maTi urTierTobis normalizacia Zneli<br />

iqneba. saqarTvelos saSinao doneze yovelgvari federaciuli<br />

sqema un<strong>da</strong> Seicavdes ierarqiis gansazRvrul elements<br />

saxelmwifo institutebs Soris <strong>da</strong> amas eqneba pir<strong>da</strong>piri Sedegi<br />

saqarTvelos TanasazogadoebaTa urTierTobisaTvis. afxazuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> osuri erovnuli proeqtebis SemTxvevaSi, Tun<strong>da</strong>c eTn<strong>of</strong>ederalur<br />

sistemaSi maTi CarTva SesaZlebels xdides<br />

nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizebas, ierarqiis<br />

principis miReba garTuldeba. koleqtiuri suverenitetis<br />

principi Seicavs zogierT mkacr SezRudvas saqarTvelos<br />

umravlesobis mier Zalauflebis ganxorcielebisas, rac<br />

aranakleb Znelad misaRebi iqneba saqarTvelos nacionaluri<br />

proeqtebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

saqarTvelos SigniT ufro Znel amocanas warmoadgens<br />

centr-periferiis konfliqtur urTierTobaTa gar<strong>da</strong>qmna<br />

stabilur federaciad. am dros un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ilaxos centris<br />

absoluturi arastabiluroba. arc erTi prezidentis arCevani<br />

ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra saqarTveloSi konstituciuri procedurebis<br />

Sesabamisad <strong>da</strong> aqamde araa naTeli, rogor SeZlebs axali elita,<br />

aaSenos safuZvliani <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong> kanonis principebis<br />

mixedviT. susti <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong> <strong>da</strong> qronikuli arastabiluroba,<br />

romlebmac gamoxatuleba hpoves saxelmwifo<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>trialebasa <strong>da</strong> saxalxo ajanyebebSi, 49 ucilobel gavlenas<br />

axdens periferiasTan urTierTobaze. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania<br />

is, rom centr-periferiis urTierTobaSi yovelgvari<br />

cvlileba centrSi arastabilurobis arsebobis Sedegad, ufro<br />

did gavlenas axdens periferiebze, vidre centrze. saqarTveloSi,<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ar aris gamoricxuli demokratiuli<br />

reformebi <strong>da</strong> institucionaluri stabiluroba, magram fe-<br />

49 “vardebis revolucia” ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ganixileba postkomunisturi<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>mavali periodis kuTxiT.magram zogierTi laTinuri qveynis,<br />

magaliTad, ekvadorisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Se<strong>da</strong>rebam, SesaZloa, gamoavlinos<br />

mravali mniSvnelovani paraleli.<br />

507

uno kopitersi<br />

deraciuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta un<strong>da</strong> Sefasdes realurad, xolo<br />

afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> oseTis angariSSi Cagdeba Zireul mniSnvelobas<br />

iZens ganviTarebis uaresi scenaris ar<strong>da</strong>SvebaSi. yovelgvari<br />

federaluri mowyoba saqarTveloSi un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>des<br />

usafrTxoebis meqanizmebs, rac SeZlebs, win aRudges arastabilurobis<br />

afeTqebas gare<strong>da</strong>n. bolos, stabiluri federaciis<br />

misaRwevad saWiro iqneba Zalauflebis ganawilebis<br />

maRali xarisxi Sinagan centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferias Soris, agreTve<br />

saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis saimedo garantiebi. ruseTis<br />

monawileoba afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> oseTis usafrTxoebis garantiebSi<br />

iTamaSebs ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols, magram aranaklebi mniSvneloba<br />

eqneba ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n TavSekavebas im azriT, rom saerTa-<br />

Soriso garantiebi calmxrivi ar aRmoCndes.<br />

is, rom saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis momavali urTierToba<br />

metad <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia centrSi gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebze, vidre periferiaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> rom afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTi ga<strong>da</strong>iqcnen ruseTis<br />

federaciis periferiad, ar niSnavs, rom konfliqtebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>regulireba saqarTvelom moskovSi un<strong>da</strong> eZebos. saqarTvelos<br />

pretenzia afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> oseTze suverenitetis gamo niSnavs,<br />

rom manac TavisTavze un<strong>da</strong> aiRos aqtiuri roli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />

mosaZieblad. amisaTvis, Tavis mxriv, saWiroa ruseTis<br />

federaciasTan misi urTierTobis normalizacia.aucilebelia<br />

agreTve RonisZiebebi ndobis gansamtkiceblad centrs,<br />

afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> oseTs Soris. saqarTvelos mTavrobam un<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>arwmunos xalxi orive teritoriaze centris unarianobaSi,<br />

rom SeuZlia reformebis Catareba <strong>da</strong> mza<strong>da</strong>a nacionaluri<br />

konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mowesrigebisaTvis. aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />

bevri ram Zneli gansaxorcielebelia, magram Tu qarTveli<br />

liderebi SeZleben, TavianTi Tavi <strong>da</strong>arwmunon am mimarTulebiT<br />

winsvlaSi, maT eqnebaT Sansi, amaSi <strong>da</strong>arwmunon afxazebic <strong>da</strong><br />

osebic.<br />

508

avtorTa Sesaxeb<br />

oqsana antonenko _ strategiuli kvlevebis saerTaSoriso<br />

institutis ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> evraziis programebis direqtori <strong>da</strong><br />

ufrosi mecnier-muSaki. MUCU –Si 1996 wli<strong>da</strong>n muSaobs. xSirad<br />

aqveynebs MUCU-s gamocemebSi (Survival, Strategic Survey The Military<br />

Balance), MUCU-s wevrebisaTvis mTel ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi atarebs<br />

brifingebs, amzadebs saerTaSoriso konferenciebze warsadgen<br />

werilobiT <strong>da</strong> zepir moxsenebebs, saerTaSoriso masobrivi<br />

informaciis saSualebebiT evraziaSi ganviTarebul movlenebs<br />

ukeTebs komentars. mis bolo publikaciebs Sorisaa: Russia <strong>and</strong><br />

the European Union: Prospects for a New Relationship (ruseTi <strong>da</strong><br />

evrokavSiri: axali urTierTobebis perspeqtivebi, 2004).<br />

“Russia’s Southern Border: Western Siberia-Central Azia” (IISS,2003).<br />

giorgi gogia _krizisebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebis saerTaSoriso<br />

jgufis kavkasiis problemebis analitikosi. Tavis gamokvlevebSi<br />

is ganixilavs konfliqtebis mizezebs aseve samxreT<br />

kavkasiis sam qveyanaSi _ azerbaijanSi, somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi<br />

konfliqtebze saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> reaqcias. misi<br />

yuradRebis centrSia regionis sami “gayinuli konfliqti”:<br />

samxreT oseTi, afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> mTiani yarabaxi. mTavrobebisaTvis,<br />

mravalmxrivi organizaciebisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso jgufebisaTvis<br />

amzadebs politikuri <strong>da</strong> programuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis Semcvel<br />

moxsenebebs. bu<strong>da</strong>peStis centralurevropuli universitetis<br />

politikur mecnierebaTa magistri.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili _ sorosis fondebis qselSi Semavali<br />

fond “Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos” aRmasrulebeli<br />

direqtori, ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis enebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis<br />

universitetis maswavlebeli. arcTu ise didi xnis win mSvidobis,<br />

demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis kavkasiis institutSi<br />

muSaob<strong>da</strong>. rogorc mkvlevari, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d eTnikuri konfliqtebiT,<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi regionuli urTierTobebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis problemebiTaa <strong>da</strong>kavebuli.<br />

mis publikaciebs Sorisaa: Georgian Security Problems <strong>and</strong><br />

509

avtorTa Sesaxeb<br />

Policies, in The South Caucasus: A Challenge for the EU <strong>da</strong> Trends <strong>of</strong><br />

Strategic Thinking in Georgia: Achievements, Problems, <strong>and</strong> Prospects, in<br />

Crossroads <strong>and</strong> Conflict: Security <strong>and</strong> Foreign Policy in the Caucasus, <strong>and</strong><br />

Prospects, in Crossroads <strong>and</strong> Conflict: Security <strong>and</strong> Foreign Policy in the<br />

Caucasus <strong>and</strong> Central Asia (gzajvaredini <strong>da</strong> konfliqti: <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> sagareo politika kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> centralur aziaSi,<br />

2000).<br />

Tomas de vaali _ omisa <strong>da</strong> mSvidobis sakiTxebis informaciis<br />

institutis kavkasiis problemebis re<strong>da</strong>qtori (londoni).<br />

rogorc mwerali <strong>da</strong> Jurnalisti, ukanaskneli 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> ruseTze specializdebo<strong>da</strong>. rusuls <strong>da</strong><br />

Tanamedrove berZnuls oqsfordis universitetSi swavlob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

muSaob<strong>da</strong> bi-bi-sis ms<strong>of</strong>lio samsaxurSi, The Moscow Times <strong>da</strong> The<br />

Thimes <strong>of</strong> London-Si, xSirad ibeWdebo<strong>da</strong> JurnalSi The Economist.<br />

karlota golis TanaavtorobiT gamosca wigni Chechnya: Calamity<br />

in the Caucasus (CeCneTi: ubedureba kavkasiaSi, 1998). aris avtori<br />

wignis Black Garden: Armenia <strong>and</strong> Azerbaijan through Peace <strong>and</strong> War (Savi<br />

baRi: somxeTi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijani omisa <strong>da</strong> mSvidobis pirobebSi,<br />

