Sciences of technical and natural studies

saqarTvelos axalgazrda mecnierTa
sazogadoebrivi akademia
i n t e l e q t u a l i
@# 5
Tbilisi
2007

warmogidgenT saqarTvelos axalgazrda mecnierTa
sazogadoebrivi akademiis saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnal
`inteleqtualis~ mexuTe nomers.
Jurnals miniWebuli aqvs saerTaSoriso grifi da
seriul gamocemaTa saerTaSoriso standartuli nomeri.
saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali `inteleqtuali~
Seyvanialia saqarTvelos swavlul eqpertTa sabWos mier
damtkicebul JurnalTa nusxaSi.
Jurnal `inteleqtualis~ kidev erTi upiratesoba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom igi aerTianebs rogorc qarTveli axal-
gazrda, ise cnobili mecnierebis samecniero naSromebs mec-
nierebis yvela disciplinis mimarTulebiT.
2

mTavari redaqtori Editor-in-Chief Главный редактор
giorgi maduaSvili Giorgi Maduashvili Гиорги Мадуашвили
saredaqcio kolegia
Editorial Board
Редакционная коллегия
Tamaz gamyreliZe Tamaz Gamkrelidze Тамаз Гамкрелидзе
arCil mowoneliZe Archil Motsonelidze Арчил Моцонелидзе
arCil frangiSvili Archil Frangishvili Арчил Франгишвили
qeTi qoqraSvili Keti Kokrashvili Кети Кокрашвили
sergo esaZe Sergo Esadze Серго Есадзе
gela yifiani Gela Kipiani Гела Кипиани
sergo Tofuria Sergo Topuria Серго Топуриа
nugzar wereTeli Nugzar Tsereteli Нугзар Церетели
vano Wiaureli Vano Chiaureli Вано Чиаурели
karlo RurwkaiaK Karlo Gurtskaia Карло Гурцкаиа
Temur jagodniSvili Temur Jagodnishvili Темур Джагоднишвили
gogi fancualaia Gogi Pantsulaia Гоги Панцулаиа
vaJa papaskiri Vaja Papaskiri Важа Папаскири
Tengiz wivwivaZe Tengiz Tsivtsivadze Тенгиз Цивцивадзе
rezo kldiaSvili Rezo Kldiashvili Резо Клдиашвили
levan klimiaSvili Levan klimiashvili Леван Климиашвили
lali RoReliani Lali Gogeliani Лали Гогелиани
nugzar sixaruliZe Nugzar Sikharulidze Нугзар Сихарулидзе
3

s a r C e v i
humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebi:
1. m. rusieSvili. `mimarTvis formebi akademiur diskursSi~......................................7
2. e. bakaraZe. `Semoklebuli sityvebis gamoyenebis sferoebi~...............................13
3. e. bakaraZe. `Senazardebi inglisuri enis leqsikaSi~................................................17
4. g. mangoSvili. `evrokavSir-saqarTvelos evropuli samezoblo
politika~.................................................................................................................................................................23
5. g. xojevaniSvili. ,,saWiroa Tu ara harmonizebuli evropuli kanonmdeb-
loba samoqalaqo samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis?~...............................................................29
6. g. maduaSvili. ,,lizingi, rogorc ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi
movlena~.....................................................................................................................................................................33
7. i. gvelesiani. ,,samkvidro, rogorc memkvidreobis samarTlis obieqti
(saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsisa da montanas kodeqsis mixedviT)~.................38
8. i. yandaSvili. ,,saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis Sesavali debulebani~....43
9. T. doliZe. `aucilebeli mogeriebis samarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba~.............47
teqnikuri da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi:
1. T. CigogiZe. `q. Tbilisis uZravi qonebis (miwis nakveTebisa da Senoba-
nagebobebis) bazris analizis meTodologiur-organizaciuli
aspeqtebi~..................................................................................................................................................................51
2. g. biwkinaSvili. ,,atmosferuli narCenebis kompleqsuri energoteqno-
logiuri utilizaciis principi~....................................................................................................55
3. g. javaxiSvili. ,,gakiduli bagiris sxvadasxva meTodiT angariSi~............59
4. i. melaSvili, l. balanCivaZe, i. bakuraZe. ,,sivrciTi kombinirebul
konstruqciebSi deformaciebisa da Zalvis regulireba eleqtromeqani-
kuri da boWkovan-optikuri sensorebis gamoyenebiT~.................................................65
5. o. Sonia, d. Sonia, n. comaia, i. gogoxia. ,,kompiuterul danaSaulebaTa
masStabebi da aqedan momdinare safrTxeebi~......................................................................71
4

C O N T E N T S
The humanities and social sciences:
1. M. Rusieshvili. “Address Forms in Academic Discourse in Georgia”..............................................7
2. E. Bakaradze. “Shortened Words and Units in Various Spheres”......................................................13
3. E. Bakaradze. “Blends in English Language Vocabulary”...................................................................17
4. G. Mangoshvili. “European Neighbourship Policy of European Union and Georgia”............23
5. G. Khojevanishvili. “Does Europe Need a Harmonized Tort law?”...............................................29
6. G. Maduashvili. “Leasing, as an aconomical-lageslative phenomena”............................................33
7. I. Gvelesiani. “Estate as an object of the Law of Succession (According to The Civil Code of
Georgia and Montana Code)”...............................................................................................................................38
8. I. Kandashvili. “General statements of labor code of Georgia”..........................................................43
9. T. Dolidze. “Juridical nature of necessary defense”.................................................................................47
Sciences of technical and natural studies:
1. Chigogidze T. “Methodological-organizational aspects of the analysis of the market of the
real estate (the ground areas, buildings and constructions) of Tbilisi”… …………......… …51
2. Bitskinashvili G. “The principle of utilization of complex energy-technological atmospheric
residues”...…………………………………………………………………………….……...55
3. Javakhishvili G. “Calculation of a slacking cable rope by various methods”… …..….…...59
4. Melashvili I., Balanchivadze L., Bakuradze I. “About deformation and regulation of force
in the electromechanical and fibrous-optical gauge used in a place has united
constructions”.………………………………………………………………………………..65
5. Shonia O., Shonia D., Tsomaia N., Gogokhia I. “Scale of computer crime and proceeding
danger”… ……………………………………...………………………..………………...…71
5

С О Д Е Р Ж А Н И Е
Гуманитарные и социальные науки:
1. Русиешвили М. «Формы общения в институциональном дискурсе»……………… …..7
2. Бакарадзе Е. «Сферы употребления сокращенных слов»................................................13
3. Бакарадзе Е. «Слияния в лексике английского языка»…………………………….…...17
4. Мангошвили Г. «Европейская добрососедская политика Евросоюза-Грузии»……....23
5. Ходжеванишвили Г. «Требуется ли гармонизированное европейское законодатель-
ство для гражданского правонарушения?»……………………...……………………..…29
6. Мадуашвили Г. «Лизинг, как экономически-правовое явление»… ………..…….…...33
7. Гвелесиани И. «Наследство, как объект наследственного права (по Гражданскому
Кодексу Грузии и Кодексу Монтана)»……………………………………………………38
8. Кандашвили И. «Вступительные положения трудового кодекса Грузии»………… ...43
9. Долидзе Т. «Прававое характеристька необходимо йобороны»……… …………..…...47
Технические науки и науки природоведения:
1. Чигогидзе Т. «Методико-организационные аспекты анализа рынка недвижимости (зе-
мельных участков, зданий и сооружений) г. Тбилиси»....................................................51
2. Бицкинашвили Г. «Комплексный энерготехнологический принцип утилизации
атмосферных остатков»……………………………………………………………..…...…55
3. Джавахишвили Г. «Расчет провисающего каната различными методами»…………..59
4. Мелашвили И., Баланчивадзе Л., Бакурадзе И. «О деформации и регулировании
силы в электромеханическом и волокнистом-оптическом датчике, используемом в
месте объединил сооружения»..………………………………………………………...…65
5. Шония О., Шония Д., Цомая Н., Гогохия И. «Масштабы компьютерных преступле-
ний и отсюда исходящие опасности»………………………………………………….….71
6

Address Forms in Academic Discourse in Georgia
Manana Rusieshvili,
Ph.D. Professor
1. Introduction
It is widely accepted that the concept of politeness, which is generally viewed as a social value,
is most probably a universal property but the modes of its manifestation are cultural-specific. It is
also well-acknowledged that there exist universal principles of politeness but different languages
select different linguistic and cultural means of its realization.
There is still very little written about politeness and related problems in Georgian.
Georgian scholars who have contemplated the related problems put forward various factors as facesaving.
Lily Goksadze considers shared cultural knowledge to be a face-saving factor. Nino
Rukhadze views usage of appropriate address forms together with observance of culturally–specific
norms to be crucial for saving and maintaining face. Lia Goksadze makes an attempt to reveal the
connection between the grammatical categories of aspect and the concept of face. She connects the
opposition: simple/progressive and perfect/imperfective with the concept of positive- negative face
wants and concludes that the certain aspects of opposition can be associated with both the choice
being dependant upon the type of discourse. In spite of these undoubtedly interesting conclusions,
the previous research in Georgian is not based on empirical data which can be considered to be a
drawback. Thus this article can be viewed to be one of the first attempts based on the data revealing
the nature of academic discourse.
2. Theoretical background and the purpose of the study
Research into politeness theory has long been dominated by the face oriented model of Brown
and Levinson, which is highly praised and severely criticized at the same time and which resulted in
creating a vast literature on a wide range of issues.
However they made little attempt to deal with different discourse types. Lakoff argues that the
nature of politeness and power can be revealed if politeness theories include professional and
institutional contexts and Harris emphasises that researchers should examine politeness in
institutional settings, as this ‘forces us to see politeness from a different perspective’ and examines
different dimensions of politeness.
Institutional discourse is closely connected to the exploration of built-in asymmetry of power and
status and the way they are related. The arrangement of these two factors can differ not only from
culture to culture but also from one type of professional discourse to another within the same culture.
A number of studies have attempted to explore the relationship between the two phenomena but
few of these address in detail the relationship between politeness and power (See Harris: [political
discourse]; Aronsson and Rundstrom, and Speirs: [medical discourse]; and others, all quoted in
Harris .
Brown and Levinson’s model of linguistic politeness predicts a preponderance of negative
politeness strategies between clients and professionals due to the degree of social distance between
the interactants and the often weighty face threatening acts (FTAs) involved. However, as noted by
Aronsson and Rundstrom sequences of naturally occurring institutional discourse reveal that roles
and relationships (involving power and distance) are negotiable and therefore politeness strategies
are not as easily predicted as the Brown and Levinson’s model might suggest. Harris argues that a)
identifying the predominance and relevance of negative politeness strategies in institutional settings
provides an alternative way of defining and talking about institutional norms of interaction, b)
though negative politeness strategies are particularly relevant, they are not exclusive to institutional
contexts and the more powerful interactants also use redressive strategies which is not predicted by
the model.
7

The current study of address forms in academic (university context) in Georgian is based on the
general framework of Brown and Levinson’s theory. The paper explores which strategies (in terms
of positive and negative politeness strategies) are used predominantly in academic interaction in
Georgian and factors conditioning their usage. It is easily understood that in neutral academic
contexts T form combined with the singular verb-form and FN are considered to be a positive
strategy whereas V form combined with a plural verb-form and Honorifics + FN are viewed as a
negative politeness strategy. Relying on the data I will argue that institutional members use both
types of politeness strategies while interacting with their colleagues and students and that the
distinction is conditioned by the following factors: status (thus power), age, degree of intimacy
(distance) and the formality of the context. The same factors define asymmetric relations between
the above-mentioned parties of the academic discourse.
The study is based on data recorded at the Deans’ offices in the Faculties of Law and Humanities of
Tbilisi Grigol Robakidze University (GRU) which is a small private university. The data comprises
98 dialogues. The data also includes GRU students’ discussion about the film made by them. (30
minutes).
3. Address forms in Georgian
The use of FN in academic settings as well as in everyday life situations is quite common and
indicates intimacy between the participants of the conversation. Georgians do not normally address
people by TFN or TLN. The most common address form towards the people who are not on close
terms or who want to show their power /deference, closeness/distance or simply want to be polite is
batono (sir) and kalbatono (madam). Georgian does not possess lexical means to show the marital
status of a female (such as Mrs and Miss). Kalbatono, which is a respectful but not always
distancing and impersonal form of address, is used in the majority of cases at work or in the street.
The data confirmed that University professors are not addressed by either TLN or TFN or by the title
only. The most common form of address in the institutional context is kalbatono, or batono + FN
and the plural form of the verb. The data presented above confirmed that the University students
addressed their teachers by kalbatono + FN or batono + first name and the plural verb/V form.
Rarely are young members of staff addressed by FN but still the plural verb + Vform is used.
Georgian distinguishes between T/V pronouns. The choice once again tends to be determined by
the degree of intimacy, social power and type of relationship. Thus, when people are on intimate
terms, they use the T form in spite of the age differences (such as family relationships). Likewise, if
the participants of the conversation are of equal power and quite intimate whilst conversing, they use
the T (shen) form. If they are not on intimate terms, the choice will naturally fall on the V (tkven)
form.
In Georgian the second person plural (tkven) can be used to refer to a single person as a means of
indicating formality of the occasion or as a marker of a higher degree of politeness. In addition, this
usage can show distance or status differences of the participants of the conversation. Sometimes the
pronoun can be omitted altogether because the Georgian verb inflection can express the grammatical
categories of person and number. Normally the second person plural form of the verb and V form
indicate social distance, power, formality/informality of the occasion or politeness. Depending on
the context it can also show irony, sarcasm or humour.
4. Address forms in academic interaction
According to the data it can be argued that while addressing the students, university staff
members use the V form at initial stages of their mutual work and when they want to stress their
power and distance. (Extract 1)
Extract 1
St: Sheidzleba?
May I come in?
D: Mobrzandit ( vpl)
Come in
8

St: kalbatono Baia, jgufis nomeri mainteresebs, xom ver metkvit( vpl):
Mrs. Baia , I’d like to know the number of ( my ) group, can not you tell me?.
D: erti wutit, mitxarit( Vpl) gvari….
Just a moment, tell me your name…
In this dialogue a student uses V form combined with plural verb and kalbatono+ FN to stress the
status and power of the Dean and is reciprocated by V plural and V form.
In other cases while addressing the students staff members prefer T form or the verb in the
singular and FN which probably helps to create an atmosphere of solidarity and warmth in the
classroom at the same time creating asymmetry in this type of interaction .(Extract 2)
Extract 2
St: Sheizleba, kalbatono baia?
May I come in, kalbatono Baia?
D: Modi(Vsing), batono
Come in, please
St: Kalbatono baia, rodis sheizleba sakursos motana?
Kalbatono Baia, when can I hand in the course paper?
D: Xval shegizlia
You can tomorrow
St: Kargi. Madlobt
Good. Thank you
D: Naxvamdis
See you later.
The data confirmed that in certain cases, negative politeness strategies (such as V form with Vpl and
Kalbatono or batono + FN) can imply an ironical meaning when used by the member of the staff
towards a student. For instance, in one of the dialogues between the Dean of Humanities and a
student, the Dean uses formal verb-forms
“mobrdzandit”, (come in) , “brdzandebodit” (past plural form of the verb “to be”- kopna), which
are usually used in formal contexts to express the highest degree of deference and social distance.
In this context the Dean wants to show the student that she is aware of her having missed the
achievement tests and perhaps doubts the truth of the possible excuse (Extract 3).
Extract 3
St : Kalbatoni Baia ( enters the office)
Mrs Baia
D: Oh, mobrdzandit(Vpl) , kalbatono. Ratom gaatsdinet(Vpl) tsera? Sad
brzandebodi)( Vp)?
Oh, come in kalbatono. Why have you missed the test? Where have you been?
St: Avad vikavi da ver shevzeli mosvla…..sheidleba sxva dros davcero?
I was ill and was not able to come… may I write some other time?
D: Erti tsutit…( answering the phone) diax? Kargi (puts the phone down) samtsuharod, axla ara
tsarmoadginet( Vpl) mizezi da ganvixilavt
Just a minute…..yes? alright.( puts down the phone) I’m sorry , not now. Hand in the reason
why you have missed the test and we will discuss it.
In more neutral contexts the Dean would use either more neutral verb-forms ‘ modi, shemodi
(come in) or a more formal verb “ mobrdzandi” though in a singular form (see Extract 2)
On the other hand while addressing young staff members students prefer to use FN without a
honorific though V and Plural verb form are still used which shows deference towards the status of
the administrative staff member. The student is reciprocated to by plural verb form which confirms
9

that, contrary to Brown and Levinson’s model, institutional members can also use negative
politeness (redressive) strategies while interacting with the people of lower status.
In this dialogue, a second year student addresses a young Vice Dean by FN (Pikria) and is
reciprocated by V form (Extract 4).
Extract 4:
St: Pikria, sheidzleba?
Pikria, may (I come in)?
Vice Dean: diax, gisment.
Yes, I am listening to you (V).
St: Ardgomis ardadegebi rodemde gagrZeldeba?
Untill when will the Easter holidays last?
In informal situations while reproaching the students, staff members sometimes address the
students by “shvilo“ meaning both “daughter” and “son” (child).. It can be argued that in this
respect “shvilo” is used as a mitigating device to soften the atmosphere and to stress the kind
disposition on the part of a staff member (Extract 5).
Extract 5
D: shvilo, ratom igvianeb kovel dge?
Child, why are you late every day?
St: kalbatono Baia, adre gamovdivar, magram kovel tvis gadachedili dadis
marshrutkebi…………
St: Kalbatono Baia, I leave early but minibuses are always so overcrowded…
Staff members usually address each other by T and V singular which is not uncommon in
Georgian, especially in smaller institutions where people know each other very well and thus social
distance between them is smaller though in formal cases (for example, in front of students) negative
politeness strategies are preferred to stress the status of the participants. In the following extract the
Dean uses the V form (tkven) combined with honorific + FN (kalbatono Dali, kalbatono Nelly)
addressing the members of the staff (Extract 6).
Extract 6
ST: Kalbatono Baia, lekciis gadatana gvindoda, tu sheidzleba.
Mrs. Baia, we would like to move the lecture, if possible
D: romeli lekcia?
Which lecture?
Sts: Otxshabats 12 saatis natsvlad xutshabats rom gadagvetana?
If we could move it from Wednesday 12 o’clock to Thursday?
D: xoo… es kalbatoni dalis lekciaa….. Kalbatonma dalim itsis?
Yeah….. This is Mrs. Dali’s lecture….Does kalbatoni Dali know about this?
(enters Mrs. Dali)
D: ai, kalbatoni dalits modis…kalbtono Dali, am leqciis gadatana shegiZliat?
here comes kalbatoni Dali…Mrs. Dali can you move this lecture?..
Dali: ki, kalbatono Baia, vitis magis sgesaxeb
Yes,Mrs, Baia, I do know about this.
The next factor which determines the choice of honorifics and address forms in peer
relationships is the age. For example, the Dean is addressed by “kalbatono Baia” by her assistants,
who are younger than herself, by students, by her younger colleagues and by the colleagues who are
relatively new. On the other hand the colleagues who know her well address her by Baia (FN), or in
one case she is called Baiko (the diminutive from Baia), to mitigate the request and stress intimacy.
10

Though endearment addresses are not common in an academic context which is again confirmed by
the data.
5. Conclusion
The analyzed data makes it possible to draw several conclusions. Firstly, institutional members
use both types of politeness strategies while interacting with their colleagues and students and that
the distinction is conditioned by the following factors: status (thus power), age, degree of intimacy
(distance) and the formality of the situation. Secondly, the same factors define both asymmetric and
symmetric relations between the above-mentioned parties of the academic discourse. Generally,
address modes combined with appropriate verb-forms can serve as markers of power and social
distance, by choice of which the institutional members perform their institutional as well as
interpersonal functions simultaneously creating the atmosphere of familiarity/involvement or
deference. Thus positive politeness strategies in Georgian are used by academic staff to create an
atmosphere of friendliness and solidarity, whereas negative politeness strategies are used to create an
atmosphere of deference and lessen the risk of confrontation.
l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
1. Aronsson, Karin and Rundstrom, Bengt (1989) Cats, dogs and sweets in the clinical negotiation
of reality: On politeness and coherence in pediatric discourse. Language in Society 18: 483-504.
2. Brown, Roger and Gilman, Albert (1960). The pronouns of power and solidarity. Style in
Language, Terrence A. Sebeok (ed.), 253-276. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language
usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Goksadze, Lia (2002) Face and the category of aspect. Linguistic Papers XII: 111-117 (In
Georgian)
5. Goksadze, Lily (2002) Cultural values and breach of Norms as a Face Threatening Factor.
Linguistic Papers XII: 118-125 ( In Georgian)
6. Harris, Sandra (2003) Politeness and power: Making and responding to “requests” in
institutional settings. Text, 23 (1): 27-52
7. Lakoff, Robin (1989) The limits of politeness: Therapeutic and courtroom discourse.
Multilingua 8 (2/3): 101-129.
8. Rusieshvili Manana (2006) The Speech Act of Requests in an Institutional Setting.
9. Сопостовление, как метод исследования и обкчения языкам. 2006 pp.223-234
10. Rukhadze, Nino (2002) Face and Politeness while expressing solidarity in present-day English,
Georgian and Russian. Linguistic Papers. XII: 221-230 ( In Georgian)
11

eziume
mimarTvis formebi akademiur diskursSi
manana rusieSvili
statia mimoixilavs mimarTvis formebs instituciur WrilSi. analizi
eyrdnoba, erTi mxriv, braunisa da levinsonis lingvisturi Tavazianobis
strategiebsa da meore mxriv, empiriul masalas, romelic Segrovda
Tbilisis grigol robaqiZis universitetSi.Mmasalam gamoavlina akademiuri
diskursis damaxasiaTebeli farTo speqtri: specifikuri urTierTmimarTebani
mosaubreTa asaks, Zalauflebas, nacnobobis xarisxsa da situaciis
registrs Soris. Kkvlevam aseve gamoavlina am tipis diskursisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli simetriuli da asimetriuli mimarTebebi.
SUMMARY
Address Forms in Academic Discourse in Georgia
Manana Rusieshvili
The present article explores address forms in academic (university) discourse. The analysis is
based, on the one hand on the politeness strategies developed by Brown and Levinson, and on the
other hand, on the empirical data recorded at Grigol Robakidze University. The research revealed
features characteristic of this type of Institutional discourse: relationships between the participants’
age, status (power), degree of familiarity and the register of the context (situation). The research also
revealed asymmetric relationships between the participants. The study confirmed that address modes
combined with appropriate verb-forms can serve as markers of power and social distance, by choice
of which the institutional members perform their institutional as well as interpersonal functions
simultaneously creating the atmosphere of familiarity /involvement or deference.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Формы общения в институциональном дискурсе
Манана Русиешвили
Статья посвящена анализу форм обращения в академическом дискурсе. Анализ
проводится на основании модели лингвистической вежливости Брауна и Левинсона с одной
стороны и эмпирических данных с другой. Выявлен широкий спектр характерных черт
академического дискурса. также выявлены симметрические отношения типичные для этого
типа коммуникации.
12

Сферы употребления сокращенных слов
Екатерина Бакарадзе,
докторант ТГУ, ассистент-профессор
Использование сокращенных слов очень выгодно и приемлемо в разных сферах
жизни. Написание и произношение слов в сокращенном виде своиственно для
работавшего в любой сфере человека. Надо отметить, что сфера применения той или
иной аббревиатуры строго определена, что обусловлено значением единиц, входящих
в аббревятуру. Эти процессы обусловили привлечение нашего внимания на
диахронный аспект исследования сокращения.
Компьютерные и интернетные сокращения - для нашего исcледования очень
важен словесный запас существующий, как основное средство коммуникации среди
пользователей интернета. Можно считать, что «интернет» самое популярное слово
1990-ых годов, так как в современных условях международная сеть самое
эффективное средство коммуникации, добычи, обработки и передачи информации.
Эта новая система ввела в литературный язык, в писание и в устную речь новые
реалии и названия. Вместе с развитием компьютерной науки на международный
рынок вторглись такие виртуальные развлечения, как беседно-болтовные программы,
компьютерные игры, электронная почта и т. д. Основные коммуникационные средства
интернета текстовые и показывают нам больше спонтанности и неформальности
разговорного языка, чем письменность. Возникло множество текстовых форм,
которые завоевали потенциальную электронную медию и отразили в себе новые
социальные отношения, которые часто применяют «члены общества интернета». Надо
отметить и тот факт, что с точки зрения образования новых слов, самим
продуктивным является именно компьютерная сфера. Во время пользования
компьютером, особое внимание обращается на быстроту коммуникации и экономию
времени, пространства, энергии и материальных средств. Изобретатели разных
програм позаботились обо всех этих проблемах. Для пользователей интернета
выработался метод сокращении слов и терминов, словосочетаний и предложений,
введение которого является очень актуальной темой в современной лингвистике.
Виртуальная программа Chat (IRC < Internet Related Chat) предназначена для
болтовни и сплетен, здесь мы можем беседовать с знакомыми и незнакомыми нам
людьми в режиме реального времени. Основными потребителями болтовных и
игровых программ являются подростки, что не можем сказать о электронной почте Email.
Сокращенные компьютерные наименования относятся лишь к этой сфере, что и
отличает их от слов существующих в других сферах. Для посторонних непонятна
беседа и стиль писания пользовательей интернета, а последние понимают друг друга
так хорошо, что часто становится достаточным средство аббро-акрономической
комуникации. Напр, они, когда не сидят у компьютера, то говорят: AFC < Away From
Computer; AIS < As I Said; BKAM < Between Keyboard and Monitor, и т. д. Владением
такого специального языка программисты, «сплетники» и пользователи считатют
себя членами замкнутого общества. Развитие и распространение этого языкового
явления говорит о глубоком внедрении компьютерной техники в современной
общественой жизни.
Сокращения в прессе – Как показывают наблюдения, новообразования
последнего времени широко представлены в языке газеты. Это объясняется тем, что
газета, как один из видов массовой коммуникации, разносторонное и быстро
отражает события каждого нового дня. Газета – самый чуткий регистратор новых слов,
Значений, словосочетаний. Она значительно быстрее всех других жанров письменной речи
13

