1 Shear wave splitting in the Appalachians and the Urals: A case for ...

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”®¤A‡…²ÄÃ’²ºÆÂÅ„h”®¤Ì„†°’GÄÅÄŲ„&~³í‹!®¤ŠÄÅŽ~‘!²„&¬¹¨’E·¨‡Ï­¤’G„†„3QÖs³Å©¢`gzVW¢Td±GÂÃÁV²„duŽV„&dƒ¤·…„&›’G¹…ÄÃA“”O„†ƒ¤ÄΔ„h”®…“”ŽVƒ…±V®…ŽVƒ…~³

46˚
1 sec
F[
45˚
44˚
A V E R A G E
43˚
42˚
41˚
100 km
-76˚ -74˚ -72˚ -70˚
CEDGFÑ%H 3€K
‰Œ’G­ŒŽE¦ÐÌÒ Ó^­¤­¨’EÄÃ’G¼›®¤ÂÃ’G·k“”²±VÂÅŽV·7½¤‘dÂΔ®"’~ÁTO“›’G±G‚u­¨’Ê“›’GuO”“”„!ŽGÍ„†OÂĆuÂżä’E·¤ÂÅ„†ŽG†“”ŽG­5ºk­…ÄÃŽE†”~‡Æ’Êd­ ŽVÂÅ·¸”„!‘d®¤O“”A”®…Oº
‘!“”¼²ŽG·¤„&†“›’GÂÅ·…~‡¢¹¸ºéÁG’E“”ÂÅŽGƒ¤„Ì‘(ŽG“”ÈTO“”„²³Ód“†“”Ž~‘
’XW²ÂŃ…”®¤„¬¼²ŽG“†“”O„†­ ŽV·¨‡é”Žu”®¤ ’G„&Š‡…ÂΓ”²¼O”ÂÅŽV·…„䇅O”“”uÂ÷…~‡Æ2ŽE“A”®¤­¨’Ê“†”ÂüOƒ¤ÄÃ’E“Š„†ÂΔV½
’G·¤‡°’E“”^„†¼~’GÄÅ~‡°‘dÂÅ”®°²„&”ÂÅ°’Ê”~‡°‡…²ÄÃ’²º¸³ƒQ‹!®¤^¼²ŽGu­¤ÂÅÄÃ’E”ÂÅŽV·kÂÅ„íw“”ŽG?”®…Ó¬·¤ÂÅ„†ŽE†“”ŽV­¸ºu¾^²„†ŽVƒs“”¼²j„Í’E±V‚°’GÂÅ·¸›’GÂÅ·¤²‡°¹¸ºsUAO“”²È¤Ñs¼›®sƒs†
S¥SG‡…’E“”ȸ‘dÂÅ·¤±s³ ƒ…ŽG“”²±GŽV·7³ ²‡…ƒ‡SXˆÌ„†¼®5ƒs†›‡nSG’E·¤ÂÅ„†Ž „†ŽGƒ…“”¼²G³ ®¸”uĉT³ v ·¤‡…ÂÅÁ5ÂÇ…ƒ¨’EÄíÁG’GÄŃ…²„’Ê“”k“”ŽV ¡¤¥ œ ŠG—Z‹ÏGž¨Ÿ Œq§…Ež •Î©²ªVªs©«½pŽ~E˜›¦G¢¡‘
Q^®5†”­†…
Gž¨ŸPŒ¢G˜”˜”¥ŸX’•Î©~ªVª¥Ề«½8Ž¬X‹¡‹¡“lGœÍ—¦hGœ•”^•Î©~ªGªTÕÊ«¦’G·¤‡Œ»¤ŽVƒ…¼®ÏO^’GÄ ³Å½¨„†ƒ…¹¤uÂΆ”~‡°°’G·5ƒ¤„†¼“”Âís~½†Q&©~ªVªGªT³
25
20
counts
15
10
5
0
25
20
0 0.5 1
delay error, s
counts
15
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
fast direction error, deg