2003), romelSic mTiani yarabaxis konfliqtis Rrma gamokvlevaa.<br />

jaba dev<strong>da</strong>riani _ gaeros xelSemwyobi qarTuli asociaciis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mfuZnebel-direqtori. iyo internet-Jurnal Civil<br />

Georgia –s erT-erTi <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli <strong>da</strong> mTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtori. misi<br />

gamokvlevebis Tematika moicavs demokratizaciisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis<br />

sakiTxebs kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> balkaneTSi, aseve samxreT kavkasiis<br />

usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs. amJamad adgilobrivi warmomadgenlobis<br />

xelmZRvaneli <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis evropis<br />

usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTo) misiis<br />

TanamSromeli bosniasa <strong>da</strong> hercogovinaSi. mis bolo publikaciaSi<br />

Georgia: Rise <strong>and</strong> Fall <strong>of</strong> the Façade Democracy. _ demokratizacia,<br />

2004 wlis zamTari _ saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

mopovebis Semdeg politikuri partiebis Camoyalibeba<br />

ganixileba.<br />

510

avtorTa Sesaxeb<br />

bruno kopitersi _ aswavlis briuselis Tavisufal universitetSi<br />

(VUB). kvlevebis mTavari Tema _ omisa <strong>da</strong> secesiis<br />

normatiuli Teoriebi. ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ibeWdeba kavkasiis konfliqtebis<br />

Temaze, gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi.<br />

mis bolo publikaciebs Sorisaa _ federalizmi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti<br />

afxazeTSi, karnegis moskovis centri, aseve eleqtronul<br />

versiaSi, misamarTze: http://pubs.carnegie.ru/workpapers/2002/<br />

wp0202.pdf; iyo erT-erTi re<strong>da</strong>qtori wignisa Secession, History,<br />

<strong>and</strong> the Social Sciences (secesia, istoria <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />

mecnierebebi, 2002) romelic gamoqveynebulia misamarTze: http:<br />

//poli.vub.ac.be/; bruno kopitersi, nik foSini, ruben apresiani<br />

(red.). omis zneobrivi SezRudvebi: problemebi <strong>da</strong> magaliTebi<br />

(m. gar<strong>da</strong>riki, 2002, internetSi ix. saitze http://poli.vub.ac.be/);<br />

Contextualizing Secession: Normative Studies in Comparative perspective<br />

(secesia konteqstSi: normatiuli gamokvleva Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

perspeqtivaSi, 2003); iyo erT-erTi avtori (bruno kopitersi,<br />

maikl emersoni, miSel hioiseni, Tamar kovziriZe, gergan<br />

nuTCevi, natali toCi, marius vali) gamocemis “evropeizacia<br />

<strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta: evropuli periferiis konkretuli<br />

gamokvleva” (M.: mTeli ms<strong>of</strong>lio, 2005, aseve misamarTze:<br />

http://poli.vub.ac.be/).<br />

robert legvoldi _ kolumbiis universitetis politologiis<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>esori, romelic ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris sxva respublikebis, amJamad ukve <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

saxelmwifoebis sagareo politikaSi, postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebTan<br />

aSS-is <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebasa <strong>da</strong> aziisa <strong>da</strong> evropis<br />

saerTaSoriso politikaze postsabWoTa regionis zemoqmedebaSi<br />

specializdeba. humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> zusti mecnierebebis<br />

amerikuli akademiis saerTaSsoriso usafrTxoebis problemebis<br />

komitetis wevri <strong>da</strong> postsabWoTa sivrcis saerTaSoriso<br />

usafrTxoebis proeqtis direqtori. 1986-1992 wlebSi kolumbiis<br />

universitetTan arsebuli harimanovskis institutis<br />

direqtori. mis bolo publikaciebs Sorisaa _ Swords <strong>and</strong><br />

Sustenanse: The Economics <strong>of</strong> National Security in Belarus <strong>and</strong> Ukraine<br />

511

avtorTa Sesaxeb<br />

(maxvilebi <strong>da</strong> horolebi: belorusiisa <strong>da</strong> ukrainis erovnuli<br />

usafrTxoebis ekonomika, 2004), Thinking Strategically: The Major<br />

Powers, Kazakhstan, <strong>and</strong> the Central Asian Nexus (strategiuli<br />

perspeqtivebi: wamyvani saxelmwifoebi, yazaxeTi <strong>da</strong> centraluraziuri<br />

kvanZi, 2003) <strong>da</strong> Belarus at the Crossroads (belorusia<br />

gzajvaredinze, 1999).<br />

gia nodia _ mSvidobis, demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis<br />

kavkasiis institutis Tavmjdomare, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli samecniero<br />

<strong>da</strong>wesebuleba, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis<br />

enisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis universitetis politologiis pr<strong>of</strong>esori.<br />

saerTaSoriso stipendiebi: vudro vilsonis centri, vaSingtoni,<br />

kolumbiis federaluri olqi; kaliforniis universiteti,<br />

berkli; berlinis samecniero sazogadoeba; emil frankos kaTedra<br />

belgiaSi. metwilad wers regionul <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>ze, kavkasiaSi<br />

saxelmwifo mSeneblobaze <strong>da</strong> demokratizaciaze, aseve nacionalizmsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> civi omis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg demokratiaze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>svlis Sesaxeb. aris erT-erTi avtori wignisa Georgia Lurching to<br />

Democracy. From Agnostic Tolerance to Pious Jacobinism: Societal Change <strong>and</strong><br />

People’s Reaqtions (saqarTvelo demokratiisaken ixreba: agnostikuri<br />

Tmeni<strong>da</strong>n iakobinelTa keTildReobisaken: sazogadoebrivi<br />

cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong> xalxis reaqcia, 2000); aris mTeli rigi publikaciebis<br />

avtori JurnalSi Journal <strong>of</strong> Ddemocracy.<br />

qrist<strong>of</strong> ciurxeri _ berlinis Tavisufali universitetis<br />

oto zuras saxelobis politologiis institutis pe<strong>da</strong>gogi <strong>da</strong><br />

mecnier-muSaki. berlinis Tavisufali universitetis aRmosavleT-evropuli<br />

gamokvlevebis institutis kaTedris gamge.<br />

rogorc mecnieri, mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis sakiTxebis<br />

SeswavlaSi specializdeba.<br />

ganaTleba miiRo bernSi, Sveicaria; swavlob<strong>da</strong> moskovSi,<br />

vilniusSi, xabarovsksa <strong>da</strong> lvovSi. erT-erTi re<strong>da</strong>qtori wignis<br />

Potentials <strong>of</strong> Disorder: Explaining Violense in the Caucasus <strong>and</strong> in the Former<br />

Ygoslavia (areulobis potenciali: riT SeiZleba aixsnas Zaladoba<br />

kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong> y<strong>of</strong>il iugoslaviaSi, 2003).<br />

512

avtorTa Sesaxeb<br />

<strong>da</strong>mien eli _ parizis politikur mecnierebaTa institutSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>icva sadoqtoro disertacia politologiaSi. iyo krizisebis<br />

acilebis saerTaSoriso jgufis kavkasiuri proeqtis direqtori.<br />

misi kvlevebis ZiriTad sferos warmoadgens: evropuli<br />

sagareo politika, konfliqtebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>regulireba,<br />

aseve ucxouri <strong>da</strong>xmareba. mis bolo publikaciebs<br />

Sorisaa: L’Union europeenne, acteur international (evropuli kavSiri<br />

_ moTamaSe saerTaSoriso arenaze, 2005), aseve Georgia: What Now?<br />

(saqarTvelo: axla ra? 2003), Azerbaijan: Turning over a New Leaf?<br />

(azerbaijani: gverdis ga<strong>da</strong>Sla, 2004), Moldova <strong>and</strong> Transdniestria:<br />

Democracy at Stake (mol<strong>da</strong>veTi <strong>da</strong> dnestrispireTi: kartze<br />

<strong>da</strong>debuli demokratia. mzaddeba gamosacemad, 2005). bolo sami<br />

Sesrulebulia krizisebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebis saerTaSoriso<br />

jgufisTvis.<br />

513

514<br />

saZiebeli<br />

abaSiZe, aslan, 72-75, 152, 170, 248-<br />

249, 253, 441, 457sq.15, 471-472,<br />

475sq.28<br />

abiev, safar, 427,<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mia, vaJa, 163, 167<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mia, revaz, 175, 344<br />

a<strong>da</strong>ms, teri, 423<br />

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis<br />

evropis qartia, 482<br />

“ademon nixas”, 121<br />

adenauer, konrad, 455<br />

adiRea, 143, 298, 338<br />

adiReuri eTno-lingvisturi<br />

jgufi, 69, 115, 279, 338<br />

avRaneTi, 1, 233, 363, 399, 415, 416,<br />

508<br />

azerbaijanis saerTaSoriso<br />

operaciuli korporacia, 336,<br />

422<br />

azerbaijani, 3, 27, 29-30, 32-33, 35,<br />

40, 45, 45sq..26, 52, 58, 72, 77-78,<br />

112, 131, 138, 140sq.24, 147, 149,<br />

203, 213sq.2, 216, 218, 223, 229,<br />

259-260, 323, 328-329, 364-371,<br />

390-391, 393, 398, 403-410, 412-<br />

413, 415-420, 422, 424-427, 429-<br />

432, 434-435, 437-438, 440, 442,<br />

445, 458 ix. agreTve kavkasiis<br />

regioni; kaspiis regioni;<br />

suuami; mTiani yarabaxi; <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreTi kavkasia<br />

azerbaijanelebi saqarTveloSi,<br />

13, 31-32, 76-78, 82, 108, 131,<br />

150, 223, 408, 430, 458<br />

aTaswleulis gamowvevis<br />

programa, 391<br />

aksam, 441<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re I, 9<br />

aliev, ilham, 413<br />

aliev, hei<strong>da</strong>r, 216, 366, 410, 412,<br />

422<br />

alioSin, boris, 443sq.32<br />

al-qai<strong>da</strong>, 81, 242, 306, 416, 428<br />

amierkavkasia ix. samxreTi<br />

kavkasia<br />

amierkavkasiis federacia, 408<br />

amierkavkasiis samxedro olqi, 23,<br />

278, 280<br />

amierkavkasiis rusuli jarebis<br />

jgufi, 165<br />

antikorufciuli sakoordinacio<br />

sabWo, 181

antonenko, oqsana, 23-25, 51, 270,<br />

400, 477, 478, 488, 493-494, 497<br />

aruTinovi, sergei, 268<br />

anqvab, aleqs<strong>and</strong>r, 344, 348<br />

arSba, valeri, 335<br />

anCabaZe, iuri, 275<br />

arZinba, vladislav, 294, 297, 307,<br />

341-343, 345-346, 348, 377, 493,<br />

afrasiZeebis kriminaluri ban<strong>da</strong>,<br />

198<br />

afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> afxazebi, 3-4, 11, 16,<br />