отражает сдвиги, которые происходят во всех сферах жизни общества, и в
большинстве случаев является первым письменным источником, фиксирующим
появление новых слов, значений и выражений, претендующих на вхождение в
общеупотребительную лексику. Характерной особенностью газетной лексики
является большое количество общественно-политических терминов. Бросающейся в
глаза чертой газетного стиля является частое употребление интернациональных слов
и неологизмов. Последние представляют несомненный интерес, так как зачастую
трудны для понимания. Обилие сокращенных слов, особенно часто встречающихся в
заголовках – характерная черта языка газеты. В заголовках широко используют
эллипсиса с целью придания заголовку броскости. Краткий заголовок быстрее
воспринимается читателем, его необычная форма вызывает интерес и побуждает
читателя прочитать газетную заметку. Напр: "Eight Convicted in Death of Asylum
Seeker,"[5.24] где упущены слова persons и are, аналогично: "Another president [is]
Caught in Argentina's Ec[onomic] Trap."[5.26] "Murdoch Links with Lab Grows
Stronger". В данном примере сократилось слово Labour, но эти сокращения для
читателя близки и приемлемы. В самих статьях часто встречаем аббревиатуры. Напр:
"Ecstasy, known as “E” in the clubs, is currently on sale at &20-&25 a tablet, but the price
in expected to fall as demand grows". Так-же "Army blows up mines on test site for N
waste". Применяются сокращение в прессе в основном с целью экономии
пространство и времени. Этим и служат вышеупомянутые сокращения: N < Nuclear и
E < the Drug Ecstasy, также magalog < magazine + catalog, co-op < cooperative
advertisement, obit < obituary, tab < tabloid newspaper, op ed < opposite the editorial
page. Аббревиатуры HO < Home Office; WHO < World Health Organization; NASA < National
Aeronautics and Space Administration. Как правило, такие сокращения, давно вошедшие в
употребление, не объясняются в тексте.
Телеграфные сокращения - Профессор А. П. Баранников доказывает, что применение
аббревиатур, созданных для почтово-телеграфной цели исходит от тайнных организаций и
обществ. Работники почты имели список целиком засекреченных сокращенных адресов.
После революции в России масивно отказались от всяких тайн – «долой все тайны» и
сокращенные адреса стали доступны для применения широким массам. Телеграфные
сокращения применяются широко и на сегодняшний день. Вторым типом телеграфных
сокращений являются условные адреса фирм, физических и юридических лиц, которые
обнародывают их с целью рекламы и они не засекречены.
Считаем что позиция А. М. Сухотиной в этом плане правильна: «в Европе и
странах Америки утвердилась аббревиация, так как широко применялась телеграфная
связь и при этом развивалось капиталическое производство. В названиях фирм
содержалось много слов, надо было их сократить так, чтобы они сочетались с сферой
дейятельности и к тому-же не повторяли названия других фирм. Сокращенные слова
читались так-же, как они были написаны, иногда изгонялись даже полные названия.
Например, в Германии телеграфные сокращения появляются на рекламах 1890-ые
годы: AEG; Hapag, Agfa. С 1900-ых годов было уже обязательным ставить на
международных или внутригосударственных телеграммах лого обозначающие
организационно-правовые формы производств. Напр: JSC-Prod < Joins Stock
Company-Products; Ex Co < Exchange Corporation; JST GB + Russia < Joint Stock
Company great Britain and Russia.
Военные сокращения - военная аббревиация предназначена для широкого
спектра функционирования и часто применяется в военных документах, CD < civil
defense, HQ < headquarters; в приказах QF < quick firing, VTOL < vertical take off and
landing в директивах ops < operation, CPX < command post exercise; в контекстах int <
intelligence, gr < group. Это в основном кодовые сокращения и характеризуются
определенным своеобразием. Тут каждая буква предельно взвещена и шифруется
соответственно. Например: AAFC < anti-aircraft fire control equipment; bn < battalion;
14

NBC < nuclear, biological and chemical; ILS < instrument landing system, AWOL < absent
without official leave.
Политичеcкие сокращения – это сокращения международных организаций,
опозиционных партий, их действий, лиц, внутренних клеток и. т. д. По началу они не
отличались от графических (инициальных) сокращений, но и их, как и аббревиатур
других сфер коснулся процесс лексикализации. Напр: Un < United nations, FY < fiscal
year, RFQ < request for quotation, и т. д. Очень интересны те сокращения, которые
используются в Пентагоне: DOE < death on earth, также акроним go-go < gov[ernmen]t
owned, gov[ernmen]t operated, телескопизмы milicrat < military + bureaucrat и secdef <
secretary of defense.
Рассмотренная специфическая лексика разных сфер это слова, которые
использует та группа общества, которая имеет соприкосновение к той или иной
области и круг употребления сокращений, как правило, четко ограничен.
Как мы видим, сокращения функционируют в основном во всех английских
языковых стилях, однако преимущественно они возникают в разговорной речи в
газетных текстах, особенно в заголовках статей. Сокращенные слова успешно
используются для создания наименований новых учреждений, общественно-
политических организаций.
l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
1. Paul Dickson – The Authoritative Topic Dictionary Of American Lingoes from All Walks of
Life, 1999;
2. Richard A. Spears – NTS's Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions, 1991;
3. Е.Н. Бортничук, И.В. Василенко, Л.П. Пастушенко - Словообразование в
современном английском языке 1988;
4. В.И. Заботкина- Новая лексика совремнного английского языка, 1985;
5. The Economist – March 9, August 24, 2002.
reziume
Semoklebuli sityvebis gamoyenebis sferoebi
ekaterine bakaraZe
winamdebare statiaSi ganxilulia Tanamedrove metyvelebis sxvadasxva
sferoSi arsebuli Semoklebuli sityvebi da erTeulebi. abreviaturuli
sityvebis gamoyeneba gazeTis, internetis, politikur da sxva
terminologiaSi ganxilulia, rogorc komunikaciisa da informaciis
gacvlis efeqturi da xelsayreli saSualeba. naSromSi aseve
gaanalizebulia Semoklebuli erTeulebis funqcia Tanamedrove inglisuri
enis sxvadsxva sferos profesiuli leqsikis axali sityvebiT gamdidrebaSi.
15

SUMMARY
Shortened Words and Units in Various Spheres
Ekaterine Bakaradze
This article deals with shortened words and units in various spheres of modern life. Using
shortenings in newspaper, internet, political and other terminology is considered as efficient and
useful way of communication, exchanging information. The function of abbreviated units in the
present-day English word-formation in enrichment of the vocabulary with new words is discussed in
this article. The importance and usage of each type of shortening (abbreviations, acronyms, blends,
clippings) in different spheres and professional languages is also argued.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Сферы употребления сокращенных слов
Екатерина Бакарадзе
Данная статья посвящается использованию сокращенных слов и единиц в
разных сферах жизни. Обзору подлежит характерная особенность использования
аббревиатурных слов в журналистской, политической терминологии, также в интернете
и других профессиональных языках. Анализирована функция сокращенных единиц в
обогащении той или иной области лексики современного английского языка.
16

Senazardebi inglisuri enis leqsikaSi
ekaterine bakaraZe,
Tsu-s doqtoranti, asistent-profesori
sametyvelo saSualebis ekonomiis kanonis erT-erT gamovlinebad, `minimaluri
Zalisxmevis principad,” SeiZleba CaiTvalos teleskopuri da
Senazardi sityvebis warmoeba, rac bolo ori aTeuli wlis neologizmebs
Soris arc Tu ise iSviaTi movlenaa. zemoT aRniSnulis dasadastureblad
SegviZlia moviyvanoT is faqti, rom barnhartis leqsikonis pirvel
gamocemaSi Senazardi sityvebi Seadgenda saerTo raodenobis 4,8 procents,
meore gamocemaSi, ukve 8 procents da a.S.
termini `teleskopiis” qveS moiazreba sityvawarmoebis saSualeba,
rodesac axali sityva Cndeba erTi amosavali sityvis sruli SerwymiT
meores mokvecil fuZeze an amosavali sityvebis ori mokvecili fuZis
SerwymiT. axali sityvis mniSvneloba srulad an nawilobriv moicavs da
aRniSnavs, gamoxatavs masSi Semavali struqturuli komponentebis
mniSvnelobas.
r.s. ginzburgisa da misi Tanaavtorebis ganmartebiT, Senazardi aris
gamiznulad Seqmnili sityva, romelic aris ramdenime sityvis SeerTebis
Sedegi, romlebsac Cven vuwodebT “splinters”- namsxvrevebs. es e.w. “namsxvrevebi”
iZenen sxvadasxva formas da SesaZlebelia maTi gaTiSva sawyisi sityvisagan
morfemuli sazRvriT, rogorc sityvaSi transceiver < transmitter and receiver, an
marcvlovani sazRvriT, rogorc sityvaSi cute (sityvidan execute) < electrocute an
saerTod, orive sazRvris ugulebelyofiT, rogorc, magaliTad: brunch <
breakfast and lunch [12,57].
mokled rom vTqvaT, es aris sityvebi, romlebSic erTi sityvis
mokvecili nawili SeerTebulia meore sityvis mokvecil nawilTan.
pensilvaniis universitetis profesori maikl keli am movlenas
Semdegnairad aRwers: “Some English words are formed by snipping components from existing
words and either stitching the components together through simple concatenation or through
concatenation coupled with overlap of shared phonological segments”. [3,1] literaturaSi
axali leqsikuri erTeulebis warmoebis es saSualeba cnobilia Semdegi
saxelwodebebiT: слияние, стяжение, контанимация, вставочное словообразование,
гибридизация, aseve blends, blendings, fusions, portmanteau words.
sityvawarmoebis sxva saSualebebs Soris Senazardi sityvebis
warmoebis adgilis Taobaze sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. zogjer mas aigiveben
kompoziciasTan, zogjer - abreviaciasTan, xan Tvlian, rom am xerxs uWiravs
Sualeduri mdgomareoba abrevviaciasa da kompozicias Soris. arsebobs
mosazreba, rom es aris sityvawarmoebis sruliad damoukidebeli tipi. iseTi
sityvebi, rogorebicaa keypad, paintball, townhouse leqsikonebSi moixsenieba,
rogorc rTuli sityvebi, radganac is elementebi, romlebic axali sityvis
sawarmoeblad SeerTda, Tavadac damoukidebeli sityvebia. terminebi,
rogoricaa megastore da hypertext, aseve rTuli sityvebia, radganac maTSi
Semavali erTi elementi aris damoukidebeli sityva, xolo meore - sufiqsi.
Faction aris Senazardi sityva, radgan is ori sityvis < fact da fiction
nawilebs erT sityvaSi aerTianebs, magram factoid < a spurious or questionable fact, ar
aris Senazardi, radganac meore elementi sufiqsia da araa warmoebuli
sityvisgan, romelic bolovdeba -oid-iT. enaSi adgili aqvs procesebs,
rodesac Tavad Senazardi sityvebi gvevlinebian axali prefiqsebisa da
17

sufiqsebis mwarmoeblebad. magaliTad, sityva motorcade, rogorc viciT,
miRebulia sityvebis motor da cavalcade-s SeerTebis gziT, romlis Semdeg
enaSi warmoiSva axali sufiqsi - cade da iseTi sityvebis sawarmoeblad
gamoiyenes, rogorebicaa aerocade, aquacade, camelcade da aseve tractorcade. msgavsad,
prefiqsi info-s saSualebiT mravali sityvis warmoeba ganxorcielda. Cveni
kvlevisTvisac, iseve, rogorc mravali mecnierisaTvis, rTulia imis
damtkiceba, sityvebi infoglut, Infobahn, infodump, infonaut Senazardebia Tu
Cveulebrivi sityvebi, rogorc information, sxva msgavsi magaliTebia -thon <
marathon, telethon, preachathon, operathon, stripperthon da a.S.
vfiqrobT, rom am mosazrebebs Soris msgavsi gansxvaveba imiT aixsneba,
rom Sezrda, igive teleskopia, sityvawarmoebis SedarebiT axali saSualebaa.
v. adamsis azriT, am sityvebis ZiriTadi masa gamoCnda mxolod XX
saukuneSi da mas mere misi produqtiuloba permanentulad izrdeba. am tipis
pirveli sityvebi XV saukuneSi gaCnda. adre maT qmnidnen iumoristuli
mizniT da mxolod XX saukuneSi gadaiqca es tipi sityvawarmoebis
saSualebad, romelsac gaaCnia imis SesaZlebloba, rom moaxdinos
seriozuli da mniSvnelovani Sevseba inglisuri enis leqsikur maragSi [1; 2.
174], mag: Benelux < Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburgh; msgavsia Fritelux < France, Italy, +
Benelux - xuTi evropuli saxelmwifos gaerTianeba, kavSiri. aseve affluenza <
affluence + influenza - fsiqikuri mousvenroba, romelic gamowveulia
simdidrisgan; babynap < baby + kidnap; gasohol < benzinisa da eTilis spitris
narevi, iyeneben sawvav saSualebad; travelogue < travel + catalog; daymare < day +
nightmare (Zalze cudi ambavi, romelic dRisiT xdeba) , blogebrity < blog + celebrity
(cnobil adamianebze axali informaciis gamoqveyneba internetis saitze). maT
ZiriTadad sasaubro elferi aqvT da Cveulebriv, advilad
dasamaxsovrebelia.
bevr Senazards gaaCnia e.w. nawilobrivsituaciuri damaxasiaTebeli
niSani da leqsikonebSi ar arian registrirebulebi. teleskopiuri sityvebis
gansakuTrebuli niSania maTi damokidebulebadoba. am sityvebis umetesobis
gageba adre SeuZlebeli iyo maTi komponentebis gaSifvrisa da ganmartebis
gareSe, rac teqstebSi Zalze iSviaTad iyo mocemuli. mag: He is supervising the
construction of Carriage House of Roslyn. It is a suburban subdivision of 104 colonials, ranches and
“splanches”, a splanch being a cross between a split-level and a ranche house. arsebobda
garkveuli sirTule maTi wakiTxvis, weris dros.
aRsaniSnavia, rom bevri msgavsi sityvis umetesoba sasaubro-salaparako
stils ekuTvnis. m ag: bit < binary digit; breathalyzer < breathe + analyzer; Eurovision <
European + television, vodkatini < vodka + martini araySi gazavebuli martini;
happenstance < happen circumstance SemTxveva.
teleskopuri sityvebi sxva morfologiuri Semoklebebisagan mkveTrad
gansxvavdebian Semdegi TvalsazrisiT. maTgan umniSvnelovanesia:
1. korelatis specifika, mag: Zootique < zoo + boutique. esaa ori gramatikulad
sxvadasxvagvari sityvis martivi ganlageba;
2. morfemebis ganlageba, maTi gadabma sityvebSi. mag: informercial < commercial
information [4.163].
sityvawarmoebis am tipis kvlevis procesSi gasaTvaliswinebelia ori
aspeqti - struqtura (gamoxatvis gegma) da semantika (Semcvelobis gegma).
teleskopuri sityvawarmoebis gansakuTrebuli agebuleba warmoadgens imas,
rom erT-erTi misi Semadgeneli komponentTagani warmodgenilia ara
mTliani, aramed mokvecili fuZiT, mis fragmentad, `namsxvrevad”. amaSia
teleskopiis ZiriTadi gansxvaveba kompoziciisagan, romlis drosac
18

komponentebi srul fuZeebad warmogvidgebian. Senazardebis umetesobas,
abreviaturebisagan gansvavebiT, ar gaaCniaT Sesatyvisi Tavisufal
sityvaTSeTanxmebebSi, maTi warmoeba xorcieldeba ori sintaqsurad
gansxvavebuli sityvebis erTmaneTTan asociaciuri kavSiris damyarebiT, mag:
paytriotism, esaa patriotizmi, romlis gayidvac SeiZleba [7.173].
Cvens mier gaanalizebuli masalis saSualebiT SegviZla davaskvnaT,
rom Senazardebs Soris ufro tipuria pirveli komponentis bolo marcvlis
mokveca. mag: Europlug < European plug; guppies < green yuppie; abend < abnormal/abortive
end; advid < advertising video [7], sadac pirveli elementebi apokopias ganicdian.
SedarebiT naklebia meore komponentis bolonawilmokvecili Senazardi
sityvebi. mag: kidvid < kid + video; propas < professional parents; secdef < the secretary of
denfese. bolo or magaliTSi orive elementis meore komponentebis apokopia
gvaqvs.
bolo aTwleulis manZilze naklebad vxvdebiT iseTi teleskopuri
sityvebis warmoebas, romlebSic orive elementia Sekvecili. maT Soris
Warbobs pirveli komponentis bolonawilmokvecili da meore elementis
TavsarTmokvecili erTeulebi. mag: heliskiing < helicopter + skiing (maRalmTian
adgilebSi TxilamurebiT sriali, sadac moTxilamureebi vertmfreniT
ahyavT), glasphalt < glass + asphalt (masala minisa da asfaltis namsxvrevebisagan,
romelic gzis safarisTvis gamoiyeneba), blaxploitation < black + exploitation; disohol <
diesel + alcohol; drizzerable < drizzling + miserable, chillaxing < chilling + relaxing [7,8]. aq
pirveli nawilis apokopiasTan da meore elementis aferezisTan gvaqvs saqme.
erTeulebi, romlebic warmoqmnilia orive komponentis mokvecili
bolo nawilebis mqone elementebis SeerTebiT, arc ise iSviaTia. mag: sitcom <
situation + comedy; zedonk < zebra + donkey.
Zlierdeba iseTi e.w. galpologiuri teleskopiuri neologizmebis
warmoebis tendencia, romlebSic fonemebis ganlageba ori sityvis gadabmiT
xdeba. mag: affluenza < affluence + influenza; anformercial < information + commercial; Singlish
< Singapore + English. zogjer ki es Senazardebi iqmneba axali hibridebisaTvis
saxelwodebis darqmevis mizniT. mag: citringe < citron + orange; yakow < yak + cow;
beefalo < beef + buffalo, agreTve Rogernomics. es ukanaskneli Sedegia axali
zelandiis finansTa ministris, Roger Douglas-is saxelis Semoklebisa,
romelmac, amave qveynis leiboristuli partiis warmomadgenelma, 1984 wels
radikalurad Secvala ekonomika, kerZod, Semoitana privatizacia. rogorc
vxedavT, Roger-s Seezarda sityva economics, magram am sityvidan miRebulma
morfemam -nomics sufiqsis statusze pirvelad pretenzia maSin ganacxada,
rodesac misi monawileobiT Seiqmna Nixonomics, rac im ekonomikur
politikaze miuTiTebda, romelsac prezidenti niqsoni atarebda. misi,
rogorc sufiqsis, popularoba gaizarda Reaganomics-is SeqmniT, romelic
Sesabamisad reiganis mier gatarebul politikas aRniSnavda. amJamad,
aRniSnuli sufiqsis monawileobiT arseboben aseve bimbonomics, lawsonomics.
am bolo dros ki politikur Tu ekonomikur terminologiaSi arc Tu
ucxod JRers ara mxolod Clintonomics, aseve Bushonomics romelic jon kesidim
statiis saTauradac ki gamoiyena 2003 wlis 15 dekembris “The New Yorker”, –is
nomerSi.
bevri teleskopizmi nawilobriv emTxveva garkveuli raodenobis im
xmovnebis, Tanxmovnebis, marcvlebis an sityvebis nawilebis xmovanebas,
romlebsac is cvlis. es meqanizmi gamoiyeneba sityvebis TamaSis dros. mag:
foolosopher < fool + philosopher, romelic JRers, rogorc philosopher; affluenza <
affluence + influenza Zalian hgavs influenza-s; icecapade < ice + escapade, esaa
19

specialurad mowyobili Sou, sanaxaoba yinulze, romelic xmovanebiT
Zalian emsgavseba sityvas escapade; baloonatic - Senazardia sityvebisa balloon da
lunatic.
Senazard sityvebs advilad vimaxsovrebT imitom, rom Semqmnelebi cdiloben
maT damsgavsebas nacnob sityvebTan. zogi sityva iqmneba meoris
mibaZviT. analogias, saerTod, didi mniSvneloba aqvs sityvawarmoebis
procesSi. mag: blaxploitation warmoiSva ori sityvis - black da exploitation -is
SeerTebiT. es aris 1942 wels warmoebuli sityvis - sexploitation < sex +
exploitation mibaZviT 1970-ian wlebSi warmoebuli Senazardi sityva. agreTve
babynap sityvidan kidnap; Narcodollars - analogia sityvidan petrodollars;
autochondriac warmoiSva hypochondriac- is safuZvelze; amerikelma
fsiqoanalitikosma r. rozenma sityva sociobabble gamoiyena Tavisi wignis
saTaurad 1975 wels, romelsac safuZvlad daudo sityva psychbabble, rac
niSnavs fsiqiariis, fsiqoTerapiis sferoSi gavrcelebuli JargoniT
aramizanmimarTul matyvelebas.
teleskopizmi workaholicism momdinareobs workahol- isagan, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, aris alcohol- is parodirebuli forma gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobiT. Workaholic- s uwodebdnen amerikelebi TavianT yofil
prezidents, bil klintons. msgavsia Semdegi Senazardebi: shopaholic, chocoholic,
bookoholic, clothesaholic, creamaholic, milkaholic romlebsac qarTveli mozardebic
arc Tu iSviaTad iyeneben.
unda aRiniSnos agreTve seajack da shipjacker - orive sityva analogiiT
Seiqmna sityvisagan hijack, rodesac, 1985 wels, erT-erTi politikuri moRvawe
gemiT moitaces. saerTod, Zaladobis am tips ZiriTadad adgili aqvs
TviTmfrinavze da amitom jer warmoiSva sityva skyjack - 1961 wels da Semdeg
ki seajack da shipjacker, am ukanasknelis mibaZviT.
sportul terminologiaSi ixmareba: sportoons < sports + cartons. Zalze
xSirad vxvdebiT savaWro markis Adidas- is saxewodebas, romelic ise
gaSinaurda Cvens terminologiaSi, rom SesaZloa, verc vifiqroT, rom es
aris sportuli tansacmlis, fexsacmelebisa da sunamoebis mwarmoebeli
kompaniis damaarseblis - Adi Dassler -is saxelisa da gvarisagan miRebuli
Senazardi. Adidas -ma miiRo sxva, ufro sportul - iumoristuli gaSifvrac:
”All Day I Dream About Sport”.
televiziaSi momuSave pirebi aqtiurad iyeneben Senazards informercial <
information + commercial. rogorc viciT, es TxuTmetwuTiani satelevizio
gadacemaa sakabelo televiziiT, sadac informaciisa da reklamis
Tanadrouli gadacema xdeba. am tipisaa infortainment < information + entertainment,
popularuli sainformacio-gasarTobi programa. axalgazrdebis
terminologiaSi xSirad vxvdebiT iseT Senazardebs, rogorebicaa dancercise <
dance + exercise; jazzercise < jazz + exercise; abusak < abuse + musak; fanac fan activity; fanzine <
fanatic’s magazine; propas < professional parents [10, 11].
teleskopizmebi arRveven morfologiis sazRvrebs da originalur
komponentebad gvevlinebian. maT ZiriTadad sasaubro elferi aqvT, Tumca,
arc Tu ise xSirad gvxvdebian samecniero an teqnikur literaturaSic,
axali sagnebis saxelwodebebis dasarqmevad an reklamebSi. Senazardebis
nawils enis leqsikoni iTvisebs da enaSi mkvidrdeba. marTalia, enis
cvlilebis dros bevri teleskopizmi kargavs funqcias, magram warmoqmnidan
garkveuli drois manZilze aseTi warmonaqmnebi didi popularobiT
sargebloben.
20

l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
11. Бортничук Е.Н.,. Василенко И.В, .Пастушенко Л.П - Словообразование в современном
Английском языке, 1988
12. Борисов В.В. - Аббревиатуры и акронимы в военно-полит. терминологии, М., 1972
13. Kelly Michael H - To “brunch” or to “Brench”: some aspects of blend structure, 1998
14. Cannon G. - Blends in English Word-formation, 1986
15. Adams Valerie. - An introduction to modern English Wordformation, London, 1973
16. Жлутенко Ю.А.- Английские неологизмы , Киев, 1983
17. Dickson Paul - The Authoritative Topic-by-topic Dictionary of American Lingoes From All
walks of Life, 1999
18. Ayto John - The Longman Register of New Words. Русский язык. Москва, 1990
19. Thurner Dick - Portmanteau Dictionary: Blend words in the English Language, Including
Trademarks and Brand Names, 2003
20. McFedries Paul - Word Spy: The Word Lover’s Guide to Modern Culture, 2003
21. Algeo John - Blends, a structural and systemic view, 1977
22. Ginzburg R.S., 1979,57
reziume
Senazardebi inglisuri enis leqsikaSi
ekaterine bakaraZe
winamdebare naSromi eZRvneba Senazardebs inglisur enaSi, romlebic
moicaven ori sxvadasxva sityvis azrsa da xmovanebas, sadac ori
mniSvneloba erT sityvaSia gadmocemuli. portmanto sityvebi ganxilulia,
rogorc inglisur enaSi erT-erT sityvamawarmoebeli saSualeba. mocemulia
teleskopizmebis ganmarteba, gaanalizebulia maTi warmoSobisa da
ganviTarebis etapebi. kvlevis sagans warmoadgens Senazardebis warmoebis
Taviseburebebisa da maTi damokidebulebis Seswavla inglisuri enis
leqsikasTan. Seswavlilia sxvadasxva sferoSi arsebuli teleskopizmebis
Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis specifika, maTi produqtiuloba. naSromSi aseve
gaanalizebulia Senazardebis funqcia Tanamedrove inglisuri enis
sxvadasxva sferos profesiuli Tu sametyvelo leqsikis axali sityvebiT
gamdidrebaSi.
21