3–K zÌÂÅ„&”ŽG±G“›’Gu„ÌŽGh„†ÂÅ·¤±GÄŤ„†²ÂÅ„†uŽV±E“›’G „†­…ÄÃÂΆ”ÂÅ·¤±Ï­¨’Ê“›’GuO”O“AO“†“”ŽG“”„AwŽG“qz̾L|?‡…’E›’5³ Q2”ŽG­‡TVkÌ·…s—fO“†“”ŽE“äÂ÷_‡…OÄ’²ºé”ÂÅuV³
CEDGFÑ%H
¹ ŽG†”ŽG+TƒkÌ·¤j—¢O“†“”ŽE“¬ÂÅ·Æ2’G„&¬‡…ÂΓ”²¼”ÂÃŽG·I’XW²ÂŃ…”®³
Q

1 sec
!ƒ
46˚N
45˚N
propagation directions
44˚N
43˚N
HRV
41˚N
PAL
100 km
76˚W 74˚W 72˚W 70˚W
CEDGFÑ%H 3mÕK
‰Œ’G­ŽG¤ÐAÒIÓ¬­…­¨’GÄÃ’E¼®…Â’E·“”O±VÂÅŽV·„†®¤Ž~‘dÂÅ·¤±A„†®…~’E“¦‘!’~ÁT!„†­¤ÄÅÂΆ”ÂÅ·¤±Ì‡¤’E›’h2ŽE“Í‘(ŽÌ~’Ê“†”®n¸ƒ¨’EÈT²„q‘dÂΔ®‡…š{O“”²·¸Í­s“”ŽV­¨’E±T’Ê”ÂÃŽG·
ÄÃ’E“”±GuŽV·¤ÔQ„†ÂÇs~‡‚’Ê“†“”ŽÊ‘d„¡TŠŽV¹…„†O“”ÁT~‡¢ÂÅ· ©~ªGª`¸³ŒÑ5­¤ÄÅÂΆ”ÂÅ·¤±Œ’gW²ÂŃs”®‚’E·¨‡‚‡s²ÄÃ’²º‚’Ê“”u„†®¤Ž~‘d· ’Ê~’G¼›®‚„&›’Ê”ÂÃŽG·¿’G„ŠQ‘!ŽGÔ„†ÂÇ…²‡
‡…ÂΓ”²¼”ÂÃŽG·¤„Q
’E„&‡…ÂΓ”²¼O”ÂÅŽV·‚’G·¤‡_„†¼~’EÄò‡¢‘dÂΔ®¿‡…OÄ’²º¸³¤Ñ5ºs¹ ŽGÄÅ„Š’E“”¤¼OŽ5‡…~‡¢¹5ºIOÁT²·¸~½q„†ŽGÄŇI2ŽE“ŽG·¤u’E·¨‡¢ŽV­ ²·¢2ŽG“Š”®…
’E“†“”Ž~‘d„’GÄÅÂűV·…~‡_‘dÂΔ®_”®…
HRV data
N
ŽG”®…O“~³ÐÌŽE”^”®¤’Eh„†­…ÄÅÂņ”ÂÅ·…±‡sÂÅ“”O¼O”ÂÅŽV·¤„í2ŽG“h”®…^Q‘!Ž²ÁT²·¸”„(’E“”j¸ƒ…ÂÅ”¬‡…š{O“”O·5~½¸ºTOh’Ê“”¬ ’EÂΓ”Äźk¼²ŽG·¤„†ÂÅ„&”²·¸d’E¼O“”ŽV„†„!”®…^“”²±GÂÅŽV·°2ŽG“d²’G¼›®
²ÁTO·5~³
10
40
20
E
0.50 s
PAL data
N
10
20
40
E
0.50 s
CEDGFÑ%H 3œ›K
Ñ5®¤~’Ê“Ì‘h’~ÁT„†­¤ÄÅÂΆ”ÂÅ·¤±Ï‡¤’Ê›’uwŽG“j„7Ó~f’G·¨‡mz¬¾8|³ ÐÌŽE”ä”®¤’E¬”®¤­¨’E†”“”·éÂĬ„†ÂÅuÂÃÄÃ’Ê“A2ŽE“A”®¤Š‘(ŽÏ„&›’Ê”ÂÅŽV·¤„¬¹¤ƒsAÁG’E“”ÂŲ„
“›’G­…ÂÇ…ÄκI‘dÂÅ”®_¹¨’E¼È¢’XWOÂÃ…”®7³uÑ5­¤ÄÅÂΆ”Â÷…±Œ‡sÂÅ“”O¼O”ÂÅŽV·¤„ŠwŽG“sM†ž.Ÿ ­…®¨’G„†O„+Q2Q‘!ŽÆ‡¤’E›’k­ ŽVÂÅ·¸”„Aw“”ŽG