19, 21-25, 28, 39, 40, 42, 51, 53,<br />

59, 61, 63-64, 68-73, 76-77, 80-82,<br />

85, 88, 107, 113-120, 122-134,<br />

137, 140, 142-151, 153, 164, 169,<br />

170-171, 176, 181, 209, 214-216,<br />

218, 220-221, 223, 227-228, 233,<br />

235, 241, 243, 247, 250-252, 255,<br />

264, 268-305, 307-308, 311-315,<br />

319-321, 325-326, 331, 333, 341,<br />

349, 352, 376, 379-380, 382, 416,<br />

477, 493-497, 500-501, 503-508<br />

afxazeTis konstitucia, 127<br />

afxazeTis erovnuli gvardia, 143<br />

afxazeTis parlamenti, 126, 273<br />

afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWo, 122,<br />

126<br />

afxazi kazakebis sazogadoeba, 335<br />

afxazuri batalioni, 146<br />

aRorZineba, partia,<br />

aSS specialuri <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />

Zalebi, 47, 81<br />

axalqalaqis raioni, 77, 411, 432,<br />

458<br />

axalqalaqis samxedro baza, 78,<br />

128, 176, 248, 252-254, 264, 287,<br />

400, 412, 431<br />

axba, igor, 333<br />

axmeTa, 80<br />

aWara <strong>da</strong> aWarlebi, 4, 21, 53, 61, 68,<br />

71-76, 81, 86, 94, 107, 152, 170,<br />

176, 228, 248-249, 253, 324, 354,<br />

356, 359, 384, 413, 415, 417, 441,<br />

457, 457sq.15, 426, 463, 469, 471,<br />

472, 473, 473sq.27, 474-475, 481-<br />

483, 492, 498, 504<br />

babaian, samvel, 429-430<br />

baburin, sergei, 350<br />

bagafS, sergei, 330, 343-348, 352<br />

bagratovanTa dinastia, 9<br />

baev, pavel, 15, 235<br />

saZiebeli<br />

baTumis samxedro baza, 128, 176,<br />

248, 252-254, 264, 287, 400, 412<br />

baTumi, 73-74, 249, 261, 403-404,<br />

407, 411, 472<br />

515

saZiebeli<br />

balkaneTis saxelmwifoebi, 63,<br />

225 359, 372sq.32, 416, 487<br />

baltiis qveynebi, 7, 46, 59, 92, 112,<br />

114, 138, 148-149, 175, 203,<br />

215sq.19, 217, 227, 255, 405, 433,<br />

488, 506<br />

basaev, Samil, 146, 280<br />

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis<br />

navTobsadeni, 34, 223, 258, 327,<br />

364-365, 367, 387, 412, 419, 421,<br />

423, 425, 427, 431-432, 490-491<br />

baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumis<br />

navTobsadeni, 369, 419-420, 440<br />

baqo-sufsas navTobsadeni, 223,<br />

227, 365<br />

beiker, jeims, 366<br />

beisinjer, mark, 147<br />

beJuaSvili, gela, 200<br />

belorusia, 1, 2sq.1, 16, 39, 44,<br />

45sq.26, 46, 140sq.24, 165, 334<br />

belkovski, stanislav, 336, 353<br />

benduqiZe, kaxa, 262, 498<br />

berezovski, boris, 297, 324<br />

beslan (ruseTi), 268<br />

beCh<strong>of</strong>er, s.i., 403<br />

biWvinTa, 284<br />

516<br />

blank, stiven, 233<br />

bodenis dokumenti, 313-316, 320,<br />

378, 508<br />

bodenis iniciativa, ix. bodenis<br />

dokumenti<br />

boden, diter, 314-315, 378 ix.<br />

agreTve bodenis dokumenti<br />

bolSevikuri revolucia, 161<br />

borjomi, 367, 430-432, 508<br />

bosnia-hercegovina, 131, 233, 269,<br />

378<br />

bosforis srute, 327, 366, 421<br />

bota, liviu, 378,<br />

bp (britiS petroleumi), 259, 365-<br />

366 ix. agreTxve bp amoko<br />

bp amoko, 423, 427<br />

bJezinski, zbignev, 366,<br />

brubeiker, rojers, 131<br />

bukaev, genadi, 347<br />

bulgareTi, 40, 365, 389, 508<br />

bunebrivi gazi, ix. energetikis<br />

ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong><br />

burjanaZe, nino, 3,

uS, jorj u., 35, 42, 236, 246, 259-<br />

260, 307, 392, 438, 499<br />

gagra, 142, 279<br />

gagulia, genadi, 317<br />

“gaerTianebuli<br />

energosistemebi”, 232, 259,<br />

260<br />

gai<strong>da</strong>r, egor, 211<br />

gaerTianebuli qarTuli banki,<br />

262<br />

gaerTianebuli samefo, 57, 195,<br />

224, 293, 308sq.55, 363, 365-366,<br />

375-376, 385, 388, 392, 403-404,<br />

454<br />

gaerTianebuli erebi (gaero), 25,<br />

56, 220, 227, 238, 245-246, 273,<br />

286, 288-290, 293-296, 308, 310,<br />

313-314, 316-320, 341, 344-345,<br />

349, 351, 373-377, 380, 382-383,<br />

392, 394, 398<br />

gaeros generaluri mdivnis<br />

megobarTa jgufi<br />

(saqarTvelo), 293, 313-314,<br />

318-319, 376, 379, 389<br />

gaeros ganviTarebis programa,<br />

95, 396<br />

gaeros generaluri mdivnis<br />

megobarTa jgufi<br />

(saqarTvelo), 293, 313-314,<br />

318-319, 376, 379, 389<br />

gaeros konvencia ltolvilTa<br />

statusis Sesaxeb, 238<br />

gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi<br />

komisariati, 319<br />

gaeros rezolucia 1255, 341<br />

gaeros samoqalaqo policia, 379<br />

gaeros samxedro<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa misia<br />

saqarTveloSi, 227, 282, 289-<br />

291, 303, 313, 319, 374-375, 377,<br />

379<br />

gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos<br />

rezolucia 1378, 246<br />

gazpromi, 232, 235, 259-260, 420,<br />

443sq.32<br />

galis raioni, 127, 269, 291, 294-<br />

296, 316, 320-321, 343, 345, 377,<br />

379-380, 398, 436<br />

gamsaxurdia, zviad, 16-17, 22, 29-<br />

30, 63-64, 78, 85-86, 88, 93, 109,<br />

112-113, 119, 121-130, 136-137,<br />

139-142, 143, 150, 153, 162-163,<br />

165-168, 170-171, 213-216, 222,<br />

271, 286, 405, 448, 451, 461, 463,<br />

466-468, 474-475, 479, 486-488,<br />

502-503<br />

gaxokiZe, jemal, 175<br />

gegeWkori, evgeni, 403, 405<br />

saZiebeli<br />

gelaevis operacia, 303, 387, 416,<br />

496, 502<br />

517

saZiebeli<br />

gelaevi, ruslan, 303, 416<br />

gelaTis taZari, 105<br />

generaluri Stabi (Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

saministro), 176<br />

germania, 105, 254, 262, 293, 363,<br />

375-376, 388, 392, 404, 455<br />

giorgaZe igor, 171-172, 428<br />

gogia, giorgi, 34, 38, 40-42, 51,<br />

356, 476, 489, 492, 496-497, 499-<br />

500<br />

gogoxia, ruzgen, 151<br />

gorbaCov, mixail, 110, 125, 209-<br />

210, 412, 433, 485<br />

goregliad, valeri, 353<br />

graCov, pavel, 218, 278-280, 284-<br />

285, 287-288<br />

gref, german, 261<br />

gu<strong>da</strong>uTis samxedro baza, 128, 252,<br />

281, 287, 311-312<br />

gu<strong>da</strong>uTa, 142, 252<br />

gudkov, genadi, 310sq.60<br />

gumbariZe, givi, 119, 163<br />

gumris samxedro baza (somxeTi),<br />

411<br />

guria, 84<br />

518<br />

gustov, aleqs<strong>and</strong>re, 329<br />

<strong>da</strong>gomisis SeTanxmeba, 383sq.56<br />

<strong>da</strong>gomisis samiti, 278sq.9<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa<br />

