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Bangladesh Shiskha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-3, number-1, June 2006, edited by Abu Hamid Latif and
Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development
(BAFED). 278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone 9668593, E-mail: bafed@bangla.net,
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†Kvb& cwiYwZi avivq †m-me AvR‡Ki Ae¯’vq G‡m †cuŠ‡Q‡Q, AvMvgx w`‡b we‡k¦i e¯‘cy‡Äi cwiYwZ
Kx NU‡Z cv‡i- Gme eo gv‡ci cÖkœI AvR weÁvbx‡`i cixv- wbixvi aiv‡Quvqvi g‡a¨ G‡m
†cuŠ‡Q‡Q|
weÁvbxiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ †R‡b‡Qb †h, AvR †_‡K cÖvq †`o nvRvi †KvwU eQi Av‡M-A_©vr m~h© Ges
†mŠiRM‡Zi hLb m„wó Zvi cÖvq wZb ¸Y mgq Av‡M- GK gnvwe‡ùvi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q GB wek¦RM‡Zi
DrcwË| Avi †mB AwZ cÖej we‡ùvi‡Yi av°vq wek¦RM‡Zi †h we¯—vi ïi“ n‡q‡Q Zv Av‡Rv
P‡j‡Q| MÖn-bÎ -M¨vjvw· me wecyj †e‡M m‡i hv‡”Q ci¯úi †_‡K| wKš‘ GB gnvwe¯—vi wK
wPiKvjB Pj‡Z _vK‡e? bv wK e¯‘cyÄ Zvi wb‡RiB gnvKl©RwbZ AvKl©‡Yi Uv‡b Avevi m¼zwPZ n‡Z
n‡Z Ae‡k‡l AvR †_‡K cuvP nvRvi †KvwU eQi ci †kl n‡e Avi GK cÖPÛ gnvm‡¼vP‡b? - G cÖ‡kœi
Reve wbf©i Ki‡Q gvnwe‡k¦ †gvU Kx cwigvY e¯‘ Av‡Q Zvi Ic‡i| gnvwe‡k¦ me `„k¨ Avi A`„k¨ e¯‘i
cwigvY wb‡q weÁvbx‡`i gvc‡RvL P‡j‡Q| Avi GB †h AvR wek¦RM‡Zi Ggb Mfxi gnvmZ¨‡K
wb‡q Avmv Kíbvi RMr †_‡K cixv-wbixv, aiv‡uQvqvi ¯—‡i-GI wK gvby‡li †gav Avi gb‡bi
RM‡Zi Kg eo GK we¯§q?
KL‡bv KL‡bv g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, weÁvbx‡`i Gme Ríbv eywS †KejB AvKvk-Kzmyg Kíbv| wKš‘
weÁvbxiv hLb A‡bK Av‡M †_‡K AuvK‡RvL K‡l e‡jb AgyK Zvwi‡Li AgyK mg‡q m~‡h© MÖnY jvM‡e,
ZLb mwZ¨ mwZ¨ †Zv Zv N‡U| weÁvbxiv Zuv‡`i AuvK‡RvL †_‡K e‡jwQ‡jb e¯‘i wecixZag©x GK
ai‡bi c`v_© Av‡Q hv‡`i ejv hvq cÖwZe¯‘| c‡i cixvq mwZ¨ mwZ¨ cvIqv †Mj †m cÖwZe¯‘|
weÁvbxiv fwel¨ØvYx K‡iwQ‡jb e¯‘‡K aŸsm K‡i cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i wecyj kw³| GKw`b mwZ¨ Zv
ev¯—‡e NUj| Ggb me cÖZ¨ cÖgvY †c‡q weÁv‡bi Z‡Ë¡i KwVb ev¯—eZv Avi Zvi wecyj kw³‡Z
†Zv Avi m‡›`n Kvi P‡j bv| Avi GB weÁvb †h ïay gvby‡li w`bvbyw`b hvc‡bi mgm¨v wb‡q e¨¯— bq
ZvI ZLb ¯úó n‡q I‡V|
Gm‡ei wK mgv‡Ri Ici †Kvb cÖfve c‡o?- mvaviY ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b †h AmsL¨ Dcv`vb Avgiv
e¨envi KiwQ †m-me wel‡q Ávb gvby‡li Rxe‡b wbðqB cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| wKš‘ wek¦RM‡Zi cÖK…wZ
m¤^‡Ü ÁvbI †h gvby‡li Rxe‡b Kg cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i Zv †Zv ejv hvq bv| †lvj Avi m‡Zi kZ‡K
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

weÁv‡bi bvbv Avwe®‹vi gvby‡li wPš—vi RM‡Z †h wecyj Av‡jvob m„wó K‡iwQj Zv‡K mgmvgwqK
BD‡iv‡c †i‡bmuv ev cybR©vMiYKv‡j †h gy³eyw×i we‡ùviY N‡UwQj Zv †_‡K c„_K K‡i †`Lv P‡j
bv| ag©xq AÜZv Avi Kzms¯‹v‡ii bvMcvk †_‡K gvbyl gyw³ †c‡qwQj; WvBwb e‡j gvbyl cywo‡q gviv,
hyM hyM a‡i ag©hy× Pjv eÜ n‡qwQj| RxevYyZ‡Ë¡i Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j †c­M Avi gnvgvix‡Z cZ‡½i
g‡Zv nvRvi nvRvi gvby‡li cÖvYZ¨v‡Mi Aemvb N‡UwQj| RxeRM‡Zi µgweKv‡ki ZË¡ gvby‡li
mvg‡b Zvi Aw¯—Z¡ m¤^‡Ü GK Mfxi Áv‡bi RMr Av‡jvwKZ K‡i Zz‡jwQj| wek¦RMr m¤^‡Ü Gme
Ávb Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K‡`i nv‡Z cÖK…wZ I wek¦RM‡Zi eY©bv‡ZI GK bZzb gvÎv ms‡hvRb K‡iwQj|
weÁvb gvbyl‡K ïay GB c„w_ex‡K gy³ ¯^vaxb `„wó‡Z †`Levi my‡hvM †`q wb, Zv‡K GK bZzb D¾¡j
fwel¨‡Zi ¯^‡cœI D‡ØwjZ K‡i‡Q| †mw`‡bi †mB D¾¡j fwel¨‡Zi ¯^cœ wK GB wek kZ‡Ki †k‡l
Av‡Rv mwZ¨? mf¨Zvi bvbv RwUj m¼‡Ui gy‡LvgywL `uvwo‡q Avgiv wK Av‡Rv †Zgwb D¾¡j fwel¨‡Zi
¯^cœ †`L‡Z cvwi?- we‡kl K‡i Avgiv hviv Ae‡nwjZ, cðv`c` Z…Zxq we‡k¦i gvbyl Zv‡`i mvg‡b
fwel¨r Kx? mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡j weÁv‡bi Ggb wKQy bZzb w`Mš— D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q hv gvby‡li mvg‡b
mwZ¨ mwZ¨ GK DÏxß AbvMZ Kv‡ji cÖwZkÖ“wZ Av‡iv D¾¡j K‡i Zz‡j a‡i‡Q|
bZzb ai‡bi e¯‘ : kw³i bZzb Drm
GKKv‡j gvby‡li wbg©vY, nvwZqvi cÖf„wZ cÖ‡qvR‡bi DcKiY wQj cÖK…wZ‡Z †h-me e¯‘ jf¨
†m¸wjB-KvV, cv_i, †eªvÄ, †jvnv BZ¨vw`| Dwbk kZ‡K imvqb kv‡¯¿i AMÖMwZi d‡j bZzb bZzb
ai‡bi ¸Yv¸Yhy³ K…wÎg e¯‘i D¢e NU‡Z _v‡K| †`Lv hvq, Gme K…wÎg e¯‘ ïay †h cÖvK…wZK ev
LwbR bvbv e¯‘i †P‡q †ewk †UKmB, nvjKv ev myjf - Zv bq, Zv‡Z i‡q‡Q Ggb me bZzb ¸Yv¸Y hv
cÖvK…wZK †Kvb e¯‘‡Z cvIqv `ytmva¨|
wek kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwSI g‡b Kiv nZ, avZzi e¨envi †hfv‡e †e‡o P‡j‡Q Zv‡Z c„w_exi mwÂZ
avZzm¤ú` Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B wb:‡k‡l n‡q hv‡e| wKš‘ †`Lv †Mj, bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³ D¢‡ei d‡j
avZzi e¨envi µ‡gB K‡g Avm‡Q| †hgb, †Uwj‡dvb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ Av‡M †hLv‡b GK Ub Zvgvi
Zv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nZ †mLv‡b AvR gvÎ Pwj­k †KwR cwigvY KuvPZš‘i mvnv‡h¨B †m cÖ‡qvRb wm×
n‡Z cv‡i| Py‡ji g‡Zv mi“ weï× Kv‡Pi Zš‘i ga¨ w`‡q m~² Av‡jvK-¯ú›`‡bi gva¨‡g GK m‡½
nvRvi nvRvi †Uwj‡dvb ms‡hvM m¢e n‡”Q| Ggwb mi“ weï× KuvPZš‘i m‡½ m~²gvÎvq Giweqvg
bv‡g GKwU avZz wgwk‡q w`‡j Zvi †fZi H Giweqvg cigvYy ¯úw›`Z n‡q Av‡jvK m‡¼Z‡K `k
nvRvi ¸Y ch©š— weewa©Z K‡i| Gi d‡j †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡b e¨qeûj A¨vgwc­dvqvi emvevi Avi
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
wesk kZvãxi ïi“‡Z †e‡KjvBU bv‡g cÖ_g K…wÎg c­vw÷K ˆZwi nq| AvR ARmª ai‡bi
¸Yv¸Ym¤úbœ c­vw÷K ˆZwi n‡”Q| Gme c­vw÷K A‡bK †‡Î avZzi †P‡q m¯—v, nvjKv, gReyZ
Ges †UKmB| GLb weÁvbx‡`i †Kvb e¯‘i bZzb bZzb e¨envi D¢ve‡bi †Póv Ki‡Z nq bv, eis
wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wVK cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Yv¸Yhy³ e¯‘ Zuviv ˆZwi K‡i †bb|
GZw`b Avgiv RvbZvg, A‡bK avZe e¯‘i †fZi w`‡q we`y¨r mn‡RB PjvPj K‡i| mPivPi KvV,
KvP, wmivwgK cÖf„wZ e¯‘i †fZi w`‡q we`y¨r cÖevwnZ nq bv, ZvB G‡`i ejv nq Acwievnx| Gme
Acwievnx e¯‘‡Z we`y¨‡Zi †iva †ewk; cwievnx e¯‘‡Z we`y¨‡Zi †iva Kg| Z‡e me e¯‘B we`y¨r
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 11

12
cÖev‡n wKQy evav †`q, Avi GB †iv‡ai Kvi‡Y `xN© c‡_ cwievnxi †fZi we`y¨r kw³i AcPq N‡U|
wek kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K †Kgviwjs A‡bm bv‡g GKRb Ij›`vR weÁvbx j K‡iwQ‡jb, cvi`
cÖf„wZ wKQy avZz‡K VvÛv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Mig k~b¨ ZvcgvÎvq (†mjwmqvm gv‡c k~‡b¨i wb‡P 273 wWwMÖ)
KvQvKvwQ bvwg‡q Avb‡j Zv‡Z AwZcwievwnZv †`Lv †`q, A_©vr Zvi †iva m¤ú~Y© wejyß nq| wKš‘
Ggb cvIqv hvq †Kej AwZ g~j¨evb Zij wnwjqvg e¨envi K‡i-ZvB GB ¸Y‡K †Kvb e¨envwiK
Kv‡R jvMv‡bv nj Aev¯—e| Avwki `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS BD‡ivc Avi gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª K‡qKRb
weÁvbx Ggb wKQy wmivwgK e¯‘ ˆZwi Ki‡Z mg_© n‡jb hv A‡cvK…Z myjf Zij bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi †P‡q
†ewk DòZvq AwZcwievnx n‡q I‡V| Zvici Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbx Av‡iv Ggb me e¯‘ D¢veb K‡i‡Qb hv
cÖvq N‡ii ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎvqI we`y¨‡Zi †iva AwZµg K‡i AwZcwievwnZv jvf K‡i| Gi d‡j
B‡jKUªwb·-Gi †‡Î GK bZzb hy‡Mi Avwef©ve NU‡Z P‡j‡Q| †iv‡ai Kvi‡Y we`y¨rkw³i †h wecyj
AcPq N‡U Zv `~i n‡j we`y¨rPvwjZ bvbv hš¿cvwZ I hvbevn‡bi †‡ÎI NU‡e ¸YMZ cwieZ©b|
bZzb ai‡bi AwZcwievnx e¯‘ wbg©vY QvovI wmivwgK RvZxq e¯‘i Av‡iv AmsL¨ bZzb e¨envi
Avwe¯‹……Z
n‡”Q| †gvUi Bwćb AvR e¨eüZ n‡”Q AwZ Zvcmn nvjKv wmivwgK| Kve©bZš‘, KvPZš‘,
c­vw÷K`ªe¨, Aa©cwievnx cÖf„wZ bvbv ¸Yv¸Yhy³ e¯‘ AvR gvbe‡`‡ni Ask wbg©vY Ges Av‡iv
AmsL¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b hy³ n‡”Q| wVK †Zgwbfv‡e AvR D¢vweZ n‡”Q Avðh© ¸Yv¸Yhy³ bZzb bZzb msKi
avZz|
AvR †h-me UªvbwR÷vi Ges Kw¤úDUvi wPc e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q ZviI m„wó GK bZzb ai‡bi
e¯‘ †_‡K-‡m¸‡jv Aa©cwievnx| mvaviY evwj †_‡K wmwjKb †kvab Kivi c×wZ Avwe¯‹…Z nevi d‡j
GB Aa©cwievnx wec­e m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| bZzb bZzb ai‡bi wPc Kw¤úDUv‡ii RM‡Z wecyj iƒcvš—i
Avb‡Q| wmwjK‡bi e`‡j M¨vwjqvg Av‡m©bvBW cÖf„wZ bZzb ai‡bi e¯‘ †_‡K µ‡gB Av‡iv kw³kvjx,
`ª“Z Kvh©g wPc ˆZwi n‡”Q| Gme Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i †‡Î bZzb iƒcvš—i NUv‡”Q|
mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi avivq bZyb bZzb e¯‘i g‡ZvB bvbv bZzb bZzb kw³i Drm‡K gvbyl µgvMZ AvqË
K‡i P‡j‡Q| cÖ_‡g R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nZ KvV| Gici Gj Kqjv Avi †mB m‡½ ev®úxq
Bwćbi e¨envi| Zvici Gj LwbR †Zj Ges Aš—`©nb BwÄb| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †k‡l ev®úxq Avi
Aš—`©nb Bwćbi kw³ iƒcvš—wiZ n‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij we`y¨r kw³‡Z| wek kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS G‡m‡Q
cigvYy-kw³| Gi g‡a¨B AvR mviv c„w_exi cÖvq wek kZvsk we`y¨r Drcbœ n‡”Q cigvYy-kw³ †_‡K|
wesk kZvãx‡Z gvby‡li msL¨v †e‡o‡Q `ª“Z, †mB m‡½ wkí-KviLvbviI `ª“Z e„w× N‡U‡Q| GB `yB
e„w×i djvdj hy³ n‡q GB GK kZvãxi g‡a¨B c„w_ex‡Z kw³i Drcv`b I e¨envi †e‡o‡Q cÖvq
Pwj­k ¸Y| wKš‘ Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi e¨vcK e¨envi KZK¸‡jv RwUj cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vi Rb¥
w`‡q‡Q| †`Lv w`‡q‡Q cwi‡e‡ki `~lY, AvenvIqvi DòZv e„w×i d‡j ÔwMÖbnvDm cÖwZwµqvÕ| †mB
m‡½ wKQy wKQy Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb (†hgb - †Zj I M¨vm) wbt†kl n‡q Avmvi Avk¼v †`Lv w`‡q‡Q|
cigvYy-kw³i e¨enviI ¸i“Zi †ZRw¯Œq-`~l‡Yi Avk¼v m„wó K‡i‡Q|
Gme Kvi‡Y AvR bZzb ai‡bi R¡vjvwb Dr‡mi mÜvb ïi“ n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ †mŠi-kw³, cigvYyms‡hvRbwfwËK
wdDkb-kw³ cÖf„wZ †‡Î M‡elYvq h‡_ó AMÖMwZ N‡U‡Q| we‡kl K‡i †Rvi †`Iqv
n‡”Q bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³i Dr‡mi w`‡K| †mB m‡½ kw³ mÂq, weZiY I e¨env‡ii Av‡iv ` cš’v
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

D¢veb wb‡qI `ywbqvi bvbv †`‡k M‡elYv Pj‡Q| cwi‡ek `~lY mxwgZ ivLv Ges R¡vjvwb msi‡Yi
Rb¨ Rxevk¥-R¡vjvwbi e¨envi Kgvevi bvbv cÖhyw³ AvR wewfbœ †`‡k D¢weZ n‡”Q|
ˆRe cÖhyw³i m¤¢vebv I wec`
weÁvb‡K †gvUvgywU gvÎ `y'wU fv‡M fvM Ki‡Z n‡j †m `yÕwU n‡e †fŠZweÁvb Avi RxeweÁvb| wek
kZ‡Ki cÖ_g fvM ch©š— weÁv‡bi †h AMÖMwZ N‡U‡Q Zv‡Z †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Q g~jZ †fŠZweÁvb| wek
kZ‡Ki ïi“‡Z eskMwZi ZË¡ D¢‡ei d‡j cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q Dw¢` Avi cÖvwY‡`‡n Dbœqb mva‡b
e¨vcK AMÖMwZ m¤¢e n‡q I‡V| Zvici G †‡Î GK ˆec­weK c`‡c NUj c‡ki `k‡K
Rxe‡Kv‡li †K‡›`ª †µv‡gv‡Rvg Zš‘i g‡a¨ eskMwZi evnK wW'Gb'G' Dcv`v‡bi ivmvqwbK MVb
Avwe¯‹……Z
nevi d‡j| Rvbv †Mj, Dw¢` Avi cÖvYxi me ¸Yv¸Y wbwnZ wW'Gb'G'-i †cuPv‡bv my‡Zvq
AmsL¨ RxbKYvi g‡a¨ jyKv‡bv ivmqwbK ms‡K‡Z| Zvici †`L‡Z †`L‡Z `y'`k‡Ki g‡a¨ Gme
ms‡K‡Z cwieZ©b NwU‡q Dw¢` Avi cÖvwY‡`‡n gvby‡li B‡”Qg‡Zv ¸Yv¸Y mÂvi m¤¢e n‡q DVj|
mvaviYfv‡e †Kvb Rxe‡`‡ni mvnvh¨ wb‡q Avi †Kvb e¯‘ Drcv`‡bi c×wZ‡K ejv nj ˆRecÖhyw³-
Avi Zvi we‡kl iƒc wn‡m‡e †Kvl‡K‡›`ªi RxbKYvq cwieZ©b NwU‡q Rxe‡`‡n ¸YMZ iƒcvš—i
NUv‡bv‡K ejv nj Rxb cÖ‡KŠkj|
K…wl I wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿ ˆRecÖhyw³ B‡Zvg‡a¨ weivU iKg cwieZ©b Avb‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i‡Q| lv‡Ui `kK
†_‡K avb, Mg cÖf„wZ‡Z msKivq‡Yi gva¨‡g bZzb D”Pdjbkxj Rv‡Zi D¢e NUvq Lv`¨k‡m¨i
Drcv`b AvR wecyjfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Zvi d‡j MZ wZb `k‡Ki g‡a¨ c„w_exi RbmsL¨v †e‡o
†gvUvgywUfv‡e wظY n‡jI GB mg‡q Lv`¨k‡m¨i Drcv`b †e‡o‡Q cÖvq AvovB ¸Y| Zvi d‡j
c„w_exe¨vcx †hLv‡b Lv`¨k‡m¨i bxU NvUwZ wQj, †mLv‡b AvR Lv`¨k‡m¨i bxU DׄË| evsjv‡`‡ki
g‡Zv †Kvb †Kvb †`‡k †h GL‡bv NvUwZ i‡q‡Q GUv eis e¨wZµgÑAvi GB NvUwZ wgwU‡q †d‡j
Lv`¨k‡m¨ ¯^qs¯ú~Y© nIqv, GgbwK D×„Ë nIqv AvR‡Ki weÁvb-cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ Abvqv‡m m¤¢e|
wPwKrmv †‡ÎI Avgiv AvR G‡m `uvwo‡qwQ weivU GK cvjve`‡ji gy‡LvgywL| RxeRM‡Zi wewfbœ
cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ GZKvj a‡i wQj AjsN¨ †`qvj| †cu‡cMvQ, eUMvQ, †Ku‡Pv, †eovj, nvwZ-Gme Dw¢`
Avi cÖvYx hyM hyM a‡i Zv‡`i wbR wbR ˆewkó¨ wb‡q wePiY K‡i‡Q G c„w_ex‡Z| wKš‘ GB cv_©‡K¨i
†`qvj AvR µ‡gB †f‡O co‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i‡Q| Rxe‡`‡ni inm¨ D‡b¥vPb K‡i gvbyl Zv‡`i AvR
bZzb K‡i Mo‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q| Rxb-ms‡hvRb c×wZ‡Z †h-†Kvb cÖRvwZi Rxe‡K AvR Ab¨ †h-
‡Kvb cÖRvwZi m‡½ wgwk‡q †`qv m¤¢e n‡q DV‡Q| AYyRxe †_‡K we‡kl ¸‡Yi Avavi Rxb †Qu‡U wb‡q
emv‡bv n‡”Q †Kvb Dw¢‡`i †`‡n, Dw¢‡`i ¸Y emv‡bv n‡”Q cÖvYxi †`‡n| Dw¢` ev cÖvwY‡`‡ni †h-me
¸Yv¸Y AevwÃZ †m¸‡jv Avgiv AvR gy‡Q w`‡Z cvwi, Avi Zvi RvqMvq †hvM Ki‡Z cvwi Avgv‡`i
cQ›`g‡Zv ¸Yv¸Y|
Rxb-cÖ‡KŠk‡ji mvnv‡h¨ AvR ˆZwi n‡”Q bvbv bZzb bZzb Ilya Avi wUKv; AvMvgx `k †_‡K wek
eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †ncvUvBwUm, mw`©, D”P i³Pvc, g¨v‡jwiqv, Wvqv‡ewUm, K¨vbmvi, ü`‰eKj¨,
cvwK©bmÝ wWwRR cÖf„wZ AvR‡Ki AwaKvsk `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa cÖwZ‡iva ev wbg~©j Kivi g‡Zv A¯¿
gvby‡li Avq‡Ë G‡m hv‡e|
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 13

14
Rxe‡`‡ni me ¸Yv¸Y †h‡nZz g‚jZ eskMwZi gva¨‡g cvIqv, Kv‡RB eskMwZi †KŠkj e¨envi K‡i
Gme ¸Yv¸Y e`jv‡bvI †h‡Z cv‡i| AvR‡K GKwU Mv‡Qi Kv‡Ê †hgb e¨vKwUwiqvi Avµg‡Y Ave
m„wó nq, AvMvgx‡Z nq‡Zv †Zgwb gvby‡li †`‡ni AvOyj, dzmdzm ev hK…r e`‡j †`evi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq †Kvb AYyRxe e¨envi Ki‡jB Pj‡e| ïay †h †`‡ni A½-cÖZ¨½B Gfv‡e e`‡j †`qv hv‡e
ZvB bq, e`jv‡bv Pj‡e †Pv‡Li ev Py‡ji is, my‡ijv ev †emy‡iv Mjv, Ggb wK g‡bi auvPI|
e¨vKwUwiqv ej‡Z †h GZKvj cÖavbZ †ivM Drcv`bKvix AYyRxe g‡b Kiv nZ, †m aviYv AvR
cvj‡U hv‡”Q| e¨vKwUwiqvi †fZi cÖ‡qvRbxq RxbLÊ f‡i Zv‡K AvR bvbv Dw¢‡` †hvM Kiv n‡”Q|
Zv‡Z Dw¢‡` Rb¥v‡”Q bvbv cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Yv¸Y-†hgb, †ivM ev †cvKvgvKo cÖwZ‡iva gZv, †ewk
djb, Liv ev c­veb mn¨ Kivi kw³| G ai‡bi cwieZ©b Dw¢‡` NUv‡bv m¤¢e n‡j cÖvwY‡`‡n - Ggb
wK gvby‡li kix‡i - NUv‡Z bv cvivi †Kvb KviY †bB| GKwU gvby‡li †`‡ni me ¸Yv¸Y wbwnZ Zvi
Rxe‡Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g jyKv‡bv jvL Lv‡bK RxbL‡Ê| cÖwZwU gvby‡li Gme RxbL‡Ê jyKv‡bv
i‡q‡Q †gvUvgywU wZbk †KvwU Z_¨| gvby‡li †`‡ni mgMÖ Rxb mgv‡e‡ki c~Y©v½ GKwU gvbwPÎ ˆZwii
cÖKí B‡Zvg‡a¨ nv‡Z †bqv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z `iKvi n‡e weivU AvKv‡ii D‡`¨vM, LiPI n‡e wecyj
A‡¼i| ÔwnDg¨vb wR‡bvg cÖ‡R±Õ bv‡g GK Avš—R©vwZK weÁvb ms¯’v AvR G wb‡q KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q;
mgMÖ cÖK‡íi e¨q `uvov‡e cÖvq wZbk †KvwU Wjvi| GKzk kZ‡Ki †Mvov‡ZB †`‡ni mgMÖ RxbgvbwP‡Îi
inm¨fvÊvi gvby‡li AvqË n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| ZLb cÖwZwU Rx‡bi cwiPq, ¸Yv¸Y
Avi Ae¯’vb G‡m hv‡e gvby‡li bL`c©‡Y| †Kv_vq †Kvb Rx‡bi ΓwUi Kvi‡Y GKRb gvbyl eY©vÜ ev
`yiv‡ivM¨ i³víZvi wkKvi A_ev Zvi ü`&‰eK‡j¨i ev we‡kl †Kvb ai‡bi K¨vbmv‡ii cÖeYZv Av‡Q
Zv Rvbv hv‡e mn‡RB; Avi ZLb †mB Rxb ev Rxb-mgwó e`‡j †d‡j Zv‡K GB wec‡`i Avk¼vgy³
Kiv †Zgb `ytmva¨ n‡e bv|
Dw¢‡`i Rx‡b i`e`j NUvevi GKUv dj n‡e GB †h, wewfbœ †`‡ki Pvlevm e`‡j hv‡e| kx‡Zi
†`‡ki dmj Avi kvK-mewR Rb¥v‡bv hv‡e Mi‡gi †`‡k| Mi‡gi †`‡ki kvK-mewR, djg~j
Rb¥v‡e kx‡Zi †`‡k| †Kv_vq †Kvb MvQ jvMv‡bv n‡e Zv wbf©i Ki‡e Pvlx‡`i B”Qvi Ici|
Ggbfv‡e dmj evQvB Kiv n‡e hv‡Z Zv m~h©v‡jv‡Ki mywe‡a cy‡ivcywi Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i; Zv‡Z
Lv`¨k‡m¨i Drcv`b evo‡e eû ¸‡Y| ZvQvov dm‡ji cywó¸YI evov‡bv hv‡e| nq‡Zv kvK-mewR
†_‡KB cvIqv hv‡e gvs‡mi g‡Zv †cÖvwUb, ¯^v`I evov‡bv Pj‡e cQ›`g‡Zv| †m-me dmj djv‡Z
mvi Avi KxUbvkK jvM‡e Lye Kg; dmj msiY Kiv hv‡e `xN©Kvj | dmj cwieZ©‡bi d‡j
cïcvwL‡ZI cwieZ©b †`Lv †`‡e; m‡½ m‡½ cwieZ©b NU‡e bvbv †`‡ki gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi ai‡b|
wKš‘ Gme bZzb ai‡bi msKi dm‡ji GKUv mgm¨v GB †h, G¸‡jvi exR e¨envi Ki‡j cieZx©
cÖR‡b¥ ûeû GKB ai‡bi dj cvIqv hvq bv| †m Rb¨ †h-me eo eo †Kv¤úvwb Gme dmj D¢veb
K‡i‡Q Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e bZyb g~jexR| A_©vr bZzb Rv‡Zi me dmj µ‡gB
KzwMZ n‡q co‡Z cv‡i wKQy GK‡PwUqv gvwj‡Ki nv‡Z| Ggwbfv‡e GK‡PwUqv KZ„©‡Z¡i Ke‡j
co‡e bZzb ai‡bi me cïcvwLI| Gme cwieZ©‡bi g‡a¨ A‡b‡K Av‡iv bvbv wec‡`i m¤¢vebv
†`L‡Qb| Dw¢` Avi cÖvwY‡`‡n †h-me cwieZ©b NUv‡bv n‡”Q Zv wK †kl ch©š— meB gvby‡li
wbqš¿‡Yi g‡a¨ _vK‡e? aiv hvK, †Kvb Avjyi Mv‡Q Rxb e`‡j †`qv n‡q‡Q| Zvi d‡j †mB Avjyi
dzj †_‡K †iYy Avjy RvZxq Ab¨ Mv‡Q Qwo‡q c‡o Zv‡Z †h-‡Kvb AbvKw•Z cwieZ©b NwU‡q em‡e
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

