PN: Hæmatopatologi, del 3
PN: Hæmatopatologi, del 3
PN: Hæmatopatologi, del 3
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Myelodysplastic syndromes (WHO 2008)<br />
• Refractory cytopenia with uniliniage dysplasia<br />
• Refractory anaemia with ringed sideroblasts<br />
• Refractory cytopenia with multiliniage dysplasia<br />
• Refractory anaemia with excess blasts<br />
• Myelodysplastic syndrome with isolated <strong>del</strong>(5q)<br />
• Myelodysplastic syndrome, unclassifiable<br />
• Childhood myelodysplastic syndrome<br />
Myelodysplastic syndromes (WHO 2008)<br />
• CYTOLOGI:<br />
• Anæmi, normokrom, makrocytose +/- , umodne -/+<br />
• Neutropeni: hypogranulære, bilobære pseudo-Pelger<br />
• Leukoblastose +/-<br />
• Trombopeni +/- , makrotrombocytter +/-<br />
• HISTOLOGI:<br />
• Marv: ofte hypercellulær<br />
• Dysplastiske megakaryocytter, mikro-megakaryocytter, klynger<br />
• ALIP, paratrabekulær erythropoiese og megakaryocytter<br />
• Fibrose +/-<br />
Morfologi ved MDS<br />
Dysgranulopoiese:<br />
– anisocytose: små eller megaloblastære<br />
– abnorm kerne: bilobær, ”pelger”,<br />
hypersegmenteret<br />
– hypogranuleret cytoplasma<br />
– auerstave<br />
Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative<br />
neoplasms (WHO 2008)<br />
• Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML)<br />
• Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia, BCR/ABL1 neg.<br />
• Juvenile myelomononcytic leukemia<br />
• Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm,<br />
unclassifiable<br />
Morfologi ved MDS<br />
Dyserytropoiese:<br />
– megaloblastære<br />
– intercellularbroer<br />
– flere kerner<br />
– multilobære kerner<br />
– nuclear budding<br />
– ringsideroblaster<br />
– cytoplasmatiske vakuoler<br />
Morfologi ved MDS<br />
Dystrombopoiese:<br />
– mikromegakaryocytter<br />
– abnorm kerne uden lobulering<br />
– multinukleære
Myelodysplastic syndromes (WHO 2008)<br />
• Skelne tMDS fra reversible toxiske forandringer, som ka'<br />
persistere flere mdr. efter beh.<br />
• CAVE G-CSF beh.<br />
• Toxiske forandringer kan sagtens være mere udtalte end MDS.<br />
• Alkohol: makrocytær erythropoiese m. ringsideroblaster<br />
• MDS med megaloblastære forandr. vs. megaloblastær anæmi:<br />
check metamyelocytter og hypersegmenterede neutrofile<br />
Case 5a<br />
77 årig mand med dissemineret c. prostata beh. med<br />
Zoladex. Knoglemarvsus. pga. faldende Hb: 6,9,<br />
ferritin: 3215, let forhøjet ALAT.
Therapy related myeloid neoplasms (WHO 2008)<br />
tAML / tMDS / tMDS/M<strong>PN</strong><br />
• Kemo for hæmat. eller solide tumorer<br />
• To kategorier 5-10 år alkylerende ell. stråling<br />
1-5 år TOP hæmmere<br />
• Multiliniedysplasi, RSB+, fibrose +/-<br />
• AML ofte ”M4 / M5”<br />
• AML ofte ukarakteristisk immunfænotype<br />
Myelodysplastic syndrome with isolated <strong>del</strong>(5q)<br />
Myelodysplastic syndrome with isolated <strong>del</strong>(5q) Myelodysplastic syndrome with isolated <strong>del</strong>(5q)<br />
Myelodysplastic syndrome with isolated <strong>del</strong>(5q)<br />
Ringsideroblast
Case 12<br />
RCMD med ringsideroblaster i snitpræparatet<br />
26-årig kvinde indlægges med anæmi og<br />
trombocytopeni. Igennem den sidste måned<br />
tiltagende træt, svimmel og dyspnøisk. Har tabt 7 kg<br />
har været svedende både nat og dag. Hb: 5,6.<br />
Trombocytter 20. Blå mærker, et på armen og i et på<br />