Tanamegobrobis (dsT)<br />

xelSekruleba koleqtiuri<br />

usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, 175,<br />

296, 434<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa<br />

Tanamegobroba (dsT), 25, 125,<br />

128, 137, 175, 221, 225-227, 232,<br />

235, 260, 265-266, 274, 286-293,<br />

295-300, 308-313, 316-317, 322,<br />

325-327, 334, 340, 350, 372, 374-<br />

375, 398, 434-436, 439, 489sq.43,<br />

490, 493, 497<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa<br />

Tanamegobrobis (dsT)<br />

samSvidobo Zalebi, 24, 252,<br />

269, 273-274, 289-292, 294-296,<br />

300, 303, 308-310, 312-313, 318,<br />

322, 374<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCiaSvili, <strong>da</strong>viT, 5, 14-17, 19,<br />

36-38, 51, 155, 467, 471, 477, 480,<br />

485, 490-491, 496-497, 499<br />

<strong>da</strong>Restani, 219, 237, 301, 323, 383<br />

de vaal, Tomas, 10, 29-30, 51, 372,<br />

403, 467, 491, 496<br />

dev<strong>da</strong>riani, jaba, 10, 20-22, 25-27,<br />

51, 203, 283sq.24, 485-487, 494-<br />

497, 499, 501

demireli, suleiman, 366<br />

derJava, 210, 212, 217-218, 220,<br />

234, 487<br />

de huup sxefer, iap, 255<br />

didi britaneTi, ix.<br />

gaerTianebuli samefo<br />

didi axlo aRmosavleTi, 363, 436,<br />

496<br />

dnestrispireTi, 334, 434<br />

dubin, boris, 210<br />

du<strong>da</strong>ev, johar, 292<br />

ebel, robert, 426<br />

evraziis ekonomikuri<br />

TanamSromlobis organizacia,<br />

263<br />

evrazholdingi, 262<br />

evropa-kavkasia-aziis<br />

satransporto koridori<br />

(TRACECA), 369<br />

evropaSi navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazis<br />

transportirebis<br />

samTavroboTaSoriso<br />

programa (INOGATE), 369<br />

evropaSi Cveulebrivi<br />

SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb<br />

xelSekruleba, 140sq.24, 255,<br />

296, 489<br />

saZiebeli<br />

evropis parlamenti, 362, 393<br />

evropis sabWo, 106, 175, 227, 230,<br />

438, 442 ix. agreTve evropis<br />

sabWos saparlamento<br />

asamblea<br />

evropis sabWos saparlamento<br />

asamblea, 31, 483sq.39<br />

evropis samezoblo politika, 93,<br />

267, 359, 360, 393-394, 502<br />

evropis uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

TanamSromlobis konferencia<br />

(euTk), 217, 286, 382 ix.<br />

agreTve evropis uSiSroebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis<br />

organizacia (euTo)<br />

evropis uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

TanamSromlobis organizacia<br />

(euTo), 25, 30-31, 41, 176, 192,<br />

221, 225, 227-228, 242, 244, 246,<br />

252, 254-255, 293, 295-296, 310-<br />

311, 313, 341, 372, 375, 380-384,<br />

399, 402, 438, 442, 462, 480sq.32,<br />

484, 500 ix. agreTve evropis<br />

uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

TanamSromlobis konferencia<br />

evropuli kavSiri, 1, 27, 33, 40-42,<br />

43, 46, 48, 58, 70, 89, 93, 104,<br />

106, 147, 189, 192, 195, 197, 235,<br />

246, 255, 263, 267-269, 356-359,<br />

360-362, 365-366, 368-369, 372,<br />

382, 384-385, 389, 392-394, 398-<br />

399, 401, 405, 438, 440, 459-460,<br />

490-491, 498-499, 501, 503-504,<br />

506<br />

519

saZiebeli<br />

evropuli komisia, 362, 368-369,<br />

383, 392-393, 499sq.48<br />

eTnikuri identuroba <strong>da</strong><br />

konfliqti, 13-14, 50, 54, 56,<br />

59, 61-64, 66, 68, 73, 76-78, 81-<br />

83, 87, 92, 107-108, 126, 131, 157,<br />

160, 172, 187, 197, 219, 227, 238,<br />

271, 301, 345, 402 ix. agreTve<br />

afxazebi <strong>da</strong> afxazeTi; osebi;<br />

samxreTi oseTi<br />

eTno-federalizmi,<br />

ix.federalizmi<br />

elCibei, abulfaz, 391<br />

enaTa qarTveluri ojaxi, 115<br />

engutis hidroeleqtrosadguri,<br />

317, 321, 327, 380<br />

energetikis ganviTareba <strong>da</strong><br />

politika, 32, 34, 41, 51, 148,<br />

150, 200, 204, 222, 224, 232, 235,<br />

248, 258-261, 317, 323, 327, 338,<br />

344, 360, 361, 364-371, 390, 392,<br />

401, 406, 414, 418-421, 423-427,<br />

429, 443, 484, 489-490, 501-502,<br />

504 ix. agreTve azerbaijani;<br />

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis<br />

navTobsadeni; kaspiis zRvis<br />

regioni; ruseTi<br />

erayi, 1, 225, 227, 255, 363, 387-388,<br />

399, 421, 437<br />

ergneTis bazroba, 152, 396, 476,<br />

erekle II, 9<br />

520<br />

erovnul-demokratiuli partia,<br />

115, 123<br />

erovnuli demokratiuli<br />

instituti, 390<br />

erovnuli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

partia, 123<br />

erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo<br />

(saqarTvelo), 188, 191, 198<br />

esoian, ararat, 432<br />

espaneTi, 58<br />

estoneTi, 62, 389<br />

euTo, ix. evropis uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

TanamSromlobis organizacia<br />

euTos minskis jgufi, 31, 227, 426<br />

eqson mobili, 365<br />

eqton, lord edvard <strong>da</strong>lberg,<br />

61sq.6<br />

eweri, 198<br />

exo moskvi, 247<br />

vazianis samxedro baza, 128, 252,<br />

287<br />

vardebis revolucia, 8, 74, 86, 93,<br />

109, 161, 247, 389-390, 402, 441,<br />

474, 482, 498-499, 502-503,<br />

507sq.49<br />

varSalomiZe, levan, 76

veneciis komisia, 481<br />

virq, 78<br />

vneStorgbank, 262<br />

volgodonsk, 301<br />

voronin, vladimer, 266<br />

vo, toni, 415<br />

zaitsev, anatoli, 312<br />

zaqaTalas raiioni, 412<br />

zaqareiSvili, paata, 284<br />

zatulin, konstantin, 337<br />

zverev, aleqsei, 280-281<br />

zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi<br />

(saqarTvelo), 174<br />

zugdidi, 320, 379<br />

zurabiSvili, salome, 256, 498,<br />

TabaRua, batal, 348sq.117<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis resursebis marTvis<br />

centri, 176<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministro<br />

(saqarTvelo), 166, 168-169,<br />

171, 174, 176, 179-180, 181-182,<br />

184-186, 190-191, 195-196<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministro (ruseTi),<br />

278, 281, 288, 312, 323<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis, erovnuli<br />

uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

marTlwesrigis komisia, 167<br />

TaTrebi, 403<br />

TaTarstani, 298<br />

TanamemamuleTa sabWo, 298<br />

Tbilisis saartilerio<br />

saswavlebeli, 165<br />

Tbilisi, 112-113, 115, 140, 208<br />

TevzaZe, <strong>da</strong>viT, 175, 181-182, 189<br />

TurqeTi, 25, 31-34, 38, 40, 46, 51,<br />

58, 72, 75, 78-79, 146-147, 175,<br />

204, 213, 223, 226, 228-229, 253,<br />

259, 327, 338, 362sq.10, 364-366,<br />

369-370, 372, 388, 390, 399, 403-<br />

405, 407, 419-421, 425, 427, 430,<br />

433, 436-442, 446, 461, 471 ix.<br />

agreTve otomanTa imperia<br />

TurqmeneTi, 44, 416 ix. agreTve<br />

centraluri azia<br />

TeTri arwivi, 163, 165<br />

TeTri legioni, 151, 294<br />

iakobiZe, <strong>da</strong>viT, 11sq.4<br />

iaponia, 47, 49, 336<br />

iakovenko, aleqs<strong>and</strong>r, 351sq.119<br />

iazkova, ala, 353<br />

saZiebeli<br />

521

saZiebeli<br />

ieRovas mowmeebi, 102<br />

ivanov, igor, 75, 226, 248-249, 441<br />

ivanov, sergei, 239, 254-255, 311,<br />

494<br />

“imedi”, 163, 165<br />

imereTis regioni, 84, 472<br />

indoeTi, 46<br />

inguSeTi, 219, 383<br />

inozemcev, vladislav, 337sq.101<br />

ioseliani, jaba, 125, 129, 138, 140,<br />

145, 162-163, 169-170, 172-173,<br />

222<br />

irani, 1, 31-34, 38, 40, 46, 52, 120,<br />

147, 225, 260sq.101, 327, 364-<br />

365, 370, 372, 399, 405, 410, 416,<br />

420-424, 426, 436-438, 440, 442,<br />

446, 462, 491<br />

iricin, nairi, 432<br />

isk<strong>and</strong>erov, fuad, 427<br />

israeli, 27, 33, 437<br />

ister, jerald, 135<br />

“itera”, 232, 235, 260<br />

iukos, 251<br />

iunusov, arif, 32<br />

522<br />

kavkasiis mTis xalxTa<br />

konfederacia, 143, 279<br />

kavkasiis regioni, 1-2, 8-10, 22, 25,<br />

27-35, 38-40, 45-46, 48-51, 63, 74,<br />

110, 135, 143-144, 146-148, 203,<br />

212-213, 216, 218-220, 224, 226-<br />

227, 232, 233, 246, 249, 265, 275,<br />

277, 287, 299, 306, 336-337, 355,<br />

359, 365, 368-371, 389, 399, 400-<br />

405, 407-409, 411, 413, 418, 422,<br />

428-429, 441-443, 446, 458, 460-<br />

461, 472, 486, 499 ix. agreTve<br />

Crdilo kavkasia; samxreTi<br />

kavkasia<br />

kavkasiis qedi, 146, 407<br />

kavkasiis xalxTa konfederacia,<br />

143sq.28, 279<br />

kazakebi, 219-220, 335, 338<br />

kaTolikeebi saqarTveloSi, 102<br />

kamrani (vietnami), 233<br />

kanoni aWaris avtonomiuri<br />

respublikis statusis<br />

Sesaxeb, 481<br />

karaganov, sergei, 250<br />

kaspiis zRvis regioni, 32, 34,<br />

362sq.8, 364, 416, 484,<br />

ix. agreTve kaspiis regioni;<br />

energetikis ganviTareba <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>; azerbaijani;<br />