SUMMARY
Blends in English Language Vocabulary
Ekaterine Bakaradze
The present article is about portmanteau words, which mash together the sounds and
meanings of two other words. Blend words are discussed as one of the productive ways of presentday
English word-formation. Definition of telescopisms, their creation, stages of development is
analyzed. The subject of research is also the study of characteristics of the formation of portmanteau
words and their relation with the English Language vocabulary. Specificity of creation and usage,
productivity of blendings in various fields are also studied. The function of blends in different
spheres of professional and colloquial usage of present-day English language in enrichment of the
vocabulary with new words is also discussed.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Слияния в лексике английского языка
Екатерина Бакарадзе
В данной статье рассматриваются слияния в английском языке, сформиированные из
звуков и значений двух разных слов. Статья рассматривает слова портманто, как один из
продуктивных способов словообразования в современном английском языке. Представлена
пояснение телескопизмов, проанализирована их создания, этапы развития. Предметом
исследования является особенности формирования слияния, изучение их отношения с
терминологией английского языка. Изучена специфика создания, использования и
продуктивность телескопизмов в разных сферах профессионального и разговорного
использования современного английского языка в обогащение лексики новыми словами.
22

evrokavSir-saqarTvelos evropuli samezoblo politika
giorgi mangoSvili,
stu-s magistri
miuxedavad imisa, rom evrokavSirma samezoblo poltika 2004 wels
SeimuSava, 2007 wlis 3 seqtembers briuselSi pirvelad gaimarTa Sexvedra
yvela partniori qveynis monawileobiT. TviT evrokavSiri, rogorc
cnobilia, 27 qveyanas moicavs, evrokavSiris samezoblo politika ki 16
qveyanas exeba, maT Soris aris saqarTveloc. Sesabamisad, saqme exeba
rogorc geografiuli mdebareobiT, ise istoriuli gziT gansxvavebul
regionebs. Tumca, saerTo am SemTxvevaSi aris is, rom evrokavSiri yovel
maTgans, 16-ve qveyanas sTavazobs privilegirebul urTierTobas, saerTo
Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli gzebiT saerTo miznebis miRwevas.
evrokomisiis prezidentis Joze manuel barozus am dRisTvis
gakeTebuli gancxadebiT: ,,evropis samezoblo politikis fundamenturi
principia diferenciacia, gansxvavebuli midgoma. evrokavSiris samezoblo
politika ar aris da arc arasodes yofila politika, romelic yvelasadmi
erTnair midgomas iTvaliswinebs. Eevropis samezoblo politikis imdenive
variacia arsebobs, ramdeni partniori qveyanac gvyavs, ar SegviZlia da arc
gvsurs Cvens partniorebs Soris gansxvavebaTa ignorireba.”
da mainc, saerTos davubrundeT. saerToa is, rom samezoblo politikis
wevrebs ar gaaCniaT evrokavSirSi axlo momavalSi gawevrianebs perspeqtiva,
rom saqme exeba saerTo interesebze dafuZnebul, praqtikuli sargeblis
momtan TanamSromlobas da ara politikur integracias. amitomac aris, rom
evrokavSiri mezoblebTan urTierTobaSi dResdReobiT nakleb aqcents
akeTebs politikur reformebze, adamianis uflebaTa dacvaze _ im
sakiTxebze, romelTac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqneboda erokavSirSi
gawevrianebis kandidati qveynebisTvis. evrokavSiri da misi mezoblebi
amJamad Tavs arideben politikur standartebze saubars: laparakoben
ekonomikis sferoSi TanamSromlobaze, energetikul usafrTxoebaze,
finansuri da teqnikuri daxmarebis gazrdaze, savizo reJimis gamartivebaze.
briuselSi gamarTul Sexvedraze evrokomisarma sagareo urTierTobis
sakiTxebSi benita ferero-valdnerma isaubra evrokavSiris warmodgenaze,
rogori unda iyos evrokavSiris mezoblebTan urTierToba momavalSi: ,,Cven
warmogvesaxeba ekonomikurad integrirebuli area, romelic gadaWimulia
mTels evrokavSirze da mis uaxloes evropel da xmelTaSuazRvis pira
partniorebze. es unda iyos area, romelSic Tavisuflad gadaadgildeba
nawarmi, momsaxureba da kapitali.”
Aam miznis misaRwevad, dasZina ferero-valdnerma, evrokavSiri saWirod
miiCnevs Tavisufli vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis dadebas, garda amisa,
mizanSewonlia savizo reJimis gamartiveba: mezobeli saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebisTvis
vizebis ,,ufro martivad, ufro iafad da ufro swrafad”
gacema.
Aam etapze saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da evrokavSiris mizani qveynis ara
evrokavSirSi gaerTianeba, aramed misi evropuli integracaa. ra Tqma unda,
saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi Sesvlisakn swrafvis gamoxatva ar ekrZaleba. evrokavSiris
wesdeba iseTs arafers Seicavs, ramac SeiZleba am miznis miRweva,
principSi, SeuZlebeli gaxados. zogi fiqrobs, rom es mxolod drois
saqmea. magram ra unda gakeTdes amasobaSi? saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris
mTavari barieri mxolod qveynis sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebeli
23

sistema ki ar aris, aramed qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis da kanonis uzenaesobis
donea. am mxriv TvalsaCino magaliTia rumineTi. ekonomikuri reformis
mizani ara TavisTavad kanonmdeblobis harmonizaca, aramed harmonizebuli
kanonmdeblobis ekonomikis ganviTarebis instrumentad gamoyenebaa.
saqarTvelo ukve Seudga evropuli samezoblo politikis (ENP) farglebSi
evrokavSir-saqarTvelos samoqmedo gegmis (ENP AP) ganxorcielebas,
romelic 2006 wlis noemberSi damtkicda. dokumentSi gansazRvrulia saqar-
Tvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris saSualovadiani TanamSromlobis prioritetebi
5 wlis vadiT. Evropis samezoblo politika partniorebs axal perspeqtivebs
mraval sferoSi sTavazobs. sxva sakiTxebTan erTad igi fokusirebulia
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrdis mdgomareobasa da siRaribis Semcirebaze,
biznesgaremosa da mmarTvelobis srulyofaze, evrokavSir-saqarTvelos
savaWro da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gafarToebaze, investiciebis mozidvis
da qveynis ekonomikurad ganviTarebis mizniT vaWrobis barierebis
moxsnaze, transportisa da energetikis sferoSi TanamSromlobaze, maT
Soris regionul WrilSi. 2007 wlis maisSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo
evropis samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis strategia
mimdinare wlisTvis, xolo ivlisSi baTumSi gamarTul maRali donis
saerTaSoriso konferenciaze moawyo aRniSnuli gegmis prioritetul sferoebSi
mimdinare da dasaxli RonisZiebebis prezentacia.
ENP AP qveyanaSi politikis SemuSavebis mniSvnelovani wyaro xdeba.
mTavrobis, axlaxan miRebul, saSualovadian strategiul dokumentSi, ,,2008-
2011 wlebis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi da mimarTulebebi”, evropuli samezoblo
politikis samoqmedo gegma moxseniebulia, rogorc erT-erTi strategiuli
politikuri programa. momavalSi mTavroba apirebs politikuri gadawyvetilebebi
ufro metad Seusabamos samoqmedo gegmis amocanebs.
evropis samezoblo politika ambiciur miznebs isaxavs, rac saziaro
Rirebulebebze valdebulebebs, politikuri, ekonomikuri da institucionaluri
reformebis efeqtur ganxorcielebazea damyarebuli. samoqmedo
gegmaSi didi adgili eTmoba sasamarTlo sistemis, penitencialuri sistemis,
demokratiuli institutis, adamianTa uflebebis da Tavisuflebis problemebis
mogvarebas. saqarTvelos SesaZlebloba eZleva kavSirebi daamyaros
kulturis, ganaTlebis, garemos dacvis da mecnierebis sferoSi.
mniSvnelovania biznesis, sainvesticio garemos, privatizaciis procesis
da korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxebi: unda gaumjobesdes da ganvi-
Tardes biznesgaremo, kerZod biznesis wamiwyebis piribebi, unda mogvardes
muSaxelis daqiravebisa da samsaxuridan daTxovnis, sakuTrebis Registraciis,
kreditis miRebis, investorTa dacvis, kontaqtebis gaZlierebis da
biznesis daxurvis sakiTxebi. saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsi evrokavSirisa da
saerTaSoriso standartebTan unda iyos harmonizebuli, man sabaJo
procedurebi unda gaamartivos. unda Camoyalibdes importisa da eqsportis
regulirebisa da procedurebis sakonsultacio sainformacio meqanizmi.
unda gaZlierdes sagadasxado administraciis gamartiveba, kompiuterizacia
da modernizacia. 2009 wlisTvis uzrunvelyofi unda iyos bolo xans
miRebuli erovnuli antikorufciuli strategiis ganxorcieleba da privatizaciis
procesis gagrZeleba.
samoqmedo gegma iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis
daxmarebas, xolo siRaribesTan brZola da socialuri erToba ekonomikis
kanonmdeblobisa da administraciuli praqtikis Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs.
savaluto da fiskaluri politikis srulyofilad gatarebam makroekonomikuri
staboluroba unda uzrunvelyos, rac saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis
24

damoukideblobiT unda moxdes. efeqturi menejmentis sistemebi unda
Camoyalibdes sakanonmdeblo, socuzrunvelyofisa da janmrTelobis dacvis
sferoSi, da adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebis mizniT unda gagrZeldes
ganaTlebis reforma, gaumjobesdes statistikis xarisxi. unda gaRrmavdes
ormxrivi savaWro urTierTobebi, rac evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris
Tavisufali vaWrobis SemoRebas gulisxmobs uaxloes periodSi.
rogorc praqtikaSi, ise TeoriaSi, ekonomikuri integracia vaWrobiT
iwyeba.Eevropuli samezoblo politikiT evrokavSiri mezobeli qveynebisTvis
Tavis Sida bazrebs xsnis ufro metad, vidre amas ,,araintegraciuli”
savaWro debulebebi iTvaliswinebs, romlebic dafiqsirebulia partniorobis
da TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebaSi. Tuki PCA moicavs regulirebis
sferoSi ,,TanamSromlobis” da erovnuli kanonmdeblobis evropulTan ,,TandaTanobiTi
daaxloebis” msubuq valdebulebebs, samezoblo politikis samoqmedo
gegmis ganxorcieleba amzadebs safuZvels ,,Rrma da yovlismomcveli
Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebisTvis” nebismier partniorTan, maT
Soris saqarTvelosTan.
ENP_is gaZlierebaze zemoaRniSnuli sainfoacio cnobis mixedviT, Rrma
da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebam arsebiTad yvela
saxis vaWroba da momsaxureba unda moicvas, maT Soris, partniori
qveynisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone produqti. evrokavSiri aseve
mzadaa dauSvas garkveuli asimetria, iseTi, rogoric ukve arsebobs
saqarTvelosTvis preferenciebis ganzogadebuli sistemis GSP+ saxiT.
aseTi SeTanxmeba unda moicavdes iurdiulad savaldebulo debulebebsac
vaWrobisa da ekonomikuri regulirebis sferoSi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba erTiani maregulirebeli bazis arsebobasa da bazarze erTgvarovan
daSvebas. bunebrivia, rogorc evropuli proeqti _ ENP samoqmedo
gegmis meSveobiT qveyanas regulatiuri reformis gatarebas karnaxobs. am
mimarTulebiT reformis ZiriTadi samizneebia sabaJo sfero, estándartizaciis,
serTifikaciis da akrediTaciis sistemebi, aseve veterinaruli da
fotosanitaruli, sursaTis uvneblobis standartebi. aseve mniSvnelovnad
aris miCneuli konkurenciis dacvis politika, sawarmoTa konkurentuloba,
inovacia da samrewvelo politika, TanamSromloba kvleviT saqmianobaSi,
kargi mmarTveloba dabegvris sferoSi, sawarmoTa Sesaxeb kanoni,
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi, finansuri momsaxureba. am sferoebSi Sesabamisma
reformam xeli unda Seuwyos saqarTvelos vaWrobis ganviTarebas evropis
kavSirTan. reformis warmateba aseve imoqmedebs evrokavSiris institutebze,
raTa saqarTvelosTan ufro xelsayreli savaWro reJimi damyardes. es
niSnavs evropuli samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmis savaWro da
maregulirebeli debulebebis srul ganxorcielebas ise, rom vaWrobisa da
regulirebis sferoebSi miRweul iqnes sruli harmonizacia. aqedan
gamomdinare ENP, rogorc politikuri CarCo, asocirebuli SeTanxmebis
farglebsac ki scdeba da qveyanas evropis erTian ekonomikur sivrceSi
gaerTianebas sTavazobs. harmonizebis realuri warumatebloba ki nebismier
(an ramdenime) zemoaRniSnul sferoSi saSualovadian perspeqtivaSi
aucileblad daakninebs Tavisufal vaWrobaze momavali xelSekrulebis
siRrmesa da srulyofilebas.Aaman SeiZleba imoqmedos axali, ufro mZlavri
SeTanxmebis Sinaarszec, romelmac PCA unda Caanacvlos. evropuli
samezoblo politika sakmaod moqnilia imisTvis, rom gaiTvaliswinos
konkretuli qveynis mdgomareoba da, Tu saWiroa, gaaxangrZlivos
regulirebis sferoSi harmonizebis vadebi. magram, samoqmedo gegmis
25

ganxorcielebis dros aucilebelia saimedo progresis miRweva, rac imis
niSani iqneba, rom qveyana mzad aris da ZaluZs evrokavSirTan integracia.
samoqmedo gegmaSi xazgasmulia saqarTvelos satranzito potencialis
Sesaxeb da gaTvaliswinebulia evropis kavSiris transportisa da energetikis
qselis Seqmna, raTa ,,baqos iniciativis” farglebSi uzrunvelyofili
iqnes evrokavSiris, Savi zRvis saxelmwifoebisa da kaspiis regionis
efeqturi TanamSromloba.
saqarTvelo aRmosavleT-dasavleTis satranzito derefnis sakvanZo
rgols warmoadgens. aRniSnuli derefnis ganviTareba ara mxolod evropaaziis
damakavSirebeli axali satransporto infrastruqturis Seqmnas
iTvaliswinebs, aramed mTel rig energetikul proeqtebsac, romlebic
evropis energomomaragebis diversifikacias isaxaven miznad. poloneTis
ekonomikis ministris moadgilis petre naimskis gancxadebiT, saqarTvelos
gavliT axali milsadenis mSenebloba Savi zRviT ukrainasa da poloneTis
GgavliT evropisken metad mniSvnelovania mTeli evropisTvis da es evropis
energetikuli usafrTxoebis qvakuTxedia. evropas ar surs, damokidebuli
iyos ruseTze da man Tavisi pirobebi gvikarnaxos.
evropis energousafrTxoebis Temas exeba gazeT ,,rezonansSi”
gamoqveynebuli interviu poloneTis ekonomikis ministr piotr vozniakTan,
romelic TbilisSi 2007 wlis 26 seqtembris forumisa da, kerZod, axali
navTobsadenis proeqtis mniSvnelobaze saubrobs. saqme exeba
odesa_brodi_plockis milsadens, romelic kaspiis navTobs evropas
miawvdis: ,,evrokavSiris zogierT wevrs surs, rom es navTobi samxreT
evropsken wavides, magram Cven vfiqrobT, rom es maincdamainc samarTliani
ar aris. samxreTis regionSi navTobis gatarebis didi SesaZleblobebia.
amitomac axla mniSvnelovani centraluri evropis da CrdiloeTis regionis
alternatiuli navTobsadenia.”
saerTaSoriso energetikul bazarze dReisaTvis Camoyalibebuli
situacia ganapirobebs bunebrivi gazis miwodebis alternatuli,
saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamavali da ruseTis gavlenisagan Tavisufali
marSrutebis mSeneblobis sakiTxis globalur strategiul mniSvnelobas.
satranzito milsadenebis am proeqtebis realizacia uzrunvelyofs
evropuli energetikuli bazris diversifikacias, saqarTvelos da suam-is,
centraluri aziisa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis warmatebul
integracias globalur ekonomikur struqturebSi da regionis mdgrad
ganviTarebas, bolos mouRebs saerTaSoriso energetikuli bazris
strategiuli resursiT uzrunvelyofis monopolizebas erTi kompaniismier.
2007 wlis 10 oqtombers litvaSi Sedga Sexvedra energiis saerTaSoriso
konferenciaze, romelic mieZRvna e.w. ,,TeTri nakadis” proeqtis
ganxorcielebas, romelic zemoT aRniSnuli Temis gagrZelebaa da
gulisxmobs saqarTvelos gavliT milsadenebis gayvanas, gazis da navTobis
alternatiul transportirebas evropaSi ruseTis gverdis avliT. erTi
marSuti wava nabukos mimarTulebiT, xolo meore Sav zRvas gadakveTs.
saubaria odesa-brodis navTobsadenze, romelsac ZiriTadad baltiispireTi
da poloneTi gamoiyenebs. TurqmeneTTan dawyebuli molaparakebis Semdeg
evropisTvis Zalze did mniSvnelobas iZens aseTi alternatiuli
milsadenebi. vilniusSi regionuli usafrTxoebis konferenciaze yvela
dainteresebuli mxare maRali warmomadgenlobiT iyo, garda ruseTisa, igi
yvelaze dabali warmomadgenlobiT gamoirCeoda gasagebi mizezebis
gamo.Kkonferencias eswreboda amerikis warmomadgeneli meTiu braizac.
Uuaxloes momavalSi saqarTvelo iqneba transkaspiuri milsadenis
gamtarebeli evropaSi da is mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs evropis
26

energo usafrTxoebasa da kavkasiisa da evropis Semdgom urTierTobebSi.
evropis energo usafrTxoebis konteqstSi agreTve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da TurqeTis strategiul TanamSromlobas,
baqo_Tbilisi_jeihanisa da Saxdeniz_Tbilisi_erzerumis gazsadenebs.
strategiuli TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia agreTve yarsi-axalqalaqi-Tbilisibaqos
rkinigza, igi e.w. ,,samxreTis” gazsadenebze aranakleb mniSvnelovania.
saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan politikuri usafrTxoebis, ekonomikuri da
kulturuli urTierTobebis gaRrmavebis SesaZlebloba eZleva, mas SeuZlia
gaafarTovos regionuli da sasazRvro TanamSromloba. Uufro srulyofili
integraciis RonisZiebebiT, kapitalis moZraobiTa da instituciuri harmonizaciiT
SeZlebs saqarTvelo sargebloba miiRos evrokavSiris ekonomikuri
gaxsnilobiT. instituciuri sivrceebis Seqmna ekonomikuri integraciis
mniSvnelovani formaa da Zalian uwyobs xels am sivrceSi vaWrobis
ganviTarebasa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebas. swored amis
motana SeuZlia evrokavSirs saqarTvelosTvis evropis samezoblo
politikis farglebSi. samoqmedo gegma mniSvnelovan zegavlenas moaxdens
evrokavSirTan saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis, normebisa da standartebis
miaxloebis sakiTxSi. Aam konteqstSi, samoqmedo gegma Seqmnis ekonomikis
integraciis solidur safuZvels, romelic ekonomikisa da savaWro
urTierTobebis wesebis miRebasa da ganxorcielebaze, aseve, regulaciebze,
savaWro urTierTobebis gaRrmavebaze, investiciebsa da ganviTarebaze iqneba
damyarebuli. is dadebiTad imoqmedebs politikis ganxorcielebasa da dagegmvaze,
grZelvadiani miznebis dasaxviT xels Seuwyobs ekonomikis zrdas,
socialur erTobas, siRaribesTan brZolasa da garemos dacvas.
evrokavSirTan integraciul blokSi gawevrianeba Cveni qveynis
strategiul mizans warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, qveynis erovnuli
xelisuflebis umTavresi amocanaa, saqarTvelo ganviTarebuli qveynebis
danamatad ki ar iqces, aramed iyos evraziis damakavSirebeli, TanasworTa
Soris Tanaswori partniori qveyana. erovnuli TviTSegnebis aRdgenis da
ganmtkicebisTvis saWiroa fexze myarad mdgomi Zlieri ekonomika, romlis
warmatebuli ganviTarebac saxelmwifos Tanmimdevruli da aqtiuri Carevis
Sedegia.
l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
1. kapanaZe s., ,,evrokavSiris politika”, Tbilisi, 2006;
2. ,,evropis sabWo” _ evropis sabWos sainformacio biuro, Tbilisi, 2006;
3. ,,saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi”, kvartluri mimoxilva, ivlisi,
2007;
4. ,,evropuli samezoblo politika”, http://www.geplac.org;
5. goCitaSvili T., krakauskasi m., abulaSvili g., ,,saqarTvelo
evrokavSiris energetikuli politikis konteqstSi,” saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri tendenciebi, kvartluri mimoxilva, ivnisi 2006;
6. ,,evropuli samezoblo politika”, http://www.eu.europa.eu;
7. ,,evropis energo usafrTxoeba”, gazeTi ,,rezonansi”, 25 seqtemberi 2007;
8. Wiaureli m. ,,evrokavSiri mezoblebTan ufro mWidro urTierTobas
apirebs,” http://www.tavisupleba.org
27

eziume
evrokavSir-saqarTvelos evropuli samezoblo politika
giorgi mangoSvili
evropuli samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmis mizani saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobaa evrokavSiris Sida bazarze daSvebiTa
da qveyanaSi iseTi viTarebis SeqmniT, rodesac igi oTxi ZiriTadi
Tavisuflebis _ saqonlis, momsaxurebis, kapitalisa da adamianebis
Tavisufali moZraobis _ sikeTiT sargeblobas SeZlebs. amisaTvis saWiroa,
rom saqarTvelom gazardos Tavisi ekonomikuri maCveneblebisa da
evrokavSiris standartebTan daaxloebis done erTdroulad. iseTi patara
qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa, aseve mniSvnelovania regionuli
konteqsti, Savi zRvis regioni da sakvanZo satranzito funqcia
TanamSromlobisTvis sul ufro Zlier asparezad gvevlineba. saqarTvelos
interesebSia, rom gaRmavdes regionSi TanamSromloba da moxdes instituciu
ri evropeizaciis daCqareba
SUMMARY
European Neighbourship Policy of European Union and Georgia
Giorgi Mangoshvili
The goal of performance plan of European Neighbourship Policy is to promote Georgian
economy development by penetration into the internal market of EU and creation such situation in
the country when it will be able to profit by four essential liberties – free motion of goods, service,
capital and people. To achieve it, Georgia needs to increase its economic rate and simultaneously to
raise the level of approaching to EU standards. For such a small country as Georgia it’s also very
significant that the regional context, Black Sea region and junction transition function appear more
and more effective field for cooperation. Georgian interests include cooperation intensification in the
regions and acceleration of institutional Europeanization proceedings.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Европейская добрососедская политика Евросоюза-Грузии
Гиорги Мангошвили
Целью плана действий европейской добрососедской политики является содействие
экономическому развитию Грузии с допущением ее на внутренние рынки Евросоюза и
созданием в ней такой обстановки, при которой она сможет пользоваться четырьмя
основными свободами – благами – свободным движением товара, обслуживания, капитала и
людей. Для этого необходимо, чтобы Грузия одновременно возрастила свои экономические
показатели и уровень приближения к европейским стандартам. Для такой маленькой страны
как Грузия, также необходим региональный контекст, регион Черного Моря и узловая
транспортная функция становятся все более и более сильной и эффективной ареной для
сотрудничества. В интересах Грузии углубить сотрудничество в регионе и ускорить процессы
институционной европеизации.
28

Introduction
Does Europe Need a Harmonized Tort law?
Giorgi Khojevanishvili,
L.L.M. in Public International and European Law,
Riga Graduate School of Law
Some centuries ago an issue of harmonization of tort law was unthinkable, but nowadays it is
very important topic. During many years tort law has been developing independently in different
countries, now we are standing in front of dilemma, does Europe need the harmonized tort law? It is
still unanswered question.
In this short paper I would like to address Principles of European Tort Law, the process of
harmonization, advantages and disadvantages of it, economical and law approaches in respect to tort
law.
Principles of European Tort Law
Speaking on tort law, it is impossible not to talk about the “Principles of European Tort Law”,
which was drafted by the “European Group on Tort Law”. This group consist about 20 members,
who are all well-known tort law scholars. After some years of hard working and discussing, the
principles were published in 2005. The main purpose of these principles was to present a common
framework for the development of the national law as well as harmonization of law of torts in
Europe. Such a framework could avoid a further divergence in the rule-making process on a national
as well as the European level.
The detailed analysis of the full text of the principles can not be provided in this paper, but I
would like to note main points. The above-mentioned principles include the most important pressure
points of any European-style law of torts: the rule that life, bodily or mental integrity, human dignity
and liberty receive “the most extensive protection”, the rule that damages are limited to normal
losses, so that abnormally high losses need not be compensated; property rights “extensive
protection” and pure economic interests or contractual interests “more limited protection”, the very
narrowly defined rule on strict liability, which only concerns abnormally dangerous activities, and a
number of rules for assessing damages, such as compensation for fatal accidents and the specific
problems of immaterial losses. Article 10:101 of PETL defines the nature and purpose of damages,
in the following way: “Damages are a money payment to compensate the victim, that is to say, to
restore him, so far as money can, to the position he would have been in if the wrong complained of
had not been committed. Damages also serve the aim of preventing harm”. This definition reflects
the views of the drafters of the PETL on the goals of tort law. Compensation is seen as the main goal
of tort law and prevention is added as a secondary goal. The explicit reference to the prevention of
harm makes clear that the authors of the Principles have been influenced by legal economists.
When reading the PETL ones eye will notice three-letter word “may” for many times. It speaks
about the flexible character of the PETL. I would like to give some examples. In most cases, this
word works to authorize the court to take specific factors in mind in order to either allow or reject
acclaim for compensation. For example article 2:102 paragraph 4 of PETL, defines the scope of
protection of tort law in the following way: “protection of pure economic interests or contractual
relationships may be more limited in scope.”
Article 5:101 paragraph 2 elaborates on the requirement of an “abnormally dangerous
activities”. We can read in this paragraph that “a risk of damage may be significant having regard to
the seriousness or the likelihood of damage”.
29