¹¨’G¼›È¢’XW²ÂŃ…”®¡h¥h` a wŽG“qz̾L|½ ”®s“”²
ŽVÂÅ·¸”„dw“”ŽV+¹¤’G¼›ÈÆ’gW²ÂŃ…”®…„^À¥`GÕ¥a~¢ ÀXi¥h¥aäwŽG“V„7Ó~£T!¼²ÄÅŽV„†OÄźư’E”¼›®Ï”®…ŽV„†äŽV¹s›’GÂÅ·¤~‡k2ŽG“jMONPMµ­…®¨’G„†O„d“”ŽV\”®¤Š„”’EuŠ²ÁT²·¸”„²³
‡¤’Ê›’­
_„†ÂűV·¨’EĹ5ºÆ”®¤R¤R¥ ¥(’E·¤ÂÅ„†ŽG†“”ŽG­¸º •§¦dg‹ž —Z‹IGž Ÿ+¨qg’G½©~ªGªTÕ~«!‡sŽ¸²„Š·¤ŽEŠ„†²² ”ŽkŽ¸¼²¼²ƒs“’GÄÅŽV·…±Ï”®…²„†
‹!®5ƒ¤„A¼OŽV·¸›’GuÂÅ·¨’Ê”ÂÅŽV·¢ŽG(”®…MožŸ
Ž¸¼²²·¸”O“”„h‡s²²­ O“(”®¨’G·ÈÖVÖÈ5?’E“”AÂÅ·¤¼OÄ䇅~‡u”Ž­…“”ŽÊÁ5‡s
­¨’Ê“†”Âż²ƒ¤ÄÃ’E“d­¤’E”®…„²³%M‚­¤®¨’E„†²„!w“”ŽG+ÑsŽGƒ…”®kÓ¬u“”Âü²’G·k~’E“†”®l5ƒ¤’GÈTO„í‘dÂΔ®Æ®¸ºs­
¼²ŽÊÁTO“›’E±VŠw“”ŽGj”®¤A„†ŽGƒ…”®7³

°
3 deg match
N
a
10
20
40
E
0.50 s
CEDGFÑ%H 3u©K
Ñs®…~’E“h‘!’~ÁTÌ„†­…ÄÃÂΆ”ÂÅ·¤±‡¤’Ê›’2ŽE“h”®¤¬„†ƒ¤¹¤„†dŽGO„{Ó~_’E·¨‡z̾8|$‡…’E›’”®¤’E!2’GÄÅÄ{‘dÂÅ”®…ÂÅ·mhaÌŽEÍ~’E¼®kŽG”®…O“~½s„†ƒ¤­ O“”ÂÅu­ ŽV„†²‡
ŽV·ÆŽV·¤A’G·¤ŽE”®¤O“qQ „†ŽGÄÃÂÇ{½nz̾L|>^s„†®¨’G‡…~‡{½n„{Ó~£T³sÐÌŽE”ŠŽEÁVO“›’GÄÅÄ7„†ÂÃuÂÅÄÃ’E“”ÂÎQºÆŽE­¨’E†”“”·³
«
300
±
250
±
200
counts
150
100
¬
50
ª
0
ª
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
¯ ® ­ ¬ «
fast axis difference / sigma
CEDGFÑ%H 3œI‡²K
z¬ÂÄ&”ŽG±G“›’EìŽE¦”®¤A’G·¤±GÄÅŠ¹ O‘(²²·Æ­¤’GÂΓ”„dŽG¦2’G„&¬’XWOÂÃ…”®ku~’G„†ƒs“”²u²·¸”„íwŽG“d”®¤Ì„&›’E”ÂÅŽV·mz¬¾8|³¤‹!®…Š‡…ÂÅ„&†“”ÂŹ¤ƒs”ÂÅŽV·ÆÂÅ„
¹¤ÂÅuŽ5‡…’GÄ ½¤„†ƒ…±V±G²„&”ÂÅ·¤±¤”®¨’Êh‘(Žu‡…ÂÅ„&”ÂÅ·¤¼Od2’G„&Ì’XW²ÂŃs”®¤„d’Ê“”Š­…“”²„†²·¸~³

!"