irani; yazaxeTi; TurqmeneTi<br />

kaspiis navTobsadeni, 34

kastels, manuel, 207, 214<br />

kaxeTi, 84, 471sq.26<br />

kenWaZe, giorgi, 198<br />

kvaSnin, anatoli, 239<br />

kitovani, Tengiz, 124-125, 129,<br />

138-139, 142, 167, 169-170, 222,<br />

278<br />

koalicia mrgvali magi<strong>da</strong>/<br />

Tavisufali saqarTvelo, 136,<br />

164<br />

kodoris xeoba, 243, 290-291, 303,<br />

308, 311, 314, 320, 374-375, 387,<br />

416, 496<br />

kozirev, <strong>and</strong>rei, 217, 225, 278<br />

kokoiti, eduard, 43, 152, 384<br />

kolesnikov, vladimer, 345, 347,<br />

348sq.116<br />

koleqtiuri TviTSegneba, 206,<br />

210<br />

kolier, pol, 144<br />

komunisturi partia (afxazeTi),<br />

116, 118, 133<br />

komunisturi partia<br />

(saqarTvelo), 91, 99, 119, 120,<br />

121, 157<br />

komunisturi partia (moldova),<br />

266<br />

komunisturi partia (ruseTi),<br />

213, 334<br />

komunisturi partia (samxreTi<br />

oseTi), 133<br />

komunisturi partia (sanWoTa<br />

kavSiri), 66-67, 118, 130, 464,<br />

485-486<br />

konkor<strong>da</strong>ti, 104<br />

kontrolis palata, 180<br />

kopitersi, bruno, 28, 52, 445<br />

kornel, svante, 416<br />

korufcia, 4, 15-18, 41-42, 89-91,<br />

94-95, 108, 157-159, 161, 180-<br />

183, 187, 193, 201-202, 263, 342,<br />

344, 356, 388, 390-391, 394-395,<br />

402, 406, 415-417, 447-448, 458,<br />

474, 491, 496, 500, 508<br />

kosaCev, konstantin, 333<br />

kosovo, 226-227, 233, 378, 388, 492<br />

kostava, merab, 119<br />

krasno<strong>da</strong>ris mxare, 298, 316, 335,<br />

338, 346, 350<br />

“kubiki”,195<br />

kurilis kunZulebi, 336<br />

lavrov, sergei, 256<br />

lakoba, stanislav, 281, 285<br />

saZiebeli<br />

523

saZiebeli<br />

latvia, 62, 389<br />

lebed, aleqs<strong>and</strong>r, 280<br />

legvold, robert, 449, 487, 490,<br />

500, 506<br />

lekebis eTnikuri jgufi, 407<br />

liberalur-demokratiuli<br />

partia, 249, 332<br />

liklikaZe, koba, 239<br />

“linqsi”, 381<br />

linC, dov, 28, 322<br />

lixni, 118<br />

lixnis deklaracia, 118<br />

lores regioni, 411<br />

loSCinin, valeri, 312, 325<br />

ltolvilebi, 79, 224, 234, 238-239,<br />

244, 270sq.1, 286, 291, 300-301,<br />

317, 319, 321-322, 375 ix.<br />

agtreTve Si<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebi<br />

“lukoili”, 367<br />

lurdesi (kuba), 233<br />

luJkov, iuri, 298, 323, 338<br />

mails, riCard, 65sq.10, 391<br />

524<br />

malaSenko, aleqsei, 232sq.49, 250,<br />

353<br />

man, stiven, 259-260, 390<br />

manukian, <strong>and</strong>ranik, 329<br />

mareska, jon, 426<br />

marTlmadidebeli eklesia, 14, 62,<br />

76, 102, 103sq.56, 104-105, 109,<br />

115, 120, 156-157, 193<br />

markov, sergei, 353<br />

maSvelTa korpusi, 165, 168<br />

mahmadianebi saqarTveloSi, 72,<br />

76, 79, 102<br />

mdinare araqsi, 425<br />

mdinare gumista, 143, 471sq.26<br />

mdinare enguri, 294, 317, 320, 374<br />

mdinare fsou, 292, 297, 322<br />

megobrobis, TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

urTierT<strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

SeTanxmeba (ruseTi <strong>da</strong><br />

somxeTi), 411<br />

megrelebi, 85-86, 116<br />

meliqaZe, niko, 11sq.4<br />

merab kostavas sazogadoeba, 142,<br />

163, 167<br />

merabiSvili, vano, 199

meri, vuein, 421<br />

mesxeTeli Turqebi, 235sq.54<br />

mecxramete partiuli<br />

konferencia (sabWoTa<br />

kavSiri), 118<br />

mTiani yarabaxi, 3, 28, 30, 32-33,<br />

50-51, 71, 77, 118-119, 218, 227,<br />

288, 408-410, 417, 426-427, 429-<br />

430, 434, 442, 446<br />

mig<strong>da</strong>l, joel, 87sq.36<br />

miloSeviC, slobo<strong>da</strong>n, 59, 391<br />

mkalaviSvili, basil, 157, 159<br />

moldova, 1, 27, 46, 52, 140sq.24,<br />

229, 254-255, 266, 433, 434<br />

monet, jan, 455<br />

morninstar, riCard, 421<br />

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanoni<br />

(ruseTi), 316<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lio banki, 217<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lio savaWro organizacia,<br />