Sometimes “may” is used to indicate a contingent fact, for instance article 3:103 of PETL,
which says that each activity must be regarded as having caused the damage to the extent that it
“may” have caused. It is obvious, the PETL is very fond of “may”, but whether this is good thing or
not is an issue of other discussion.
Harmonization of Tort Law – Advantages and Disadvantages
Harmonization of tort law has advantages and disadvantages. It is not easy to achieve
harmonized legal system in Europe. To the extent that harmonization of differences in European
legal systems appears to be desirable, the obvious question is how this should be done. One of the
best ways of unification of law in Europe would be through a competition of legal rules. In the
process of implementation of legal rules from one country to another on a market of legal culture,
the best legal rule for Europe may survive. This does not unwittingly mean the glorification of any
rules.
Harmonization of European tort law means the bringing together different legal traditions into
one. Here raises a weighty question whether this will be favorable for the society. The skeptics are
attached to one particular legal system which they see imperiled by harmonization. The fear is that a
particular legal tradition will be liquidated by the majority of the systems which dominate the
process of harmonization. The opponents of harmonization of tort law think that legal rules and
institutions sown and grown within one legal system can not be borrowed by or “transplanted” into
another jurisdiction. One of the most radical critics, Pierre Legrand writes “what can be displaced
from one jurisdiction to another is, literally, a meaningless form of words”.
Harmonization can take place in many contexts and over many ranges of jurisdictional
difference. Take an extreme case of two jurisdictions, X and Y, that have different apprehensions of
tort law and no knowledge of the other. In this situation, changes in technology that makes it cheap
and easy for X to access the precedents of Y will increase the likelihood that Y will influence the tort
law of X, and that X will conform to Y's view of tort law, thereby promoting harmonization of tort
law between the two jurisdictions.
It is worth to be mentioned that legal diversity hinders cross-border trade and harmonization of
law will encourage enterprises to engage in transactions. On one hand, large and multinational
enterprises may not be deterred by the need to adapt to local rules from entering local rules from
entering foreign markets, while on the other hand small and medium-sized might be discouraged
from offering their goods and services in another country with a distinct legal system the advantages
and disadvantages of which they are unable ascertain at reasonable cost. Moreover, goods and
services offered by foreign suppliers may be avoided by consumers, as they are not sure about the
level of protection they enjoy if the transaction is to be governed by foreign law.
Regarding the necessity of harmonization, the analysis in the legal literature is usually very
simplistic. Some group of lawyers advance the costs of different tort systems to justify the
harmonization of tort law. It is argued that differences in legal rules increase legal uncertainty and
lead to problems in the management of enterprises and in legal practice, which hinders cross-border
trade. The latter argument is also very popular with European bureaucrats, who usually add that
differences in tort law create inequality in competitive conditions across the member states. So,
harmonization can be presented as an instrument to create a ‘level playing field’ for industry.
Economic Analysis of Harmonization of Tort Law
European private law and the trend towards harmonization have a lot of support in Europe
today. For many traditional lawyers differences between the legal systems are undesirable and plead
in favor of harmonization of tort law.
The economic analysis of harmonization takes a much more careful attitude. On the one hand,
Law and Economics scholars stress the benefits of divergent legal rules. Competition between legal
orders allows satisfying a greater number of preferences and enables learning processes. On the other
30

hand, Law and Economics scholars admit that competition between legal orders may fail. Another
argument in favor of harmonization is that centralization may achieve scale economies or reduce
transaction costs.
From an economic perspective, the most significant argument for a harmonization of tort law is
that such a harmonization could lead to a reduction of administrative costs. The unification of
liability rules which do indeed reflect similar values and preferences at relatively low costs should be
considered as an important advantage. This is a leading thought which was developed by many
academic tort lawyers. It must be also taken into consideration the fact that harmonization of tort
laws should not cause the situation, when national legal systems have to give up national rules which
are deeply rooted in national values and traditions. It will be fully different if the national rules and
traditions are replaced by another rule and traditions, which are formulated in a technically different
way, but still reflect the same values and preferences.
I can give an obvious example in favor of harmonization: citizens in downstream states suffer
from lenient environmental water standards in upstream states. Negotiations between the countries
involved may not lead to optimal outcomes because of opportunistic behavior. This may provide a
powerful argument in favor of central rules on water pollution.
Conclusion
Even though there are still many barriers and problems concerning harmonization of tort law,
the work of the European Group of Tort Law is a very important achievement for the future
development of tort law. Furthermore, the goal of creating a level playing field will not be reached
until firms in many countries will not improve infrastructure, wages, labor productivity and so on.
Harmonization of tort law is already the issue of usual discussions and political debates. I am sure
that democratic society will come to the right choice.
l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
1. R.V. Berg, L. Visscher, The Principles of European Tort Law: The Right Path to Harmonization,
vol. 10, number 3
2. European Group on Tort Law, Principles of European Tort Law. Text and commentary. (2005)
3. J.Spier, ‘General Introduction’, Principles of European Tort Law, 2005
4. Bernard A. Koch, The “European Group on Tort Law” and Its “Principles of European Tort
Law”, 2005
5. G. Wagner, “The Project of Harmonizing European Tort Law”, Common Market Law Review,
vol. 42, number 5, 2005
6. Jan M. Smits, The Harmonization of Private Law in Europe: Some Insights from Evolutionary
Theory, Special Volume in Honor of Alan Watson, Georgia Journal of International and
Comparative law 31 (2002)
7. P. Legrand, “The Impossibility of ‘Legal Transplants’”, 4 MJ (1997),
8. Jack Goldsmith, Regulation of the Internet: Three Persistent Fallacies, 73 Chi.-Kent L. R. 1119,
1998
9. G. Wagner “The Economics of Harmonization: The Case of Contract Law”, 39. Common
Market Law Review, 2002
10. M. Faure, “Economic Analysis of Tort Law and the European Civil Code”, Towards a European
Civil Code, 2004
31

SUMMARY
Does Europe Need a Harmonized Tort law?
Giorgi Khojevanishvili
I would like to underline, that the question: “does Europe need a harmonized Tort law” – still
remains an open one. In this short paper I am talking on about the “Principles of European Tort
Law”, as its main aim is to create a framework for harmonization of law of torts in Europe. Also here
is discussed advantages and disadvantages, is given law and economic approaches for harmonization
of tort law.
reziume
saWiroa Tu ara harmonizebuli evropuli kanonmdebloba samoqalaqo
samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis?
giorgi xojevaniSvili
unda aRiniSnos, rom kiTxvaze “saWiroa Tu ara harmonizebuli evropuli
kanonmdebloba samoqalaqo samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis” jer kidev ar
arsebobs konkretyli pasuxi. statiaSi ganxilulia is principebi, romlis
mizanicaa Seqmnas erTiani evropuli samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi
kanonmdebloba. Aaseve saubaria im naklovanebebsa da upiratesobebze,
romelic Tan axlavs harmonizebul evropul kanonmdeblobas. amasTan,
mocemulia sakiTxis samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri xedva.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Требуется ли гармонизированное европейское законодательство
для гражданского правонарушения?
Гиорги Ходжеванишвили
Надо заметить, что на вопрос нужно ли “ европейское законодательство для
гражданского правонарушения.“ ещё нет конкретного ответа.В статье рассмотрены те
принцыпы, целью которых является создание европейского гражданского правового
законодательства. Речь идёт о недостатках и преимуществах, которые сопутствуют
гармоничному, европейскому законодательству. А так же рассмотрены правовые и
экономические взгляды вопроса.
32

lizingi, rogorc ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi movlena
giorgi maduaSvili,
samarTlis magistri
lizingis xelSekruleba erT-erTi yvelaze axali da amavdroulad
rTuli da mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebaa, romelic misi formebisa da
saxeebis gansakuTrebuli mravalfeornebiT xasiaTdeba. termini lizingi,
warmodgeba inglisuri zmnidan ,,lease” da niSnavs gaqiravebas. germanul
samarTalSi am movlenis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba – mitvertag kredit, espanur
kanonmdeblobaSi – arrendamiento financiero, italiur kanonmdeblobaSi – credito
arrendamiento, ruseTis federaciis kanonmdeblobaSi lizingi aRiniSneba iseTi
dasaxelebiT, rogoricaa finansuri ijara, rac TavisTavad gamomdinareobs
im mniSvnelovani msgavsebebidan, romlebic axasiaTebT lizingsa da ijaras.
gabatonebulia azri imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi
urTierToba, romelic Tavisi warmoSobiTa da samarTlebrivi bunebiT dakav-
Sirebulia lizingTan, istoriulad SedarebiT axali samarTlebrivi
movlenaa.
marTlac, lizingis idea axali namdvilad ar aris, Tumca Tavad termini
– lizingi (lease) namdvilad axalia.Llizingis ideis arsebiTi Strixebis
Camoyalibeba ki jer kidev aristoteles epoqaSi unda veZioT – e.i. Cvens
welTaRricxvamde 384/383-322 wlebamde. swored aristoteles ekuTvnis is
umniSvnelovanesi fraza, romelic damkvidrda ara marto sazRvargareTis
kanonmdeblobaSi, aramed, axla ukve calkeuli qveynebis erovnul
kanonmdeblobaSic: ,,simdidre mdgomareobs am simdidiris gamoyenebaSi da
ara mxolod sakuTrebaSi.” sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mogebis miRebisaTvis
srulebiT ar aris aucilebeli iyoT raime qonebis mesakuTre, mTavaria am
qonebiT sworad sargebloba vicodeT da amis Sedegad miviRoT mogeba.
ekonomistebis azriT, saijaro (salizingo) garigebebi sakmaod cnobili
iyo aristoteles epoqaSic. rogorc p. baltusi da b. maijeri weren TavianT
wignSi ,,evropuli lizingis skola”, jer kidev SumerTa saxelmwifos
kvlevisas Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis farglebSi aRmoCenilia e.w.
dafebi, romlebic, savaraudod, Cvens welTaRricxvamde 2000 wliT
TariRdeba, adastureben im faqts, rom jer kidev am Soreul xanaSi
gavrcelebuli iyo sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebis, miwebis, sarwyavi
sistemebis ijariT gacema. am dafebis didi nawili mxolod 1984 wels iqna
aRmoCenili. isini mogviTxroben im valdebulebiT-samarTlebriv
urTieTobebze, romlebic damyarebuli iyo saeklesio pirebsa da
adgilobriv fermerebs Soris. Tumca es uZvelesi dokumenturi masala
srulebiT ar gamoricxavs imas, rom sxva istoriul epoqebSic iyo
gavrcelebuli saijaro, salizingo urTierTobebi, romelTa Sesaxeb
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebs dasabuTebuli informacia ar moepovebaT.
ingliselma istorikosma t. karlma, lizingTan dakavSirebuli
ramodenime kanoni aRmoaCina Cv. w. aR-mde 1775-1750 wlebSi hamurabis mier
miRebul kanonebSi. es kanonebi absoluturad detalurad aregulireben
ijaris yvela saxes, mis pirobebs, vadebsa da sazRauris farglebs.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi lizinguri momsaxureba Tavmoyrilia
samkuTxedSi: amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi _ dasavleT evropa _ iaponia.
evropaSi lizingis gamcemebad gamodian specializirebuli lizinguri
kompaniebi, romelTa daaxloebiT 75-80 procenti kontroldeba bankebis mier
33

an iTvleba maT Svilobil sawarmoebad. iaponiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
lizinguri momsaxurebis masobrivi gafarToeba, romelic Seicavs lizingur
operaciasTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs.
lizingis procesi gamoxatavs qonebrivi urTierTobebis erTian process,
dakavSirebuls lizinguri operaciebis monawileTa Soris qonebis
moZraobasTan.Aamitomac, lizingi, rogorc ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi
kategoria, warmoadgens samewarmeo saqmianobis gansakuTrebul formas,
romelic mimarTulia droebiT Tavisufali finansuri saxsrebis
investirebisaken.
msoflio praqtikaSi termini lizingi gamoiyeneba rogorc xangrZlivi
moxmarebis, ZviradRirebuli saqonlis ijaraze dafuZnebuli garigeba.
lizinguri kompania faqtobrivad afinansebs, akreditebs moijares. amitomac,
lizingi xSirad moixsenieba, rogorc ,,kredit-ijara”, gansxvavebiT yidvagayidvisagan,
romlis drosac sakuTrebis ufleba pirdapir gadadis
gamyidvelidan myidvelze, lizingis SemTxvevaSi ki sakuTrebis ufleba
lizingis saganze unarCundeba meijares, xolo lizingis mimRebi moipovebs
mas mxolod droebiT sargeblobaSi. lizingis xelSekrulebis vadis
gasvlis Semdeg lizingis mimRebs SeuZlia Seisyidos ijaris obieqti
SeTanxmebuli fasiT, gaagrZelos lizingis xelSekruleba an daibrunos
lizingis obieqti.
ekonomikuri TvasazrisiT, lizings marTlac aqvs garkveuli msgavseba
kreditTan, romelic konkretuli mowyobilobis SesaZenad aris gacemuli.
kreditis dros, ZiriTad fondebSi msesxebels valebis dasafarad Seaqvs
gadasaxadebi dadgenil vadebSi. amasTanave, banki kreditis dabrunebis
uzrunvelsayofad inarCunebs sakuTrebis uflebas dakreditebul obieqtze
sesxis srul dabrunebamde. lizingis SemTxvevaSi moijare xdeba lizingiT
aRebuli obieqtis mesakuTre mxolod xelSekrulebiT dadgenili vadis
gasvlamde da salizingo qonebis sruli Rirebulebis gadaxdamde. Tumca,
aRniSnuli msgavseba damaxasiaTebelia mxolod finansuri lizingisaTvis,
lizingis meore saxe – operatiuli lizingi metwilad klasikur ijarasTan
Zalian didi msgavsebebiT xasiaTdeba.
Tavisi iuridiuli bunebiT lizinguri garigeba xasiaTdeba sainvesticio
faseulobebis grZelvadiani ijaris Tavisebur saxed. lizinguri operaciebis
zust gansazRvras aqvs Zalian didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba, radgan
kanoniT dadgenili misi formis daucvelobis SemTxvevaSi, is ar SeiZleba
miCneul iqnas lizingur garigebad, rac, bunebrivia, lizinguri operaciis
monawileTaTvis gamoiwvevs arasasurvel samarTlebriv da finansur Sedeges.
lizingis, rogorc samarTlebrivi movlenis umTavresi Tavisebureba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi xasiaTdeba momsaxurebis saocari
mravalferovnebiT, romelic SeiZleba gaewios lizingis mimRebs.
salizingoDmomsaxureba iyofa or ZiriTad jgufad:
1. teqnikuriDmomsaxureba; momsaxurebis es saxe dakavSirebulia lizingis
obieqtis transportirebis organizebasTan, klientis mier misi gamoyenebis
adgilze, lizingiT gacemuli mowyobilobis montaJTan da mowesrigebasTan,
mowyobilobebis teqnikur momsaxurebasTan da mimdinare remontTan;
2. sakonsultacio momsaxureba; masSi igulisxmeba gadasaxadebiT
dabegvris, xelSekrulebis gaformebis da a.S. gaweuli momsaxureba.
lizingis ganviTareba bevradaa damokidebuli saimedo garantiebze,
isini amcireben finansur riskebs, romlebic SesaZlebelia salizingo
operaciebSi monawileTa Tanxvedri iyos. lizingis gamcemTaTvis
mniSvnelovania salizingo gadasaxadebis drouli dabrunebis garantiebis
miReba, sadazRvevo dacvis mowyoba valdebulebaTa SeusruleblobiT
34

gamowveuli danakargebisagan, rac SesaZlebelia moxdes lizingis mimRebTa
droebiTi an sruli gadaxdisunarianobis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi.
msoflioSi amJamad ramdenime aTasi lizinguri kompania moqmedebs. maTi
moRvaweoba gansxvavdeba saqmianobis mimarTulebiTa da salizingo
operaciebis moculobiT, potencialiT, regionaluri ganlagebiTa da sxva
faqtorebiT.
magaliTad, kompania `Finova Group~-s, romelsac msoflioSi 46-e Sedegi
aqvs portfelis moculobiT (1mlrd663mln aSS dolari), ver moxvda siaSi.
analogiuri situacia aqvs `ECS~ kompanias, romelic 59-e pozicias ikavebs
portfelis moculobiT 1,200 mlrd dolariT da kompanias `ABB Credit~-63-e
adgili, portfelis moculobiT 1,082 mlrd aSS dolari.
kompania `Japan Leasing Corporation~-s wliuri salizingo operaciebis
moculobiT (3 mlrd 269 mln aSS dolari) msoflioSi merve pozicia ukavia;
kompania `D'Accord Financial~-s 2,500 mlrd dolariT _ me-17 adgili, kompania
`Newcourt Credit Group~-s 2,468 mlrd dolariT _ me-18 adgili da a.S.
qarTuli samoqalaqo samarTlisaTvis lizingi sruliad axali samar-
Tlebrivi movlenaa. samoqalaqo kodeqsidanac aSkaraa, rom lizingi
valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi institutia.
saqarTvelos samoqalqo kodeqsiT ganmartebulia, rom lizingi iseTi
tipis xelSekrulebaa, romlis drosac lizingis gamcemi lizingis mimRebs
gadascems sargeblobaSi gansazRvrul qonebas xelSekrulebiT dadgenili
vadis ganmavlobaSi. amis sanacvlod ki lizingis mimRebi, bunebrivia,
valdebulia, gadaixados xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sazRauri
dadgenili periodulobiT (576-e muxli).
lizingis saganTan dakavSirebiT 576-e muxlis me-2 punqti akonkretebs,
rom lizingis gamcemi valdebulia, daamzados an SeiZinos lizingis sagani.
maSasadame, saqarTvelos samoqalqo kodeqsi lizingis gamcems aZlevs
uflebas, airCios ijariT gasacemi lizingis sagnis mopovebis misTvis ufro
xelsayreli erT-erTi gza:
a) Tavad daamzados lizingis sagani, an
b) SeiZinos lizingis sagani.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba uSvebs imis SesaZleblobas, rom lizingis
mimRebs mieniWos uflebamosileba, lizingis xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis
Semdeg iyidos lizingis sagani an daiqiravos igi, Tu xelSekruleba sruli
amortizaciiT ar mTavrdeba. kanoni icavs mxareTa uflebebs da akonkretebs,
rom lizingis sagnis saboloo Rirebulebis dadgenisas yvela SemTxvevaSi
gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas sagnis amortizaciis faqti.
samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi centraluri adgili ukavia
xelSekrulebis formas. xSirad swored am formis daucveloba xdeba
xelSekrulebis baTilad cnobis safuZveli. lizingis xelSekrulebis
formasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 577-e muxlis Tanaxmad ,,lizingis xelSekruleba ideba werilobiT”.
xsenebuli debuleba savsebiT samarTlianad migvaCia imdenad, ramdenadac
lizingi misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare urTulesi
urTierTobaa, romlis zepiri formiT dadeba praqtikulad gamoricxulia da
masSi monawile mxareTa uflebebisaTvis sazianoa. kanoni aseve adgens im
savaldebulo miTiTebebs, romlebsac unda Seicavdes lizingis
xelSekruleba, es debulebebia:
a) lizingis mTliani fasi;
b) salizingo sazRauris Tanxa da misi gadaxdis vadebi;
35

g) saboloo gadaxdis Tanxa, xolo xelSekrulebis vadamde Sesrulebisas
– misi gamoTvlis wesi.
samoqalaqo kodeqsiT mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli da gamijnuli
lizingis gamcemisa da mimRebis pasuximgebloba. lizingis gamcemi pasuxs
agebs lizingis mimRebis winaSe qonebis miwodebis vadis gadacilebis an
miuwodeblobisaTvis, agreTve, naklis mqone qonebis miwodebisaTvis (578-e
muxli).
Tavis mxriv, lizingis mimRebis braliT xelSekrulebis vadamde
Sewyvetisas lizingis gamcems ar SeuZlia wauyenos mas iseTi moTxovnebi,
romlebic scildeba SesrulebasTan dakavSirebul mis interesebs. moTxovnis
gansazRvrisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba salizingo qonebis darCenili
Rirebuleba, salizingo sazRauris darCenili procentebi da sxva dazogili
xarjebi (579-e muxli).
imdenad, ramdenadac lizingi arsebiTad ijaraze dafuZnebuli
garigebaa, saqarTvelos samoqalqo kodeqsis 580-e muxli savsebiT
samarTlianad adgens, rom lizingis mimarT gamoyenebul unda iqnas
qiravnobis xelSekrulebis is wesebi, romlebic ar ewinaaRmdegebian
lizingis xelSekrulebis maregulirebel specialur normebs.
lizingis samarTlebriv regulirebas eTmoba saqarTvelos sagadasaxado
kodeqis 21-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac im SemTxvevaSi, Tu piri lizingiT
(finansuri ijariT) gascems amortizacias daqvemdebarebul ZiriTad
saSualebebs, maSin sagadasaxado kodeqsis miznebisaTvis operacia iTvleba
saqonlis miwodebad, xolo saijaro gadasaxdeli Sedgeba bass-is mixedviT
dikontirebis gziT gamoyofili ZiriTadi Tanxisa da procentebisagan.
sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba imperatiulad adgens, rom lizingis (finansuri
ijaris) xelSekrulebis safuZvelze gadacemuli qoneba am xelSekrulebis
moqmedebis periodSi unda aisaxos ijaris mimRebis balansze, rac mas
saSualebas miscems, ganaxorcielos am qonebasTan dakavSirebuli saamortizacio
da ZiriTadi saSualebebis remontis xarjebis gamoqviTvebi.
aSkaraa, rom lizingi ar aris mxolod samarTlebrivi movlena,
salizingo garigebebi imdenad mWidro kavSirSia qveynis ekonomikur
sistemasTan, rom lizinguri urTerTobebis mxolod samarTlebriv WrilSi
ganxilva Zalian rTulia.
lizings gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs qveynis eknomikur sistemaSi,
metic, igi faqtobrivad aris erTgvari stimuli mcire da saSualo biznesis
ganviTarebisaTvis. swored amitom, lizinguri urTierTobebis damkvidreba
da gavrceleba gansakuTrebiT saWirod migvaCnia saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi.
rogorc davinaxeT, lizingi dinamiurad ganviTarebadi urTieTobaa da
amis dasturia isic, rom am urTierTobam Zalze swrafad mokida fexi
Tanamedrove msoflios ekonomikur-samarTlebriv sistemaSi, Camoyalibda
uamravi salizingo firma, romelic uSualod muSaobs salizingo
operaciebis warmoebaze.
36

eziume
lizingi, rogorc ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi movlena
giorgi maduaSvili
naSromSi ganxilulia lizingi, rogorc ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi
movlena, saubaria mis Taviseburebebsa da mravalferovnebaze, aseve mis
regulirebaze qarTuli samoqalaqo samarTliT.
SUMMARY
Leasing, as an aconomical-lageslative phenomena
Giorgi Maduashvili
In this publication is examined leasing, as economic-legal phenomena, there is talked about its
peculiarities and variety, also its regulation with Georgian civil law.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Лизинг, как экономически-правовое явление
Гиорги Мадуашвили
В данном труде рассматривается лизинг, как экономически-правовое явление, беседа в
нём об особенностях и многообразии лизинга, а также о его урегулировании грузинским
гражданским правом.
37

samkvidro, rogorc memkvidreobis samarTlis obieqti
(saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsisa da montanas kodeqsis mixedviT)
irine gvelesiani,
filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati
Tanamedrove qarTul samarTalSi memkvidreobis samarTlebriv urTier-
TobaTa obieqtad `samkvidro~ aris aRiarebuli. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 1328-e muxlis Tanaxmad:
1. samkvidro (samkvidro qoneba) Seicavs mamkvidreblis rogorc qonebrivi
uflebebis (samkvidro aqtivi), ise movaleobebis (samkvidro pasivi)
erTobliobas, romelic mas hqonda sikvdilis momentisaTvis.
2. samkvidroSi Sedis saerTo sakuTrebis wili, romelic mamkvidrebelze
modioda, xolo Tu qonebis gayofa naturiT SeuZlebelia, maSin _ am
qonebis Rirebuleba.
aqve, ganvmartavT termins `qoneba~. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
147-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `qoneba…aris yvela nivTi da aramaterialuri
qonebrivi sikeTe, romelTa flobac, sargebloba da gankargva SeuZliaT
fizikur da iuridiul pirebs da romelTa SeZenac SeiZleba SeuzRudavad,
Tuki es akrZaluli ar aris kanoniT an ar ewinaaRmdegeba zneobriv
normebs~.
rogorc mocemuli muxlidan irkveva, qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi
qonebad aRiarebs rogorc nivTebs, aseve aramaterialur qonebriv
sikeTeebsac. romis samarTlidan pirveli sxeulebrivi nivTebis (res corporales)
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, meore ki _ usxeulo nivTebis (in-corporales)
saxeliT. yvela SemTxvevaSi, rogoric ar unda iyos nivTi, igi qonebad
iqceva im ufleba-movaleobaTa wyalobiT, romelic am nivTTanaa
dakavSirebuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qoneba ufleba-movaleobaTa
erTobliobacaa.
maSasadame, qonebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxe aris nivTi.
filosofiuri gagebiT igi gulisxmobs nebismier sagans, rasac SevigrZnobT.
samarTlebrivi gagebiT ki nivTis cneba ufro farToa. samoqalaqo
samarTlis mixedviT, `nivTi aris bunebis an adamianis mier Seqmnili
materialuri samyaros iseTi faseuloba, romelic akmayofilebs adamianis
raime moTxovnilebas da romlis gamoyenebac mas SeuZlia~.
nivTi SeiZleba iyos uZravi da moZravi. uZravi nivTi aris iseTi qoneba,
romelic ar SeiZleba gadaadgildes arsebiTi dazianebisa da Rirebulebis
Semcirebis gareSe. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad:'
`uZrav nivTebs miekuTvneba miwis nakveTi masSi arsebuli wiaRiseuliT,
miwaze aRmocenebuli mcenareebi, aseve Senoba-nagebobebi, romlebic myarad
dgas miwaze~.
uZravisagan unda ganvasxvavoT moZravi nivTebi. samwuxarod,
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi mxolod uZravi nivTebis ganmartebas
iZleva (muxli 149) da am dumiliT gvamcnobs, rom moZravad unda CaiTvalos
yvela is nivTi, romelic ar iTvleba uZravad. maSasadame, moZravi nivTi
iseTi sagania, romlis gadaadgileba SeiZleba arsebiTi dazianebisa da
Rirebulebis Semcirebis gareSe.
nivTis cnebis ganxilvis Semdeg, ganvmartavT aramaterialuri
qonebrivi sikeTis cnebas. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 152-e muxlis
38