v Zvi wbðqZv Kx? †h-me AYyRxe ev fvBiv‡mi †`‡n weÁvbxiv AvR RxbMZ cwieZ©b NUv‡”Qb Zv
†_‡K IBme Rxb hw` Ab¨ AYyRxe ev fvBiv‡mi †`‡n Pvjvb n‡q hvq Zvn‡j Zvi dj wK n‡e?
ZvQvov gvbe‡`‡ni ΓwU †givg‡Zi Rb¨ ev Dbœqb mva‡bi Rb¨ RxbMZ †h-me iƒcvš—i NUv‡bv
n‡e Zv †h meB gvby‡li Rb¨ †kl ch©š— Kj¨vYKi n‡e ZviI †Zv †Kvb wbðqZv †bB| Gme
bxwZMZ cÖkœ wb‡q mviv `ywbqvi weÁvbx mgvR I Ab¨vb¨ gn‡j AvR Zxeª weZK© Pj‡Q| Aek¨ AZx‡Z
weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK Avwe®‹vi wb‡qI iYkxjiv cÖ_g cÖ_g bvbv iKg fxwZRbK Avk¼v e¨³
K‡i‡Q, Zvi Rb¨ †kl ch©š— weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ †_‡g _v‡K wb|
Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cÖhyw³
Ávb jv‡fi Rb¨ Z_¨ AvniY GKwU cÖv_wgK cÖ‡qvRb| gvbyl wPiKvjB Zvi Pvicv‡ki cÖK…wZ †_‡K
bvbv Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i‡Q, bvbv ms‡KZ I fvlvi e¨envi K‡i †m-me Z_¨‡K ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ wewbgq
K‡i‡Q| gy‡Li fvlv †_‡K µ‡g µ‡g D¢e N‡U‡Q wjwLZ fvlvi, Zvici QvcvLvbvi-Gfv‡e Z_¨
wewbg‡qi we¯—vi †e‡o‡Q| wKš‘ gvÎ MZ K‡qK `k‡Ki g‡a¨ B‡jKUªwb·, †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM I
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †‡Î GK ˆec­weK iƒcvš—‡ii m~Pbv N‡U‡Q| Gme
cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ AKíbxq cwigvY Z_¨‡K gvbyl AvR GK‡hv‡M mÂq I e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡Q; bvbv
†`‡ki µgea©gvb Z_¨m¤ú` †h-†Kvb gvby‡li Kv‡Q jf¨ n‡q DV‡Q|
wecyj cwigvY Z_¨ `ª“Z cÖwµqvRvZ Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii D¢e N‡U‡Q gvÎ Pwj­‡ki `k‡Ki
†k‡l| cÖ_g cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi wQj wekvj AvKv‡ii, Zv‡Z we`y¨r e¨envi nZ wecyj Avi e¨qI wQj
weivU A‡¼i| wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨ UªvbwR÷vi B‡jKUªwbK wPc D¢ve‡bi d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvKvi †QvU
n‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i, Zvi kw³I ev‡o| mˇii `k‡Ki †kl fvM †_‡K Kw¤úDUvi N‡i N‡i Avmb MÖnY
Ki‡Z _v‡K| AvR Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ †hvM n‡q‡Q wfwWI, †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, K…wÎg DcMÖn,
†jRvihy³ Kgc¨v± wW¯‹| gyn‚‡Z©i g‡a¨ c„w_exi G cÖvš— †_‡K I cÖvš— ch©š— †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv
hv‡”Q| Z_¨ e¨e¯’vq GK ˆec­weK iƒcvš—i N‡U‡Q|
gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bI Gi d‡j cwieZ©b Avm‡Q| DbœZ †`‡k NiKbœvi A‡bK KvR wbqwš¿Z n‡”Q
Kw¤úDUvi e¨e¯’v w`‡q| A‡bK hvbevnb Pj‡Q ¯^wbqš¿‡Y| e¨v‡¼ gvby‡li e`‡j KvR K‡i w`‡”Q
Kw¤úDUvi, wkí-KviLvbvq gvby‡li KvR Ki‡Q †iveU| kªgmva¨ KvR †_‡K gvbyl m‡i wM‡q hy³ n‡”Q
Z_¨ cÖwµqvRvZ Kivi Kv‡R| AvMvgx w`‡b Av‡iv A‡bK we¯§qKi AMÖMwZ NU‡e| †Uwj‡dv‡b nq‡Zv
†`Lv hv‡e ci¯úi‡K| †Uwj‡dvb ¯’vb cv‡e nvZNwo‡Z, nq‡Zv UvB-wc‡b; Avcbv †_‡K wewfbœ
fvlvfvlx †jv‡Ki †`vfvlx n‡q K_v ZiRgv K‡i †`‡e| †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡gB nq‡Zv Wv³vi †ivMxi
ZvcgvÎv, i³Pvc, KvwW©IMÖvg-Gme Z_¨ †c‡q hv‡eb; Zvici h_vwewnZ wPwKrmvi wb‡`©k w`‡Z
cvi‡eb| GKKv‡j RbemwZ M‡o DVZ †h-me RvqMvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mywe‡a wQj †Zgb RvqMvq-
†hgb b`xi Zx‡i, iv¯—vi ms‡hvM¯’‡j| AvR B‡jKUªwb· †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kj¨v‡Y †h-‡Kvb RvqMvq
RbemwZ M‡o DVv m¤¢e n‡q D‡V‡Q| GgbwK bMi‡K‡›`ª me Awdm ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e G aviYvI AvR
e`‡j hv‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g evm¯’vb I Kg©¯’v‡bi cv_©K¨ µ‡gB Ny‡P †h‡Z Avi¤¢
K‡i‡Q|
G ai‡bi AMÖMwZi d‡j Z_¨e¨e¯’v AvR n‡q D‡V‡Q AvaywbK mgv‡Ri øvqy‡K‡›`ª| GB øvqy‡K‡›`ª‡K
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 15

16
kw³kvjx Kivi IciB wbf©i Ki‡Q wkv, M‡elYv, K…wl I wkí Drcv`b- GgbwK mgvR I mf¨Zvi
msMVb| GB cÖhyw³ †h-me †`‡ki AvqË n‡e Zviv AwaKvix n‡e wecyj cwigvY kw³i| Ab¨ †`‡ki
Ici cÖfve we¯—vi Kivi my‡hvMI Zv‡`i AvqË n‡e| GZKvj K…wlcY¨, LwbR I kw³ wQj †Kvb
†`‡ki A_©bxwZi cÖavb DcKiY| AvR µ‡gB †m Ae¯’v e`‡j hv‡”Q| mviv c„w_ex µgvMZ
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rv‡j ci¯úi mwbœwnZ n‡q IVvq Z_¨ n‡q DV‡Q A_©bxwZi cÖavb KvuPvgvj| Z_¨wbf©i
GK bZzb ai‡bi mf¨Zvi w`‡K gvbyl GwM‡q hv‡”Q| Avi †h‡nZz Z_¨ m‡qi †Kvb e¯‘MZ mxgv‡iLv
†bB Kv‡RB G †‡Î AMÖMwZiI †Kvb mxgv‡iLv †bB|
cwi‡ek fvimvg¨ I cÖK…wZ msiY
weÁvb-cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZ ïay D¾¡j fwel¨‡Zi m¤¢vebv m„wó Ki‡Q bv, gvby‡li Rb¨ bvbv bZzb bZzb
mgm¨iI Rb¥ w`‡”Q| weMZ wZb-Pvi `k‡K mviv c…w_ex‡Z cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© bZzb m‡PZbZv m„wó
n‡q‡Q| c„w_ex Ry‡o RbmsL¨vi `ª“Z e„w× Ges †ec‡ivqv wkí-KviLvbv we¯—v‡ii d‡j c„w_exi
e¯‘m¤ú` †hfv‡e wbt‡kl n‡q hv‡”Q Ges cwi‡e‡ki `~lY me©e¨vß n‡q c„w_ex‡K gbyl¨ev‡mi A‡hvM¨
K‡i Zzj‡Q Zv GB kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS †_‡K µ‡gB ¯úó n‡q I‡V| c‡ki `k‡K gnvKv‡k K…wÎg
DcMÖn ¯’vcb Avi¤¢ n‡j mgMÖ c„w_ex‡K evB‡i †_‡K †`Lv Ges evqygʇji AmsL¨ gvc‡RvL
GK‡hv‡M †bqv m¤¢e n‡q I‡V| Gme gvc‡Sv‡Li m‡½ Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i †hvM NUvi d‡j wecyj
cwigvY Z_¨‡K Aí mg‡q cÖwµqvRvZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡q I‡V| lv‡Ui `k‡Ki †k‡l gvbyl hLb
b‡fvhv‡bi †QvU †fjvq P‡o c„w_ex Qvwo‡q b‡fv‡jv‡K hvÎv K‡i ZLb gnvwe‡k¦i wekvj cUf~wg‡Z
c„w_exI †h GKwU mxgve× cwim‡ii ¯^wbf©i mcÖvY †fjv-G mZ¨ gvby‡li Kv‡Q Av‡iv ¯úó n‡q I‡V|
weÁvbxiv AvR †R‡b‡Qb †h, c„w_exi evqygʇj Kve©b WvB-A·vBW Ges Av‡iv KÕwU Ggb M¨vm Av‡Q
†h¸wj m~‡h©i n«¯^ gv‡ci Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K c„w_exi Ici co‡Z evav †`q bv, wKš‘ †m iwk¥ hLb c„w_ex
†_‡K eo gv‡ci Zvciwk¥ wn‡m‡e cÖwZdwjZ nq ZLb Zv‡K †kvlY K‡i †bq| mv¤cÖwZK
eQi¸‡jv‡Z c„w_ex‡Z e¨vcK AvKv‡i Kqjv cÖf„wZ LwbR R¡vjvwb e¨envi Ges eb wba‡bi d‡j
evqygʇj G ai‡bi Zvc‡kvlK M¨v‡mi cwigvY †e‡o DV‡Q| Zv‡Z evqygʇj DòZv µ‡g µ‡g
evo‡Q| GB cÖfve‡K ejv n‡”Q ÔwMÖbnvDm cÖwZwµqvÕ| wek kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ c„w_exi Mo DòZv e„w×i
cwigvY `uvwo‡q‡Q Ava wWwMÖ †mjwmqv‡mi Ic‡i| Gi Rb¨ c„w_exi AvenvIqvi fvimvg¨ bó n‡q
†h‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i‡Q| AvMvgx‡Z GB DòZv e„w×i nvi `ª“Z n‡e, c„w_exi Mo DòZv Av‡iv evo‡e;
G‡Z c„w_exi Rjevqy‡Z eo iKg IjU-cvjU NU‡eÑwewfbœ †`‡k K…wli Ici Zvi e¨vcK cÖfve
co‡e| mgy‡`ªi cvwb DËß n‡q dz‡j I‡V wbPy eØxc A‡ji †`k¸wj‡K Wywe‡q †`‡e| GKzk kZ‡Ki
cÖ_gfv‡MB evsjv‡`k, wgki, wf‡qZbvg cÖf„wZ †ek wKQy †`k Gi d‡j ¸i“Zi wec‡`i m¤§yLxb
n‡e| Ggwb Av‡iK mgm¨vi K_v AvR weÁvbxiv K…wÎg DcMÖn †_‡K cvIqv Z‡_¨i gva¨‡g Rvb‡Z
†c‡i‡Qb| †m nj, c„w_exi DP u y evqygʇj I‡Rvb M¨v‡mi GKwU nvjKv ¯—i Av‡Q, GwU m~h©iwk¥i
AwZ‡e¸wb Ask ï‡l wb‡q c„w_exi cÖvYx I Dw¢`Kzj‡K GB Zxeª iwk¥‡Z Sj‡m hvIqvi nvZ †_‡K
iv K‡i| wKš‘ AvRKvj †iwd«Rv‡iUi I Ab¨vb¨ wkíKv‡R wm'Gd'wm' Ges Ab¨ Av‡iv wKQy Ggb
M¨vm e¨eüZ nq hv DP u y AvKv‡k D‡V GB I‡Rvb ¯—i aŸsm K‡i w`‡”Q| `wY I DËi †gi“
GjvKvi I‡Rvb ¯—‡i Gi g‡a¨B weivU †dvKi †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| dj wn‡m‡e AvMvgx K‡qK eQ‡i
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

c„w_ex‡Z K¨vbmvi I Ab¨vb¨ †iv‡Mi e¨vcK cÖv`yf©ve NU‡Z cv‡i| cwi‡e‡ki `~lY, eb-webvk Ges
Av‡iv bvbv Kvi‡Y eû Dw¢` I cÖvYx cÖRvwZ AvR c„w_ex †_‡K wbwðý n‡q †h‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i‡Q| GUvI
cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ webó nevi GKwU Ab¨Zg KviY n‡q D‡V‡Q| RxeRM‡Zi ˆewPΨ bó n‡j ïay †h
gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡biB AebwZ NU‡e Zv bq, gvby‡li Aw¯—Z¡I wecbœ n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i|
Gme Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j AvR `ywbqv‡Rvov D‡`¨vM Pj‡Q Ggb Dbœqb cªwµqv MÖnY Kivi hv‡Z
cwi‡e‡ki Ici Zvi weiƒc cÖwZwÎqv bv c‡o; cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó bv nq Ges cwi‡e‡ki m¤ú`
AvMvgx cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ iv Kiv hvq|
Z…Zxq we‡k¦ weÁvb-cÖhyw³
Gme `„óvš— †_‡K GUv ¯úó †h, AvMvgx w`‡b weÁvb-cÖhyw³ weKv‡ki AvR GK wecyj m¤¢vebv m„wó
n‡q‡Q| Zvi cÖfve Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Ici KZLvwb ev Kxfv‡e co‡e †m cÖkœI ¯^fveZB †`Lv †`q|
c„w_ex‡Z weÁvb-cÖhyw³i wecyj weKvk AvR m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e `„k¨gvb| wKš‘ `„k¨gvb ïay GB
weKv‡ki wecyjZ¡ bq, Gi AmgZvI| gvwK©b hy³ivóª, Rvcvb, cwðg Rvg©vwb cÖf„wZ ¸wUKZK †`‡k
MocoZv gv_vwcQy Av‡qi nvi AvR eQ‡i c‡bi nvRvi Wjv‡ii Ici| wKš‘ †mB m‡½ evsjv‡`k,
fviZmn c„w_exi GK-Z…Zxqvsk gvbyl i‡q‡Q Pig `vwi`ª¨ mxgvi wb‡PÑZv‡`i gv_vwcQy Avq eQ‡i
mv‡o wZbk Wjv‡ii Kg| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z weÁv‡bi Avðh© weKv‡ki d‡j †fvM¨c‡Y¨i †h
Af~Zc~e© cÖvPyh© m„wó n‡q‡Q Zv Avgv‡`i mn‡RB †Pv‡L c‡o| wKš‘ †mB m‡½ GUvI †fvjv hvq bv,
c„w_ex‡Z Avwk †KvwUi †ewk †jvK AvR Abvnv‡ii wkKvi, GKk †KvwU Av‡Rv wbii| DbœZ
†`k¸‡jv †hLv‡b cÖwZw`b A¯¿m¾vi Rb¨ e¨q K‡i `yÕk †KvwU Wjvi Avi D‡ËRK cvbx‡qi Rb¨ wÎk
†KvwU Wjvi, †mLv‡b Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z MÖvgv‡ji kZKiv 80 Rb gvby‡li Kv‡Q Rxebavi‡Yi
Rb¨ AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq weï× cvwb Av‡Rv jf¨ bq|
†gvU K_v, gvÎ ¸wUKZK †`‡k c„w_exi †gvUvgywU GK-PZz_©vsk gvby‡li nv‡Z AvR ew›` n‡q Av‡Q hyM
hyM a‡i M‡o IVv gvby‡li cÖvq mgMÖ weÁv‡bi HwZn¨ Avi m¤ú`| cÖwZ eQi c„w_ex‡Z ˆeÁvwbK
M‡elYv I Dbœq‡b †h cwigvY A_© e¨q nq Zvi kZKiv 95 fv‡Mi Ici e¨q K‡i GB †`k¸wj; Avi
Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki evwK wZb-PZz_©vsk gvby‡li Rb¨ e¨q nq evwK gvÎ kZKiv 5 fvM| mKj ‰eÁvwbK
Avwe®‹vi Avi Ávb ZvB g~jZ KzwMZ n‡q co‡Q DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi nv‡Z| GB mgm¨vwU AvR †hgb
¸i“Z¡c~Y© †Zgwb `ywbqv‡Rvov Gi we¯—vi| Avi G mgm¨v wb‡q gv_v Nvgv‡”Qb †`‡k †`‡k weÁvbx
Avi ïf eyw×m¤úbœ gvby‡liv| `ywbqvi wZb-PZz_©vsk gvbyl‡K weÁvb Avi cÖhyw³i AevwiZ Avkxe©v`
†_‡K ewÂZ †i‡L mwZ¨ wK c„w_exi Kj¨v‡Yi K_v wPš—v Kiv hvq? DbœZ †`k¸‡jv weÁv‡bi Amg I
ˆelg¨g~jK weKv‡ki d‡j †h-me A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK ev cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vi Rb¥
w`‡”Q Zvi `vq Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki gvby‡li Ici Pvwc‡q †`Iqv wK hyw³hy³ ev bxwZm¤§Z? ÑAvi Zvi
†P‡qI †h cÖkœ AvR eo n‡q D‡V‡Q †m nj, weÁvb I cÖhyw³i weKvk AvR hZ e¨vwß jvf Ki‡Q DbœZ
Avi Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki g‡a¨ we‡f` bv K‡g †hb ZZB Av‡iv †e‡o P‡j‡Q; gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡b
ïay bq, weKv‡ki m¤¢vebv‡ZI GB ˆelg¨ µ‡gB `y¯—i n‡q DV‡Q| wKQyw`b Av‡M cÖ‡dmi Ave`ym
mvjvg Zuvi GKwU e³„Zvq e‡jwQ‡jbÑc„w_ex‡Z gvbyl Av‡Q `yÕRv‡Zi| GK Rv‡Z i‡q‡Q DbœZ
we‡k¦i GK-PZz_©vsk evwm›`v| Zviv evm K‡i c„w_exi ¯’jfv‡Mi `yB-cÂgvsk GjvKvq Avi wbqš¿Y
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 17

18
K‡i c„w_exi 80 kZvsk m¤ú`| Avi wØZxq RvZ nj evwK wZb-PZz_©vsk gvbyl hviv evm K‡i c„w_exi
wZb-cÂgvsk GjvKvq| Giv nj ÔgymZv‡RwdbÕ- A_©vr ewÂZ gvby‡li `j| GB `yÕRv‡Zi gvby‡li
g‡a¨ cÖvab cv_©K¨ nj Zv‡`i AvKv•v, gZv Avi DÏxcbvqÑhvi Drm nj g~jZ AvaywbK weÁbcÖhyw³i
Ávb I cÖ‡qvM-KzkjZvi †‡Î Zv‡`i g‡a¨Kvi cv_©K¨| Dbœqbkxj †`k¸wji gvby‡li
fvM¨‡K huviv wbqš¿Y Ki‡Qb Zuv‡`i AvR GK †gŠwjK ivR‰bwZK wm×vš— wb‡Z n‡e-GB ewÂZ‡`i
Zuviv AvaywbK weÁvb-cÖhyw³ m„wó, AR©b I cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM w`‡Z Pvb wK Pvb bv|
cÖ‡dmi mvjvg †h `yÕai‡bi gvby‡li K_v ej‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ggwb cv_©K¨ †h wPiKvj wQj Zv bq|
eis AvR hviv Dbœqbkxj †`k e‡j cwiwPZ, BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ hy‡M Zv‡`iB †Kvb †KvbwU mf¨Zvi
Av‡jvKewZ©Kv nv‡Z wb‡q c_ †`wL‡q‡Q c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`k‡K| wKš‘ Dˇii wKQy †`k AvR
AvaywbK weÁvb I cÖhyw³i nvwZqvi AR©b K‡i GwM‡q wM‡q‡Q `w‡Yi AwaKvsk †`‡ki †P‡q| †mme
†`‡k weÁvb-cÖhyw³i weKvk hZ †ewk n‡q‡Q, ZZ wcwQ‡q c‡o‡Q `w‡Yi †`k¸wj; ZZ wekvj
n‡q‡Q DËi Avi `w‡Y `yÕai‡bi †`‡ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨| AvR‡Ki DbœZ cÖhyw³i hy‡M GB cv_©K¨
Av‡iv e„w×i my¯úó jY †`L‡Z cvIqv hv‡”Q|
DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`k¸wj RvZxq A_©bxwZi wewfbœ †‡Î Kx cwigvY m¤ú` wewb‡qvM K‡i Zvi
wn‡me wb‡j Zv‡`i weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡‡Î cðv`c`Zvi KviY A‡bKUv ¯úó n‡q I‡V| MocoZv
wn‡me ai‡j †`Lv hvq DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj `yÕai‡bi †`kB Zv‡`i †gvU †`kR Drcv`‡bi QÕkZvs‡ki
g‡Zv e¨q K‡i mvgwiK Lv‡Z| wkvLv‡Z DbœZ †`k¸wji e¨‡qi nvi cuvP kZvs‡ki g‡Zv, Dbœqbkxj
†`k¸wji †‡Î Pvi kZvs‡ki Kg| ¯^v¯’¨Lv‡Z DbœZ †`k¸wji Mo e¨q cuvP kZvs‡ki KvQvKvwQ,
Dbœqbkxj †`k¸wji †‡Î †`o kZvs‡ki g‡Zv| wKš‘ weÁvb-cÖhyw³i †‡Î GB cv_©K¨ hZ wekvj,
Ggb Avi †Kvb †‡Î bq| DbœZ †`k¸wj weÁvb-cÖhyw³ M‡elYv I Dbœq‡b e¨q K‡i †gvU †`kR
Drcv`‡bi `y †_‡K wZb kZvsk| Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki †‡Î GB e¨‡qi nvi Gi gvÎ `k fv‡Mi
GKfvM| evsjv‡`‡kI G Lv‡Z e¨q Ggwb †k‡li mvwi‡ZцgvU †`kR Drcv`‡bi 0.3 kZvs‡ki
g‡Zv| weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡Z GZ Kg nv‡i A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i Avš—R©vwZK weÁvb-cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZi
m‡½ Zvj wgwj‡q Pjvi Avkv `yivkv gvÎ|
A_P AvR G †‡Î Dbœqbkxj †`k¸wj wb‡R‡`i cv‡q `uvov‡Z †Póv bv Ki‡j Avš—R©vwZK
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †KejB wcwQ‡q cov Avi ciwbf©ikxj n‡q _vKv Zv‡`i GKgvÎ fweZe¨ n‡q `uvov‡e|
cvðv‡Z¨i †Kvb †Kvb DbœZ †`k AvR e¨vcK mgim¾vi wbey©w×Zv Dcjwä K‡i Zv‡`i mvgwiK wkí
cÖwZôvb¸wj‡K †emvgwiK Drcv`‡b jvMvevi c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Q| Zv‡`i †fvMev`x A_©bxwZ‡K
mshZ bv Ki‡j †h cwi‡e‡ki e¨vcK wech©q †iva Kiv `ytmva¨ n‡e G wel‡qI Gme †`‡k AvR
m‡PZbZv M‡o DV‡Q| wKš‘ Zey Dbœqbkxj †`k¸wj Zv‡`i wkve¨e¯’v Ges RxebhvÎvi avivq
weÁvb-cÖhyw³‡K AMÖvwaKv‡ii ZvwjKvq GKev‡i cÖ_g mvwi‡Z emv‡Z bv ci‡j AvMvgx w`‡b
mvgvwRK-A_©‰bwZK cÖMwZi c‡_ G‡Mv‡bv Zv‡`i Rb¨ `ytmva¨ n‡e|
Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †bZ…¯’vbxq‡`i A‡b‡Ki aviYv, DbœZ †`k †_‡K weÁvb-cÖhyw³ avi K‡i A_ev LqivZ
wn‡m‡e wb‡q Zuviv GKzk kZ‡K cvwo Rgv‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ MZ K‡qK `k‡Ki Dbœqb mvnv‡h¨i
AwfÁZv †_‡K ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q †h, G Avkv `yivkv gvÎ| cÖ_gZ, DbœZ †`k¸wji wkícwZiv Zv‡`i
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