263<br />

mujahedebi saqarTveloSi, 416<br />

mwvane alternativa, 425<br />

mxareebi, 84<br />

mxedrioni, <strong>da</strong>jgufeba, 16, 88, 124-<br />

125, 129, 138-142, 145, 162-163,<br />

165, 168-169, 172, 222<br />

nadibaidze, vardiko, 129, 173, 175,<br />

222<br />

navTobi, ix. energetikis<br />

ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> politika<br />

nazarbaevi, nursultan, 410<br />

narinji feris revolucia, 43-44,<br />

352<br />

nacionalizmi, 14, 15, 18, 54, 62-65,<br />

67-68, 77-79, 85, 99-102, 104,<br />

108-109, 112, 115, 120-121, 124,<br />

130-131, 134, 135-136, 138-139,<br />

142-144, 146-147, 150, 157-159,<br />

163-165, 168, 204, 208, 213, 219,<br />

249, 268, 271-272, 306, 332, 337,<br />

345, 350, 358, 400, 402, 430, 464-<br />

468, 478-480, 483, 487, 497-498<br />

nacionaluri moZraoba, 105<br />

nacionaluri moZraoba –<br />

demokratebi, 200<br />

saZiebeli<br />

nato, ix. Crdilo antantikis<br />

xelSekrulebis organizacia<br />

nato, individualuri<br />

partnioribis samoqmedo<br />

gegma, 197, 199, 359, 389, 394<br />

nato, programa partnioroba<br />

mSvidobisaTvis, 47, 187, 226,<br />

236, 267, 388<br />

525

saZiebeli<br />

nato, specialuri<br />

warmomadgeneli kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong><br />

centralur aziaSi, 389, 499<br />

naxCevani, 425<br />

ndobis jgufi (saqarTvelos<br />

parlamenti), 174, 180<br />

nikitini, aleqs<strong>and</strong>re, 310<br />

nikolaiSvili, levan, 199<br />

ninowmindis raioni, 77<br />

nodia, gia, 12-14, 22, 50, 53,<br />

209sq.8, 214, 283, 461-462, 464,<br />

466 471, 480, 482, 496, 499<br />

novorosiiski, 328, 421<br />

nures, nurver, 438<br />

ozal, turgut, 438<br />

ozkan, Tunjai, 441<br />

ozkok, hilmi, 440<br />

osuri eTnikuri jgufi, 68-69, 71-<br />

72, 76 81-82, 120-121, 130-131,<br />

133, 141-142, 145-146, 150, 152,<br />

209, 397-398, 407-408, 465-466,<br />

470, 476 507 ix. agreTve<br />

Crdilo oseTi; samxreTi<br />

oseTi<br />

osmaleTis imperia, 9, 31, 92, 147,<br />

207, 436 ix. agreTve TurqeTi<br />

oCamCira, 374sq.34<br />

526<br />

pakistani, 46<br />

palmerston, lord, 57<br />

pankisis xeoba, 54, 79-81, 88, 176-<br />

177, 237-247, 250, 255, 301, 303,<br />

306, 308, 311, 387, 416, 428-429,<br />

436, 458, 496, 502-503<br />

patiaSvili, jumber, 119<br />

patronaJis qselebi, 84, 90-91, 98,<br />

114, 135-136, 181, 183, 276<br />

pauel, qolin, 236<br />

pena, federiko, 421<br />

perestroika, 110<br />

poloneTi, 59, 389<br />

politbiuro (sabWoTa kavSiri),<br />

409<br />

policiisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />

usafrTxoebis saministro<br />

(saqarTvelo), 196<br />

portugalia, 58<br />

primakov, evgeni, 225, 280sq.15,<br />

284, 294-295, 342, 492, 493<br />

prizemlin, vasili, 244<br />

putin, vladimer, 24, 26-27, 39, 47-<br />

48, 230-233, 240, 243, 245-246,<br />

249, 251, 254, 258, 263, 268, 273,<br />

301-307, 313, 316, 318, 321, 323,<br />

325-327, 332, 334, 338, 340, 343

344, 347, 350, 352, 380, 413, 435,<br />

484, 492-494<br />

pfaf, uiliam, 106sq.60<br />

Jvania, zurab, 3, 98, 222, 414<br />

Jirinovski, vladimer, 249, 332,<br />

334, 336, 345<br />

raionistebi, 473<br />

ramsfeld, donald, 106<br />

regionalistebi, 473<br />

remler, filif, 80<br />

riCardson, bil, 421<br />

roberts, jon, 423, 427, 429<br />

rogozin, dmitri, 332, 337<br />

rodina, partia (ruseTi), 249, 332,<br />

334<br />

rokis uReltexili, 152, 383<br />

rostovis olqi (ruseTi), 298, 323<br />

rubin, jefri, 205<br />

rumineTi, 40, 365, 389<br />

ruseTi, 1-5, 7-9, 11, 14, 19-28, 30-<br />

32, 34-36, 39-43, 45-49, 51, 54-56,<br />

60, 68, 70, 74-75, 78-82, 84, 91-<br />

92, 97, 100, 106-107, 116, 120,<br />

125-128, 139, 141-144, 147-148,<br />

150, 152-153, 161, 166, 168, 171-<br />

173, 175, 177, 187, 189, 191-193,<br />

200, 203-355, 357, 360, 363-367,<br />

370-380, 382-384, 388-390, 392,<br />

397-401, 404-405, 407-413, 417,<br />

419-425, 428-432, 434-436, 439-<br />

444, 446-448, 450, 461-462, 468-<br />

471, 474-478, 480-481, 484-498,<br />

500-506, 508 ix. agreTve<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa<br />

Tanamegobroba; sabWoTa<br />

kavSiri<br />

ruseTis duma, 249, 255, 287-289,<br />

298-301, 307, 311, 313, 323, 329,<br />

332-334, 343, 345, 350<br />

ruseTis saxalxo partia, ix.<br />

narodnaia partia<br />

saZiebeli<br />

rusTavelis sazogadoeba, 115<br />

rusuli Temebis kongresi, 298<br />

saakaSvili, mixeil, 3, 5-6, 10, 21,<br />

25-26, 30-31, 37, 45, 70-71, 75,<br />

83, 86, 94, 96, 98, 103-106, 108,<br />

151-153, 158, 195-197, 203, 248-<br />

251, 253, 258, 261-262, 264-266,<br />

270sq.1, 271, 320, 324-326, 329-<br />

330, 332, 340, 353-354, 356, 358,<br />

384-385, 385sq.61, 388sq.69, 389,<br />

391, 394, 402, 406, 413, 417, 420,<br />

430, 442, 449, 451, 461, 463, 474-<br />

479, 480sq.32, 481-482, 498, 500<br />

saarCevno sistemebis<br />

saerTaSoriso fondi, 390-391<br />

saberZneTi, 33, 262, 365, 369, 392,<br />

437<br />

527

saZiebeli<br />

sabWoTa konstitucia, 67<br />

sabWoTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebi<br />

(armia), 118, 121, 123-124, 139,<br />

162, 165, 168, 208-209, 216<br />

sabWoTa Sinagan saqmeTa<br />

saministro, 124, 209, 409<br />

sabWoTa kavSiri, 1, 7, 16, 28, 38,<br />

43-44, 46-48, 54, 59, 61-62, 65,<br />

67-68, 110, 112, 114, 117, 121-<br />

122, 124-126, 132-133, 135, 147-<br />

149, 165, 203, 205-206, 210-212,<br />

216-218, 224, 251, 254, 266, 270,<br />

272, 275, 277-278, 328, 340, 357,<br />

370, 407, 409, 413, 415, 422, 425,<br />

433, 435-437, 445, 464, 481, 484-<br />

487, 499, 501-502, 504 ix.<br />

agreTve ruseTi<br />

sagangebo mdgomageobis<br />

saxelmwifo komiteti, 166<br />

sagareo saqmeTa saministro<br />

(saqarTvelo), 189, 236, 278<br />

sagareo saqmeTa saministro<br />

(ruseTi), 35, 252, 254, 278, 297,<br />

299, 311-313, 315, 326, 351<br />

saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba, 89<br />

saerTaSoriso krizisis jgufi,<br />

475<br />

saerTaSoriso respublikuri<br />

instituti, 390<br />

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi,<br />

217<br />

528<br />

saerTaSoriso safinanso<br />

korporacia, 367<br />

saerTaSoriso wiTeli jvari, 382<br />

sazRvris <strong>da</strong>cvis departamenti,<br />

196<br />

sakoordinacio sabWi<br />

(saqarTvelo-afxazeTi), 293,<br />

219, 319sq.71, 375, 378, 382<br />

samarTliani arCevnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

demokratiis saerTaSoriso<br />

sazogadoeba, 391<br />

samegrelo, 70, 84-86, 88, 94, 285,<br />

396, 417<br />

samcxe-javaxeTi, 77, 458<br />

samuSia, zurab, 151<br />

samxedro sazRvao<br />

TanamSromlobis Savi zRvis<br />

jgufi, 313, 440<br />

samxreTi kavkasia, 8, 23, 25, 28-29,<br />

36, 41, 74, 93, 135, 147, 203-204,<br />

218, 221, 223-225, 227-228, 233,<br />

242, 267, 278, 296, 299, 305, 307,<br />

316, 330, 356-357, 359, 362-363,<br />

366, 369-373, 378, 385-386, 388,<br />

390, 393, 398-401, 404, 405-408,<br />

410, 412-419, 427, 430, 436-437,<br />

439, 442, 444-447, 459, 484, 489,<br />

491-492, 494, 496, 499, 502 ix.<br />

agreTve kavkasiis regioni<br />

samxreTi oseTi, 3-4, 11, 19, 22, 25,<br />

28, 31, 39-42, 51, 53, 61, 63-64,

68, 70-73, 77, 81-82, 107, 112-<br />

114, 119-126, 129-130, 132-134,<br />

136, 141, 142, 149, 151-153, 160,<br />

164, 214, 220-221, 223, 228, 233,<br />

235, 243, 247, 250-251, 255, 264-<br />

265, 267-268, 270, 287-289, 300,<br />

302, 305, 323, 329, 333-335, 339,<br />

354, 356, 359, 370, 373, 382-385,<br />

396-398, 410, 417, 434, 446, 448,<br />

457-459, 462-465, 467-470, 472-<br />

473, 475-477, 480-481, 483, 491,<br />

498, 500-501, 503-505, 508<br />

sanqciebi, 285, 293, 298, 322, 324-<br />

327, 351, 421, 493<br />

sariSvili, irina, 65sq.10<br />

sasazRvro <strong>da</strong>cva (saqarTvelo),<br />

168, 174, 185, 189, 193, 386, 416<br />

safrangeTi, 61sq.6, 293, 363, 365,<br />

375-376, 385, 392, 455, 498<br />

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ms<strong>of</strong>lio:<br />

momavlis xedva <strong>da</strong> strategia,<br />

5, 189<br />

“saqarTvelos axal megobarTa”<br />

jgufi, 389<br />

saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />

respublika (1918-1921), 208<br />

saqarTvelos erovnuli gvardia,<br />

16, 88, 122, 124-125, 127, 129-<br />

130, 137-143, 145, 164-170, 173-<br />

174, 183, 196, 222, 275, 278, 485<br />

saqarTvelos erovnuli<br />

uSiSroebis koncefcia, 11<br />

saqarTvelos konstitucia, 36,<br />

72, 75, 85, 101, 128, 174, 178-179,<br />

457, 472<br />

saqarTvelos minisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mineraluri wylebis kompania,<br />

431<br />

saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa<br />

kavSiri, 98, 222, 241,<br />

saZiebeli<br />

saqarTvelos parlamenti, 36, 65,<br />

74, 83, 105, 122, 123-124, 128,<br />

136, 178-179, 183-185, 198, 220,<br />

228, 231, 245, 256-257, 308, 471-<br />

472, 481-482<br />

saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis<br />

komiteti, 175, 179<br />

saqarTvelos samxedro-sazRvao<br />

floti, 174<br />

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zalebi, 16, 17, 37-38, 71, 88,<br />