Tanaxmad:
`aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTe aris is moTxovnebi da uflebebi,
romlebic SeiZleba gadaeces sxva pirs, an gamiznulia saimisod, rom maT
mflobels Seeqmnas materialuri sargebeli, anda mieniWos ufleba
mosTxovos sxva pirs raime~.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aramaterialur qonebriv sikeTes `usxeulo
nivTi~ ewodeba. usxeulo nivTebi sxeulebrivi nivTebis msgavsad
samarTlebriv faseulobad iqceva imis wyalobiT, rom maT ukan garkveuli
piris uflebebia gamokveTili. sxeulebrivi nivTis ukan arsebuli uflebebi
swored rom am nivTze arsebuli uflebebia da am azriT, faseulobas
warmoadgens sagnis TviT sxeuli, igive nivTi. sxvanairad dgas sakiTxi
usxeulo nivTebis viTarebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi TviT ufleba da moTxovnaa
nivTi, xolo is materializebuli sagani, raSic isinia gamoxatuli ar
warmoadgens maT sxeuls. miuxedavad amisa, aramaterialuri qonebrivi
sikeTeebis floba, sargebloba da gankargva isevea SesaZlebeli, rogorc
sxeulebrivi nivTebisa.
ganxiluli masala saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom memkvidreobis
samarTlis obieqti Tanamedrove qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT, aris
samkvidro. igi Sedgeba samkvidro aqtivisa da pasivisagan. aqtivs
warmoadgens mamkvidreblis qonebrivi uflebebi - uflebebi nivTebsa
(materialuri sikeTeebi) da aramaterialur sikeTeebze. materialuri sikeTe
SeiZleba iyos uZravi an moZravi. rac Seexeba samkvidro pasivs, masSi Sedis
mamkvidreblis qonebrivi movaleobebi. Qonebriv movaleobebSi igulisxmeba
memkvidreTa pasuxismgebloba mamkvidreblis valebisaTvis. saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1484-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `memkvidreebi valdebulni
arian mTlianad daakmayofilon mamkvidreblis kreditorTa interesebi,
magram miRebuli aqtivis farglebSi TiToeulis wilis proporciulad,
mamkvidreblis valebisaTvis pasuxismgebelni arian savaldebulo wilis
mimRebi memkvidreebic~.
maSasadame, TiToeuli memkvidre pasuxismgebelia mamkvidreblis
valebisaTvis miRebuli wilis proporciulad. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
saubaria rogorc kanonismier, aseve anderZismier memkvidreebze. Tumca,
anderZismieri memkvidreobis dros, moanderZes SeuZlia mTeli valis an misi
nawilis gadaxda daakisros erT an ramdenime memkvidres. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
danarCeni memkvidreebi Sesabamisad mTlianad an nawilobriv
Tavisufldebian valis gadaxdis movaleobisagan. magram, Tu mamkvidrebelma
valis gadaxda erT-erT memkvidres daavala da aRmoCnda, rom am memkvidris
mier miRebuli samkvidro sakmarisi ar aris valebis gasastumreblad, maSin,
valebis aunazRaurebeli nawilis gadaxda sxva memkvidreebs daekisrebaT.
dabolos, qarTul samarTalSi gvxvdeba termini `umkvidro qoneba~,
romelic aRniSnavs memkvidris gareSe darCenil samkvidros. 1343-e muxlis
Tanaxmad: `Tu arc kanoniT da arc anderZiT memkvidreebi ar arian, an
arcerTma memkvidrem ar miiRo samkvidro, anda, roca yvela memkvidres
CamoerTva memkvidreobis ufleba, umkvidro qoneba gadadis xazinaze~.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis msgavsad, montanas kanonmdeblobac
memkvidreobis samarTlis obieqtad asaxelebs samkvidros (estate). Tumca, aSSs
samarTalSi gansxvavebuli terminebiT aRiniSneba anderZiTa da
uanderZod gardacvlili piris samkvidro. Tu mamkvidrebeli anderZis
dautoveblad gardaicvala, maSin mis samkvidros ewodeba "intestate estate",
xolo Tu man andarZi datova, maSin _ "testate estate". samkvidros im nawils,
39

omelic "gawmendilia" valebisa da saanderZo danakisrebisagan, ewodeba
"residue".
amasTanave, estate Seicavs rogorc aqtiur, aseve pasiur elementebs. sam-
kvidro aqtivebi (assets) Sedgeba materialuri qonebisa (tangible property) da
aramaterialuri qonebisagan (intangible property).
Tangible property warmodgenilia uZravi (real or immovable property) da moZravi
(personal or movable property ) qonebiT.
montanas kodeqsis 70-1-106-e muxlis Tanaxmad, terminiT "real property"
aRiniSneba: `(1) miwa (land); (2) is, rac miwaze aris mimagrebuli, saxlis
CaTvliT (that which is affixed to land, including a manufactured home); (3) is, rac miwis
Tanmxlebia an miekuTvneba miwas ( that which is incidental or appurtenant to land ); (4) is,
rac uZravia kanonis mixedviT ( that which is immovable by law)~.
uZravi qonebisagan unda ganvasxvavoT moZravi qoneba. montanas
kodeqsis 1-1-205-e muxlis Tanaxmad, termini "personal property" gulisxmobs:
fuls (money), saqonels (goods), bargs (chattels), moqmedebaSi myof sagnebsa
(things in action) da valis damadasturebel sabuTebs. amasTanave, `nebismieri
saxis qoneba, romelic ar aris uZravi, aris moZravi~ (montanas kodeq- sis 70-
1-108-e muxli).
daqorwinebuli pirovnebis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, mis samkvidroSi
Sedis e. w. "community property" ("saerTo qoneba"). am qonebis naxevari rCeba mamkvidreblis
cocxlad darCenil meuRles, xolo meore naxevari ki: `... aris
gardacvlilis qoneba da eqvemdebareba anderZiT gadacemas mamkvidreblis
mier an ganawilebas "Uniform Probate Code" -is mixedviT" (muxli 72-9-102).
analogiuri kanoni gvxvdeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSic. 1339-e
muxlis Tanaxmad: `cocxlad darCenili meuRlis memkvidreobis ufleba ar
exeba qonebis im nawils, romelic mas meuRleTa TanasakuTrebidan ekuTvnis~.
TanasakuTreba anu saerTo sakuTreba meuRleTa mier qorwinebis
ganmavlobaSi SeZenil qonebas warmoadgens. Tu saqorwino xelSekrulebiT
sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, maSin erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvalebis
SemTxvevaSi, meuRleTa saerTo qonebis naxevari cocxlad darCenili
meuRlis wils Seadgens, xolo meore naxevari ki nawildeba memkvidreebs
Soris. cxadia, cocxlad darCenil meuRles sxva pirveli rigis
memkvidreebTan erTad aqvs memkvidreobis ufleba saerTo sakuTrebis meore
naxevarzec.
montanas kodeqsis mixedviT, samkvidro pasivs Seadgens mamkvidreblis
qonebrivi movaleobebi anu valebi (claims). valebis gadaxda xdeba qonebis
ganmkargvelis mier samkvidros marTvis periodSi. Tu qonebis gankargvis
dros yvela kreditoris moTxovna ar dakmayofilda, maSin: (1) samkvidro
aqtivebis ganawilebis Semdeg, sasamarTloSi SeiZleba aRiZras saqme
gadauxdel valebTan dakavSirebiT erTi an erTze meti memkvidris
winaaRmdeg ... (2) rac SeexebaT memkvidreebs, TiToeulma unda gadaixados
Tanxa valebis dasakmayofileblad, ise, TiTqos, vali gadaxdil iqna
samkvidros marTvis procesSi.
dabolos, montanas kanonmdeblobaSi gvxvdeba cneba `umkvidro qoneba~,
romelic aRiniSneba terminiTY"escheated property". 72-14-102- e muxlis Tanaxmad:
`rodesac ufleba sakuTrebaze _ uZravze, moZravze an Sereulze, wydeba
raime mizezis gamo, memkvidreebisa Tu uaxloesi naTesavebis ar arsebobis
CaTvliT, maSin es ufleba gadaecema montanas Stats mesakuTris
gardacvalebisTanave ... “. maSasadame, memkvidreebis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
`umkvidro qoneba~ rCeba saxelmwifos.
40

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cneba `samkvidro~ TiTqmis identurad aris
warmodgenili saqarTvelosa da montanas kanonmdeblobebSi. gansxvavebas
warmoadgens is faqti, rom qarTul samarTalSi ar arsebobs cneba "residue".
amasTanave, arsad gvxvdeba cnebebis "intestate estate"-isa da "testate estate"-is
aRmniSvneli leqsikuri erTeulebi. Cven mizanSewonilad migvaCnia aRniSnuli
cnebebis qarTuli leqsikuri erTeulebiT saxeldeba. Sesabamisad, Seiqmneba
axali qarTuli terminologiuri erTeulebi.
Cven mier SemoTavazebuli terminebia: `kanonismieri samkvidro~
(intestate estate) da `anderZismieri samkvidro~ (testate estate) (vxelmZRvanelobT ra
im faqtiT, rom „intestate estate“ kanoniT gadaecemaT memkvidreebs, xolo „testate
estate“ ki anderZiT gadadis memkvidreebis mflobelobaSi).
l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
1. kobaxiZe _ samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tbilisi, 2001.
2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, Tbilisi, 2002.
3. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meore, Tbilisi,
1999.
4. Montana Code Annotated, Montana, 2003
reziume
samkvidro, rogorc memkvidreobis samarTlis obieqti
(saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsisa da montanas kodeqsis mixedviT)
irine gvelesiani
naSromSi ganxilulia samkvidro, rogorc memkvidreobis samarTlis
obieqti qarTulsa da amerikul samarTalSi. saqarTvelosa da aSS-s
samarTlis Zeglebis Seswavlam cxadyo, rom cneba "samkvidro" TiTqmis
identurad aris warmodgenili orive qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi. gansxvavebas
warmoadgens mxolod is faqti, rom qarTul samarTalSi ar gvxvdeba
"residue"-s, "testate estate"-isa da "intestate estate"-is Sesatyvisi terminebi.
41

SUMMARY
Estate as an object of the Law of Succession
(According to The Civil Code of Georgia and Montana Code)
Irine Gvelesiani
In this article we discussed the terms denoting "estate" in Georgian and American Civil
Codes. The comparative analysis revealed that the concept "estate" is expressed almost identically in
laws of the both countries. The major difference is that in Georgian language there are noterms
denoting "residue", "testate estate" and "intestate estate".
РЕЗЮМЕ
Наследство, как объект наследственного права
(по Гражданскому Кодексу Грузии и Кодексу Монтана)
Ирина Гвелесиани
В статье рассмотрено понятие «наследство» и обозначающие его лексические еди-
ницы в Грузинском и Американском праве. Изучение памятников права показало, что
понятие «наследство» представлено почти идентично в кодексах Грузии и Америки.
Единственным различием является то, что в Грузинском законодательстве не существуют
термины обозначающие понятия “intestate estate” и “testate estate”. Так-же, не
существуетпонятие “residue”.
42

saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis Sesavali debulebani
irakli yandaSvili,
Tsu-s iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi da misi adgili qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi
2006 wlis 25 maiss miRebul iqna saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi,
romliTac Zaladakargulad iqna gamocxadebuli 1973 wlis 28 ivnisis
`saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi~, romelic sabWoTa periodSi iqna
miRebuli da saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdgomac
ganagrZobda moqmedebas. moqmedi Sromis kodeqsis safuZvelze
Zaladakargulad gamocxadda aseve mTeli rigi specialuri kanonebi Sromis
samarTalSi, rogoricaa saqarTvelos kanonebi `koleqtiuri xelSekrulebisa
da SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb~, `koleqtiuri SromiTi davis mowesrigebis wesis
Sesaxeb~, `dasaqmebis Sesaxeb~ da sxva.
kontinenturi evropis qveynebSi SromiTi urTierTobebis mowesrigebis
gansxvavebuli gzebi iqna arCeuli, ase magaliTad, italiis samoqalaqo
kodeqsi, romelic 1942 wels iqna miRebuli Tavis TavSi moicavs Sromis
samarTlis maregulirebel zogad debulebebs, msgavsi situaciaa Sveicariis
samoqalaqo kodeqsSic, kerZod, misi valdebulebiTi samarTlis me-10 kari
miznad isaxavs SromiTi saxelSekrulebo samarTlis mowesrigebas.
gansxvavebuli situaciaa safrangeTsa da espaneTSi, iseve rogorc
postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebSi, sadac saqarTvelos msgavsad SemuSavebulia
da moqmedebs Sromis samarTlis kodeqsi, rac aregulirebs qveyanaSi
arsebul SromiT samarTlebriv urTierTobebs.
Sromis samarTliT moculi SromiTi xelSekruleba arsebiTad
gansxvavdeba samoqalaqo samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebiTi
xelSekrulebebisagan, rac realurad ganapirobebs kidec Sromis samarTlis
damoukidebel arsebobas da misi normebis calke kodificirebas, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi misi integrireba samoqalaqo kodeqsSi gardauvali iqneboda.
gansxvavebis mTavari safuZveli gaxlavT SromiTi xelSekrulebisaTvis
damaxasisaTebeli sub-ordinaciis, daqvemdebarebis principi, rac mxareebs
Soris warmoiSoba SromiTi xelSekrulebis gaformebis Semdgom.
Tu samoqalaqo kodeqsis valldebulebiTi samarTlis nawiliT
gaTvaliswinebuli xelSekrulebebis mxareebs Soris horizontaluri
urTierTobebia damaxasiaTebeli, rogroc xelSekrulebis dadebamde, iseve
misi gaformebis Semdgom, gansxvavebuli situaciaa SromiTi urTierTobis
dros, rodesac swored vertikaluri mdgomareoba iqmneba damsaqmebelsa da
dasaqmebul mxareebs Soris.
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis moqmedebis sfero
Sromis kodeqsis pirveli muxli aregulirebs kodeqsis moqmedebis
sferos da iZleva miTiTebebs Tu ra saxis urTierTobebs exeba da
aregulirebs kodeqsiT mocemuli samarTlis normebi, kerZod:
1.1. `saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi awesrigebs saqarTvelos teritoriaze
SromiT da mis Tanmdev urTierTobebs, Tu isini gansxvavebulad ar
regulirdeba sxva specialuri kanoniT an saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebiT.
43

1.2. SromiT urTierTobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, romlebsac ar awesrigebs
es kodeqsi an sxva specialuri kanoni, regulirdeba
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis normebiT~.
zemoaRniSnuli muxlis citirebiT naTeli xdeba rom qveynis
teritoriaze arsebul SromiT samarTlebriv an mis Tanmdev urTierTobebs
aregulirebs saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi, xolo im SemTxvevaSi Tu
arsebuli SromiTi urTierTobebi gansxvavebulad regulirdeba
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT, gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTvelos
konstituciiTa da saqarTvelos kanoniT `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~
msgavs xelSekrulebebs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala eniWebaT ierarqiaSi maT
qvemdgom arsebul sxva normatiul aqtebTan SedarebiT, xdeba maTi
gamoyeneba, maT Soris Tundac kodeqsTan SedarebiT, romelic Cveulebriv
kanons warmoadgens.
zemoaRniSnuli muxli axdens miTiTebas saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsze da misi gamoyenebis savaldebuloobaze saubrobs SromiTi
urierTobebis mowesrigebisas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxezea im saxis SromiT
urTierTobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, romlebic ar regulirdeba
Sromis kodeqsiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am SemTxvevaSi saubaria ara mTlianad
samoqalaqo kodeqsis gamoyenebaze, aramed saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
zogadi nawilis gamoyenebis savaldebuloobaze.
SromiTi urTierTobebi da nebis gamovlenis Tavisufleba
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis meore muxli iZleva SromiTi
urTierTobis ganmartebas da yuradReba maxvildeba misTvis damaxasiaTebel
niSan-Tvisebebze, kerZod, SromiT urTierTobad Sromis samarTlis
miznebisTvis moiazreba Sromis organizaciuli mowesrigebis pirobebSi
dasaqmebulis mier damsaqmeblisaTvis samuSaos Sesruleba anazRaurebis
sanacvlod daqvemdebarebis principis gaTvaliswinebiT.
SromiTi urTierTobis warmoSobis winapirobad mxareTa
Tanasworuflebianobis safuZvelze nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegad
miRweuli SeTanxmeba miiCneva.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 51-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `nebis
gamovlena, romelic moiTxovs meore mxaris mier mis miRebas, namdvilad
CaiTvleba im momentidan, roca igi meore mxares miuva~.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi nawilis 52-e muxli nebis
gamovlenis ganmartebis cnebas iZleva da acxadebs, rom nebis gamovlenis
ganmartebisas neba unda dadgindes gonivruli gansjis Sedegad, da ara martooden
gamoTqmis sityvasityviTi azridan.
mxareebs SromiT urTierTobis warmoebisas ekisrebaT valdebuleba
raTa maT daicvan saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli adamianis
ZiriTadi uflebbei da Tavisuflebebi.
Sromis kodeqsis meore muxli exeba aseve iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs,
rogoricaa diskriminaciis akrZalva SromiT samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi,
kerZod, Sromis kodeqsi imeorebs saqarTvelos konstituciisa da adamianis
uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciis me-14
muxliT garantirebul postulats, kerZod, SromiT urTierTobaSi:
`akrZalulia nebismieri saxis diskriminacia rasis, kanis feris, enis,
eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebis, erovnebis, warmoSobis, qonebrivi da
wodebrivi mdgomareobis, sacxovrebeli adgilis, asakis, sqesis, seqsualuri
orientaciis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis, religiuri an raime
44

gaerTianebisadmi kuTvnilebis, ojaxuri mdgomareobis, politikuri da sxva
Sexedulebis gamo~.
pirdapiri diskriminaciis zemoaRniSnuli formebis garda nebismieri
iribi diskriminaciis forma aseve akrZaluli da dauSvebelia SromiT
samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi, iseve, rogorc piris pirdapiri an
arapirdapiri Seviwroeba, romelic miznad isaxavs an iwvevs misTvis
damaSinebeli, mtruli, damamcirebeli, Rirsebis Semlaxveli an
Seuracxmyofeli garemos Seqmnas, anda pirisTvis iseTi pirobebis Seqmna,
romlebic pirdapir an arapirdapir auaresebs mis mdgomareobas analogiur
pirobebSi myof sxva pirTan SedarebiT.
kanoniT gansazRvrulia is garemoebac, Tu ra dros ar iqneba diskriminaciad
CaTvlili SromiT samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi pirTa gansxvavebis
aucilebloba, romelic gamomdinareobs samuSaos arsidan, specifikidan an
misi Sesrulebis pirobebidan, rac emsaxureba kanonieri miznis miRwevas da
aris misi miRwevis Tanazomieri da aucilebeli saSualeba.
diskriminaciis akrZalvis kuTxiT Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
saqarTvelos Sromis samarTlis kodeqsi namdvilad Seesabameba da
gamomdinareobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebidan da normebidan,
kodeqsSi asaxulia aseve evropis sabWos ara-erTi direqtivis moTxovna
mxareTa Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisa da garantirebulobis dacvis
savaldebuloobis Sesaxeb.
SromiTi urTierTobis subieqtebi
iseve, rogorc nebismier samarTlebriv urTierTobas, Sromis
samarTlebriv urTierTobasac axasiaTebs sami komponenti, kerZod,
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtebi, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
obieqti da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sinaarsi anu mxareTa uflebebi da
movaleobebi.
SromiTi xelSekruleba Tavisi formiT SeiZleba iyos, rogorc
werilobiTi aseve zepiri formis xelSekruleba, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT
SeiZleba iyos individualuri da koleqtiuri SromiTi xelSekruleba,
Sesabamisad TiToeul maTgans Tavisi subieqti gaaCnia.
zogadad, SromiTi urTerTobis subieqtebi SeiZleba iyvnen
damsaqmebeli, dasaqmebuli da dasaqmebulTa gaerTianeba. kanoni iZleva
damsaqmeblis da dasaqmebulis samarTlebriv definiciebs, kerZod,
damsaqmebels warmoadgens fizikuri piri an iuridiuli piri, anda pirTa
gaerTianeba, romlisTvisac SromiTi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze sruldeba
garkveuli samuSao, xolo dasaqmebuli aris fizikuri piri, romelic Sromii
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze damsaqmeblisaTvis da mis sasargeblod
dasaqmebuli asrulebs garkveul samuSaos.
kodeqsi iZleva koleqtiuri SromiTi xelSekrulebis subieqtebis
CamonaTvals, eseni arian dasaqmebulTa gaerTianeba da damsaqmebeli.
amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Sromis kodeqsis miRebiT
saqarTvelom erTi mxriv, Tavi daaRwia sabWoTa perodis samarTlis normebis
gamoyenebas damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi sistemis arsebobis pirobebSi da
meores mxriv, Seecada Tavi moeyara Sromis samarTlis normebisaTvis erT
mTlianobaSi kodeqsis saxiT, romlis Sesavali debulebani calsaxad
gansazRvraven iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa kodeqsis moqmedebis da
gamoyenebis sfero, SromiTi urTierTobebi da SromiTi urTierTobis
subieqtebi.
45

l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
1. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi;
2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi;
3. Jurnali `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 2003 weli, #1.
reziume
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis Sesavali debulebani
irakli yandaSvili
axali Sromis kodeqsis miRebiT qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi
Seiqmna samarTlis am sferos momwesrigebeli normebis erTiani
maregulirebeli kanoni; saqarTvelos samarTlis sistemam kontinenturi
evropis mravali saxelmwifosgan gansxvavebiT ar airCia is sistema, rodesac
Sromis samarTlis momwesrigebeli normebi integrirebulia da ganuyofel
nawils warmoadgenen samoqalaqo kodeqsis, aramed piriqiT, maTgan
gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos samarTlis sistemaSi Sromis samarTlis normebi
damoukidebel kodeqsad iqna Camoyalibebuli.
SUMMARY
General statements of labor code of Georgia
Irakli Kandashvili
Adoption of new Labour Code of Georgia was a step forward for creation of one unified law
unitying the legal norms regulating the labour relations in the country. Georgian legal system differs
from many continental European countries legal systems where the labour code is an integrated part
of their civil codes, on the contrary to them Georgian legal system established purely independent
Code for legal norms solving labour relations in Georgia.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Вступительные положения трудового кодекса Грузии
Иракли Кандашвили
В отличие от многих европейских государств, где регулирующие нормы трудового
кодекса интегрированы и представляют неотъемлемую часть гражданского кодекса, в
Грузинской правовой системе принятием нового трудового кодекса был создан единый
регулирующий закон в этой сфере и нормы трудового кодекса представлены независимо.
46