gybvdvi ¯^v‡_© AbybœZ †`k¸wj‡K mwZ¨Kvi weÁb-cÖhyw³MZ Dbœq‡bi e¨vcv‡i mvnvh¨ w`‡Z †gv‡UB
AvMÖnx bq| wØZxqZ cvðvZ¨ †`‡k †h-me M‡elYv cwiPvwjZ nq Zv cÖvabZ †m-me DbœZ †`‡ki
RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi j‡¨- Zv‡`i †m Kg©m~wP g~jZ Zv‡`iB Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi m‡½ m½wZc~Y©|
†hgb AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vwai A‡a©KB †`Lv hvq cÖavbZ MÖx®§gÊjxq A‡j|
g¨v‡jwiqv, UvBd‡qW, cxZR¡i cÖf„wZ MÖx®§gÊjxq †iv‡M cÖwZ eQi wecyj msL¨K †jvK g„Zz¨ eiY
K‡i; wKš‘ Gme †iv‡Mi wUKvq †Zgb gybvdv †bB e‡j cvðvZ¨ †`‡ki Ilya †Kv¤úvwb¸wj MÖx®§gÊjxq
†`‡ki †ivM m¤^‡Ü M‡elYvq A_©wewb‡qv‡M AvMÖnx bq| mviv c„w_ex‡Z wPwKrmv msµvš— M‡elYvq
hZ A_© e¨q nq Zvi gvÎ wZb kZvsk eivÏ Gme MÖx®§gÊjxq †iv‡Mi Rb¨| G Kvi‡Y c„w_ex †_‡K
Gme †ivM wbg~©j Kiv wejw¤^Z n‡”Q|
mviv c„w_ex‡Z AvR KZ cÖRvwZi Dw¢` I cÖvYx i‡q‡Q Zvi wbf©i‡hvM¨ wn‡me cvIqv `ytmva¨|
AvbygvwbK wn‡me nj wÎk jvL †_‡K GK †KvwU| Gi g‡a¨ gvÎ Pvi jvL cÖRvwZi Dw¢` Ges GMvi
jvL cÖRvwZi cÖvYx wgwj‡q †gvUvgywU c‡bi j cÖRvwZi Rxe m¤^‡Ü weÁvbxiv wbwðZfv‡e Rv‡bb|
cÖRvwZi msL¨v m¤ú‡K© AwbðqZvi GKwU KviY nj, Gme cÖRvwZi AwaKvs‡ki Avevm nj
MÖx®§gÊjxq A‡j-A_©vr Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`‡k| Gme Dw¢` I cÖvYx cÖRvwZ ïay eskMwZi Hk¦‡h©i
fvÊvi bq, gvby‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq bvbv ivmvqwbK Dcv`v‡biI wecyj fvÊvi| imvqb kv‡¯¿ wecyj
AMÖMwZ m‡Ë¡I AvRI me Ily‡ai GK-PZz_©vs‡ki g~j Dcv`b Av‡m MvQ-MvQov †_‡K| Dw¢` I
cÖvwYRM‡Zi in‡m¨i kZKiv GK fvMI GLbI weÁvbx‡`i Kv‡Q D`&NvwUZ nq wb| A_P ïay
mv¤cÖwZKKv‡jB Kwd, †Kv‡Kv, cvU, Pv, ivevi Ggwb wKQy Dw¢‡`i e¨envi †h wewfbœ †`‡ki
A_©bxwZ‡Z Kx weivU cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i‡Q Zv †Zv Avgiv Avgv‡`i †Pv‡Li mvg‡bB †`L‡Z cvw”Q|
Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †bZ…¯’vbxq‡`i A‡b‡Ki aviYv, Avgiv ïay weÁvb-cÖhyw³i e¨envwiK Ae`vb‡K Kv‡R
jvMvevi Rb¨ †be, wKš‘ †mRb¨ †gŠwjK weÁv‡bi ev M‡elYvi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wKš‘ AvR GUv
µ‡gB ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q †h, G aviYv GKvš—B åvš—| †Kbbv AvR‡K hv †gŠwjK weÁvb e‡j MY¨,
AvMvgx w`‡b ZvB ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b e¨envh© cÖhyw³| AvR‡Ki w`‡b †h-me ` cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cÖhyw³
e¨eüZ n‡”Q Zvi meB AwZ AvaywbK ˆeÁvwbK Ávbwbf©i| Kv‡RB †`kR mbvZb bvbv cÖhyw³i
h_vh_ e¨envi Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRb, wKš‘ †mB m‡½ bZzb ˆeÁvwbK Áv‡bi D¢veb, we¯—vi I cÖ‡qv‡Mi
gZv AvqË bv K‡i †Kvb †`‡ki c‡B AvR weÁvb-cÖhyw³i †‡Î ¯^wbf©©i nIqv Ges AvaywbK
RM‡Zi m‡½ Zvj wgwj‡q Pjv m¤¢e bq| weÁvb-cÖhyw³i Ávb AvqË Kivi Rb¨ ïay ¸wUKZK
D”Pgv‡bi we‡klÁ m„wó Ki‡jB Pj‡Z cv‡i, GB cyi‡bv aviYvI AvR µ‡gB APj n‡q DV‡Q|
cwievi cwiKíbv, DbœZ K…wl cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM, cwi‡ek msiY cÖf„wZ †‡Î †`Lv †M‡Q mgMÖ
Rbmgv‡Ri g‡a¨ ˆeÁvwbK Ávb I †PZbvi we¯—vi Qvov AvR‡Ki w`‡bi weÁvb-cÖhyw³wbf©i
c„w_ex‡Z †Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi wU‡K _vKv `ytmva¨| †m Rb¨ e¨vcK wkv I cÖwk‡Yi gva¨‡g
mvgwMÖKfv‡e Rbm¤ú‡`i weKvk NUv‡Z n‡e; wkv e¨e¯’vq G‡Kev‡i cÖv_wgK ¯—i †_‡K weÁvb‡K
Aš—fy©³ Ki‡Z n‡e, gva¨wgK I D”PZi wkvq weÁvb‡K cÖavb f~wgKvq emv‡Z n‡e| ïay wkv
e¨e¯’vq bq, Zvi evB‡iI mgMÖ Rbmgv‡Ri g‡a¨ ˆeÁvwbK Ávb, ˆeÁvwbK †PZbv I `„wófw½ we¯—…Z
bv n‡j †m †`‡k weÁvb I cÖhyw³ weKv‡ki AbyK‚j evZveiY m„wó nIqv m¤¢e bq| AvR‡Ki w`‡b
weÁvb-cÖhyw³i Kj¨vYKi kw³ I m¤¢vebv †hgb we¯—…Z n‡”Q †Zgwb evo‡Q Zvi AKj¨v‡Yi gZv|
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 19

20
wkí cÖmv‡ii d‡j cwi‡ek `~lY eo‡Q, ˆRecÖhyw³i Ace¨env‡ii d‡j K…wl‡Z Ges Rxe‡`‡ni Ici
†h cªfve co‡Z cv‡i Zv‡Z bvbv ˆbwZK mgm¨vi m„wó n‡”Q; hy×v‡¯¿i we¯—v‡ii d‡j mvgwiK
msNv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q we‡k¦ wecyj aŸsmhÁ NUevi m¤¢vebv †`Lv w`‡”Q| weÁvb-cÖhyw³i Gme wec¾bK
cÖfve‡K cÖwZ‡iva K‡i Kj¨vY I cÖMwZi c‡_ gvbe mf¨Zv‡K GwM‡q †bIqv †Kej GK AvaywbK
weÁv‡bi ms¯‹…wZ‡Z jvwjZ m‡PZb Rbmgv‡Ri c‡B m¤¢e|
D¾¡j fwel¨‡Zi m¤¢vebv
weÁvb-cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZ AvR gvby‡li mvg‡b GK D¾¡j fwel¨‡Zi m¤¢vebv m„wó K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ GB
fwel¨‡Z msKU Avi m¤¢vebv GKev‡i A½vw½fv‡e Rwo‡q Av‡Q| Rb-we‡õviY I Lv`¨ mgm¨v GLbI
i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ AvR‡Ki weÁvb I cÖhyw³ cÖgvY K‡i‡Q Gme mgm¨vi mgvavb gvby‡li Amva¨ bq|
B‡Zvg‡a¨ A‡bK †`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w× w¯—wgZ n‡Z n‡Z GKev‡i k~‡b¨i †KvVvq G‡m †V‡K‡Q;
AvMvgx‡Z Ab¨vb¨ †`‡kI wbtm‡›`‡n Zv NU‡e| mgMÖ c„w_exi cwi‡cÖw‡Z Lv`¨ mgm¨v AvR Avi
†Zgb †Kvb mgm¨v bq| cwi‡e‡ki AebwZ wek¦gq †h wech©‡qi m¤¢vebv m„wó K‡i‡Q Zvi mgvavbI
AvR gvby‡li AvqË| MZ K‡qK `k‡Ki AwfÁZv cÖgvY †`q †h. cvigvYweK hy× I wek¦aŸs‡mi
Avk¼v‡KI m‡PZb wek¦mgv‡Ri c‡ cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e| †mB m‡½ G mZ¨ µ‡gB ¯úó n‡q DV‡Q
†h, weÁvb-cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZ AvR †h-me mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i‡Q Zvi mgvavb ïay weÁvb-cÖhyw³ †_‡K
cvIqv `ytmva¨ n‡e| ivRbxwZ-A_©bxwZ-mgvR msMV‡bi †‡Î †`Lv w`‡”Q bvbv RwUjZv; weÁvbcÖhyw³
cÖ‡qvM wb‡qI D¢e N‡U‡Q bvbv ˆbwZK mgm¨vi| weÁvb-cÖhyw³i Amg weKv‡ki d‡j
wek¦e¨vcx gvby‡l gvby‡l ˆelg¨ `~i Kivi mgm¨v µ‡gB GK cÖavb Avš—R©vwZK Kg©m~wPi A½ n‡q
DV‡Q| AvMvgx w`‡b weÁvb-cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZi d‡j gvby‡li Rxeb Av‡iv mg„× n‡e- GK_v ejv †h‡Z
cv‡i; wKš‘ Av‡iv †h mnR I mij n‡e Zv ejv k³| m¤¢eZ Rxeb mnR bv n‡q eis Av‡iv RwUj
n‡e| wKš‘ †Kvb Kí‡jv‡Ki cÖZ¨vkvq bv †_‡K GB RwUjZvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z nIqvB n‡e ev¯—em¤§Z
cš’v| msKU‡K AwZµg K‡i AvMvgx w`‡bi m¤¢vebvi cwic~Y© my‡hvM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| Z…Zxq we‡k¦i
†`k¸wji mvg‡b G Qvov †Kvb mnR mij c‡_ AvMvgx kZvãxi w`‡K GwM‡q hvevi Dcvq †bB|
weÁvb-cÖhyw³i Av‡jvKewZ©Kv nv‡Z wb‡q K‡Vvi mvabvi c‡_ GwM‡q hvIqvB Zv‡`i m¤§vbRbK
Aw¯—Z¡ iv I weKv‡ki GKgvÎ c_|*
* cÖeÜwU HwZn¨ msiY cwil` - PÆMÖvg KZ…©K Av‡qvwRZ Aa¨vcK Aveyj dRj ¯§viK e³„Zv wn‡m‡e 1990 mv‡ji 13
†m‡Þ¤^i PÆMÖvg wkíKjv GKv‡Wwg‡Z cwVZ| cÖvq GK hyM Av‡M †jLv G cÖe‡Üi welqe¯‘ I Aš—wb©wnZ fvebvi g‡a¨
mgKvjxb cÖvmw½KZv i‡q‡Q e‡j †jLvwU czb:cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv| - m¤úv`K
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

evsjv‡`‡k wkvLv‡Z A_©vqb A_©vr m¤ú` msMÖn Ges e¨env‡ii †‡Î K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨
D‡j­L‡hvM¨-
1. ¯^í-e¨q I ¯^í djvd‡ji GKwU e¨e¯’v
evsjv‡`‡ki wkve¨e¯’v AwZ Kg Li‡P cwiPvwjZ nq| Ab¨vb¨ ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki ZzjbvqI GLv‡b
wkvLv‡Z e¨q Kg| G Ae¯’vi cÖwZdjb †`Lv hv‡”Q †`‡ki †gŠwjK wkv A_©vr cÖv_wgK wkv I
mviZv Kg©m~wPi e¨vcK we¯—v‡i| Gai‡bi we¯—vi N‡U‡Q wRGbwci AwZy`ª Ask e¨q K‡i|
e¨‡qi GB nvi `wY Gwkqvq me‡P‡q Kg| wkvLv‡Z Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki LiP
me‡P‡q Kg (2000 †_‡K 2004 mvj ch©š— M‡o wRGbwci 2.2%)| evwl©K cÖv_wgK wkvLv‡Z
wkv_©x cÖwZ e¨q gvÎ 13 Wjvi| †emiKvwi gva¨wgK wkvq (hvi AvËZvq wkvq kZKiv 90 fvM
gva¨wgK wkv_©x) GB e¨q 16 Wjvi| ¯^í-gv_vwcQy e¨q mš‘wói KviY n‡Z cv‡i bv, G‡Z
wkv_©x‡`i wkLb-AR©b, wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqv Ges wkvi gvb ¸i“Zifv‡e wZMÖ¯— nq|
2. miKvwi A_©vq‡bi cÖvavb¨
wkvq A_©vqb Ñ GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
W. gbRyi Avng` *
wkvLv‡Z e¨q eûjvs‡k miKvwi A_©vq‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj| MZ GK `k‡K miKvwifv‡e cÖv_wgK
wkv‡‡Î †KvbI AeKvVv‡gv ev we`¨vjq ¯’vcb Kiv nq wb| me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkvi j¨ AR©‡bi
Rb¨ †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi Ici wbf©i Kiv n‡”Q| †iwR÷vW© †emiKvwi we`¨vj‡qi wkK‡`i †eZ‡bi
kZKiv 90 fvM miKvwi LvZ †_‡K Av‡m| GQvovI GWnK wfwˇZ we`¨vjq feb wbg©vY I †givgZ
LiP miKvwifv‡e enb Kiv nq Ges wkv_©x‡`i webvg~‡j¨ cvV¨eB †`Iqv nq| †emiKvwi ms¯’v
cwiPvwjZ DcvbyôvwbK wkv Kvh©µg Gi AvËZvq c‡o bv| gva¨wgK we`¨vjq Ges wWwMÖ
K‡jR¸‡jvi GKwU wekvj Ask †emiKvwi| G cÖwZôvb¸‡jvI wkK‡`i †eZ‡bi †‡Î miKvwi
Avw_©K mvnvh¨ cvq| ïay †emiKvwi wek¦we`¨vjq Ges †emiKvwi KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK cÖwkY
Bbw÷wUDU¸‡jv GB miKvwi A_©vqb e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ c‡o bv| miKvwi A_©vqb Ges ¯’vbxq KwgwU
KZ…©K we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv †emiKvwi wkv cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi gvb Dbœqb Ges gv‡bi gvcKvwV ¯’vc‡b
GKUv kw³kvjx e¨e¯’v n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ ev¯—‡e GB e¨e¯’vwU djcÖm~ nq bv miKv‡ii `ye©j ZË¡veavb
I wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v Ges wbqš¿YKvix ms¯’v¸‡jvi A`Zvi Kvi‡Y| GiB mv‡_ hy³ n‡q‡Q
wkve¨ve¯’vq ivR‰bwZK ccvZ`yóZv| hvB †nvK bv †Kb miKvwi A_©vqb Ges Gi djcÖm~ e¨envi
wkvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU weivU P¨v‡jÄ|
3. A_©vqb e¨e¯’vq e¨w³ ev cwievi Lv‡Zi wewkó f~wgKv
* cwiPvjK, eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq wkv Dbœqb Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv|
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 21

22
wkvLv‡Z miKvwi A_©vq‡bi Ici eûjvs‡k wbf©i Kiv n‡jI wkve¨‡qi GKwU D‡j­L¨‡hvM¨ Ask
wkv_©x ev Zvi cwievi enb K‡i| A_©vqb bxwZ cÖYq‡bi mgq GB e¨vcviwU we‡ePbvq Avbv nq bv|
GWy‡Kkb Iqv‡Pi (EW) Z_¨ Abyhvqx MÖvgv‡j cÖv_wgK wkvq evrmwiK gv_vwcQy 1000 UvKv
cvwievwiKfv‡e e¨q Kiv nq| Gi GKwU eo Ask LiP nq cÖvB‡fU cov‡bvq| cvwievwiK e¨q
m¤úwK©Z Ab¨vb¨ Z‡_¨ †`Lv hvq †h, webvg~‡j¨ cªv_wgK wkv ejv n‡jI ev¯—e wPÎ Avjv`v| wkvi
Ab¨vb¨ ¯—‡i wkv_©xi cÖ‡ek wbf©i K‡i Zvi cwievi Zvi Rb¨ KZUv e¨q Ki‡Z cvi‡e Zvi Ici|
(evsjv‡`k ey¨‡iv Ae ÷¨vwUmwU·, cwievwiK e¨q Rwic, 1996: GWy‡Kkb IqvP - 2000)| cÖv_wgK
wkvq cvwievwiK e¨q cÖvq miKvwi ivR¯^ e¨‡qi mgvb| gva¨wgK ch©v‡q wkv_©x-cÖwZ †emiKvwi
e¨q miKvwi e¨‡qi Pvi¸Y| hw`I cÖvq me wWwMÖ K‡jR¸‡jvi Kg©iZ wkKe„›` I Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvixi
†eZ‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi mvnvh¨ cvq| GiciI †emiKvwi e¨‡qi cwigvY miKvwi Li‡Pi †P‡q A‡bK
†ewk| GKgvÎ miKvwi A_©vbyK‚‡j¨ cwiPvwjZ miKvwi wek¦we`¨jq¸‡jv‡Z miKvwi A_©vqb
†emiKvwi e¨q‡K Qvwo‡q hvq| †emiKvwi wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv g~jZ wUDkb wd-i Ici wbf©ikxj|
GLv‡b wkv_©xi cwieviB wkv-e¨q enb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K miKvwi e„wËg~jK I KvwiMwi wkvi y`ª
Dc-Lv‡Z miKvwi A_©vqb †emiKvwi e¨‡qi Zzjbvq †ewk| GB wPÎ cv‡ë hv‡e A_©vr †emiKvwi e¨q
A‡bK †ewk †`Lv hv‡e, hw` AbvbyôvwbK wkvbwek Ges PvKzwi-Kvjxb cÖwk‡Yi e¨vciwU we‡ePbvq
Avbv hvq| Gme Kg©Kv‡Êi wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ mnRjf¨ bq| (W. gbRyi Avng` 2000)
wkvi wewfbœ DcLv‡Z cvwievwiK e¨‡qi cwigvY, wkv‡‡Î m¤ú` msMÖn I e¨envi m¤úwK©Z
bxwZi †‡Î GKwU Zvrch©c~Y© welq| †emiKvwi Lv‡Z m¤ú` msMÖn Ges e¨env‡ii †KŠkj cÖYqb
GKwU we‡ePbvi e¨vcvi| Gi mv‡_ we‡ePbvq Avbv `iKvi †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi Kvh©KvwiZv Ges wkvq
mgZv Avbq‡b miKvwi I Ab¨vb¨ A_©-Dr‡mi mgw¤^Z cwiKíbv| wkv m¤ú©wKZ †mev cÖ`vb, bxwZ I
Kg©m~wP Dbœq‡b miKvwi-‡emiKvwi mKj cÖ‡Póvq Askx`vwiZ¡ wKfv‡e n‡e Zv-I we‡eP¨|
4. wkvi D‡Ïk¨ I A_©vq‡b AmvgÄm¨
wkv we¯—vi I gv‡bvbœqb m¤úwK©Z RvZxq j¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wkvLv‡Z †gvU RvZxq e¨q, we‡klZ
miKvwi eivÏ eûj cwigv‡Y e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki wn‡m‡e (wRwWwc e„w× Ges wRwWwc‡Z
ivR‡¯^i Ask we‡ePbvi wfwˇZ) 2008 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Aóg †kªYx ch©š— me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkv
AR©b Ges gva¨wgK wkvq AskMÖn‡Yi Dc‡hvMx eq‡mi wkï‡`i kZKvi 50 fv‡Mi AskMÖn‡Yi
Rb¨ wkvq miKvwi eivÏ wRwWwci kZKiv 4 fv‡M DbœxZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| (World Bank,
Education Sector Review, Vol. 1, 2000, pp. 58-108.) GKBfv‡e wkvi mKj ¯—‡i
Avek¨Kxq gv‡bvbœq‡b miKvwi mvgwMÖK ev‡R‡Ui AbycvZ-wn‡m‡eI eivÏ AviI evov‡Z n‡e|
wkvLv‡Z miKvwi eivÏ 2000 mv‡j kZKiv 15 fv‡Mi Zzjbvq Abygvb Kiv n‡q‡Q 2008 mv‡j
kZKiv 26 fv‡M evov‡bv `iKvi| Gi cwi‡cÖw‡Z AvMvgx cuvP eQ‡i wkvLv‡Z miKvwi eivÏ
wRwWwci 5 fv‡M e„w× Kivi Rb¨ wkvRxex gn‡j `vwe D‡V‡Q|
5. e¨q e„w×B h‡_ó bq
GKwU mZ¨ Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e †h, †Kej e¨‡qi eivÏ evov‡jB Avkvbyiƒc dj wbwðZ n‡e bv| G
R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb wkv-e¨e¯’vcbv I wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqvi `ye©jZv wPwýZ Kiv I G¸‡jv `~i K‡i gvb
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv| eû eQi a‡i wkvLv‡Z AcÖZzj eivÏ GKwU e¨vcK mgm¨v, wKš‘ AwZwi³ A_©
eivÏ me mgm¨vi mgvavb bq| m¤ú‡`i Kvh©Ki e¨env‡ii Rb¨ wkLb-D‡Ïk¨ I wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
cÖwµqv m¤úwK©Z wm×vš—-MÖnY I ev¯—evqb Ges me©‡‡Î Revew`wnZvi w`‡K `„wó w`‡Z n‡e|
6. µgea©gvb eivÏ e„w×
ivR¯^ ev‡R‡U A_© eivÏ e„w×i †‡Î mvaviY cÖwµqv n‡”Q eZ©gvb eivχK wfwË a‡i bZzb eQ‡ii
Rb¨ wKQy †hvM Kiv| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z ev‡R‡U Kx cwigvY eivÏ n‡e Zv
wbf©i K‡i Av‡Mi eQ‡ii eivÏ ev‡RU Ges `i KlvKwli mvg‡_©¨i Ici ev ivR‰bwZK `j I
¸i“Z¡c~Y© e¨w³‡`i mv‡_ †hvMm~‡Îi cÖfve LvwU‡q wKQy eivÏ e„w×| GKwU cÖwZôvb †_‡K †h cwigvY
eivÏ `vwe Kiv nq Zvi kZKiv 70 fvM ch©š— Aby‡gv`b †`Iqv GKUv mvaviY cÖPjb n‡q
`uvwo‡q‡Q| mKj ch©v‡q e¨vcK A`Zv I AKvh©KvwiZvi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i eZ©gv‡b Kx Av‡Q Ges
Kx weKí e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq Zvi †hŠw³KZv we‡ePbv Kiv we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb| Kvh©KvwiZvi gvb`Ê
cÖwZôv Ges cÖ‡qvM Kiv cÖ‡qvRb hv‡Z e¨e¯’vcKiv KvR Ki‡Z Drmvn cvb Ges AcPq I A`Zv
cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
7. gva¨wgK wkvq ¸i“Z¡ cÖ`vb
1990 `k‡Ki cÖvi‡¤¢ cÖv_wgK wkvq Dbœqb Ges ivR¯^ e¨‡qi cÖvavb¨ wQj| cieZ©x eQ‡i gva¨wgK
wkvq AwaKZi ¸i“Z¡ †`Iqv nq| 90 †_‡K 98 A_©eQ‡ii g‡a¨ ivR¯^ ev‡R‡U cÖv_wgK wkvi
Ask 48.5% †_‡K 40.4% G †b‡g Av‡m Ges gva¨wgK wkvq Zv 36.8% †_‡K 47.6% G DbœxZ
nq| wek¦we`¨vjq DcLv‡Z Dbœqb e¨q K‡g Av‡m| ev‡R‡U eivÏ Ges e¨q, we‡kl K‡i Dbœqb Lv‡Z
e¨q-†KŠkj I bxwZMZ AMÖvwaKvi ch©v‡jvPbvi cwie‡Z© mn‡hvwMZv cvIqvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Øviv
cÖfvweZ nq|
m¤ú` eiv‡Ïi †‡Î gva¨wgK wkvq ¸i“Z¡ †`Iqv †Kvb mgm¨v bq, eis GB DcLv‡Z eû Av‡MB
eivÏ e„w× Kiv cÖ‡qvRb wQj| GK Lv‡Zi eivÏ Ab¨ Lv‡Z w`‡q ev‡RU e„w×i PvB‡Z, j¨ AR©b Ges
cÖwZwU wkv DcLv‡Z gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ h‡_ó cwigvY m¤ú` eiv‡Ïi welqwU ¸i“‡Z¡i mv‡_
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| (Ministry of Finance, cited in World Bank, Education Sector
Review, Vol. 1, Table 2.2, p.63, Dhaka, 2000.)
8. †jvKe‡ji Rb¨ e¨q
m¤cÖwZ A_©eQi¸‡jv‡Z wkvi Rb¨ ivR¯^ ev‡R‡Ui kZKiv 97 fvM LiP n‡q‡Q Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZb
cwi‡kv‡a| Gi g‡a¨ Aš—f©y³ miKvwi ¯‹z‡ji wkK‡`i †eZb I †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi
wkK‡`i †eZ‡bi Rb¨ Avw_©K mvnvh¨| †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi †‡Î miKvwi Aby`v‡bi GKwU eo
Ask wkK‡`i †eZ‡b e¨q nq| GB e¨‡qi ci gvb Dbœqb m¤úwK©Z wel‡q eivÏ _v‡K LyeB
mvgvb¨| KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK cÖwZôvbmg~‡n A_© eiv‡Ïi 74 fvM e¨q n‡q‡Q †eZb cÖ`v‡b| GB nvi
AZ¨š— †ewk †hLv‡b G ai‡bi cÖwZôv‡b Kvh©Ki cÖwk‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ I wbZ¨eenvh©
DcKiY _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| GKBfv‡e wek¦we`¨vjq ch©v‡q ivR¯^ ev‡R‡Ui kZKiv 67 fvM e¨q n‡qwQj
wkK‡`i †eZb cwi‡kv‡a| Avš—R©vwZK gvb`‡Ê KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK Ges D”Pwkv Lv‡Z GB
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 23

24
nvi AZ¨š— †ewk| ev‡R‡U eiv‡Ïi GB c¨vU©v‡bi d‡j †eZbev‡` Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡Z Lye Kg eivÏ _v‡K
Ges G‡Z wkvi gvb m¤úwK©Z welq¸‡jvi Ici wZKi cÖfve c‡o| Ab¨w`‡K DcvbyôvwbK
cÖv_wgK wkv mgv‡Ri myweavewÂZ As‡ki Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ nq| GLv‡b ieiv‡Ïi kZKiv 40 fvM
wkK‡`i †eZb eve` e¨q nq Ges evwK eivÏ wkLb mvgMÖx, ZË¡veavb cÖwµqv Ges wkK cÖwk‡Y
e¨q nq Gi d‡j wkv_©x‡`i wkLb AR©b DbœZ nq|
9. cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkvq Dce„wË Lv‡Z D”P e¨q
cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkvq wkv_©x‡`i Dce„wË cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui GKwU eo Ask e¨q
nq| Dfq‡‡ÎB †Kej MÖvgv‡j e„wË †`Iqv nq| cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i cÖwZ ¯‹z‡ji kZKiv 40 fvM
wkv_©x‡K Dce„wË †`Iqv nq| gva¨wgK ¯—‡i †Kej †g‡q‡`i Dce„wË cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges mv‡_ mv‡_
Zv‡`i †eZbI gIKzd Kiv nq| Dce„wË Lv‡Z 2002-2007 mvj ch©š— cuvP eQ‡i 600 wgwjqb
Wjvi eivÏ Av‡Q| GB eivÏ Dbœqb Lv‡Z miKv‡ii wbR¯^ ev‡R‡Ui `yB-Z…Zxqvsk Ges cÖv_wgK
wkv Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡gi ev‡R‡Ui A‡a©K| GKBfv‡e cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i Ges gva¨wgK ¯—‡i †g‡q‡`i
Rb¨ Dce„wË I A‰eZwbK wkv eve` †gvU Dbœqb e¨‡qi GK-Z…Zxqvsk eivÏ nq| (World Bank,
Education Sector Review, Vol.1, pp. 64 and 86) Dbœqb e¨‡qi GKwU eo Ask cÖv_wgK I
gva¨wgK ¯—‡i Dce„wË Lv‡Z LiP A‡bK¸‡jv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖ‡kœi D¢e NwU‡q‡Q| GKwU cÖavb cÖkœ
Dce„wË Lv‡Z wekvj e¨q wkv Kvh©µ‡gi gvb Dbœq‡b Kvh©Ki c`‡‡ci Rb¨ eivÏ Kwg‡q †`q wK
bv| Dce„wË Lv‡Z e¨‡qi Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© (GwWwe Ges wek¦e¨vsK mgw_©Z miKvwi e¨q
ch©v‡jvPbv) wZbwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖkœ DÌvwcZ nq- (K) Dce„wË Kvh©µg †UKmB wK bv, KviY Dce„wËi
Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK Pvc KvR K‡i, (L) Dce„wË Kvh©µg `yb©xwZgy³ n‡q Kvh©Kifv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡Z
cvi‡Q wK bv (M) Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡g wkvq AskMÖnY e„w×, wkvq mgZv I gv‡bvbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Q
wK bv; hv mivmwi Kvh©Ki mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g AR©b Kiv m¤¢e (Knowles 2001)|
Av‡iKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wRÁvmv, A_© mvnvh¨ w`‡q `wi`ª RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖv_wgK wkvi Pvwn`v ˆZwi
KivUv KZUzKz Ri“wi| †emiKvwi ms¯’v KZ…©K `wi`ª RbM‡Yi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ DcvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK
wkv Kvh©µ‡gi AwfÁZvq †`Lv hvq †h, mgm¨vwU n‡”Q mieiv‡ni A_©vr wkv_©x‡`i cwiev‡ii
Ici wkLb-mvgMÖx †Kbv I Ab¨vb¨ Li‡Pi †evSv Pvwc‡q bv w`‡q mwVK mg‡q mwVK RvqMvq gvbm¤§Z
wkvi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
10. wkvq mgZv I A_©vqb
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv hv‡”Q eZ©gvb A_©vqb c×wZ wkve¨e¯’vq AmgZv‡K AviI †Rvi`vi
K‡i| 1996 mv‡j wkvLv‡Z wek¦e¨vsK KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ GKwU miKvwi e¨q ch©v‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq
†h, cwiev‡ii Avq e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ wkvi cÖwZ ¯—‡i, we‡klZ gva¨wgK I D”P wkvq miKvwi
e¨‡qi cwigvY e„w× cvq (Wrold Bank, Bangladesh: From Counting the Poor to Making
the Poor Count, 1998)*| GKB cÖwZ‡e`‡b cÖKvwkZ nq †h, `wi`ª cwievi hv †gvU cwievi
msL¨vi kZKiv 54 fvM; D”P wkvq †gvU eiv‡Ïi kZKiv 15 fv‡Mi Askx`vi nq| Aewkó
A‡cvK…Z m¤úbœ cwievi¸‡jvi Ask n‡”Q kZKiv 85 fvM (Table A4. 3, p.63)| cÖv_wgK
wkvi †mev`vb I Kvh©KvwiZv RbmsL¨vi Av‡qi mv‡_ m¤ú©wKZ| Gi gv‡b n‡”Q cÖv_wgK wkv
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