112, 119, 128, 138, 140, 144, 153,<br />

161, 164, 166-179, 183-184, 189-<br />

190, 194-195, 198-199, 201, 239,<br />

243-245, 264, 278, 282, 283, 285,<br />

287, 306-307, 387-388, 447, 488,<br />

490, 496<br />

saqarTvelos wvrTnisa <strong>da</strong><br />

aRWurvis programa, 81, 176,<br />

242, 244, 306, 387, 494, 496<br />

saqarTveloSi gaeros<br />

generaluri mdivnis<br />

specialuri warmomadgeneli,<br />

293, 314, 321-322<br />

529

saZiebeli<br />

saxalxo partia, 432<br />

saxalxo frontis partia, 163, 432<br />

saxelmwifo uSiSroebis<br />

komiteti, 119<br />

saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>cvis specialuri<br />

samsaxuri, 174, 185<br />

saxelmwifo sabWo (saqarTvelo),<br />

125, 168<br />

saxelmwifo dumis dsT-is saqmeTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sazRvargareT mcxovreb<br />

TanamemamuleebTan<br />

kavSirebis komiteti (ruseTi),<br />

287, 298-299<br />

saxokia, naTela, 11sq.4<br />

seljukebi, 9<br />

separatizmi, 3, 5, 7, 10, 19, 22, 50,<br />

71-73, 77, 83, 86, 94, 108, 112-<br />

115, 130-134, 146, 149-150, 153,<br />

164, 187, 221, 232, 235, 250, 255,<br />

265-266, 268, 272, 275, 277-278,<br />

292, 301, 304, 307, 326, 334, 363,<br />

373, 386, 397, 400, 402, 410, 434,<br />

446-447, 455-456, 459-460, 464,<br />

469, 471, 473, 492, 494, 498, 505<br />

ix. agreTve afxazeTi; aWara;<br />

samxreTi oseTi<br />

serbeTi, 59, 391<br />

sestanoviC, stiv, 421<br />

secesia, ix. separatizmi<br />

530<br />

svanebi, regionuli identuroba,<br />

85<br />

svaneTi, 198<br />

sigua, Tengiz, 124-125, 129<br />

siloviki ruseTSi, 340, 347, 350-351<br />

simons, robert, 389<br />

siria, 233, 437, 440<br />

sitnin, aleqsei, 350sq.118<br />

skoukr<strong>of</strong>t, brent, 366<br />

smirnov, l.n., 298<br />

solana, havier, 268<br />

somxebi saqarTveloSi, 33, 76-77,<br />

79, 82, 126, 131, 132sq.14, 149,<br />

271-272, 408, 411-412, 417, 429-<br />

432, 438, 458<br />

somxeTi, 3, 29, 32-33, 35-36, 77-78,<br />

112, 131, 132sq.14, 140sq.24,<br />

148-149, 259, 329, 380, 398, 404,<br />

406-407, 409, 411-412, 417, 420-<br />

421, 427, 429-430, 432, 437-438,<br />

440, 442-443, 445, 508<br />

somxuri gregorianuli eklesia,<br />

102<br />

soros, jorj, 95, 391, 396<br />

soWi (ruseTi), 316-319, 321-322,<br />

325-326, 330-331, 344, 347, 380,<br />

498

soWis Sexvedrebi <strong>da</strong><br />

SeTanxmebebi, 284, 285, 301,<br />

317-322, 325, 344, 380<br />

soxumi, 22, 116, 118, 127-128, 143-<br />

144, 221, 279, 284-285, 287, 289,<br />

291, 293-294, 302, 314, 316, 321-<br />

322, 326-327, 330, 332, 338, 344-<br />

346, 351, 353, 373, 378, 380, 459,<br />

505<br />

sparseTis imperia, 9, 31, 92, 147,<br />

364, 436<br />

ix. agreTve irani<br />

“statoil”, 259<br />

stefanakerti, 410<br />

strategiuli kvlevis centri, 11,<br />

18<br />

suamis aliansi, 27, 52, 229, 434-<br />

436, 439, 496<br />

sununu, jon, 366<br />

swrafi reagirebis korpusi, 168<br />

talvitie, heiki, 385<br />

taliavini, haidi, 320<br />

taSkentis xelSekruleba,<br />

140sq.24<br />

tajikeTi, 45sq.26 ix. agreTve<br />

centraluri azia<br />

telbot, stroub, 422<br />

tkaCev, aleqs<strong>and</strong>r, 338, 346-347,<br />

350<br />

transnacionaluri <strong>da</strong>naSaulisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> korufciis kvlevis centri<br />

(TraCCC), 415<br />

trapizoni, 407<br />

tyis Zmebi, 151, 294<br />

uzbekeTi, 27, 44, 48, 52sq.28, 434-<br />

435, ix. agreTve centraluri<br />

azia<br />

ukraina, 1, 16, 21, 27, 39, 43, 45-46,<br />

48, 52, 56, 140sq.24, 165, 229,<br />

267, 295, 349, 352-353, 434 ix.<br />

agreTve suuami-s aliansi<br />

urTierTobebi centriperiferia,<br />

450-455, 459-461,<br />

463-464, 477-478, 482, 484-485,<br />

498, 500-501, 503-504, 507-508<br />

usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi<br />

mrCevelTa saerTaSoriso<br />

sabWo (ISAB), 175, 187-191, 193<br />

uSiSroebis saministro<br />

(saqarTvelo), 81, 172, 193, 196,<br />

222, 241, 244<br />

uSiSroebis saministros<br />

specialuri briga<strong>da</strong>, 172, 174,<br />

193<br />

facacia, oTar, 287<br />

saZiebeli<br />

federalizmi, 54, 66-68, 81, 83-84,<br />

113-114, 131-132, 134, 150, 238,<br />

531

saZiebeli<br />

532<br />

294, 302, 351, 450-451, 455, 457,<br />

460, 464, 466, 469, 472, 479-481,<br />

485, 486, 507-508<br />

felgenhauer, pavel, 246<br />

feodorov, valentin, 335<br />

foTi, 261, 411, 421<br />

qarTvel SevardenTa legioni, 163<br />

qerimli, ali, 432<br />

qvemo qarTli, 76-78, 81, 458<br />

qistebis eTnikuri jgufi, 79, 244,<br />

301, 458<br />

qoen, ariel, 249<br />

quTaisi, 105<br />

Rlonti, giorgi, 414<br />

yabardo-balyareTi, 298<br />

yabardoelTa eTnikuri jgufi, 69<br />

yazaxeTi, 16, 46, 48, 140sq.24, 306,<br />

365, ix. agreTve kaspiis zRvis<br />

regioni; centraluri azia<br />

yaraCai-CerqezeTi, 143<br />

yarsi, 72, 407<br />

yarsis xelSekruleba, 72<br />

yaryaraSvili, giorgi (gia), 129,<br />

163, 169<br />

yirgizeTi, 44-46<br />

ix. agreTve centraluri azia<br />

Savi zRvis ekonomikuri<br />

TanamSromlobis organizacia,<br />

372, 438-439<br />

Samba, sergei, 309sq.58, 320<br />

SaraZe, guram, 100sq.53<br />

Sartava, Jiuli, 284<br />

Safer, bren<strong>da</strong>, 35<br />

“Sah-denizis” gazis sabado<br />

(azerbaijani), 259, 390<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi, 5, 11, 17, 19-<br />

20, 25-28, 30, 33-36, 39, 41-44,<br />

46-49, 51, 78, 80-81, 92, 147, 152,<br />

175-177, 188, 192, 195, 223, 225-<br />

229, 231, 233, 236, 240-247, 251,<br />

254-255, 257-258, 260, 262, 267,<br />

293, 296, 305-307, 311, 333, 336,<br />

356-358, 360-361, 363-368, 370,<br />

375-376, 378, 380, 386-388, 390-<br />

392, 395, 399, 400-401, 405, 409,<br />

414, 420-421, 423, 426, 429, 435-<br />

437, 441, 443-444, 447, 484, 492-<br />

494, 496-497, 499, 501, 504, 506<br />

ix. agreTve wvrTnisa <strong>da</strong><br />

aRWurvis programa<br />

SevardnaZe, eduard, 3, 5, 16-17,<br />

19, 30, 42, 64-65, 73-75, 83-86,<br />

88-90, 93-95, 98, 103-104, 109,<br />

113, 125-129, 137-138, 140-142,<br />

145, 151-153, 157-159, 168-178,<br />

180-181, 183, 185-186, 189, 192-<br />

195, 197, 215-216, 221-223, 228

230, 234-237, 239-241, 243, 247-<br />

248, 250-251, 256, 258-260, 264,<br />

266-267, 271, 276-278, 285-286,<br />

292-294, 296-297, 308, 316, 318,<br />

321, 325, 357, 366, 377, 380, 389-<br />

392, 394-395, 402, 405, 409-410,<br />

412-413, 416, 420, 422, 424, 428,<br />

437, 441, 447-449, 451, 457, 461,<br />

463, 468-470, 472-476, 478-479,<br />

483, 487-493, 497, 502-503<br />

ix. agreTve saqarTvelos<br />

moqalaqeTa kavSiri<br />

SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mxareTa <strong>da</strong>SoriSorebis<br />

Sesaxeb, 374<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis statusis<br />

Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, 307<br />

Seli, luiz, 415<br />

SenarCunebisa <strong>da</strong> stabilurobis<br />

programa, 388<br />

Sengelia, <strong>da</strong>viT, 151<br />

Sereuli sakontrolo komisia,<br />

382-383<br />

Sereuli samSvidobo Zalebi, 382<br />

Siraqis veli, 365<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebi,<br />