aucilebeli mogeriebis samarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba
TaTia doliZe,
stu-s samarTlis II kursis magistranti
,,Tu Cvens sicocxles safrTxe,
Zaladoba, yaCaRoba an mtris iaraRi emuqreba,
maSin dacvis yvela saSualeba gamarTlebulia.”
(markus tulius ciceroni)
marTlswinaaRmdegoba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-7 muxliT
dadgenili danaSaulis cnebis aucilebeli elementia. aRniSnuli muxlis
Tanaxmad, ,,sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvelia am kodeqsiT
gaTvalisiwnebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedeba”, amdenad, am
elementis ararseboba gamoricxavs danaSaulsa da, Sesabamisad,
sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas.
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebi, bralis gamomricxvel
(e.i. sapatio garemoebebi) garemoebaTa gasnxvavebiT aris gamamarTlebeli
garemoebebi, romelTa arseboba miuTiTebs imaze rom pirs ar Caudenia
gasakicxi qmedeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, marTlwinaaRmdegobis
gamomricxvel garemoebaTa safuZvelze piris gaTavisufleba niSnavs mis
gamarTlebas.
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel garemoebaTa Soris centraluri
adgili uWiravs aucilebel mogeriebas. Tavis mxriv, aRniSnuli garemoeba
erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli sisxlsisamarTlebrivi institutia da mas jer
kidev antikuri samyaros iuritebi aRaiarebdnen. saqme isaa, rom yvela drosa
da epoqaSi iyo iseTi faqtebi, rodesac erTi adamiani meore adamians Tavs
esxmoda, rac bunebrivad badebda Tavdacvis e.i. mogeriebis aucileblobas.
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 28-e muxlidan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom
aucilebeli mogerieba aris marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoeba,
romelic gulisxmobs marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofisas, xelmyofis
dazianebas, TviT damzianeblis an sxvisi samarTlebrivi sikeTis
gadasarCenad. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom aucilebeli mogeriebis uflebis
arseboba absoluturad damoukidebelia imisgan, aqvs Tu ara pirs sxva gziT
samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadarCenis saSualeba. magaliTad,
marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofisas pirs SeuZlia daazianos xelmyofi maSinac
ki, rodesac mas SeuZlia saSvelad mouxmos sxvas, gaiqces da a.S.
aucilebeli mogerieba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas nebismieri
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dasacavad da am mxriv arc qoneba aris gamonaklisi.
Tumca, qone-basTan dakavSirebiT sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi garkveul
Sezudvebs awesebs. kerZod, qonebis dasacavad aucilebeli mogerieba
dasaSvebia Semdegi garemoebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi:
a) aucilebeli mogerieba moxda uSualod qonebis xelmyofis xelSi gadas-
vlisTanave;
b) am qonebis dauyovnebliv dabruneba jer kidev SesaZlebelia.
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qonebasTan dakavSirebuli amgvari
SezRudva faqtobrivad 1950 wlis adamianis uflebaTa evorpuli konvenciis
gamoZaxilia. xsenebuli konvencia icavs adamianis sicocxlis uflebas.
47

konvencia krZalavs xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis mier qonebis
gadarCenisaTvis Cadenili gamiznul ganzrax mkvlelobas.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia warmovadginoT
aucilebeli mogriebis ZiriTadi niSnebi:
a) aucilebeli mogeriebis uflebis warmoSobis safuZvelia piris mimarT
gan-xorcielebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofa. aucilebeli mogeriebis
obieqturi mxare imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am uflebis warmoSobis erTaderTi
safuZvelia obieqturad arsebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofa.
b) aucilebeli mogeriebis adresatia mxolod xelmyofi; magaliTad, pirs
sasamarTlom ukananod miusaja Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, ris gamoc
sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebaSi gadayvanis Semdeg am pirma mokla cixis
guSagi da gaiqca. am SemTxvevaSi saxeze ar gveqneba aucilebeli mogerieba
radgan pirma ziani miayena ara xelmyofs, aramed surliad sxva pirs – anu
guSags, romelsac araferi saerTo ar hqonda marTlsawinaaRmdego
xelyofasTan. amdenad, piri daisjeba ganzrax mkvlelobisaTvis.
g) aucilebeli mogeriebis mizania samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva.
aucilebeli mogeriebis subieqturi mxare imaSi mdgomareobs, rom pirs
gulwrfelad unda amoZravebdes samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis survili.
magaliTad, guluas mokvlis ganzraxviT miuaxlovda kodua. guluam
araferi icoda koduas ganzraxvis Sesaxeb, magram xulignuri qvenagrZnobiT
mokla igi. miuxedavad imisa, rom am SemTxvevaSi obieqturad aucilebeli
mogeriebis niSnebi garkveulwilad arsebobs, aucilebeli mogerieba saxeze
ar gveqneba, radgan guluas ar amoZravebda samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis
mizani.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania aucilebeli mogeriebis pirobebis xazgasma.
aucilebeli mogeriebis pirobebi aris is garemoebebi, romelTa arsebobazec
aris damokidebuli aucilebeli mogeriebis uflebis warmoSoba.
aucilebeli mogeriebis pirobebia:
1. xelyofa unda iyos marTlsawinaaRmdego, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs
imas, rom xelyofa unda ewinaaRmdegebodes ara marto kanons, aramed
kulturis normebsac;
2. xelyofa unda iyos imwuTieri; aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba arsebobs
mxolod drois im monakveTSi, rodesac arsebobs marTlsawinaaRmdego
xelyofa. am xelyofis dasrulebsiTanave wydeba aucilebeli mogeriebis
uflebac; magaliTad, diasamiZes Tavs daesxa goguaZe. diasamiZem moigeria
goguaZe, da Caagdo igi ugono mdgomareobaSi, ris Semdegac ketis cemiT
mokla. am SemTx-vevaSi saxeze gvaqvs ara aucilebeli mogerieba, aramed
ganzrax mkvleloba SurisZiebis motiviT, rameTu diasamiZem ugono
mdgomareobaSi myofi goguaZe mokla ketis cemiT mas Semdeg, rac
marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofa aRar arse-bobda.
3. xelyofa unda iyos realuri; aRniSnuli piroba imas niSnavs, rom
xelyofa unda arsebobdes obieqturad da ara mxolod piris warmosaxvaSi,
rogorc es moCvenebiTi mogeriebis SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba xolme; magaliTad,
RamiT saxlSi mimaval maRlakeliZes win daxvda misi gadacmuli megobari
saTamaSo iaraRiT xelSi. megobars ganzraxuli hqonda am gziT gaxumreboda
maRlakeliZes. man maRlakeliZes Sublze iaraRi miabjina da fuli mosTxova.
maRlakeliZes Tavdsaxma realuri egona, ris gamoc man TiTqosda Tavdacvis
mizniT, megobars miayena janmrTelobis mZime dazianeba. am SemTxvevaSi
saxeze ar gveqneba aucilebeli mogerieba, rameTu Tavdasxma ar iyo realuri
da megobari faqtobrivad exumreboda maRlakeliZes. xolo rac Seexeba
maRlakeliZis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs, igi
gaTavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan Tu damtkicdeba, rom mis mier
48

daSvebuli Secdoma misatevebeli iyo, e.i. Tu man ar icoda da arc
SeiZleboda scodnoda, rom Tavdasxma seriozul xasiaTs ar atarebda e.i.
maRlakeliZis qmedeba iqneba arabraleuli.
4. xelyofa unda iyos relevanturi, e.i. marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofa unda
iyos socialurad mniSvnelovani; magaliTad, murRulia, romelsac paemani
hqonda Seipara inasariZis baRSi, misi vardebis mosakrefad. ramdenime
yvavilis mokrefis Semdeg, murRuliam is iyo wasvla daapira, rom mas baRis
mepatrone inasariZem waaswro da Tavisi kuTvnili tabeluri iaraRidan
gasroliT mokla murRulia. am SemTxvevaSi inasariZe daisjeba ganzrax
mkvlelobisaTvis, vinaidan, SesaZloa formalurad mis mier
ganxorcielebuli qmedeba Seicavs aucilebeli mogeriebis niSnebs, magram
mogeriebas adgili ara aqvs, vinaidan marTlsawinaaRdmego xelyofa ar iyo
socialurad mniSvnelovani da es xelyofa gamoixateboda ramdenime
yvavilis mokrefaSi.
mxolod zemoT CamoTvlili oTxive pirobis arsebobaa saWiro imisaTvis,
rom piri gaTavisufldes sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan
aucilebeli mogeriebis safuZvelze. am pirobaTagan erT-erTi nebismieri
pirobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi avtomaturad da pirdapir gamoiricxeba
aucilebeli mogerieba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTveli kanonmdebeli uSvebs aucilebeli
mogeriebis gadacilebis SesaZleblobas, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi
aucilebeli moge-riebis farglebis gadacilebad miiCnevs iseT SemTxvevas,
rodesac aSkara Seusa-bamoba gvaqvs saxeze piris mier ganxorcielebul
Tavdacvasa da Tavdasxmis garemoebebTan. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis 113-e muxli iTvalis-wnebs pasuxismgebloba aucilebeli mogeriebis
farglebs gadacilebiT Cadenili mkvlelobisaTvis. am tipis mkvleloba
warmoadgens Semamsubuqebel garemoebebSi Cadenil mkvlelobas, da isjeba
mxolod sam wlamde Tavisulebis aRkveTiT, maSin rodesac sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis 108-e muxliT dadgenili martivi ganzrax
mkvlelobisaTvis gaTvaloswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 7 dan_15
wlamde vadiT. kanondeblis amgvar gadawyvetilebas savsebiT veTanxmebiT,
gamom-dinare iqidan, rom aucilebeli mogerieba realurad eqstremaluri
viTarebaa da am dros adamianma romelic samarTliT dacul konkretul
sikeTes icavs SiSis, dabneulobis, siswrafis Tu sxva garemoebebis gamo
Tavisdauneburad garkveuli Secdomebi SeiZleba dauSvas.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu prokurori daaskvnis, rom piris mier Cadenilia
qmedeba aucilebeli mogeriebis mgdomareobaSi man ar unda daiwyos
sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna an Tu devna dawyebulia, unda Sewyvitos es
devna sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 28-e muxlis ,,b” qvepunqtis
safuZvelze e.i. im motiviT rom piris mier Cadenili qmedeba ar aris
marTlsawinaaRmdego. Tu es garemoeba gamovlinda sasamarTlo ganxilvis
stadiaze sasamarTlo amTavrebs sisxlis samarTlis saqmis ganxilvas da
gamoaqvs gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni. aucilebeli mogerieba aseve warmoadgens
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze wardgenili samoqalaqo sarCelis upirobo
uaryofis safuZvels. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT
ganmtkicebuli am debulebebidan kidev erTxel vlindeba is faqti, rom
aucilebeli mogerieba aris gamamarTlebeli garemoeba, romelic pirdapir
gamoricxavs misi Camdeni piris, rogorc sisxlissamarTlebriv ise
samoqalaqo samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas.
dasasrul, gvinda avRniSnoT, rom aucilebel mogerieba, rogorc
marTlwi-naaRmdegobis gamomricxveli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi garemoeba,
ara marto wminda mecnierul-Teoriuli sakiTxia, aramed, igi gaxlavT Zalze
49

praqtikuli da aqtualuri sakiTxi, radgan aucilebeli mogerieba
TioToeuli fizikuri piris uflebaa da misi mizania samarTlebrivi sikeTis
dacva. swored amitom migvaCnia, rom sasurvelia adamianebi maqsimalurad
maRal doneze iyvnen informirebuli imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra
SemTxvevaSi aqvT aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba da ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos
aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebs gadacilebad.
l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
1. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tbilisi, 2007;
2. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, Tbilisi, 2007;
3. merab turava ,,sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawilis mimoxilva”,
Tbilisi, 2006;
4. Tamaz donjaSvili ,, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTali” zogadi
nawili” Tbilisi, 2003;
5. sakiTxebi advokatTa testirebisaTvis, tomi I, Tbilisi, 2006;
6. testebi prokraturis muSakTa sakvalifikacio gamocdebisaTvis,
Tbilisi, 2006.
reziume
aucilebeli mogeriebis samarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba
TaTia doliZe
naSromSi ganxilulia aucilebeli mogeriebis arsi, mniSvneloba da misi
pirobebi. statiaSi aseve warmodgenilia ra samarTlebrivi procedura
xorci-eldeba gamoZiebis organos mier im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxezea
aucilebeli mogerieba.
SUMMARY
Juridical nature of necessary defense
Tatia Dolidze
In this publication is examined essence, meaning and conditions of necessary defense. In this
publication there is as well represented what kind of legal procedure is realized by the inquiry organ
in case if there is necessary defense.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Прававое характеристька необходимо йобороны
Татиа Долидзе
В работе рассмотрены суть, значение и условия необходимой обороны. В статъе также
представлено какие правовые процедуры осуществляется органами следствия в том случае
когда на лицо ситуация необходимая обороны
50

q. Tbilisis uZravi qonebis (miwis nakveTebisa da Senoba-nagebobebis)
bazris analizis meTodologiur-organizaciuli aspeqtebi
TinaTin CigogiZe,
stu-s asistent-profesori
Tanamedrove socialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi dedaqalaqis urbanuli
ganviTarebis procesis prognozirebisas uZravi qonebis klasikuri
oTxeulidan – miwa, Senoba-nagebobebi, mravalwliani nargavebi, wiaRiseuli
– pirveli oris wamyvani roli udavoa.
q. Tbilisis uZravi qonebis bazris funqcionirebis analizis ZiriTad
mizans Seadgens konkretul drosa da sivrceSi ekonomikuri dagegmvis
qmediTi, konkretul Sedegebze orientirebuli xedvisa da urbanmenejmentis
saTanado instrumentaris SemuSaveba. am miznis misaRwevad dasazustebelia
rigi meTodologiur-organizaciuli amocanebisa.
Sesabamisi proeqti aqtualuria q. TbilisSi uZravi qonebis bazris
funqcionirebis sferoSi, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
organoebisTvis da sxva dainteresebuli iuridiuli da
fizikuri pirebisaTvis (developerebi, menaSeneebi, damproeqteblebi) da
upiratesad - q. Tbilisis axali Taobis miwaTsargeblobis generalur
gegmaze momuSave specialistTa jgufisTvis.
am problemis damuSavebis safuZvels warmoadgens q. Tbilisis meriis
ekonomikuri samsaxuris iniciativa da am sferoSi momuSave organizaciebis,
maT Soris saqarTvelos urbanistTa asociaciis mier uZravi qonebis
Tematikaze Sesrulebuli naSromebi – proeqtebi, samecniero Temebi,
samecniero-teqnikuri angariSebi, moxsenebebi da publikaciebi.
uZravi qonebis fasebis zrdis tendencia, dadasturebuli istoriuli
gamocdilebiT, vrceldeba saqarTvelozec. axal socialur-ekonomikur
pirobebSi, rodesac SeimCneva e.w. “veluri kapitalizmis” niSnebi, da
amavdroulad – problemis arasakmao meTodologiuri da normatiuli
uzrunvelyofis fonze, realuria miwaze spekulaciuri fasebis
Camoyalibebis saSiSroeba, rac ver waadgeba urbanizirebuli sivrcis
mdgrad ganviTarebas, ZiriTadad orientirebuls farTomasStabian
municipalur programebze (da ara mxolod kerZo iniciativebze damyarebuls).
Sesabamisi normatiuli bazis ganviTareba da srulyofa ver daefuZneba
meTodologiurad gaumarTav da uwyebrivi interesebiT nakarnaxev calkeul
normatiul aqtebs.
qalaqis optimaluri ganviTarebis meToduri da organizaciuli saSualebebis
arsenalSi menaSeneTa srul informirebulobasTan erTad erT-erTi
umTavresia uZravi qonebis masobrivi Sefasebis obieqturi sistemis danergva.
swored aseT SesaZleblobaze unda iyos orientirebuli qalaqSi uZravi
qonebis Rirebulebis gansazRvris, fasebis dadgenisa da. monitoringis
eqspertuli sistema
urbanuli ganviTarebis samecniero-meTodologiuri uzrunvelyofa
ukanasknel xanebamde faqtiurad ar iyenebda sistemuri analizis aparats,
maSin rodesac modelirebis Teoriis, eqspertuli sistemebis, monacemTa
(codnaTa) bazebis (bankebis) gamoyeneba gansaxilvel sferoSiELfaseulobaTa
gaazrebisa da Sesabamisi swori gadawyvetilebebis miRebis safuZveli unda
gaxdes. informaciuli da proceduruli blokebis unifikacia (struqturul-
51

ierarqiuli azriT) “sawarmoo disciplinis” aucilebeli pirobaa.
teritoriis zonirebis doneebi (zona, seqtori, kvartali, nakveTi),
samarTlebrivi normis komponentebi (hipoTeza, dispozicia, sanqcia), uZravi
qonebis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi (Rirebuleba, mflobeli, servituti, ipoTeka)
cxadad da erTmniSvnelovnad unda iyos interpretirebuli.
gansaxilvelia saqarTveloSi uZravi qonebis bazris sferoSi moqmedi
sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli baza da profiluri saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis rekomendaciebi.
Sesaswavlia Tbilisis uZravi qonebis bazris struqtura (misi
segmentacia). gasaanalizebelia uZravi qonebis rogorc pirveladi, ise
meoradi bazari: moTxovnileba-SemoTavazebis Tanafardoba, fasebis done,
obieqtebis likviduroba, bazris gaxsniloba, Tavisuflebis xarisxi,
sivrciT-teritoriuli aspeqtebi, “prestiJulobis” fenomeni, “marginalobis”
(momijnaveobis) efeqti, obieqtis “xarisxis maCveneblebis” nomenklkatura,
fasebis “reliefi” da misi morfodinamika.
ganxilul unda iqnas uZravi qonebis bazris obieqtebis funqciuri
profili da arqiteqturul-gegmarebiTi gadawyvetilebebi (sacxovrisi,
saofise Senobebi, savaWro obieqtebi da sxva; sarTulianoba, konstruqciuli
sqema, seqciuri, wertilovani, galereuli da sxva; individualuri saxlebi,
kondominiumebi; sasoflo-sameurneo da arasasoflo-sameurneo miwebi;
vakanturi da ”xami” teritoriebi) - rogorc wesi, uZravi qonebis
klasifikatoris Sesabamisad identificirebuli obieqtis kodirebis mkafiod
struqturirebuli, pozicionirebuli rvaniSna aTobiTi sistemis (klasi,
jgufi, saxeoba, tipi) Sesabamisad, rac SemoTavazebulia saqarTvelos
urbanistTa asociaciis mier.
unda dafiqsirdes q. Tbilisis pirobebSi uZravi qonebis bazris yvela
funqciuri rgoli – momxmareblidan sajaro reestramde.
proeqtis Sesrulebis meTodika gulisxmobs eqsperimentuli SerCeviTi
monacemTa bazis SemuSavebas statistikuri departamentis, adgilobrivi
TviTmarTvelobis organoebis, developerebis, menaSeneTa Sesaxeb
monacemebis; gancxadebebis kontent-analizis, saeqsperto gamokiTxvisa da
uZravi qonebis bazris SWOT-analizis gziT. Catarebul unda iqnas uZravi
qonebis obieqtebis Sefasebis meTodebis SedarebiTi analizi. ganxilul
iqnas teritoriebis kompleqsuri qalaqTmSenebluri Sefasebis problema.
gamoyenebul iqnas mopovebuli masalis pirveladi statistikuri damuSavebis
meTodi, informaciis damuSavebisa da vizualizaciis kompiuteruli
teqnologia.
bazris ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis mopovebisa da analizis meSveobiT
ganxiluli unda iqnas q. Tbilisis pirobebSi uZravi qonebis bazris
retrospeqtiva (paneluri kvlevis meTodi) da dRevandeli mdgomareoba.
Camoyalibebuli unda iqnas mosazrebebi uZravi qonebis bazris perspeqtiuli
ganviTarebis Taobaze - rogorc eqstrapolaciis meTodiT
(gamovlenili tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT), aseve eqspertuli xedvebis
Sejerebis safuZvelze.
SemoTavazebul unda iqnas uZravi qonebis bazris informaciuli uzrunvelyofis
wyaroebi, procedurebi da teqnologiebi - monacemTa reliaciuri
baza, interneti, geoinformaciuli sistema da monitoringis meToduri da
organizaciuli aspeqtebi.
52

l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
1. `q. Tbilisis arqiteqturuli da urbanistuli ganviTarebis
meTodologiuri baza da misi ganviTarebis strategia~. sua. fondis
"Ria sazogadoeba-saqarTvelo" finansuri mxardaWeriT. 1997 w.
2. `samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis uZravi qonebis bazris samarTlebrivi,
instituciuri da informaciuli safuZvlebis SemuSaveba~ (saiti
http://www.urbia.gol.ge). sua. fondis "evrazia" finansuri mxardaWeriT. 2000
w.
3. `sacxovrisis Sefasebis urbanuli da arqiteqturul-gegmarebiTi
aspeqtebi~. sua. `Sorbankis~ (aSS) finansuri mxardaWeriT. 2002 w.
4. `qalaqganviTarebis monitoringis xelmisawvdomi sistemis modelis
SemuSaveba~ (saiti http://www.urbandev.org.ge). sua. fondis "evrazia"
finansuri mxardaWeriT. 2000 w.
reziume
q. Tbilisis uZravi qonebis (miwis nakveTebisa da Senoba-nagebobebis)
bazris analizis meTodologiur-organizaciuli aspeqtebi
TinaTin CigogiZe
q. Tbilisis uZravi qonebis bazris funqcionirebis analizis ZiriTad
mizans Seadgens ekonomikuri dagegmvis qmediTi, konkretul Sedegebze
orientirebuli xedvisa da urbanmenejmentis saTanado instrumentaris
SemuSaveba. am miznis misaRwevad dasaxul unda iqnas rigi meTodologiurorganizaciuli
amocanebisa. ganxilul unda iqnas uZravi qonebis bazris
struqtura da ZiriTadi kategoriebi, obieqtebis tipologia, funqcionirebis
subieqtebi da instituciebi.
SUMMARY
Methodological-organizational aspects of the analysis of the market of the real estate
(the ground areas, buildings and constructions) of Tbilisi
Tinatin Chigogidze
The basic purpose of the analysis of functioning of the market of the real estate of Tbilisi is
development of corresponding toolkit of the effective vision focused on concrete results and urban
management. Statement is necessary for achievement of this purpose of some methodologicalorganizational
tasks. Consideration of structure and the basic categories of the market of the real
estate, typology of objects, subjects of functioning and institutions are necessary.
53

РЕЗЮМЕ
Методико-организационные аспекты анализа рынка недвижимости
(земельных участков, зданий и сооружений) г. Тбилиси
Тинатин Чигогидзе
Основной целью анализа функционирования рынка недвижимости г. Тбилиси является
разработка соответствующего инструментария действенного, ориентированного на
конкретные результаты видения и урбанменеджмента. Для достижения этой цели необходима
постановка ряда методико-организационных задач. Необходимо рассмотрение структуры и
основных категорий рынка недвижимости, типологии объектов, субъектов
функционирования и институций.
54

atmosferuli narCenebis kompleqsuri
energoteqnologiuri utilizaciis principi
gela biwkinaSvili,
teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati
naSromSi moyvanili energoteqnologiuri utilizaciis principi moiT-
xovs amorCeuli mimarTulebis konkretizacias, sadac nebismieri dadebiTi
efeqti gvaZlevs saSualebas, mivaRwioT sahaero auzis mdgomareobis
sagrZnob cvlilebas, samrewvelo qalaqis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi swored
am procesebis yovlismomcveli SeRwevis Sedegad.
aqve unda aRiniSnos misaRebi ekologiuri aqcentebis moulodneli
Sereva qalaqis atmosferos dabinZurebis wyaroebTan. saTbobenergetikuli
centralis [1] mili warmoadgens atmosferos dabinZurebis Tavisebur naTel
simbolos. Tumca, saqvabis kargad daregulirebul sakvamur mils atmosferos
zeda fenebSi aqvs mniSvnelovnad naklebi mavne nivTierebebi, vidre
saventilacio sistemis an teqnologiuri mowyobilobebis haergamwov
`qolgebs~, romelic damontaJebulia saxuravze odnav zemoT.
Tavis droze sigalisa da gureviCis mier warmodgenili iyo
produqtebis wvis toqsikurobis pirobiTi maCvenebeli [2], romelic
iTvaliswinebda ara marto raodenobas, aramed maTSi arsebuli
adamianisaTvis saSiSi mavne nivTierebebis Semcvelobas. miuxedavad zogierTi
naklovanebisa, meTodi aRmoCnda iRbliani da dResac gamoiyeneba
atmosferos dabinZurebis statistikaSi moyvanili Rileuri atmosferuli
narCenebis pirobiTi masiuri erTeulis saxiT (mag. pir. t/weliwadSi). droTa
ganmavlobaSi meTodika Sevsebuli iyo ara ubralo ariTmetikuli, aramed
maTi toqsikurobis dajamebis biologiuri efeqtis principiT. jamuri toq-
sikurobis maCveneblebSi Sedian ara marto mavne nivTierebebis koncentraci-
ebi C1 da maTi toqsikurobis formaluri maCveneblebi ΠDK1, aramed K 1 maTze
jamuri zemoqmedebis biologiuri maCvenebeli, romelic sakmaod
gavrcelebulia mTliani an nawilobrivi Sejamebisas ( 0 1 1)
< < K . cnobilia
nivTierebebis mavne gavlenis gaZlierebis magaliTebi ara marto erToblivi
zemoqmedebiT (K 1 > 1), aramed Taviseburi antogonizmic (K 2 < 0), rodesac erTi
mavne nivTiereba ramdenadme asustebs meoris moqmedebas.
Γ
CM
=
n
∑
l = 1
55
K
1
(
C
1
ΠDK
1
). (1)

am maCveneblis mixedviT Tevzkombinatis, an erTi SexedviT uwyinari
qaRaldis warmoebis narCenebi aRmoCnda TiTqmis 2-jer ufro mavne, vidre
avtotransportis gamonabolqvi airebi [3]. qalaqis xis baza, romelic wvavs
mxolod karantiniani xis taras atmosferos miwiszeda fenaSi gamodevnis 30
kg/sm-ze met mavne nivTierebebs [4]. maT Soris fenoli, furfuroli,
addehidi, diacetili, ketoni, WianWvelis da Zmris mJavebi, karcerogenuli
ΠAY, mtvrevadi nivTierebebi (romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 400-mde merqnis
pirolizis produqtebi).
es magaliTebi kidev erTxel usvams xazs gauvneblobis problemis
analizis meTodologiuri dabejiTebis aucileblobas TiToeul konkretul
SemTxvevaSi.
energo-ekologiuri meTodi moiTxovs TviTon termin `gauvnebloba~-s da-
konkretebas. adamianisa da bunebisaTvis bevri mavne nivTierebebi
warmoadgens Zvirfas qimiur nedleuls. sakvebi produqtebis Sebolvisas
sasargeblod gamoiyeneba mxolod e.w. Sembolavi agentebis daaxloeboT 3%,
romelic warmoiqmneba Sesaboli kvamlis generirebisas. saventilacio siste-
mis gamwovi haeris Jangbadi SeiZleba warmatebulad iyos gamoyenebuli wvis
procesis dros. gavrcelebuli saxiT igi warmoadgens ara marto
gamonabolqvi airebis sasargeblo komponents, aramed mis romelime sasar-
geblo Tvisebas. narCeni airebis ganlagebis entalpia yvelaze xSiri
SemTxvevaa da misi siTbos utilizacia sakmaodaa gavrcelebuli, germaniaSi
arsebobs Sida qarxnuli rkinigzis transportis muSaobis magaliTebi
saqvabe mowyobilobebis akumulirebul Warb orTqlze. dabalpotenciuri
wylis orTqli warmoiqmneba Camonadeni wylebis Termuli gauvneblobis
SemTxvevaSi, xolo avtoklavis teqnologiis mqone qimiur aparatebs aqvT
mniSvnelovnad Warbi wneva.
energo-ekologiuri analizis safuZvelze saWiroa gaurkveveli
terminis `gauvneblobis~ nacvlad, fuZemdebelis saxiT Camoayalibos orTqli-
airiani atmosferuli gamonabolqvis kompleqsuri energoteqnologiuri
utilizaciis principi. amgvari midgomis Sedegi naTladaa warmodgenili am
problemis blok-sqemaze (nax. 1), romelSic TanmimdevrobiTaa asaxuli misi
struqtura da Sesabamisad warmatebuli gadawyvetis gzebi.
56