maveskindet.<br />
Objektivt<br />
BT 122/72. Puls 98. Iltsaturation 98%. Temp. 37,7.<br />
Alment fremstår pt. moderat akut medtaget, bleg og<br />
træt.<br />
Acute myeloid leukaemia (WHO 2008)<br />
• AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities<br />
NB! blasttal uden betydning<br />
• AML with myelodysplasia-related changes<br />
• Therapy related myeloid neoplasms<br />
• AML NOS (FAB M0-M7)<br />
• Myeloid sarcoma<br />
• Myeloid proliferations related to Downs syndrome<br />
• Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm
CD34<br />
CD117<br />
MPO<br />
PAX-5
AML NOS (FAB M0-M7) (WHO 2008)<br />
FAB M0 AML with minimal differentiation<br />
FAB M1 AML without maturation<br />
FAB M2 AML with maturation<br />
FAB M4 Acute myelomonocytic leukaemia<br />
FAB M5a Acute monoblastic leukaemia<br />
FAB M5b Acute monocytic leukaemia<br />
FAB M6 Acute erythroid leukaemia<br />
FAB M7 Acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia<br />
Laboratorieteknikker<br />
Immunhistokemi<br />
Flowcytometri<br />
Cytogenetik<br />
FISH<br />
PCR<br />
AML with t(8;21) RUNX1-RUNX1T1<br />
Yngre ptt.<br />
Kan debutere med myeloidt sarkom +
Akut leukæmi – IHC WHO 2001<br />
81 år kvinde trombopeni, tidl. C.Mam. – adjuv.beh. 4491<br />
81 år kvinde trombopeni, tidl. C.Mam. – adjuv.beh. 4491<br />
Blaster:<br />
+ MPO, CD13, lysozym, CD117, CD34, TdT, PAX-5, CD79, CD15<br />
-CD3, CD4, CD68, CD10, CD61, Glycophorin<br />
Diff.-diagnoser:<br />
AML M0 AML M0<br />
AML with t(8;21) RUNX1-RUNX1T1<br />
Terapi-relateret myeloid neoplasi obs. pro.<br />
AML med myelodysplasi relaterede forandringer obs.pro.
AML M0 AML M0<br />
AML M0<br />
CD13<br />
AML with t(15;17): APL promyelocytleukæmi<br />
Hæmatopoietisk stamcelle<br />
Myeloblast Promyelocyt Myelocyt Metamyelocyt Granolocyt<br />
Modnings, differentieringsstop<br />
AML M0<br />
TdT<br />
CD34<br />
AML with t(15;17): APL promyelocytleukæmi<br />
DIC + hæmoragisk diatese
AML with t(15;17): APL promyelocytleukæmi<br />
t 15;17 PML; RAR<br />
t 11;17 PLZF; RAR<br />
t 11;17 NUMA; RAR<br />
t 5;17 NPM; RAR<br />
RAR, kromosom 17<br />
AML NOS (FAB M0-M7) (WHO 2008)<br />
• FAB M0 AML with minimal differentiation. Diff. ALL<br />
90% af NEC, >3% blaster MPO+,<br />
ingen modning<br />
• FAB M2 AML with maturation<br />
Blaster 50% af blasterne har megakaryocytdiff.<br />
Diff. diagn.: transformeret M<strong>PN</strong> / akut panmyelose<br />
med myelofibrose<br />
RARα – gen<br />
RARα: retinoic acid receptor alpha<br />
retinolsyrereceptor<br />
regulerer myeloid uddifferentiering<br />
defekt i PML<br />
behandling:<br />
– rettet imod denne defekt (ATRA – All trans<br />
retinoic acid) og genskaber differentiering, men<br />
eliminerer ikke den maligne klon.<br />
AML NOS (FAB M0-M7) (WHO 2008)<br />
FAB M4 Acute myelomonocytic leukaemia<br />
granuloc. >20%, monoc. >20%, (PB monoc. >5%)<br />
FAB M5 Acute monoblastic / monocytic leukaemia<br />
Monoblaster + promonoc. + monocyt. >80%<br />
FAB M5a monoblaster >80%<br />
FAB M5b monoblaster
Ny pt. Ny pt.<br />
Ny pt. Ny pt.<br />
Ny pt. PMF med transformation til AML Ny pt. 6 mdr. senere
Vigtige diff. diagnoser<br />
• Akut promyelocytleukmæmi vs. AML NOS<br />
• Peni: AML vs. MDS vs. aplastisk anæmi vs. HCL<br />
• Leukæmoid reaktion vs. AML<br />
• AML vs. fulminant megaloblastær anæmi<br />
Glæ<strong>del</strong>ig jul<br />
Ny pt.<br />
Megaloblastær anæmi