A_©‰bwZK ˆel‡g¨i cÖwZweavb wn‡m‡e e¨_©| wkv_©x‡`i †`Iqv †eZb miKvwi wek¦we`¨vjq ev‡R‡Ui
kZKiv 1 fv‡MiI Kg| Rbmvavi‡Yi Ki cÖ`Ë A‡_© miKvwi wek¦we`¨vjq P‡j| A_P D”P wkvi
my‡hvM †`‡ki e„nËi `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| D”P wkvi A_©vqbI ZvB mgv‡Ri ˆelg¨
e„wׇZ mnvqZv ivL‡Q| mgZv m„wói Rb¨ e¨qfv‡ii Askx`vwiZ¡ Ges LiP Zz‡j Avbvi welqwU
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| we‡klZ KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wkv Kvh©µg I D”P wkv cÖwZôv‡b miKvwi
e¨‡q e¨w³i jv‡fi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv n‡”Q AZ¨š— Amgfv‡e| wkvq A_©vqb e¨e¯’v I
wm×vš—mg~n‡K wkvi j¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi h_v_© evnb wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡j GB j¨ I
D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv my¯úó I †evaMg¨fv‡e ewY©Z n‡Z n‡e| Dc‡hvMx K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡j cwigvY I gvb
m¤ú©wKZ D‡Ïk¨¸‡jvi h_vh_ mgš^q I †evaMg¨Zv cÖ‡qvRb| GKB mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRb m¤ú‡`i ms¯’vb
I e¨env‡ii cÖwµqv I †KŠkj m¤ú©‡K cwi®‹vi aviYv| wkvi A_©vqb e¨e¯’v wb‡q h‡_ó cwigvY
we‡k­lY I M‡elYvi Afve wkv cwiKíbv I e¨e¯’vcbvi GKwU Aš—ivq| G R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb
M‡elYvi, we‡klZ A_©bxwZi z`ª ch©v‡q Ñ cwievi, we`¨vjq, GjvKv Ges RvZxq ch©v‡q wkv
A_©vq‡bi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv| †K›`ªxq ch©vq †_‡K cÖwZwU ch©vq I wkv_©x
ch©š— wkvRwbZ m~Î LyuR‡Z
n‡e Ges mKj ch©v‡qi mKj cÖwZôv‡b Af¨š—ixY djcÖm~Zv
ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
Z_¨m~Î
1. World Bank, Education Sector Review, Vol. 1, 2000, pp. 58-108.
2. Ministry of Finance, cited in World Bank, Education Sector Review, Vol. 1, Table 2.2,
p.63, Dhaka, 2000.
3. World Bank, Education Sector Review, Vol.1, pp. 64 and 86.
4. Knowles 2001.
5. World Bank, Bangladesh: From Counting the Poor to Making the Poor Count, 1998*
6. Table A4. 3, p.63.
7. Education Watch, 2000.
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 25

m~Pbv
cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi †kªYxK‡ cvi`wk©Zv*
W:. wQwÏKzi ingvb**
mvi ms‡c
2001 mv‡ji †kl w`‡K †`‡ki wbe©vwPZ 150wU cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi Ae¯’v m¤úwK©Z me
¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K cwiexY Kiv nq| GLv‡b †Kej wkLb-‡kLv‡bv †KŠkj Ges wkv_©x‡`i wkLb
AR©‡bi djvdj Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| cwiex‡Yi K‡qKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© djwbh©vm n‡jv: (K)
Ôwba©vwiZ wkvµgÕ Ges Ôev¯—evwqZ wkvµgÕ -Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q e¨vcK cv_©K¨| 76% miKvwi
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq (wRwcGm) Ges 88% †iwR÷©vW †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨v‡jqi
(AviGbwRwcGm) wkK, wkv_©x‡`i Rb¨ c~e© wba©vwiZ `Zv AR©‡bi j‡¨ †Kvb cwiKíbv
ˆZwi K‡ib wb, (L) AwaKvsk wkKB mbvZbx wb‡`©kg~jK Kvq`vq K¬v‡m wkv`vb K‡ib, 44%
wkK †Kej e³„Zv c×wZ AbymiY K‡ib, (M) cÖvq 40% wRwcGm Ges 75% AviGbwRwcGm
wkK, wkv_©xiv †Kvb aviYv ˆZwi wKsev wePvi-we‡k­lY Ki‡Z cvij wKbv †mw`‡K bRi bv
w`‡q gyL‡¯’i Ici †Rvi †`b| ZvQvov mvaviYfv‡e wkK‡`i wkv-mnvqK DcKiY Ges wPÎ
e¨env‡i Abxnv cÖKvk cvq, (N) wKQy wkK wewfbœ kã fyj D”PviY K‡ib Ges/A_ev fyj evbvb
wj‡Lb, wKQy wkK cvV¨e¯‘ m¤ú‡K© fyj Z_¨ Ges/ A_ev fyj aviYv †`b, A‡b‡K mg¯— K¬vm‡K
D‡Ïk¨ bv K‡i wbw`©ó K‡qKRb wkv_©x‡K G‡jv‡g‡jv Ges †auvqv‡U cÖkœ K‡ib, (O) evsjv, MwYZ,
cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR Ges weÁv‡b AR©b wbY©vqK cixv †bIqv nq Ges mw¤§wjZ †¯‹v‡ii
wfwˇZ cÖvß djvd‡j e¨w³ wkv_©xi cv_©‡K¨i cwie‡Z© we`¨vj‡qi cv_©K¨ I‡V Av‡m| †gvU
150wU cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi mvdj¨v‡¼i Mo 33% Ges Av`k© weP~¨wZ 10%|
Gwkqvb †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vs‡Ki GKwU KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖK‡íi Aax‡b Dc‡`óv‡`i wb‡q MwVZ
GKwU `j cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi cvi`wk©Zv cwiex‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU g‡Wj cÖYqb K‡ib| †mB g‡Wj
e¨envi K‡i 2001 mv‡ji †klw`‡K ˆ`ePq‡bi wfwˇZ evQvB Kiv 150wU cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi
cvi`wk©Zv cwiexY Kiv nq| we`¨vj‡qi cÖvq mg¯— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cvi`wk©Zvi †Î GB cwiex‡Yi
Aš—fy©³ wQj| GB mg¯— †Î †_‡K †Kej †kªYxK‡ Abym„Z wkLb-†kLv‡bv †KŠkj Ges PviwU
wel‡q wkv_©x‡`i mvdj¨ AR©‡bi AskUzKz GB M‡elYvc‡Î Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| wkKM‡Yi
* cÖeÜwU evsjv‡`k GWy‡Kkb Rvb©vj-G (LÊ-1, msL¨v-1, wW‡m¤^i 2002) cÖKvwkZ M‡elYvc‡Îi fvlvš—i|
Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv g~j cÖeÜwUi fvlvš—i K‡i‡Qb †gv: †gv¯—vwdRyi ingvb, Gg.wdj. M‡elK, wkv I M‡elYv
Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
** W. wQwÏKzi ingvbÑ Aa¨vcK, wkv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 27

28
wkv`vb-c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ, wkvµg Abyhvqx cvV`vb, wkLb cÖwµqvq wkv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY, wkLb-mnvqK
DcKi‡Yi e¨envi, h_vh_ wkLb c×wZi e¨envi, Rxe‡bi AwfÁZvi mv‡_ cvV¨wel‡qi mswk­óZv,
gyL¯’ Kivi Ici ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc, wkK KZ…©K cÖwZKvig~jK mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi gvÎv, `jMZ Kv‡Ri
my‡hvM, welqe¯‘i Dc‡hvwMZv BZ¨vw`i wPÎB Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q GB M‡elYvc‡Î|
M‡elYvKv‡h©i Afxv i Rb¨ DcvË msMÖn cÖwµqv
(K) †kªYxK Kvh©vewj wfwWI-‡iKwW©s, (L) †kªYxK Kvh©vewj ch©‡eY, (M) AR©b Afxv,
(N) we`¨vjq cwiw¯’wZ ch©‡eY I we`¨j‡q msiwZ Z‡_¨i ch©v‡jvPbv, Ges (O) cÖavb wkK,
†kªYx wkK, AwffveK Ges we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨e„‡›`i mvvrKvi|
†kªYxK‡ Abym„Z wkLb-‡kLv‡bv †KŠkj
wkLb wbwðZ KivB wkv msµvš— mKj Kg©Kv‡Êi P~ovš— j¨| Avgv‡`i †`‡k AvbyôvwbK wkv
avivq cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q wkLb ej‡Z wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zvmg~n AR©b‡K †evSvq| AvbyôvwbK wkvi mv‡_
RwoZ mK‡jB wkLb Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek ˆZwii mv‡_ RwoZ| wKš‘ wkKMY cÖZ¨fv‡e wkLb
cÖwµqv‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvb| wkKMY hw` h_vh_ wkLb mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡ib Zvn‡j wkv_©xiv `ª“Z
Ges mn‡R wkL‡Z cv‡i| h_vh_ wkLb mnvqZvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wkv_©xi Rb¨ h_vh_ †KŠkj wbe©vPb
I Gi e¨envi Ges cv‡Vi cÖK…wZi m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L †KŠkj wbe©vPb| GK_v mK‡jiB Rvbv †h,
Kvh©Ki Ges ¯’vqx wkLb A‡bKvs‡kB wbf©i K‡i wkLb cÖwµqvq wkv_©xi gvbwmK Ges kvixwiK
mshyw³i Ici|
wkKM‡Yi c~e©-cÖ¯‘wZ
†hцKvb cÖ‡Póvi mdjZv wbf©i K‡i Zvi mnvqK‡`i cÖ¯‘wZi Ici| wkv`v‡bi †‡Î
wk‡Ki/mnvqZvKvixi cÖ¯‘wZ ej‡Z †evSvq Afxó j¨mg~n wbw`©óKiY, j‡¨ †cŠQv‡bvi Rb¨
AbymiYxq †KŠkjvw`, †KŠkjvw` cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY msMÖn Ges †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi
gvcKvwV wba©viY|
206wU miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq (wRwcGm) Ges 94wU wbeÜbK…Z †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi
(AviGbwRwcGm) †kªYx wkK‡`i ch©‡eY Ges wfwWI aviY Kiv nq| wkK‡`i wkvcÖYvjx
†_‡K GwU cwi®‹vi nq †h 32% wRwcGm wkK Ges 18% AviGbwRwcGm wkK cvV cwiKíbv
AbymiY Ki‡Qb| `yB-Z…Zxqvsk wRwcGm wkK Ges 38% AviGbwRwcGm wkK msMwVZ Ges
Zuviv hv AR©b Ki‡Z Pvb †m m¤ú‡K© Zuviv AewnZ| evwK wkKMY‡K g‡b n‡q‡Q Zuviv wbwðZ bb|
AwaKvsk wkK (wRwcGm Ges AviGbwRwcGm- Gi m‡e©v”P msL¨K wkK) aviYv cÖ`vb K‡ib †h,
AwZwi³ Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y Zuviv cvV-cwiKíbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| ev¯—eZv n‡”Q, mwVK cÖ¯‘wZ K¬v‡mi
AwZwi³ Pvc jvNe K‡i|
wkvµg ev¯—evqb
Ôwba©vwiZ wkvµgÕ Ges Ôe¨envwiK wkvµgÕ-Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q we¯—i cv_©K¨| †kªYxK‡
wkvµ‡gi cÖ‡qvM GKwU ¸i“Zi mgm¨v e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq| AwaKvsk wkK (wRwcGm Gi 76%
Ges AviGbwRwcGm-Gi 88%) ¯^xKvi K‡ib †h, cvV Dc¯’vcbvq Z&uviv c~e©-wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zvmg~n
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

AbymiY K‡ib bv| AwaKvsk wkK (wRwcGm Gi 55% Ges AviGbwRwcGm Gi 88%) wb‡Riv
†hÑwel‡q cvV`vb K‡ib ‡m wel‡qi †hvM¨Zvi ZvwjKv †`Lv‡Z cv‡ib wb| wRwcGm wkKM‡Yi
Zzjbvq AwaKmsL¨K AviGbwRwcGm wkK wkvµ‡g Aš—f©y³ †hvM¨Zvmg~n m¤ú‡K© Iqv‡Kenvj
bb| Zuviv ïay cvV¨cy¯—K e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb| wkvµg m¤ú‡K© Zuv‡`i †Kvbiƒc aviYvB †bB |
wkLb cÖwµqvq wkï‡`i AskMÖnY
wkLb GKwU mwµq cÖwµqv| wkLb cÖwµqvq wkv_©x‡`i mwµq AskMÖnY wkLb‡K mnR, Kvh©Ki Ges
¯’vqx K‡i| mwµq wkLb, AskMÖnYg~jK wkLb Ges nv‡Z-Kj‡g wkLb AvaywbK wkvZ‡Ë¡ cÖeP‡bi
gZ| wRwcGm-Gi 34% Ges AviGbwRwcGm-Gi 49% wkK wkï‡`i‡K wkv`vb-wkLb
cÖwµqvq mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi †Kvbiƒc my‡hvMB †`b wb| †KejgvÎ wRwcGm-Gi 16% Ges
AviGbwRwcGm-Gi 6% wkK h_vmg‡q G ai‡bi my‡hvM w`‡q‡Qb| Ab¨vb¨ wKQy wkK
wkï‡`i‡K K`vwPr G ai‡bi my‡hvM w`‡q‡Qb|
AwaKvsk †‡Î, wkï‡`i AskMÖnY mxgve× wQj cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb, Qwe e¨L¨v Kiv, LvZvq A_ev
e­vK‡ev‡W© cÖ‡kœi DËi †jLv Ges cvV¨cy¯—‡Ki Askwe‡kl cvV Kivi g‡a¨| †Kvb wkKB
wkï‡`i‡K nv‡Z-Kj‡g Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †`b wb|
AwaKvsk wkK †kªYxK‡ mbvZbx wb‡`©kbvg~jK c×wZ AbymiY K‡i _v‡Kb| wkïiv hv‡Z GKwU
mgm¨vi mgvavb wb‡RivB Luy‡R
†ei Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb †Kvb m„Rbkxj ev D¢vebg~jK Kg©KvÊ †hgb
†QvULvU cÖKí A_ev `jMZ Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM Zv‡`i‡K †`Iqv nq wb| cÖvq GK PZz_©vsk
wkK KLbI wkï‡`i KvQ †_‡K †Kvbiƒc cÖwZwµqv †bqvi †Póv K‡ib wb| Aí wKQymsL¨K (3%)
wkK‡K cÖvqB GgbwU Ki‡Z †`Lv wM‡q‡Q|
e³„Zv`vb c×wZ n‡jv GKwU GKgyLx wkLb c×wZ †hLv‡b wkK _v‡Kb †hvMvb`vZvi f~wgKvq Avi
wkïiv wbw®Œq MÖnxZv gvÎ| we‡kl K‡i cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii wkvq GwU †gv‡UB †Kvb Kvh©Ki c×wZ bq|
GB cÖwµqvq †Kej kªeY Kiv Qvov wkv_©x‡`i Avi †Kvb f~wgKvB _v‡K bv| ch©‡eYK…Z 300wU
K¬v‡mi g‡a¨ 132wU K¬v‡mi (44%) wkK cvV`vbKv‡j cÖavbZ e„³Zv w`‡q‡Qb| mvaviYZ
wRwcGm Gi Zzjbvq AwaKmsL¨K AviGbwRwcGm we`¨vj‡qi K¬v‡mi wkKMY‡K e³„Zv`vb c×wZ
†ewk e¨envi Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|
†Kvb my‡hvM †bB
34%
wPÎ 1: wkLb cÖwµqvq wkï‡`i mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM
wRwcGm
h‡_ó my‡hvM
16%
mvgvb¨ my‡hvM
50%
†Kvb my‡hvM †bB
49%
AviGbwRwcGm
h‡_ó my‡hvM
6%
mvgvb¨ my‡hvM
45%
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 29

wkv-mnvqK DcKiY Ges PK‡ev‡W©i e¨envi
mwVK wkv-mnvqK DcKi‡Yi Kvh©Ki e¨envi wkv_©xi ¯^”Q aviYv ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K|
GQvov, wkvÑmnvqK DcKi‡Yi e¨envi wkï‡`i wbKU cvV¨e¯‘‡K AvKl©Yxq K‡i Zz‡j|
mvaviYfv‡e mKj wkK‡KB GB ai‡bi DcKiY A_ev wPÎ e¨env‡i Awb”QyK g‡b n‡q‡Q|
AwaKvsk wkK (wRwcGmÑGi 60% Ges AviGbwRwcGmÑGi 74%) K¬v‡m †Kvbiƒc
wkvÑmnvqK DcKiY wKsev wPÎ e¨envi K‡ib wb| †Kej wRwcGmÑGi 4% Ges
AviGbwRwcGmÑGi 3% wkK ¯^ígvÎvq wkvÑmnvqK DcKiY e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨ Aí
K‡qKRb wkK GKevigvÎ cv‡V G¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i‡Qb|
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx
e¨envi K‡ib
8%
30 evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx
wPÎ 2: wkKMY KZ…©K wkv-mnvqK DcKiY e¨envi
wRwcGm
e¨envi K‡ib bv
60%
wkv`v‡bi †‡Î PK‡evW© n‡Z cv‡i GKwU Kvh©Ki wkv`vb DcKiY| AviGbwRwcGmÑGi †gvU
20 Rb (21%) wkK Ges wRwcGmÑGi 18Rb (9%) wkK cvV`vbKv‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq gyn~‡Z©I
GKwU ev‡ii Rb¨ PK‡evW© e¨envi K‡ib wb| Ab¨w`‡K, wRwcGmÑGi 22% Ges AviGbwRwcGm
Gi 7% wkK K¬v‡m cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv PK‡evW© e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Aí K‡qKRb wkK GKevi
wK/`yÕevi PK‡evW© e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| wRwcGm Gi Zzjbvq AviGbwRwcGm-Gi wkK‡`i‡K
G‡‡Î AwaKnv‡i wbi“rmvnx g‡b n‡q‡Q| PK‡ev‡W© 80% wRwcGm Ges AviGbwRwcGmÑGi
50% msL¨K wk‡Ki nv‡Zi †jLv cvV‡hvM¨Ñ wKQyUv eomo, ¯úó Ges wcQ‡bi †e †_‡K
`„k¨gvb| PK‡ev‡W© 5% wRwcGm Ges 20% AviGbwRwcGm wk‡Ki †jLv A¯úóÑcv‡Vv×vi LyeB
KwVb e‡j g‡b n‡q‡Q|
cÖkœ-DËi c×wZi e¨envi
mvgvb¨ e¨envi K‡ib
32%
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx
e¨envi K‡ib
3%
AviGbwRwcGm
mvgvb¨ e¨envi K‡ib
22%
e¨envi K‡ib bv
75%
wkv`v‡bi †‡Î e³„Zv c×wZi Zzjbvq cÖkœ-DËi c×wZ‡Z KZ¸‡jv myweav i‡q‡Q, we‡kl K‡i
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq ch©v‡q| cÖkœÑDËi c×wZ GKwU wØgyLx †hvMv‡hvM c×wZ, Ab¨w`‡K e³„Zv GKwU
GKgyLx c×wZ| Z‡e cÖkœ-DËi c×wZi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i Gi mwVK e¨env‡ii Ici|
AwaKvsk wkK (93%) wkï‡`i‡K cÖkœ K‡i DËi w`‡Z e‡j‡Qb| wKš‘ ïaygvÎ 16% wRwcGm Ges
10% AviGbwRwcGm wkK Zv wbqwgZ K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨iv K‡i‡Qb AwbqwgZfv‡e| wKQymsL¨K

wkK ev‡` Ab¨ mevB mbvZbx c×wZ‡Z mivmwi welqwfwËK cÖkœ K‡i‡Qb| †Kej 20% wRwcGm
Ges 17% AviGbwRwcGm wkK wkï‡`i‡K Ggb wKQy cÖkœ K‡i‡Qb hvi DËi w`‡Z wkï‡`i‡K
wbR¯^ wPš—vkw³ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
†hÑmg¯— wkK cÖkœÑDËi c×wZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i AwaKvskB (81%) mwVK †Kvb †KŠkj
Aej¤^b K‡ib wb| K¬v‡mi mevB‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e GKwU cÖkœ K‡i Zvici K¬v‡mi †hцKvb GKRb‡K
†mB cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z ejvi cwie‡Z© wkK wbw`©ó GKwU wkï‡K cÖkœ K‡i‡Qb; d‡j, K¬v‡mi evwK
mevB‡K Ajm Ges wbw®Œq _vK‡Z n‡q‡Q|
wKQymsL¨K wkK (10% wRwcGm Ges 10% AviGbwRwcGm) ev‡` mKj wkK K¬v‡m Dcw¯’Z
mKj wkv_©x‡K GKB mv‡_ cÖkœ K‡i‡Qb| G c×wZi d‡j wkKM‡Yi c‡ †Kvb wkv_©x mwVK
DËi w`‡Z mg bq Zv wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
AwZ AímsL¨K wkK (5% wRwcGm Ges 7%
AviGbwRwcGm) mwVK DËiwU wKQymsL¨K wkv_©x‡K
w`‡q evievi ejv‡bvi c×wZ AbymiYY K‡i‡Qb|
Ab¨iv GB c×wZ Abymib K‡ib wb| GB c×wZ‡Z
`ye©j wkv_©xivI wkL‡Z cv‡i|
AwaKvsk wk‡Ki cÖkœ wQj cy¯—KwfwËK, ¯§„wZwbf©i
Ges mbvZbx| wKš‘ mKj cÖkœB wQj ¯^”Q Ges
mywbw`©ófv‡e web¨¯—| wKQymsL¨K wk‡Ki cÖkœ wQj †auvqv‡U I A¯^”Q|
RxebÑAwfÁZv m¤ú„³ cvV
wkLb GKwU av‡c av‡c AMÖmigvb cÖwµqv, †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K AwfÁZv cieZ©x AwfÁZvi wfZ wbg©vY
K‡i| c~‡e©i †Kvb AwfÁZvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡j cieZ©x AwfÁZvi AR©b mnRZi
nq| wkv_©x‡`i RxebÑAwfÁZv †_‡K D`vniY †U‡b wKsev wkv_©x‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi mv‡_
cvV¨e¯‘‡K wgwj‡q †`Lv‡j wkLb mnR Ges `„p nq|
†Kej 6 Rb wRwcGm wkK h_vh_ mg‡q wkv_©x‡`i RxebÑAwfÁZv †_‡K D`vniY †U‡b‡Qb;
54% wRwcGm Ges 64% AviGbwRwcGm wkK GKeviI Zv K‡ib wb| AwaKvsk wkK (61%
wRwcGm Ges 69% AviGbwRwcGm) Rxe‡bi ev¯—e cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ cvV¨e¯‘‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i
†`Lvb wb| wKQymsL¨K wkK GgbwU K‡i‡Qb GKevi wK `yevi, hw`I Av‡iv †ewk Kivi my‡hvM wQj|
GgbwK cvwbi e¨envi wKsev cwievi cÖav‡bi †ckvwelqK cvV`v‡bi †ejvqI wkKMY ïay
cvV¨cy¯—K †_‡K cvV K‡i‡Qb, wKš‘ Ggb †Kvb cÖkœ K‡ib wb hvi mv‡_ wkv_©xiv wb‡R‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK
AwfÁZv‡K wgwj‡q †`L‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, cvwb w`‡q †Zvgiv Kx Ki? wKsev avb‡Z
ïwK‡q †M‡j †Zvgiv Kx Ki? Ñ Ggb wKQy cÖkœ Ki‡j wkv_©xiv Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi mv‡_ cvV¨welq‡K
†gjvevi my‡hvM †cZ|
gyL‡¯’i Ici ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc
e·-1: wKQy wk‡Ki Kiv K‡qKwU
A¯^”Q cÖ‡kœi bgybv
� evsjv‡`k m¤ú‡K© †Zvgiv Kx Rvb?
� KvK Kx ai‡bi cvwL?
� bvix wK?
� †bcv‡ji †jvKRb †Kgb ?
� Nwo Avgv‡`i‡K wKfv‡e mgq †`q?
GKwU wfwË wn‡m‡e wewfbœ ¯^Ztwm× welq ev NUbv gyL¯’ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, wKš‘ hv AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Zv
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 31