270sq.1, 284, 286, 291-293, 295-<br />

296, 298, 309, 316-319, 321-322,<br />

325, 329, 343-344 ix. agreTve<br />

ltolvilebi<br />

Sinagan saqmeTa saministro<br />

(saqarTvelo), 124, 140, 142,<br />

160, 164, 166-168, 174, 179, 193,<br />

196, 241, 303, 387, 409<br />

Smit, iurgen, 242<br />

Soigu, sergei, 284, 346<br />

SuSa, 438<br />

Carkviani, gela, 424<br />

Ceini, riCard, 366<br />

Cekalin, aleqs<strong>and</strong>re, 347, 350<br />

Cernomorenergo, 344<br />

CerqezTa eTnikuri jgufi, 69, 279<br />

CeCneTi <strong>da</strong> CeCneTis<br />

konfliqtebi, 3, 8, 19, 21, 24,<br />

31, 39, 41, 79-80, 138, 143, 149,<br />

212, 219, 221, 223-224, 226-227,<br />

232, 234, 237-238, 240-244, 246,<br />

255, 277-278, 286, 292, 297, 299,<br />

301-304, 306, 311, 357, 383-384,<br />

446, 448, 484, 488, 491-495, 497,<br />

502<br />

CeCnur-<strong>da</strong>Restnuri jgufi, 115<br />

Ciler, tansu, 439<br />

Cilingarov, artur, 345<br />

CineTi, 34, 46<br />

saZiebeli<br />

533

saZiebeli<br />

Crdilo atlantikis<br />

xelSekrulebis organizacia<br />

(nato), 17, 25, 41-43, 47, 56, 70,<br />

104, 175, 184, 187, 189-191, 195-<br />

197, 199, 204, 224-229, 236, 253,<br />

255, 258, 267, 296, 300, 310, 313,<br />

336, 359, 372, 378, 388-389, 394,<br />

399-400, 412, 434-435, 437-438,<br />

440, 459-460, 490, 492, 497, 499,<br />

506<br />

Crdilo kavkkasia (ruseTi), 8, 23,<br />

30, 68, 69, 115, 127, 143-144, 146,<br />

207, 213, 219-221, 223, 276-280,<br />

282, 285, 288, 298, 304, 311, 316,<br />

331, 338, 340, 345, 349, 351, 354,<br />

461, 465, 468, 470, 506<br />

ix. agreTve CeCneTi;<br />

<strong>da</strong>Restani; inguSeTi; <strong>da</strong><br />

Crdilo oseTi<br />

Crdilo oseTi, 69, 120, 141-142,<br />

146, 219, 298, 465, 481<br />

Cubais, anatoli, 260<br />

CxaiZe, akaki, 198<br />

CxeiZe, valeri, 189<br />

CxikviSvili, vladimer, 310sq.59<br />

centraluri azia, 1, 34, 39, 44, 46-<br />

48, 135, 306, 369, 389,<br />

ix. agreTve yazaxeTi;<br />

yirgizeTi; tajikeTi;<br />

TurqmeneTi; <strong>da</strong> uzbekeTi<br />

ciurxer, qrist<strong>of</strong>, 22-23, 51, 110,<br />

467-468, 485<br />

534<br />

cxinvali, 120-121<br />

Wanturia, giorgi, 115, 119<br />

xaburZania, valeri, 245<br />

xakama<strong>da</strong>, irina, 353<br />

xelSekruleba megobrobis,<br />

keTilmezobluri<br />

urTierTobebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

TanamSromlobis Sexaseb<br />

(ruseTi-saqarTvelo), 287, 289<br />

xarazi, kamal, 442<br />

xaSba, no<strong>da</strong>r, 284sq.28, 346, 348<br />

xaCiSvili, Temur, 129, 141<br />

xajimba, raul, 343-349, 350<br />

xruSCov, nikita, 162, 208-209<br />

jabauri, ramaz, 431<br />

javaxeTi, 78, 81, 411, 430, 432, 458<br />

javaxk, 78<br />

janjRava, nikoloz, 182<br />

jafariZe, Tedo, 26, 253, 431, 439<br />

jergenia, anri, 315sq.65<br />

jefi, ami, 364sq.13<br />

jeqson, brius, 372sq.33<br />

hantington, semuel, 178

heli, <strong>da</strong>mien, 34, 38, 40-42, 51, 476,<br />

489, 492, 496-497, 499-500<br />

hefler, anke, 144<br />

hovard, glen, 224<br />

“hol<strong>and</strong>iuri avadmy<strong>of</strong>obis”<br />

sindromi, 418<br />

Accion Contra el Hambre, 382<br />

AES, 192,sq.39, 259<br />

AES-Telasi, 192,sq.39<br />

“ENI”, 365<br />

Halo Trust, 382<br />

Medecins Sans Frontieres, 382<br />

“TotalFinaElf”, 365<br />

saZiebeli<br />

535

536<br />

humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademia<br />

1780 wels <strong>da</strong>arsebuli humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> zusti mecnierebebis<br />

amerikuli akademia, romelSic ms<strong>of</strong>lios wamyvani mecnierebi,<br />

xelovnebis moRvaweebi, biznesmenebi <strong>da</strong> politikuri liderebi<br />

Sedian, saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebaa. amJamad akademiis<br />

4000 wevri aSS-<strong>da</strong>naa, 600 sapatio wevri ki ucxoeTi<strong>da</strong>n. mas aqvs oTxi<br />

ZiriTadi mizani:<br />

• kritikulad mniSvnelovani socialuri <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualuri<br />

problemebis analizis saSualebiT kvlevebis Catareba <strong>da</strong><br />

praqtikuli politikis alternativis moZieba;<br />

• sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis waxaliseba <strong>da</strong> ideebis gacvla,<br />

Sexvedrebis, konferenciebis, simpoziumebis Catareba, raTa<br />

moxdes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva perspeqtivis ganxilva, im problemebis<br />

Seswavlisas, romelic sayovelTao interess iwvevs;<br />

• mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> moazrovneebis axali Taobis momzadeba swavlulebis<br />

mowvevis programis CarCoebSi;<br />

• akademiis wevrebad im pirebis arCeva, romlebmac did warmatebebs<br />

miaRwies sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samecniero disciplinebSi.<br />

akademiis Stabbina mdebareobs masaCusetsis StatSi, q. kembrijSi.<br />

geografiuli mravalferovnebis wyalobiT akademiam gaxsna<br />

regionuli centrebi Cikagos universitetsa <strong>da</strong> kaliforniis<br />

universitetis filialSi, irvainSi. akademia aqtiurad moRvaweobs<br />

sazrvargareTsa <strong>da</strong> aSS-Si.<br />

saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis kvlevis komiteti<br />

1982 wels <strong>da</strong>arsebuli akademiis saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis<br />

problemebis komiteti gegmavs <strong>da</strong>, rogorc sponsori, mxars uWers<br />

arsebuli <strong>da</strong> axlad gaCenili globaluri mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis<br />

gamowvevis mravalpr<strong>of</strong>ilian Seswavlas. misi uaxlesi <strong>da</strong><br />

mimdinare proeqtebi eZRvneba kosmosuri sivrcis marTvas,<br />

usafrTxoebis sferoSi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs postsabWoTa<br />

sivrceSi, erayis omis Sedegebsa <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelobas, raketul iaraRze<br />

erTobliv <strong>da</strong>kvirvebas, rogorc globaluri usafrTxoebis nawils<br />

<strong>da</strong> aSS-is nacionaluri usafrTxoebisTvis saerTaSoriso sisxlis<br />

samarTlis sasamarTlos mniSvnelobas. komitetis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />

informaciis misaRebad ewvieT Cvens veb-gverds internetSi:<br />

http://www.amacad.org/projects/ciss.aspx.

komitetis bolo publikaciebs Sorisaa:<br />

United States Spase Policy: Challenjes <strong>and</strong> Opportunities, by George Abbey <strong>and</strong><br />

Neal Lane (jorj ebi <strong>da</strong> nil leini. aSS-is kosmosuri politika:<br />

gamowveva <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebi, 2005).<br />

The Phusics <strong>of</strong> Spase Security : A Reference Manual, by David Wright, Laura<br />

Grego, <strong>and</strong> Lisbeth Gronlund (devid raiti, lora grego, lisbet<br />

gronlendi kosmiuri usafrTxoebis fizikuri aspeqtebi: sacnobaro<br />

xelmZRvaneloba, 2005).<br />

War With Iraq: Costs, Consequences, <strong>and</strong> alternatives, by Garl Kaysen, Steven<br />

E. Miller, Martin B. Malin, William D. Nordhaus, <strong>and</strong> John D. Steinbruner (karl<br />

keizeni, stiven e. mileri, martin b. meilini, uiliam d. nordhausi <strong>da</strong><br />

jon d. steinbriuneri omi eraySi: Rirebuleba, Sedegebi <strong>da</strong><br />

alternativa, 2002).<br />

The Significance <strong>of</strong> Joint Missile Surveillance, by John D. Steinbruner (jon d.<br />

steinbriuneri: saraketo <strong>da</strong>nadgarebze erToblivi <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis<br />

mniSvneloba, 2001).<br />

The United States <strong>and</strong> the international Criminal Count, edited by Sarah Sewall<br />

<strong>and</strong> Carl Kaysen (aSS <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo.<br />

sara siuelisa <strong>da</strong> karl keizenis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT, 2000).<br />

wignis SesakveTad <strong>da</strong> sxva informaciisTvis gTxovT mimarToT<br />

humanitaruli <strong>da</strong> zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademiis<br />

komitets misamarTze:<br />

136 Irving Street<br />

Cambridge, MA 02138.<br />

Tel.: 617-576-5024<br />

el. fosta: ciss@amacad.org<br />

veb-gverdi internetSi: www.amacard.org<br />

537

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