A
B
Radial
Radial
(1) - 9503260240.sks
( 2 ) - 9404181757.skks
Transverse X 2
Transverse X 2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
time (sec) 112.58˚ 0.57 sec
C
D
0 10 20 30 40 50
time (sec)
83.18˚ 0.75 sec
Radial
Radial
( 3 ) - 9210300312.sks
( 4 ) - 9110192123.sks
Transverse X 2
Transverse X 2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time (sec)
120˚ 0.85 sec
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time (sec) 68.24˚ 0.42 sec
CEDGFÑ%H 3PILI8K
MONPMÏ‘h’~ÁT²„ŽV¹¤„†“”ÁT~‡ä’EOz¬¾8| wŽG“¦wŽVƒ…“͇…š{O“”²·¸¹¨’G¼›ÈG’XW²ÂѤ”®¤„²½BQ’¥TqѤÑsÒd½Q ¹‡T{€ËЬ€Y½!Q ¼¢T7ÐÌÐ^€.’G·¨‡Q‡lT7ÐÌÐÌÒd³¥Q ÄÅOwZT
Q2”®…ÂΓ›‡Æ“”ŽÊ‘~T^®¤ŽG“”Â\W²ŽG·¸›’GÄͼ²ŽGu­ ŽV·¤O·5¬„†²ÂÅ„†uŽV±E“›’Gu„²³ä‹!®…„†ÂűG·¤Âί¨¼~’E·¸Š²·¤“”±GºéŽG¹¤„†O“”ÁT²‡
k̹¤„†“”ÁT~‡Æ“›’V‡sÂÃ’GÄpQ2”ŽV­Œ“”Ž~‘~TÌ’E·¨‡Œ†“›’G·…„†ÁTO“”„†
ŽV·…²·¸ÌÂÅ„ä’E·_.š{O¼OŠŽGí”®¤„†²ÂÅ„†uÂż¤’G·…ÂÅ„†ŽG†“”ŽV­¸º¸³´(ŽG“†“”O¼O”~‡¢“›’G‡…ÂÃ’GÄpQ „†²¼OŽV·¨‡é“”Ž~‘~TÌ’G·¤‡I†“›’E·¤„†ÁT“”„† Q ¹ ŽG†”ŽG
ŽV·I”®¤ä†“›’G·…„†ÁTO“”„†¤¼OŽVu­
ŽV·¤O·5¬„†²ÂÅ„†uŽV±E“›’Gu„²½{‘d®¤“””®¤.š{²¼OÌŽGí­…“”ŽG­¨’G±V’E”ÂÅŽV·¢”®…“”ŽGƒ¤±V®é”®…’E·¤ÂÅ„†ŽG†“”ŽG­¤Âż¤u~‡sÂÃ…+®¨’G„̹ ²²·é“”²uŽÊÁT~‡{³RQ2“”ÂűV®¸ZT
“”Ž~‘~T¬¼²ŽGu­
OwŽG“”Ì’G·¨‡mQ ¹ ŽE†”ŽV+T’E”O“!¼²ŽE“†“”²¼O”ÂÅŽV·7³¢ÐÌŽG”d”®¨’Êí”®…d²·¤O“”±EºuŽV·u”®…d†“›’E·¤„†ÁT“”„†¬¼²ŽGu­ ŽV·…²·¸(®¤’G„
„Í’E“†”Âż²ÄŬuŽG”ÂÅŽV·°‡sÂ’E±G“›’Eu„jQ2”ŽV­nT¹
²²·Æ±G“”~’Ê”Äźk“”~‡sƒ¤¼²~‡{½¨’E·¨‡Ï”®…A­¨’Ê“†”Âż²ÄÅuŽE”ÂÅŽV·Œ°’G‡…A„†ÂűV·…Âί¨¼~’E·5”ÄκÏuŽG“”ŠÄÅÂÅ·¤~’Ê“~½¨ÂÅ·¨‡sÂż~’E”ÂÅ·¤±¤”®¤’Eh”®…Š„†­¤ÄÅÂΆ”Â÷…±u­¨’Ê“›’GuO”O“”„d®¤’ÊÁV
¹
²²·Ï¼²ŽG“†“”O¼O”ÄκŒ¼~’EÄüOƒ¤ÄÃ’E”~‡{³
¹

CEDGFÑ%H 3³IofK
!