32
n‡jv wkïiv †mB gyL¯’ welq¸‡jvi Ici wfwË K‡i aviYv MVb I wePvi-we‡k­lY Ki‡Z AMÖmi
n‡e| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, †Kvb cÖKvi aviYv e¨ZxZ RbmsL¨vi Nb‡Z¡i msÁv wKsev cvwb `~lY
m¤ú‡K© gyL¯’ Kiv wkLb bq| †hLv‡b aviYv ˆZwi Ri“wi wQj †mLv‡bI cÖvq 40% wRwcGm Ges
75% AviGbwRwcGm wkK gyL¯’ Kivi Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb|
wkï‡`i mgm¨v wbY©q
wKQymsL¨K wkK (24% wRwcGm Ges 8% AviGbwRwcGm) wkï‡`i mgm¨vi KviY wbY©‡qi †Póv
K‡i‡Qb Ges wkïiv GKwU welq bv eyS‡j Zv h‡Zœi mv‡_ e¨L¨v K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ A‡bK wkKB Zv
K‡ib wb|
wbivgqg~jK mnvqZv
wkv_©xi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ wkv`v‡bi †‡Î wkLbÑmgm¨vhy³ wkï‡`i kbv³KiY Ges †mB
mg¯— mgm¨v DËi‡Yi Rb¨ wbivgqg~jK mnvqZv `vb GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq| †Kvb wkK‡KB
wkLbÑmgm¨vhy³ wkï‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl e¨e¯’v MÖnY ev †KvwPs-Gi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq wb|
mncvVx‡`i w`‡qI Zv‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl †KvwPs-Gi e¨e¯’v Kiv †hZ| GwU Ki‡j ïay `ye©j wkv_©xivB
DcK…Z n‡Zv bv, †h mg¯— mncvVxiv †KvwPs Kiv‡”Q Zv‡`iI GKwU PgrKvi wkLb AwfÁZv n‡Zv|
wkï‡`i gZvg‡Zi ¯^xK…wZ`vb
wkï‡`i‡K wbR¯^ gZvgZ cÖKvk Ges Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖn‡Yi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡j Zv‡`i eyw×gËvi
weKvk N‡U| GB ai‡bi D‡`¨vM wkï‡`i AvZ¥wek¦vm evov‡ZI mnvqZv K‡i| hv‡nvK, Rwic †_‡K
Rvbv hvq †h, †Kej 2% wRwcGm wkK Av‡jvPbvKv‡j wkï‡`i‡K gZ cÖKvk Kivi my‡hvM
w`‡q‡Qb| wKQymsL¨K wkK GKevi GgbwU K‡i‡Qb|
GKK Ges `jxq Kg©KvÊ
GKK Ges `jxq KvR wkï‡`i‡K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vb, mgm¨v mgvavb Ges gy³fv‡e wjLvi gZv
AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Zv‡`i gvbwmK mgZv PP©vi my‡hvM K‡i †`q| GB KvR¸‡jv wkLb‡K gReyZ
K‡i †Zv‡j| AviGbwRwcGm wkK‡`i GK PZz_©vs‡ki †ewk Ges wRwcGm wkK‡`i GK
mßgvs‡ki †ewk GKK wKsev `jxq †Kvb KvRB wkï‡`i‡K †`b wb| †Kej 19% wRwcGm Ges 7%
AviGbwRwcGm wkK MZvbyMwZKfv‡e wkï‡`i‡K GKK KvR w`‡q‡Qb| †hÑmg¯— wkK
wkï‡`i‡K GKK KvR w`‡q‡Qb Zv‡`i cÖvq `yB Z…Zxqvsk wkï‡`i KvR Z`viK Ges Zv‡`i Kv‡R
mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Qb| ev`evwK wkK Ajmfv‡e e‡m _v‡Kb|
AZ¨š— AímsL¨K wkK (3% wRwcGm Ges 2% AviGbwRwcGm) Zuv‡`i K¬v‡m `jwfwËK KvR
†`b Ges wkï‡`i‡K i`e`j K‡i emvb| Ab¨ wkK‡Kiv wkï‡`i‡K mvivw`b GKB Avm‡b ewm‡q
iv‡Lb, wkï‡`i‡K †Kvb `jwfwËK KvR †`b wb Ges hLb †Kvb KvR ‡`b Zv wQj mbvZb c×wZ‡Z
cy¯—KwfwËK| GQvov wkï‡`i cvi¯úwiK wµqvÑcÖwZwµqvi †Kvb my‡hvM wQj bv| RywU‡Z wkLb
A_©vr †gavex wkï w`‡q `ye©j wkï‡K †kLv‡bv †Kvb K¬v‡m †Pv‡L c‡o wb| wkï †_‡K wkï GKwU
Ab¨Zg mdj wkLb †KŠkj| G †KŠk‡ji cÖ‡qvM †Kvb K¬v‡mB Lye GKUv †Pv‡L c‡o wb|
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

wkï‡`i g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLv
mviv cvV Ry‡o wkï‡`i g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLv Ges Zv‡`i‡K wkLb Kg©Kv‡Ê RwoZ ivLvi Rb¨ `iKvi
we‡kl `Zv| D”PZi †kªYx A‡cv cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i welqwU Av‡iv KwVb, Zv m‡Ë¡I Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi
Rb¨ GwU LyeB Ri“wi| wRwcGm wkK‡`i Aa©vs‡ki wKQyUv †ewk Ges AviGbwRwcGm wkK‡`i
GK Z…Zxqvsk mviv cvV Ry‡o wkv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLvi Kv‡R mdj wQ‡jb| D‡j­L‡hvM¨
msL¨K wkK (14% wRwcGm Ges 33% AviGbwRwcGm) GwU Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Qb| A‡bK
wkK‡K cVb-cvVb †_‡K wew”Qbœ g‡b n‡q‡Q| Ab¨iv gv‡S g‡a¨ wkï‡`i g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivL‡Z
mg_© n‡q‡Qb|
†kªYxK‡i cwi‡ek
Kvh©Ki wkv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU Avš—wiK, g‡bvÁ Ges Avb›`Nb cwi‡ek we‡klfv‡e
¸i“Z¡c~Y©| Zi“Y wkv_©x‡`i Rb¨ GwU we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| †Kej 36% wRwcGm Ges 30%
AviGbwRwcGm K¬v‡m Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek weivRgvb wQj| AwaKvsk K¬v‡m wkv`vb cwiPvwjZ
n‡q‡Q GKwU wbivb›` cwi‡e‡k|
g~j¨vqb
Pjgvb g~j¨vqb wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| cvV cwiPvjbvi mgq Pjgvb g~j¨vqb
Kiv nq Ges Gi gva¨‡g wkK eyS‡Z cv‡ib †Kvb wkv_©x cvV ey‡S Avi †K Zv ey‡S bv| AwaKvsk
wkK (81%) K¬v‡m †gŠwLK cÖkœ K‡i‡Qb; wZb PZz_©vsk wkK K¬v‡m wjwLZ cÖkœ w`‡q‡Qb|
A‡a©KmsL¨K wkK cÖkœ w`‡q K¬v‡m Ny‡i Ny‡i †K wK Ki‡Q Zv Z`viK K‡i‡Qb| 23% wRwcGm Ges
30% AviGbwRwcGm wk‡Ki †‡Î cÖ‡kœi ˆ`N©¨ mwVK wQj bv, ev ¯úófv‡e eySv hvq wb A_ev Zv
mgvß Kiv wkï‡`i gZvi Avq‡Ë wQj bv| 26% wRwcGm Ges 45% AviGbwRwcGm K¬v‡mi
wkv_©xMY‡K †`‡L g‡b n‡q‡Q Zviv cvV¨e¯‘i wKQyB ey‡S wb A_ev cvV¨e¯‘ †_‡K hZUzKz †hvM¨Zv
AwR©Z nIqvi K_v wQj ZZUzKz AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i wb|
evwoi KvR
e¨vcKmsL¨K wkK (81% wRwcGm Ges 83% AviGbwRwcGm) wkï‡`i‡K evwoi KvR
w`‡q‡Qb| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 21% wRwcGm Ges 39% AviGbwRwcGm wkK wkï‡`i mv‡_ Zv‡`i
Av‡Mi w`‡bi evwoi Kv‡Ri fyjΓwU wb‡q K_v e‡j‡Qb| bv c‡o Ges fyjΓwU bv †`‡L evwoi
Kv‡Ri LvZvq mB †`qv wkï‡`i Ici wZKi cÖfve †d‡j, KviY G‡Z K‡i wkïiv g‡b K‡i Zviv hv
K‡i‡Q wk‡Ki g‡Z Zv mwVK| Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq †h, wKQy wkK (15Rb wRwcGm Ges 12Rb
AviGbwRwcGm) fyjΓwU ïa‡i bv w`‡qB evwoi Kv‡Ri LvZvq mB K‡i‡Qb| †KejgvÎ 39%
wRwcGm Ges 35% AviGbwRwcGm wkK ms‡kvab K‡i w`‡q‡Qb wkï‡`i Ggb evwoi Kv‡Ri
LvZv †`Lv‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|
wRwcGm Ges AviGbwRwcGm Dfq ai‡bi ¯‹z‡ji wkK‡`i Aa©vsk e‡j‡Qb AwaKvsk wkv_©x
evwoi KvR mwVKfv‡e I m‡š—vlRbK Ae¯’vq mgvß Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| Ab¨iv wfbœgZ †cvlY
K‡i‡Qb| wkv_©xiv evwoi KvR m¤úbœ K‡i wb †Kb Ñ G cÖkœ wkK‡`i‡K Kiv n‡j Zviv †hÑmg¯—
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 33

KviY †`Lvb Zv n‡jv: evwoi Kv‡ivi KvQ †_‡K mnvqZv bv cvIqv, wkvi cÖwZ Qv·`i Abxnv Ges
M„n¯’vjx Ges DcvR©bg~jK Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ _vKvq evwo‡Z covi mgq bv cvIqv| AwaKvsk
(94%) AwffveK g‡b K‡ib wkKMY Zv‡`i mš—vb‡`i †h evwoi KvR †`b Zvi cwigvY GZ †ewk
bq †h Zv m¤úbœ Kiv hv‡e bv|
welqe¯‘i h_v_©Zv
fyj D”PviY AwaKvsk wk‡Ki †‡ÎB GKwU mvaviY cÖeYZv wnmv‡e †`Lv †M‡Q| 67% wRwcGm
Ges 72% AviGbwRwcGm wkK K¬v‡m fyj D”PviY K‡i cvV †`b| Gi g‡a¨ 26% wRwcGm Ges
33% AviGbwRwcGm wkK cÖvqkB Zv K‡i _v‡Kb| Ab¨iv Zv K‡i‡Qb gv‡S g‡a¨| †gvU 67 Rb
wRwcGm Ges 26 Rb AviGbwRwcGm wkK fyj D”PviY wKsev D”Pvi‡Y AvÂwjKZvi cÖ‡qvM
†KvbUvB K‡ib wb|
fyj K‡ib wb
33%
34 evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx
wPÎ 3: ¯‹zjwfwËK wkK‡`i fyj D”Pvi‡Yi e¨vwß
wRwcGm
cÖvqk fyj K‡i‡Qb
26%
gv‡S gv‡S fyj K‡i‡Qb
41%
fyj K‡ib wb
28%
AviGbwRwcGm
cÖvqk fyj K‡i‡Qb
33%
gv‡S gv‡S fyj K‡i‡Qb
39%
†gvU 48 Rb (23%) wRwcGm wkK K¬v‡m cvV`vbKv‡j fyj evbv‡b kã wj‡L‡Qb| 94% Gi 29
Rb A_©vr 31% AviGbwRwcGm wkK GgbwU K‡i‡Qb| G‡`i g‡a¨ 19 Rb cÖvqkB Zv K‡i‡Qb|
Aí wKQymsL¨K (7% wRwcGm Ges 6% AviGbwRwcGm) wkK cvV`vbKv‡j fyj Z_¨ w`‡q‡Qb ev
fyj welqe¯‘ cwo‡q‡Qb| wKQymsL¨K wkK (8% wRwcGm Ges 12% AviGbwRwcGm) cvV¨e¯‘i
fyj e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| D‡j­L‡hvM¨ÐmsL¨K wkK (25% wRwcGm Ges 22% AviGbwRwcGm)
cvV`vbKv‡j AcÖvmw½K D`vniY Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| cÖvq 11% wRwcGm Ges 15%
AviGbwRwcGm wkK mgm¨vi fyj mgvavb w`‡q‡Qb| wKQymsL¨K wkK (14% wRwcGm Ges
11% AviGbwRwcGm) AcÖvmw½K A_ev fyj wkv DcKiY Ges wPÎ e¨envi K‡i‡Qb|

e· 2: †kªYxK‡ fyj evbv‡bi bgybv
fyj evbvb ï× evbvb fyj evbvb ï× evbvb
weÁvY weÁvb mykg mylg
SD‡qi SvD‡qi †cÖv‡qvM cÖ‡qvM
Ïb¨ k~b¨ hyØ hy×
¯^vab ¯^vaxb evwjwk evwjk
y`vZ© zavZ© my`Kkv my`Klv
Wvwe wXwe mvavib mvaviY
wbYq wbY©q evZvk evZvm
ms¯‹viY ms¯‹iY me‡Q‡q me‡P‡q
†kYx †kªYx ei‡b¨ e‡iY¨
mwnlZv mwnòzZv Kj‡KŠkj Kjv‡KŠkj
Kvkx kkx RxeY Rxeb
wei“‡ä wei“‡× cqPwj­k cuqZvwj­k
e· 3 : †kªYx‡Z fyj Z_¨ I fyj aviYv Dc¯’v‡bi bgybv
fyj Z_¨ / fyj aviYv
†mŠiRMZ n‡”Q GKwU MÖn
w`evKi A_© w`‡bi †ejv
µqg~j¨ Ñ we‡µqg~j¨ = jvf
21351
4 Ñ � {2 Ñ � Ñ + (Ñ + 4 Ñ � 15)}
32596
14535251
= Ñ � { Ñ � Ñ +(Ñ + Ñ � Ñ ) � 15}
3259615
150.00
Ñ29.75
---------
30.25
K…wÎg DcMÖn 22 nvRvi gvBj Dc‡i w¯’i
_v‡K|
h_vh_ Z_¨ / aviYv
m~h© Ges Gi MÖn I DcMÖn w`‡q †h cwievi
Zv‡K †mŠiRMZ ejv nq|
w`evKi A_© m~h©|
µqg~j¨ Ñ weµqg~j¨ = wZ|
21351
4 Ñ � {2 Ñ � Ñ + (Ñ + 4 Ñ � 15)}
32596
14535251
= Ñ � { Ñ � Ñ +(Ñ + Ñ � Ñ )}
3259615
150.00
Ñ29.75
---------
120.25
c„w_ex †_‡K mv‡o 22 nvRvi gvBj DuPz‡Z
K…wÎg f~-DcMÖn 24 N›Uvq GKevi c„w_ex‡K
cÖ`wY K‡i|
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 35

36
fyj Z_¨ / fyj aviYv
365 w`‡b m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K GKevi Ny‡i
Avm‡K AvwýK MwZ e‡j|
m~‡h©i Pvicv‡k MÖn¸wj Nyi‡Q GB
AveZZ©b‡K wZwb 24 N›Uvq wbR A‡
GKevi AveZ©b e‡j e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|
wkK fMœvsk 1/2, 1/4 †K h_vµ‡g
c‡o‡Qb GK Gi `yB Ges GK Gi Pvi|
PÆMÖvg - Æ=U+i
VvÛv-Û=Y+W
g„Z-g„=g+i
I=Z+_
we`¨vjqmg~‡ni mvwe©K AR©b
h_vh_ Z_¨ / aviYv
m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K Avcb K c‡_ 365 w`‡b
c„w_exi GKevi Ny‡i Avmv‡K evwl©K MwZ
e‡j|
MÖn¸wj cÖ‡Z¨KwU wfbœ wfbœ mgq wb‡q wbR
A‡i Ici AveZ©‡bi cvkvcvwk m~‡h©i
Pvwiw`‡K AveZ©b K‡i|
1/2, 1/4 †K h_vµ‡g co‡Z n‡e `yB Gi
GK Ges Pvi Gi GK|
PÆMÖvg -Æ=U+U
VvÊv-Ê=Y+W
g„Z-g„=g+F
Ë=Z+Z
cÖwZwU ¯‹z‡ji mvwe©K AR©b wbY©‡qi wbwg‡Ë PviwU wel‡qi †U÷ †¯‹vi GKwÎZ K‡i GKwUgvÎ AR©b
†¯‹vi ‰Zwi Kiv nq| cÖwZwU ¯‹z‡ji AR©‡bi cwigvc Kiv n‡q‡Q D³ ¯‹z‡ji cÂg †kªYxi wkv_©x‡`i
Mo AR©b †_‡K|
wPÎ: 4 mvwe©K AR©‡bi web¨vm
we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v
150wU we`¨vjq
50
40
30
20
10
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
4 bs wP‡Î RvZxq bgybvq we`¨vjqmg~‡ni mvwe©K AR©‡bi web¨vm †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †gvU 150wU ¯‹z‡ji
Mo AR©b 33% Ges Av`k© weP~¨wZ 10%|
GB djvdj we‡k­l‡Yi †‡Î cvVK‡`i Aek¨B m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e| cÖ_gZ, GB djvd‡j
e¨eüZ Z_¨ †`‡ki ¯‹zjmg~‡ni GKwU bgybv ‡_‡K cÖvß, G Kvi‡Y djvd‡j bgybvMZ ΓwU _vK‡Z
cv‡i| wØZxqZ, QvÎiv G ai‡bi †U‡÷ AskMÖn‡Y Af¨¯— bq| ZvB Zviv nqZ Zv‡`i †miv K…wZZ¡
†`Lv‡Z cv‡i wb| wKš‘ wkv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©‡K¨i Zzjbvq ¯‹zj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ weivRgvb Av‡cwK
cv_©K¨ wbY©‡q GB †U÷¸‡jv ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx
Mo AR©b

welqwfwËK AR©b
5, 6,7 Ges 8 bs wP‡Î PviwU wel‡qi cÖwZwU‡Z ¯‹zjmg~‡ni AR©b Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| wKQy ¯‹zj Lye fvj
Ki‡jI, G‡KKwU wel‡q AwaKvsk ¯‹z‡ji Mo AR©b wbæ ch©v‡qi| evsjvq (wPÎ:5) Mo AR©b wQj
41% (Av`k© weP~¨wZ 15%)
wPÎ 5: we`¨vjq¸‡jvi evsjvq AR©b
150wU we`¨vjq
50
40
30
20
10
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v
we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v
we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v
Mo AR©b
wPÎ 6: we`¨vjq¸‡jvi MwY‡Z AR©b
150wU we`¨vjq
100
80
60
40
20
0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Mo AR©b
wPÎ 7: we`¨vjq¸‡jvi cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ‡Z AR©b
150wU we`¨vjq
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Mo AR©b
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 37

38
we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v
MwY‡Z (wPÎ: 6) Mo AR©b wQj 18% (Av`k© weP~¨wZ 9%)| Lye Kg msL¨K ¯‹z‡ji Mo AR©b 50%
Gi †ewk| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †‡Î Mo AR©b wQj 40% (Av`k© weP~¨wZ 13%); AwaKvsk ¯‹z‡ji
†¯‹vi Lvivc| hv‡nvK, cÖvq GK PZz_©vsk ¯‹z‡ji Mo 50% wKsev Zvi Ici| weÁv‡b (wPÎ: 8) Mo
AR©b wQj 33% (Av`k© weP~¨wZ 10%); Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg msL¨K ¯‹z‡ji †¯‹vi 50% -Gi †ewk
wQj|
weÁvb Ges MwY‡Zi Zzjbvq mvgvwRK weÁvb Ges evsjvq Mo kZKiv †¯‹vi †ewk wQj| Gi KviY
¯úó bq; wKš‘ aviYv Kiv hvq †h, (K) weÁvb Ges MwY‡Zi Zzjbvq mvgvwRK weÁvb Ges evsjvq
wkv`vb Ges †U÷ Dfq‡‡Î cvV¨cy¯—‡Ki mv‡_ †ewk wgj wQj| (L) evsjv n‡”Q gvZ…fvlv|
evsjvi †‡Î †U÷ÑGi mKj AvB‡Ug cvV¨cy¯—K ewnf~©Z wKš‘ fvlv `ZvwfwËK| AwaKš‘,
mvgvwRK weÁvb Ges evsjvq †U÷ÑGi AvB‡Ug wQj wkv_©x‡`i Z_¨wfwËK Ávb hvPvBg~jK
cixv, Aek¨ wKQy cÖkœ wkv_©x‡`i mgm¨vÑmgvav‡bi `Zv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| evsjv
Ges MwY‡Zi †‡Î †U÷ÑGi AvB‡Ugmg~n cvV¨cy¯—‡K ewY©Z Z_¨ Ges D`vni‡Yi mv‡_ ZZUv
m¤úwK©Z wQj bv| GB †U÷¸‡jv wkï‡`i KvQ †_‡K Rvb‡Z †P‡qwQj Zviv welqe¯‘wfwËK aviYv
AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i wK bv Ges Zviv Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi AwfÁZvi mv‡_ wgj i‡q‡Q Ggb wKQy mij
mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i wK bv| ZvQvov, †U÷ AvB‡U‡gi cÖK…wZ wkï‡`i †¯‹vi‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
_vK‡Z cv‡i| evsjv Ges MwY‡Z †gvU b¤^‡ii 50% wba©vwiZ wQj mswß DËig~jK cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ Avi
evwK 50% ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi Rb¨| mvgvwRK weÁvb Ges weÁv‡b †gvU b¤^‡ii 60% wba©vwiZ wQj
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ Avi evwK 40% iPbvg~jK mswßÑDËig~jK cÖ‡kœi Rb¨|
wkv`vb Ges wkLb cªwµqvi †‡Î m‡e©v”P Ges me©wbæ mvdj¨ AR©bKvix we`¨vjqmg~‡ni g‡a¨
Zzjbv
Kg Ges †ewk mvdj¨ AR©bKvix we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡K wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e : we`¨vj‡qi mvdj¨v‡¼i
Momg~n mvRv‡bv n‡qwQj Ae‡ivnx µgvbymv‡i| †hÑmg¯— we`¨vj‡qi Mo †¯‹vi ZvwjKvi Ic‡ii
GK Z…Zxqvs‡k wQj †mB we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡K D”P mvdj¨ AR©bKvix we`¨vjq wn‡m‡e aiv n‡q‡Q| Avi
†hÑmg¯— we`¨vj‡qi Mo †¯‹vi ZvwjKvi wb‡Pi GK Z…Zxqvs‡k wQj †mB we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡K wbæ
mvdj¨ AR©bKvix we`¨vjq wn‡m‡e aiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx
wPÎ 8: we`¨vjq¸‡jvi weÁv‡b AR©b
150wU we`¨vjq
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Mo AR©b

†Uwej 1 : †`‡k wkv`vb-wkLb cÖwµqvq Dcv`vbmg~‡ni m‡e©v”P Ges me©wbæ mvdj¨ AR©bKvix
we`¨vjqmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Zzjbv|
©
Dcv`vbmg~‡ni bgybv me©wbæ we`¨vjqmg~‡ni m‡e©v”P we`¨vjqmg~‡ni
Mo, msL¨v = 49 Mo, msL¨v = 51
†hÑmg¯— wkK †kªYxK‡K Av‡MB wVKVvK K‡i
†i‡L‡Qb Zv‡`i kZKiv nvi
†h mg¯— wkK `ª“Z wkv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y
50 64
K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i kZKiv nvi
wk‡Ki cÖviw¤¢K e³‡e¨ cvV¨e¯‘ wKfv‡e cov‡bv
n‡e Ges G‡Z wkv_©x‡`i f~wgKv Kx Zv wkv_©x‡`i
30 52
Kv‡Q ¯úó wQj †miKg cv‡Vi kZKiv nvi
GKwU cvV †Kb cov‡bv n‡e Ges Zv †Kb ¸i“Zc¡ Y~
10 19
wk‡Ki mP~ bv e³‡e¨ ¯úó wQj GiKg cv‡Vi kZKiv nvi
wkK‡`i f~wgKvi d‡j g‡b n‡”Q wkK GKwU cvV
10 30
cwiKíbv a‡i GwM‡q hv‡”Qb GiKg cv‡Vi kZKiv nvi
wkK wkv_©x‡`i‡K wewfbœ Av‡jvPbvq hy³ Kivi †Póv
20 45
K‡i‡Qb GiKg wkK‡`i kZKiv nvi
wkv_©x bv eyS‡j wkK h‡Zœi mv‡_ eywS‡q w`‡q‡Qb Ggb
40 74
cv‡Vi kZKiv nvi
wkv_©x‡`i‡K wkLb-Kg©Kv‡Ê mviv K¬vm mg‡q e¨¯— ivL‡Z
30 65
†c‡i‡Qb GiKg wk‡Ki kZKiv nvi
cvV`vbKv‡j wkv_©x‡`i wbR¯^ gZvgZ Rvb‡Z †P‡q‡Qb
30 59
†miKg wkK‡Ki kZKiv nvi
GKwU cÖkœ-cieZ©x cÖkœ K‡i wkv_©x‡`i‡K cÖ‡kœvˇii
evB‡i Av‡iv wKQy wb‡q fvev‡bvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb Ggb
20 27
wk‡Ki kZKiv nvi
cvV`vbKv‡j wkv_©x‡`i‡K wewfbœ welq eySv‡bvi
myweav‡_© Qwe Ges Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY e¨envi K‡i‡Qb
10 25
GiKg wk‡Ki kZKiv nvi 20 43
†UwejÑ1 Gi gva¨‡g †hÑmg¯— we`¨vjq mvdj¨v‡¼i ZvwjKvq me©wbæ Ges m‡e©v”P Ae¯’v‡b
i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
m‡e©v”P Mo mvdj¨v‡¼i we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z wkKMY Zuv‡`i K¬vmi“g Av‡Mfv‡MB wVKVvK K‡i ivLv,
`ª“Z wkv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv BZ¨vw` Kv‡R AwaKZi AvMÖnx Ges mwµq wQ‡jb| D³
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 39

40
we`¨vj‡qi wkKMY wVKg‡Zv cvV-cwiKíbv AbymiY K‡i‡Qb, Zuviv wQ‡jb AwaKZi †MvQv‡bv
Ges m‡e©vcwi Zuviv wkv_©x‡`i‡K wkv`vbÑwkLb cÖwµqvq hy³ K‡i‡Qb|
m‡e©v”P mvdj¨ AR©bKvix we`¨vj‡qi wkKMY wkv_©x wKQy bv eyS‡j Zv h‡Zœi mv‡_ eywS‡q w`‡q‡Qb
Ges Zuviv wkv_©x‡`i‡K wewfbœ Av‡jvPbvq hy³ K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv wkv_©x‡`i‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Qb
wbR¯^ gZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z| Zuviv †Póv K‡i‡Qb wkv_©xMY hv‡Z mvaviY DËi¸‡jvi evB‡i wKQy fve‡Z
cv‡i| cvV`vbKv‡j Zuviv Qwemn wewfbœ wkv-mnvqK DcKiY e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| wbæ mvdj¨
AR©bKvix we`¨vjq¸‡jvi K‡qKRb wkK †h Ggb wKQy K‡ib wb Zv bq, wKš‘ Zuv‡`i msL¨v LyeB
bMY¨|
Z_¨m~Î
1. PSPMP, Primary Education in Bangladesh: Findings of PSMP: 2000 Dhaka-2000.
2. PSPMP, Technical Manuals: Development of Instruments, Sampling Techniques, Data
Analysis, Dhaka 2001
3. PSPMP, User's Manual: Implementing the Primary School Performance Monitoring
Model, Dhaka-2001
4. The World Bank, 2000, Education Sector Review, Vol. I, II and III.
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

f~wgKv
gva¨wgK ¯—‡i cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµg
ev¯—evq‡bi mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv
†gv: †gv³vi †nv‡mb *
gynv¤§` Avwgi“j Bmjvg **
wkve¨e¯’v KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ cÖv_wgK wkvi cieZx© Ges D”PZi wkvi c~e©eZx© ¯—i nj gva¨wgK
wkv| wkve¨e¯’v‡K gvbe‡`‡ni mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡j cÖv_wgK wkv‡K c`hyMj, gva¨wgK wkv‡K
†gi“`Ê Ges D”P wkv‡K gw¯—®‹ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| me‡P‡q †ewk cÖPwjZ I D”PvwiZ K_vwU n‡”Q
ÒwkvB RvwZi †gi“`ÊÓ| cÖK…Zc‡ †gi“`ÊwU n‡”Q gva¨wgK wkv¯—i| A_©bxwZi
M‡elKMY e‡jb †h, cÖv_wgK wkvi e¨vcK we¯—vi bv n‡j Dbœq‡bi hvÎvB ïi“ nq bv| Avi Dbœqb
†UKmB ev w¯’wZkxj Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb gva¨wgK wkvi| A_v©r GKwU †`‡ki RvZxq Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
ga¨g ¯—‡ii ` Rbkw³‡K M‡o †Zvjvi Kv‡R AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i gva¨wgK wkv| myZivs †h-
†Kvb †`‡ki wkv e¨e¯’vq cÖv_wgK †_‡K D”Q wkv ch©š— GKvwaK ¯—i _vK‡jI gva¨wgK ¯—i
1
me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k cªv_wgK wkv †_‡K ïi“ K‡i, wkvi m‡e©v”P ¯—i ch©š— eû aviv we`¨gvb|
gva¨wgK ¯—‡i mvaviY wkv, gv`&&ivmv, Bswjk wgwWqvg, K¨v‡WU Ges KvwiMwi cÖf„wZ aviv we`¨gvb|
Gme wfbœ wfbœ avivi gva¨‡g GKB ¯^vaxb †`‡k wfbœ wfbœ gvbwmKZvi gvbyl ˆZwi n‡”Q| cvwK¯—vb
Avgj †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq ch©š— wewfbœ mg‡q wkvi `vwe‡Z msNwUZ wewfbœ MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡b
QvÎ, wkK, AwffveK Ges eyw×Rxexiv GKB avivi wkve¨e¯’vi `vwe Rvwb‡q G‡m‡Qb| †`‡ki
wkvbxwZi ms¯‹vi Ges Avg‚j cwieZ©‡bi j‡¨ †`‡k G hver A‡bK¸‡jv wkv Kwgkb MwVZ
n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Zvi †KvbwUiB gZvgZ I mycvwik cy‡ivcywifv‡e ev¯—evqb Kiv nq wb| me‡P‡q
we¯§qKi e¨vcvi nj Jcwb‡ewkK weªwUk kvmbvg‡j cÖewZ©Z †h wkv-e¨e¯’v Avgv‡`i †`‡k P‡j
Avm‡Q †miƒc wkv e¨e¯’v H †`‡k Pvjy †bB| myZivs eZ©gvb cwieZ©bkxj we‡k¦i mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q
Pjvi Rb¨ †`‡k GKwU weÁvbwfwËK I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wkvµg Pvjy GLb mg‡qi `vwe|
eZ©gvb miKvi gZvq G‡m †`‡ki wkv-e¨e¯’v ms¯‹v‡ii j‡¨ 2003 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mv‡eK DcvPvh© Aa¨vcK gwbi“¾vgvb wgTv‡K mfvcwZ K‡i RvZxq wkv Kwgkb
MVb K‡i| 2004 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m cÖKvwkZ GB KwgwUi cÖwZ‡e`‡b gva¨wgK ch©v‡q GKgyLx wkvi
2
cª¯—ve Kiv nq| wgTv Kwgk‡bi mycvwi‡ki Av‡jv‡K gva¨wgK wkvi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡¨
beg I `kg †kªYx‡Z 1996 mv‡ji wkvµg ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i GKwU hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wkvµg Ges
* cÖfvlK, wkv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
** GKv‡WwgK mycvifvBRvi, †mwmc (SESIP), wkv gš¿Yvj‡qi GKwU cÖKí, XvKv|
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 41