gamonabolqvebis, airebis da energetikuli nakadebis
Semadgeblobis analizi
mavne nivTierebebis warmowmnis (gatanis) CaxSoba, Tavidan acileba
efeqturi lokalizacia da mavne nivTierebebis transporireba
sasargeblo komponentebis an gamonabolqvebis Tvisebebis utilizacia
organos
gamowva
sawvavi, energia,energomatareblebi
orTqlaiariani atmosferuli gamonabolqvebis kompleqsuri
eleqtro-teqnologiuri utilizacia
mavne komponentebis sakuTriv efeqturi neitralizacia
araorganuli
nivTierebebis
neitralizacia
an daWera
gawmenda
mtvrisasagan
an
sxva nawilakebisagan
HHB-s
dezodoracia
dezinfeqcia
gauvnebadobis teqnologiis optimizacia energiis da daxarjuli
komponentebis ekonomiis mizniT
qimiuri
reagentebi
katalizatorebi
da sxva danaxarji
masalebi
atmosferuli
haeri
narCeni airebis siTbos utilizacia.
dabalpotenciuri energomatareblebis utilizacia
paralelurad warmoqmnili mavne komponentebis gauvnebloba
an warmoqmnis Tavidan acileba
atmosferuli haeris dacvis dros sxva bunebrivi
garemos dabinZurebis Tavidam acileba
dezaticacia
wyali
bunebisdamcavi
teqnologiebi
Tanmxlebi teqnologiuri da konstruqciuli amocanebis gadawyveta
zaralis energo-ekologiuri minimizacia atmosferos haerTan
nax. 1. orTqlairiani atmosferuli gamonabolqvis kompleqsuri
energo-teqnologiuri problemis blok-sqema
57

l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
1. biwkinaSvili g. qalaqis sahaero garemos da misi momwamlavi nivTierebebis
dabinZurebiT gamowveuli Taviseburebebi // saerTaSoriso samecniero
Jurnali `inteleqtuali~. # 2. Tbilisi, 2006. gv. 87-90.
2. Сигал И.Я.. Гуревич Н.А. Оценка влияния различных источников газовых выбросов на
загрязнение атмосферного воздуха // Укр. химический журнал. – Киев. 1971. № 2. – с. 140-
150.
3. Вулис Л.А., Ярин Л.П. Аэродинамика факеля. Л.: Энергия. 1978. 216 с.
4. Гаврилов П.Ф., Горбаненко А.Д., Туркестанова Е.Л. Влияние влаги, вводимой в горячий
воздух. на содержание окислов азота в продуктах сгорания / Теплоэнергетика, 1983. № 9, -
с. 13-15.
reziume
atmosferuli narCenebis kompleqsuri
energoteqnologiuri utilizaciis principi
gela biwkinaSvili
naSromSi gadmocemulia atmosferuli narCenebis kompleqsuri
energoteqnologiuri utilizaciis principi. mocemuli meTodika Sevsebulia
toqsikurobis dajamebis biologiuri efeqtis proncipiT. moyvanilia
orTqliani atmosferuli gamonabolqvis kompleqsuri energo-teqnologiuri
problemis blok-sqema.
SUMMARY
The principle of utilization of complex energy-technological atmospheric residues
Gela Bitskinashvili
In this publication the utilization principle of combined energy-technological atmospheric residues is
investigated. In the publication the method also is given. It is filled with summation of toxic with
efect of biological principle. There is shown the complex energy-technological scheme of steamy
atmosperic exhaust.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Комплексный энерготехнологический принцип
утилизации атмосферных остатков
Гела Бицкинашвили
Труд передаёт комплексный энерготехнологический принцип утилизации
атмосферных остатков. Привидённая методика дополнена принципом биологического
эффекта суммирования токсичности. Даётся блок-схема энерготехнологической проблемы
паровых атмосферных выхлопов.
58

gakiduli bagiris sxvadasxva meTodiT angariSi
giorgi javaxiSvili,
stu-s asistent-profesori
Tanamedrove kompiuteruli teqnologiebisa da programirebis
algoriTmuli enebis ganviTarebis pirobebSi, sul ufro met aqtualurobas
iZens bagirgzis bagirTa sistemis angariSis kompiuteruli meTodebi.
gakiduli bagiri, rogorc kvlevis obieqti, warmoadgens rTul sistemas,
romelic xasiaTdeba mTeli rigi TaviseburebebiT da proeqtirebis dros
maTs gaTvaliswinebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba; kerZod ki, mTeli
sistema gakidulia sivrceSi ramodenime aseul, SesaZloa aTas metrzec;
gaWimuli bagiri urTierTqmedebs mraval elementTan, rogoricaa: amZravi,
damWimi tvirTi, vagoni, sayrdenebi, amZravi da mimmarTveli Skivebi,
romlebic, Tavis mxriv warmoadgenen arawrfiv sistemebs; bagirs gaaCnia
sixiste da amdenad adgili aqvs drekad deformaciebsa da rxevebs; gansakuTrebuli
aRniSvnis Rirsia xaxunis Zalebis arseboba. amrigad, gakiduli
bagiris wonasworobis mdgomareobis povna dadis mravalucnobiani arawrfiv
gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnaze. moyvanili garemoebebi bagirgzebis proeqtirebisas
kompiuteruli teqnologiebis gamoyenebas sul ufro aqtualurs
xdis.
gakiduli bagiris angariSis kompiuteruli meTodebidan aRsaniSnavia
bagiris diskretuli modeli, romelic damuSavebuli da SemoTavazebulia
prof. d. pataraias mier. diskretuli modeli saSualebas gvaZlevs
proeqtirebis dros maqsimalurad gaviTvaliswinoT aRniSnuli garemoebebi,
rac proeqtis xarisxianobis, angariSis sizustis amaRlebis winapirobaa.
bagiris diskretul modelSi or wertils Soris gakiduli bagiri
SegviZlia warmovadginoT rogorc erTmaneTis mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli n
raodenobis ubani (elementaruli kvanZi), romelSic gadanawilebulia
bagiris ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli sidideebi: sakuTari woniT da sxva gare
zemoqmedebiT (mag. qari) Seqmnili damatebiTi datvirTva da misi
mimarTuleba, bagiris uWimavi (samontaJo) sigrZe, bagiris sixiste [2]. aseTi
sistemis statikuri wonasworobis mdgomareoba dadgeba maSin, rodesac
erTdroulad yvela elementarul kvanZze moqmedi jamuri Zala aRmoCndeba
nulis toli. amrigad, gakiduli bagiris angariSi SegviZlia daviyvanoT
elementaruli kvanZis statikuri wonasworobis povnis amocanamde. ukve didi
xania cnobilia da warmatebiT gamoiyeneba gakiduli bagiris diskretuli
modelis kompiuteruli gaangariSebis algoriTmi da programa.
aRniSnuli statiis mizans warmoadgens, bagiris gaangariSebis
klasikuri meTodebiT (moqnili Zafis, paraboliT aproqsimaciis) da bagiris
diskretuli modelis gamoyenebiT miRebuli Sedegebis Sedareba. am procesSi
sruli suraTis misaRebad saWiroa TiTeuli meTodi CavayenoT Tanabar
pirobebSi, raTa imTaviTve gamoiricxos romelime maTganisadmi subieqturi
damokidebuleba.
59

nax. 1 or wertils Soris gakiduli bagiri
sakvlevi amocana zogadi saxiT Semdegnairad SeiZleba
CamovayaliboT: A da B wertils Soris gakidulia L0
sigrZis (samontaJo
sigrZe) erTgvarovani bagiri, romlis erTeuli metris wonaa q , ganikveTis
farTobi - F da drekadobis moduli - E . wertilebs Soris horizontaluri
sigrZe avRniSnoT l -iT, xolo doneTa Soris sxvaoba - h -iT (nax. 1).
moqnili Zafi – dasmuli amocanis gadasawyvetad saWiroa jaWvwiris
c parametris povna. rogorc cnobilia, gakiduli bagiris sigrZe
SesaZlebelia gamoiTvalos formuliT:
2
2 ⎛ ⎛ l ⎞⎞
L 0 = h + ⎜ ⋅ c ⋅ sh⎜
⎟
(1)
2
⎝
⎟
⎝ 2 ⋅ c ⎠⎠
romelic ricxviTi meTodebiT advilad SeiZleba amoixsnas c -s mimarT. jaWvwiris
parametris gansazRvris Semdeg gakiduli bagiris sxva ZiriTadi
sidideebis angariSi praqtikulad araviTar sirTules ar warmoadgens [2, 3,
4]. aqve ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom moqnili Zafis
TeoriiT, gakiduli bagiris kvlevis dros, ar xdeba bagiris drekadi
deformaciebis gaTvaliswineba.
jaWvwiris paraboliT aproqsimacia – yrudCmagrebuli boloebiani
bagiris gaangariSebis Tanmimdevroba detalurad aris aRwerili
literaturaSi [1, 3, 4]. iqve gamoyvanilia cnobili gantoleba, romelic
amyarebs damokidebulebas bagiris mocemul da im axal mdgomareobas Soris,
rodesac xdeba bagiris datvirTvis an garemos temperaturis Secvla.
dasmuli amocanis pirobidan gamomdinare, gakiduli bagiris cnobil
mdgomareobas Seesabameba is maqsimaluri daWimuloba, romelic bagirs
eqneba A da B wertilebSi Camagrebis Semdeg.
bagiris sigrZe gamoiTvleba cnobili formuliT:
2 3
l q l
L 0 = + 2
cos β 24 ⋅ H ⋅ cos β
sadac, H bagiris daWimulobis horizontaluri mdgenelia, kn.
(2)
(2)-dan SesaZlebelia ganvsazRvroT bagiris daWimulobis
horizontaluri mdgeneli H . Tu CavTvliT, rom bagiris datvirTva da
garemos temperatura ucvleli darCa, gakiduli bagiris sxva parametrebis
60

gaangariSeba SesaZlebelia vawarmovoT (2) formulidan gansazRvruli
bagiris daWimulobis horizontaluri mdgenelisTvis.
bagiris diskretuli modeli – gakiduli bagiris angariSisas mxedvelobaSi
miiReba bagiris sakuTari woniTa da sixistiT gamowveuli drekadi
deformaciebi. TiToeuli ubnisTvis xdeba gauwonasworebeli Zalis
gansazRvra, romelic warmoadgens kvanZze moqmedi yvela Zalis geometriul
jams. imisda mixedviT, Tu ra sididis aris es Zala, elementaruli kvanZi
Seicvlis Tavis mdebareobas ise, rom moxdes moqmedi jamuri Zalis
Semcireba. es procesi gagrZeldeba manam, sanam bagiris gauwonasworebeli
Zala ar gaxdeba Teoriulad nulis, xolo praqtikulad ε manqanuri
angariSis sizustis toli.
statiaSi dasmuli amocana gadaWrilia samive meTodis gamoyenebiT
Semdegi sawyisi pirobebisTvis: malis horizontaluri sigrZe - l = 1500 m;
malis doneTa Soris sxvaoba - h = 500 m; SerCeulia sast. 3065-46 tipis Ria
spiraluri bagiri, romlisTvisac erTeuli metris wona aris q = 0,
1 kn/m;
ganivkveTis farTobi - F = 1198 mm2
; bagiris samontaJo sigrZe - 0 1600 m;
bagiris drekadobis moduli -
= L
E = 160 gpa SerCeulia [3] –Si moyvanili
rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
cxrilSi #1 naCvenebia angariSis Sedegebi samive meTodisTvis.
cxrili 1. gakiduli bagiris angariSis Sedegebi paraboliT aproqsimaciis, moqnili Zafisa
da diskretuli modelis gamoyenebiT
cdomileba diskretuli modelis
mimarT
saangariSo sidideebi
bagiris daWimuloba, [kn]
parabo-liT
aproqsimacia
moqnili Zafi
diskretuli
modeli
paraboliT
aproqsimacia
absolituri
fardobi-Ti
moqnili Zafi
absolituri
fardobi-
Ti
TA - sayrdeni A 280,705 266,803 256,371 -24,334 -9,49% -10,432 -4,07%
TB - sayrdeni B 329,158 316,803 306,377 -22,781 -7,44% -10,426 -3,40%
TD - malis SuaSi 295,505 280,623 269,929 -25,576 -9,47% -10,693 -3,96%
bagiris Cakiduloba, [m]
f l/2 malis SuaSi 105,751 111,805 121,370 15,619 12,87% 9,565 7,88%
bagiris mxebis kuTxe,
[gradusi]
AA - sayrdeni A 2,94 2,40 1,77 -1,17 -65,82% -0,63 -35,6%
AB - sayrdeni B 31,61 32,71 33,24 1,63 4,91% 0,53 1,59%
AD - malis SuaSi 18,43 18,21 18,30 -0,14 -0,76% 0,09 0,47%
rogorc miRebuli Sedegebidan Cans, paraboliT aproqsimaciis meTodi
iZleva maqsimalur cdomilebas TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi sididis
angariSisas. Gansxvaveba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sayrdenebTan bagiris
mxebis kuTxeebis gansazRvrisas (65,9%).
moqnili Zafis meTodiT naangariSebi sidideebi met-naklebad jdeba
dasaSvebi cdomilebis farglebSi. am meTodis cdomilebis ZiriTadi wyaro
aris is garemoeba, rom angariSis dros mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba bagiris
drekadi wagrZeleba.
gakiduli bagiris angariSi diskretuli modelis gamoyenebiT
Catarda Semdegi pirobebisaTvis: diskretuli kvanZebis raodenoba n = 50;
bagirze moqmedi dasaSvebi jamuri gauwonasworebeli Zala Tsum
= 0 kn;
angariSis dros gamoyenebuli iyo saSualo simZlavris da gamoTvliTi
61

esursebis mqone kompiuteri Pentium IV - Celeron 1 , 8GH,
256MB
RAM ;
angariSis xangrZlivobam Seadgina 5 wT; angariSi avtomaturad Sewyda,
rodesac bagirze realurad moqmedi jamuri gauwonasworebeli Zala
'
Tsum
= 0,
0204 kn, rac mocemuli SemTxvevisTvis praqtikulad Seesabameba
bagiris daWimulobis mimarT manqanuri angariSis sizustes;
naxazebze 2, 3 da 4 naCvenebia gakiduli bagiris angariSis Sedegebis
grafikebi.
y, [m]
T, [kn]
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
330
320
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
50
0
Intel ( )
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
x, [m]
paraboliT aproqsimacia moqnili Zafi diskretuli modeli
nax. 2 or wertils Soris gakiduli bagiri
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
x, [m]
paraboliT aproqsimacia moqnili Zafi diskretuli modeli
nax. 3 gakiduli bagiris daWimuloba
62

α, [gradusi]
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
x, [m]
paraboliT aproqsimacia moqnili Zafi diskretuli modeli
nax. 4 gakiduli bagiris mxebis kuTxe
miRebuli Sedegebis Sedareba saSualebas gvaZlevs gakeTdes Semdegi
daskvnebi:
gakiduli bagiris angariSis klasikuri meTodebiT miRebuli Sedegebi
(jaWvwiri da paraboliT aproqsimacia), gansakuTrebiT grZeli malis
SemTxvevaSi, xasiaTdebian garkveuli cdomilebebiT, romlebic SesaZlebelia
gaxdnen bagirgzebis usafrTxo eqspluataciis darRvevis winapiroba. am
cdomilebebis gamomwvevi mizezebi, sxva cnobil mizezebTan erTad, aris
bagiris drekadi wagrZelebebis mxedvelobaSi miuRebloba. gakiduli bagiris
angariSi, gansakuTrebiT sayrdenebTan axlos, umjobesia vawarmovoT bagiris
diskretuli modelis gamoyenebiT. calke kvlevis sagania diskretuli
modeliT angariSis sizusteze kvanZebis raodenobis gavlenis dadgena.
diskretuli modelis SemTxvevaSi bagiris deformacias arsebiTad
iTvaliswinebs Tavad modeli, rac ganapirobebs angariSis Sedegebis
SedarebiT maRal sizustes.
l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
1. k. baramiZe, i. kogani. samgzavro kiduli sabagiro gzebi.
gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1969 w. 245 gv.
2. Патарая Д. И. Расчет и проектирование канатных систем на примере подвесных
дорог. «Мецниереба», Тбилиси, 1991, 102 с.
3. Дукельский А.И. Подвесные канатные дороги и кабельные краны. «Машгиза»,
Москва-Ленинград, 1951, 398 с.
4. Беркман М.Б., Бовский Г.Н., Куйбида Г.Г., Леонтьев Ю.С. Подвесные канатные
дороги. Москва, Машиностроение, 1984, 264 с.
63

eziume
gakiduli bagiris sxvadasxva meTodiT angariSi
giorgi javaxiSvili
ganxilulia yrudCamagrebulboloebiani bagiris gaangariSebis amocana
moqnili Zafis, paraboliT aproqsimaciisa da prof. d. pataraias mier Semu-
Savebuli bagiris diskretuli modelis gamoyenebiT. angariSis Sedegebi
warmodgenilia cxrilis da grafikebis saxiT. gansazRvrulia absolituri
da fardobiTi cdomilebebi. dadgenilia, rom praqtikuli angariSis dros,
paraboliT aproqsimaciis meTodis gamoyenebisas, adgili aqvs maqsimalur
cdomilebas.
SUMMARY
Calculation of a slacking cable rope by various methods
Giorgi Javakhishvili
The problem of calculation of key parameters of slacking cable rope, with deaf fixation of the
ends, three various methods are considered: under the theory of a flexible filament, a method of
approximating by a parabola and using the discrete model of a cable rope proposed by Prof. D.
Pataraia. Outcomes of the fulfilled calculation for matching are introduced in the form of tables and
graphs. Absolute and relative errors are defermined. It is drawn a lead-out, that the greatest, for
practical calculation a unacceptable lapse a method of approximating by a parabola.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Расчет провисающего каната различными методами
Гиорги Джавахишвили
Рассмотрена задача расчета основных параметров провисающего, с глухим
закреплением концов, каната тремя различными методами: по теории гибкой нити, метода
апроксимации параболой и с помощью дискретной модели каната, предложенной проф.
Патарая. Результаты выполненных расчетов для сравнения представлены в виде таблиц и
графиков. Установлены абсолютные и относительные погрешности. Сделан вывод, что
наибольшую, для практических расчетов неприемлемую погрешность дает метод
апроксимации параболой.
64

sivrciTi kombinirebul konstruqciebSi deformaciebisa da
Zalvis regulireba eleqtro-meqanikuri da boWkovan-optikuri
sensorebis gamoyenebiT
1. Sesavali
i. melaSvili, teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,
l. balanCivaZe, teqnikur mecnierebata kandidati,
i. bakuraZe, stu-s bakalavri
mSeneblobis da teqnikis sxvadasxva sferoebSi farTod gamoyeneba
sivrciTi kombinirebuli konstruqciebi, maT Soris kombinirebuli filebi
da garsebi, romlebic gansxvavdebian Cveulebriv sivrciTi konstruqciebisagan
imiT, rom maTSi gamoiyeneba bagirovani an vanturi sistemebi.
Tu garsis konturi an misi zedapiris nebismieri wertili eyrdnoba
vantur an bagirovan sistemas ganixileba maTi erToblivi muSaoba, romelic
gavlenas axdens garsis tanis daZabul-deformirebul mdgomareobaze.
bagirovani an vanturi sistemebis winaswari daZabva, an maTSi Zalvis
regulireba iwvevs garsis konturze da mis tanSi diskretul damyolobis
cvlilebebs Sesabamis lokalur zonaSi, aseve rogorc Seyursuli gare
Zala mcire ubanze garsSi Runvas SezRudul areSi da misi zoma
damokidebulia garsis simrudeze, mis sisqeze, mis geometriaze gegmaSi da
aseve sxva parametrebze.
aRniSnuli Seyursuli Zalis efeqti ganxilulia cilindruli
garsisaTvis, kombinirebuli sistemis saxiT, radgan gamoyenebulia SemkoWi
vanta an bagiri.
1.1. Zalvebis regulireba cilindrul garsebSi
Zalvebis, kerZod mRunavi momentis regulirebisaTvis cilindrul garsebSi
gamoyenebuli iqna Ria profilis garsi lokaluri Seyursuli datvir-
TviT.
cilindruli garsis sigrZis SuaSi mowyobilia sakoWi-vanta, romelic
aris winaswardaZabuli ZaliT H 0,
06 kn.
p.
s =
cilindrul garsSi mRunavi momentis regulirebisTvis sakoWis Tavze.
garsis tanSi aRebulia erTeuli siganis zoli, rogorc es naCvenebia 1
naxazze.
nax. 1.
65

me-6 cnobaridan Zalva sakoWSi TviTdaZabvis ganisazRvreba formuliT:
X s.
s
= H
2
=
25
128
P ⋅ K ⋅
mRunavi momenti M1 Seyursuli Zalis qveS:
15
sadac: K = 1 ( 1+
γ );
.
2
8
⎟ D ⎛ E n ⎞
υ =
⎜ +
f ⎝ Ec
Fc
l ⎠
⎛ 25 ⎞
M1 = ⎜0,
25 − K ⎟P
⋅l
⎝ 128 ⎠
3
2
f
aq D = Eδ
12(
1−
µ ); n = 0,
785.
rodesac = 0,
263.
l
mTliani Zalva sakoWSi jamdeba winaswari daWimulobis Zalvisagan da
sakoWSi TviTdaWimulobis Zalvisagan.
datvirTva cilindrul garsze modebuli iyo etapobrivad
P = 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8; 1,0 kn.
M M − mRunavi momentis tolobis pirobis Sesasruleblad
max
= min
garsidan amoWrili erTeuli siganis TaRi sakoWiT ganixileba, rogorc
statikurad urkvevi sistema, ris amoxsnis Sedegad vRebulobT mTlian
Zalvas koWSi, rac warmoadgens. algebrul jams ori Zalvis – TviTdaWimvis
da winaswardaZabvis Zalvebis.
rom SevinarCunoT mudmivad mRunavi momentebis toloba garsis
kveTebSi, sakoWis Tavze, saWiroa gare Zalis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi,
Sesabamisad daregulirdes winaswardaZabvis Zalvis sidide saWimarSi, rac
unda uzrunvelyos avtomaturma eleqtromeqanikurma ( ) an boWkovanoptikurma
sistemam (ABOM).
[5]-is masalebidan TviTdaWimulobis Zalva udris:
X x . x = 0,
785⋅
P = 0,
471 kn = 47,1 kg.
mRunavi momenti TaRovan zolSi, amoWrili garsidan, erTeuli
Zalisagan saWimarSi udris:
⎟ 2 ⎛ 4x
⎞
M = − ⎜
1 f 1−
. 2
⎝ l ⎠
maqsimaluri dadebiTi mRunavi momenti, rodesac x = 0, tolia:
Pl
M max H 2 f
4 − = .
dM ( x)
Tu davuSvebT pirobas: = 0 .
dx
sabolood miviRebT: H f = 1 , 07P
= 1,
07 ⋅ 0,
6 = 0,
64 kn = 64,0 kg.
radgan X s.
s = 0,
785P
= 0,
471 kn = 47,1 kg, maSin winaswardaZabvis Zalva
iqneba mTliani Zalvisagan gamoklebuli TviTdaZabvis Zalva, anu:
H H − X = 0,
64 − 0,
471 = 0,
169 kn = 16,9 kg.
p.
s = f s.
s
66
l
f
.