1-layer model
N
I
S
15 30 45 60 75 E
F
2-layer model
N
IB
IT
FB
15
ST
SB
30 45 60 75 E
FT
Ó^·¤ÂÅ„†ŽG†“”ŽG­¤Âż¢”O·¤„†ŽG“ÆŽG“”ÂŲ·¸›’E”ÂÅŽG·¤„ÏwŽG“uQ2”ŽG­‡TuŽV·…OÔÄ’²º¸“Œ’E·¨‡´Q ¹ ŽG†”ŽG+TuQ‘!ŽEÔQÄÃ’²º¸O“ÏuŽ5‡…OÄÄk2ŽE“mz̾L|³!‹!®¤I ’G„&~½
ÂÅ·¸”O“”u~‡…ÂÃ’Ê”V½s’G·¤‡°„†ÄÅŽ~‘$’g[s²„!’E“”Š‡s²·¤ŽE”~‡°»(½ v ½s’G·¤‡kÑ{½¸“”²„†­ ²¼”ÂÃÁV²Äκ¸³¢‹qŽV­Ï’G·¤‡°¹ ŽE†”ŽV?Ä’²º¸“”„h’E“”Š‡s²·¤ŽE”~‡°‹Ë’G·¤‡µ¬½5“”²„†­ ²¼O”ÂÅÁT²Äκ¸³
1-layer pattern
N
1-layer fit
N
10
10
20
20
40
40
E
E
0.50 s
0.50 s
2-layer pattern
N
2-layer fit
N
10
10
20
20
40
40
E
E
0.50 s
0.50 s
CEDGFÑ%H 3I‡rK
Q ÄÅOZTÑs®…~’E“‘h’~ÁT°„†­¤ÄÅÂΆ”ÂÅ·¤±¢­¨’ʆ”O“”·¤„2ŽG“¹ ²„&¯…†”ÂÅ·¤±€Q2”ŽV­nTäŽG·¤OÔÄÃ’²º¸O“u’E·¨‡œQ ¹ ŽE†”ŽV+TA‘!ŽEÔÄ’²º¸“Rz̾L|\uŽ5‡…²ÄÅ„²³
Q2“”ÂűV®¸ZTƒk̹¤„†“”ÁT~‡¡Q „†®¤’V‡s~‡nT!’E·¨‡Æ­s“”~‡…ÂżO”~‡JQ „†ŽVÄÅÂÇnT!„†®¤²’E“d‘h’~ÁTŠ„†­…ÄÃÂΆ”ÂÅ·¤±u­¤’E“›’EuO”O“”„²³

ù ¾
180
160
140
120
fast direction, ˚
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
back azimuth, ˚
CEDGFÑ%H 3·IntK
k̹¤„†O“”ÁT²‡k’E·¨‡u­…“”²‡…ÂżO”~‡°ÁV’Ê“”ÂÃ’E”ÂÅŽV·kŽG”®¤A’E­¤­¤’E“”²·¸(2’G„&^‡sÂÅ“”O¼O”ÂÅŽV·Œ’ʃz̾L|³¸k̹…„†O“”ÁG’E”ÂÅŽV·…„h’E“”¬„†®¤Ž~‘d·Æ¹¸º¤†“”ÂÃ’G·…±VÄŲ„
ŽVÂÅ·¸”„sQ ¼OÂÅ“”¼OÄò‡nTd‘!’G„A¼›®¤ŽG„†²·I„†Žu”®¨’EV—‡¹º§»n¼Xh5³ä´(ÄÅ~’E“”Äκ¸½ “”ŽG¹¤ƒ¤„&A’G·¤‡œ­ Ž¸ŽG“‚Ƈ¤’Ê›’
‘dÂΔ®IO“†“”ŽG“Š¹¤’E“”„²³ÌÓY„†ƒ¤¹…„†OAŽEs“”ŽV¹¤ƒ…„&‚k‡¤’E›’°­
ŽVÂÅ·¸”„ÌwŽVÄÅÄÅŽÊ‘ ”®…„”’Gu­¨’ʆ”O“”·³´í“”ŽG„†„†²„䄆®¤Ž~‘ ÁG’GÄѤO„AŽGí ’G„&‡sÂΓ”²¼O”ÂÅŽV·I“”²­ ŽG“†”²‡IwŽG“3z̾L| ¹5ºJŽ¬X‹¡‹Z“yVœí—¦¬Vœ•”k•Î©²ªVªTÕ~«VQ’E„A±VÂÅÁTO·