42
gvbm¤§Z cvV¨cy¯—K cÖYq‡bi j‡¨ miKv‡ii wkv gš¿Yvjq 2004 mv‡ji GÖwcÖj gv‡m RvZxq
wkvµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW© (GbwmwUwe)‡K `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| GbwmwUwe wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki Avw_©K
mnvqZvq †m‡KÛvwi GWy‡Kkb †m±i BgcÖ“f‡g›U cÖ‡R± (†mwmc) Gi AvIZvq KZ¸‡jv ms¯‹vi
Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i| Gme Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ wQj: (1) cixv ms¯‹vi Kg©m~wP, (2) cvV¨cy¯—K cÖKvkbv
†emiKvwiKiY (3) GKgyLx wkvµg Ges (4) ¯‹zjwfwËK g~j¨vqb (GmweG) c×wZ BZ¨vw`|
D³ ms¯‹vi Kg©m~wP¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g `y‡Uvi ev¯—evqb B‡Zvg‡a¨ ïi“ n‡jI cÖ¯—vweZ ÔGKgyLx
wkvµgÕ Pvjyi c~e© gyû~©‡Z G‡m cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖ¯‘wZi Afv‡e Ges cÖL¨vZ wkvwe`, mvsevw`K, QvÎ,
wkK I AwffveK‡`i e¨vcK mgv‡jvPbvi gy‡L miKvi gwš¿mfvi wm×vš—µ‡g AvMvgx GK eQ‡ii
Rb¨ GKgyLx wkvµg ¯’wMZ Kivi †NvlYv †`q| D‡j­L¨, wgTv Kwgk‡bi mycvwi‡ki Av‡jv‡K
GKgyLx wkvµg cÖeZ©‡bi K_v ejv n‡jI GLb †_‡K cÖvq 43 eQi c~‡e© 1963 mvj c~e© mg‡q
mv‡eK cvwK¯—vb Avg‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖ‡ewkKv cixvq GKgyLx wkvµg e¨e¯’v Pvjy wQj|
mviwY-1 G GKgyLx wkvµg mswk­ó ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbvewj avivevwnKfv‡e Zz‡j aiv nj|
mviwY-1: GKgyLx wkvµg mswk­ó ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbvcwÄ
mgqKvj NUbv
1962 me©‡kl cÖ‡ewkKv (GmGmwm mgZzj¨) cixv AbywôZ nq|
Rvbyqvwi 2003 miKvi RvZxq wkv Kwgkb 2003 MVb K‡i|
gvP© 2004 Kwgkb miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡eb †ck K‡i|
GwcÖj 2004 beg I `kg †kªYx‡Z cvV¨cy¯—K ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z
wkv gš¿Yvjq GbwmwUwe‡K `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i|
12 Ryb 2004 wkv gš¿Yvjq gva¨wgK ¯—‡i 2006 mvj †_‡K GKgyLx wkvµg
ev¯—evq‡bi wm×vš— MÖnY K‡i|
b‡f¤^i 2004 GbwmwUwe cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµg cÖ¯‘Z K‡i|
31 RyjvB 2005 wkv gš¿Yvjq weÁwß Rvwi K‡i †h - 2006 mvj †_‡K beg †kªYx‡Z GKgyLx
wkvµg ev¯—evwqZ n‡e Ges 2008 mv‡j GKgyLx wkvµ‡gi Aax‡b
GmGmwm cixv AbywôZ n‡e|
5 wW‡m¤^i 2005 miKvi GKgyLx wkvµ‡gi ev¯—evqb GK wkve‡l©i Rb¨ wcwQ‡q †`q|
GKgyLx wkvµ‡gi cÖ¯—vebv Ges Gi ¯’wMZ nIqvi ci Ghver G m¤ú‡K© cÖPzi Av‡jvPbvmgv‡jvPbv
I gZvgZ G‡m‡Q| mKj Av‡jvPbv-mgv‡jvPbvi g~‡j wQj-Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK
Ae¯’vi †cªvc‡U GKgyLx wkvµg cÖ‡hvR¨ I Ri“wi wKbv, GwU gva¨wgK wkvi j¨ I
D‡Ïk¨ c~iY K‡i ` gvbem¤ú` ˆZwi‡Z KZUv Dchy³ n‡e, GwU MÖvg I kn‡ii wkv_x©‡`i g‡a¨
ˆelg¨ m„wó Ki‡e wKbv, m‡e©vcwi cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµg ev¯—evq‡b m¤¢ve¨ mgm¨v I mgvav‡bi Dcvq
Kx, Giƒc bvbvb fvebv| Z‡e, †h welq¸‡jv Gme Av‡jvPbv‡Z cÖwZfvZ nq Zv nj - gv`&ivmv wkv
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

I KvwiMwi wkv aviv‡K ev` w`‡q LwÊZfv‡e ïay mvaviY wkvq GKgyLx wkv cªeZ©‡bi welqwU
Ges weÁvb wkvi Aeg~j¨vqb I wbægyLx Kiv Ges e¨emvq wkv eva¨Zvg~jK Kivi cÖ¯—ve| ag©
wkv‡K eva¨Zvg~jK welq Kivi cÖm½wUI Gme Av‡jvPbvq ¸i“Z¡ cvq| ZvQvov g~j¨vq‡bi †‡Î
GmweG c×wZ wb‡q bvbv mskq I D‡ØM wkv_©x-AwffveK‡`i g‡a¨ cÖwZwµqvi m„wó K‡i| GB
M‡elYvcÎwU cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµg m¤úwK©Z Gme fvebvi Reve w`‡q mswk­ó KZ©„c Z_v
RvwZ‡K GKwU w`Kwb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|
2.1 M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨
wb‡gœi D‡Ïk¨mg~n m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ M‡elYvKg©wU m¤úvw`Z nq|
� gva¨wgK ¯—‡i cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµg cÖeZ©‡bi cUf~wg Zz‡j aiv|
� cÖPwjZ I cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµ‡gi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ Dc¯’vcb Kiv|
� cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµ‡gi bZzb ˆewkó¨mg~n ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|
� †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK †cÖvc‡U cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµ‡gi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Kiv Ges
� cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµg ev¯—evq‡bi mgm¨v wbiƒcY Ges †m¸‡jv mgvav‡bi j‡¨ mycvwik
cÖYqb Kiv|
2.2 †hŠw³KZv
evsjv‡`‡k wkve¨e¯’v ms¯‹v‡ii j‡¨ 2003 mv‡j MwVZ RvZxq wkv Kwgkb gva¨wgK wkv
ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ beg-`kg †kªYx‡Z GKgyLx wkvi cª¯—ve K‡i e‡j miKvi Zv ev¯—evq‡bi wm×vš—
†bq| wKš‘ miKvi wewfbœ Kvi‡Y GwUi ev¯—evqb GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ ¯’wMZ K‡i| welqwU eZ©gv‡b
†`‡ki wkv‡‡Îi Av‡jvPbvq GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i‡Q| Gi c‡ wec‡ A‡bK gZvgZ
G‡m‡Q| GLv‡Z B‡Zvg‡a¨ miKvwi, †emiKvwi Ges we‡`wk Dbœqb ms¯’vi wecyj cwigvb A_© I kªg
e¨q n‡q‡Q Ges cvV¨cy¯—‡Ki cvÊywjwc cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb welqwUi e¨vcv‡i †`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK
Ae¯’v Ges mswk­ó Ab¨vb¨ mKj my‡hvM-myweavi †cÖw‡Z cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµ‡gi
h_v_©Zv hvPvB Kiv AZ¨vek¨K| welqwU bZzb nIqvq B‡Zvg‡a¨ G wel‡qi Ici †Kvb M‡elYv Kg©
m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q e‡j Rvbv hvq wb| d‡j Dchy³ wel‡qi Ici m¤úvw`Z Giƒc GKwU M‡elYvcÎ
Dfq wkvµ‡gi g‡a¨ h_v_©Zv hvPvB K‡i gva¨wgK wkvi Dbœq‡b I cwigvR©‡b h_vh_ KZ©„c‡i
mwVK wm×vš— MÖn‡Y ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|
2.3 M‡elYv c×wZ
g~jZ cÖvß I msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i Ici wfwË K‡i M‡elYvKg©wU m¤úv`b Kiv nq| G †‡Î cÎ-cwÎKvq
cÖKvwkZ wewfbœ cÖeÜ, mswk­ó mvwnZ¨, RvZxq wkv Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, RvZxq wkvµg I cvV¨m~wP,
mswk­ó I‡qe mvBU Ges cÖL¨vZ wkvwe` I wkvµg we‡klÁ‡`i cÖ`Ë gZvgZ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme welq †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨vw` m¤úv`bvi ci M‡elYvi D‡Ïkvewji wbwi‡L wm×v‡š—
DcYxZ n‡Z cÖPwjZ I cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµ‡gi welq I gvbeÈb, myweav-Amyweav, eZ©gvb wkvµ‡gi
mxgve×Zv, GKgyLx wkvµg cÖeZ©‡bi †hŠw³KZv; Z_v Dfq wkve¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ ZzjbvgyjK
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 43

44
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gici †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, we`¨vj‡qi Ae¯’v Ges wkK I
wkv_x©i †hvM¨Zv we‡ePbvq †i‡L Dfq wkvµ‡gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU ZzjbvgyjKfv‡e Dchy³ Zv
Av‡jvPbv-ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| Ges GKgyLx wkve¨e¯’v ev¯—evq‡bi mgm¨v
Zz‡j a‡i Gi mgvav‡b civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cwi‡k‡l cÖvß Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ GKwU mycvwikgvjv
cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i hy‡Mvc‡hvMx I AvaywbK wkvµg cÖYqb Kiv mswk­ó KZ©…c‡i
Rb¨ mnR I m¤¢e n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU z`ª cwim‡i m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q|
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wkvµg cÖYqb Ki‡Z Av‡iv e¨vcKwfwËK M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvRb|
2.4 M‡elYvi mxgve×Zv
mg‡qi ¯^íZvi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK Drm †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn bv K‡i ïaygvÎ mnvqK wØZxq Drm n‡Z Z_¨
msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q e‡j gvV ch©v‡q wkK, wkv_x©, AwffveK I †`‡ki D‡j­L‡hvM¨-msL¨K wewkó
wkvwe` I wkvµg we‡kl‡Ái gZvgZ I mycvwik Zz‡j aiv m¤¢e nq wb| cÖv_wgK Drm †_‡K Z_¨
msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡j we‡klZ we`¨vj‡qi Ges wkK I wkv_x©i cÖK…Z Ae¯’v hvPvB K‡i M‡elYv
Kg©wU m¤úvw`Z n‡j Av‡iv myPvi“fv‡e DwÏó wel‡q civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e nZ; G‡Z K‡i M‡elYv
Kg©wU Av‡iv wbf©i‡hvM¨ n‡q DVZ Ges gva¨wgK wkv‡‡Î Av‡iv bZzb Z_¨ I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c_
D˜NvwUZ n‡Z cviZ| GQvovI welqwU bZzb nIqvq G wel‡q B‡Zvc~‡e© m¤úvw`Z †Kvb M‡elYvKg©
ev DwÏó wel‡qi Ici wjwLZ †Kvb eB Gi DׄwZ Zz‡j aivI hvq wb| Gme mxgve×Zvi g‡a¨ cÖvß
Drm n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i M‡elYvKg©wU m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q|
3. djvdj we‡k­lY I ch©v‡jvPbv
M‡elYv cÎwU‡Z wKQz ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wel‡qi Ici djvdj we‡k­lY I ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv
nj: cÖPwjZ I cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµ‡gi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv, gva¨wgK ¯—‡i cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµ‡gi
mxgve×Zv Zz‡j aiv, cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµ‡gi myweav I mgm¨vmg~n ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK
†cÖvc‡U cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµ‡gi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Kiv| wb‡P ch©vqµ‡g G¸‡jv Dc¯’vcb
Kiv nj:
3.1 cÖPwjZ I cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµ‡gi g‡a¨ Zzjbv
cÖPwjZ wkvµ‡g wkv_x©‡`i cuvPwU Avewk¨K wel‡q 700 b¤^imn †gvU 1100 b¤^‡ii cvV¨ welq
co‡Z n‡”Q| cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµ‡gi gva¨‡g wkv_x©‡`i 7wU Avewk¨K wel‡q 1000 b¤^imn
†gvU 12kÕ b¤^‡ii cvV¨ welq co‡Z n‡e| Avewk¨K Kiv n‡q‡Q mvaviY weÁvb, mvgvwRK weÁvb I
e¨emvq wkv‡K| ag© wkv Av‡MI eva¨gvg~jK wQj, GLbI Zv AcwiewZ©Z i‡q‡Q| Z‡e ag©
wkv‡K Avewk¨K †i‡L Gi m‡½ fvlv wkv Aš—fy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| mviwY-2 G eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ
wkvµ‡gi mv‡_ cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµ‡gi welqmg~n Ges b¤^i eȇbi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ
Zz‡j aiv nj|
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

mviwY-2: eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ I cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµ‡gi welq wbe©vPb I b¤^i eÈb
wZbwU ˆbe¨©PwbK welq
3
eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ wkvµg
cuvPwU Avewk¨K welq
weÁvb
Kjv
evwYR¨
4
cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµg
µwgK
bs
welq mg~n b¤^i
µwgK
bs
welq mg~n b¤^i
1 evsjv 200 1
evsjv 200
2 Bs‡iwR 200 2
Bs‡iwR 200
3 MwYZ 100 3
MwYZ 100
4 ag© wkv
mvgvwRK weÁvb
100
4 mvaviY weÁvb 150
5
6
7
(weÁvb wefv‡Mi Rb¨)
/ mvaviY weÁvb
(Kjv I evwYR¨ wefv‡Mi Rb)
c`v_© we`¨v
imvqb we`¨v
Rxe we`¨v /
D”PZi MwYZ
f~‡Mvj
BwZnvm
A_©bxwZ/ †cŠibxwZ
100
100
+
100
+
100
5
6
7
mvgvwRK weÁvb
(BwZnvm, f~‡Mvj,
A_©bxwZ / †cŠibxwZ)
e¨vemvq wkv
ag© wkv
150
100
100
8
e¨emvq cwiwPwZ
GKvDw›Us
e¨emvq D‡`¨vM/
evwYwR¨K f~‡Mvj
8
ˆbe©¨PwbK welq
(Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wkv,
K…wl wkv,Mvn©¯’¨ A_©bxwZ)
100
GKwU AwZwi³ welq
GKwU AwZwi³ welq
9 (D”PZi MwYZ, Kw¤úDUvi wkv, K…wl wkv, 100 9 (D”PZi MwYZ, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, 100
Mvn©¯’¨ A_©bxwZ, †ewmK †UªW, wgDwRK, AvU© I
KvjPvi, kvwiixK wkv, cÖf„wZ)
†gvU 1100
†gvU
1200
G c×wZ ev¯—evwqZ n‡j beg I `kg †kªYx‡Z Avi †Kvb wefvM wefvRb (gvbweK, weÁvb I e¨emvq
wkv) _vK‡e bv| me wkv_x©‡K Awfbœ cvV¨cy¯—K Aa¨qb Ki‡Z n‡e| 100 b¤^i ÔAvewk¨K
ˆbe©¨PwbKÕ welq wn‡m‡e wkv_x©‡K 3wU wel‡qi ga¨ †_‡K GKwU welq †e‡Q wb‡ZB n‡e| Avi GKwU
ÔHw”QK wel‡qiÕ Rb¨ 100 b¤^i †e‡Q wb‡ZI cv‡i Avevi bvI wb‡Z cv‡i| mvaviY weÁvb wel‡q
150 b¤^‡ii g‡a¨ c`v_© I imvqb wb‡q †fŠZweÁv‡b 75 b¤^i Ges Dw¢`, cÖvYx, cwi‡ek weÁvb I
RbmsL¨v wkv wb‡q RxeweÁv‡b 75 b¤^i ivLv n‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q 150 b¤^‡ii g‡a¨
BwZnvm I f~‡Mvj wb‡q cÖ_gc‡Î 75 b¤^i, wØZxq c‡Î A_©bxwZ, †cxibxwZ I mgvR weÁvb wb‡q 75
5
b¤^i Ges e¨emvq wkvq 100 b¤^i Avewk¨K Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mvZwU Avewk¨K welq
evwYwR¨K f~‡Mvj, †ewmK †UªW, wgDwRK,
AvU© I KvjPvi, kvwiixK wkv, cÖf„wZ)
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 45

46
cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµ‡gi Aax‡b wkv_x©‡`i‡K KvVv‡gve× (÷ªvK&PvW©) cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|
G c×wZ‡Z GKwU wel‡qi Ici †ek wKQz cÖ‡kœi DËi PvIqv n‡e| GQvov GKgyLx wkvµ‡g c~‡e©i
wkvµ‡gi iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœ 50 b¤^‡ii ¯’‡j 60 b¤^‡ii KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| Avi eû-
ˆbe©¨PwbK (GgwmwKD) cÖ‡kœ c~‡e©i 50 b¤^‡ii ¯’‡j 40 b¤^i ivLvi cÖ¯—ve Kiv n‡q‡Q, GB 40
b¤^‡ii Rb¨ 40 wgwbU mgq cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| Z‡e mvaviY MwYZ, D”PZi MwYZ, Bs‡iwR `yB c‡Î
Ges evsjv wØZxq c‡Î GB KvVv‡gv cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv| cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµ‡g wkv_x©‡`i‡K bqwU
KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi g‡a¨ QqwUi DËi w`‡Z `yB NÈv `k wgwbU mgq cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| `kg †kªYxi ci
P~ovš— mvaviY cixvi cvkvcvwk we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb ev GmweG c×wZ‡Z we`¨vj‡qi †kªYx
wkK KZ…©K wkv_x©‡`i avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e wkK‡`i nv‡Z 30 kZvsk b¤^i
6
_vK‡e|
3.2 GKgyLx wkvµg cÖeZ©‡bi cÖvmw½KZv
eZ©gvb wkvµ‡g gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z A_©vr beg †kªYx‡Z c`vc©‡Yi ïi“‡ZB 13-14 eQi
eqmx GKRb wkv_x©‡K Rxe‡bi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wm×vš— A_©vr weÁvb, gvbweK I evwYR¨ GB
wZbwU kvLvi †h-†Kvb GKwU †e‡Q wb‡Z nq| wKš‘ GB eqmwU mwVK wm×vš— †bIqvi Rb¨ †gv‡UB
cwiYZ bq e‡j GKgyLx wkvµg cÖeZ‡©bi hyw³ wn‡m‡e D‡j­L Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbqgvbyhvqx, †kªYxi
cvV`vb ïi“ nIqvi ci GK †_‡K `yB gvm ci weÁvb I evwYR¨ wefv‡M fwZ©PQyK wkv_x©‡`i Rb¨
GKwU cixvi gva¨‡g kvLv wbe©vPb Kiv| wKš‘ †ewkifvM †‡ÎB wkv_x©iv wkK A_ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv
Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q wefvM wbe©vPb K‡i _v‡K| d‡j AwaKvsk †‡ÎB Zviv A‡b¨i Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q
fyj wm×vš—wU wb‡q _v‡K| A_P GKgyLx wkvµ‡g beg-`kg †kªYx‡Z †h wkvµg mwbœ‡ek Kiv
n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z c~e©eZx© mKj MÖ“‡ci cvV¨m~wPi mgv‡ek NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j AcÖvß eq‡m
wkv_x©‡`i wefvM wbY©‡q fyj wm×vš— MÖnY †_‡K weiZ †_‡K gva¨wgK ¯—‡i AwR©Z djvd‡ji
wfwˇZ D”P gva¨wgK ¯—‡i ey‡S-ï‡b wefvM wbY©‡qi myweav cv‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|
GmwmwUwe cÖKvwkZ cyw¯—Kvq GKgyLx wkvµg cÖeZ©b cÖm‡½ †h-me †hŠw³KZv Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q
Zv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q - eZ©gvb wkvµ‡gi AvIZvq iwPZ cvV¨m~wPi welq¸‡jv A‡bKUv gyL¯’-wbf©i|
GwU wkv_x©‡`i m„Rbkxj Ges wbR¯^ wPš—v-‡PZbv kw³i weKvk NUvq Lye mvgvb¨B| d‡j cÖwZeQi
MZvbyMwZK avivq cÖvq GKB iK‡gi cÖkœ _vKvq wkv_x©iv ey‡S-bv ey‡S A‡bKUv DËi gyL¯’ K‡i
cixvi LvZvq wj‡L w`‡q Avm‡Z cvi‡jB mvdj¨ †eva K‡i| Avevi A‡b‡KB cvV¨cy¯—‡Ki
cwie‡Z© MvBW eB wKsev bKj wbf©i n‡q c‡o| AwZ m¤cÖwZ bKjgy³ cixv Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g
†`‡ki wkve¨e¯’vq †h cwieZ©‡bi nvIqv †j‡M‡Q Zvi mvdj¨ a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ GKgyLx wkv e¨e¯’v
Pvjyi cwiKíbv Kiv nq e‡j D‡j­L Kiv n‡q‡Q| myZivs cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµ‡g iPbvg~jK
cÖ‡kœi cwie‡Z© KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi DËi †LuvRv wkv_x©‡`i m„Rbkxj wPš—v-‡PZbvi D¢e NUv‡bvi
cvkvcvwk RvwZ‡K bK‡ji Awfkvc †_‡K gy³ Ki‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv nq| eZ©gvb wkvµ‡gi
AvIZvq `kg †kªYx †k‡l GKwU gvÎ P~ovš— cixvi gva¨‡g wkv_x©‡`i wkLbdj I †gav hvPvB Kiv
nq| d‡j wkv_x©‡`i e¨w³‡Z¡i gvbweK I mvgvwRK AvPiY¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv m¤¢e nq
bv| mvwe©Kfv‡e Zv‡`i Kvw•Z AvPiY¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv nq bv e‡j GB cwieZ©b¸‡jv
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

7
¯’vqx nq bv| cixv bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y wkv_x©iv eQ‡ii A‡bK mgqB covi cÖwZ Agb‡hvMx _v‡K|
GgbwK wkv_x©‡`i A‡b‡KB mviv eQi †kªYx‡Z Dcw¯’Z nq bv| wKš‘ cixvi Av‡M evRvi †_‡K
†Kbv MvBW wKsev cÖvB‡fU wk‡Ki †`qv n¨vʇbvU c‡o cixv w`‡q cvk K‡i, A‡b‡K fvj †MÖWI
AR©b K‡i| Avevi A‡bK AwfeveK‡K cixvi mgq Qvov eQ‡ii Ab¨vb¨ mgq¸‡jv‡Z †Q‡j-
‡g‡q‡K we`¨vj‡qi cwie‡Z© Kv‡R cvVv‡bvi cÖeYZv Ges Ae‡njv Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| d‡j wkv_x©iv
mviv eQi mhZœ I cwiPh©v n‡Z ewÂZ nq| Avevi `yB eQi ci GKmv‡_ GMviwU wel‡qi P~ovš—
cixv w`‡Z wM‡q wkv_x©iv AZ¨waK kvixwiK I gvbwmK Pv‡ci m¤§yLxb nq| cixv PjvKvjxb
mg‡q cwVZ me¸‡jv welq wiwfkb w`‡q AvZ¥¯— Kiv Zv‡`i Rb¨ KwVb n‡q c‡o| GgbwK A‡bK
cvV Zviv †`LviI mgq cvq bv| GKm‡½ mvwe©K g~j¨vqb Kiv nq e‡j †kLvi cÖwZ Zv‡`i `xN© †gqv`x
cÖ‡Póv _v‡K bv; eis cixvi c~‡e© cvV Mjva:Ki‡Y m‡Pó n‡q I‡V| d‡j cixvq fvj djvdj
Avm‡jI A‡bK mgq Kvw•Z wkLbdj AwR©Z nq bv|
eZ©gvb wkvµ‡g wefvM wefvR‡bi (weÁvb, evwYR¨ I gvbweK) Kvi‡Y wkv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ GK
ai‡bi ˆelg¨ m„wó n‡”Q hv mvgv‡Ri myôz weKv‡k mnvqK n‡”Q bv| GB wÎwea kvLvi wm‡jev‡mi g‡a¨
GZUv cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q †h, wZbwU kvLvq †jLvcov Kivi Kvi‡Y weÁvb wefv‡Mi wkv_x©iv †`kwe‡`‡ki
BwZnvm, HwZn¨, K…wl, wkí I ms¯‹…wZ, e¨emvq bxwZ, †fŠ‡MvwjK I mvgvwRK welq m¤ú‡K©
Rv‡b bv, Avevi gvbweK I evwYR¨ wefv‡Mi wkv_x©iv weÁvb welq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j
Zv‡`i gv‡S m„wó nq ˆelg¨ Ges M‡o I‡V wfbœgyLx `„wófw½| cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµg †mwU †iva K‡i
mKj wkv_x©i gv‡S Awfbœ `„wófw½i wbðqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY kyay weÁvb, gvbweK wKsev
evwYR¨ wefvM co‡j wkv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ LwÊZ Ávb M‡o I‡V| cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµ‡g welqe¯‘¸‡jvi
wkLbdj Ggbfv‡e mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q †hb wkv_x©iv e¨w³K, mvgvwRK, wPš—b, we‡k­lY,
†hvMv‡hvM, mn‡hvwMZvg~jK GB QqwU `Zvm¤úbœ GKRb cwic~Y© I ` bvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o
DV‡Z cv‡i| d‡j mnbkxjZv, cvi®úwiK mn‡hvwMZv, åvZ…Z¡‡eva, RvwZ, †MvÎ I wj½‡f‡`
ˆelg¨nxb ` gvbem¤ú` M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ GKgyLx wkvµg mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i e‡j D‡j­L Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
cÖPwjZ wkvµ‡gi wbqgvbyhvqx gva¨wgK cixvq weÁvb wefvM †_‡K cvm Kiv wkv_x©iv D”P
gva¨wgK †kªYx‡Z kvLv cwieZ©b K‡i gvbweK wKsev evwYR¨ kvLvq fwZ© n‡Z cvi‡jI Ab¨ kvLvi
wkv_x©iv weÁvb kvLvq fwZ© n‡Z cv‡i bv; hw`I gvbweK kvLvi wkv_x©iv mxwgZ nv‡i evwYR¨ kvLvq
fwZ©i my‡hvM cvq| D”PZi, KvwiMwi Ges we‡klvwqZ wkv cÖwZôvb, †hgb: †gwWK¨vj, BwÄwbqvwis,
wek¦we`¨vjq, cwj‡UKwbK, †j`vi †UK‡bvjwR cÖf„wZ †‡Î GB ˆelg¨ AwZ cÖKU| gva¨wgK
†kªªYx‡Z gvbweK I evwYR¨ kvLvi GKRb wkv_x© hZ fvj djB Ki“K bv †Kb †m KL‡bv Wv³vi,
BwÄwbqvi, Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx ev dvg©vwm÷ n‡Z cvi‡e bv| d‡j A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq, B”Qvq-
Awb”Qvq ev eva¨ n‡q †Kvb QvÎ hLb gva¨wgK †kªYx‡Z gvbweK ev evwYR¨ kvLvq fwZ© nq ZLb Zvi
Rb¨ cieZx© Rxe‡b weÁvb mswk­ó †h †Kvb †ÎB wbwl× n‡q hvq| wKš‘ weÁvb kvLvi GKRb
wkv_x© wkvRxe‡bi †h-†Kvb ch©v‡q †h-†Kvb kvLv I wel‡q cov‡jLv Kivi my‡hvM cvq| Avevi
Gi wecixZ wPÎI †`Lv hvq| Kv‡iv Kv‡iv cÖ‡ivPbvq A‡bK ga¨g gv‡bi wkv_x© gva¨wgK †kªYx‡Z
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 47