nax. 2
Tu mTliani Zalva sakoWSi Seadgens H = 0,
64 kn (64 kg).
lsaW
100
parametri = = 0,
001.
6
E F 0,
1⋅10
bag ⋅ bag
pukis kanonis Tanaxmad deformacia koWSi udris:
∆lsaW
= H f ⋅
E
lsaW
⋅ F
= 64 ⋅ 0,
001 = 0,
064 sm = 0,64 mm.
bag
bag
eqsperimentidan miRebulia kombinirebuli sistemis sakoWis
gadaadgileba datvirTvis Sedegad ∆lday = 2 ⋅ v2
= 2 ⋅3,
572 mm = 7,144 mm.
maSin eleqtromeqanikuri sensoris kontaqtorebs Soris dReCo udris:
∆l АЭСM = 7, 144 − 0,
64 mm = ∆l day − ∆lsaW
= 6,
5040 mm.
Teoriulad miRebulia l = 3,
324 mm, maSin
∆ day
∆l АЭСM = 2 ⋅ 3,
324 − 0,
64 = 6,
648 − 0,
64 = 6,
008 mm.
1.2. cilindrul garsebSi deformaciebis regulireba
Teoriis Tanaxmad cilindruli garsis tanidan msaxvelis gaswvriv
ori kveTis da ori wrewiris gamoyenebiT, aiReba usasrulod mcire
elementi. SemoviRoT uganzomilebo koordinatebi:
2
x s 2 h
ξ = ; θ = ; c = 2
R R 12R
. (1)
garsis Sua zedapiris wertilebis gadaadgileba koordinatTa
RerZebis x, y, z –is gaswvriv aRvniSnoT u, v da w da miviRoT ucnobad.
2
2
2
3
3
2
∂ u 1− y ∂ u 1+
y ∂ v ∂w
2 ⎛ ∂ w 1−
y ∂ w ⎞ ( 1−
y ) 2
+ + + y − c
= R x
2
2
3
2
2 2
⎜ −
2 ⎟
,
∂ξ
∂θ
∂ξ∂θ
∂ξ
⎝ ∂ξ
∂ξ∂θ
⎠ Eh
2 2
2
3
1+ ∂ u ∂ v 1−
y ∂ v ∂w
( 3 − y)
∂ w ( 1−
y
+ + + −
=
2
2
2 2
2 ∂ξ∂θ
∂θ
2 ∂ξ
∂θ
2 ∂ξ
∂θ
Eh
2
y 2
+ 2c
2
2
2
∂ w 2 ( 1−
y ) 2
+ c w + w = − R z.
∂θ
Eh
f
)
R
3
3
2 3
∂u
2 ⎛ ∂ w 1−
y ∂ u ⎞ ∂v
( 3 − y)
c ∂ v 2 2 2
y − c ⎜ −
+ −
+ c ∇ ∇ w +
3
2
2
2 ⎟
∂ξ
⎝ ∂ξ
∂ξ∂θ
⎠ ∂θ
2 ∂ξ
∂θ
y , (2)
aq x, y da z –zedapiruli Zalebis proeqcia RerZebze x, y da z –ze
mikuTvnebuli erTeuli zedapirisaTvis.
Tu amovirCevT cilindruli garsis zedapirze regularuli
struqturis cilindrul bades ujredebis fardobiT zomebiT:
67

∆ξ
1−υ = χ ; = Ay
∆θ
2
1−υ
= B y ;
2
3 − υ
=
2
mocemuli badis i wertilisaTvis, zemoTmoyvanili gantolebaTa
sistemis (2) amoxsnisaTvis viyenebT badeTa meTods.
sasazRvro pirobad cilindruli garsisaTvis miRebulia oTxive
mxridan Tavisuflad damagrebuli kideebi, Camagrebulia mxolod garsis
oTxive kuTxe.
garsTa teqnikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad advilad xdeba mocemuli sistemis
amoxsna u, v da w gadaadgilebebSi da miRebuli sidideebis mixedviT irCeva
badeTa meTodis gamoyenebiT garsis TiToeuli danayofi wertilisaTvis w
sidide da xdeba misi regulirebis sakiTxis gadawyvetac.
cilindruli garsis eqsperimentaluri modelis parametrebis
gamoyenebiT Catarebul iqna statikuri da dinamikuri gaangariSeba programa
`SAP-2000 student~-is gamoyenebiT.
Teoriuli da eqsperimentaluri Sedegebi garsis vertikaluri
gadaadgilebisaTvis sakoWis avtomaturi regulirebis CarTvamde da CarTvis
Semdeg moyvanilia cxrilis saxiT (cxr. 1).
cxrili 1
wertilebis
#
sasrulo-sxvaobis
meTodiT АЭСМ-is
CarTvamde mm-Si
SAP-2000 student
АЭСМ-is
CarTvamde mm-Si
C y
.
eqsperimentuli
mniSvnelobebi
wertilebis
CaRunvebis
АЭСМ-is
CarTvamde mm-Si
, 1 = −
eqsperimentuli
mniSvnelobebi
wertilebis
CaRunvebis
АЭСМ-is CarTvis
Semdeg mm-Si
w = −
1. w = −0,
17
w 1,
5657 w 531
2922
2.
3.
1
1 =
2 2
w + v = 3,
324 w 2 = −0,
0844 w 2 = −1,
432(
1,
351)
w 2 = −3572(
3,
124)
2
2
2 2
w + u = −0,
021 w 3 = −1,
2316
_ _
3
3
cxrilis monacemebis analizidan Cans, rom sakoWis avtomaturi regulirebis
Sedegad saSualod SeiZleba garsSi CaRunvebis cvlileba
n = 1,
9 (eqsperimentaluri monacemebiT).
f saS
sxvaoba Teoriul da eqsperimentalur Sedegebs Soris gamowveulia
garsis didi gadaadgilebebiTYmisi Txelkedlianobis gamo (rasac ar
iTvaliswinebs garsTa wrfivi Teoria), agreTve sasrulo-sxvaobis meTodis
uxeSi badis arCeviT da sxva.
miuxedavad aRniSnuli sxvaobebisa, cxadad Cans, rom avtomaturi
marTvis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia garsebSi Zalvebis da CaRunvebis
regulireba.
68
1
1

l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
1. Strustural control, North-Holland SM Punlication, 1979, 810 p.
2. Избранные задачи по строительной механике и теории упругости. Под ред. проф. Н.П.
Абовского, Москва, Стройиздат, 1978.
3. В.З. Власов. Избранные труды, том Ι, Изд-во АН СССП, 1962, 261 с.
4. П.М. Варвак, Л.П. Варвак. Методы сеток в задачах расчетс строительных конструкции.
Москва, Стройиздат, 1977, 122 с.
5. А.Р. Ржаницын. Строительная механика. Москва, Высшая школа, 1982, 130 с.
6. I.K. Melashvili, O.A. Tkeshelashvili. Auromatic Regularion of Deflection and Cylindtical Shells,
Proceeding of the International IASS Symposium, 2-6 September, 1991, Copenhagen, Denmark.
voluve III page 31-34.
reziume
sivrciTi kombinirebul konstruqciebSi deformaciebisa da
Zalvis regulireba eleqtromeqanikuri da boWkovan-optikuri
sensorebis gamoyenebiT
i. melaSvili, l. balanCivaZe, i. bakuraZe
eqsperimentulad Seswavlilia cilindrul garsebSi Zalvebisa da
deformaciebis regulirebis sakiTxebi eleqtromeqanikuri da boWkovanoptikuri
sensorebis gamoyenebiT. dadginda, rom Zalvebisa da
deformaciebis avtomaturi regulirebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia garsebSi
CaRunvebis cvlilebebis dadgena. Teoriul da eqsperimentalur Sedegebs
Soris aRmoCnda garkveuli sxvaoba, rac gamowveulia garsis didi
gadaadgilebiT, mis Txelkedlianobis gamo, ris angariSsac ar
iTvaliswinebs garsebis gaangariSebis cnobili Teoriebi, xolo eleqtromeqanikuri
da boWkovan-optikuri sensorebis gamoyeneba SesaZleblobas iZleva
garsebSi Zalvebisa da deformaciebis regulirebas.
SUMMARY
About deformation and regulation of force in the electromechanical and
fibrous-optical gauge used in a place has united constructions
I. Melashvili, L. Balanchivadze, I. Bakuradze
Regulation of cylindrical coverings and deformations with use of elestromechanical and
fibrous-optical gauges is experimentally studied. It seems, that by means of force and deformation
regulation, began possible to see changes in cobetings. There are distinctions between treorelical and
experimental parts. It is caused by moving of a covering because of a thin is wall stat is not
consdered in the well-known theories of calculation of coverings.Use electromechanical and fibrousoptical
gauges, does possible to adjusr force and deformation.
69

РЕЗЮМЕ
О деформации и регулировании силы в электромеханическом и
волокнистом-оптическом датчике, используемом в месте
объединил сооружения
И. Мелашвили, Л. Баланчивадзе, И. Бакурадзе
Экспериментально изучено регулирование цилиндрических покрытий и деформации с
использованием электромеханических и волокнисто-оптических датчиков. Кажется, что с
помощью силы и деформации автоматической регуляции, стало возможным видеть
изменения в покрытиях. Есть различия между теоретическим и экспериментальными частями.
Это вызвано перемещением покрытия из-за тонкой стены, что не учтено в значенитых
теориях вычисления покрытия. Использование электромеханических и волокнистыхоптических
датчиков делает возможным регулировать силу и деформацию.
70

kompiuterul danaSaulebaTa masStabebi da
aqedan momdinare safrTxeebi
oTar Sonia,
teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori
daviT Sonia, nino comaia, irakli gogoxia,
stu-s magistrantebi
faqtia, rom interneti didi siswrafiT yalibdeba rogorc seriozuli
profesiuli garemo, aseve faqtia isic, rom e.w. kompiuteruli damnaSaveebi,
maT Soris hakerebi, sxvadasxva saxis virusebis Semqmnelebi ufro xSirad
cdiloben TavianTi Cvevebidan miiRon materialuri sargebeli. isini
sxvadasxva meTodebiT, maT Soris e.w. `troas cxenis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili
mavne programebis gamoyenebiT, cdiloben kompiuterebidan moiparon
Rirebuli konfidencialuri informacia, aseTTa ricxvs miekuTvneba
magaliTad internetSi SeRwevis piradi parolebi, sakredito baraTebis
nomrebi, sabanko angariSebTan da komerciul dokumentebTan SeRwevis kodebi
da sxva mravali.
kompiuterul damnaSaveebs gaaCniaT mTeli `arsenali meTodebisa~, raTa
Setevebi ganaxorcielon internetis (da ara marto) erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes momsaxurebis sferoze, rogoricaa eleqtronuli fosta
(nax. 1).
�
Sualeduri an
sarezervo safosto
� safosto serveri
serveri safosto serveri
adresatis
SMTP
IP
SMT
misamarTi
werilis gacvlis
adresati
gamgzavni oqmi SMTP
(Simple Mail Trunsfor Protocol)
(nax. 1)
am SemTxvevaSi, umetes wilad, gadasacemi informaciis kodireba ar
xdeba da misi gadacema xdeba Cveulebrivi teqstiT.
werilis xelSi Cagdeba SesaZlebelia gamgzavnsa da adresats Soris
nebismier wertilSi Tu gamoiyeneba spec. teqnika da Sualedur serverebze
damatebiTi programuli uzrunvelyofa.
Tu gadacemis momentSi adresatis (mimRebis) safosto serveri
miuwvdomelia, maSin werilis gadagzavna xdeba mimRebis rezervul safosto
serverze (Tu aseTi serveris arsebobaze informacia cnobilia) an el.
fostis serverze, romelic gamgzavnis serverze cnobilia rogorc
71

Sualeduri serveri safosto gzavnilebebisa, SemdegSi gagzavnis funqcia
gadadis aseT serverze.
gavrcelebulia gamgzavnis an mimRebis kompiuterSi SeRwevis gamoyeneba
konkretuli Setyobinebis xelSi Casagdebad. am SemTxvevaSi, lokalur kompiuterSi
yendeba faruli programa (magaliTad programa `troas cxeni~)
borotganmzraxvelis safosto misamarTze Semavali da gamomavali gadamisamarTebisaTvis.
es meTodi kargia mxolod konkretuli piris el. fostis
xelSi Casagdebad, magram gamousadegaria pirTa jgufis winaaRmdeg
samoqmedod, vinaidan izrdeba msxverplis kompiuterebze gareSe piris
yofnis aRmoCenis riski.
kompaniis safosto trafikis xelSi Cagdebisas Setevis obieqti,
rogorc wesi, xdeba korporaciis safosto serveri. am SemTxvevaSi SetevaTa
ganxorcielebis variantebi Zalze didia, Tumca SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom
safosto serveris gatexva raRac mizeziT SeuZlebelia. maSin
borotganmzraxvels unda hqondes SeRwevis SesaZlebloba kavSirgabmulobis
xazebis Sualedur kvanZebSi, romlis meSveobiTac safosto trafiki
vrceldeba kompaniis dacul qselsa da internets Soris. aq aucilebelia
gamoyenebuli iqnas specialuri programa (nax. 2), romelic gaanalizebs
mTel trafiks internetsa da kompaniis qsels Soris da gamoyofs Semaval
da gamomaval Setyobinebebs.
Internet
spec. programa
nax. 2
kompaniis
qseli
eleqtronul fostaze yuradRebas imitom vamaxvilebT, rom am serviss
gaaCnia mTeli rigi upiratesobani, rac ganapirobebs mis farTod
gavrcelebas. es upiratesobebia:
a) SetyobinebaTa miwodebis maRali siCqare;
b) adresatisaTvis Setyobinebis garantirebuli miwodeba;
g) konfidencialoba.
rogorc praqtikam gviCvena Zalze mwvaved dgas internet momsaxurebis
informaciis konfidencialobis uzrunvelyofa. did safrTxes warmoadgens
el.fostis misamarTebis `gaJonva~ (aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi sazogadoebrivi
serveri ubralod vaWrobs aRniSnuli informaciiT). garda amisa problemas
warmoadgens is, rom standartuli fostis oqmebiT gadacemuli informacia
Riaa, Tanac arcerTi standartuli oqmi el. fostisa (SMTP, POP3, IMA P4) ar
Seicavs daSifvris meqanizms, romelic uzrunvelyofda mimoweris
konfidencialobas. failebi SeiZleba wakiTxuli iqnas borotganmzraxvelis
mier. ufro metic, adamianTa umetesobas aviwydeba, rom interneti esaa
sazogadoebrivi adgili da rom el. fosta, sanam is miaRwevs daniSnul
adgils gaivlis ramodenime kompiuters da `mogzaurobisas~ SeiZleba moxdes
misi perlustracia.
gansakuTrebul problemas warmoadgens yalbi werilebisa da
misamarTebis Seqmna, werilebis gayalbeba (SMTP-s ar gaaCnia avtorizaciisa
da mTlianobis Semowmebis meqanizmi).
aqve SeiZleba davasaxeloT potenciuri borotganmzraxvelebis kategoriebi:
72

1) ofisSi momuSave personali;
2) provaiderebisa da Sualeduri sakomunikacio kvanZebis teqnikuri
personali;
3) specialuri saxelmwifo samsaxurebi.
ruseTSi, magaliTad arsebobsspecialuri samsaxuri СОРМ (система специальных
оперативно-розыскных мероприятий), romelsac SeuZlia specialuri
programul-aparaturuli saSualebebi daayenos satelekomunikacio
kompaniebis kuTvnil farTze.
4) kerZo dacvis firmebi. zogierTi aseTi firma awarmoebs
informaciis arakanonier Segrovebas da gayidvas. mag.: moskovSi
aseT firmebs SeuZliaT ara marto satelefono saubrebis Cawera,
aramed el. safosto werilebis xelSi Cagdebac.
5) xakerebi. eqspertTa azriT xakerebis SesaZleblobebi aSkarad
gazviadebulia, magram maTi SesaZleblobebis ignorireba ar
SeiZleba.
samwuxarod aq moyvanili magaliTebiT ar amoiwureba qseluri
Setevebis saxeebi, isini iseve mravalferovania rogorc sistemebi, romelTa
winaaRmdegac es Setevebi xorcieldeba.
moviyvanT zogierT saSiS SetevaTa saxeebs.
saSiS SetevaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba `uari momsaxurebaze~ anu Dos
Seteva _ (Dos - Denial of servise), romelic araa gamiznuli Tqvens qselSi SeRwevisaTvis
an Tqveni qselidan raime informaciis miRebaze. Dos Seteva qaels
xdis miuwvdomels Cveulebrivi gamoyenebisaTvis. qselis, operaciuli
sistemis an gamoyenebiTi programebis funqcionirebis dasaSveb normebze
gadaWarbebis gziT.
msgavsi Setevisagan Tavdasacavad eqspertebi gvTavazoben Semdeg
meTodebs:
1) Tu Tqvens qselis marSrutizatorebze da qselur ekranebze
sworadaa organizebuli autentifikaciis funqcia, maSin Dos Setevis riski
SeiZleba Semcirdes. es funqciebi unda moicavdnen minimum RES 2827
filtracias. Tu borotganmzraxveli ver SeZlebs moaxdinos Tavisi
pirovnebis markireba, maSin Zneli warmosadgenia, rom man gabedos Setevis
ganxorcieleba.
2) arsebobs anti Dos funqcia, romlis swori gamoyenebac aseve
saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes msgavsi Setevebis riski. am funqciis meSveobiT
xdeba drois nebismier momentSi naxevrad Ria arxebis raodenobis SezRudva.
3) trafikis moculobis SezRudva (traffic rate limiting) _ organizaciam SeiZleba
provaiders Txovos trafikis SezRudva. am tipis filtraciiT
SesaZlebelia Semcirdes Tqvens qselze gamavali arakritikuli trafikis
moculoba. amis magaliTia ICMP trafikis moculobis SezRudva, romelic
gamoiyeneba wredebis diagnostikisaTvis. saqme isaa, rom Dos Setevebi xSirad
iyeneben ICMP trafiks.
rogorc aRvniSneT, borotganmzrazveli cdilobs ra ipovos Tavisi
qmedebebiT qselSi sargebeli, xSirad mimarTavs parolebze Setevas, romlisaTvisac
iyenebs mTel rig meTodebs: ubralo gadarCeva (brute force attack),
`troas cxeni~, IP - spufingi da paketebis snifingi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
momxmareblis saxeli da paroli SeiZleba mopovebuli iqnas IP-spufingisa
da paketebis snifingiT, borotganmzraxvelebi cdiloben farTod gamoiyenon
sxvis qselSi SeRwevis sxvadasxva meTodebi.
aRniSnuli saxis Setevis Sesusteba (da ara Tavidan acileba) SesaZlebelia
Semdegi meTodebis gamoyenebiT:
73

1) daSvebis kontroli - eqspertTa azriT, umartives meTodad IPspufingis
asacileblad iTvleba daSvebis kontrolis sistemis sworad
organizeba.
2) REC 2827 filtraciis gamoyeneba.
3) damatebiTi autentifikaciis saukeTeso saSualebad iTvleba kriptografia,
magram Tu es SeuZlebelia, maSin kargi Sedegis miReba SesaZlebelia
e. w. orfaqtoriani autentifikaciiT erTjeradi parolebis gamoyenebiT.
rac Seexeba paketebis snifers - esaa gamoyenebiTi programa, romelic
iyenebs qselur ruqas da muSaobs promiscuous mode reJimSi (am reJimSi yvela
pakets, romlebic miiReba fizikuri arxebiT, qseluri adapteri agzavnis
gamoyenebiT programasTan). am dros sniferi moitacebs yvela qselur pakets,
romelic gadaicema garkveuli domenis gavliT. dReisaTvis sniferebi
qselSi muSaoben savsebiT kanonierad. isini gamoiyenebian qselis
diagnostikisa da trafikis analizisaTvis. magram imis gamo, rom zogierTi
gamoyenebiTi programebi gadascemen monacemebs teqsturi formiT (telnet, FTP,
SMTP, POP3 da a.S.), snifis meSveobiT SeiZleba gavigoT sasargeblo
informacia, zogjer – konfidencialuric (mag.: momxmarebelTa saxelebi da
parolebi).
eqspertebi paketebis snifingisgan momdinare safrTxis Sesamcireblad
gvTavazoben Semdeg saSualebebs:
1) autentifikacia _ autentifikaciis saSualebebi paketebis
snifingisgan dacvis erT-erT Zlier saSualebadaa aRiarebuli;
2) komutirebadi infrastruqtura _ igulisxmeba qselSi komutirebadi
infrastruqturis Seqmna;
3) anti-sniferebi _ esaa specialuri programebi an aparaturuli saSualebebi,
romelTac SeuZliaT qselSi momuSave snifebis amocnoba;
4) kriptografia, am SemTxvevaSi informacia sruladaa daculi gamJRavnebisagan.
gamoyenebiTi procesebis doneze Setevebic mravalnairia. yvelaze
ufro gavrcelebulia programuli uzrunvelyofebis (sendmail, HTTP, FTP)
susti mxareebis gamoyeneba, romelTa meSveobiTac borotganmzraxvelebs
SeuZliaT SeaRwion kompiuterebSi, im momxmareblebis saxeliT, romlebic
uSualod muSaoben am gamoyenebiT programebTan (Cveulebriv es aris ara
ubralo momxmarebeli, aramed privilegirebuli, sistemuri daSvebis mqone
administratori). gamoyenebiT doneze ganxorcielebuli Setevebisas
problemas warmoadgens is, rom borotganmzraxvelebi xSirad iyeneben im
portebs, romelTac qselTSorisi ekranis gavlis neba aqvT. am doneze
Setevebis srulad acileba SeuZlebelia. xakerebi Zalze xSirad aqveyneben
internetSi monacemebs sxvadasxva programebis susti mxareebis Sesaxeb. am
SemTxvevaSi mTavaria sistemuri administrirebis sworad warmarTva.
qseluri Setevis saxeebs ganekuTvneba qseluri dazverva, romelic
gulisxmobs qselze sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi monacemebis da
gamoyenebiTi procesebis meSveobiT. romelime qselis winaaRmdeg Setevis
ganxorcielebisas borotganmzraxveli, rogorc wesi, cdilobs masze miiRos
rac SeiZleba meti informacia. qseluri dazverva xorcieldeba DNS
SekiTxvaTa formiT, eqo-testirebiT (ping sweep) da portebis skanirebiT. DNS
SekiTxvebi saSualebas iZlevian gagebuli iqnas Tu vin flobs ama Tu im
domens da am domenebs ra misamarTebi aqvT mikuTvnebuli. eqo-testireba
DNS-is meSveobiT gagebuli misamarTebisa saSualebas iZleva davinaxoT Tu
mocemul momentSi realurad romeli hostebi muSaoben. hostebis siis
miRebis Semdeg borotganmzraxveli mimarTavs portebis skanirebas, raTa
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dadgindes im momsaxurebaTa sruli sia, romlebsac es hostebi axorcieleben
da bolos borotganmzraxveli aanalizebs hostebze realizebul gamoyenebiTprocesebs,
ris Sedegadac moipoveba informacia, romelze
dayrdnobiTac xdeba gatexva.
ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT iseT mavne programebs, romlebic avrceleben
kompiuterul virusebs da udides zians ayeneben, rogorc calkeul momxmareblebs,
agreTve mTlianad im saqmian samyaros, romelic intensiurad
sargeblobs internetiT. virusebisagan dacvasTan dakavSirebiT eqspertTa
erTi nawili pesimisturadaa ganwyobili. zogierTi maTgani imasac ki
winaswarmetyvelebda, rom virusebis gamo msoflio qseli 2004 wlisaTvis
Tavis arsebobasac ki Sewyvitavso. realuri suraTi ki dReisaTvis aseTia.
britanuli kompaniis Sophos AntiVirus ufrosi teqnikuri mrCevlis
gancxadebiT, am firmis mier mimdinare wels gamovlenil iqna orjer naklebi
virusi, vidre wina wlebSi.
dasavleTis eqspertebis didi nawili antivirusul frontze arsebul
mdgomareobas ukavSireben 11 seqtembris ambebs. aSS-Si amas winaT Catarebul
xakerebis konferenciaze gamoCnda, rom momxdari teraqtis gamo
axalgazrdebs Soris virusebis wera ar aris iseT pativSi, rogorc gasul
wlebSi iyo. Zlieri dartyma kompiuterul mavneblebs miayena
antiteroristulma kompaniam _ amJamad amerikaSi miRebuli `patriotis
aqtis~ da `kiberusafrTxoebis gaZlierebis aqtis~ Sesabamisad xakerebs da
virusuli epidemiis avtorebs emuqrebaT aTi wlidan sicocxlis bolomde
cixeSi yofna. yvelaferi amis wyalobiT mniSvnelovnad Semcirda internetSi
virusebis konstruqtori programebis `gaakeTe TviTon~ raodenoba.
ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT eqspertebs, rom yovelTvis moiZebneba
virusიs dawerisa da gavrcelebis msurveli da miuxedavad aRniSnuli
tendenciisa dauSvebelia yuradRebis Sesusteba am saxis kompiuteruli
danaSaulobaTa mimarT.
sainteresoa britanuli firmis Netcraft-is sakmaod paradoqsaluri
mosazreba, rom virusebi miuxedavad yvelafrisa TamaSoben dadebiT rols
WWW usafrTxoebisaTvis. virusebi damangrevelia, magram maT saaSkaroze
gamoaqvT borotganmzraxvelebis saqmianoba. borotganmzraxveli cdilobs
SeumCnevlad Sevides serverSi da iq daayenos programa, romelic mas
saSualebas miscems moiparos misTvis saintereso informacia, magram is amas
ver SeZlebs Tu serveri modificirebulia. serveris modifikaciis mizezad
ki swored morigi axali virusebis Semoteva gvevlineba.
l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
1. Гаикович В. Ю., Ерщов Д. В. Основы безопасности информационных технологии. М.:
исд-во “Мифи”, 1995.
2. Мелников В. В. Безопасность информации в автоматизированных системах. М.:
Финанси и статистика, 2003.
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eziume
kompiuterul danaSaulebaTa masStabebi da
aqedan momdinare safrTxeebi
o. Sonia, d.Sonia, n. comaia, i. gogoxia
naSromSi vrcladaa mimoxiluli internetSi kompiuterul
danaSaulobaTa meTodebi, saSualebebi da masStabebi, mocemulia farTod
gavrcelebuli safrTxeTagan dacvis rekomendaciebi.
SUMMARY
Scale of computer crime and proceeding danger
O. Shonia, D.Shonia, N. Tsomaia, I. Gogokhia
There are considered the methods, possibilities and scales of computer crime in Internet, also is
given wide spread recommendations about the safety measures in the work.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Масштабы компьютерных преступлений
и отсюда исходящие опасности
Шония О., Шония Д., Цомая Н., Гогохия И.
В работе широко рассмотрены методы, возможности и масштабы компьютерных
преступлений в интернете, данны широко распространённые рекомендации о мерах
безопасности.
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