­
ÂÅ· ”®¤²ÂΓ²ÄŲ¼O†“”ŽG·¤Âżτ†ƒ…­¤­…ÄÃOu²·¸‹¦’G¹…ÄÃÏÀXT³I‹!®¤Âż›È‚ÄÅÂÅ·¤²„„†®¤Ž~‘
­¤’E†”O“”·…„­s“”~‡…ÂżO”²‡‚¹¸º‚ŽGƒ…“ŽG“†”®¤ŽE“”®¤ŽG¹¤Âż{Q „†ŽGÄÃÂÇlT’G·¤‡‚®¤Z[¤’E±VŽG·¨’GÄ
­…“”~‡sÂü”ÂÃŽG·¤„2ŽE“(¢¸ƒ…ÂÃÁG’GÄŲ·¸‘(ŽGÔÄÃ’²º¸O“턆­¤ÄÅÂΆ”Â÷…±ŠŽV­ O“›’Ê”ŽG“”„¬•Å¡…¥ œ ŠG—Z‹¬Gž Ÿä¡ XŠE½¸—½7©²ªVªg_G«³€É®¤ÂÅÄÅ
Q‡…ŽE†”~‡nT¦uŽ5‡s²ÄÅ„²½5’G·¤‡”®¤ÂÅ·¤ÄÅÂÅ·¤²„¢„†®¤Ž~‘
O“”ÂÅŽ5‡…Âż²ÂκŽG…”®¤!­¤’E†”O“”·7½G”®…!„†­…“”~’G‡ŽE¨ÁG’GÄѤ²„’E·¨‡ä”®¤h‡s²Á5Â’Ê”ÂÅŽV·¤„¦“”ŽVY”®…hÀg¾k­¨’ʆ”O“”·¤’Ê“”!·¤ŽE°’E”¼›®¤~‡
’GÄÅÄsuŽ5‡…²Äńͼ~’E­…”ƒs“”(”®¤í­
¹¸º°”®¤A„†­…ÄÃÂΆ”ÂÅ·¤±ŽV­ O“›’Ê”ŽG“¬­…“”~‡sÂü”ÂÃŽG·¤„²³
CEDGFÑ%H 3œIoK
Ó"„†¼›®¤O°’E”ÂżA“”²­…“”O„†²·¸›’E”ÂÅŽV·ŒŽEÍ”®¤AuŽ5‡s²Ä 2ŽE“Ì„†²ÂÅ„†uÂżä’G·…ÂÅ„†ŽG†“”ŽV­¸ºÆ‡…ÂÅ„&†“”ÂŹ¤ƒs”ÂÃŽG·Æƒ…·¨‡…“pz̾8|³

60˚
59˚
ARU
100 km
ùc
58˚
57˚
56˚
55˚
54˚
Perm’
Ufa
U r a l i a n f o r e d e e p
Yekaterinburg
Magnitogorsk
53˚
52˚ 54˚ 56˚ 58˚ 60˚ 62˚
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ARU
N
10
20
40
E
0.50 s
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1-layer pattern
N
1-layer fit
N
10
10
20
20
40
40
E
E
0.50 s
0.50 s
3-layer pattern
N
3-layer fit
N
10
10
20
20
40
40
E
E
0.50 s
0.50 s
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ARU 1 layer
N
M
15 30 45 60 75
E
ARU 3 layers
N
MT
MB
15 30 45 60 75
E
C
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58˚N
59˚N
60˚N
57˚N
100 km
54˚N
55˚N
56˚N
53˚N
52˚E 54˚E 56˚E 58˚E 60˚E
62˚E
S L O W
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