weÁvb kvLvq fwZ© n‡q D”P gva¨wgK †kªYx †cwi‡q D”P wkvi ØvicÖv‡š— †cuŠQvi my‡hvM ch©š— cvq
bv| wKš‘ we‡`wk K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z Giƒc mxgve×Zv bv _vKvq †`‡k eo iK‡gi †gav
cvPv‡ii NUbv N‡U| Gme mgm¨v we‡ePbvq G‡b cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµ‡g gva¨wgK †kªYx‡Z
Avjv`v kvLv bv †i‡L mevi Rb¨ GKwU Kgb kvLvi cÖ¯—ve Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i wkv_x©iv D”P
gva¨wgK †kªYx‡Z fwZ©i mgq Zvi c~e©eZx© djvdj I j¨ Abyhvqx kvLv wbe©vP‡bi my‡hvM cv‡e|
Avevi gvbweK I evwYR¨ kvLvi mvaviY welqvw` †hgb: †`‡ki BwZnvm, HwZn¨, wkv, ms¯‹…wZ
cÖf„wZ cvV¨cy¯—K wfbœ wfbœ mnvqK cy¯—K, Mí, Dcb¨vm, cÎ-cwÎKv, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb cÖf…wZ
gva¨g n‡Z Rvbv hvq| wKš‘ weÁvb I evwYR¨ kvLvi †gŠwjK welqvw` †hgb: cigvYyi MVb, cÖ‡Uvb I
wbDU‡bi mg¤^‡q MwVZ wbDwK¬qv‡mi PZzw`©‡K B‡j±ª‡bi cwiågY, c`v‡_©i `„pZv I f½yiZv,
gveb‡`‡ni MVb I Kvh©µg cªf„wZ welq Mí, Dcb¨vm, cÎ-cwÎKv, †iwWI †Uwjwfkb cÖf„wZ gva¨g
n‡Z Rvbv hvq bv| d‡j weÁvb kvLvi wkv_x©‡`i Zzjbvq fwZ©, PvKzwi, c‡`vbœwZmn wewfbœ
cÖ‡Z‡hvwMZvg~jK cixvq gvbweK I evwYR¨ kvLvi wkv_x©iv D‡j­L‡hvM¨ nv‡i wcwQ‡q c‡o| GB
K_vwU me‡P‡q †ewk cÖ‡hvR¨ Zv‡`i †‡Î †hme wkv_x© Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi
†cÖw‡Z GmGmwm cixvi ci K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ nq| KviY, wkvi gva¨wgK ¯—i ch©š— Aš—Z
Rxe‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †gŠwjK wel‡q Ávb bv _vK‡j GB ch©vq n‡Z K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ n‡q Zviv
†hgwbfv‡e wbR‡`i‡K ` Kgx© wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i bv †Zgwbfv‡e wfbœ †hvM¨Zvi Kvi‡Y
ˆel‡g¨iI wkKvi nq| RbmsL¨vi wekvj GB As‡ki K_v we‡ePbvq G‡b †`‡ki mKj wkv_x©‡K
fwZ©, PvKzwi, c‡`vbœwZmn Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †‡Î mgnv‡i my‡hvM-myweavi mylg eȇbi j‡¨ GKgyLx
wkvµg cÖ¯—vebv Kiv nq|
3.3 cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµg: we‡eP¨ w`Kmg~n
cÖPwjZ wkvµ‡g D”P wkv¯—‡i cÖ‡e‡ki Av‡M weÁvb, evwYR¨ I gvbweK Giƒc wfbœ wfbœ
wefvMwfwËK wefvR‡bi d‡j wkv_x©‡`i Ávb AR©‡b †h ai‡bi ˆecixZ¨ m„wó n‡”Q e‡j A‡b‡Ki
aviYv, cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµ‡gi gva¨‡g Zv A‡bKvs‡k †iva Kiv m¤¢e n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|
KviY GKgyLx wkvµ‡g gva¨wgK †kªYx‡Z wfbœ wfbœ kvLv _vK‡e bv, me kvLvi mswgkª‡Y GKwUgvÎ
kvLvq mevB‡K GKB welqmg~n Aa¨qb Ki‡Z n‡e d‡j, Zviv †`k, wek¦ BwZnvm, HwZn¨, K…wó,
ms¯‹…wZ, †fŠ‡MvwjK, mvgvwRK, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, BwZnvm, f~‡Mvj, evwYR¨, MwYZ cÖf„wZ
wel‡q †gŠwjK Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z mg n‡e| fwZ©, PvKzwi, BZ¨vw` wewfbœ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixvq
mgvb my‡hvM jv‡f mg n‡e| Avkv Kiv hvq G‡Z Zviv cieZx© mg‡q mevi Rb¨ wbR wbR ag© wkv
eva¨Zvg~jK Kivi d‡j ag©, eY© wbwe©‡kl mevi g‡a¨ ag©xq g~j¨‡eva, ˆbwZKZv, †`k‡cÖg Ges
†mevg~jK g‡bvfve e„w× cv‡e|
cÖPwjZ wkvµ‡gi wbqgvbyhvqx gva¨wgK cixvq weÁvb wefvM †_‡K cvm Kiv wkv_x©iv D”P
gva¨wgK †kªYx‡Z kvLv cwieZ©b K‡i gvbweK wKsev evwYR¨ kvLvq fwZ©i Rb¨ we‡ewPZ n‡jI
gvbweK I evwYR¨ kvLvi wkv_x©iv weÁvb kvLvq fwZ©i Rb¨ A‡hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ nq; hw`I
gvbweK kvLvi wkv_x©iv mxwgZ nv‡i evwYR¨ kvLvq fwZ©i my‡hvM cvq| D”PZi, KvwiMwi Ges
we‡klvwqZ wkv cÖwZôvb †hgb- †gwWK¨vj, BwÄwbqvwis, wek¦we`¨vjq, cwj‡UKwbK, †j`vi
48
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

†UK‡bvjwR cÖf„wZ †‡Î GB ˆelg¨ AwZ cÖKU| gva¨wgK †kªªYx‡Z gvbweK I evwYR¨ kvLvi GKRb
wkv_x© hZ fvj djB Ki“K bv †Kb †m KL‡bv Wv³vi, BwÄwbqvi, Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx ev dvg©vwm÷
n‡Z cvi‡e bv| wKš‘ weÁvb kvLvi GKRb wkv_x© wkv Rxe‡bi †h-†Kvb ch©v‡q †h †Kvb kvLv I
wel‡q cov‡jLv Kivi my‡hvM cvq| Avevi Gi wecixZ wPÎI †`Lv hvq| AwffveK, wkK ev
eÜz‡`i cÖfv‡e A‡bK ga¨g gv‡bi wkv_x© gva¨wgK †kªYx‡Z weÁvb kvLvq fwZ© n‡q Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi
me‡P‡q eo fyjwU K‡i _v‡K| G‡`i A‡b‡KB D”P gva¨wgK †kªYx †cwi‡q D”P wkvi ØvicÖv‡š—
†cuŠQvi my‡hvM ch©š— cvq bv| cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµ‡g gva¨wgK †kªYxi ci D”P gva¨wgK
†kªYx‡Z fwZ©i mgq Zvi c~e©eZx© djvdj I j¨ Abyhvqx kvLv wbe©vP‡bi my‡hvM cv‡e, d‡j Gme
mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL Zviv n‡e bv|
cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµ‡gi AvIZvq iwPZ cvV¨cy¯—‡Ki cvÛywjwc‡Z cÖwZwU cvV †`o †_‡K
m‡e©v”P `yB c„ôvi g‡a¨ wefvwRZ _vKvq †kªYx wkK‡`i †hgb cvV`v‡b myweav n‡e; Aciw`‡K cvV
duvwK †`Iqvi †Zgb †Kvb my‡hvM _vK‡e bv| wkv_x©ivI cvV Abyhvqx cÖwZw`‡bi cov cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z
mg n‡e| GQvovI cÖvweZ wkvµ‡g KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e e‡j wkv_x©iv bK‡ji
my‡hvM cv‡e bv| KviY GiKg cÖ‡kœi DËi mivmwi eB‡Z cvIqv hv‡e bv, eis eB cov _vK‡jB †Kej
8
cÖkœ ey‡S DËi †`qv hv‡e| Gfv‡e wkv_x©i g‡bv‡ckxR `Zv e„w× cv‡e| d‡j Zviv wkLbdj
Kg©‡‡Î cª‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
¯‹zjwfwËK g~j¨vqb (GmweG) cÖwµqvq wkvµ‡g ewY©Z D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wkK KZ©„K
wkv_x©‡`i avivevwnK g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| GwU mviv wkv-eQ‡i wkv`vb Kg©m~wPi Ask wnmv‡e
wkv_x©i welqwfwËK MVbg~jK I P‚ovš— hvPvB‡qi e¨e¯’v| G‡Z eQ‡i †Kej GKevi ev `yÕevi
wjwLZ cixvi cwie‡Z© wkK mgMÖ eQie¨vcx wkv_x©i gbbkxj, Av‡ewMK I g‡bv‡cwkR `Zvi
mvwe©K g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cÖqvm cvb| avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi d‡j, eQiv‡š— ¯‹z‡j M„nxZ evwl©K dvBbvj
ev `kg †kªYxi †k‡l †evW© KZ©„K †K›`ªxqfv‡e M„nxZ P~ovš— cixvi A‡bK Av‡MB wkK Zuvi QvÎ-
QvÎx‡`i `~e©jZv¸‡jv †hgb wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb †Zgwb wkv_x©ivI Zv‡`i NvUwZ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K©
9
m‡PZb n‡Z cvi‡e| d‡j gva¨wgK ¯—‡i wkv_©x‡`i cv‡mi nvi A‡bKvs‡k e„w× cv‡e|
XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDUmn †`k-we‡`‡ki A‡bK K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vj‡q
GmweG c×wZ Pvjy Av‡Q| gva¨wgK †kªYx‡ZI GwU m¤ú~©Y bZyb †Kvb welq bq| eZ©gvb wkvµ‡gB
weÁvb I KvwiMwi welqmg~‡ni Rb¨ e¨envwiK cixvq 25 kZvsk b¤^i wkK‡`i nv‡Z eivÏ
Av‡Q| hw`I †Kvb †Kvb we`¨vj‡q ev we‡kl †Kvb wkv_x©‡K Zvi †hvM¨Zvi †P‡q †ewk b¤^i †`Iqvi
Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q| ZvB e‡j e¨envwiK cixv eÜ K‡i †`Iqv wKsev e¨envwiK cixvq ¯’vbxq
wkK‡`i Øviv b¤^i cÖ`vb eÜ Kivi `vwe I‡Vwb KL‡bv| `jxq Pvc bv _vK‡j we`¨vj‡qi mvaviY
GKRb wkK‡`i ØvivI cÖvq mwVK wbq‡g gvbeÈb Kiv m¤¢e| Avi wkv_x©‡`i beg-`kg †kªYx‡Z
Aa¨q‡bi mgq we`¨vj‡qi wbR¯^ D‡`¨v‡M cwiPvwjZ cixvi djvd‡j Lye GKUv Awbqg ev AvcwË
nIqvi K_v bq| KviY †h-†Kvb cixvq cÖvß b¤^‡ii wfwˇZ K¬v‡m 1g, 2q, 3q nIqvi AvKv•v,
†MŠei Ges m‡PZbZv QvÎ-AwffveK mevi g‡a¨B Av‡Q| myZivs G‡‡Î eo †Kvb Awbqg nIqvi
Avk•v cwijwZ n‡”Q bv| wKš‘ GB c×wZi fv‡jv w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© AwffveK I QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 49

cwi®‹vi aviYv bv †`Iqvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ `ywðš—vi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
3.4 cÖ¯—vweZ GKg~Lx wkvµ‡gi mxgve×Zv I ev¯—evq‡bi mgm¨v
cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµ‡g ev¯—evq‡bi cÖavb mgm¨v nj evsjv‡`‡ki wkv-e¨e¯’vi eZ©gvb
†cÖvc‡U we`¨vjq¸‡jv AeKvVv‡gvMZ Ges welqwfwËK AwfÁ I cªwkwZ †kªYx wk‡Ki Afve|
10
cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq, †`‡ki †gvU 16166wU gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi ¯‹z‡ji g‡a¨ GLbI 7600 ¯‹z‡j
evwYR¨ wefvM †bB, 1500 ¯‹z‡j weÁvb wefvM †bB| wKš‘ GKgyLx wkvµg Pvjy n‡j GKwU we`¨vj‡q
GKB m‡½ weÁvb, gvbweK I evwY‡R¨i wk‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| A_P †`‡k AwaKvsk we`¨vj‡q
GKBm‡½ me wel‡qi wkK †bB| †h we`¨vj‡q weÁvb †bB GLb Zv‡`i‡KI weÁvb cov‡Z n‡e|
Avevi A‡bK we`¨vj‡q Bs‡iwR, weÁvb, MwYZ I evwYR¨ wefv‡Mi wkK _vK‡jI GKgyLx wkvµg
m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i †bB †Kvb cÖwkY Ges b~¨bZg aviYv| myZivs GZme NvUwZi g‡a¨ GKgyLx
wkvµg Pvjy Ki‡j Zv A‡bK †‡Î mgm¨vi m„wó Ki‡e e‡j mg~n m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| mviv‡`‡k
weÁvb wkvi AeKvVv‡gvMZ `~e©jZv ejvB evn~j¨| j j `wi`ª wkv_x© B”Qv _vKv m‡Z¡I weÁvb
MÖ“‡c co‡Z cv‡i bv †mªd my‡hv‡Mi Afv‡e| GQvov cªvB‡fU cov Ges Ab¨vb¨ Avbylw½K LiP
wbe©vn Ki‡Z Zviv Ag| G Amyweav¸‡jv `~i Kivi †Kvb c`‡c bv wb‡q mevi Rb¨ weÁvb wkv
11
Pvjyi dj fqven n‡Z cv‡i| KviY `ze©j I `wi`ª wkv_x©iv fv‡e cªvB‡fU cov Qvov weÁv‡b fvj
Kiv m¤¢e bq; GB aviYvq Zviv weÁvb †_‡K `~‡i _vK‡e| d‡j wkvq Wªc-AvDU Ges cvewjK
cixvq †d‡ji nvi evo‡Z cv‡i|
eZ©gvb e¨e¯’vq Aóg †kªYxi ci weÁvb kvLvi beg Øv`k †kªYx ch©š— Pvi eQi weÁvb c‡o Zvici
GKRb wkv_x© †gwW‡Kj, BwÄwbqvwis, dv‡g©wm ev gvB‡µvev‡qvjwR ev GwMªKvjPv‡i hv‡”Q| Pvi
eQi weÁvb †¯úkvwj covi ci ILv‡b wM‡q Zviv av°v Lv‡”Q| †gwW‡K‡j fwZ©i ci QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i
gv_v cvM‡ji g‡Zv n‡q hvq| Pvi eQi cov‡bvi ci †hLv‡b h‡_ó n‡”Q bv, †mLv‡b `y eQi weÁvb
12
cov‡j †Zv wek¦we`¨vj‡q wM‡q wKQyB cvi‡e bv|
cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµ‡g cÖ‡Z¨K wkv_x©‡K evsjv, Bs‡iwR, weÁvb, MwYZ, mgvR, f~‡Mvj, ag©,
e¨emvq wkvmn GKmv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv welq Aa¨qb Ki‡Z n‡e| d‡j A‡cvK„Z `ye©j I Mwie
wkv_x©iv gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii c~‡e©B wkv cÖwZôvb †_‡K S‡i co‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i, MÖvg GjvKvi
wkv cÖwZôvbmg~‡n †hLv‡b AwfÁ Ges cÖwkYcÖvß wk‡Ki cÖKU msKU i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b c`v_©,
imvqb, RxeweÁvb, e¨emvq wkv, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wkv`vb `yiƒn n‡Z cv‡i e‡j Avk¼v
i‡q‡Q| Gme GjvKvi wkv_x©iv bv cv‡e †Kvb fvj wkK, bv cv‡e M„n wk‡Ki myweav wKsev
j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z weÁv‡bi †gŠwjK welqmg~‡ni cixY myweav| d‡j kû‡i wkv_x©‡`i Zzjbvq MÖvg¨
wkv_x©iv cieZx© mg‡q D”P wkv cÖwZôv‡b fwZ© Ges PvKzwi cÖvwßi †‡Î A‡bKvs‡k wcwQ‡q co‡Z
13
cv‡i| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z Ávb-weÁv‡bi w`K †_‡K eZ©gvb hyM †¯úkvjvBR‡Wi (we‡klvwqZ) hyM|
GKg~Lx wkvq A‡bK welq GKm‡½ cov‡bvi Kvi‡Y †`‡ki wkve¨e¯’v we‡klvwqZ bv n‡q
mijxK…Z n‡Z cv‡i e‡j A‡b‡Ki wek¦vm|
cÖ¯—vweZ GKgyLx wkvµ‡g ag© wkv c~‡e©i gZB Avewk¨K ivLv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ m‡½ hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q
50 evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

Aviwe, ms¯‹…Z, cvwj I cªvK…Z fvlv †kLvi evowZ †evSv| A‡b‡Ki Awf‡hvM wkv_x©‡`i Ici
A‡hŠw³Kfv‡e fvlv-wkv Pvwc‡q †`Iqv n‡”Q| KviY ag©-wkv Avi fvlv-wkv GK bq| bZzb
fvlv †kLv GKUv wkv ¯—‡iB †hLv‡b m¤¢e bq †mLv‡b mßv‡n gvÎ wZbwU wcwiqW c‡o wKfv‡e bZzb
14
GKwU fvlv wkL‡e Zv wb‡q m‡›`n †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| Dciš‘ cÖvq me we`¨vj‡qB Bmjvg Qvov Ab¨
a‡g©i †Kvb wkK †bB| me fvlvi wkK wb‡qvM †`qv m¤¢eI bq| Zvn‡j wewfbœ a‡g©i fvlvwkvi
gZ KwVb welq GKRb mvaviY wkK Kxfv‡e me fvlv †kLv‡eb| Avevi wLª÷vb ev ˆRb
a‡g©i wkv_x©iv †Kvb& fvlv wkL‡e ZvI bZzb wkvµ‡g ejv nq wb| myZivs Ggb gb¯—vwZ¡K RwUj
wel‡qi myivnv cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµ‡g ejv nq wb|
bZzb wkvµ‡gi cÖ¯—ve Kivq A‡bK wkK fve‡Qb bZzb GB ms¯‹vi Kg©m~wPi Rb¨ Zv‡`i
A‡b‡KB PvKywi nviv‡eb| KviY, †Kvb we`¨vj‡q nqZ e¨emvq wkv wel‡qi wkK †ewk, †mLv‡b
gvbweK wel‡qi wkK wb‡qvM Kiv n‡e Ges Zviv A‡b‡KB evwZj n‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib e‡j Avk¼v
Ki‡Qb| †h we`¨vj‡q weÁvb wKsev gvbweK wel‡qi wkK †ewk wQj GKB fq Zuv‡`iI| bZzb wkv
e¨e¯’v Pvjyi Kvi‡Y wkv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ fxwZi mÂvi n‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv wkv_x©i B”Qv bv _vK‡jI Zv‡K
15
1200 b¤^‡ii 18wU welq co‡Z n‡e| mvaviYfv‡e Zviv fve‡Q, Av‡Mi †P‡q wm‡jevm eo n‡e,
A‡bK welq co‡Z n‡e, cov‡kvbv KwVb n‡q hv‡e| hvi Kvi‡Y bZzb wkvµg Pvjy Kivi c~‡e©B
16
wkK, wkv_x© I AwffveK‡`i g‡a¨ Giƒc aviYvi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
GmweG c×wZ‡Z we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi d‡j †`‡k cÖvB‡fU/†KvwPs KvjPvi †e‡o hvIqvi
m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e wkvi evwYwR¨KxKiY n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb wkK
cÖwZôvb‡f‡` cÖfvekvjx e¨w³e‡M©i Kv‡Q wRw¤§ n‡q co‡eb e‡j AvksKv Kiv n‡”Q| KviY Avgv‡`i
†`‡ki †cÖvc‡U AwZwi³ b¤^‡ii Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK Pvc Avmvi mg~n m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| gva¨wgK
cixvi djvdj ch©‡eY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, weÁv‡bi e¨envwiK cixvq A‡bK wkv_x© 25 b¤^‡ii
g‡a¨ 25 ev 24 b¤^i †c‡jI Aewkó 75 b¤^‡ii g‡a¨ cvm b¤^i GgbwK 10 kZvsk b¤^iI AR©b
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GQvovI eZ©gv‡b Gwel‡q me‡P‡q eo `ze©jZv nj wkKiv c×wZwUi e¨vcv‡i
cÖwkwZ bq| d‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkY Qvov GmweG c×wZ‡Z wkKiv Kxfv‡e g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb †m
welq AwbðqZv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| myZivs Gme msKxY©Zv, ivR‰bwZK Pvc I wkK cÖwk‡Yi gZ
msKU `~i bv K‡i GB c×wZ GB g~û‡Z© Pvjy Kiv mgxPxb n‡e bv| Avevi beg-`kg †kªYx‡Z GKB
mg‡q A‡bK QvÎ-QvÎx †kªYxK‡ Dcw¯’Z _vK‡e weavq wkK‡`i c‡ wkLbdj KZUv AwR©Z
n‡q‡Q Zv hvPvB Kiv KwVb n‡q co‡e| d‡j GmweG c×wZ mgv‡jvPbvi gy‡L co‡Z cv‡i|
Avgv‡`i wkvUv Kg©wegyL, cÂg ev Aóg †kªYx cvm K‡i †KD Kv‡R †h‡Z Pvq bv ev †fv‡Kkbvj
†Uªwbs wb‡Z Pvq bv| Kg©gyLx wkv w`‡q wkv_x©‡`i nv‡Z-Kj‡g KvR †kLv‡bv hvq| G ai‡bi
g‡bve„wË hw` mvaviY wkvqI M‡o Zzj‡Z cviv hvq Zvn‡j GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡q Zviv hLb ÔIqvì© Ae
Iqv‡K©Õ hv‡e wkv_x©iv ZLb Qq gvm/GK eQ‡ii †fv‡Kkbvj †Uªwbs wb‡q Zviv fv‡jv Kgx© n‡q hv‡e|
GUvi my‡hvM Kg©gyLx wkvq i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GKgyLx wkvµ‡g eva¨Zvg~jK e¨emvq wkvq GB my‡hvM
17
w`‡”Q bv|
GKgyLx wkvµ‡g gv`&ivmv, KvwiMwi I Bs‡iwR gva¨g‡K ¯úk© bv K‡i ïay mvaviY gva¨wgK wkv
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 51

52
e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b Kivi cÖ¯—ve Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_P hLb ejv nq GKgyLx wkv ZLb a‡i †bqv nq
gv`&ivmv wkv, Bs‡iwR gva¨g wkv wKsev mvaviY wkv‡K GK avivq wb‡q Avmv n‡e| wKš‘ Zv †Zv
n‡PQ bv| GLb †Zv gv`&ivmv wkvI _vK‡Q Bs‡iwR wkvI _vK‡Q| Zvn‡j †mUv GKgyLx Kx K‡i
n‡jv G wel‡q i‡q‡Q A‡b‡Ki AvcwË| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q Giƒc wewfbœ AvcwËKi welq Ges
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki mvwe©K Ae¯’vi †cÖw‡Z GmweG c×wZmn bvbvwea mgm¨v _vKvi Kvi‡Y GKgyLx
wkvµg ev¯—evq‡b AwbðqZv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| Gme mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j G wkvµg
ev¯—evqb Ki‡jI Gi mydj cvIqv m¤¢e n‡e bv|
4. mycvwikgvjv
GKwU bZzb wkvµ‡gi ev¯—evqb ïi“ Kivi Rb¨ me©cÖ_g †h wRwbmwUi cÖ‡qvRb †mwU n‡jvÑ
e¨vcK cÖPvi-cÖPviYvi gva¨‡g QvÎ-wkK I Awffve‡`i g‡a¨ Gi D‡j­L‡hvM¨ myweavmg~n Zz‡j
aiv| we‡kl K‡i GwUi g~j ev¯—evqbKvix Z_v wkK‡`i G wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv I cÖwkY
cÖ`vb Kiv| wKš‘ GLb ch©š— G cÖK‡íi AvIZvq wkK cÖwk‡Yi KvR ïi“ nq wb| Z`ycwi,
†`‡ki wecyj msL¨K we`¨vj‡q gva¨wgK ch©v‡q e¨emvq wkv I weÁv‡bi welqmg~n cov‡bvi Rb¨
ch©vß wkK †bB| myZivs cÖ¯—vweZ wkvµg Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡j Av‡M Gme we`¨vj‡q e¨emvq wkv I
weÁv‡bi wkK wb‡qvM`v‡bi cvkvcvwk bZzb Ges cyivZb mKj wkK‡`i GKgyLx wkvµg
m¤ú‡K© cÖwk‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| bqZ G wkvµg ev¯—evqb Ki‡j Avgv‡`i wkve¨e¯’vq
nheij Ae¯’vi m„wó n‡e|
GKgyLx wkvµg Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq wkK wb‡qvM, wkK cÖwkY, wkv DcKiY I
†kªYxK m¤cÖmvi‡Yi welqwU we‡ePbvq G‡b GLbB Kvh©Ki c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨
†kªYxK‡i AeKvVv‡gvMZ cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e| †kªYxK‡i AvKvi e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
Avmevec‡ÎiI cwieZ©b NUv‡Z n‡e †hb wkv_x©iv `jMZfv‡e wef³ n‡q KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cvkvcvwk †hme we`¨vj‡q weÁvb wefvM †bB †mLv‡b e¨envwiK K¬v‡mi Rb¨ Ri“wiwfwˇZ
weÁvbvMvi ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU we`¨vj‡q GKwU wcÖ›Uvimn b~¨bZg cuvPwU K‡i DbœZgv‡bi
Kw¤úDUvi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| m‡e©vcwi cvVvMvimg~‡n ch©vß cwigv‡Y mnvqK cy¯—K mieivn K‡i
we`¨j‡qi cÖvY‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| †`‡ki wecyj msL¨K we`¨vj‡q `ª“ZZg mg‡qi g‡a¨
evwYR¨ wefv‡Mi wkK wb‡qvM †`Iqv m¤¢e bv n‡j e¨emvq wkv welq Avewk¨‡Ki cwie‡Z©
ˆbe¨©PwbK welq wn‡m‡e ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avi ag© wkvi mv‡_ Aviwe I Ab¨vb¨ fvlv wkvi KvR
wkv_x©‡`i Rb¨ GKUv evowZ Pvc m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j fvlv-wkv Ask ev` w`‡q 100 b¤^‡ii
ag©wkvi cwie‡Z© 50 b¤^i Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
GmweG c×wZ Pvjyi Av‡M Gi myweav I Amyweav m¤ú‡K© QvÎ-wkK I AwffveK‡`i gv‡S e¨vcK
cÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e| wkv_x© Abycv‡Z evsjv Ges Bs‡iwR wel‡qi g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi GKvwaK
wkK wb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq G c×wZ‡Z mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `Zv, e¨w³MZ Ges mvgvwRK
`Zv, wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi `Zv, †hvMv‡hvM `Zv KZUzKz AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv h_vh_ g~j¨vqb
Kiv wkK‡`i c‡ m¤¢e n‡e bv| Z‡e cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q GmweG c×wZ‡Z 30 kZvs‡ki cwie‡Z© 10
kZvsk b¤^i eivÏ Kiv hyw³hy³ n‡Z cv‡i| G c×wZi AwaKZi ¯^”QZvi Rb¨ Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡q GKB
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

cÖkœcևΠcixv wb‡q Dc‡Rjvi g‡a¨ ewntcixK Øviv beg I `kg †kªYxi evwl©K cixvi LvZv
g~j¨vqb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡qvR‡b lô A_ev mßg †kªYx †_‡K GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i †`Lv †h‡Z
cv‡i| hw` Zv djcÖm‚ e‡j g‡b nq Zvn‡j Zv beg-`kg †kªYx‡Z cÖ‡qvM Kiv mnR n‡e| KviY †evW©
cixv‡Z †h †Kvb wbqg cÖ‡qvM Kivi c~‡e© Zv hvPvB K‡i †bIqv DwPZ|
cÖK…Z GKgyLx wkve¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi Rb¨ ch©vqµ‡g †`‡ki Bswjk wgwWqvg ¯‹zj, gv`&ivmv, K¨v‡WU
¯‹zj, e„wËg~jK wkv cÖf„wZ‡K GKavivq wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| Gme aviv AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L ïay mvaviY
¯‹z‡ji beg I `kg †kªYx‡Z GB welq¸”Q Pvjy Ki‡jB GKgzLx wkv e¨e¯’vi c~Y©Zv Avm‡e bv|
myZivs wZb-Pvi avivi wkv GKUv ¯—i ch©š— GKgyLx _vKvUv weÁvbm¤§Z n‡e| bZzev Avgv‡`i †h
18
we‡f`, wnsmv, nvbvnvwbi GKUv †`qvj m„wó n‡q Av‡Q †mUv Av‡iv kw³kvjx n‡e|
wkv ms¯‹vi cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i †`L‡Z n‡e, AvMªvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ Lye †ewk cÖ‡qvRb †KvbUv|
wek¦ cwiewZ©Z nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ Avgv‡`i wkv e¨e¯’vq cwigvR©b I ms¯‹vi nIqv `iKvi| wKš‘ GB
cÖ‡qvRbUv Avgv‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, ¯‹z‡ji Ae¯’v, wk‡Ki Ae¯’v, †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK I
mvs¯‹„wZK Ae¯’vi wfwˇZ nIqv DwPZ| wkv ms¯‹v‡iii †P‡q eis GLb Avï cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv wkvi
gv‡bvbœqb| M‡elYvjä djvd‡j †`Lv †M‡Q, †hLv‡b Avgv‡`i †Q‡j‡g‡qiv cÂg †kªYx cvm K‡i
wØZxq †kªYxi Ávb jvf K‡i, †mLv‡b ivZvivwZ †Kv‡bv wKQy Kiv m¤¢e bq| AZGe, Avgv‡`i GLb
Ab¨ ms¯‹v‡ii K_v fve‡Z n‡e| wkvi gv‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e| GUvB n‡e GB gyn~‡Z©
Avgv‡`i me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ms¯‹vi| g~j welq n‡jv Kx cov‡Z n‡e, Kxfv‡e cov‡Z n‡e, †mUv
19
wba©viY K‡i mwVKfv‡e wkv_x©‡`i cwo‡q wbw`©ó mg‡q †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, GKgyLx wkvµg RMr I Rxe‡K wePvi Kivi gZ msnZ I mgwš^Z hyw³ev`x
wPš—vaviv M‡o †Zv‡j| KviY mKj wkv_x© GKB wefv‡M c‡o D³ †hvM¨Zvmg‚n GKBiƒc AR©b
K‡i| Aciw`‡K Gi Abycw¯’wZ wkv_x©‡`i g‡bvRMZ‡K LwÊZ I wew”Qbœ K‡i wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨
wefvRb ˆZwi K‡i| GB wefvRb ˆZwii cvkvcvwk RvwZq GKgyLx wkve¨e¯’vi Abycw¯’wZ †MvUv
RvwZi weÁvbgb®‹ msnZ gb‡bi weKvk aviv‡KI ¯’wei K‡i †`q| weÁv‡bi Ici hv‡`i mvgvb¨
aviYv Av‡Q Zviv Rv‡bb GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡q †Kvb GKUv e¯‘ ev NUbv m¤ú‡K© mZ¨ GKUvB Ae¯’vb
K‡i| GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡q eû m‡Z¨i aviYv weÁvbwe‡ivax| d‡j Rxeb Ges RMZ‡K eySevi Ges
cvëvevi Rb¨ eywbqvw` Ávb ev `„wófw½ M‡o Zyj‡Z n‡j GKB c×wZi ˆelg¨nxb weÁvbwfwËK
wkve¨e¯’vq GKgyLx wkvi weKí †bB| wKš‘ ZvB e‡j wkv_x©, wkK, we`¨vjq I †`‡ki mvwe©K
Ae¯’v we‡ePbv bv K‡i †h‡Kvb cwieZ©b ev ms¯‹vi Kiv hyw³hy³ n‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs GKgyLx
wkvµg ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z n‡j †hme mgm¨v we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q Zvi mgvavb Av‡M cÖ‡qvRb| Zvici
wkvwe` I Ab¨vb¨ mevi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i mevi m¤§wZ‡ZB bZzb wkvµg ev¯—evqb Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
5. Dcmsnvi
evsjv‡`‡k †h wewfbœ †kªYxi gvby‡li Rb¨ wewfbœ avivi wkv e¨e¯’v Pvjy i‡q‡Q, Zv ïay weÁvbwe‡ivax
bq, †kvlY-kvm‡bi Rb¨I Dc‡hvMx| gb¯—Ë¡we`‡`i G msµvš— M‡elYv I wm×vš— †h wg‡_¨ bq,
Zv †KDB A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| weMZ miKv‡ii Avg‡j MwVZ kvgmyj nK Kwgk‡bi 1997
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 53

54
cÖwZ‡e`b g‡Z Ôwewfbœ aviv cÖPwjZ _vKvi d‡j wkvRxe‡bi ïi“ †_‡KB wkï‡`i †hvM¨Zvi g‡a¨
†hgb ZviZg¨ M‡o I‡V, †Zgwb `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai g‡a¨I wfbœZv ˆZwi nq|Õ eZ©gvb miKv‡ii
Avg‡j MwVZ gwbi“¾vgvb wgTv KwgkbI Ôag©-‡Mvôx, bvix-cyi“l I AÂj †f‡` hv‡Z cuvP eQi
eqmx me wkï‡K we`¨vj‡q Avbv hvq Ges mevB‡K GKB gv‡bi wkv`vb Kiv hvq, †m wel‡q ¯‹zj
20
cwiPvjbv cwil` Ges miKvi‡K Drmvnx n‡Z mycvwik K‡i‡Q|
g~jZ gva¨wgK wkvi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡¨ wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki Avw_©K mnvqZvq †m‡KÛvwi
GWy‡Kkb †m±i BgcÖ“f‡g›U cÖ‡R± (†mwmc) Gi Kvh©µg weMZ miKv‡ii Avg‡j ïi“ n‡q GLb
Zv ev¯—evq‡bi ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q| myZivs `jgZ wbwe©‡k‡l mevi gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ GKwU RvZxq
wkvbxwZ Pvjy Kiv Avek¨K| wkv‡‡Î GZ eo ms¯‹vi I cwieZ©b Avbvi Av‡M `jgZ fy‡j mevi
m‡½ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡i wm×vš— †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb| wkvbxwZ cÖYqb ev †Kv‡bv bZzb wkvµg
Pvjy Kivi †‡Î we‡klÁ, wkvwe`, wkKmn mswk­ó mevi m‡½ Av‡jvPbv nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| wkvi
g‡Zv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GKwU wel‡q bZzb wKQy Kiv ev †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Avbvi Av‡M Zv wb‡q e¨vcK M‡elYv
I cixv-wbixv nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| GRb¨ we‡`wk we‡klÁ ev civgk©K‡`i cvkvcvwk AMÖvwaKvi
wfwˇZ †`‡ki L¨vZbvgv KvwiKzjvg we‡kÁ‡`i Aš—f©y³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
wKš‘ †`Lv hv‡”Q, cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖ¯‘wZi Afve, wkv mswk­ó‡`i gZvg‡Zi Av‡jv‡K wm×vš— MÖnY bv
Kiv, cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkwZ wk‡Ki Afve c~iY bv Kiv, me ¯‹z‡j mggv‡bi my‡hvM-myweav m„wó bv
Kiv, wkK‡`i e¨vcKfv‡e G bZzb c×wZ m¤ú‡K© bv Rvbv‡bvmn bvbvwea Kvi‡Y miKv‡ii D‡`¨vM
evievi wcwQ‡q hv‡”Q| †`‡ki wkv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq AeKvVv‡gv, †hvM¨ I cÖwkYcÖvß
wkK BZ¨vw`i †h NvUwZ i‡q‡Q Av‡M †m me mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡e, Zvici eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ
wkvµg cwieZ©b Kiv hyw³hy³ n‡e|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, K‡qK hyM a‡i Pjgvb GKwU wkvµg cwieZ©‡bi c~‡e© AviI A‡bK wel‡q
fve‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ `jgZ wb‡e©‡k‡l AwfÁ mevB‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b GKwU RvZxq
KwgwU MVb K‡i †`‡ki Ávbx-¸bx, AwfÁ wkK, we‡klÁ, wkvwe` I AwffveK‡`i Ges QvÎ
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

6. Z_¨m~Î
1. RvwZq wkv Kwgkb cÖwZ‡e`b-2003, wkv gš¿Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, XvKv,
gvP©-2004. c„:-85|
2. wkv_x©‡`i Áv‡bi wfwË M‡o †Zvjvi j‡¨ gva¨wgK ch©v‡q GKgyLx wkv e¨e¯’vi mycvwik Kiv
n‡q‡Q| RvZxq wkv Kwgkb cÖwZ‡e`b-2003, c„:-vi|
3. wkvµg I cvV¨m~wP, gva¨wgK ¯—i (beg-`kg †kªYx) cÖwZ‡e`b, cvU©-2, GbwmwUwe, XvKv,
wW‡m¤^i, 1995, c„ôv 8-22|
4. http://www.nctb.gov.bd/english/pdf/general_science_manual.pdf
5. ˆ`wbK mgKvj, ÔGKgyLx wkv wb‡q mskqÕ, 03 wW‡m¤^i, 2005|
6. Lvb, wmwÏKzi ingvb, miKvi bZyb gva¨wgK wkv e¨e¯’v Pvjy Ki‡Q, ˆ`wbK wbD GR, 01
AvMó, 2005|
7. wkv Kwgkb cÖwZ‡e`b-2003, c~‡e©v³|
8. Lvb, wmwÏKzi ingvb, c~‡e©v³|
9. wkv Kwgkb cÖwZ‡e`b-2003, c~‡e©v³, c„-85|
10. cÖv¸³, c„- vi |
11. ivq, g‡bviÄb, ˆ`wbK RbKÉ, ÔGKgyLx wkvi j¨nxb cwiKíbvÕ, 03 wW‡m¤^i, 2005|
12. ingvb, W. wQwÏKzi, ˆ`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv, 23 A‡±vei, 2005|
13. cÖv¸³|
14. cÖv¸³|
15. http://sanisoft.tripod.com/bdeshedu/systems.html
16. ˆ`wbK RbKÉ, c~‡e©v³|
17. ingvb, W. wQwÏKzi, c~‡e©v³|
18. cÖv¸³|
19. cÖv¸³|
20. Bmjvg, knx`yj, GKgyLx wkvi `k©b - ˆ`wbK hyMvš—i, 06 wW‡m¤^i, 2005|
21. iwk`, Aa¨vcK nvi“byi, ˆ`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv, 29 b‡f¤^i, 2005|
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 55

cÖm½: evK&wkí
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evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 57

evK&`Zv g~j¨vqb Ges evK& ¯^vaxbZv gvbevwaKvi I AvB‡bi kvmb| Z‡e, Ic‡i D‡j­L Kiv
wbe©vwPZ welqmg~n MÖ‡š’ ÔAa¨v‡qÕi Aš—f©y³ welq wn‡m‡e D‡j­L Kiv n‡jI, m~wPc‡Îi †Kv_vI
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58
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

lô Aa¨v‡qi wk‡ivbvg ÔaŸwb eY© D”PviYÕ bv n‡q ÔeY© aŸwb D”PviYÕ nIqvi wcQ‡b †jL‡Ki †Kvb&
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evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 59

60
Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g Ave„wˇZ Drmvnx Ab¨ †Kvb cÖwZôvb ev †Mvôx wbR¯^ Kvh©µg cÖ¯‘Z
Kivi †‡Î mnvqZv †c‡Z cv‡i A_ev cÖwk‡Yi gva¨‡g Abykxjbxi Rb¨ DØy× ev m‡P‡ZbI n‡Z
cv‡i| ZvB G ai‡bi ÔcwiwkóÕ As‡ki ms‡hvRb †jL‡Ki wePYZviB cÖgvY †`q|
ÔevK&wkíÕ e¨wZµgx X‡O †jLv GKwU MÖš’| GLv‡b †jL‡Ki eqvbfw½ †hb †jL¨ bq; KL‡bv KL‡bv
g‡b n‡q‡Q K_¨| Zuvi cvVK †hb †kªvZv| †h cvVK Dc¯’vcbv fw½i g‡a¨ wk‡íi AwfbeZ¡ Luy‡R
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evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

*
wkvi KvjcwÄ
wkv m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv I bxwZgvjv msµvš— KvjcwÄ : 1854-2005
1854 weªwUk nvDR Ad KgÝ DWÕm-Gi wkv wi‡cvU©, 1854 Aby‡gv`b K‡i| GwU evsjvq
AvaywbK mvaviY wkvi AvBbMZ wfwË cÖ`vb K‡i|
1859 jW© ÷¨vbwj G-g‡g© mycvwik K‡ib †h, miKv‡ii mivmwifv‡e cÖv_wgK wkvi `vwqZ¡
MÖnY Kiv DwPZ Ges 1859-Gi cÖv_wgK wkvi e¨q †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a
¯’vbxqfv‡e Kiv‡ivc Kiv DwPZ|
1871 jW© †g‡qv wkv wefvM †_‡K AwR©Z Avq wkv cÖK‡í e¨‡qi Rb¨ cÖv‡`wkK miKvi‡K
KZ…©Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
1877 we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZi AvIZvq jW© wjUb cÂ-evwl©Kx e‡›`ve‡¯—i cÖeZ©b K‡ib, hvi d‡j
wkv cuvP eQ‡ii Rb¨ cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii cÖZ¨ wbqš¿‡Y Av‡m| Z`ycwi AvBb I
AveMvwi wefvM †_‡K AwR©Z Av‡qi GKvsk wkv m¤úwK©Z wel‡qi Rb¨ msiwZ ivLv
nq| †K›`ªxq miKvi †`ke¨vwc wkvbxwZ wba©vi‡Yi g‡Zv welqwU‡K wbR nv‡Z msiY
K‡i| G e¨e¯’v 1882 ch©š— AzYœ _v‡K|
1882 jW© nv›Uvi‡K †Pqvicvm©b K‡i jW© wicb 1882-i 3 †deª“qvwi‡Z fviZxq wkv
Kwgkb MVb K‡ib|
1901 wmgjvq me©fviZxq wkv m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq|
1904 1904 m‡bi 11 gvP© jW© KvR©b miKvwi wm×v‡š—i AvKv‡i Zuvi wkvbxwZ †NvlYv
K‡ib| 1905 ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e RvZxq wkv cl©` MwVZ nq| Gi
D‡j­L‡hvM¨ †bZ…e„‡›`i g‡a¨ wQ‡jb m¨vi ¸i“`vm e¨vbvR©x, ivmwenvix †Nvl I
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
1906 KjKvZv †_‡K 1906 m‡b Rvcvwb wkv e¨e¯’vi Ici GKUv miKvwi wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ
nq|
1910 1910 mv‡ji Av‡M wkv fviZ miKv‡ii ¯^ivóªª wefv‡Mi AvIZvaxb wQj| 1910 mb
†_‡K f~wg I ¯^v¯’¨ G `ywU wefvMI beMwVZ wkv wefv‡Mi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq|
1912 1912 mv‡j webv †eZ‡b †gŠwjK wkv Pvjy nq|
* cvIqvi GÛ cvwU©wm‡ckb wimvm© †m›Uvi (wcwcAviwm) KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ cÖv_wgK wkvi evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b ÔnvjLvZvÕ
2006 †_‡K K…ZÁZvi m‡½ Ôwkvi KvjcwÄÕi Z_¨mg~n msKwjZ nj| D‡j­L¨ †h, `y‡qKwU AwZwi³ Z_¨ G‡Z
ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q| - m¤úv`K
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 61

62
1913 1913 mv‡ji 21 †deª“qvwi Zvwi‡L fviZ miKvi wkvbxwZi cÖ¯—ve cvm K‡i|
1930 1930 mv‡ji Ô†e½j GWy‡Kkb †evW©Õ AvBb cvk nIqv GKUv D‡j­L‡hvM¨ NUbv; Gi
AvIZvq †`‡k ¯‹zj †evW© MwVZ nq Avi GwUB nq cÖv_wgK wkvi cÖkvmwbK `ßi|
1935 1927 mv‡ji nvU©R KwgwUi mycvwik Abyhvqx GKwU †K›`ªxq Dc‡`óv cwil` MwVZ nq,
hvi Ici wkvi mKj welq mgš^q Kivi `vwqZ¡ Awc©Z nq|
1937 GMv‡ivwU cÖ‡`‡k ¯^vqË kvmb Pvjy nq| gnvZ¥v MvÜx wkvi Rb¨ ev¯—em¤§Z I
Dc‡hvMx Wardha Scheme-Gi aviYv Dc¯’vcbv K‡ib| RbM‡Yi Rb¨ wbLiPv
eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkvi cÖ¯—ve Aš—fy©³ wQj G‡Z| G cÖK‡íi Ab¨Zg wPš—v wQj
KzwUi wk‡íi gva¨‡g †gŠwjK cÖv_wgK wkv cÖ`vb|
1945 †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b GKwU c„_K wkv wefvM cÖwZôv Kiv nq Ges Gi `vwqZ¡ †`qv
nq †K›`ªxq cÖkvm‡Ki GKRb m`m¨‡K|
1947 weªwUk fviZ fvM n‡q cvwK¯—vb I fviZ bv‡g `ywU ¯^vaxb ivóª Rb¥ jvf K‡i| 1947
mv‡ji 27 b‡f¤^i n‡Z 1 wW‡m¤^i ch©š— mgqKv‡j cvwK¯—v‡bi ivRavbx KivwP‡Z
cÖ_g wkv m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq|
1949 gIjvbv AvKivg Lvb wkv Kwgkb MwVZ nq|
1951 4-6 wW‡m¤^i 1951 KivPx‡Z wØZxq wkv Ks‡MÖm AbywôZ nq|
1952 cÖ_g cÂ-evwl©Kx cÖKí ˆZwi nq Ges G‡Z wkv LvZ AMÖvwaKvi cvq|
1958 mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi nq Ges wkvi Rb¨ kwid Kwgkb MwVZ nq|
1961 gva¨wgK ¯‹zjmg~‡ni e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ MwVZ Ôw` B÷ cvwK¯—vb B›UviwgwW‡qU G¨vÊ
†m‡KÛvwi GWy‡Kkb AwW©b¨vÝ 1961Õ†Z AvBbMZ weavb mwbœweó Kiv nq|
1962-64 kwid Kwgk‡bi wei“‡× QvÎ Av‡›`vjb ïi“ nq; QvÎiv MYgyLx wkvbxwZ `vwe K‡i|
1964 mv‡j bZzb wePvicwZ nvgy`yi ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ bZzb wkv Kwgkb MwVZ nq|
Kwgkb GKB eQi Zvi wi‡cvU© †ck K‡i|
1969 AvBqye Lv‡bi kvmbKvj †k‡l Gqvi gvk©vj byi Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ bZzb wkv Kwgkb MwVZ
nq| Kwgkb GKB eQ‡i wi‡cvU© cÖ`vb K‡i|
1971 gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`q|
1972 W. Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`vi †bZ…‡Z¡ wkv Kwgkb MwVZ|
1974 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq (AwaMÖnY) AvBb cvk nq| G‡Z webv †eZ‡b cÖv_wgK wkvi e¨e¯’v
Kiv nq| AvBb K‡i cÖv_wgK wkvi e¨e¯’vcbv †Rjv †evW© †_‡K †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
Kv‡Q e`j Kiv nq| G eQ‡i Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wkv Kwgkb P~ovš— wi‡cvU© †ck K‡i|
1978 cÖv_wgK wkv ¯—‡ii wkvi ¸YMZ gvb e„w×i j‡¨ 1978 wLª÷v‡ã gqgbwmsn kn‡i
RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkv GKv‡Wgx (National Academy for Primary Education
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx

- NAPE) cÖwZwôZ nq| cÖv_wgK wkvi AvIZvaxb wkK, gvV ch©v‡qi Kg©KZ©v‡`i
cÖwkY, cÖwkK I wkK‡`i cÖwkK‡`i c×wZMZ cÖwkY I cÖv_wgK wkv
msµvš— M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨-B GwU cÖwZôvi g~j j¨|
1978-79 GKwU Dc‡`óv KwgwU MVb Kiv nq, hv 1979 mv‡ji 8 †deª“qvwi Zvwi‡L
Aš—e©Z©xKvjxb wkv Kwgkb wi‡cvU© †ck K‡i|
gv`&ivmv wkv Aa¨v‡`k (1978) Rvwi Kiv nq|
1980 gv`&ivmv wkv Aa¨v‡`‡ki cwi‡cÖw‡Z GB `kK †_‡K gv`&ivmv wkvi e¨vcK cÖmvi
Avi¤¢ nq|
1981 cÖv_wgK wkv AvBb, 1981 wWwKª AvKv‡i Rvwi nq; Gi AvIZvq gnKzgv (hv cieZ©x
mg‡q †Rjv nq) ¯’vbxq wkv KZ…©c I ¯‹zj e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU MV‡bi ms¯’vb ivLv nq|
Z‡e Gi myôz ev¯—vevq‡bi Rb¨ h_vh_ cÖkvmwbK c`‡c †bqv nq wb|
1989 Gikv` miKv‡ii GK wbe©vnx Av‡`‡ki gva¨‡g cÖ_g †kªYx †_‡K Bs‡iwR fvlv Pvjy Kiv
nq| Gi Av‡M Z…Zxq †kªYx †_‡K Bs‡iwR cov‡bv n‡Zv|
1990 me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkv ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkv
AvBb (The Compulsory Primary Education Act: CPE ) cÖYxZ nq|
1991 †emiKvwi wkK I Kg©Pvix Kj¨vY Uªv÷ AvBb cvm nq| mgwš^Z DcvbyôvwbK wkv
Kvh©µg (cieZ©x‡Z) Pvjy nq|
1992 †`‡ki 64wU †Rjvi 68wU _vbvq eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkv Kg©m~wP Pvjy Kiv nq|
mgwš^Z DcvbyôvwbK wkv we¯—vi Kvh©µ‡gi AvIZvq 1992-94 m‡b GKwU RvZxq
cÖK‡íi Aax‡b 4-5 eQi eqmx 67,500 wkï‡K cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkv`v‡bi Kg©m~wP MÖnY
Kiv nq|
1993 cy‡iv †`k‡K CPE Kvh©µ‡gi AvIZvfy³ Kiv nq| Lv‡`¨i wewbg‡q wkv Kvh©µg Pvjy
nq|
1994 gv`&ivmvmg~n cyb:wbg©v‡Yi j‡¨ Bmjvwg Dbœqb e¨vsK A_© mnvqZv K‡i|
1995 miKv‡ii AvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK wkvi Rb¨ GKUv me©v½xY Kvh©µg wn‡m‡e cÖv_wgK wkv
Dbœqb Kvh©µg (PEDP-1) Pvjy nq|
1996 MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi W. Avãyj­vn Avj-gyZx kidzÏxb‡K AvnŸvqK K‡i
1996 wLª÷v‡ã cuvP m`m¨ wewkó ÔRvZxq cÖv_wgK wkv KwgwUÕ MVb K‡i| 1997-G
KwgwU Zuv‡`i wi‡cvU© †ck K‡i| KwgwUi 18 `dv mycvwi‡ki g‡a¨ cÖv_wgK wkv Lv‡Z
†`‡ki ivR¯^ Av‡qi b~¨bc‡ cuvP kZvsk Li‡Pi K_v ejv nq|
1997 cÖ‡dmi kvgmyj n‡Ki †bZ„‡Z¡ ÔRvZxq wkvbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwUÕ MwVZ nq| KwgwU
AvM÷ 1997-G wi‡cvU© †ck K‡i| G Kwgk‡b Aóg †kªYx ch©š— †`‡ki mKj cÖKvi
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx 63

64
evsjv‡`k wkv mvgwqKx
wkvi Rb¨ Awfbœ wkvµg Pvjyi mycvwik Kiv nq|
1999 RvZxq Kg© cwiKíbv-1 (National Plan of Action) Aby‡gvw`Z nq| GbwRI
cwiPvwjZ cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkv_©x‡`i GbwmwUwei eB cÖ`v‡bi wm×vš— M„nxZ nq|
†emiKvwi Bs‡iwR ¯‹zj wbeÜxKiY wewagvjv Ômevi Rb¨ wkvÕ bxwZ Bmy¨ Kiv nq|
2000 RvZxq msm‡` RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2000 Aby‡gvw`Z nq| cÖv_wgK wkv Kj¨vY Uªv÷
AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq|
2001 cÖ‡dmi gwbi“¾vgvb wgTvi †bZ…‡Z¡ ÔRvZxq wkv KwgkbÕ MwVZ nq|
2002 e„wË Kvh©µg I Lv‡`¨i wewbg‡q wkv Kvh©µg‡K AvewZ©Z K‡i cÖv_wgK wkv Dce„wË
Kvh©µg Pvjy nq; Gi AvIZvq cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡ji 40% wkv_©x‡K Avw_©K e„wË cÖ`v‡bi
ms¯’vb ivLv nq|
2003 DNFPE iwnZ Kiv nq| †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK wkK Kj¨vY Uªvó cÖweavbgvjv cÖYqb
Kiv nq|
2004 gwbi“¾vgvb wgTv wkv Kwgkb Zuv‡`i wi‡cvU© †ck K‡i|
wek¦-e¨vs‡Ki A_© mnvqZvq PvikZ †KvwU UvKvi e¨q eivÏ msewjZ (Reaching Out
of School Children) cÖK‡íi KvR ïi“ nq Ges 5500 †KvwU UvKvi e¨q eivÏ
msewjZ PEDP-2 Pvjy nq, GB cÖK‡íi †gqv`Kvj 2005-2009|
gvbm¤§Z cÖv_wgK wkv AR©‡bi j‡¨ bvMwiK‡`i D‡`¨v‡M mywkv Av‡›`vjb MwVZ
nq|
2005 `vwi`ª we‡gvPb †KŠkj cÎ (wcAviGmwc)-i P~ovš— wi‡cvU© cÖKvk Kiv nq|